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A dictionary of Englisii etymology^
A DICTIONARY
OF
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY
BY
HENSLEIGH WEDGWOOD,
LATE FELLOW OF CHE. COLL. CAM.
LONDON
TRUBNER & CO., 8 & 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.
1872.
common to both, and so much identity traceable in the roots of the language, as
to leave no hesitation in classing them as branches of a common Celtic stock. And
so in the Slavonic class, Polish and Czech or Bohemian, as Russian and Servian,
are sister languages, while the difierence between Russian and Polish is so great
as to argue a much longer separation of the national life.
vi THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY.
In the case of the Romance languages we know historically tliat the countries
where French, Spanish, &c., are spoken, were thoroughly col-
Italian, Proven5al,
onised by the Romans, and were for centuries under subjection to the empire.
We accordingly regard the foregoing class of languages as descended from Latin,
the language of the Imperial Government, and we account for their divergences,
not so much from the comparative length of their separate duration, as from
mixture with the speech of the subject nations who formed the body of the
people in the different provinces.
With Umbrian and Oscan, of which
Latin and the other Italic languages,
slight remains have coime down to must be reckoned Greek and Albanian,
us,
as members of a family ranking with the Germanic, the Celtic, and Slavonic
stocks, although there has not been occasion to designate the group by a collect-
ive name. When we extend our survey to Sanscrit and Zend, the ancient
languages of India and Persia, we find the same evidences of relationship in the
fundamental part of the words, as well as the grammatical structure of the
language, which led us to regard the great families of European speech as de-
scendants of a common stock.
Throughout the whole of tliis vast circle the names of the numerals unmis
takeably graduate into each other; however startling the dissimilarity may be in
particular cases, where the name of a number in one language is compared with
the cori-espoiiding form in another, as when we compare five and quinque, four
and tessera, seven and hepta. The names of the simjplest blood relations, s.s father,
mother, brother, sister, are equally universal. Many of the pronouns, the prepo-
sitions and particles of abstract signification, as well as words designating the
most familiar objects and actions of ordinary life, are part of the common
property.
Thus step by step has been attained the conviction that the principal races of
Europe and of India are all descended from a single people, who had already
attained a considerable degree of clvihsation, and spoke a language of grammatical
structure similar to that of their descendants. From this primeval tribe it is
supposed that colonies branched off in different directions, and becoming isolated
in their new settlements, grtew up into separate peoples, speaking dialects assum-
ing more and more distinctly their own peculiar features, until they gradually
developed in the form of Zend and Sanscrit and the different classes of European
speech.
The light which is thus thrown on the pedigree and relationship of races be-
yond the reach of history is however only an incidental result of linguistic study.
For language, the machinery and vehicle of thought, and indispensable con-
dition of all mental progress, holds out to the rational inquirer a subject of as
high an intrinsic interest as that which Geology finds in the structure of the
part which contains the fiindamental significance, from the grammatical ele-
ments used to modify that significance in a regular way, such as the inflections of
verbs and of nouns, the terminations which give an abstract or an adjectival or
diminutival sense to the word, or any similar contrivances in habitual use in the
language. It will be convenient to lay aside for separate consideration these
grammatical adjuncts, and to confine our attention, in the first place, to the radical
portion of the word. If we take the word Enmity, for example, we recognise
the termination ty as the sign of an abstract noun, and we understand the word
as signifying the state or condition of an enemy, which is felt as the immediate
parent of the English word. Now we know that enemy comes to us through the
French ennemi from Latin inimicus, which may itself be regularly resolved into
the prefix in (equivalent to our un), implying negation or opposition, and amicus,
a friend. In amicus, again, we distinguish the syllable -us as the sign of a noun in
the nominative case ; -ic- as an element equivalent to the German -ig or English -y
one more proof of a primitive connection between the Latin and the Indian
races, but the same problem would remain in either case, how the syllable am
could be connected with the thought of love. Thus sooner or -later the Etymol-
ogist brought to the question of the origin of Language. The scientific ac-
is
count of any particular word will only be complete when it is understood how
the root to which the word has been traced could have acquired its proper signi-
ficance among the founders of Language. The speech of man in his mother
tongue is not, among children of the present day, a spontaneous growth of nature.
The expression itself of mother-tongue shows the immediate source from whence
the language of each of us is derived. The child learns to speak from the inter-
When the question is brought to this definite stage, the same step will be
gained in the science of Ismguage which was made in geology, when it was re-
cognised that the phenomena of the science must be explained by the action of
powers, such as are known to be active at the present day in working changes on
the structure of the earth. The investigator of speech must accept as his start-
ing-ground the existence of man as yet without knowledge of language, but en-
dowed with intellectual powers and command of his bodily frame, such as we
ourselves are conscious of possessing, in the same way that the geologist takes his
stand on the fact of a globe composed of lands and seas subjected, as at the pre-
sent day, to the influence of rains and tides, tempests, fi-osts, earthquakes, and sub-
terranean fires.
It is surprising that any one should have stuck at the German paradox, in the
face of the patent fact that we all are born in a state of mutism, and gradually
acquire the use of language from intercourse with those around us, while those
who are cut off by congenital deafness from all opportunity of hearing the speech
of others, remain permanently dumb, unless they have the good fortune to meet
with instructors, by whom they may be taught not only to express their thoughts
by manual signs, but also to speak intelligibly notwithstanding the disadvantage
of not hearing their own voice.
Since then it is matter of fact that individuals are found by no means wantmg
in intelligence who only attain the use of speech in mature life, and others who
never attain it at all, it is plain that there can be no metaphysical objection to the
supposition that the family of man was in existence at a period when the use of
language was wholly unknown. How man in so imperfect a state could manage
to support himself, and maintain his ground against the wild beasts, is a question
which need not concern us.
The high reputation of Professor Max Miiller as a linguist, and the great
popularity of his Lectures on Language, have given
which to the doctrine
he there expounds, an importance not deserved either by the clearness of
the doctrine itself, or by any light which it throws on the fundamental problems
of Language. He asserts (p. 369) that the 400 or 500 roots to which the
languages of different famihes may be reduced, are
neither inteijections nor
imitations, but 'phonetic types produced by a power inherent in human
nature. Man in his primitive and perfect state had instincts of which no traces
remain at the present day, the instinct being lost when the purpose for which it
was required was fulfilled, as the senses become weaker when, as in the case of
become useless.' By such an
scent, they instinct the primitive Man was en-
dowed with the faculty of giving articulate expression to the rational conceptions
of his mind. He was * irresistibly impelled to accompany every conception of
his mind by an exertion of the voice, articulately modulated in correspondence
with the thought v?^hich called it forth, in a manner analogous to that in which a
body, struck by a hammer, answers with a different ring according as com-
it is
* It was an instinct, an instinct of the mind as in-esistible as any other instinct. — p. 370.
+ The faculty peculiar to man in his primitive state by which every impression from without
received its vocal expression from within must be accepted as a fact. — p. 370, n.
X NO FOUNDATION IN EX;PERIENCE.
brain a phonetic expression,' had its object ftilfilled in the establishment of lan-
guage, the instinct faded away, leaving the infants of subsequent generations to learn
their language of their parents, and those who should be born deaf to do as well
the Atlantic the same cotnbination sta designates the phenomenon of standing,
while the conception of flowing is as widely associated with the utterance plu
or slightly modified forms. This cannot be accidental. The same conception
can only have been united with the same vocal utterance for so many thousand
years, because in the consciousness (geflihl) of the people there was an inward
bond between the two, that is, because there was for them a persistent tendency
to express that conception by precisely those sounds. The Philosophy of Speech
niust lay down the postulate of a physiologic potency of sounds (einer physiolo-
gischen geltung der laute), and it can no otherwise elucidate the origin of words,
than by the assumption of a relation of their sounds to the impression which the
things signified by them produce on the soul of the speaker. The signification
thus dwells like a soul in the vocal utterance : the conception, says W. v. Hum-
boldt, is as little able to cast itself loose from the word as man can divest himself
of his personal aspect.'
It is a fatal objection to speculations like the foregoing that they appeal to
principles of which we have no distinct experience. If it were true that there is
in the constitution of man a physiologic connection between the sounds sta and
plu and the notion of standing and flowing respectively, it^must be felt by all
mankind alike, and it should have led to the universal use of those roots for the
expression of the same ideas in other languages as well as those of the Indo-
-European stock. But in my own case I have no consciousness of any such con-
nection. I do not find that the sound sta of itself calls up any idea in my mind,
and to an unlearned English ear it is as closely connected with the ideas of
stabbing, of stamping, and of starting, as it is with that of standing. We know
that our children do not speak instinctively at the present day, and to say that
speech came in that way to primitive Man is simply to avow our inability to
give a rational account of its acquisition. A rational theory of language should
If language was the work of human intfelligence we may be sure that it was
accomplished by exceedingly slow degrees, and when mode of procedure
the true
is we must not be surprised if we meet with the same appa-
finally pointed out,
in the case of Laura Bridgman, who being born blind and deaf aflforded a singu-
lar opportunity for studying the spontaneous promptings of Nature. Now after
Laura bad learned to speak on her fingers she would accompany this artificial
merely to give him credit for the same instinctive tendencies of which we are
conscious in ourselves. But strong emotion naturally exhales itself in vocal
utterance as well as in muscular action. Man shouts as he jumps for joy. And
this tendency is felt equally by the deaf and dumb, whose utterances are com-
monly harsh and disagreeable in consequence of not hearing their own voice. It
was accordingly necessary to check poor Laura when inclined to indulge in this
mode of giving vent to her feelings. She pleaded that ' God had given her much
voice,' and would occasionally retire to enjoy the gift in her own way in private.
Man then is a vocal animal, and when an occasion arose on which the sign-
making instinct was called forth by the necessities of the case, he would as readily
be led to imitate sound by the voice as shape and action by bodily gestures.
When it happened of communication, that some sound formed
in the infancy
a prominent feature of the matter which it was important to make known, the
same instinct which prompted the use of significant gestures, where the matter
admitted of being so represented, would give rise to the use of the voice in imi-
tation of the sound by which the subject of communication was now characterised.
A person by a bull would find it convenient to make known the
terrified
object of his alarmby imitating at once the movements of the animal with his head,
and the bellowing with his voice. A cock would be represented by an attempt
at the sound of crowing, while the arms were beat against the sides in imitation
of the flapping of the bird's wings. It is by signs like these that Hood describes
There would be neither sense nor fun in the caricature if it had not a basis of
truth in human nature, cognisable by the large and unspeculative class for whom
the author wrote. .
* Me tumetli thet neb blithelich touward to thinge thet me lovelh, and frommard to thinge
thet me hateth. —Ancren Riwle, 254.
NURSERY IMITATIONS. xiii
spoke in English that it was dog and not duck that his master was eating. The
communication that passed between them was essentially languagej comprehen-
sible to every onewho was acquainted with the animals in question, language
therefore which might have been used by the first family of man as well as by
persons of different tongues at the present day.
The imitations of sound made by primitiveMan, in aid of his endeavours to
signify his needs by bodily gestures, would be very similar to those which are
heard in our nurseries at the present day, when we represent to our children
the lowing of the cow, the baaing of the sheep, or the crowing of the
cock. The peculiar character of the imitation is given at first by the tone of
voice and more or less abrupt mode of utterance, without the aid of distinct con-
sonantal articulation, and in such a manner we have no difficulty in making imita-
tions that are easily recognisedby any child acquainted with the cry of the animal.
The lowing of the cow is imitated by the prolonged utterance of the vowel sound
oo-ooh ! or, with an initial m or I, which are naturally produced by the opening
lips, mooh! or J)ooh! In the same way the cry of the sheep is sounded in our nur-
Swabian children the name of Molle, Molli, or Mollein, is given to a cow or calf.
It is true that the names we have cited are appropriated to the use of children,
but it makes no difference in the essential nature of the contrivance, by whom the
sign is to be understood; and where we are seeking, in language of the present
day, for analogies with the first instinctive endeavours to induce thought in others
by the exercise of the voice, the more undeveloped the understanding of the per-
son to whom the communication is addressed, the closer we shall approach to the
'
Dr Lieber, in his paper on the vocal sounds of Laura Bridgman above cited, gives
an instructive account of the birth of a word under his own eyes.
' A member of my own family,' he says, ' showed in early infancy a pecu-
liar tendency to form new words, partly from sounds which the child caught,
as to woh for to sfop, from the woh! used by wagoners when
interjection
they wish to stop their horses ;
from symphenomenal
partly emission of sounds.
Thus when the boy was a little above a year old he had made and established in
the nursery the word niw, for everything fit to eat. I had watched the growth
of this word. First, he expressed his satisfaction at seeing his meal, when hungry,
by the natural humming sound, which all of us are apt to produce when approving
or pleased with things of a comnion character, and which we might express thus,
hm. Gradually, as his organs of speech became more skilful and repetition made
the sound more familiar and clearer, it changed to the more articulate wn and
im. Finally an n was placed before it, nim being much easier to pronounce than
im when the mouth has been clpsed. But soon the growing mind began to
generalise, and nim came to signify everything edible; so that the boy would
add the words good or bad which he learned in the mean time. He would now
say good, nim, had nim, his nurse adopting the word with him. On one occasion
he said^e nim, for bad, repulsive to eat. There is no doubt that a verb to nim
for to eat would have developed itself, had not the ripening mind adopted the
vernacular language which was offered to it ready made. We have, then, here
the origin and history of a word which commenced in a symphenomenal sound,
and gradually became articulate in sound and general in its meaning, as the organs
of speech, as well as the mind of the utterer, became more perfect. And is not
the history of this word a representation of many thousands in every language
now settled and acknowledged as a legitimate tongue ?
' Dr Lieber does not seem to have been aware how fi-equent a phenomenon it
is which he describes, nor how numerous the forms in
actual speech connected
with the notion of eating which may be traced to this particular imitation. A
near relation of my own in early childhood habitually used mum or mummum
for
food or eating, analogous to Magyar mammogni, Gr.
fiafifi&v (Hesych.), in chil-
dren's language, to eat. Heinicke, an eminent teacher of the deaf-and-dumb
cited by Tylor (Early Hist., p.
