Title Page

•Your title page should include the elements: title, a running head,
your name, the institutional affiliation, your professor’s name, and
the date.
•The running head should include a shortened version of your title, as
well as a page number, making the title page the first page of your
document.
•The running head should be the same shortened version of your
title. It is not to exceed 50 characters, and it should be capitalized
entirely when it is on the title page.
•A full title that concisely expresses the main idea of the paper should
be centered on the title page, in Times New Roman 12 point font.
•Underneath the title, you should include your, first name, middle
initial and last name, the name of the class and the school, the name
of the professor, and the date that the paper is due. These should
also be double-spaced and centered.
 Obesity in Children i

Can Medication Cure Obesity in Children?

A Review of the Literature

Luisa Mirano

Psychology 107, Section B

Professor Kang

October 31, 2004

 First Page
•The first page of your document should include the same running
head as the title page, as well as continued page numbers.
•The running head on the first and following pages of your
document should not be fully capitalized. It should be centered.
•The first page should begin with an introduction. Several
elements make up a well written introduction. First, you will need
to state the problem or issue that you are researching, being sure
to justify the need for your research. This will also give you a
chance to describe the issue within the context of other relevant
scholarship and research done on it. Acknowledge what others
have had to say about the issue. Only after this will you use your
thesis to describe your proposed solution to the problem.
 Obesity in Children 1

Can Medication Cure Obesity in Children?

A Review of the Literature

In March 2004, U.S. Surgeon General Richard Carmona called attention to a

health problem in the United States that, until recently, has been overlooked:

childhood obesity. Carmona said that the “astounding” 15% child obesity rate constitutes

an “epidemic.” Since the early 1980’s, that rate has “doubled in children and tripled in

adolescents.” Now more than 9 million children are classified as obese (paras. 3,6) While the

traditional response to a medical epidemic is to hunt for a vaccine or a cure-all pill,

childhood obesity has proven more elusive. The lack of success of recent initiatives suggests

that medication might not be the answer for the escalating problem. This literature review

considers whether the use of medication is a promising approach for solving the childhood

obesity problem by responding to the following questions. Understanding the limitations of

medical treatments for children highlights the complexity of the childhood obesity

problem in the United States, and underscores the need for physicians, advocacy

groups, and policymakers to search for other solutions

 Body (1)

• In APA writing, you will encounter different

assignment types, depending on what class you are
taking.
• Some assignments will be research assignments that
will require research that supports a thesis
• Some will require you to conduct tests and write
reports based on what you test and observe.
• The body paragraph structure will differ depending
on the assignment.
 Body (2)
•For assignments that require you to perform tests and
conduct research, the body of your paper should be divided
into three primary sections: Method, Results and Discussion.
•Each of these should be included in a subsection, which will
be set off by a subheading.
•First level subheadings are left indentation, boldface type.
•The Methods section will show the reader how you
conducted your research
•The Results section will present the results of your research.
•Finally, you will discuss how your findings are relevant to the
issue as a whole.
 Methods

• In this section, you will describe the different

elements of the study you have done.
• You should provide details of how your study
has been conducted
• This information will include the subjects of
your study, as well as the variables of your
study.
• It will also include the procedures you
followed in your research.
 Results
•In this section, you will present the results of your
research.
•Data must be reported in sufficient detail to
justify the conclusions you plan to draw.
•Mention all results, including those that are
unexpected.
•In this section, it is important to analyze all data.
•Analysis of data should be “Accurate, unbiased,
complete and insightful.”
 Discussion
•This is your opportunity to evaluate and interpret
the results of your research and the impact it has
on your original hypothesis.
•This section should be opened with a statement of
support or non-support of the original hypothesis.
•An interpretation of these results should include
an explanation for any unsupported hypothesis.
•Compare your work to the work of others to
contextualize, confirm and clarify your conclusions.
•End the section with a justifiable commentary on
the importance of your findings.
 Influences of Asynchrony 4

Method

There were 17 conditions; the three standard ones (vowel alone, incremented fourth and

leading fourth), five captor conditions and their controls, and four additional

conditions(described separately below). A lead time of 320 ms was used for the added 500Hz

tone. The captor conditions were created by adding a 1.1kHz pure tone captor to each member

of the leading fourth continuum…[section continues].

