Banagher Concrete Design Manual PDF

Bridge Beam Design Manual
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PRECAST CONCRETE
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M. Slevin
E. Stack
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONTENTS
Banagher Precast Concrete would like to thank the Concrete Bridge Development Group (CBDG) for asking us to present our Bridge Beam
Manual at their annual conference in Oxford. We would also like to thank Abhishek Das in MIDAS for his help with the initial bridge model and his
continued support throughout and a special thanks to our expert reviewers and researchers for their comments and help.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DESIGN STANDARDS REQUIRED
3. SCHEME DESIGN
4. MATERIALS
4.1 Concrete
4.2 Prestressing Steel
4.3 Reinforcing Steel
4.4 Cement
4.5 Modular Ratio
5. COVER
6. STRUCTURAL MODEL AND ANALYSIS
6.1 Modelling Assumptions
6.2 Loads
6.3 Boundary Conditions
6.4 Construction Stages
7. SECTION PROPERTIES
8. CALCULATION OF LOADS
9. COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS
10. DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE
11. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
11.1 Uniform Temperature Component
11.2 Temperature Difference Component
11.3 Non Linear Component
12. PRESTRESS DESIGN
13. PRESTRESS LOSSES
13.1 Immediate Losses
13.1.1 Relaxation Loss
13.1.2 Elastic Shortening Loss
13.2 Time Dependent Losses
13.2.1 Relaxation Loss
13.2.2 Creep
13.2.3 Shrinkage
13.3 Summary of Long Term Prestressing Losses
13.4 Effective Prestressing Force
13.5 Transmission Length
14. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE (SLS)
14.1 Decompression Check at Transfer of Prestress
14.2 Revised Stresses With Debonding
14.2.1 At End of Transmission Length
14.2.2 At End of Debonded Length
14.3 Stress Check at Construction Stage
14.4 Decompression and Stress Check at Service (midspan max)
14.5 Stress Check at Service (midspan min)
14.6 Decompression and Stress Check at Service (end of diaphragm)
14.7 Decompression and Stress Check at Service (end of transmission length)
14.8 Decompression and Stress Check at Service (end of different debonded lengths)
14.9 SLS Stress Summary
15. ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE (ULS)
15.1 Ultimate Limit State Flexure Check
15.2 Minimum Reinforcement Requirement Check
15.3 Global Vertical Shear Design (beam ends)
15.4 Shear at The Interface Between the Beam and The Slab
15.5 Shear Check Between The Web and The Flange of The Composite Section
16. BEAM CAMBER ESTIMATES
17 CREEP INDUCED SAGGING MOMENT AT SUPPORTS
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Irish Plant
UK Plant
Disclaimer
This manual gives Banagher Precast Concretes view on prestressed bridge beam design and in particular our W-beam which we developed in
2005. Please note that the calculations presented in this design manual are for information only. Banagher Precast Concrete Ltd. do not accept
any liability for the use of any presented material.
PRECAST CONCRETE SPECIALISTS
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1. INTRODUCTION
The design is for a two-span integral bridge, with each span having
a length of 30.75m from centre of abutment to centre of pier giving
an actual beam length of 30.50m as per fig 3.2. The bridge carries a
6.0m wide carriageway with 1.5m wide footways on either side as per
fig 3.1. The superstructure consists of six Banagher Precast Concrete
prestressed W11-beams with a 230mm structural in-situ reinforced
concrete deck slab 200mm over the top of the beam cast on ribbed
fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) semi participating permanent shutter.
The foundations for the abutment are modelled as strip foundations

1m deep and 4m wide. The sizing of the foundations is taken from
experience and for this example will suffice as the W11 beams are
all that is being looked at in detail not the supporting structure. The
precast columns are fixed into place with dowel bars projecting up
from the foundation below. The columns will need to be propped and
the sleeves filled with non shrink grout which will then need to be left
to strengthen before placing of the precast crosshead.
Other areas of the whole bridge design are commented upon,

particularly where they can have an important influence on beam
design. These are mentioned at appropriate places where they would
naturally occur. Suggestions for further reading are also given. The
format is for the manual to have the commentary and the design
information followed by the example calculations.
There are in-situ diaphragms at the abutments and pier. A 500mm gap
between the precast beams is used at the pier to allow projecting links
from the crosshead. There is a 1500mm wide precast crosshead
spanning between two precast columns which makes up the pier.
The bridge beams span from abutment to crosshead with 500mm
bearing/embedment and without the need for temporary support.
It is recommended that a number of transverse holes are located

at various depths in the precast beam at the abutment and pier
diaphragms. Whilst the number and position of these diaphragms will
be at the discretion of the designer in conjunction with the precast
manufacturer, a sufficient number of holes should be provided in
order to ensure anchorage of the precast beams and that the pier
and / or abutment diaphragms act as a torsional beam.
This design manual should be read in conjunction with our Bridge

Beam Manual which includes our full range of precast prestressed
beams and their associated span tables along with all other relevant
information required by a bridge engineer in choosing
a precast section.
500
1500
10000
9000
1500
500
140
110
80
1500
7
1466.624
1700
200
600
230
350
350
250
15
1500
1450
The Bridges for which the industry and of course Banagher Precast
Concrete manufacture beams require considerable expertise in
design. The design is usually carried out with a Contractor employed
Engineer taking the project from planning to working drawings
of the bridge for which the beams would be required. The design
of the beams may be carried out by this engineer, by the engineer
in cooperation with Banagher Precast Concrete the supplier or
completely by Banagher Precast Concrete using the engineers
analysis output as the starting point. In the last few years, the design
regulations have been harmonised throughout Europe as part of the
Common Market for Goods and Services with the introduction of a
suite of Eurocodes and European Product Standards. Each Member
State of the EU has the responsibility for Structural Safety and the
Eurocodes therefore come with a National Annex in which National
preferences with respect to safety factors etc are given. The designs in
this manual have used the UK National Annexes which are very similar
to the Irish National Annexes. Where the Irish regulation would be
different, it is noted in the text. The coherence of the new regulations
allow, with the use of Harmonised Product Standards,
a common approach which is used as the basis of the CE Marking
of Bridge Beams, in turn enabling them to be part of an open pan
European Market.
This manual gives Banagher Precast Concretes view of the new design
process for Prestressed Bridge Beams to the Eurocode and it is hoped
will promote more use of Bridge Beams and a common and agreed
understanding of the many new clauses in the codes. The manual
considers the design of the innovative Banagher W beam in a typical
two span road bridge. The internal beam is designed in detail and as
the loading code is also new, the approach to the use of this code is
also demonstrated.
600
Banagher Precast Concrete is pleased to introduce its bridge beam

design manual. Prestressed concrete bridge beams are firm favourites
in the short and medium span bridge market, of up to 50 metre spans
and have been in successful use for the last 60 years.
3. SCHEME DESIGN
2. DESIGN STANDARDS REQUIRED

2000
730
3000
2000
3 NO. W11 BEAMS AT 3000mm CENTRES = 6000
The following list contains the relevant standards that are required for
the design of this bridge.
9. BS EN 13369 : 2013 Common rules for precast concrete products

10. EN 10138 - Prestressing Steel
Figure 3.1 - Section through bridge deck showing W-11 beams at 3.0m centres
1. Eurocode - Basis of Structural Design - BS EN 1990 : 2002

Note:
2. Eurocode 1 Actions on structures - Part 1 and Part 2 - BS EN 1991-1
and BS EN 1991-2
3. Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures - BS EN 1992-1-1 : 2004
The standards referenced in this design example are those relevant at

the time of print. Please make yourself aware of ammendments before
proceeding with this design example.
ABUTMENT
PIER
30500 OVERALL BEAM LENGTH
4. Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures. Concrete bridges. Design

and detailing rules - BS EN 1992-2:2005
400
100
100
ABUTMENT
62500
400
30500 OVERALL BEAM LENGTH
400
100
100
400
5. BS EN 206-1 : 2000 Concrete Part 1: Specification, performance,

production and conformity
29500
7. PD 6694-1 Recommendations for the design of structures subject to

traffic loading to BS EN 1997-1 : 2004
500
500
1500 CROSSHEAD
29500
500
500
500
6. BS 8500-1 : 2006 - Concrete Complementary British Standard to BS

EN 206-1 Part 1: Method of specifying and guidance for the specifier
1000
900
300 PIER COLUMN 300
500
500
29800
30750
450
450
29800
500
500
30750
8. BS EN 15050:2007+A1 : 2012 Precast concrete products

- Bridge elements
Figure 3.2 - Elevation of bridge
4. MATERIALS
4.1 Concrete
Assumed properties of concrete are given in BS EN 1992-1-1, clause
3.1. BS EN 1992 uses cylinder strengths throughout but Table 3.1 gives
the corresponding cube strengths, allowing the continued use of
cubes as control specimens. The concrete strength class used in this
design is C50/60 for the precast beams, C40/50 for the in-situ deck slab
and diaphragms and C45/55 for the precast columns and crosshead.
4.2 Prestressing Steel
The proposed European standard for prestressing steel is prEN 101383 and it is often referred to in BS EN 1992-1-1. prEN 10138-3, however,
has since been voted down, though it is likely that it will be rewritten
and published at a future date. In the meantime, BS 5896: 1980 has
been amended to cover those products currently on the market for
which no specification would otherwise exist.
PRECAST CONCRETE
Characteristic cylinder strength

Characteristic cube strength
Mean compressive strength
Mean value of axial strength
Characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete
Design tensile strength of concrete
Modulus of elasticity
Age of beam at transfer
Characteristic cylinder strength at transfer
Characteristic cube strength at transfer
Mean compressive strength at transfer
Mean value of axial strength at transfer
Characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete at transfer
Design tensile strength of concrete at transfer
Modulus of elasticity at transfer
INSITU CONCRETE
Characteristic cylinder strength

Characteristic cube strength
Mean compressive strength
Mean value of axial strength
Design tensile strength of concrete
Modulus of elasticity
COEFFICIENTS AND STRAINS
Modular ratio
PRESTRESSING STEEL TYPE:
Diameter
Area per strand
Ultimate strength
% Ultimate strength applied
Characteristic value of max Force
4.3 Reinforcing Steel

The European standard for reinforcing steel for concrete is BS EN
10080. However, BS EN 10080 does not define steel grades and rather
inconveniently leaves it to the designer to specify its properties. In
the UK this void is filled by BS 4449:2005 which specifies the required
properties for standardised grades.
Initial force applied