72), says: 'All mutes discover words for them-
selves for different things. Among over fifty whom I have partially instracted
or been acquainted with, there was not one
who had not uttered at least a few
spoken names which he had discovered for himself,
and some were very clear and
distinct. I had under my instruction a born deaf-mute,
nineteen years old, who
had previously invented many writeable words for things. For instance, he called
to eat, mumm, to drink, schipp, &c.' In ordinary speech we have the verb to
mump, to move the lips with the mouth closed, to work over
with the mouth,
ONOMATOPCEIA. xv
dren's language), Sw. namnam, Wolof nahenahe, delicacies, tidbits ; Zooloo nam-
smack the lips after eating or tasting, and thence to be tasteful, to be plea-
lita, to
sant to the mind ; Soosoo (W. Africa) nimnim, to taste ; Vei (W. Africa) nimi,
palatable, savory, sweet (Koelle). And as picking forbidden food would afford
the earliest and most natural type of appropriating or stealing, it is probable that
we have here the origin of the slang word nim, to take or steal (indicated in the
name of Corporal Nym), as well as the Sw. dial, nvrnma, Gothic niman, to take.
Nimm'd up, taken up hastily on the sly, stolen, snatched (Whitby Gl.). ' Mother-
well, the Scotch poet,' says the author of Modern Slang, thought the old word '
nim (to snatch or pick up) was derived from nam, nam, the tiny words or cries
of an infant when eating anything which pleases its little palate. A negro pro-
verb has the word : Buckra man nam crab, crab nam buckra man. Or, in the
buckra man's language : White man eat [or steal] the crab, and the crab eats
the white man.' — p. i8o.
The traces of imitation as a living principle giving significance to words have
been recognised from the earliest period, and as it was the only prinr'plc on
which the possibility of coining words came home to the comprehension of every
one, it was called Onomatopoeia, or word-making, while the remaining stock of
language was vaguely regarded as having come by inheritance fi-om the first
establishers of speech. '
'Oyo/mTOTrotla quidem,' says Quintilian, ' id est, fictio no-
,minis, Graecis inter maximas habita virtutes, nobis vix permittitur. Et sunt plurima
ita posita ab iis qui sermonem primi fecerunt, aptantes adfectibus vocem. Nam
mugitus et sibilus et murmur inde venerunt.' And Diomedes, '
'OvofiaToiroda est
ad imitandam vocis confusae significationem, ut tinnitus aeris,
dictio configurata
clangorqae tubarum. Item quum dicimus valvos stridere, oves lalare, aves tin-
nire.' — Lersch, Sprach-philosophie der Alten, iii. 130-1. Quintilian instances the
words used by Homer for the twanging of the bow (Xi'ySs j3tos), and the fizzing
of the fiery stake (tff/f e) in the eye of Polyphemus.
The principle is admitted in a grudging way by Max Miiller (and Series, p.
298) :
'
There are in many languages words, if we can call them so, consisting of
mere imitations of the cries of animals or the sounds of nature, and some of them
xvi OBJECTION OF MAX MULLER.
have been carried along by the stream of language into the current of nouns and
verbs.' And elsevs^here (p. 89) with less hesitation, 'That sounds can be rendered
in language by sounds, and that each language possesses a large stock of words
'
imitating the sounds given out by certain things, who would deny ?
one language or another j that we do speak of a Moo and of a Baa in some other
language if not in Enghsh, and that this plan of designation is widely spread over
every region of the world, and applied to every kind of animal which utters a
notable sound. As far as the cry itself is concerned it would hardly occur to
any one to doubt that the word used to designate the utterance of a particular
animal would be taken from imitation of the sound. When once it is admitted
that there is an instinctive tendency to imitation in Man, it seems self-evident
that he would make use of that means of representing any particular sound that
he was desirous of bringing to the notice of his fellow. And it is only on this
principle that we can account for the great variety of the terms by wiiich the
criesof different animals are expressed. Indeed, we still for the most part recog-
nise"the imitative intent of such words as the clucking of hens, cackling or
gaggling of geese, gobbling of a turkey-cock, quacking of ducks or fi-ogs, cawing
or quawking of rooks, croaking of frogs or ravens, cooing or crooing of doves,
hooting of owls, bumping of bitterns, chirping of sparrows or crickets, twittering
of swallows, chattering of pies or monkeys, neighing or whinnying of horses,
purring or mewing of cats, yelping, howling, barking, snarling of dogs, grunting
or squealing of hogs, bellowing of bulls, lowing of oxen, bleating of sheep, baaing
or maeing of lambs.
While ewes shall bleat and little lambkins tiuu Ramsay.
But the cry of an animal can hardly be brought to mind without drawing with it
the thoughts of the animal itself. Thus the imitative utterance, intended in the
first instance to represent the cry, might be used, when circumstances required,
for the purpose of bringing the animal, or anything connected with it, before the
thoughts of our hearer, or, in other words, might be used as the designation of
the animal or of anvthing associated with it. If I take refuge in an African
IMITATIVE NAMES. xvii
village and imitate the roaring of a lion while I anxiously point to a neighbour-
ing thicket, I shall intimate pretty clearly to the natives that a lion is lurking in
that direction. Here the imitation of the roar will be practically used as the
name of a lion. The gestures with which I point will signify that an object of
terror is in the thicket, and the sound of my voice will specify that object as a
lion.
The signification is carried on fi-om the cow to the milk which it produces, when
Hood makes his Englishman ask for milk by an imitative moo. In the same way
the representation of the clucking of a hen by the syllables cock ! cock ! gack !
gack ! (preserved in It. coccolare, Bav. gackem, to cluck) gives rise to the forms
coco, kuho, and gaggele or gagkelein, which are used as the designation of an egg
in the nursery language of France, Hungary, and Bavaria respectively. In
Basque, koioratz represents the clucking of a hen, and koko (in children's speech)
the egg which it announces (Salaberry). It is among birds that the imitative
nature of the name is seen with the clearest evidence, and is most universally ad-
mitted. We all are familiar with the voice of the cuckoo, which we hail as the
harbinger of spring. We imitate the sound with a modulated. Aoo-Aoo, harden-
ing into a more conventional cook-coo, and we call the bird cuckoo with a continued
consciousness of the intrinsic significance of the name. The voice of the bird is
so singularly distinct that there is hardly any variation in the syllables used to re-
present the sound in different languages. In Lat. it is cuculus (coo-coo-l-us), in
Gr. KOKKvi,, in g. kuckuch {cook-cook) or guckguck. In Sanscrit the cry is written
kuhii, and the bird is called kuMka, kuhii-rava (rava, sound), whose sound is
quoted by Miiller (Lect. i. 380, 4th ed.). 'Kdka, crow, is an imitation of the
sound (Mku kdka, according to Durga), and this is very common among. birds.'
But already Philosophy was beginning to get the better of common sense, and
the author continues :
' Aupamanyava however maintains that imitation of the
sound does never take place. He therefore derives kdka, crow, fi-om apakd-
layitavya ; i. e. a bird that is to be driven away.' Another Sanscrit name for
the crow is kdrava (whose voice is kd), obviously formed on the same plan with
kuhurava (whose voice is kuM) for the cuckoo. Yet the word is cited by Mul-
ler as an example of the fallacious derivations of the onomatopoeists. Kdrava, he
says, is supposed to show some similarity to the cry of the raven. But as soon as
we analyse the word we find that it is of a different structure from cuckoo or
cock. It is derived fi-om a root ru or kru, having a general predicative power,
and means a shouter, a caller, a crier (p. 349, ist ed.). Sometimes the hoarse
i
xviii IMITATIVE NAMES.
sound of the cry of this kind of bird introduces an r into the imitative syllablei
and we use the verb to croak to designate their cry, while crouk, in the North of
England, is the name for a crow. So we have Polish krukac, to croak, kruk, a
crow ; Lith. kraukti, to croak, krauklys, a crow ; Du. kraeyen, to caw or croak,
kraeye, 6. krahe, a crow. The corresponding verbal forms in German and Eng-
lish krahen, to crow, have been appropriated by arbitrary custom to the cry of the
cock, but the word is not less truly imitative because it is adapted to represent
different cries of somewhat similar sound. In South America a crowlike bird is
called caracara.
The crowing of a cock is represented by the syllables kikeriki in g., coqueri-
cot in Fr., cacaracd in Languedoc, leaving no doubt of the imitative origin of
lUyrian kukurekati, Malay kukuk, to crow, as well as of Sanscr. kukhuta. Fin.
kukko, Esthonian kikkas, Yoruba koklo, Ibo akoka, Zulu kuku, and e. cock.
The cooing or crooing (as it was formerly called) of a dove is signified in g.
by the verbs gurren or girren. Da. kurre, girre, Du. korren, kirren, koeren. To a
Latin ear it must have sounded tur, tur, giving turtur (and thence It. tbrtora,
tortbla, Sp. tbrtola, and e. turtle) as the Lat. name of the bird, the imitative
nature of which has been universally recognised from its reduplicate form. Alba-
nian tourre, Heb. tor, a dove. In Peru turtuli is one kind of dove ; cuculi
another. Hindi, ghughu, Pers. kuku, gugu, wood-pigeon.
The is with no less certainty represented in the
plaintive cry of the peewit
names by which the bird is known in different European dialects, in which we
recognise a fundamental resemblance in sound, with a great variety in the par-
ticular consonants used in the construction of the word : English peewit, Scotch
peeweip, teewhoop, tuquheit, Dutch kievit, German kielitz, Lettish kiekuts, Magy.
lilits, libufs, Swedish kowipa, French dishuit, Arabic tdtwit. The consonants t,
'The cry of the owl,' says Stier in Kuhn's Zeitschrift, xi. p. 219, ' ku-ku-
ku-va-i is in the south (of Albania) the frequent origin of the name, in which
sometimes the first, sometimes the second part, and sometimes both together,
are represented.'
Mr Farrar in his Chapters on Language (p. 24) observes that if the vocabu-
lary of almost any savage nation is examined, the name of an animal will gen-
IMITATIVE NAMES. xix
manner. Mr Bates gives us several examples from the Amazons. ' Sometimes
one of these httle bands [of Toucans] is seen perched for hours together among
the topmost branches of high trees giving vent to their remarkably loud, shrill,
and yelping cry. These cries have a vague resemblance to the syllables tocano,
tocano, and hence the Indian name of this genus of birds.' Naturalist on the —
Amazons, i. 337. Speaking of a cricket he says, 'The natives call it tanand, in
allusion to its music, which is a sharp resonant stridulation resembling the sylla-
bles ta-na-nd, ta-na-nd, succeeding each other with little intermission.' — i. ajo.
We may compare the Parmesan tananai, loud noise, rumour; Arabic tantanat,
sound, resounding of musical instruments. — Catafogo.
The name of the cricket indeed, of which there are infinite varieties, may
commonly be traced to representations of the sharp chirp of the insect. Thus
E. cricket is from crick, representing a short sharp sound, as , 6. schrecke,
(Jieuschrecke) , schrickel, from schrick, a sharp sound as of a glass cracking
(Schmeller). g. schirke. Fin. sirkka, may be compared with g. zirken, oE. chirk,
to chirp J
Lith. swirplys with 6. schwirren, to chirp ; Lat. grylhis, g. grille, with
Fr. grillen, to creak ; Bret, skril with n. skryle, Sc. skirl, to shrill or sound
sharp. The Arabic sarsor, Corean sirsor, Albanian tsentsir, Basque quirquirra
carry their imitative character on their face.
The designation of insects from the humming, booming, buzzing, droning ,
noises which they make in their flight is very common. We may cite Gr.
PofijivXwg, the humble- or bumble-bee, or a gnat ; Sanscr. bambhara, bee, bamba,
fly, ' words imitative of humming '
— Pictet ; Australian bumberoo, a fly (Tylor) ;
Galla bombi, a beetle German hummel, the drone or non-working bee ; Sanscr.
;
sting considered as a horn. The. name of the gnat may be explained from
Norse gnetta, knetta, to rustle, give a faint sound, Danish gnaddre, to grumble.
Coming names of domestic animals we have seen that the lowing of
to the
the ox is represented by the syllables boo and moo. In the N. of England it is
b 2
XX NAMES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
called booing, and a Spanish proverb cited by Tylor (Prim. Cult. i88) shows
that the same mode of representing the sound is familiar in Spain. 'Habld el
buey e dijd bu/' The ox spoke and said ioo/ From this mode of representing the
sound are formed Lith. lulauti (to hoo-loo), to bellow like a bull, Zulu lulula,
to low, and (as we apply the terra bellowing to the loud shouting of men) Gr.
lioao), to shout, Lat. boo, to shout, to make a loud deep sound. From the same
imitative syllable are Lith. bubenti, to grumble as distant thunder ;
biibnas, a
drum ; btibleti, to bump as a bittern ; Illyr. bubati, to beat hard, to make a noise;
itative syllable. Thus from miau, representing the mew of a cat, the Fr. forms
miau-l-er, as the Illyr. (with a subsidiary k), maukati, to mew. From baa, or
bae, are formed Lat. ba-L-are, Fr. be-l-er, to baa or bleat j from bau, represent-
ing the bark of a dog, Piedmontese fi bau, or bau-l-i, to make bow, to bow-
wow or bark. The Piedm. verb is evidently identical with our own bawl, to
shout, or with on. baula, to low or bellow, whence baula, a cow, bauli, bolt,
w. bwla, a bull. In Swiss the verb takes the form of bullen, agreeing exactly
with Lith. bullus and e. bull. On the same principle, from the imitative moo
instead of boo, the Northampton dairymaid calls her cows moolls.
The formation of the verb by a subsidiary h ov g gives Gr. fivKaofiai, Illyr.
muJiati, bukati, Lat. mugire, OFr. mugler, bugler. Da. loge, to low ; and thence
Lat. buculus, a bullock, bucula, a heifer, Fr. bugle, a buffalo, bullock, a name
preserved in our bugle-horn. With these analogies, and those which will presently
be found in the designations of the sheep or goat and their cries, it is truly sur-
prising to meet with linguistic scholars who deny that the imitative boo can be
the origin of forms like Gr. (iove, Lat. bos, bovis. It. bue, ox, Norse bu, cattle, w.
bu, Gael, bo, Manx booa, Hottentot bou (Dapper), Cochin Chinese bo (Tylor), a
cow. Yet
Geiger, in his Ursprung der menschlichen Sprache [1868], p. 167,
plainly asserts that the supposition of such an origin. is inadmissible. His analysis
leads him to the conclusion that the words (iovg and cow may be traced to a
common origin in the root guav, and therefore cannot be taken from the cry of
the animal. But when I find that the ox is widely called Boo among different
families of men from Connemara to Cochin China, it seems to me far more cer-
tain that the name is taken from the booing of the animal than any dogmas can
be that are laid down concerning such abstractions as the Sanscrit roots.