Results

Figure 6 shows the mean phoneme boundaries for all conditions. There was a highly

significant effect of conditions on the phoneme boundary values. Incrementing the level of the

fourth harmonic lowered the phoneme boundary relative to the vowel-alone conditions, which

indicates that the extra energy was integrated into the vowel percept…[section continues]

Discussion

The results of this experiment show that the effect of the captor disappears somewhere

between 80 and 160 ms after captor offset. This indicates that the captor effect takes quite a

long time to decay relative to the time constants typically found for cells in the CN…[section

continues]
 Body (3)

• The body paragraphs will be structured

differently for a research assignment that
supports a thesis, in which you do not conduct
tests.
• The body paragraphs do not necessarily need
headings, but they help to guide your
argument
• The headings are not bold
 Obesity in Children 2

What are the Implications of Childhood Obesity?

Obesity can be a devastating problem from both an individual and a societal perspective.

Obesity puts children at risk for a number of medical complications, including type 2 diabetes,

hypertension, sleep apnea, and orthopedic problems (Henry J. H. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2004, p.1).

Researchers Hoppin and Taveras (2004) have noted that obesity is often associated with psychological

issues such as depression, anxiety, and binge eating (Table 4). Obesity also poses serious problems for

a society struggling to cope with rising health care costs. The cost of treating obesity currently totals

$117 billion per-year – a price, according to the surgeon general, “second only to the cost of [treating]

tobacco use” (Carmona, 2004, para.9). And as the number of children who suffer from obesity grows,

long term costs will only increase.

Is Medication Effective at Treating Childhood Obesity?

The widening scope of the obesity problem has prompted medical professionals to rethink old

conceptions of the disorder and its causes. As researchers have explained, obesity was once considered

“either a moral failing or evidence of underlying psychopathology” (Yanovski, 2002, p.592). The

search for the right long-term medication has been complicated.

 In-text Citations
•For each work that directly influences the work that you are doing,
you should make a citation in the text.
•The misconception is that only sources that are directly quoted should
be cited in the text.
•Any idea, theory or research that has directly influenced your
conclusions should be cited.
•If you choose to quote someone’s work, then the quote should be
followed by a citation in parentheses, including the author’s last name,
a comma, the year the work was published, a comma, and the page
numbers of the quotation.
•In an instance where there is no pagination in a document, such as in an
online source, then you should indicate which paragraph your quotation
is coming from, i.e., (para. 4) for the fourth paragraph of a document.
•If you simply paraphrase or acknowledge the work, then the author’s
 Book with One Author
(pp.174, 177, APA; p.491, RW)
Author. (year). Title. City: Publisher.
Required Information

Sample Works Cited Entry Hulme, K. (1986). The bone people. New York: Penguin.

Sample Parenthetical Citation After selling his house and taking his bus to a northern

wilderness by the sea, Joe literally “plunges into the

natural” by jumping over the edge of a thirty-foot bluff,

telling himself, “If I make it, it will be a sign” (Hulme, 1986,

p. 341).

Hulme (1986) describes that Joe literally “plunges into the

natural” by jumping over the edge of a thirty-foot bluff,

telling himself, “If I make it, it will be a sign” (p. 341).

 A Work with Two to Three
Authors
Required Information
Sample Works Cited Entry
Sample Parenthetical Citation
(pp.175, 177, APA; p.491, RW)
Author, Author, & Author. (Year). Title. City: Publisher.
Sothern, M., Almen, K, & Schumacher, H. (2003). Trim kids:
t the
proven 12-week plan that has helped thousands of
children achieve a healthier weight. New York:
HarperCollins.
According to Sothern, Alman, and Schumacher, (2003), “Some
serious long-term consequences of childhood weight problems
are emotional in nature. Overweight children are targets of early
and systematic discrimination not only by their peers but also by
family members and society as a whole” (p. 4).
“Some serious long-term consequences of childhood weight
problems are emotional in nature” (Sothern, Alman, &
Schumacher, 2003, p. 4).
 A Work with Three to Five
Authors
Required Information
Sample Works Cited Entry
Sample Parenthetical Citation
In Subsequent Citations
(pp.175, 177, APA; p.491, 498, RW)
Author, Author, Author, Author, Author, et al. (Year). Title of the
article. Title of the Journal. Volume. Page.
Berkowitz, R.I., Wadden, T.A., Tershakovec, A.M., & Cronquist, J. L.
(2003). Behavior therapy and sibutramine for the treatment of
adolescent obesity. Journal of the American Medical
Association, 289, 1805-1812.
In 2003, Berkowitz, Wadden, Tershakover, and Cronquist concluded,
“Siburamine… must be carefully monitored in adolescents, as in
adults, to control increases in [blood pressure] and pulse rate” (p.
1811).
As Berkowitz et al. (2003) advised, “Until more extensive safety and
efficacy data are available, … weight-loss medications should be
used only on an experimental basis for adolescents” (p. 1811).
 A Work with Six or More
Authors (pp.175, 177, APA; pp.491-492, 498,RW)
Author, Author, Author, Author, Author, Author, et al.
Required Information
(Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal.
Volume. Page.
McDuffie, J. R., Calis, K. A. , Uwaifo, G. I., Sebring,
Sample Works Cited Entry
N. Gl, Fallon, E. M., Hubbard, V. S., et al.
(2002). Three-month tolerability of orlistat in
adolescents with obesity-related co morbid
conditions. Obesity Research,10, 642-650,