Initial prestress applied
Elastic modulus
Relaxation of strand ( Class 2) - Mill Certs
REINFORCING STEEL:
Characteristic yield strength
Pi
fpi
Ep
1000
209.25 kN
1395.00 N/mm2
200.00 kN/mm2
1.50 %
fyk
500.00 MPa
4.4 Cement
Cement type class R is used by Banagher Precast Concrete in the
design calculations as rapid hardening cement is generally used
in production.
4.5 Modular Ratio
A modular ratio of 1.0 is used for this example in accordance with
common UK practice (BS 5400) which allowed a modular ratio of 1.0
if the difference between the precast strength & in-situ strength does
not exceed 10 MPa.
fck
fck cube
fcm
fctm
fctk,0.05
fctd
Ecm
fck @ transfer
fck cube @ transfer
fcm @ transfer
fctm @ transfer
fctk,0.05 @ transfer
fctd @ transfer
Ecm @ transfer
50.00 MPa
60.00 MPa
58.00 MPa
4.06 MPa
2.84 MPa
1.90 MPa
37.28 GPa
3.00 days
28.00 MPa
35.00 MPa
36.00 MPa
2.77 MPa
1.94 MPa
1.29 MPa
32.31 GPa
fck
fck cube
fcm
fctm
fctk,0.05
fctd
Ecm
40.00 MPa
50.00 MPa
48.00 MPa
3.51 MPa
2.46 MPa
1.64 MPa
35.22 GPa
5. COVER
In the Republic of Ireland the National Roads Authorities (NRA)
version of BD57/10 Design for Durability December 2010 version is
a very useful booklet and has exposure class diagrams in Appendix
A. At present in the UK there are no such diagrams available in
any of the their documentation therefore use BS8500 Concrete Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206-1.
1.00 -
dia
Aps
15.70 mm
fpu
fpu%
Fm
150.00 mm2
1860.00 N/mm2
75.00 %
279.00 kN
The exposure classes are specified in table 4.1 of BS EN 1992-1-1 and

also in other documents.
This bridge example is of a road over road bridge.
The nominal cover is worked out for the exposure class and the
concrete grade. The most severe result has been used so that the worst
case scenario is taken, e.g in Ireland XD1 with concrete grade C50/60
is 35mm minimum cover plus 5mm C for precast = 40mm nominal.
In the UK XD1 for the same concrete is 30mm minimum plus 5mm for
C = 35mm nominal.
Please note C is taken as 5mm for precast and 10mm for the insitu in
this example.
It is also worth noting figure 5.2 which shows the differences in Ireland
and the UK in relation to exposure class when dealing with
de-icing salts.
XC4/XD3
50mm
(55mm)
XC4/XD3
50mm
(55mm)
XC3 - 40mm (35mm) (IF DECK IS WATERPROOFED)
XD3 - 50mm (55mm) (IF DECK IS NOT WATERPROOFED)
INSITU DECK & PARAPET
XC3
35mm
(30mm)
PRECAST W BEAM
XC3
35mm
(30mm)
XC3
35mm
(30mm)
PRECAST W BEAM
XC4/XD1
35mm
(40mm)
PRECAST W BEAM
PRECAST CROSSHEAD BEAM
PRECAST COLUMN
The diagram in figure 5.1 below shows the UK values with the NRA
values in brackets where different.
XD3 - 50mm
PRECAST COLUMN
CONCRETE GRADES:
ALL RC PRECAST - C45/55
PRESTRESSED BEAMS - C50/60
INSITU - C40/50
OVERBRIDGE STRUCTURE - EXPOSURE CLASS AND NOMINAL COVER DIAGRAM
THIS IS BASED ON BD57/10 IN ROI AND BS8500 IN THE UK.
THE VALUES ARE BASED ON THE UK WITH THE ROI VALUES IN BRACKETS WHERE DIFFERENT
Figure 5.1 - Exposure Class & Nominal Cover Diagram. Based on UK values with ROI values in brackets where different.
6.2 Loads
Load type
OUTSIDE THIS ENVELOPE = XD1
INSIDE THIS ENVELOPE = XD3
CARRAIGEWAY LEVEL
8000
Rep of Ireland (NRA)
5000
7500
OUTSIDE THIS ENVELOPE = XD1
Midas Civil function type
Load Value
Permanent
Self Weight of beam
Auto self weight feature
In-situ concrete slab
Element Beam Load (UDL)
18.75 kN/m per precast beam
Parapet
7.5 kN/m on the edge beams
CARRAIGEWAY LEVEL
Surfacing
8.28 kN/m per precast beam
10000
Earth Pressure on abutments
Hydrostatic Pressure
13.6-61 kN/m2 top to bottom
UK
Pretensioning
Tendon Prestress
75% = 209.25 kN per tendon
Element Temperature
20 degrees
Load Model 1
Standard Eurocode Vehicle
Tandem system and co-existent UDL
Load Model 3
SV 196
Footway
5kN/m2
INSIDE THIS ENVELOPE = XD3
Variable
Temperature Difference
Figure 5.2 - Exposure Class due to de-icing salts
Variable Traffic Actions
Table 6.1 - Midas Civil Input Parameters
6. STRUCTURAL MODEL AND ANALYSIS

6.1 Modelling Assumptions
Modelling of the 2nr span continuous integral bridge was carried
out in 3D using MIDAS Civil, with a grillage model representing the
deck, line beams for intermediate piers and 2D FE plate elements for
the abutments on either side of the bridge. Concrete diaphragms,
modelled as line elements are provided at the 2nr abutments and at
the central intermediate pier location. Use of beam elements for the
deck ensures direct extraction of design forces for the
longitudinal beams.
Longitudinal beams are modelled as composite sections with the
effective width of the slab assigned to the composite section to take
care of the shear lag effects. For simplicity each longitudinal section of
the grillage consists of one precast beam and the effective width of
the slab on top of it. MIDAS composite section type beam elements
allow extraction of discrete force and stress results for both the slab
and the precast beams separately for a composite main beam section.
For W beams it is common practice to provide one longitudinal
grillage member per beam web (i.e. two per beam). Modelling a
single line per beam does not accurately model the load transfer from
deck slab to beam webs and does not accurately model load sharing
between adjacent beams. However for this example this action was
not taken for simplicity.
Figure 6.2 - Vehicle Position for gr5 for Max Sagging Moment
Figure 6.3 - Bridge Cross Section taken from MIDAS Civil showing tendon input locations
Figure 6.1 - Full Fleshed Model
6.3 Boundary Conditions:
Fixed supports under piers and vertical soil springs below the abutments
7. SECTION PROPERTIES
from the W11 beam and a 3m rectangular slab.
The W11 - beam has 40mm wide by 50mm deep recesses at the top
of the webs, this is in order to facilitate the placing and positioning of
permanent shutter on site. This shutter is fibre reinforced concrete,
FRC, and is manufactured by Banagher Precast Concrete. For this
example FRC 50/20 will be used which has a 20mm bottom flange
(ignored in calculating the deck slab thickness) and 30mm upward
projecting ribs which participate structurally with the deck and is
included in the composite section properties.
The code permits stiffnesses to be represented on the gross concrete

section ignoring the reinforcement or strand. This is the most
straightforward way since the reinforcement or prestressing strand has
not yet been calculated.
The overall height of the composite section is 1700mm. The composite

section properties are calculated by assuming the section is made up
Composite section properties are used in the calculation of stresses

resulting from loads applied after the structure is made integral (e.g.
traffic loads, surfacing, parapets, string courses, finishes etc.)
Section Properties - Precast Prestressed Beam
Figure 6.4 - Skeletal Model Showing Boundary Conditions
Stage 1: All W11 precast beams are simply supported on the

abutments and crossheads with prestress and beam self weight only
considered.
Stage 2: The in-situ wet concrete load is added to the precast beams
with the beams again being simply supported.
Stage 3: The composite structure is completed in both spans and
the beams are now continuous. Grillage model is activated with all
transverse elements, edge beams etc. Surfacing and parapet loads are
applied when the slab attains the 28 days strength. Earth Pressure load
is also applied at this stage.
Stage 4: Final stage, considering the bridge at the end of its design life
Depth
(mm)
Area
(mm2)
Yc
(mm)
ZT
(mm3x106)
ZB
(mm3x106)
Ixx
(mm4x109)
Self Weight
(kN/m)
Overall W
(mm)
W11
1500
846920
631.30
248.01
341.33
215.46
21.17
1900.40
Table 7.1 - W11 Beam Section Properties
6.4 Construction Stages:

It is assumed that the slab will be poured in a single stage on the main
precast beams. In a single analysis model, the following construction
stages have been defined.
Section
accounting for all long term time dependant effects, including creep
& shrinkage.
Time dependent analysis for concrete is done within the construction
stages for both slab and beam. Creep and shrinkage behaviour is
inputted as per Eurocode. Compressive strength gain of concrete is
also applied as per Eurocode to account for short term and long term
elasticities. To keep the analysis simple, cracking in the deck is not
assumed at the intermediate support.
Live Load Analysis: Highway Live Load Analysis was carried out based
on MIDAS influence line analysis. 2nr Notional lanes and 2nr footway
lanes were defined. The following live load combinations were
analysed as per EN 1992-1-1 and its national annex.
1. Gr1a: LM1 characteristic + 0.6 x Footway Characteristic
2. Gr5: LM1 frequent (Psi=0.75) + LM3 (SV196) straddling
between 2nr notional lanes
Maximum height above beam

Rebate depth less formwork
Total depth of slab
Beam centres
The depth of carriagway surfacing has been taken as:
Modular ratio
= Ecm(slab)/Ecm(beam)
200
30
230
3000
120
1.00
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
-
Composite Section Properties

Section
D
(mm)
A
(mm2)
Yc
(mm)
Zinterface
(mm3x106)
ZB beam
(mm3x106)
ZT slab
(mm3x106)
ZB slab
(mm3x106)
Ixx
(mm4x109)
Comp.
1700
1521500
1055.15
1262.25
532.16
870.76
1262.25
561.51
Table 7.2 - W11 Beam and Slab Composite Section Properties
6mm GFRP rod

98
50
148
20
22
0
R2
chamfer 10x10
50
56
20
15
138
148
148
148
138
15
750
Figure 7.1 - Section through Banagher Precast Concrete FRC 50/20 shutter
Figure 6.5 - MIDAS Civil Screenshot Showing Construction Stages Input
SPAN
PERMANENT SHUTTER
SPAN
PERMANENT SHUTTER
SPAN
Carraigeway:
Asphalt surfacing - for simplicity assume maximum thickness
of 120mm over whole carriageway. This includes allowance for waterproofing.
PERMANENT SHUTTER
SDL carr = 0.12m x 23kN/m3 = 2.76 kN/m2

To get this value in kN/m length of beam it is multiplied by beam centres, in this case 3m.
= 2.76kN/m2 x 3.0m = 8.28 kN/m per beam
SDL foot = 0.24m x 25kN/m3 = 6 kN/m2
(with 240mm being the average thickness of the footway)
BRIDGE BEAM
Notional Lanes
Figure 7.2 - Section showing Banagher Precast Concrete FRC shutter in place prior to in-situ deck slab pour
Carraigeway width, w =
Width of notional lanes, w1 =
Number of notional lanes, n1 =
nr
Width of remaining area, wr =
Table 8.1 - Notional lane results as per EN1991-2:2003 4.2.4

Load Model 1 (LM1) - Clause 4.3.2 + NA.2.12
8. CALCULATION OF LOADS
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges is
the main document used to calculate loadings on bridges in Ireland
and the UK. This document is to be used along with its national annex.
Transient Loads:
A double-axle load called the Tandem System is applied in each traffic

lane in conjunction with a uniformly distributed load called the
UDL System.
Temperture, shrinkage and creep
LM1 consists of two parts:
Definitions:
Notional Lanes:
Dead Loads:
The carriageway must be divided into notional lanes as specified in BS

EN 1991-2, Table 4.1. For widths of 6.0 m and above, the carriageway
is divided into an integer number of 3.0 m wide lanes. Any excess
width is known as the remaining area. This example has a 6m wide
carraigeway split into 2nr notional lanes of 3.0m width.
1. A double-axle loading, referred to as the tandem system, or TS.