The cry of the sheep or goat is universally imitated by the syllables baa, bae,
mah, mae, as that of the cow by boo, or moo, and in Hottentot baa was the
NAMES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. xxi
meigeal, Vorarlberg maggila (corresponding to Fr. meugler, for the voice of the
ox), to bleat ; Gr. /xj/caScj, goats, lambs.
The same radical with a subsidiary / gives Gael, meil, Manx meilee, to bleat,
showing the origin of Scotch Mailie, as the proper name of a tame sheep, and of
Gr. firjXov (maelon), a sheep or a goat, and Circassian maylley, a sheep (Lowe).
The name of the hog is another instance where Miiller implicitly denies all
resemblance with the characteristic noises of the ani mal. And it is true there is
no between hog and grunt, but the snorting sounds emitted by a pig
similarity
may be imitated at least as well by the syllables hoch, hoc'h (giving to c'h the
guttural sound of Welsh and Breton), as by grunt. In evidence of the aptness of
this imitation, we may cite the cry used in Suffolk in driving pigs, remembering
that the cries addressed to animals are commonly taken from noises made by
themselves. '
In driving, or in any way we have
persuading, this obstinate race,
no other imperative than hooe hooe in a deep nasal, guttural tone, appropri-
! !
groin, the snout-shaped projections running out into the sea, by which the shingle
of our southern coast is protected. And obviously it is equally damaging to
MUller's line of argument whether the onomatopoeia supplies a name of the ani-
mal or only of his snout.
Among the designations of a dog the term cur, signifying a snarling, ill-brej
dog, may with tolerable certainty be traced to an imitative source in on. karra,
to snarl, growl, grumble, 6. kurren, to rumble, grumble. Kurren und murren,
ill-natured jangling ; Sc. curmurring, grumbhng, rumbling. The g. kurre, oe.
curre-fish Da. knurfisk, from knurre, to growl, mutter, purr), is applied to
(as
the gurnard on account of the grumbling sounds which that fish is said to utter.
Itis probable also that e. hound, a. hund, a dog, may be identical
with Esthon.
hunt (gen. hundi), a wolf, from hundama, to howl, corresponding to ohg. hunon.
. ;
used in stopping a horse the animal in nursery language is called hoppe in Frisian
(Outzen), houpy in Craven, while hiipp-peerdken in Holstein is a hobby horse or
child's wooden horse. Thus we are led to the Fr. hobin, e. hobby, a little am-
bling horse, g. hoppe, a mare, Esthonian hoibo, hobben, a horse.
In the face of so many examples it is in vain for Miiller to speak of onomato-
pceia as an exceptional principle giving rise to a few insignificant names, but ex-
ercising no appreciable influence in the formation of real language. '
The ono-
matopoeic theory goes very smoothly as long as it deals with cackling hens and
quacking ducks, but round that poultry-yard there is a dead wall, and we soon
find thatit is behind that wall that language really begins.' 2nd Series, p. 91. —
'There are of course some names, such as cuckoo, which are clearly formed by an
imitation of sound. But words of this kind are, like artificial flowers, without a
root. They are 'sterile and unfit to express anything beyond the one object which
. they imitate.' ' As the word cuckoo predicates nothing but
tlie sound of a par-
ticular bird, it could never be applied for expressing any general quality in which
other animals might share, and the only derivations to which it might give rise
are words expressive of a metaphorical likeness with the bird.' — ist Series, p. ^6<,.
The author has been run away witla by his own metaphorical language. An
onomatopoeia can only be said to have no root because it is itself a livino- root, as
well adapted to send forth a train of derivations as if itwas an offshoot from
some anterior stock. If a certain character is strongly marked in an animal, the
name of the animal is equally likely to be used in the metaphorical designation
of the character in question, whether was taken from the cry of the animal or
it
be used in giving names to things that bear a metaphorical likeness to the ori-
ginal object,what is there to limit their efficiency in the formation of language?
And how can the indication of such derivatives as the foregoing, be reconciled
with the assertion that there is a sharp line of demarcation between the region of
onomatopoeia and the '
real ' commencement of language ? The important ques-
tion is not what number of words can be traced to an imitative source, but
whether there is any difference in kind between them and other words.
The no degree be impugned by bringing forwards
imitative principle will in
any number of names which cannot be shown to have sprung from direct imita-
tion, for no rational onomatopoeist ever supposed that all names were formed on
that principle. It is only at the very beginning of language that the name would
numerable other cases on a similar plan. Nor will there be any presumption
against an imitative origin even in cases where the meaning of the name remains
wholly unknown. When once the name is fully conventionalised all conscious-
ness of resemblance with sound is easily lost, and it will depend upon accident
whether extrinsic evidence of such a connection is preserved. There is nothing
in the e. name of the turtle or turtle-dove to put us in mind of the cooing of the
animal, and if all knowledge of the Lat. turtur and its derivatives had been lost,
there would have been no grounds for suspicion of the imitative origin of the
word. It is not unlikely that the on. hross, e. horse, may have sprung from a
form corresponding to Sanscr. hresh, to neigh, but as we are ignorant of any
Indian name corresponding
to horse, or any Western equivalent of the Sanscr.
hresh, would be rash to regard the connection of the two as more than a pos-
it
trenches.' Hoo, hoo, hoo ping ping, ping came the bullets about their ears.'
' ! !
'Haw, haw, haw roared a soldier from the other side of the valley.' 'And at
!
it both sides went, ding, dong till the guns were too hot to be worked.'
! Read, —
White Lies, 1865.
To fall plump into the water is to fall so suddenly as to make the sound
'plamp.' 'Plump! da fiel he in das wasser.' So imac,^ represents the sound of a
sharp blow, and to cut a thing smack off is to cut it off at a blow. Ding-
dong, for the sound of a large bell, ting-ting, for a small one; tick-tack,
for the beat of a clock ;
pit-a-pat, for the beating of the heart or the
light step of a child ; thwick-thwack, for the sound of blows, are familiar
to every one. The words used in such a manner in German are especially
numerous. Klapp, klatsch, for the sound of a blow. '
He kreeg enen an de
oren : klapp I segde dat ' : he caught it on the ear, clap ! it cried —Brem. Wtb.
A smack on the chops is represented also by pratx, plitsch-platsch. — Sanders.
Puff, pump, lumm, for the sound of a fall; knack, for that of breaking;
knarr, for the creaking of a wheel, fitsche-falsche, for blows with a rod, stripp-
strapp-stroll, for the sound of milking.
When once a syllable is recognised as representing sound of a certain kind it
may be used to signify anything that produces such a sound, or tliat is accom-
panied by it. Few words are more expressive than the e. hang, familiarly used
to represent the sound of a gun and other loud toneless noises. Of a like forma-
tion are Lettish lunga, adrum ; debhes-lungotais (deifies, heaven), the God of
thunder ; Zulu bongo, for the report of a musket (Colenso) ; Australian bung-
bung ween, thunder (Tylor) ; Mei gbengben, a kind of drum. To bang is then to
do anything that makes a noise of the above description, to beat, to throw
violently down, &c. Let. bangas, the dashing of the sea ; Vei gbangba, to ham-
mer, to drive in a nail ; on. banga, to hammer ; Da. banke, to knock, beat, tlirob.
FANCIFUL PRINCIPLES OF SIGNIFICANCE, xxv
a chick, a whelp, or a young child ; Gr. imrli^u), Lat. pipilo, pipio, Mantuan
far pipi, to cry pi, pi, to cheep like a bird or a young child. It. pipiare,
pipare, to pip like a chicken or pule like a hawk ;
pigolare, pigiolare, to squeak,
pip as a chicken. — Florio. Magyar pip, cry of young birds ;
pipegni, pipelni,
to peep or cheep; pipe, a chicken or gosling; Lat. pipio, a young bird;
It. pippione, pigione, piccione, a (young) pigeon. The syllable representing a
sharp sound is then used to designate a pipe, as the simplest implement for pro-
ducing the sound. Fr. pipe, a fowler's bird call ; G. pfeife, a fife or musical pipe.
At last all reference to sound is lost, and the term is generalised in the sense of any
hollow trunk or cylinder.
In cases such as these, where we have clear imitations of sound to rest on, it is
easy to follow out the secondary applications, but where without such a clue we
take the problem up at the other end and seek to divine the imitative origin of a
word, we must beware of fanciful speculations like those of De Brosses, who finds
a power of expressing fixity and firmness in an initial st; excavation and hollow
in.sc; mobility and fluid in ^, and so forth. It seems to him that the teeth
being the most fixed element of the organ of voice, the dental letter, t, has been un-
consciously (machinalement) employed to designate fixity, as k, the letter proceed-
ing from the hollow of the throat, to designate cavity and hollow. S, which he
calls added to intensify the expression. Here he abandons
the nasal articulation, is
the vera causa of the imitation of sound, and assumes a wholly imaginary principle
of expression. What consciousness has the child, or the uneducated man, of the
part of the mouth by which the different consonants are formed ?
had been used instead, would there have been less onomatopceia ? Is rire like
laugh ? Yet to a Frenchman, doubtless, rire seems the more expressive of the
two.'
In language, as in other subjects of study, the judgment must be educated by a
wide survey of the phenomena, and their relations, and few who are so prepared
will doubt the imitative nature of the word in any of the instances above cited
from Wilson.
Evidence of an imitative origin may be found in various circumstances, not-
;
along with Du. borrelen, to bubble; Zulu raraza, to fizz like fat in frying;
Hindoo tomtom, a drum W. Indian chack-chack, a rattle made of hard seeds in
;
the word itself to put us in mind of the thing signified. The imitation begins
to be
felt in the guttural ack of g. lachen, and is clearly indicated in the redupli-
gives a dull sound like a joint dislocated or springing back. In the same \^'ay
zela, to pant violently (Colenso). But perhaps the expressive power of a word
is brought home to us in the most striking manner when the same significa-
SIMILAR FORMS IN REMOTE TONGUES. xxvii
cough. Manchu pour-pour represents the sound of boihng water, or the bubbling
up of a spring, corresponding in e. to the purling of a brook, or to Du. borrelen,
to bubble up. Manchu kaka, as Fr. caca and Finnish adkkd, are applied to the
excrements of children, while cacd / is used in e. nurseries as an exclamation of
disgust or reprobation, indicating the origin of Gr. KaKog, bad. Manchu tchout-
chou-tchatcha, for the sound of privy whispering, brings us to Fr. chuchoter, for
chut-chiit-er, to say chut, chut, to whisper. The whispering of the wind is repre-
sented in Chinese by the syllables siao-siao (Miiller, I. 368), answering to the
Scotch sough or sooch. The imitative syllable which represents the purling of a
spring of water in thename of the Arabian well Zemzem, expresses the sound of
water beginning to boil in e. simmer. The syllables lil-bil, which represent a
ringing sound in Galla lilbil-goda (to make UlUV), to ring or jingle, and bilhila,
a bell, are applied to the notes of a singing bird or a pipe in Albanian billil, a
nightingale, a boy's whistle, Turk, bulbiil, a nightingale. The sound of champ-
ing with the jaws in eating is imitated by nearly the same syllables in Galla
djamdjamgoda (to make djamdjam), Magyar csamm-ogni, csam-csogni,and e. champ.
The Turcoman Newman), has its analogues in
halaidlac'h, uproar, disturbance (F.
E. hullabaloo and Sanscr. hala-hald-faMa (falda, sound), shout, tumult, noise.
The E. pitapat may be compared with Australian pitapitata, to knock, to pelt as
rain, Mantchu patapata, Hindustani bhadbhad for the sound of fruits pattering
down from trees, Fr. patatras for the clash of falling things, Maori pata, drops of
rain (Tylor, Prim. Calt. i. 192). Tiie Galla gigiteka, to giggle, is based on the
same imitation as the e. word, and the same may be said of Zulu kala, cry, wail,
sing as a bird, sound,compared with Gr. koXiw, and e. call; as of Tamil muro-
muro and murmur. The Australian represents the thud of a spear ora bullet strik-
e.
ing the object by the syllable toop, corresponding to which we have Galla tub-
djeda (to say tub), for a box on the ear ; Sanscr. tup, tubh, and Gr. rvir (in tvittio,
tTviror), to strike. The same kind of sound by a nasal intonation
imitation of the
gives the name of the Indian tomtom, and Gr. rifiirayov, a drum ; Galla tuma, to
beat, fumtu, a workman, especially one who beats, a smith. The Chinook jar-
gon uses the same imitative syllable in tumtum,* the heart; tumwata, awater-
* ' Mme P. bent her head, and her heart went thump, thump, at an accelerated note.'
Member for Paris, 1871.
;
AS. tumbian (to beat the ground), to dance, and Fr. tomber, to fall.
The list of such agreements might be lengthened to any extent. But although
the resemblance of synonymous words in unrelated languages affords a strong pre-
sumption in favour of an imitative origin, it must not be supposed that the most
striking dissimilarity is any argument vi^hatever to the contrary. The beating of
a drum is represented in e. by rubadub, answering to g. brumberum, Fr. rataplan
or rantanplan. It. tarapatan, parapatapan. We represent the sound of knocking
at a door by rat-tat-tat-tat, forwhich the Germans have poch-poch or puk-puk
(Sanders). We use bang, the Germans puff, and the French pouf, for the
report of a gun. Mr
Tylor indeed denies that the syllable puff here imitates the
actual sound or bang of the gun, but he has perhaps overlooked the constant
tendency of language to signify the sound of a sudden puff of wind and of the
collision of solid bodies by the same syllables. The It. buffetto signifies as well a
buffet or cuff, as a puff with the mouth or a pair of bellows. So in Fr. we have
souffler, to blow, and box on the ear or a pair of bellows, while e.
soufflet, a
whirr, hum, boom, whine, din, ring, bang, twang, clang, clank, clink, chink,
jingle, tingle, tinkle, creak, squeak, squeal, squall, rattle, clatter, chatter, patter,
mutter, murmur, gargle, gurgle, guggle, sputter, splutter, paddle, dabble, bubble,
blubber, rumble.