Sample Parenthetical Citation McDuffie et al. (2002) tested 20 adolescents, aged 12-16,

over a three-month period and found that orlistat,

combined with behavioral therapy, produced an average

weight loss of 4.4 kg, or 9.7 pounds (p. 646).

 Unknown Author
(p. 176, APA; p.492, RW )

Required Information Title. (Year). City: Publisher.

Sample Reference Entry Anatomy of criticism: four essays. (2001).

Boston: Wadsworth.

Sample Parenthetical Citation Children struggling to control their weight must

also struggle with the pressures of television

advertising that, on the one hand, encourages

the consumption of junk food and, on the other

hand, celebrates thin celebrities (“Television,”

2002).
 Two or More Works in the
Same Parentheses (pp. 176-7, APA; pp.492-3, RW )

Required Information (Author last name, year; Author last name, year)

Sample Parenthetical Citation Researchers have indicated that studies of

pharmacological treatments for childhood obesity are

inconclusive (Berkowitz et al., 2003; McDuffie et al.,

2003).
Organization as Author
(Corporate author) (p.206, APA; pp. 492, 502 RW)
Name of Organization. (Year). Title. City: Publisher.
Required Information

Sample Reference Entry American Psychological Association. (2010).

Publication manual of the American

psychological association. (6th ed.). Washington:

American Psychological Association.

Sample Parenthetical In all scientific disciplines, professional

Citation communications are presumed to be based on

objective interpretations of evidence and unbiased

interpretations of fact (American Psychological

Association, 2010, p. 17.)

Article in a Scholarly Journal
(pp. 194,201, APA; pp. 489;498, RW)

Required Information Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Title. Volume(Issue),

Pages.

Sample Reference Entry Yanovski, S.Z., and Yanovski, J.A. (2002). Drug therapy:

obesity. The New England Journal of Medicine,

346(8), 591-602.

Sample Parenthetical Citation Yanovski and Yanovski (2002) reported that “the current

state of the treatment for obesity is similar to the state

of the treatment of hypertension several decades ago”

(p.600).
 Article in a Magazine
(p. 200, APA; p.498 RW )

Required Information Author. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title,

Volume, pages.

Sample Reference Entry Raloff, J. (2001, May 12). Lead therapy won’t help

kids. Science News. 159, 292.

Sample Parenthetical Citation Raloff (2001) states, “Kerewin may repress her ‘essential’

self (the self who can lead), and present a mask of self-

satisfied isolation to society, but at no time does she

adopt conventional female roles” (p.292).

 Article from a Newspaper
(p. 200, APA; p.498,RW)

Author. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title,

Required Information
page(s).

Lohr, S. (2004, December 3). Health care technology is a

Sample Reference Entry
promise unfinanced. The New York Times, p. C5.

Sample Parenthetical Citation Lohr (2004) states, “Food contamination can have

serious consequences; in one case, “an 11-year-old girl

whose family says she became ill after eating peanut

butter contaminated with salmonella received a kidney

donated by her father” (p. C5).

 Database Article from a
Scholarly Journal with DOI (p. 198-9, APA; p. 503, RW)

Required Information Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume(Issue),

pages. DOI.

Sample Reference Entry Holliday, R.E. & Hayes, B.K. (2000). Dissociating

automatic and intentional processes in children’s

eyewitness memory. Journal of Experimental Child

Psychology, 75(1), 1-42. Doi:10.10006/jecp.1999.2

521

Sample Parenthetical Citation Holliday (2000) states, “The codes of realism would have

us accept two contradictory codes . . . that the narrative is

not literally true [and] that the work bears a resemblance

to social and psychological reality” (p.40).

 Database Article from a
Scholarly Journal without a (p. 199, APA; pp. 493-94, 504-5, RW)
DOI

Required Information Author. (Year.) Article title. Journal Title, Volume (Issue),

pages. Retrieved from database name (Document

number).