Each axle has a weight of QQk, where Q is a nationally determined
adjustment factor.
The weight of beam, deck slab and permanent shutter

Superimposed Dead Loads:
The weight of the road surfacings & parapets. The variablility of
surfacing see EN 1991-1-1 Clause 5.2.3 (3) is ignored for simplicity.
Live Loads:
Dead Load:
W11 Beam alone:
Area = 846920 mm2 (value taken from BPC Bridge Beam Manual)
Weight = 21.173 kN/m (value taken from BPC Bridge Beam Manual)
Composite section:
Area = 1521500 mm2
Weight = 38.04 kN/m
Superimposed dead load:
This loading is applied to the composite beam and slab structure
10
The tandem systems and UDLs should only be applied in the

unfavourable parts of the influence surface, both longitudinally and
transversely. The nationally determined adjustment factors for the
UDL have been set by the UK NA so that a UDL of 5.5 kN/m2 is applied
to all lanes and the remaining area, irrespective of the number of
nominal lanes, simplifying the input of loading into the analysis model.
2. A uniformly distributed load (UDL) having a weight per square

metre of qqk, where q is a nationally determined adjustment factor.
All of this information is put into a computer programme, in this case

MIDAS Civil, and analysed for the worst load effect by positioning the
vehicles in the most onerous position on the bridge deck using
influence lines/surfaces. This design example has no remaining area.
Loads due to vehicular and pedestrian traffic, LM1 & LM3 SV196
Only one tandem system is applied to each lane, symmetrically

around the centreline of the lane but no more than 0.5m from the TS
in the opposite lane and in the position that causes the most severe
effect on the element being considered.
Load Model 1
Tandem system
Qik
(kN)
Qi
UDL system
QiQik
(kN)
qik (or qrk)

(kN/m2)
qi
(or qr)
qi qik
(kN/m2)
Lane 1
300
300
0.61
5.5
Lane 2
200
200
2.5
2.2
5.5
Table 8.2 - Load Model 1 results as per EN1991-2:2003 4.3.2 & Table 4.2

A single-axle load is applied anywhere on the carriageway. The UK
use a 400kN axle load which includes a factor to allow for dynamic
amplification effects. This load model is more predominant on short
spans, < 7.0m and the transverse design of the deck slab.
The wheel contact shapes for LM1 and LM2 are 400mm square in the
Republic of Ireland and the distribution through surfacing is 30 and
through the concrete slab is 45. The UK national annex has a different
wheel size for LM1,2 & 3 and can be found in its NA.
11
Load type
Load Model 2
Axle Weight, Qak =
400 kN
Applied axle weight, QQak
400 kN
Adjustment factor, Q = Q1
Carriageway
Footways and
cycle tracks
Vertical forces
Table 8.3 - Load Model 2 results as per EN1991-2:2003 4.3.3
Load Model 4 (LM4) - Clause 4.3.5
In this example SV196 model vehicles will be used. The SV196 loading
is combined with a reduced value of LM1, known as the frequent
value. Figure 8.1 below shows the SV196 vehicle from the UK national
annex to EN1991-2:2003, the only difference between the UK and the
ROI is that instead of the last 3nr loads being 180kN, 180kN & 100kN in
the ROI they are all 165kN.
A uniformly distributed load of 5kN/m2 used to represent crowd

loading and may be applied to both road bridges and footway/
cycleway bridges.
Horizontal forces
Vertical forces
only
Reference
4.3.2
4.3.3
Annex A
4.3.5
4.4.1
4.4.2
5.3.2.1
Equation (5.1)
Load system
LM1
(TS and UDL)
LM2
(Single axle)
LM3
(Special
vehicles)
LM4
(Crowd
loading)
Braking and
accelaration
forces
Centrifugal
& transverse
forces
Uniformly
distributed
load
Groups
of loads
gr1a
Characteristic
gr1b
gr2
0.6 times
Characteristic
Characteristic
Frequent(4)
Characteristic
Characteristic
Characteristic
gr3
(1)
gr4
gr5
Characteristic
Frequent(4)
gr6
Load Model 3
Basic axle load (kN)
Dynamic amplification factor
Design axle weight (kN)
100
1.2
120
130
1.16
150.8
165
1.12
184.8
180
1.1
198
225
1.07
240.75
Characteristic
Characteristic
Characteristic
Characteristic
Characteristic
Dominant component action (the group is sometimes designated by this component for convenience).
(1) This group is irrelevant if gr4 is considered
(2) Characteristic value obtained from 5.3.2.1.
(3) This is a reduced value accompanying the characteristic value of LM1 and should not be factored by 1. However when gr1 is
combined with leading non-traffic actions this value should be facted by 0
(4) The 1 factors should be taken from the UK National Annex to BS EN 1990
SV196
Table 8.5 - Assessment of groups of traffic loads (Table NA.3 EN 1991-2:2003)
Table 8.4 - Dynamic amplification factors for SV and SOV vehicles (Table NA.2 EN 1991-2:2003)
165
kN
1.2m
165
kN
165
kN
165
kN
1.2m
1.2m
165
kN
165
kN
1.2m
1.2m
0.35m
3.0m
3.0m
165
kN
165
kN
1.2m
1.2m
180
kN
180
kN
4.0m
1.6m
100
kN
4.4m
Direction of Travel
0.35m
Overall Vehicle Width
165
kN
9. COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS
There are three combinations of actions that must be considered at
the serviceability limit state(SLS):
1. the characteristic combination, which can be considered the most
severe loading to which the structure should be subjected to
Critical of
1.2m
or
5.0m
or
9.0m
2. the frequent combination, which is the most severe load case to

which the structure should be subjected to on a regular basis
3. the quasi-permanent loadcase, or the loading to which the structure
is subjected to most of the time.
Fig 8.1 - SV 196 vehicle (Fig NA.1 SV 196 vehicle - EN1991-2:2003)
These are defined as follows:

EQU - Loss of static equilibrium of the structure or any part of it when
considered as a rigid body.
STR - Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or
structural member.
GEO - Failure or excessive deformation of the ground where the
strengths of soil are significant.
FAT - Fatigue failure of the structure or structural members.
Groups of Traffic Loads (UK National Annex Table NA.3)
Group gr5
Load Models 1 to 4 may be combined to form Groups of traffic loads.

The Groups are referenced gr1a, gr1b, gr2, gr3, gr4, gr5 and gr6 and
the load models used in each group are listed in Table N.A.3 of the UK
NA (this overwrites Eurocode EN1991-2 Table 4.4a).
For this example gr1a & gr5 have been looked at.
The Frequent value of Load Model 1 is combined with the

Characteristic value of Load Model 3. The Frequent value of LM1 is
obtained by multiplying axle loads and UDL by 0.75 (1 = 0.75 from
Table NA.A2.1 in NA to BS EN 1990:2002+A1:2005). Tandem Systems
can be interchanged if a worse load effect is achieved. Loading from
LM1 is omitted from the lane, or lanes, occupied by LM3 for a distance
within 5 metres of the front and rear axles. This loading arrangement is
shown in figure NA.5 of the UK NA to EN 1991-2.
Group gr1a
LM 1 is combined with footway loading. The footway loading is
reduced to 3kN/m2 (0.6 x 5kN/m2).
12
The vehicle load optimiser in MIDAS Civil places the LM1 and LM3
vehicles on the bridge and gives results for the worst possible position
of same.
Four ultimate limit states (ULS) are defined in BS EN 1990, namely EQU,
STR, GEO and FAT.
Serviceability limit state (SLS)
Action
Groups of loads
Load component
0.6
0.6
0.5
Tandem system
0.75
0.75
UDL
0.75
0.75
Pedestrian loads
0.4
0.4
SV vehicle
Thermal actions
Traffic actions
gr1a
gr5
Table 9.1 - Values taken from the recommended values of for road bridges (Table NA.A2.1 EN 1990:2002)
13
Ultimate limit state (ULS)

Group of loads
Example calculation for the stress in the top of the beam:

sup
inf
Dead load
1.35
0.95
Superimposed DL
1.2
0.95
Temp. diff.
1.5
Prestress
1.1
0.9
Traffic groups
1.35
NA
Beam Top Differential Shrinkage Stress = Force/Area of the composite section + Moment/Ztp = 1.10 MPa
where;
Restraining Moment = Force x eccentricity = 5.44E+08 Nmm
Restraining Force = 0.43 x differential shrinkage strain x Ecm x Total Area of insitu topping /Modular ratio = 1.51 N / mm2
Z top precast beam = 1.3E+09 mm3
Area of the composite section = 1.52E+06 mm2
Table 9.2 - Values taken from the design values for for road bridges (Table NA.A2.4(B) EN 1990:2002)
Eccentricity = (area of top slab x lever arm / Total Area of insitu topping)-Height to the Centre of
Gravity of the Composite Section = 532.14 mm
10. DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE

When the insitu slab is cast onto the precast W11 beams some of
the shrinkage of the beams has already occurred. Hence differential
shrinkage occurs between the precast and the insitu concrete and this
results in the development of internal stresses meaning the deck slab
itself will shrink by a relatively greater amount. This relative shrinkage
will compress the top of the beam causing axial force and sagging
moment in it while generating tension in the deck slab.
It is reasonable to assume that half of the beams shrinkage has
occurred at the time of casting the top slab. The effects of differential
shrinkage will be reduced by creep. Allowance is made for this in the

across sample calculation by using a reduction coefficent with a value
of 0.43. Note differential shrinkage is only considered in the SLS.
A sample calculation for working out the differential shrinkage stress
in the top of the beam is shown across, using this logic the shrinkage
stress in the bottom of the beam, the bottom of the slab and the top of
the slab can all be worked out.
All of the answers are shown in table 10.1 below and fig 10.1 shows
them plotted in graph format.
Beam Btm (MPa)
Beam Top (MPa)
Slab Btm (MPa)
Slab Top (MPa)
Value
-0.35
1.1
-0.41
-0.22
H (mm)
1500
1500
1700
Table 10.1 - Long Term Differential Shrinkage Stresses
11. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

Daily and seasonal fluctuations in shade air temperature, solar
radiation, etc. cause changes in the temperature of a bridge
superstructure, thereby causing movement of that structure.
Depending on the restraint conditions, this movement can lead
to stresses in the structure. This effect can be divided into
three components;
1. the uniform temperature component which causes expansion or
contraction of the deck
2. the temperature difference component which leads to curvature of
the bridge and
3. the non-linear temperature component, which causes local stresses
within the structure.
11.1. Uniform Temperature Component, Tu:

The first stage in determining the uniform temperature component
is to determine the minimum and maximum shade air temperatures
for the location where the bridge is to be built. For the UK these can
be determined from the maps of isotherms given in Figures NA.1 and
NA.2 of the National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-5, with an adjustment
being made for the effect of altitude.
The minimum and maximum shade temperatures are then converted
into minimum and maximum uniform bridge temperatures, Te,min and
Te,max. For this example these values were taken as -9 C
and 29 C
The maximum contraction that the bridge will experience will depend
on the difference between the minimum uniform bridge temperature
and the uniform bridge temperature at the time when the bridge is
first made continuous with its abutments, T0. As the temperature at
the time of construction cannot be known in advance the example
takes T0 to be 15C when considering contraction and 5C for
expansion as per the Irish National Annex, NA2.21.
Figure 10.1 - Differential shrinkage diagram
Figure 11.1 - Diagrammatic representation of constituent components of a temperature profile (Fig 4.1 - EN1991-1-5:2003)
14
15
BS EN 1991-1-5 Cl.6.1.1(1) - Bridge is type 3 concrete deck
Heating
Surfacing = 120 mm
Altitude = 13.34 m
Fig NA.1 - Minimum shade air temperature = -9 C
Fig NA.2 - Maximum shade air temperature = 29 C
Annex A1 note 2 - The minimum shade air temperature may be reduced by 0.5 C per 100m above sea level
Annex A1 note 2 - The maximum shade air temperature may be reduced by 1.0 C per 100m above sea level
Fig 6.1 - Uniform minimum bridge temperature, Te,min = Tmin + 8 = -1.07 C
Fig 6.1 - Uniform maximum bridge temperature, Te,max = Tmax + 2 = 30.87 C
NA2.21 - T0,con = 15 C
NA 2.21 - T0,exp = 5 C
Maximum contraction range TN,con = T0 - Te,min =
16.07 C
Maximum expansion range TN,exp = Te,max - T0 =
25.87 C
Table C1 - Coefficent of linear expansion for concrete, = 0.00001/ C
Length of beam = 30.5 m
No. of continuous spans = 2 nr
Maximum contraction = .TN,con.L = 9.80 mm
Maximum expansion = .TN,exp.L = 15.78 mm
11.2. Temperature Difference Component, TM: (- integral bridges only)