Notwithstanding the evidence of forms like these, the derivation of words
from direct imitation, without the intervention of orthodox roots, is revolting to
the feelings of Professor Miiller, who denounces the lawlessness of doctrines that
• would undo all the work that has been doneby Bopp, Humboldt, and Grimm,
and others during the last fifty years — and throw etymology back into a state of
chronic anarchy.' 'If it is once admitted that all words must be traced back to
definite roots, according to the strictest phonetic rules, it matters little whether
those roots are called phonetic types, more or less preserved in the innumerable
impressions taken from them, or v^hether we call them onomatopoeic and inter-
jectional. As long we
have definite forms between ourselves and chaos, we
as
may build our science like an arch of a bridge, that rests on the firm piles fixed
INTERJECTIONS OF FEELING. xxix
in the rushing waters. If, on the contrary, the roots of language are mere ab-
stractions, and there is nothing to separate language from cries and interjections,
then we may play with language as children play with the sands of the sea, but
we must not complain if every fresh tide wipes out the little castles we had built
on the beach.' —2nd Series, p. 94.
Art will now guarantee the sohdity of the ground on which we build ; we must
take it at our own risk though Aristotle himself had said it. The work of every
man has to stand the brunt of water and of fire, and if wood, hay, or stubble is
found in the building of Grimm or Bopp, or of any meaner name, it is well that
it be burnt up.
We come now to the personal interjections, exclamations intended to make
known affections of the mind, by imitation of the sounds naturally uttered under
the influence of the affection indicated by the interjection. Thus ah!, the inteij.
of grief, is an imitation of a sigh ; ugh .', the interj. of horror, of an utterance at
the moment of shuddering.
At the first beginning of life, every little pain, or any unsatisfied want, in the
infant, are made known by an instinctive cry. But the infant speedily finds that
his cry brings his mother to his side, that he has only to raise his voice in order
to get taken up and soothed or fed. He now cries no longer on the simple im-
pulsion of instinct, but with inteUigence of the consolation which follows, and
it is practically found that the child of the unoccupied mother, who has time to
attend to every want of her nurseling, cries more than that of the hard-
little
working woman whose needs compel her to leave her children a good deal to
themselves. In the former case the infant gives expression in the natural way to
aU his wants and feelings of discomfort, and wilfuUy enforces the utterance as a
call for the consolation he desires. But when the infant petulantly cries as a
call for his mother, he makes no nearer approach to speech than the dog or the
cat which comes whining to its master to get the door opened for it. The pur-
pose of the cry, in the case of the animal or of the infant, is simply to call the
attention of the mother or the master, without a thought of symbolising to them,
by the nature of the cry, the kind of action that is desired of them. It is not
until the child becomes dimly conscious of the thoughts of his mother, and cries
for the purpose of making her suppose that he is in pain, that he has taken the
first step in rational speech. The utterance of a cry with such a purpose may
be taken as the earliest type of interjectional expression, the principle of which is
cance.
The nature of interjections has been greatly misunderstood by MUUer, who
treats them as spontaneous utterances, and accordingly misses their importance
in illustrating the origin of language. He says, '
Two theories have been started
to solve the problem [of the ultimate nature of roots], which for shortness' sake
I shall call the Bowwow theory and the Poohpooh theory. According to the
first, roots are imitations of sounds j according to the second, they are involuntary
interjections.' — ist Series, p. 344. And again, ' There are no doubt in every
language interjections, and some of them may become traditional, and enter into
the composition of words. But these interjections are only the outskirts of real
language. Language begins where interjections end. There is as much differ-
ence between a real word such as to laugh, and the interjection ha ha as there ! !
isbetween the involuntary act and noise of sneezing and the verb to sneeze.' 'As
in the case of onomatopoeia, it cannot be denied that with interjections too some
kind of language might have been formed ; but not a language like that which
we find in numerous varieties among all the races of men. One short interjec-
tion may be more powerful, more to the point, more eloquent than a long speech.
In fact, interjections, together with gestures^ the movements of the muscles, of
the mouth, and the eye, would be quite sufficient for all purposes which language
answers with the majority of mankind. Yet we must not forget that hum!
ugh ! pooh are as little to be called words as the expressive gestures which
tut ! !
bered, that to say that the cries of beasts have almost 'as good a title to the name
of language as interjections, is practically to recognise that some additional &nc-
tion is performed by and the difference thus hazily recognised by
interjections,
Tooke is, in truth, the fundamental distinction between instinctive utterance and
rational speech.
The essence of rational speech lies in the intention of the speaker to impress
something beyond the mere sound of the utterance on the mind of the hearer.
And it is precisely this vchich distinguishes interjections from instinctive cries. It
isnot speaking when a groan of agony is wrung from me, but when I imitate a
groan by the inteijection ah 1 for the purpose of obtaining the sympathy of my
hearer, then speech begins. So, when I arp humming and hawing, I am not
speaking, but when I cry hm ! am at a loss what to say, it is not
to signify that I
as signifying the laughing water. The same imitation may be clearly discerned
in Magy. hahota, loud laughter, in Fin. hahottaa, hohottaa, and somewhat veiled
in Arab, kahkahah, Gr. Koxafw, Kayxa^u), Lat. cachinno, to hawhaw or laugh
loud and unrestrainedly.
Miiller admits that some of our words sprang from imitation of the cries of
animals and other natural sounds, and others from interjections, and thus, he says,
some kind of language might have been formed, which would be quite sufficient
for all the purposes which language serves with the majority of men, yet not a
language like that actually spoken among men. But he does not explain in what
fondamental character a language so formed would differ from our own, nor can
he pretend to say that the words which originate in interjections are to be dis-
tinguished from others.
To admit the mechanism as adequate for the production of language, and yet
to protest that it could not have given rise to such languages as our own, because
comparatively few of the words of our languages have been accounted for on this
principle, is to act as many of us may remember to have done when Scrope and
Lyell began to explain the modern doctrines of Geology. We could not deny
the reality of the agencies, which those authors pointed out as in constant opera-
tion at the present day on the frame-work of the earth, demolishing here, and
there re-arranging, over areas more or less limited ; but we laughed at the suppo-
sition that these were the agencies by which the entire crust of the earth was
actually moulded into its present form. Yet these prejudices gradually gave way
under patient illustrations of the doctrine, and it came to be seen by every one that
if the powers indicated by Lyell and his fellow-workers could have produced the
effects attributed to them, by continued operation through unlimited periods of
time, it would be unreasonable to seek for the cause of tlie phenomena in
miracle or in convulsions of a kind of which we have no experience in the history
xxxii LANGUAGE OF GESTURE.
of the world. And so in the case of language, when once a rational origin of
words has been established on the principle of imitation, the critical question
should be, whether the words explained on this principle are a fair specimen of
the entire stock, whether there is any cognisable difference between them and
the rest of language ; and not, what is tlie numerical proportion of the two
classes, whether the number of words traced to an imitative origin embraces a
fiftieth or a fifth of the roots of language.
There can be no better key to the condition of mihd in which the use of
speech would first have begun, than the language of gesture in use among the
deaf-and-dumb, which has been carefully studied by Mr Tylor, and admirably de-
scribed in his ' Early History of Mankind.' ' The Gesture-language and Picture-
writing,' he says, ' insignificaat as they are in practice in comparison with speech
and phonetic writing, have this great claim to consideration, that we can really
understand them as thoroughly as perhaps we can understand anything, and by
them we can realise to ourselves in some measure a condition of the
studying
human mind which underlies anything which has as yet been traced in even the
lowest dialect of language, if taken as a whole. Though, with the exception of
words which are evidently imitative, like peewit and cuckoo, we cannot at present
tell by what steps man came to express himself by words, we can at least see how
he still does come to express himself by signs and pictures, and so get some idea
of the nature of this great movement, which no lower animal is known to have
made or shown the least sign of making.' 'The Gesture-language is in great
part a system of representing objects and ideas by a rude outline-gesture, imitat-
ing their most striking features. said by a deaf-and-dumb
It is, as has been well
man, a Picture-language. Here at once its essential difiference from speech be-
comes evident. Why the words stand and go mean what they do is a question to
which we cannot as yet give the shadow of an answer, and if we had been taught
to say stand where we now say go, and go where we now say stand, it would be
practically all the same to us. No doubt there was a sufficient reason for these
words receiving the meanings they now bear, but so far as we are concerned there
might as well have been none, for we have quite lost sight of the coimection be-
tween the word and idea. But in the Gesture-language the relation between idea
and sign not only always exists, but is scarcely lost sight of for a moment. "When
a deaf-and-dumb child holds his two first fingers forked like a pair of legs, and
makes them stand and walk upon the table, we want no teaching to tell us what
this means nor why it is done. The mother-tongue (so to speak) of the deaf-and-
dumb is the language of signs. The evidence of the best observers tends to prove
that they are capable of developing the Gesture-language out of their own minds
without the aid of speaking men. The educated deaf-mutes can tell us from
own experience how Gesture-signs originate.
their
The following account is given by Kruse, a deaf-mute himself, and a well-
known teacher of deaf-mutes, and author of several works of no small abiUty :
'Thus the deaf-and-dumb must have a language without which no thought can be
brought to pass. But here nature soon conies to his help. What strikes him
GESTURE SIGNS. xxxiii
most, or what makes a distinction to him between one thing and another, such
distinctive signs of objects are at once signs by which he knows these objects, and
knows them again j they become tokens of things. And whilst he silently
elaborates the signs he has found for single objects, that is, whilst he describes
their forms for himself in the air, or imitates them in thought with hands,
fingers, and gestures, he developes for himself suitable signs to represent ideas,
which serve him as a means of fixing ideas of different kinds in his mind, and
recalling them to his memory. And thus he makes himself a language, the so-
called Gesture-language, and with these few scanty and imperfect signs a way for
thought is already broken, and with his thought, as it now opens out, the lan-
guage cultivates itself, and forms further and further.'
of my stomach for /, push it towards the person addressed for thou, point with
my thumb over my right shoulder for he. When I hold my right hand flat
with the palm down at the level of my waist, and raise it towards the level of
my shoulder, that signifies great ; but if I depress it instead, it means little. The
sign for man is taking off the hat ; for child, the right elbow is dandled upon the
left hand. The adverb hither and the verb to come have the same sign, beckon-
ing with the finger towards oneself. To hold the first two fingers apart, like a
letter V, and dart the finger tips out from the eyes is to see. To touch the ear
and tongue with the forefinger is to hear, and to taste. To speak is to move
the lips as in speaking, and to move the lips thus while pointing with the fore-
finger out from the mouthto name, as though one should define it to
is name, or
point out ly speaking. To
up a pinch of flesh from the back of one's hand
pull
is flesh or meat. Make the steam curling up from it with the forefinger, and it
becomes roast meat. Make a bird's bill with two fingers in front of one's lips
and flap with the arms, and that means goose j put the first sign and these to-
gether, and we have roast goose. To seize the most striking outline of an object,
the principal movement of an action, is the whole secret, and this is what the
rudest savage can do untaught, nay, what is more, can do better and more easily
than the educated man.'
In the Institutions, signs are taught for many abstract terms, such as when or
yet, or the verb to be, but these, it seems, are essentially foreign to the nature of
the Gesture-language, and are never used by the children among themselves.
The Gesture-language has no grammar, properly so called. The same sign stands
for the agent, his action, and the act itself, for walk, walkest, walked, walker, the
particular sense in which the sign is to be understood having to be gathered
from the circumstances of the case. ' A look of inquiry converts an assertion
into a question, and make the difference between The master is
fully serves to
come, and Is the master come ? The interrogative pronouns who ? what ? are
made by looking or pointing about in an inquiring manner in fact, by a num- j
ber of unsuccessful attempts to say, he, that. The deaf-and-dumb child's way of
xxxiv VOCAL SIGNS ANTERIOR TO GRAMMAR.
asking, Who has beaten you ? would be. You beaten ; who was it
?
' Where
the inquiryof a more general nature, a number of alternatives are suggested.
is
'The deaf-and-dumb child does not ask. What did you have for dinner yester-
day ? but. Did you have soup ? did you have porridge ? and so forth. —What is
as, in fact, the term pink is applied indifferently to a particular flower and a mix-
ture of white and red, or orange to a certain fruit and its peculiar colour. An
imitation of the sound -of champing with the jaws might with equal propriety
signify either something to eat or the act of eating, and on this principle we have
above explained the origin of words like mum or nim, which may occasionally be
heard in our nurseries expressing indifferently the senses of eat or offood. Nor is
meant to indicate the action of a certain person, as when I say. Do not bang the
door, it is a verb. When it expresses the subject or the object of action, as in die
sentence. He gave tlie door a bang, it is a noun. When I say. He ran bang up
against the wall, bang qualifies the meaning of the verb ran, and so is an adverb.
But these grammatical distinctions depend entirely upon the use, in other instances
or in other languages, of appropriate modifications of the significant syllable,
whether by additions or otherwise, in expressing such relations as those indicated
above. The office of all words at the beginning of speech, like that of the Inter-
jections at the present day, would be simply to bring to mind a certain object of
thought, and it would make no difference in the nature of the word whether that
object was an agent, or an act, or a passive scene of existence. The same word
NATURE OF INTERJECTIONS. xxxv
moo would serve to designate the lowing of the cow or the cow itself. It is only
when a word, signifying an attribute of this person or of that, coalesces with the
personal pronouns, or with elements expressing relations of time, that the verb
will begin to emerge as a separate kind of word from the rest of speech. In the
same way the coalescence with elements indicating that the thing signified is the
subject or the object of action, or expressing the direction of motion to or from
the thing, or some relation between it and another object, will give rise to the
class of nouns. We have in Chinese an example of a language in which neither
verb nor noun has yet been developed, but every syllable presents an independent
image to the mind, the relations of which are ouly marked by the construction of
the sentence, so that the same word may signify under different circumstances
what would be expressed by a verb, a noun, or an adjective in an inflectional
language. The syllable ta conveys the idea of something great, and may be used
in the sense of great, greatness, and to be great. Thus tafu signifies a great man;
Jii ta, the man is great.^ — Miiller I. 255. The sense of in a place is expressed in
Chinese by adding such words as cung, middle, or nei, inside, as kuo cung, in the
empire. The is indicated by the syllable y, which is an old
instrumental relation
word meaning use y ting (use stick), with a stick. It is universally supposed
; as
that the case-endings of nouns in Greek, Latin, and Sanscrit have arisen from the
coalescence of some such elements as the above, as in the case of our own com-
pounds, whereto, whereof, wherefore, wherehy, wherewith, the subsidiary element
being slurred over in pronunciation, and gradually worn' down until all clue to its
original form and signification has been wholly lost. It is otherwise with the
personal inflections of the verbs, whose descent from the personal pronouns is in
many cases clear enough.