Sample Reference Entry Poupart, L.M. (2002). Crime and justice in American

Indian communities. Social Justice, 29(1),

144-159. Retrieved from ProQuest database

(208056261).

Sample Parenthetical Citation Poupart, (2002) states, “The which in the Republican

platform statement suggested that the party’s opposition

to taxes was absolute.”

 Document from a Web site
(p. 200, APA; p.505, RW)

Required Information Author. (Year, Month). Title of article. Retrieved from

URL.

Sample Reference Entry Cain, A., & Burris, M. (1999, April). Investigation

of the use of mobile phones while driving.

Retrieved from http://www.cutr.eng.usf.edu/its/

mobile_phone_text.htm.

Sample Parenthetical Citation According to Cain and Burris (1999), “Even in normally

low-context cultures, such as the United States, Canada,

Israel and Germany, there are many times when indirect

speech helps communicators achieve two useful goals.”

 Document with no Date
(pp. 185, 203, 205, 209, APA; p.492, RW)

Required Information Author. (no date). Title of work. City: Publisher.

Sample Reference Entry Highmore, B. (n.d.). Everyday life and cultural

theory. New York: Routledge.

Sample Parenthetical Citation. Highmore (n.d.). states, “Body relaxation or

tension is a strong indicator of who has the power

in one-to-one relationships.”
 APA Reference Page: The Basics
• Your header should be in the top right-hand corner, one-half inch from the
top of the page. It includes part of the title of your essay and the page
number. Your Reference page is the last page of your essay, so if you have
written a four-page paper, the number on your Reference page should be 5.
• The entire Reference page should be double spaced. Before you begin
typing the Reference page, you should change the line spacing to “Double”
by going to Paragraph then Spacing on the tool bar.
• The title Reference(s) should be centered on first line of the page. Do not
italicize, underline, or bold the title. Do not put quotation marks around the
title. It should be in the same size font as the rest of your paper.
• All of your entries should be alphabetized by the first word in the entry.
Usually this word is the author or editor’s last name; entries with unknown
authors or editors should be alphabetized by the first word of the title.
• The first line of each entry should begin on the left margin. If the entry is
longer than one line, each subsequent line should be indented one-half inch
(a tab).
• Underline or italicize all titles of books, plays, newspapers, journals,
magazines, films, albums, and CDs. Do not underline AND italicize.
Choose one and stick with it throughout your paper and References page.
• Put quotation marks around all titles of articles and reference book entries.
 Online Communication Definitions & Relationships 15

References

Cummings, J.N., Butler., & Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social relationships.

communications of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.

Hu, Y., Wood, J.F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: examining the

relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer-

Mediated Communication, 10(1).

Tidwell, L.C., & Walter, J.B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on disclosure,

impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: getting to know one another a bit at a

time. Human Communication Research, 28(3), 317-348.

Underwood. H., & Findlay, B. (2004). Internet relationships and their impact on primary

relationships. Behavior Change 21(2), 127-140.

 Citing Tables
In the text, refer to tables, charts, graphs, and
maps by their letter or number:
as shown in Table 8, the responses were provided by …

Do not write “the table above” (or below) or

“the table on page 32” because the position
and page number of a table may change.
 Constructing Tables
•Tables can help a presentation of information, but
should only be used when necessary.
•It is important to determine what data readers will
need to understand the discussion, and what data is
necessary to provide a sufficient set of statistics for
your argument.
•A well structured table will consist of a set of
columns and rows with clearly named labels that
provide information such as technical terms, locations
and definitions for each element.
 Block Quotations
•If your quotation is longer than 40 words, you will
need to format it as a block quotation.
•A block quotation is separated from the rest of
the paragraph, and every line of the quotation is
indented in one tab.
•Quotation marks are not to be used when making
a block quotation.
•The author’s name and year are cited like a
normal quotation before the block quote, and the
page that it is found on is given in parentheses
afterward.
 Digital Object Identifier
•When an article is stored electronically online, it is given two means
of identification.
•The first of these two means is the Unique Identifier, and the
second is the Digital Object Identifier.
•This Identifier is assigned by the publisher upon publication of the
article, and must be included at the end of citations for printed
material that has been placed online.
•In the citation, the DOI should come immediately after the page
numbers.
•Author, A.A., (year) Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume, pp-
pp. doi:xxxxxxxxxx
•The DOI can be found on the full record display of an article found
electronically on a database.
 For More Information:
• Consult the 6th edition of the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological
Association.
• Consult the 6th edition of the Rules for Writers
Handbook
• Consult the http://www.apa.org/.
• Consult your professor during his/her office
hours.