As well as uniform temperature changes, which cause uniform
changes in length, variations in temperature through the thickness of
the deck must be considered. Both heating and cooling temperature
differences are considered. The values for temperature difference
distributions given in Figure 6.2c of BS EN 1991-1-5 assume a depth of
surfacing of 100 mm.
Cooling
Temperature (C)
Depth (mm)
Temperature (C)
Depth (mm)
13.5
-8.4
150
400
-0.5
250
1480
450
2.5
1700
1250
-1
1450
-6.5
1700
Table 11.1
The resulting restrained forces can be calculated using MIDAS:
Moment (kNm)
Axial Force (kN)
Heating
173
428
Cooling
-21
-372
Table 11.2
Table 11.3
The uniform temperature components and linearly varying temperature
difference components may be calculated as follows:
Tu = (N / Ac) / (E)
TM = (Mh / l) / (E)
Corrections to fig 11.2 are given in clause

NA.2.9 of BS EN 1991-1-5
Tu (C)
TM (C)
Heating
1.75
1.41
Cooling
-1.52
-0.17
Table 11.4
11.3. Non linear temperature component, TE:
The non-linear temperature difference component is self-equilibrating,
so it does not need to be included in the global model. However, it sets
up local stresses that need to be assessed for SLS. The non-linear
temperatures are the difference between the original temperature

distribution and the uniform and linearly varying temperatures.
Heating
Cooling
TE (C)
E (MPa)
Depth (mm)
TE (C)
E (MPa)
Depth (mm)
11.05
4.12
-6.8
-2.53
0.55
0.21
150
1.1
0.41
250
-2.45
-0.91
400
1.6
0.6
450
-1.04
-0.39
1480
1.43
0.53
1250
1.46
0.54
1700
0.43
0.16
1450
-5.07
-1.89
1700
Table 11.5
Table 11.6
Figure 11.2 - Temperature differences for bridge decks - Type 3: Concrete Decks
16
Design value of thermal loading:

For the characteristic combination of actions; 0,1 = 0.60
For the frequent and quasi-permanent combination of actions; 2 = 0.50
17
relatively inexpensive and fairly straight forward in a factory controlled

environment once the quantity is not excessive. This is why thought
and several iterations should be carried out by the bridge designer
plus input from the precaster to achieve the best fit. The first selection
that a computer programme comes up with is not always the best one.
Prestressing Strand Parameters

Diameter
(mm)
Cross
sectional area
(mm2)
Ultimate
strength
(MPa)
%Ultimate
strength
applied
(%)
Cracteristic
value of max
Force
(kN)
Initial force
applied
(kN)
Initial
prestress
applied
(MPa)
Elastic
modulus
(GPa)
Relaxation
of strand
(%)
15.7
150
1860
75
279
209.25
1395
200
1.5
Table 12.1 - Prestressing strand parameters.
194
71.5
50
71.5
150
200
Figure 11.3 - Heating and cooling graphs for temerature stresses.
18
328
2 No. 15.7
The across W11 beam showing strand input is the preferred choice
however several iterations were performed:
07
328
07
07
100x100 transverse holes

2 No. 15.7
42.5 42.5 52.5 52.5 52.5 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
75
Length debonded
bottom row
CL
1115
1230
880
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 52.5 52.5 52.5 42.5 42.5 70
730
480
210
12 No. 15.7
28 No. 15.7
340
4 No. 15.7
B10-04
3. A 64nr strand layout (adding 2nr at 980mm above soffit):
Pros No debonding required

Cons - 6nr extra strand to be used compared to the first design and an
increase in transfer strength from C28/35 to C35/45 plus an increase
in 28day strength from C50/60 to C57/70 due to beam bottom
compression from the pier hogging moment.
1430
250
265
790
2 No. 15.7
CL
70
120x120 transverse holes
60
110
Pros - Debonding can be reduced to 8nr strands(12.5% of total), 10nr

less than the first design.
Cons - 4nr extra strand to be used compared to the first design
2 No. 15.7
B10-03-300
40
Requirements for prestressing and the calculation of the effective

prestressing force are given in BS EN 1992-1-1, clause 5.10. The applied
prestress in the strands during tensioning should not exceed 80% of
the characteristic tensile strength or 90% of the characteristic 0.1%
proof stress, whichever is the lesser. This allows an applied prestress
of up to 79% of the characteristic however we recommend a figure
of 75% in accordance with long standing practice. This gives a limit of
1395 MPa for this example. Note that in pretensioning it is possible to
eliminate draw - in losses by extending the strand 5-10mm beyond
the theoretical strand extension, this means that in practice the
prestress applied will be slightly more than the 75% depending on the
length of the production line.
2 No. 15.7
B12-01
540
B12-02
275
Pros - Lowest amount of strand required for beam to work

Cons In order to achieve decompression at the diaphragm face due
to the hogging moment stress 18nr strands (30% of total) would need
to be debonded which exceeds the ACI 25% recommendation that
Banagher Precast Concrete uses as a guide.
Pros Debonding can be reduced to 12nr strands(20% of total), 6nr

less than the first design.
Cons - 2nr extra strands to be used compared to the first design
07
1. A 60nr strand layout:
The prestressing tendon layout, and the resulting calculation of

prestressing losses were initially based on an assumed layout
guestimated from previous experience with similar beams.
The tendon positions were selected from the standard positions
available for W beams.
The stress in the strands immediately after transfer is also limited this
time to the lesser of 75% of the characteristic tensile strength or 85%
4 No. 15.7
of the characteristic 0.1% proof stress.
1500
Since concrete is strong in compression the material that is used in the

beam will be most efficently used if it can be kept in compression, this
compression force is provided by means of high strength steel wired
strand anchored against the concrete at either end of the stressing
line. The concrete is cast around the strands in steel moulds and when
the required strength has been reached in the concrete (transfer
strength) the strand is released and the force is transferred into the
concrete by bond.
B12-07
1172
The aim of prestress design is to limit tensile stresses and hence

flexural cracking in the concrete under normal working conditions.
The design is therefore based on the requirements of the serviceability
limit state but the ultimate limit state for bending and shear must also
be considered.
4 No. 15.7 & 2B12-05
92
12. PRESTRESS DESIGN
Denotes fully bonded strand

Denotes partially debonded strand
26mm O.D. Weephole
6000
6000
4000
4000
3000
3000
2000
2000
1500
1500
1000
1000
12 no. debonded
both ends
Debonding both ends

Debonding symmetrical about centreline
Figure 12.1 - Section through W11 beam showing strand layout.
From an examination of the above designs a 62nr strand arrangement

was chosen as the preferred as it was both an extremely efficient
design and suited factory production best as debonding strands is
19
Initial Prestressing Force = 12973500 N

Eccentricity = 283.4 mm
Moment = 3677000000 Nmm
Strand Layout
Row
No. strand used & H/O soffit
10
4 @ 1430 mm
4 @ 1230 mm
2 @ 1115 mm
2 @ 880 mm
2 @ 730 mm
2 @ 480 mm
2 @ 340 mm
4 @ 210 mm
12 @ 110 mm
28 @ 60 mm
Using the denominator from D5.10-4 we can work out the elastic deformation modification factor (MF) as follows:
MF = 1 + Ep/Ecm(t) x Ap/Ac x (1+Ac/Ic x z2cp) = 1.0894
where;
Modulus of elasticity of the prestressing steel, Ep = 200 GPa
Short term modulus of elasticity for the concrete, Ecm(t) = 32.31 GPa
Cross sectional area of the tendons, Ap = 150 mm2
Area of concrete section, Ac = 846920 mm2
Second moment of area of the concrete section, Ic = 215.46 x109 mm4
Eccentricity of the tendons, zcp = 283.4 mm
Prestress at Centroid of section, c
Loss of prestress = c(Ep /Ecm(t))/MF
62 @ 348 mm
= 15.59 MPa as per table 13.2

= 88.71 MPa
= 6.36 %
13.2. Time Dependent Losses
Table 12.2 - Strand Layout.
Further losses of prestress occur with the passage of time. Long term
prestressing losses are due to:
Further relaxation of the strands
Creep of the concrete due to the permanent compressive stresses
Shrinkage of the concrete as it cures
13. PRESTRESS LOSSES

13.1. Immediate Losses
13.1.1. Relaxation Loss
The prestressing force does not actually achieve its initial value. The
prestress transferred to the beams after they are cast is less than the
force initially jacked into the strands.
The loss due to the relaxation of the tendons during the period which
elapses between the tensioning of the tendon and the prestressing of
the concrete beam.
These losses need to be evaluated to find the final (long term)
Prestress losses which occur at or before transfer are due to:

1. Relaxation of the strands
2. Elastic shortening of the beam under the prestressing force
prestressing force. The final prestress is usually about 25% less than
the initial prestress and it is the final value that must be used in the
long term SLS calculations for the beams.
13.2.1. Relaxation Loss
The loss due to the relaxation of the tendons checked at different
times. The code sets out checks at transfer, construction, open to traffic
and long term. All of these are checked across and tabulated.
Relaxation Loss
Stage (days)
Loss (MPa)
Loss %
Transfer
7.76
0.56%
Construction
30
11.95
0.86%
Open to traffic
100
14.98
1.07%
Long term
20833
40.77
2.92%
Table 13.1 - Relaxation Loss Summary.

Class 2: pr / pi = 0.66 x 1000 x e9.1(t/1000)0.75(1-) = 8.79 MPa
= 0.63 %
where;
Ratio of initial prestress to tensile strength, = 0.75
time, t at transfer = 140 hrs
Relaxation of strand ( Class 2) - Mill Certs, 1000 = 1.5 %
- (Exp 3.29)
- (Cl 3.3.2(5))
13.1.2. Elastic Shortening Loss

The loss due to the elastic deformation of the concrete beam as a
result of the action of the pre-tensioned tendons when they are
released from the anchorages.
The elastic loss at transfer is calculated at the centroid of the tendons
and is due to the compression arising from the prestressing force, after
the initial relaxation loss prior to transfer and the self weight of
the beam. The latter is included because the beam cambers during
transfer and hence has to carry its selfweight as a simply
20
supported beam.
The methodology used in the Designers Guide to EN 1992-2 by
Hendy & Smith has been adopted with particular reference to
equation D5.10-4. Using the denominator from this equation the
losses due to elastic deformation at a given time can be
modified.
13.2.2 Creep
Creep causes a number of effects that have to be considered at various
stages in the design of prestressed concrete structures. Perhaps the
most significant is the loss of prestress that results from creep and the
effect that this will have on the SLS criteria.
BS EN 1992-1-1, clause 3.1.4 and Annex B describe how to calculate

creep and is outlined in the calculations below.
Parameters required:
Relative Humidity of the ambient environment in %, RH = 80.00 %
1 = 0.70
2 = 0.90
3 = 0.78
h0 = 384.44 mm
Mean compressive strength, fcm = 58.00 MPa
Curing period, ti = 72.00 hrs
T(ti) = 20.00 C
Temperature adjusted age of concrete at loading in days, t0,T = 3 days
For cement class R, = 1
(Exp
(Exp
(Exp
(Exp
B.8c)
B.8c)
B.8c)
B.6)
21
tT = e-(4000/[273+T(ti)]-13.65).ti = 3.00 days

(fcm) = 16.8/fcm1/2 = 2.21
Age of concrete at loading in days, t0 = t0,T(9/2+t0,T1/2 + 1) 0.5 = 7.71 days
Factor to allow for the effect of concrete age at loading, (t0) = 1/(0.1+t00.20) = 0.62
0 = RH x (fcm) x (t0) = 1.48
c(t,t0) = [(t-t0)/(H+t-t0)]0.3 = 0.99
Creep Coefficent:
(t,t0) = 0 x c(t,t0) = 1.46
- (Exp B.1)
B.10)
B.4)
B.9)
B.5)
B.2)
B.7)
Summary Table - Calculation of Creep Coefficent

Stage (days)
- (Exp 3.6)
= 104.9 MPa
= 7.52 %
fcm (MPa)
RH
Transfer
43
0.98
0.99
0.99
1.26
Constr.
30
58
0.70
0.90
0.78
1.08
Open to traffic
100
58
0.70
0.90
0.78
1.08
long term
25550
58
0.70
0.90
0.78
1.08
Summary Table - Calculation of Creep Coefficent Continued.