Interjections are of the same simple significance as the words in Chinese, or
as all words must have been at the first commencement of speech. Their mean-
ing is complete in itself, not implying a relation to any other conception. The
purpose of the interjection simply to present a certain object to the imagina-
is
tion of the hearer, leaving him to connect it with the ideas suggested by any
preceding or following words, as if successive scenes of visible representation were
brought before his eyes. The term is chiefly applied to exclamations intended
to express a variety of mental or bodily affections, pain, grie^ horror, contempt,
wonder, &c., by imitating some audible accompaniment of the affection in ques-
tion. Thus the notion of pain or grief is conveyed by an imitation of a sigh or
a groan ; the idea of dislike and rejection by an imitation of the sound of spit-
ting. The interjection will be completely accounted for in an etymological
point of view, when it is traced to a recognised symphenomenon (as Lieber calls
it) of the affection, that is, to some outward display of the affection, that admits
of audible representation. Why the affection should display itself in such a
manner is a question beyond the bounds of etymological inquiry, but is often
self-evident, as in the case of spitting as a sign of dislike.
The interjections which occupy the most prominent place in the class are
perhaps those which represent a cry of pain, a groan, a sigh of oppression and
;;
Gr. o'i, &, Lat. ah, oh, oi, hei, Illyr. jao, jaoh. A widespread form, representing
probably a deeper groan, is seen in Gr. oval, Lat. vce. It. guai, w. gwae, Illyr.
vaj, Goth, wai, ohg. ui, w^wa, as. wd, wAwa, e. woe, on. j;ez.
X'fw (to cry ach ! ach !) dx£<Jj "-X^^hh '° grieve, to rriourn. It passes on to
signify the cause of the groaning in as. ace, cece, e. ache, pain, suffering, and in
Gr. a-xoe, pain, grief. The form corresponding to Lat. vce, however, has more
generally been used in the construction of words signifying pain, grief, misery.
6. weh, pain, grief] affliction; die wehen, the pangs of childbirth; kopfweh,
zahnweh, headache, toothache wehen (Schmeller), to ache, to hurt Let. wai-
; ;
tirr or trrr; champing of the jaws by djamdjam ; and cacak djeda (to say
the
cacak) is to crack; tirr-djeda, to chirp; djamdjam goda (goda, to make), to
smack or make a noise as swine in eating. A similar formation is frequent in
Sanscrit, and is found in g. weh schreien, weh klagen, to crywoe to lament !
ol-ire, to yell or cry out pitifully, to lament, Bret, gwe-l-a, to weep, n. vei-a, on.
vei-n-a (to cry vei .'), to yell, howl, lament, g. weinen, to weep.
We get a glimpse of the original formation of verbs in the way in which the
interjection sometimes coalesces with the personal pronoun. The utterance of
the interjection alone would naturally express the pain or grief of the speaker
himself, but when joined with the mention of another person, the exclamation
would refer with equal clearness to the suffering of the person designated. Fee
till! Fee victis / Woe unto thee Woe unto them Accordingly, when the
! !
speaker wishes emphatically to indicate himself as tlie sufferer, he adds the pro-
noun of the first person. Hei mihi / Ah me ! Aye me ! Sp. Ay di me I Gr.
o'i^oi. It. ohimi ! oim'el Illyr. vaj me t Let. waiman I woe
me. And so com-
is
plete is the coalescence of the interjection and the pronoun in some of these
cases, as to give rise to the formation of verbs like a simple root. Thus from
oifioi springs otjucifw, to wail, lament ; from oimi, oimare, to wail or cry alas
— ! ;' !
intended to let the hearer know that the speaker is in pain or grief, and thus has
essentially thesame meaning -with the Or. ayoyiai I bemoan myself, I cry ach
I am in pain. And no one doubts that the fiai of ax"/'"' '^ the pronoun of the
first person joined on to an element signifying lamentation or pain, a notion
which is expressed in the clearest manner by a syllable like ctx or ach, represent-
hig a cry of pain.
The interjection in Italian coalesces also with the pronoun of the second and
third person : ohitu, ! alas for thee, ohisS ! alas for him (Florio), suffering to thee,
to him, corresponding to Gr. dxeaai, ax^rai, although in these last the identity
of the verbal terminations with the personal pronoun is not so clearly marked as
in the case of the first person of the verb.
UGH !
The effects of cold and fear on the human frame closely resertible each other.
They check the action of the heart and depress the vital powers, producing a con-
vulsive shudder, under which the sufferer cowers together with his arms pressed
against his chest, and utters a deep guttural cry, the vocal representation of which
will afford a convenient designation of the attitude, mental or bodily, with which
it is associated. Hence, in the first place, the interjection ugh! (in German uh!
hu ! in French ouf !) expressive of cold or horror, and commonly pronounced
with a conscious imitation of the sound which accompanies a shudder. Then
losing its imitative character the representative syllable appears under the form of
ug or hug, as the root of verbs and adjectives indicating shuddering and horror.
Kilian has huggheren, to shudder or shiver. The oe. ug or houge was used in the
sense of shudder at, feel abhorrence at.
Here, as Jamieson observes, the passage clearly points out the origin of the word
ugly as signifying what causes dread or abhorrence, or (carrying the derivation to
its original source) what makes us shudder and cry ugh
Ugh! the odious ugly fellow. — Countess of St Albans.
xxxviii ASTONISHMENT.
It may be observed that we familiarly use frightful, or dreadfully ugly, for the
From the same root are on. ugga, to fear, to have apprehension of j uggr, fright,
apprehension; uggligr, frightful, threatening; uggsamr, timorous. Then as
things of extraordinary size have a tendency to strike us with awe and terror, to
make us houge at them (in the language of Hardyng), the term huge is used to
signify excessive size, a fearful size. The connection of the cry with a certain
bodily attitude comes next into play, and the word hug is applied to the act of
pressing the arms against the breast, which forms a prominent feature in the
shudder of cold or horror, and is done in a voluntary way in a close embrace or
the like.
play to the sense of hearing. Now the exertion of the voice at the moment of
opening the lips produces the syllable ha, which is found as the root of words in
the most distant languages signifying wonder, intently observe, watch, expect,
wait, remain, endure, or (passing from the mental to the bodily phenomenon)
gape or open the mouth, and thence open in general. The repetition of the syl-
wonder in Greek and Latin, jSa/3at babae!
lable ha, ha, gives the interjection of !
according to Hecart (Diet. Rouchi),-and the same author explains hahaie as one
who stares with open mouth, a gaping hoohy. "Walloon hawi, to gaze with open
mouth (Grandgagnage) ; eshawi. Old English ahaw, Fr. ehahir, ahauhir, to cause
to cry ha ! to set agape, to astonish.
strengthened by a final d in several of the Romance dialects (' the d being in an-
cient Latin the regular stopgap of the hiatus.' —Quart. Rev. No. 148), as in It.
ladare, to be intent upon, to watch, to loiter, tarry, stay ; stare a lada, to observe,
to watch, to wait ; sladigliare, Proven9al badalhar, to yawn ; hadar, to open the
mouth, gola hadada, with open mouth ; pouerto ladiero, an open door ; Fr. lader,
tion or mere endurance until a certain end, is seen in Latin attendere, to observe,
to direct the mind to, and Fr. attendre, to expect, to wait ; and again in Italian
guatare, to look, to watch, compared with e. wait, which is radically identical
As the vowel of the root is thinned down from a to j in the series baer, baier,
abaier, aby, or in Gr. (x""^) X""''*^' xaoKw, compared with Lat. Mo, to gape, we
learn to recognise a similar series in It. badare, Gofhic beidan, to look out for, to
expect, await, and E. bide, abide, to wait.
HUSH ! HIST !
timation to be on the watch for the least whisper that can be heard, for which
purpose it is necessary that the hearer should keep perfectly still. Thus we have
Sc. whish, whush, a rushing or whizzing sound, a whisper. — Jam.
Lat her yelp on, be you as calm's a mouse.
Nor lat your whisht be heard into the house.
The It. %itto is used exactly in the same way ; non fare zitfo, not to make the
least sound ; non sentirse un zitto, not a breath to be heard ; stare zitto, to be
silent. Pissipissi, pst, hsht, still ; also a low whispering ; pissipissare, to psh, to
hsht ; also to buzz or whisper very low. — Fl. To pister or whister are provincially
used in the sense of whisper.— Hal. The w. hust (pronounced hist), a buzzing
noise, hush (Rhys), husting, whisper, speak low, correspond to e. hist ! silence !
listen In the same way answering to g. tusch ! Da. tys I hush the g. has tus-
! !
chen, tuscheln, to whisper j zischen, zischeln, ziischeln, to hiss, whizz, fizz, whisper.
6. husch! represents any slight rustling sound, the sound of moving quickly through
the air. '
Husch / sau^&a v/'n husch / Amch. rusch und durchbusch.' ' Husch t
was rauscht dort in den gebiischen.' In this last example it will be seen that the
interjection may be understood either as a representation of the rustling sound that
is heard in the bushes, or as an intimation to listen to it. The Gr. ai'Ci^, to give
the sound ai, to hiss, signifies also, to cry hush ! to command silence, showing
that the syllable ai, like the Fernandian sia ! was used in the sense of hush.
Hence must be explained Lat. sileo, Goth, silan (formed on the plan of Lat. la-
l-o, to cry haa), to be hushed or silent. In Gr. o-tyaw, to be silent, criya^w, to put
to silence, the root has the form of e. sigh, representing the sound of a deep-drawn
breath, or the whispering of the wind. In like manner the Sc. souch, sugh,
swouch, souf, OE. swough, Magy. sug-, suh-, representing the sound of the wind, or
of heavy breathing, lead to Sc. souch, silent, calm. To keep a calm souch ; to
—
keep souch, to keep silent. Jam. Hence as. suwian, swugan, swigan, 6. schwei-
gen, to be silent. The syllable representing a whispering sound is sometimes
varied by the introduction of an I after the initial w, f, or h. Thus firom forms
like whisper (g. wispern, wispeln), whister, pister, whist! hist I we pass to as.
wlisp (speaking with a whispering sound), lisping, G.Jiispern,flustem, to whisper,
ON. hlusta, to listen, as. hlyst, gehlyst, the sense of hearing. The primitive mute
then falls away, leaving the initial / alone remaining, as in g. lispeln, to whisper,
also to lisp ; Du. luysteren, to whisper, as well as to listen (Kil.) ; E. list I synon-
ymous with hist ! hark, and thence the verb to listen.
mix noch kix sagen; Swiss nichtmutz thun. The form mum may perhaps be from
a repetition of the imitative syllable mu mu, as in Vei mumu, dumb. It is used by
the author of Pierce Plowman in the sense of the least utterance, where, speaking
of the avarice of the monks, he says that you may sooner
mete the mist on Malvern hills
Than get a mum of their mouths ere money be them shewed.
Hence, by ellipse of the negative, mum ! silence ! Fr. Mom ! ne parlez plus
— Palsgr. In the same way the Fr. uses mot, as, ne sonnex mot / not a syllable !
—Trevoux.
With every step of the track leading up to the Lat. mutus, speechless, so clearly
marked out, it is impossible to hesitate between the formation of the word in the
manner indicated above, and the derivation from Sanscr. toz2, to bind, maintained
by Miiller, and from so glaring an example we may take courage not always to
regard the question as conclusively settled by the most confident production of
a Sanscrit root. Fr. uses both mom / and mot ! as an injunction of
As the
mum. or mute when not a muTn or a mut comes from
silence, so a person stands
noch kikken), to mutter, and kuka, dumb. jmimu, Mpongwe imamu, The Vei
dumb, are essentially identical with ourwhence mummers, actors in mum, silent,
durabshow. Mr Tylor quotes also Zulu momata, to move the mouth or lips;
Tahitian omumo, to murmur mamu, to be silent Fiji nomonomo, Chilian nom/t,
; ;
The interj. hem / ahem I hm t hum / represent the sound made in clearing
the throat in order to call the attention of the hearer to the speaker. In Latin it
lias frequently the force of the interj. en ! (which may be merely another mode
of representing the same utterance) when the speaker points to something, or
does something to which he wishes to call attention. Hem! Davum tibi : Here!
(pointing) there is Davus for you. Oves scabrae sunt, tam glabrae, hem, quam
haec est manus : — as smooth, see here ! as this hand. When addressed to a person
xlii THE PRONOUN ME.
going away it has the effect of stopping him or calling him back. Thus Du. hem
is explained by Weiland an eKclamation to make a person stand hem 1 hoor
still:
as I direct (Danneil). The conversion of the interj. into a verb gives Du. hemmen,
hammen, to call back by crying hem I (Weiland), and g. hemmen, to restrain, keep
back, to stop or hinder a proceeding; together with thcE. Aem, to confine. 'They
hem me in on every side.' A
hem* is the doubling down which confines the threads
of a garment and hinders them from ravelling out.
The point of greatest interest about the interj. hem is that it offers a possible,
and as it seems to me a far from improbable, origin of the pronoun me, Gr. emo-,
as shown in the cases ijiov, ifioi, ifii. We have seen that the primary purpose
of the interj. is to call the attention of the hearer to the presence of the person
who utters the exclamation, and this, it must be observed, is precisely the office of
the pronoun me, which signifies the person of the speaker. Ifem is often used
in Latin when the speaker turns his thoughts upon himself. Hem ! misera
occidi ! Ah wretched me ! I am lost. Hem ! scio jam quid vis dicere. Let me
see — I know what you would say. In the line .
ngi, ni, in, with m and n as personal prefixes. And the word is formed on the same
plan in almost all families of language. In the Finnic family we have Ostiac ma,
Vogul am. Lap. mon ; in Turkish -m as possessive affix, as in laba-m, my father.