Stage (days)
Creep Strain:
cc(,t0) = (,t0).(c/Ec) = 5.25 x 10-1
Creep Loss:
Long Term Creep loss = Ep. cc
(Exp
(Exp
(Exp
(Exp
(Exp
(Exp
(fcm)
c(t,t0)
(t,t0)
Transfer
2.80
1099.73
0.00
2.20
0.00
Constr.
30
2.21
1047.43
0.33
1.48
0.49
Open to traffic
100
2.21
1047.43
0.48
1.48
0.71
long term
25550
2.21
1047.43
0.99
1.48
1.46
Table 13.3 - Creep Calculation parameters

Compressive Stress
Stage (days)
Creep Loss Summary
P (N)
Zc (mm3)
c (MPa)
Transfer
12051778
7.60E+08
15.58946219
Constr.
30
11880191
7.60E+08
15.09189229
Open to traffic
100
11749674
7.60E+08
14.88913387
long term
25550
11183839
7.60E+08
14.01010687
Table 13.2 - Compressive Stress Results
(t,t0)
cc
Creep Loss
(MPa)
Creep
Loss %
Transfer
33.92
15.59
0.00
0.00E+00
0.00
0.00%
Construction
30
39.14
15.09
0.49
1.89E-01
37.88
2.72%
Open to traffic
100
39.14
14.89
0.71
2.69E-01
53.82
3.86%
long term
25500
39.14
14.01
1.47
5.25E-01
104.90
7.52%
At transfer - 3 days
At construction - 30 days
At opening - 100 days
Long term - 25550 days
MQP = Msw
MQP = MDL+MSDL+MCONST.
MQP = MDL+MSDL
MQP = MDL+MSDL
MQP/Zc
Pe/Zc
Figure 13.1 - Calculating stress at the centroid of the strands (c) due to prestress, self-weight and all other
quasi permanent actions at the time under consideration
Long term c of 14.01 MPa exceeds 0.45fck(t0), 12.6MPa, therefore non linear creep should have been taken into account as per (Exp 3.7)
from Cl. 3.1.4 which will increase the creep coefficent and therefore the creep losses by a factor of exp(1.5(K-0.45)) = 1.0785
In the calculation of the shrinkage of a section, a notable difference

from previous practice is that the total shrinkage strain is decomposed
into a drying shrinkage component and an autogenous
shrinkage component.
NA
22
c
(MPa)
13.2.3 Shrinkage
c = P/A Pe/Zc MQP/Zc

where;
P = Prestress force less losses at time being considered.
A = Cross sectional area of beam.
e = eccentricity
Section modulus of centroid of strands about nuetral axis of section, Zc = Ixx / eccentricity
Ec
(GPa)
Table 13.4 - Creep Loss Summary Table
Note:
c = stress at centroid of the strands due to prestress, self weight and all other quasi permanent actions at the time
under consideration.
CENTROIDS
OF STRANDS
Stage (days)
Autogenous shrinkage is particularly important for high-strength

concrete and high-performance concrete. Since autogenous
shrinkage is independent of the size of the concrete member and the
relative humidity of the ambient environment, the shrinkage in bulk
concrete members exposed to humid environments is dominated by
autogenous shrinkage.
Drying shrinkage strain:

cd,0 = 0.85[(220+110ds1).exp(-ds2.fcm/fcmo)].10-6.RH = 299 x 10-6
- (Exp B.11)
where;
ds1 (based on Class R cement) = 6
ds2 (based on Class R cement) = 0.11
fcm = 58 MPa
fcmo = 10 MPa
RH = 1.55[1-(RH/RH0)3] = 0.7564
- (Exp B.12)
where;
RH is the ambient relative humidity (%) = 80% for outdoor exposure based on Irish and UK meteorological data.
RH0 is 100% = 100 %
Autogeneous shrinkage strain:
ca() = 2.5(fck-10)10-6 = 100.0 x 10-6
where;
fck = 50 MPa
- (Exp 3.12)
23
Drying shrinkage strain:

cd(t) = ds(t,ts).kh.cd,0 = 215 x 10-6
where;
Kh is a coefficent depending on the notional size, h0 according to table 3.3 = 0.7289
h0 = 384.44 mm
Note: The general formulae for working out u for W Beams is: 1515+2.02(Depth-70) in mm.
Note: Internal void not included as it is not exposed to the atmosphere.
cd(t,ts) = 0.99
- (Exp 3.9)
- (Exp B.6)
- (Exp 8.15)
fctd(t) = 1.29 MPa
- (Exp 3.16)
The basic value of the transmission length is given by:

lpt = 1 2 pm0 / fbpt = 935.77 mm
where:
1 = 1
2 = 0.19 for 3 and 7 wire strands
= 15.70 mm
pm0 = 1,295.89 MPa
Total shrinkage strain:

cs = cd + ca = 315 x 10-6
Shrinkage loss:
Long Term Shrinkage loss = Ep. cs
fbpt = p1 1 fctd(t) = 4.13 MPa

where;
p1 = 3.2 for 3 and 7 wire strands
1 = 1 for depths greater than 250mm where good bond conditions are likely
= 63.07 MPa
= 4.52 %
- (Exp 8.16)
The design transmission length is calculated as the more unfavourable of the below:
13.3 Summary of Long Term Prestressing Losses:
lpt1 = 0.8lpt = 748.62 mm

lpt2 = 1.2lpt = 1122.92 mm
The design stresses in the precast W beam are the stresses due to the
final prestress after all losses have been taken into account. The table
below tabulates these losses. The design stresses when worked out are
then compared to the allowable tensile and compressive stresses from
the Eurocode to see if they meet the limits set out.
Summary of Long Term Prestressing Losses
Relaxation
Shrinkage
Elastic Shortening
Creep
14. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE CHECKS (SLS)
Total
Loss MPa
Loss %
Loss MPa
Loss %
Loss MPa
Loss %
Loss MPa
Loss %
Loss MPa
Loss %
40.77
2.92
63.07
4.52
88.71
6.36
104.90
7.52
297.45
21.32
Table 13.5 - Long Term Prestressing Losses

Note: (Exp 5.46) from Cl.5.10.6 may be applied to reduce the time dependent losses, (relaxation, shrinkage and creep), further.
13.4 Effective Prestressing Force:
14.1 Decompression check at Transfer of Prestress

(at end of transmission length)
The end of the transmission length is the critical location for the
decompression check at transfer as the moment due to self-weight,
which is favourable to maintain compression in the top fibre, is at a
minimum towards the beam ends.
As you can see that while the tension limit of 0.75fctm transfer is met the
compression limit of 0.7fck transfer is not, therefore debonding is required.
These limits are interpolated from Cl.5.10.2.2(5)
The effective prestressing force is shown below before any losses, at

transfer, during construction, opening to traffic and long term. The
different losses are subtracted each time to give a new force. The long
term force corresponds to the long term loss as calculated earlier.
These forces are used later in the calculations.
Stage (days)
- (Exp 8.17)
- (Exp 8.18)
% of initial prestressing force after losses
Effective prestressing force (N)
Before Losses
100.00
12973500
Transfer
92.90
12051778
Construction
30
88.86
11527895
Opening
180
86.71
11249141
Long term
25550
78.68
10207201
Table 13.6 - Effective Prestressing Force Summary Table.
Beam Top (MPa)
Beam Btm (MPa)
P/A
14.23
14.23
Pe /Z
-13.77
10.01
0.92
-0.67
1.38
23.57
Limits
-2.07
19.60
Status
OK
Not OK
Msw /Z
The detailing of debonded prestressing strands should be carefully

considered and recommendations from international codes should
be sought. In general, consideration should be given to debonding
no greater than 25% of the total number of strands in a beam. No
more than 40% of these debonded strands (or 4No. whichever is the
lesser) should then be stopped off at any one location. In addition the
exterior strands in any horizontal row should ideally not be debonded
and any strands anchoring a link (i.e. at a bend in a link) should never
be debonded.
Table 14.1
Therefore debonding required at beams ends
13.5 Transmission Length

The transmission length of a tendon is the length over which the
prestressing force is fully transmitted to the concrete. It is assumed
that the transfer of stress from the tendon to the concrete is via a
constant bond stress, fbpt such that there is a linear transfer of prestress
from the tendon to the concrete beam.
24
The calculations across are taken from clause 8.10.2.2 and in particular
Exp(8.15),(8.16), (8.17) and (8.18) of BS EN 1992-1-1.
For design purposes the transmission length is taken as being either
20% higher or lower than the calculated value, whichever is more
unfavourable for the given situation.
Moment due to self weight at 748.62 mm from beam ends = 228.12 kNm
P = 12051777.64 N
25
New Strand Layout

Row
No. strand used & H/O soffit
10
4 @ 1430 mm
4 @ 1230 mm
2 @ 1115 mm
2 @ 880 mm
2 @ 730 mm
2 @ 480 mm
2 @ 340 mm
4 @ 210 mm
12 @ 110 mm
16 @ 60 mm
Initial Prestressing Force, Pi = 10462500 N

Eccentricity = 214.3 mm
Moment = 2242113750 Nmm
14.4 Decompression and Stress Check at Service (midspan max)

The stress check at service includes the live moment in addition to
stresses resulting from differential shrinkage and temperature effects.
The check is repeated for heating and cooling conditions (cooling is
more critical for tensile stresses at the extreme bottom fibre).
P = 10207201 N
Heating
Frequent combination
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
MLive /Zi
2.15
-5.09
2.15
3.11
3.33
-7.89
3.33
4.82
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.10
0.27
0.10
2.06
0.12
0.33
0.12
2.47
50 @ 417 mm
Table 14.2
14.2 Revised Stresses with Debonding
12nr strands at 60mm above the beam soffit have been chosen to be
debonded with the check re calculated, the section passes with the
revised strand layout.
prevents it transferring its force to the concrete along the debonded

length. This allows the point of prestress transfer for debonded strand
to be moved further into the span, to a point which tension in the top
flange is no longer an issue.
Characteristic combination
Debonding involves passing a plastic sheath around the strand to

prevent the strand bonding to the surrounding concrete and thereby
See Appendix B for images of this.
14.2.1. At End of Transmission Length
14.2.2. At End of Debonded Length
21.97
1.42
2.25
5.55
23.17
-1.32
3.45
7.67
Limits
30.00
0.00
24.00
24.00
30.00
-4.06
24.00
24.00
Moment due to self weight at 6498.62mm from beam ends =

1597.54kNm
P = 12051777.64 N
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
P = 9719175.516 N
Beam Top (MPa)
Beam Btm (MPa)
P/A
11.48
11.48
Pe /Z
-8.40
Msw /Z
Beam Top (MPa)
Beam Btm (MPa)
P/A
14.23
14.23
6.10
Pe /Z
-13.77
10.01
0.92
-0.67
Msw /Z
6.44
-4.68
4.00
16.91
6.90
19.56
Limits
-2.07
19.60
Limits
-2.07
19.60
Status
OK
OK
Status
OK
OK
Table 14.3
Table 14.4
14.3 Stress Check at Construction Stage
P = 11527894.8 N
The construction stage involves the beam alone supporting the

weight of wet slab and any applicable construction loading in a simply
supported condition.
The limits here are 30MPa, (0.6fck)
The prestressing force of 11527.8kN comes from the already worked
out effective prestressing force after all losses have been accounted for
after 30nr days.
Beam Top (MPa)
Beam Btm (MPa)
P/A
13.61
13.61
Pe /Z
-13.17
7.24
17.82
-12.95
18.26
7.90
Limits
30.00
30.00
Status
OK
OK
MDL /Z
Table 14.6
Cooling
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
MLive /Zi
2.15
-5.09
2.15
3.11
3.33
-7.89
3.33
4.82
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.21
-0.94
0.21
-1.27
0.25
-1.13
0.25
-1.52
22.08
0.21
2.36
2.22
23.30
-2.78
3.58
3.68
Limits
30.00
0.00
24.00
24.00
30.00
-4.06
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Table 14.7
Table 14.5
26
27
14.5 Stress Check at Service (midspan min)
14.6 Decompression and Stress Check at Service (End Of Diaphragm):
This check is as per 14.4 only now minimum moments at midspan

are being checked, which are taken from the MIDAS Civil model and
shown below.
The bridge was modelled with a 500mm diaphragm and the check for
decompression and stress at service is shown below. The moments
due to self weight and dead load are worked out using an equation
along the length of the beam and the moments due to surfacing,
GR1a and GR5 are taken from MIDAS Civil.
Minimum live characteristic moment at midspan = -623 kNm (MIDAS)

Minimum live frequent moment at midspan = -423 kNm (MIDAS)
Heating
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
MLive /Zi
-0.34
0.79
-0.34
-0.49
-0.49
1.17
-0.49
-0.72
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.10
0.27
0.10
2.06
0.12
0.33
0.12
2.47
19.48
7.30
-0.24
1.95
19.35
7.74
-0.37
2.13
Limits
30.00
0.00
24.00
24.00
30.00
-4.06
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Table 14.8
Cooling
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
MLive /Zi
-0.34
0.79
-0.34
-0.49
-0.49
1.17
-0.49
-0.72
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.21
-0.94
0.21
-1.27
0.25
-1.13
0.25
-1.52
19.59
6.09
-0.13
-1.38
19.48
6.28
-0.24
-1.86
Limits
30.00
0.00
24.00
24.00
30.00
-4.06
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Distance from end of beam to end of diaphragm = 500 mm

Most unfavourable transmission length = 748.62 mm
This point lies within the transmission zone
Number of strands debonded at this point = 12
e = 214.3 mm
Allowing for a reduced prestress value within the transmission region:
Peff = 5497859.1 N
Characteristic and Frequent moments at the end of the diaphragm:
Characteristic = -4468 kNm (From Midas)
Frequent = -2560 kNm (From Midas)
Moment due to superimposed dead load = -967.6 kNm (From Midas)
Moment due to self weight of the beam = 153.63 kNm
Moment due to dead load = 131.39 kNm
Heating
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
6.49
6.49
0.00
0.00
6.49
6.49
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-4.75
3.45
0.00
0.00
-4.75
3.45
0.00
0.00
MSW /Z
0.62
-0.45
0.00
0.00
0.62
-0.45
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
0.53
-0.38
0.00
0.00
0.53
-0.38
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
-0.77
1.82
-0.77
-1.11
-0.77
1.82
-0.77
-1.11
MLive/Zc
-2.03
4.81
-2.03
-2.94
-3.54
8.40
-3.54
-5.13
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.10
0.27
0.10
2.06
0.12
0.33
0.12
2.47
1.29
15.66
-3.11
-2.21
-0.20
19.31
-4.60
-3.99
Limits
0.00
30.00
24.00
24.00
-4.06
30.00
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Table 14.10
Table 14.9
28
29
Cooling
Heating
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
6.49
6.49
0.00
0.00
6.49
6.49
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-4.75
3.45
0.00
0.00
-4.75
3.45
0.00
MSW /Z
0.62
-0.45
0.00
0.00
0.62
-0.45
0.00
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
9.72
9.72
0.00
0.00
9.72
9.72
0.00
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-7.11
5.17
0.00
0.00
-7.11
5.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
MSW /Z
0.92
-0.67
0.00
0.00
0.92
-0.67
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
0.53
-0.38
0.00
0.00
0.53
-0.38
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
0.79
-0.57
0.00
0.00
0.79
-0.57
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
-0.77
1.82
-0.77
-1.11
-0.77
1.82
-0.77
-1.11
MSDL /Zi
-0.69
1.64
-0.69
-1.00
-0.69
1.64
-0.69
-1.00
MLive /Zc
-2.03
4.81
-2.03
-2.94
-3.54
8.40
-3.54
-5.13
MLive/Zc
-1.81
4.30
-1.81
-2.63
-3.14
7.45
-3.14
-4.55
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.21
-0.94
0.21
-1.27
0.25
-1.13
0.25
-1.52
Temp Effects
0.10
0.27
0.10
2.06
0.12
0.33
0.12
2.47
1.40
14.45
-3.00
-5.54
-0.07
17.85
-4.47
-7.98
3.02
19.51
-2.81
-1.79
1.71
22.72
-4.12
-3.30
Limits
0.00
30.00
24.00
24.00
-4.06
30.00
24.00
24.00
Limits
0.00
30.00
24.00
24.00
-4.06
30.00
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Table 14.11
Table 14.12
Cooling
14.7 Decompression and Stress Check at Service

(end of transmission length)
The most unfavourable transmission length calculated was 748.62mm
and a check for decompression and stress at service is calculated
across. The moments due to self weight and dead load are worked out
using an equation along the length of the beam and the moments
due to surfacing, GR1a and GR5 are taken from MIDAS Civil.
Distance from end of beam to end of the transmission length (most unfavourable) = 748.62 mm
e = 214.3 mm
Peff = 8231613.5 N
Characteristic and Frequent moments at the end of the diaphragm:
Characteristic = -3965 kNm (From Midas)
Frequent = -2290 kNm (From Midas)
Moment due to superimposed dead load = -875 kNm (From Midas)
Moment due to dead load = 195.09 kNm
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
9.72
9.72
0.00
0.00
9.72
9.72
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-7.11
5.17
0.00
0.00
-7.11
5.17
0.00
0.00
MSW /Z
0.92
-0.67
0.00
0.00
0.92
-0.67
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
0.79
-0.57
0.00
0.00
0.79
-0.57
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
-0.69
1.64
-0.69
-1.00
-0.69
1.64
-0.69
-1.00
MLive/Zc
-1.81
4.30
-1.81
-2.63
-3.14
7.45
-3.14
-4.55
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.21
-0.94
0.21
-1.27
0.25
-1.13
0.25
-1.52
3.13
18.30
-2.70
-5.12
1.84
21.26
-3.99
-7.29
Limits
0.00
30.00
24.00
24.00
-4.06
30.00
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Table 14.13
14.8 Decompression and Stress Check at Service

(@ end of different debonded lengths)
The following calculation for debonding has an input for X and an
input for Distance from beam end to end of debonded length, when
input these locations are checked for decompression and stress at
service to see where debonding is required and where it can stop.
When a value is input into the distance from beam end box the
effective prestressing force along with the eccentricity, moment due
30
to self weight, moment due to permanent slab weight will all change
automatically, the rest of the moments are taken from MIDAS Civil.
This check is required at the end of each debonding zone, (1m,1.5m,
2m, 3m, 4m & 6m in this case).
The check has the same form at each location, as such for simplicity
only one instance of the calulation is presented here.
31
Debonded length X = 6
Distance from beam end to end of debonded length = 6000 mm
No. of remaining debonded strands after debonded length X = 0 nr
Peff = 10207201 N
e = 283.4 mm
Moment due to permanent slab load = 1287.63 kNm
Moment due to superimposed permanent load on composite
section -57.7 kNm (From Midas)
Characteristic and Frequent moments at distance chosen above
Characteristic = -1256.3 kNm (From Midas)
Frequent = -820.6 kNm (From Midas)
14.9 SLS Stress Summary
Checked debonded lengths:

Dist.
(mm)
No. remaining
debonded strands
Result
1000
10
OK
1500
OK
2000
OK
3000
OK
4000
OK
6000
OK
Table 14.14
Heating
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
MSW /Z
6.07
-4.41
0.00
0.00
6.07
-4.41
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
5.19
-3.77
0.00
0.00
5.19
-3.77
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
-0.05
0.11
-0.05
-0.07
-0.05
0.11
-0.05
-0.07
MLive /Zc
-0.65
2.40
-0.65
-0.94
-1.00
2.36
-1.00
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
Temp Effects
0.10
0.27
0.10
2.06
0.12
12.15
14.77
-1.01
0.83
Limits
0.00
30.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
The following tables and graphs take the worst case scenarios from
heating and cooling for both frequent and
characteristic combinations.
Frequent Combination
Beam
Length (m)
Beam top
(MPa)
Beam btm
(MPa)
Compressive
Limit
30.00
-4.06
0.50
1.30
15.66
30.00
-4.06
0.75
3.01
19.52
30.00
-4.06
1.00
3.26
21.26
30.00
-4.06
0.00
Decompression
Limit
1.50
4.31
20.95
30.00
-4.06
2.00
5.24
20.33
30.00
-4.06
3.00
7.28
18.43
30.00
-4.06
4.00
8.98
17.28
30.00
-4.06
6.00
12.16
14.81
30.00
-4.06
15.25
22.07
0.21
30.00
-4.06
24.50
12.16
14.81
30.00
-4.06
26.50
8.98
17.28
30.00
-4.06
27.50
7.28
18.43
30.00
-4.06
-1.44
28.50
5.24
20.33
30.00
-4.06
-0.41
-0.22
29.00
4.31
20.95
30.00
-4.06
0.33
0.12
2.47
29.50
3.26
21.26
30.00
-4.06
11.82
14.79
-1.34
0.74
29.75
3.01
19.52
30.00
-4.06
24.00
-4.06
30.00
24.00
24.00
30.00
1.30
15.66
30.00
-4.06
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
30.00
-4.06
30.50
Table 14.17
Table 14.15
Cooling
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
MSW /Z
6.07
-4.41
0.00
0.00
6.07
-4.41
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
5.19
-3.77
0.00
0.00
5.19
-3.77
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
-0.05
0.11
-0.05
-0.07
-0.05
0.11
-0.05
-0.07
MLive /Zc
-0.65
2.40
-0.65
-0.94
-1.00
2.36
-1.00
-1.44
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.21
-0.94
0.21
-1.27
0.25
-1.13
0.25
-1.52
12.26
13.56
-0.90
-2.50
11.95
13.33
-1.21
-3.25
Limits
0.00
30.00
24.00
24.00
-4.06
30.00
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Figure 14.1
Table 14.16
32
33
15 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE, ULS
Characteristic Combination
Beam
Length (m)
Beam top
(Mpa)
Beam btm
(Mpa)
Compressive
Limit
Decompression
Limit
30.00
-4.06
0.00
0.50
-0.19
19.30
30.00
-4.06
0.75
1.83
22.72
30.00
-4.06
1.00
2.12
22.32
30.00
-4.06
1.50
3.25
21.54
30.00
-4.06
2.00
4.34
20.80
30.00
-4.06
3.00
6.65
18.70
30.00
-4.06
4.00
8.55
17.29
30.00
-4.06
6.00
11.83
14.84
30.00
-4.06
15.25
23.29
-2.77
30.00
-4.06
24.50
11.83
14.84
30.00
-4.06
26.50
8.55
17.29
30.00
-4.06
27.50
6.65
18.70
30.00
-4.06
28.50
4.34
20.80
30.00
-4.06
29.00
3.25
21.54
30.00
-4.06
29.50
2.12
22.32
30.00
-4.06
29.75
1.83
22.72
30.00
-4.06
30.00
-0.19
19.30
30.00
-4.06
30.00
-4.06
30.50
Table 14.18
After the prestressed W beam has been designed to satisfy SLS

criteria, a check must be carried out to ensure the ultimate moment
of resistance and shear resistance are adequate to satisfy the
requirements of the ultimate limit state, ULS.
15.1 Ultimate Limit State Flexure Check