Then again Burmese nga, Chinese ngo, Corean nai, Australian ngai, Kassia 7tga,
Kol ing, aing, Tamul nan, Basque ni, Georgian me, and among the languages of
N. and S. America, ni, ne, vo, na, miye, in, ane, aid, &c. The Bushmen of the Cape,
jections.
THE PRONOUN ME. xliii
whoSe pronoun of the first person is written mm. by Lichtenstein, probably retain
the purest type of the expression, the principle of which appears to be the confine-
ment of the voice within the person of the speaker, by the closure of the lips or
teeth in the utterance of the sounds m, n, ng. It is certain that something of this
kind is felt when we sound the voice through the nose iu an inarticulate way
with closed lips, in order to intimate that we are keeping our thoughts to ourselves,
and are not prepared, or do not choose, to give them forth in speech. The sound
which we utter on such an occasion appears in writing in the shape of the inter].
hm ! and as it marks the absorption of the speaker in his own thoughts, it might
naturally be used to designate himself in the early lispings of language before the
development of the personal pronouns : in other words, it might serve as the basis
of the pronoun me. Nor is the formation of the pronoun on such a plan by any
means a new suggestion.
The Grammarian Nigidius (as quoted by A. Gellius, 1. x. c. 4) asserts that in
pronouncing the pronoun of the first person {ego, mihi, nos), we hem in, as it
were, the breath within ourselves (spiritum quasi intra nosmetipsos coercemus),
and hence he conceives that the word is naturally adapted to the meaning it ex-
presses. He probably felt the truth of the principle in the case of me, and blun-
deringly extended it to ego, in the pronunciation of which there is certainly no
hemming in of the voice. It is of the nasals m, n, ng only that this character
when several women spoke to me or us. So tdla, to tell ; tdla mei, to tell
hither, to tell me or us ; tdla tu, to tell thither, to tell you. Here we seem to
have the veiy forms of the Lat. pronouns me and fu, for which it is remarkable
that the Tonga has totally different words, au and coy. In Armenian there is a
suffix s, which originally means this or here, but takes the meaning of / and my.
Thus hair-s, this father, I a father, my father. In American slang a man speaks
of himself as this child.
nify negation or contrariety, giving as examples the words infinity and It. sfor-
tunato. He overlooks the fact, however, that this It. .s is merely the remnant of
a Lat. dis, and gives no other example of the supposed negative power of the
letter. Moreover, the reason he suggests for attributing such a significance to
the nasals is simply absurd. Of the two channels, he says (ch. xiv. § 29), by which
the voice is emitted, the nose is the least used, and it changes the sound of the
vowel, which adapts it for the interjection of doubt, and for the expression of
the privative idea. The expression of negation by means of nasals is exemplified
in Goth, nl, Lat. ne, in (in composition), Gr. ju?;, Masai (E. Africa) emme, erne, m-
Vei ma ; Haussa n, n, representing a sound of which it is impossible to convey a
correct idea by visible signs.- — Schou. Mr Tylor Botocudo yna (making
cites
the loudness of the sound indicate the strength of the negation) ; Tupi aan, aani;
Quiche ma, man, mana ; Galla hn, kin, km ; Coptic an, emmen, en, mmn
Fernandian 'nt, all signifying not.
our horses and bullocks, and particularly our kangaroo-dog. They expressed
their admiration by a peculiar smacking or clacking with their mouth and lips.'
— Australia, p. ^2^.
The syllable smack, by which we represent the sound made by the lips or
the sense of taste. Du. smaeck, taste ; smaecklic, sweet, palatable, agreeable to
the taste. In the Finnish languages, which do not admit of a double consonant
at the beginning of words, the
loss of the initial 5 gives Esthonian maggo, makko,
ta-ite; maggus, makke. Fin. makia, sweet, well-tasting; maiskia, to smack the
lips ; maisto, taste ; maiskis, a smack, a kiss, also relishing food, delicacies. The
initial .s is lost also in Fris. macke, to kiss. The initial consonant is somewhat
varied without impairing the imitative effect in Bohemian mlaskati, to smack in
eating ; mlaskanina, delicacies ; and in Fin. naskia, g. knatschen, to smack \^'ith
the mouth in eating, showing the origin of Lettish nnschkeht, g. naschen, to be
nice in eating, to love delicacies ; ndscherei, dainties.
ENJOYMENT. DISGUST. xlv
Again, we have seen that Leichardt employs the syllables smack and clack as
equally appropriate to represent the sound made by the tongue and palate in the
enjoyment of tasty food, and in French, claquer de la langue is employed for the
same purpose. We spsak of a click with the tongue, though we do not happen
to apply it to the smack in tasting. The Welsh has gwefusglec (gwefus, lip), a
smack with the lips, a kiss. From this source then we may derive Gr. yXvKvg,
sweet, analogous to Du. smaecklic, Fin. mak'ia, from the imitative smack. The
sound of an initial cl or gl is readily confounded with that of tl or dl, as some
people pronounce glove, dlove, and formerly tlick was used where we now say
click.Thus Cotgrave renders Fr. niquet, a tnicke, tlick, snap with the fingers.
The same combination is found in Boh. tlaskati, to smack in eating, tleskati, to
clap hands ; and Lat. stloppus, parallel with sclopus, a pcip or click with the
mouth. From the sound of a smack represented by the form tlick or dlick I
would explain Lat. delicits, anything one takes pleasure in, delight, darling ; to-
gether with the cognate delicatus, what one smacks one's chops at, dainty, nice,
agreeable, as corruptions of an earlier form, dlicice, dlicatus. And as we have
supposed Gr. yXwKuc (glykys) to be derived from the form click or glick, so from
tlick or dlick would be formed dlykis or dlukis (diucis), and ultimately dulcis,
sweet, the radical identity or rather parallelism of which with yXvKve has been
recognised on the principle of such an inversion. When the sound of an initial
tl or dl became distasteful to Latin ears, it would be slurred over in different
ways, and diucis would pass into dulcis by inverting the places of the liquid and
vowel, while the insertion of an e in dlicice, dlicatus, as in the vulgar umberella
for umbrella, would produce delicice, delicatus. It is true that an intrusive
vowel in such cases as the foregoing is commonly (though not universally) short,
but the long e in these words may have arisen from their being erroneously re-
garded as compounds with the preposition de.
lators.
Dent's Pathway in Halliwell. The Swedish j!/)o« signifies spittle, and also derision,
contempt, insult. The traveller Leichardt met with the same mode of expression
among the savages of Australia; 'The men commenced talking to them, but
occasionally interrupted their speeches by spitting and uttering a noise like pooh !
pooh! apparently expressive of their disgust.' — p. 189. It is probable that this
! —
xlvi OFFENCE.
Australian interjection was, in fact, identical with our own pooh 1 and like it, in-
tended to represent the sound of spitting, for which purpose Burton in his African
travels uses the native tooht 'To-o-h! Tuh ! exclaims the Muzunga, spitting
t'hiit'M, the sound of spitting ; Pers. thu kerdan, Chinook mamook took, Chilian
tuvcutun (to make tliu, tooJi, tuv), to spitj Arabic tufl, spittle; Galla twu / re-
presenting the sound of spitting ; tufa, to spit ; tufada, to spit, to despise, scorn,
disdain ; with which may bs joined English tuff, to spit Hke a cat. In Greek
iTTVd) the imitation is rendered more vivid by the union of both the initial sounds.
From the latter form of the mterjection we have e. pet, a fit of ill-humour or
of anger ; to take pet, to take huff, to take oiFence ;
pettish, passionate, ill-hu-
moured. To pet a child is to indulge it in ill-humour, and thence o pet, a darling,
an indulged child or animal. Then as a child gives vent to his ill-humour by
thrusting out his lips and making a snout, or making a lip, as it is called in nursery
language, a hanging lip is called a pet lip in the N. of England. To pout, in De-
vonshire to poutch or poutle, Illyriau pufitise, Mzgyavpittyesxtni (pitty, a blurt
with the mouth), Geuevese faire la potte, signify to show ill-will by thrusting
out the lips. Hence Genevese potlu, pouting, sulky; Magy. piltyasx, having
projecting lips; Genevese pottes, Prov. potz, lips; Languedoc pot, pout, a hp;
poutet, a kiss ;
poutouno, a darling. Again, as in the case of It. hvffa, heffa,
The E. tut I (an exclamation used for checking or rebuking —Webster) seems
to represent an explosion from the tongue instead of the lips, and gives rise to the
provincial tutty, ill-tempered, sullen (Hal.), and probably tut-mouthed, having a
projecting underjaw; on. tota, snout ; Sw. tut, Da. tud, a spout, compared to
the projecting lips of a sulky child.
A more forcible representation of the explosive sound is given by the intro-
duction of an r, as in on. prutta d hesta, to sound with the lips to a horse in
order to make him go on ; Sw. pnista, to snort, to sneeze ; Magy. prussz,
ptriissz, as well as iiissz, triissz, sneeze. The resemblance of a .sneeze to a blurt
of contempt is witnessed by the expression of a thing not to be sneezed at, not to
be scorned. Thus the Magy. forms afford a good illustration of the oe. in-
terjections of scorn. Prut! Ptrot ! Tprot I e. Tut I Fr. Trut! and g. Trotz !
The Manuel des Pecch^s, treating of the sin of Pride, takes as first example
the man
— that is unbuxome all
Hence are formed the oe. prute, prout, now written proud, and the Northern
E. prutten, to hold up the head with pride and disdain (Halliwell), which in the
West of E. (with inversion of the liquid and vowel) takes the form of purt, to
pout, to be sulky or sullen, g. protzen, Dvl. pratten, to sulk; protzig, prat,
surly, proud, arrogant. Then, as before, passing from the figure of a contemptu-
ous gesture to a piece of contemptuous treatment we have on. pretta, to play a
trick ;
prettr, a trick. And as from the form pet I putt I was derived Swiss
Romance potte, a lip, so from prut I may be explained ohg. prort, a lip, and
figuratively a margin or border.
The imitation of the explosive sound with an initial tr, as in Magy. trussxen-
ni, to sneeze, gives It. truscare, to blurt or pop with one's lip or mouth (Fl.)
triiscio di lahbra, Fr. true, a blurting or popping with the lips or tongue to en-
xlviii DEFIANCE. DISGUST.
to be out of temper; trut, a snout, muzzle, spout. From the same source is the
6. trutz, trolz, tratz, expressing ill-will, scorn, defiance. Trutz nit ! do not sulk.
— Kladderadatsch. Trotz Ueten, bid defiance to ; trotzen, to defy, to be forward
or pout or
obstinate, to be proud sulk, to of; trotzig, haughty, insolent, perverse,
— Griebe. Du.
peevish, sulky. <rofien,7o»-ien, to irritate, insult; Valencian trotar,
to deride, to make a jest of. Sc. dort, pet, sullen humour ; to take the dorts, to
send an inferior packing from one's presence. Thus from true, representing a
blurt with the mouth, is to be explained It. truccare, to send, to trudge or pack
away nimbly (Fl.) ; trucca via ! be off with you. Venetian troxare, to send
away. The exclamation in Gaejic takes the form of truis ! be oiF, said to a dog,
or a person in contempt (Macalpine). In oe. truss I was used in the same
way.
Lyere — was nowher welcome, for his manye tales
Over al yhonted, and yhote, trusse. — Piers PI. Vis. v. 1316.
FAUGH ! FIE !
There is a strong analogy between the senses of taste and smell, as between
sight and hearing. When we are sensible of an odour which pleases us we snuff
up the air through the nostrils, as we eagerly swallow food that is agreeable
to the palate ; and as we spit out a disagreeable morsel, so we reject an offens-
ive odour by stopping the nose and driving out the infected air through the
protruded with a noise of which various representations are exhibited in the
lips,
The derivatives from the form pu orfu are extremely numerous, on. pua, g.
pusen, pfausen,pusten, Gr. (pvaau, Vith. pusu, puttu, pusti, Gael, puth (pronounced
puh), Illyr. puhati, Fin. puhhata, piihkia, Hawaii puhi, Maori ptihipiiJii, pupi'iJii,
OFFENSIVE SMELL. xlix
stench. In the Gothic Testament the disciple speaking of the body of Lazarus
says Jahfals ist : by this time he stinketh. Modern Norse ^5*/, disgusting, of bad
taste or smell, troublesome, vexatious, angry, bitter. Han va fal aat os, he was
enraged with us. The e. equivalent is foul, properly ill smelling, then anything
opposed to our taste or requirements, loathsome, ugly in look, dirty, turbid (of
water), rainy and stormy (of the weather), unfair, underhand in the transactions of
life. ON. Fulyrdi, foul words ; falmenni, a scoundrel. From the adjective again
are derived the verb to Jile or d^le, to make foul ; and Jllth, that which makes
foul.
• This representation of the sound of blowing or breathing may not improbably be the
origin of the taoifu, Sanscrit bhu, of the verb to be. The negro who is without the verb to be
in his own language supplies its place by live. He says,Your hat no lib that place you put him
in. —Farrar, Chap. Lang. p. 54. Orig. Lang. p. 105. A child of my acquaintance would say,
Where it live ?where is it ? Now the breath is universally taken as the type of life.
d
1 REPROBATION. HATE.
The interjection fy ! expresses in the first instance the speaker's sense of a bad
smell, but it is used to the child in such a manner as to signify, That is dirty ; do
not touch that jand then generally, You haVe done something
do not do that ;
also used with respect to smell. Fi t qu'il sent mauvais. Faire f, d'une chose, to
turn up one's nose at it, to despise it.
When we consider that shame is the pain felt at the reprobation of those to
whom we look with reverence, including our own conscience, and when we
observe the equivalence of expressions like pfu, dich I fie on you, and shame on
you, we shall easily believe that pu ! as an expression of reprehension, is the
source of Lat. pudet, it shames me, it cries pu ! on me ; pudeo, I lie under pu !
I am ashamed. In like manner repudio is to be explained as I pooh back, I
throw back with disdain; and probably refuto, to reject, disdain, disapprove, is
derived in the same way from the other form of the interj. fu ! being thus
analogous to g. pfuien, anpfuien, ^.fyne, to cry fie ! on, to express displeasure :
from the same form of the inteij. is to be explained the Goth, fijan, os.fjd, as.
and thence Goth. ^j/'aHc?, g. feind, an enemy, and oN.^andi, pro-
fian, to hate,
perly anenemy, then, as e. fiend, the great enemy of the human race. From
the same source are E.foe {oN.fidi i) and feud, enmity or deadly quarrel.