The calculation of the ultimate moment capacity of the composite
section is carried out below.
Seeing that the ultimate moment capacity is well in excess of the
ultimate moment due to loads a more rigourous calculation need not
be considered.
Nuetral Axis Depth, X = 255mm

Compression Force = 13827.44 kN
Tension Force = 13850.59 kN
Moment Capacity of the Concrete Section:

Compression Force = 13872 kN
Lever Arm = 153mm
Moment Capacity = 13872 x 153 = 2122.42 kNm
Moment of resistance due to prestress is calculated

in the following table.
Row
No.
Strand @
Stress MPa
Strain
Force kN
Lever Arm mm
Moment kNm
10
1430
1038.29
5.19E-03
622.97
15.00
9.3
1230
1429.01
7.94E-03
857.41
215.00
184.3
1115
1440.00
9.51E-03
432.00
330.00
142.6
880
1462.45
1.27E-02
438.74
565.00
247.9
730
1476.78
1.48E-02
443.03
715.00
316.8
480
1500.67
1.82E-02
450.20
965.00
434.4
340
1514.04
2.02E-02
454.21
1105.00
501.9
210
1526.46
2.19E-02
915.88
1235.00
1131.1
12
110
1536.02
2.33E-02
2764.83
1335.00
3691.0
28
60
1540.79
2.40E-02
6471.33
1385.00
8962.8
Sum
13850.6
Sum
15622.2
Table 15.1 - Moment of resistance due to prestress

Ultimate Moment of Resistance, MUR = 17744.60 kNm
Ultimate Moment Due to Loads, MUL = 12335.70 kNm
15.2 Minimum Reinforcement Requirement Check
Figure 14.2
According to BS EN 1992-1-1 clause 5.10.1(5(P)) Brittle Failure of

prestressed members caused by failure of prestressing tendons should
be avoided. The check for this is shown below.
Minimum area of reinforcement = As,min = Mrep /zs.fyk

where;
Mrep = fctm I / y = 2162.64 kNm
Zs = 1262.00 mm
fyk = fp0.1K = 1637.00 MPa
As, min = 1045.35 mm2
As, prov = 9300.00 mm2
34
EN 1992-2 CL.6.1(109) - (Exp 101a)
35
15.3 Global Vertical Shear Design (Beam Ends)

Shear in prestressed concrete is considered at the ULS. The design for
shear involves the most severe loading conditions and most severe
factors of safety all of which are outlined in the below calculation.
The reaction of the prestressed beam in resisting shear is similar to
that of an RC beam but with additional effects of the compression
due to the prestressing force. This increases the shear capacity of the
section considerably and is taken into account in the shear capacity
without shear reinforcement calculation below.
The design procedure for vertical shear is as follows:

1. Calculate the ultimate design shear force VEd
2. Check if shear reinforcement is required using the equation
for VRd,c & VRd,c min
3. Check the maximum shear resistance or crushing strength VRd,max
and using this formula you can also rearrange it and work out the
angle required, noting the requirement to fall within the
22 to 45 range.
4. Calculate the design shear links from Exp (6.8) of BS EN 1992-1-1
5. Finally calculate the nominal links required from Exp (9.5) of
BS EN 1992-1-1
Ultimate Shear Force, VULT = 2619.26 kN

Based on full web width of 345 mm
The Ultimate shear force is made up of:
1.35 x (Beam DL + Slab DL + Surfacing DL + Superimposed DL + Characteristic LL)
VRd,c Shear capacity without shear reinforcement:
VRd,c = [CRd,c.k(100l.fck)1/3 + k1.cp]bwd = 862.10kN - Therefore Shear Links are Required
where;
fck = 50 MPa
k = 1+(200/d)1/2 2.0 = 1.35
l = Asl /bwd 0.02 = 0.0075214
Asl is the area of tensile reinforcement, assuming 36nr strands in the tensile area = 4200 mm2
bw is the smallest width of the cross section in the tensile area = 345 mm
cp = NEd /Ac < 0.2fcd = 5.2 MPa
Ned is the axial force in the cross section due to loading or prestressing = 4399811 N
Ac is the area of concrete cross section = 846920 mm2
Minimum Shear Resistance, VRd,c = (vmin + k1cp)bwd = 775.83 kN
OK - Use the above VRd,c value
where;
Minimum shear strength, vmin = 0.035k3/2.fck1/2 = 0.39 MPa
k = 1+(200/d)1/2 2.0 = 1.35
Max Shear Loading allowed, VEd:
VEd 0.5.bw.d.v.fcd = 4469.49kN - Ok, section can be used as shear force is less than the allowable
where;
v = 0.6[1-(fck/250)] = 0.48
v is a strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear.
Note Max Fck for shear calcs = 50MPa
Maximum Shear Resistance(Crushing Strength), VRd,max:
VRd,max = cw.bw.z.v1.fcd/(cot + tan) = 3492.86kN
where;
z = 1618.57mm
Strut angle, = 18.58
This value cannot be less than 22
36
- (Table NA.9)
- (Exp 6.2a)
Shear due
to surfacing
(kN)
Shear due
to parapet
(kN)
Shear due
to gr5
(kN)
0.6
447.2
161.2
13.9
1335.8
358.1
131
13.2
1172.4
287.8
166.8
11.4
1014.3
10
111
46.3
6.8
696.8
X
(m)
Shear Force
per beam end
(kN)
Chosen Link
Dia
(mm)
No. legs
Max
Spacing
(mm)
Asv /s req
(mm2/mm)
Chosen
spacing
(mm)
Asv /s prov
(mm2/mm)
0.6
2619.26
12
248.78
1.82
250
1.81
2241.20
12
316.58
1.43
300
1.51
1973.39
12
359.55
1.26
350
1.29
10 - Mid
1155.27
12
1159.01
0.39
550
0.82
Table 15.3
Slab reinforcement provisions - based on similar examples
- (Exp 6.2b)
- (Exp 6.3n)
Bar Dia (mm)
Spacing (mm)
Top
16
150
Bottom
16
150
As prov (mm2/m)
1340.412866
1340.412866
Table 15.4
15.4 Shear at the interface between the beam and the slab
- (Exp 6.5)
- (Exp 6.9)
Nominal Links, Vnom, w = Asw/(s.bw.sin) = 0.390 mm2/mm

OK - Design links greater than minimum
- (Exp 9.4)
Maximum Links, Vmax

Asw,maxfywd/bws 1/2.cwv1fcd = 2.227 mm2/mm
OK - Design links less than maximum
- (Exp 9.12)
Maximum spacing of shear links: sl
- (Exp 9.6)
Shear due to
SW
(kN)
Curtailment along length of beam
- (Exp 6.8)
= 0.75d(1+Cot) = 1080 mm
X
(m)
Table 15.2
Design Links, VRd,s = (Asw/s).z.fywd.cot = 1.818 mm2/mm

Therefore provide 4 legs of B12-225 c/cs, As prov = 2.01 mm2/mm
max
Shear vaules - taken from MIDAS
Vertical shear forces in the beam always give rise to longitudinal

(Interface) shear forces. The construction joint between the precast
beam and the insitu slab is the area under consideration for this
check. The following calculations will show if the shear reinforcement
for vertical shear is adequate for interface shear or if extra links are
required to deal with the interface shear. A solution for this is where
a design for vertical shear is carried out, the design links are added to
the beam and any additional interface shear links are added to make
up the difference as U-bars being anchored back into the web. This will
save a lot of additional vertical shear rebar as the interface shear links
are required only at the interface. For the calculations a rough surface
finish is used, which is very important as this has a large impact
on the area of reinforcement required. A lot of design programmes
are geared towards default values for c and and again highlights the
necessity to liaise with the precast beam manufacturer.
In calculating the shear load at the interface an average shear force
between 0 and 3m from the beam ends was taken. This value came to
1886kN, it was also checked at 3-6m and again from 6m to midspan.
Please note the following calculations are for the full beam end using
the 2nr webs. In summary you will see that interface links are far more
severe than vertical shear links in this example. For the first 3m links are
required at 175mm centres to satisfy interface shear whereas 250mm
centres would have satisfied vertical shear.
REBAR CROSSING SHEAR PLANE TO RESIST

LONGITUDINAL (INTERFACE) SHEAR FORCES
SHEAR PLANE FOR

INTERFACE SHEAR CHECK
Figure 15.1 - Interface Shear diagram
The value for minimum shear interface links is taken from FIB Bulletin
65: Model Code 2010 Section 6.3.5 as:
Minimum reinforcement ratio = 0.2(fctm/fyk)>0.001 where fctm is that of
the beam.
37
Design value of interface shear stress: vEdi = VEd/(z.bi) = 2.14 MPa

- (Exp 6.24)
where;
is the ratio of the longitudinal force in the new concrete area and the total longitudinal force either in the compression or
tension zone, both calculated for the section considered = 1
VEd is the transverse shear force = 1886.72 kN
z is the lever arm of the composite section = 1717.64 mm
bi is the width of the interface = 514 mm
15.5 Shear Check Between The Web and The Flange of The
Composite Section
This check is carried out looking specifically at the insitu slab. The rebar
is that crossing the failure/shear plane to resist longitudinal shear
forces as per fig 15.2 below.
z = I/A = 1717.633917 mm
where;
I = 561.5109106 mm4
A = 600000 mm2
= 544.8492304 mm
SHEAR PLANES FOR SHEAR CHECK BETWEEN WEB AND FLANGE
Design shear resistance at the interface:

Area of interface = 514000 mm
Angle of reinforcement to interface: = 90 deg
Stresses resulting from forces normal to surface: n = 0 MPa
- (6.2.5 (1))
Surface roughness:
Rough
c = 0.4
= 0.7
Note: Do not set c=0 as shown in TG13 except when using specific load cases for fatigue
- (6.2.5 (2))
Max value of interface stress: VRd,max = 0.5vfcd = 6.72 MPa
- (Exp(6.25))
Figure 15.2 - Shear between Web and Flange diagram
Total shear force transmitted from web to flange: VEd/z = 1456N/mm length
Proportion of shear force transmitted to flange : (1-bw/b)/2 = 0.41
Longitudinal shear stress across junction: (VEd/z)*((1-bw/b)/2)*(1/hf) = 3.02 MPa
Permissible shear stress = 0.4fctd = 0.76 MPa < 3.02 MPa
Therefore transverse reinforcement is required
Required amount of transverse reinforcement:
= 0.5Sin-1 (2VEd/vfcd) = 14.06
Shear vaules - taken from MIDAS

Shear due to
surfacing
(kN)
Shear due to
parapet
(kN)
Shear due
to gr5
(kN)
0-3m
178.5
13.9
1225
3-6m
141.3
13.2
1006
6-Midspan
50
11.4
662
Design shear force per beam end = 1887 kN

Thickness of web at junction with flange, bw = 514 mm
Thickness of flange at junction with web, hf = 200 mm
d = 1440 mm
z = 1296 mm
Asw/s = [VA/I - cbfctd] / fyd

where;
c = 0.40
= 0.70
fctd = 1.90 MPa for C50/60
fyd = 435.00 MPa
b = 514.00 mm
Note: Use fctd value appropriate to the concrete grade of the precast beam not
the insitu concrete as advised in Cl.4.3.3.8 of EN 15050.
X
(m)
REBAR CROSSING THE FAILURE/SHEAR PLANE TO RESIST LONGITUDINAL SHEAR FORCES
- (6.2.4(6))
- (Exp 6.22)
Strut angle is limited to 26.5 45

therefore = 26.5
Table 15.5
Curtailment along length of beam using a stepped distribution
X
(m)
Average Shear
Force per beam end
(kN)
Chosen Link Dia