The aptness of the figure by which the natural disgust at stench is made the
type of the feelings of hatred, is witnessed by the expression of '
stinking in the
nostrils '
said of anything that is peculiarly hateful to us.
Professor Miiller objects to the foregoing derivations that they
confound to-
gether the Sanscrit roots piiy, to decay, the source of puteo, and
M.foul, and piy,
to hate, corresponding to fijan and fiend (II. But he does no't explain
g^).
where he supposes the conftision to take place, and there is in truth
no inconsist-
ency between the doctrine in the text and the distinct recognition
of the roots in
question. We are familiar in actual speech with two forms of the interjection
of disgust; the one comprising g. puh ! Fr. pouah ! e.
faugh! foh! addressed
especially to smells; the other answering to g.
pfui! Fr.// E.fie! and express-
ing aversion in a more general way. From the first of these we derive puteo and
;
NURSERY WORDS.
foul; from the second, yS/a/i i^nA fiend. If we suppose the analogous forms pu !
and pi/ to have been used in a similar way by the Sanscrit-speaking people, it
would give arational account Of the roots pliy and piy, which MUUer is content
to leaveuntouched as ultimate elements, but we ought not to be charged with
confounding them together because we trace them both to a common principle.
PAPA, MAMMA.
^ A small class of words is found in all languages analogous to, and many of
them identical with, the e. forms, mamma, papa, mammy, daddy, lahy, babe, pap
(in the sense of breast, as well as of soft food for children), expressing ideas jnost
needed for communication with children at the earliest period of their life. A
long list of the names of father and mother was published by Prof. I. C. E. Busch-
man in the Trans, of the Berlin Acad, der Wiss. for i8ja, a translation of which
Is given in the Proceedings of the Philolog. Soc. vol. vi. It appears that words of
the foregoing class are universally formed from the easiest articulations, ba, pa, ma,
da, ta, na, or db, ap, am, at, an. We find m,a, me, mi, mu, mam, mama, meme,
moma, mother, and less frequently nearly all the same forms in the sense of father j
pa, ba, pap, bap, bab, papa, baba, paba, fqfe, fabe, father ; ba, baba, bama, fa,
fafa,fawa, be, b'l, bo, bill, mother; ta,da, tat, tata, tad, dad, dada, dade, tati, titi,
father ; de, tai, mother nna, nan, nanna, ninna, nang, nape, father;
dm, deda, tite, ;
na, mna, nan, nana, nene, neni, nine, nama, mother. In the same way the changes
are rung on ab, aba, abba, avva, appa, epe, ipa, obo, abob, ubaba, dbban, father
amba, abai, aapu, ibu, ewa, mother ; at, oat, ata, atta, otta, aita, atya, father ; hada,
etta, ate, mother ; anneh, ina, una, father ; ana, anna, enna, eenah, ina, onny, inan,
unina, ananak, mother. La Condamine mentions abba or bala, or papa and mama,
as common to a great number of American languages differing widely from each
other, and he adverts to a rational explanation of the origin of these designations.
'If we regard these words as the first that children can articulate, and consequently
thosewhich must in every country have been adopted by the parents who heard
them spoken, in order to make them serve as signs for the ideas of father and
mother.' —De Brosses, i. 215.
The speech of the mother may perhaps unconsciously give something of an
articulate form to the meaningless cooings and mutterings of the infant, as the song
of the mother-bird influences that of her young. At any rate these infantile
utterances are represented in speech by the syllables ba, fa, ma, ta, giving rise to
forms like e. babble, mqffle,fqffle,famble, tattle, to speak imperfectly like a child,
if it called for the breast by that name, and she would adopt these names herself
and teach her child the intelligent use of them. Thus Lat. mamma, the infantile
term for mother, has remained, with the dim. mamilla, as name of the breast,
the
d 2
m NURSERY WORDS.
and the same is the case with Fin. mamma, Du. mamme, mother, nurse, breast ;
mammen, to give suck. When one of the imitative syllables as ma had thus been
taken up to designate the mother, a different one, as la, pa, or ta, would be ap-
propriated by analogy as the designation of the father.
Besides the forms corresponding to Lat. mamma, mamilla, papilla, e. pap, for
names strongly resembling each other are found all over the
the breast, a class of
world, which seem to be taken from a direct imitation of the sound of sucking.
Thus we have Sanscr. cJiush, to suck ; chuchi, the breast ; chuchuka, the nipple-j
Tarahumara (Am.) tschitschi, to suck; Japan, tschitscki, tsifsi, the breast, milk ;
Maiichu tchetchen, Magy. tsets, Tung, tyoen, tygen (Castren), Samoiede ssuso (to
be compared with Fr. sucer, to suck), ssudo, Kowrarega susu, Malay soosoo, Gudang
tyutyu, Chippeway totosJi, Mandingo siso, Bambarra sing, Kurdish ciciek. It. (in
nursery language) cioccia, Albanian sissa, g. zitze, e. (nursery) diddy, titty, teat,
Malay dada, Hebrew dad, g. dialects didi, titti, the breast or nipple ; Goth, dadd-
jan, to suck (Pott. Dopp. ^i).
The name of the laly himself also is formed on the same imitative principle
which gives their designation to so many animals, viz. from the syllables la, la,
representing the utterance of the infant. The same principle applies to others of
these infantile words. The nurse imitates the wrangling or drowsy tones of the
infant, as she jogs it to sleep upon her knee, by the syllables na, na, la, la. To
the first of these forms belongs the Italian lullaby, ninna nanna ; far la ninna
nanna, to lull a child ; ninnare, ninnellare, to rock, and in children's language
nanna, bed, sleep. Far la nanna, andare a nanna, to sleep, to go to bed, go to
sleep. In the Mpongwe of W. Africa nana, and in the Swahili of the Eastern
coast lala, has the sense of sleep. In Malabar, nin, sleep (Pott). The imitation
gives a designation to the infant himself in It. ninna, a little girl; Milanese nan,
nanin, a caressing term for an infant. Caro el mi nan, my darling baby. Sp.
nino, a child. In Lat. nanus, a dwarf, the designation is transferred to a person
of childish stature, as in Mod.Gr. vivlov, a young child, a simpleton, and in e.
ninny it is transferred to a person of childish understanding. From the imi-
tative /a, la, are g. lallen, to speak imperfectly like a child, from whence, as in
other cases, the sense is extended to speaking in general in Gr. XaXito, to chatter,
babble, talk. From the same source are Lat. lallo, and e. /a//, primarily to sing
a child to sleep, then to calm, to soothe. In Servian the nurses' song sounds /yu,
lyu, whence lyulyiiti, to rock ; lyulyashka, a cradle.
name of which shows that it corresponds to the act of pointing out the object to
which we wish to direct attention. In the language of the deaf-and-dumb, point-
ing to an object signifies that, and serves the purpose of verbal mention, as is
seen at every turn in an account of the making of the will of a dumb man
quoted by Tylor. The testator points to himself, then to the will, then touches
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PARTICLE. liii
his trowsers' pocket, ' the usual sign by which he referred to his money,' then
points to his wife, and so on. But, indeed, we do not need the experience of
the deaf-and-dumb to show that pointing to an object is the natural way of call-
ing attention to it. Now in our nurseries the child uses the syllable ta for vari-
ous purposes, as to express. Please, Thank you. Good-bye j mostly supplement-
ing the utterance by pointing or stretching out the hand towards the object to
which it has reference. A child of my acquaintance would ask in this way for
what it desired. ' Ta I cheese (pointing towards it), give me that cheese.
'
Ta / in a different tone returns thanks for something the child has accepted, and
may be rendered, that is it, that gratifies me. When it says ta-ta I on being
carried out of the room it accompanies the farewell by waving the hand towards
those whom it is quitting, implying the direction of its good will towards them,
as it might by blowing a kiss to them. Sanders (Germ. Diet.) describes dada as
a word of many applications in g. nurseries, as, for instance, with reference to
something pretty which the child desires to have. The Fr. child, according to
Menage, says da-da-da, when he wants something, or wants to name something.
•
The child,' says Lottner in the paper on the personal pronouns above quoted,
' sees an object, and says ta! (and at the same time points to it with his finger,
'
I add) ; we may translate this by there (it is), or that it is, or carry me thither,
'
or give me it, and by a variety of expressions besides, but the truth is, that every
one of these interpretations is wrong, because it replaces the teeming fulness of
the infantile word by a clearer but less rich expression of our more abstract lan-
guage. Yet if a choice betvi^een the different translations must be made, I trust
that few of my readers will refuse me their consent, when saying : there the ad-
verb is by far the most adequate.' — Phil. Trans. 1859. We may carry the
matter further and say that the infantile ta or da simply represents the act of
pointing, all the incidental meanings being supplied by the circumstances of the
case. It is preserved in mature language in g. da, the fundamental signification
of which is to signify the presence of an object. ' Dd / nehmen Sie !
' '
Dd I
Ihr piusent.' Dieser da (as Lat. is-te), this here. Bav. der da-ige, a specified
person, as it were by pointing him out. A doubling of the utterance gives Gr.
ToSe (or in Attic more emphatically roSj)j this here ; as well as Goth, thata (ta-ta),
E. that. The primitive import of the utterance is completely lost sight of in Lat.
da, give; properly (give) that, to be compared with the nursery da-da, by
which a g. child indicates or asks for an object of desire. In the expression Da,
nehmen Sie, with which something is handed over to another, the word da repre-
sents the holding out the object or the act of giving. In the language of Tonga,
as Dr Lottner observes, the verb to give is almost invariably replaced by the ad-
verbs signifying hither or thither, 'nay, seems to have been lost altogether.'
Mei ia giate au = hither this to me — give me this. Shall I thither this to thee =
shall I give you this.
When we seek for a natural connection of the utterance ta ! witli the act of
pointing,* we shall find it, I believe, in the inarticulate stammerings of the infant
* Lottner's explanation is not satisfactory. He adopts in the main the view of Schwartze,
' •
liv ANALOGY.
when he sprawls with arms and legs in the mere enjoyment of life. The utter-
ance so associated with the muscular action of the child sounds in the ear of the
parent like the syllables da-da-da, which thus become symbolical of muscular
exertion, whether in the more energetic form of beating, or of simply stretching
out the handj as in giving or pointing.
The syllable da is used to represent inarticulate utterance in Swiss dadem,
dodem, to chatter, stutter, tattle, and this also seems the primitive sense of Fr.
dadee, childish toying, speech, or dalliance. — Cot. Dada in German nurseries
has the sense of smacks or blows. Das kind hat dada bekommen. The same
sense is seen in Galla dadada-goda (to make dadada), to beat, to knock, and in
Yoruha da, strike, beat, pay.
The greater part of our thoughts seem at the first glance so void of any re-
speaking of the demonstrative in his Coptic Grammar: — 'Every object is to the child a living
palpable thing. When it cannot reach anyv^here with its hand, then instinctively it utters a
cry, in order to cause to approach that which has awakened its interest.^ '
I add,' says Lottner : —
'
When the soul, becoming aware of the ciy issuing forth from its own interior, takes it up as
a sign for the indefinite outward which is the object of
reality, its desire, and shapes it into an
articulate sound, then we have a pronoun demonstrative.
TRANSFER FROM SOUND TO SIGHT. Iv
think, while \6yoe signifies both speech and thought. In some of the languages
of the Pacific thinking is said to be called speaking in tlie belly. Maori mea and
ki both signify to speak as well as to think.
The connection between the senses of taste and smell is so close that expres-
sions originally taken from the exercise of the one faculty are constantly transferred
to the other. The 6. schmecken, to smack or taste, is used in Bavaria in the sense
of smell, and schmecker, in popular language, signifies the nose. So firom Lat.
sapere (which may
probably spring from another representation of the sound of
smacking) comes sapor, taste, and thence e. savour, which is applied to impres-
sions of smell as well as to those of the palate, while sapere itself, properly to' dis-
cernment, to be wise. Sapiens, a man of nice taste, also wise, discreet, judicious.
In the same way the Goth, snutrs, as. snotor, wise, prudent, may be explained
firom the Gael, snot, to snilF, snuff the air, smell, and figuratively, suspect ; Bav.
sniiten, to sniff, smell, search ; on. snudra, to sniff out. Here it will be seen the
expression of the idea of wisdom is traced by no distant course to an undoubted
onomatopceia.
The same sort of analogy as that which is feltbetween the senses of smell and
taste, unites in like manner the senses of sight and hearing, and thus terms ex-
pressing conceptions belonging to the sense of hearing are figuratively applied to
analogous phenomena of the visible world. In the case of sparkle, for example,
which is same imitative root with Sw. spraka, Lith. sprageti,
a modification of the
to crackle, rattle, the rapid flashing of a small bright light upon the eye is signi-
fied by the figure of a similar repetition of short sharp impressions on the ear.
Fr. pStiller is an imitative form signifying in the first place to crackle, then to
sparkle, and, in the domain of movement, to quiver. Du. tintelen, to tinkle, then
to twinkle, to glitter.
Again, iclat (in Old Fr. esclat), properly a clap or explosion, is used in the
sense of brightness, splendour, brilliancy. The word bright had a similar origin.
a clear sound, outcry, tumult. Bavarian bracht, clang, noise. In as. we have
beorhtian, to resound, and beorht, bright. In the old poem of the Owl and the
Nightingale bright is applied to the clear notes of a bird.
Heo —song so schille and so iriAte
Du. scTiateren, scheteren, to make a loud noise, to shriek with laughter ; schiteren,
ghtter, &c. In Galla, bilbila, a ringing noise as of a bell 5 bilbilgoda (to make
bilbil), to ring, to glitter, beam, ghsten, Sanscr. wamara, a rustling sound ; Gr.
fiapfiaipw, to glitter.
Ivi VIEWS OF THE ANCIENTS.