(mm)
No. Legs
VEdi
(MPa)
Asv/s min
(mm2/mm)
Chosen
Spacing
(mm)
Asv/s prov
(mm2/mm)
0-3m
1886.72
12
2.14
2.33
175
2.58
3-6m
1545.48
12
1.75
1.67
250
1.81
6-Midspan
969.09
12
1.1
0.84
500
0.90
Transverse reinforcement per unit length: Asf/sf = vEdhf /fydCot = 691.4 mm2/m
- (Exp 6.21)
As the slab is also subject to transverse bending, the area of transverse steel should equal the greater of
691.4 mm2/m or half this value plus the area required to resist transverse bending.
- (6.2.4(5))
Area of reinforcement required for transverse bending 1686.09 mm2/m

Area of transverse reinforcement provided 2680.83 mm2/m
Therefore transverse reinforcement provided is ok
Table 15.6
38
39
16. BEAM CAMBER ESTIMATES
Working out the camber of the prestressed beam due to the

prestressing is shown below. This is an estimate as this is not an exact
science but it is sufficent for this eaxmple. The final deflection due to
the wet concrete being poured on the beam is also given.
Internal
= 520kNm
Net Moment = 2282kNm
Note: We have taken the elastic modulus at transfer and the full
prestress force for working out the deflection due to prestress. For
working out the deflection due to self weight and wet slab weight
we have used an increased elastic modulus which has come from
extensive factory testing and data. This modification factor is 1.2.
Prestress prevails - will cause sagging @ the support

Sagging restraint moment = 2282(1-e-)
where;
= 1.47
MR = 2282(1-e-1.47)
MR =1757kNm
Formulae required:
Upward deflection due to full prestressing moment, = Ml2/8EI
Downwards deflections due to self weight and slab load, = 5Wl4/384EI
Beam
Superimposed Dead Load
Place 6nr strands spaced at 160mm over the soffit.

Fstrand = limit fypk to 0.75fypk (as per Mattock) = 1860x0.75 = 1395MPa
Length
between
supports
(mm)
Ecm
(transfer)
(GPa)
Ecm
(GPa)
I
(mm4x109)
Mprestress
(kNm)
Deflection
due to
prestress
(mm)
Wself weight
(kN/m)
Deflection
due to
selfweight
(mm)
Wslab
(kN/m)
Deflection
due to
wet slab
(mm)
Ex
works
camber
(mm)
Final
camber
after
slab pour
(mm)
30000
32.31
37.28
215.46
3676.65
59.42
21.17
-23.17
18.11
-19.81
36.25
16.44
Fstrand = 1395x150 = 209.25kN

d = 1700-160 = 1540mm
z = 0.95d = 1463mm
M Restoring = 209.25 x 6 x 1.463 = 1836.8 > 1757 kNm - OK
Adopt 6nr untensioned strand at 160mm above the beam soffit as per the below sketch.
Table 16.1
BEAM END
PROJECTING STRAND
TRANSVERSE HOLES
W11 BEAM
Figure 16.2
Figure 16.1
Note: We feel that leaving strand projecting is not necessary with
a precast downstand crosshead at the pier and when built into an
abutment wall but we have carried out the check for completeness.
17 CREEP INDUCED SAGGING MOMENT AT SUPPORTS

Because of the delayed restraint between continuous spans, even
in the absence of variable load a bending moment will arise in the
connection, sagging if prestress is prevailing over permanent load,
hogging if not. The evaluation of delayed bending moment can be
performed by means of a suitable creep analysis method.
Net moment = M
prestress
-M
Dead Load
-M
Superimposed Dead Load
M prestress = 10210kN x 707.25mm = 7221kNm

(The above is the long term force multiplied by the eccentricity from the centre
of gravity of the composite section to the centre of gravity of the strands)
M
40
Dead Load
= 4419kNm
41
APPENDIX A
42
Appendix A1 - Bending Moment Diagram for gr5 Loading - internal beam - results taken from MIDAS
Appendix A3 - Bending Moment Diagram for surfacing Loading - internal beam - results taken from MIDAS
Appendix A2 - Bending Moment Diagram for gr1a Loading - internal beam - results taken from MIDAS
Appendix A4 - Shear Force Diagram for gr5 Loading - internal beam - results taken from MIDAS
43
APPENDIX B
Appendix A5 - Shear Force Diagram for gr1a Loading - internal beam - results taken from MIDAS
Appendix B1 - Photo showing W Beam end with transverse hole formers, lifting strand, prestressed strand,
spacers, links, stopends and debonding all visible.
Appendix A6 - Shear Force Diagram for surfacing Loading - internal beam - results taken from MIDAS
Appendix B2 - Photo showing W Beam being poured. The internal and external formers and fixed. The
operative is vibrating the concrete with the other operative pouring the next beam on the line.
44
45
LIST OF SYMBOLS
A
Ac
Ap
As
As,min
Asw
D
Ec, Ec(28)
Ec,eff
Ecd
Ecm
Ec(t)
Ep
Es
El
EQU
F
Fd
Fk
Gk
l
L
M
MEd
N
NEd
P
P0
Qk
Qfat
R
SLS
ULS
V
VEd
b
bw
d
d
dg
e
fc
fcd
fck
fcm
fctk
fctm
fp
fpk
fp0,1
fp0,1k
f0,2k
ft
46
Cross sectional area

Cross sectional area of concrete
Area of a prestressing tendon or tendons
Cross sectional area of reinforcement
minimum cross sectional area of reinforcement
Cross sectional area of shear reinforcement
Diameter
Tangent modulus of elasticity of normal weight concrete
at a stress of c = 0 and at 28 days
Effective modulus of elasticity of concrete
Design value of modulus of elasticity of concrete
Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete
Tangent modulus of elasticity of normal weight concrete
at a stress of c = 0 and at time t
Design value of modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel
Design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel
Bending stiffness
Static equilibrium
Action
Design value of an action
Characteristic value of an action
Characteristic permanent action
Second moment of area of concrete section
Length
Bending moment
Design value of the applied internal bending moment
Axial force
Design value of the applied axial force
(tension or compression)
Prestressing force
Initial force at the active end of the tendon immediately
after stressing
Characteristic variable action
Characteristic fatigue load
Resistance
Serviceability limit state
Ultimate limit state
Shear force
Design value of the applied shear force
Overall width of a cross-section, or actual flange width in
a T or L beam
Width of the web on T, I or L beams
Diameter; Depth
Effective depth of a cross-section
Largest nominal maximum aggregate size
Eccentricity
Compressive strength of concrete
Design value of concrete compressive strength
Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete
at 28 days
Mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength
Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete
Tensile strength of prestressing steel
Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing steel
0,1% proof-stress of prestressing steel
Characteristic 0,1% proof-stress of prestressing steel
Characteristic 0,2% proof-stress of reinforcement
Tensile strength of reinforcement
NOTES
ftk
Characteristic tensile strength of reinforcement
Yield strength of reinforcement
fy
Design yield strength of reinforcement
fyd
Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
fyk
Design yield of shear reinforcement
fywd
h
Height
h
Overall depth of a cross-section
i
Radius of gyration
k
Coefficient; Factor
l (or l or L)Length; Span
r
Radius
t
Thickness
t
Time being considered
The age of concrete at the time of loading
t0
u
Perimeter of concrete cross-section, having area Ac
x
Neutral axis depth
x,y,z
Coordinates
z
Lever arm of internal forces
C
F
G
c
c1
cu
u
uk
1000
l
w
c
cp
cu
(t,t0)
(,t0)
0
1
2
Angle; ratio
Angle; ratio; coefficient
Partial factor
Partial factor for concrete
Partial factor for actions, F
Partial factor for permanent actions, G
Compressive strain in the concrete
Compressive strain in the concrete at the peak stress fc
Ultimate compressive strain in the concrete
Strain of reinforcement or prestressing steel at
maximum load
Characteristic strain of reinforcement or prestressing
steel at maximum load
Angle
Slenderness ratio
Coefficient of friction between the tendons and
their ducts
Poissons ratio
Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear
Ratio of bond strength of prestressing and
reinforcing steel
Oven-dry density of concrete in kg/m3
Value of relaxation loss (in %), at 1000 hours after
tensioning and at a mean temperature of 20C
Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement
Reinforcement ratio for shear reinforcement
Compressive stress in the concrete
Compressive stress in the concrete from axial load
or prestressing
Compressive stress in the concrete at the ultimate
compressive strain cu
Torsional shear stress
Diameter of a reinforcing bar or of a prestressing duct
Creep coefficient, defining creep between times t and t0,
related to elastic deformation at 28 days
Final value of creep coefficient
Factors defining representative values of variable actions
for combination values
for frequent values
for quasi-permanent values
47
NOTES
48
NOTES
Banagher Precast Concrete Ltd, Banagher, Co. Offaly, Ireland

T(IRL) +353 (0)57 9151417 T(UK) +44 (0)161 300 0513 F +353 (0)57 9151558 E info@bancrete.com W www.bancrete.com
Bridge Beam Manual
please contact our technical department.
Produced by studio93.ie
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Bridge Beam Design Manual

PRECAST CONCRETE SPECIALISTS

PRECAST CONCRETE SPECIALISTS

The foundations for the abutment are modelled as strip foundations

Other areas of the whole bridge design are commented upon,

It is recommended that a number of transverse holes are located

This design manual should be read in conjunction with our Bridge

Banagher Precast Concrete is pleased to introduce its bridge beam

2. DESIGN STANDARDS REQUIRED

3 NO. W11 BEAMS AT 3000mm CENTRES = 6000

9. BS EN 13369 : 2013 Common rules for precast concrete products

1. Eurocode - Basis of Structural Design - BS EN 1990 : 2002

The standards referenced in this design example are those relevant at

4. Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures. Concrete bridges. Design

30500 OVERALL BEAM LENGTH

5. BS EN 206-1 : 2000 Concrete Part 1: Specification, performance,

7. PD 6694-1 Recommendations for the design of structures subject to

6. BS 8500-1 : 2006 - Concrete Complementary British Standard to BS

8. BS EN 15050:2007+A1 : 2012 Precast concrete products

PRECAST CONCRETE SPECIALISTS

PRECAST CONCRETE SPECIALISTS

Characteristic cylinder strength

Characteristic cylinder strength

COEFFICIENTS AND STRAINS

PRESTRESSING STEEL TYPE:

PRECAST CONCRETE SPECIALISTS

4.3 Reinforcing Steel

Initial force applied

Characteristic yield strength

The exposure classes are specified in table 4.1 of BS EN 1992-1-1 and

PRECAST CROSSHEAD BEAM

PRECAST CONCRETE SPECIALISTS

OUTSIDE THIS ENVELOPE = XD1

INSIDE THIS ENVELOPE = XD3

OUTSIDE THIS ENVELOPE = XD1

Midas Civil function type

Auto self weight feature

In-situ concrete slab

Element Beam Load (UDL)

18.75 kN/m per precast beam

Element Beam Load (UDL)

7.5 kN/m on the edge beams

Element Beam Load (UDL)

8.28 kN/m per precast beam

Earth Pressure on abutments

13.6-61 kN/m2 top to bottom

75% = 209.25 kN per tendon

Standard Eurocode Vehicle

Tandem system and co-existent UDL

Standard Eurocode Vehicle

Standard Eurocode Vehicle

INSIDE THIS ENVELOPE = XD3

Figure 5.2 - Exposure Class due to de-icing salts

Variable Traffic Actions

Table 6.1 - Midas Civil Input Parameters

6. STRUCTURAL MODEL AND ANALYSIS

PRECAST CONCRETE SPECIALISTS

PRECAST CONCRETE SPECIALISTS

The code permits stiffnesses to be represented on the gross concrete

The overall height of the composite section is 1700mm. The composite

Composite section properties are used in the calculation of stresses

Section Properties - Precast Prestressed Beam