The language of painters is full of musical metaphor. It speaks of harmoni-
ous or discordant colouring, discusses the tone of a picture. So in modern slang,
which mainly consists in the use of new and violent metaphors (though perhaps,
in truth, not more violent than those in which the terms of ordinary language
had their origin), we hear of screaming colours, of dressing loud. The specula-
tions of the Ancients respecting the analogies of sound and signification were
extremely loose, as may be seen where Socrates is made to explain
in the Cratylus,
the expressive power of the letter r, he says, from the mo-
letter-sounds. The
bility of the tongue in pronouncing it, seemed to him who settled names an ap-
Until you come to the point where there is direct resemblance between the
sound of the word and the thing signified, as when we speak of the tinkling (tin-
nitum) of brass, the neighing of horses, the bleating of sheep, the clang (clango-
rem) of trumpets, the clank (stridorem) of chains, for you perceive that these
words sound like the things which are signified by them. But because there are
things which do not sound, with these the similitude of touch comes into play, so
that if the things are soft or rough to the touch, they are fitted with names that
by the nature of the letters are felt as sofl; or rough to the ear. Thus the word
lene, soft, itself sounds soft to the ear ; and who does not feel also that the word
asperitas, roughness, is rough like the thing which it signifies ? Voluptas, pleasure
is soft to the ear ; crux, the cross, rough. The things themselves affect our feel-
ings in accordance with the sound of the words. As honey is sweet to the taste,
so thename, mel, is felt as soft by the ear. Acre, sharp, is rough in both ways.
Lana, wool, and vepres, briars, affect the ear in
accordance with the way in which
the things signified are by touch. felt
It was believed that the first germs of language were to be found in the
words where there was actual resemblance between the sound of the word and
* Et quia hoc modo suggerere facile fuit, si diceres hoc infinitum esse quibus verbis alterius
verbi originera interpretaris, coram rursus a te originem quaerendam esse, donee perveniatur
eo ut res cum sono verbi aliqua similitudine conclnnat, &c. — Principia Dialecticse c. v. in
vol. 1. of his works.
ANALOGY OF SOUND AND MOVEMENT. Ivii
the thing which it signified that from thence the invention of names proceeded
:
to take hold of the resemblance of things between themselves ; as when, for ex-
ample, the cross is called crux because the rough sound of the word agrees with
the roughness of the pain which is suffered on the crossj while the legsare called
crura, not on account of the roughness of pain, but because in length and
hardness they are like wood in comparison with the other members of tlie
body.'
It is obvious that analogies like the foregoing are far too general to afford any
of the words for which they are supposed to account. If
satisfactory explanation
any word that sounded rough might signify anything that was either rough or
rigid or painful it would apply to such an infinite variety of objects, and the limits
of the signification would be so vague, that the utterance would not afford the
smallest guidance towards the meaning of the speaker. Still it is plain that there
must be some analogy between sound and movement, 'and consequently form, in
virtue of which we apply the terms rough and smooth to the three conceptions.
The connection seems to lie in the degree of effort or resistance of which we
are conscious in the utterance of a rough sound, or in the apprehension
of a rough surface. We regard the sound of r as rough compared with
that of I, because the tongue is driven into vibration in the utterance
of r, making us sensible of an effort which answers to the resistance felt
in the apprehension of a rough surface, while in I the sound issues without re-
action on the vocal organs, like the hand passing over a smooth surface. A greater
degree of roughness is when the inequalities of the surface are separately felt, or in
sound, when the vibratory whir passes into a rattle. In a still higher degree of
roughness the movement becomes a succession of jogs, corresponding to the ine-
qualities of a rugged surface or a jigged outline, or, in the case of the voice, to the
abrupt impulses of a harshly broken utterance. Again, we are conscious of miM-
cular effort when we raise the tone of the voice by an actual rise of the vocal ap-
paratus in the throat, and precisely this rise and fall of the bodily apparatus
it is
in the utterance of a high or low note, that makes us consider the nstes as high
or low. There are thus analogies between sound and bodily -movement which
enable us, by utterances of the voice without direct imitation of sound, to signify
varieties of movement, together with corresponding modifications of figured sur-
face and outline. The word twitter represents in the first instance a repetition of
a short sharp sound, but it is applied by analogy to a vibratory movement that is
shag, shog, jag, jog, jig, dag, dig, stag (in stagger, to reel abruptly from side to
side), joli, jih, stab, rug, tug; Fr. sag-oter, to jogj sac-cade, a rough and sudden
Iviii FROM MOVEMENT TO SUBSTANCE.
jerk, motion, or check. The syllable suk is used in Bremen to represent a jog in
riding or gomg.'lDat geit jummer suk I suk! of a rough horse. Ene olde suksuk,
an old worthless horse or carriage, a rattletrap. Sukkeln, g. schuckeln, schockeln, to
jog. On the same principle we have g. zack, used interjectionally to represent a
sharp sudden movement zacke, a jag or sharp projection zickzack, e. zigzag,
j ;
Hence tick or tock for any light sharp movement. To tick a thing off, to mark
it with a touch of the pen ; to take a thing on tick, to have it ticked or marked
on the score ; to tickle, to incite by light touches. Bolognese tocc, Brescian toch,
the blow of the clapper on a bell or knocker on a door, lead to Spanish tocar, to
knock, to ring a bell, to beat or play on a musical instrument, and also (with the
meaning softened down) to Italian toccare, French toucher, to touch. The Mi-
lanese toch, like English tick, is a stroke with a pen or pencil, then, figuratively, a
certain space, so much as is traversed at a stroke ; on bell tocch di strada, a good
piece of road ; then, as Italian tocco, a piece or bit of anything.
The same transference of the expression from phenomena of sound to those of
bodily substance takes place with the syllables muk, mik, mot, tot, kuk, kik, &c.,
which were formerly mentioned asbeing used (generally with a negative) to ex-
press the least appreciable sound. The closeness of the connection between such
a meaning and the least appreciable movement is witnessed by the use of the same
word still to express alike the absence of sound or motion. Accordingly the g.
muck, representing in the first instance a sound barely audible, is made to signify
a slight movement. Mucken, to mutter, to say a word ; also to stir, to make the
least movement.
The representative syllable takes the form of mick or kick in the Dutch phrase
noch micken noch kicken, not to utter a syllable. Then, passing to the
significa-
tion of motion, it produces Dutch micken, Illyrian migati, to
winkj micati
Lat. micare, to glitter, to move rapidly to and fro. The analogy
(mitsati), to stir;
clay ; Sp. chico, little. In the same way from the representation of a slight sound
by the syllable mot, mut, as in e. mutter, or in the Italian phrase nonfare ne motto
ne lotto, not to utter a syllable, we pass to the Yorkshire phrase, neither moit nor
doit, not an atom ; e. mote, an atom, and mite, the least visible insect; Du. mot,
dust, fragments ; It. motta, Fr. motte, a lump of earth.
The use of a syllable like tot to represent a short indistinct sound is shown in
the Italian phrase above quoted ; in o.n. taut, n. tot, a whisper, murmur, mutter j
E. totle, to whisper (Pr. Pm.) ; titter, to laugh in a subdued manner. The ex-
pression passes on to the idea of movement in e. tot, to jot down or note with a
slight movement of the pen ; totter, tottle, to move slightly to and fro, to toddle
like a child ; titter, to tremble, to seesaw (Halliwell) ; Lat. titilh, to tickle (pro-
vincially tittle), to excite by slight touches or movenjents. Then, passing from the
sense of a slight movement to that of a small bodily object, we have e. tot,
anything small ; totty, little (Halliwell) ; Da. tot. So. fait, a bunch or flock of
flax, wool, or the like j It. tozzo, a bit, a morsel ; e. tit, a bit, a morsel, anything
small of its kind, a small horse, a little girl ; titty, tiny, small ; titlark, a small
kind of lark; titmouse (Du. mossche, a sparrow), a small bird; tittle,- a jot or little
tit. It. citto, zitio, a lad citta, zitella, a girl. The passage from the sense of a
;
light movement to that of a small portion is seen also in pat, a light quick blow,
and a small lump of something; to dot, to touch lightly with a pen, to make a
slight mark; and dot, a small lump or pat. Halliwell. To jot, to touch, to jog, —
to note a thing hastily on paper ;
jot, a small quantity.
The change of the vowel from o or o toi, or the converse, in such expressions
as zigzag, ticktack, seesaw, belongs to a principle which is extensively applied in
the development of language, when an expression having already been found for
a certain conception, it is wished to signify something of the same fundamental
kind, but difFeriug in degree or in some subordinate character. This end is com-
monly attained by a change, often entirely arbitrary, either in the vowel or the
initial consonant of the significant syllable. The vowel changes from i to a in
tick-tack, for the beating of a clock, not because the pendulum makes a different
sound in swinging to the right or to the left, but simply in order to symbolise the
change of direction. A similar instance of distinction by arbitrary difference is
noticed by Mr Tylor in the language of gesture, where a wise man being symbol-
ised by touching the tip of the nose with the forefinger, the same organ is touched
with the little finger to signify a foolish man. In a similar way the relations of
place, here, there, and out there, corresponding to the personal pronouns, I, you,
Ix INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE.
Zulu ajoa, here 5 ojOo, there; /e«, this ; /wo, that; /mya, that in the distance.
element of the interrogative in Sanscr., Gr., Lat., and 6. respectively, owe their
origin. The interrogative pronouns who ? or what f are expressed in gesture
the voice through a narrower opening and utter a less volume of sound in the
pronunciation of i or Hence we unconsciously pass to the use of the vowel i
e.
The consciousness of forcing the voice through a narrow opening in the pro-
nunciation of the sound ee leads to the use of syllables like peep, keeh, teet, to sig-
nify a thingmaking its way through a narrow opening, just beginning to appear,
looking through between obstacles. Da. at pippe frem is to spring forth, to make
its way through the bursting envelope, whence Fr. pepin, the pip or pippin, the
germ from whence the plant is to spring. The Sw. has tittafrem, to peep through,
to begin to appear ; titta, to peep, in old e. to teet.
The peep of dawn is when the curtain of darkness begins to lift and the first streaks
of light to push through the opening.
The sound of the footfall is represented in German by the syllables trapp-trapp-
trapp ; from whence Du. trap, a step, trappen, to tread, Sw. trappa, stairs. The
change to the short compressed i in trip adapts the syllable to signify a light quick
step : Du. trippen, trippelen, to leap, to dance (Kil.) ; Fr. trSpigner, to beat the
ground with the feet. Clank represents the sound of something large, as chains 5
din-din, don-don, for the sound of bells ; murmur, for a continuance of low and
indistinct sounds j
pit-a-pat, for a succession of light blows low-wow, for the ;
drops on a hard surface, the syllable pat imitates the sound of a single drop, while
the vibration of the r in the second syllable represents the murmuring sound of
the shower when the attention is not directed to the individual taps of which it is
Ihre remarks under gncella, has something ringing (aliquid tinnuli) in it. Thus
to mewl and pule, in Fr. miauler andpiauler, are to cry mew and pew ; to wail
is woe ; Piedmontese bau-l-S, or fi bau, to make bau-bau, to bark like
to cry
a dog.
By a fiirther extension the frequentative element is made to signify the simple
cradle or rocker from ayun, to rock, or Maori puka-puka, the lungs (the puffers of
the body), from puka, to puff.
The same element is found in the construction of adjectives, as mAS.Jicol, fickle,
to becompared with g. Jickfacken, to move to and fro, and in as. wancol, g.
wankel, wavering, by the side of wanken, wankeln, to rock or wag.
When we come to sum up the evidence of the imitative origin of language,
we find that words are to be found in every dialect that are used with a con-
scious intention of directly imitating sound, such asjlap, crack, smack, or the in-
terjections ah ! ugh ! But sometimes the signification is carried on, either by a
figurative mode of expression, or by association, to something quite distinct from
the sound originally represented, although the connection between the two may
be so close be rarely absent from the mind in the use of the word. Thus
as to
the word Jlap originally imitates the sound made by the blow of a flat surface,
as the wing of a bird or the corner of a sail. It then passes on to signify the
movement to and fro of a flat surface, and is thence applied to the moveable
leaf of a table, the part that moves on a hinge up and down, where all direct
connection with sound is lost. In like manner crack imitates the sound made
Ixiv ORIGIN OF METAPHOR EASILY OBSCURED.
by a hard body breaking, and is applied in a secondary way to the effects of. the
breach, to the separation between the broken parts, or to a narrow separation
between adjoining edges, such as might have arisen from a breach between them.
But when we speak of looking through the crack of a door we have no thought
of the sound made by a body breaking, although it is not difficult, on a moment's
reflection, to trace the connection between such a sound and the narrow open-
ing which is our real meaning. It is probable that smack is often used in the
sense of taste without a thought of the smacking sound of the tongue in the
enjoyment of food, which is the origin of the word.
When an imitative word is used in a secondary sense, it is obviously a mere
chance how long, or how generally, the connection with the sound it vf'as
originally intended to represent, will continue to be felt in daily speech. Some-
times the connecting links are to be found only in a foreign language, or in
forms that have become obsolete in our own, when the unlettered man can only
regard the word he is using as an arbitrary symbol. A gull or a dupe is a person
easily deceived. The words same sense, but what is
are used in precisely the
the proportion of educated Englishmen who use them with any consciousness of
the metaphors which give them their meaning ? Most of us probably would be
inclined to connect the first of the two with guile, deceit, and comparatively few
are aware that it is still provincially used in the sense of an unfledged bird.
When which a young bird is taken as
several other instances are pointed out in
the type of helpless simplicity, no doubt that this is the way in which
it leaves
the word gull has acquired its ordinary meaning. Dupe comes to us from the
French, in which language it signifies also a hoopoe, a bird with which we have
so little acquaintance at the present day, that we are apt at first to regard the
double signification as an accidental coincidence. But when we find that the
names by which the hoopoe is known in Italian, Polish, Breton, as well as in
French (all radically distinct), are also used in the sense of a simpleton or dupe,
we are sure that there must be something in the habits of the bird, which, at
a time when it was more familiarly known, made it an appropriate type of the
character its name in so many instances is used to designate. We should
hardly have connected ugly with the interjection ugh/ if we had not been
aware of the obsolete verb ug, to cry ugh at, and it is only the
! or feel horror
accidental preservation of occasional passageswhere the verb is written houge,
that gives us the clue by which huge and hug are traced to the same source.
Thus tlie imitative power of words is gradually obscured by figurative use
and the loss of intermediate forms, until all suspicion of the original principle of
their signification has faded away in the minds of all but the few who have made
the subject their special study. There is, moreover, no sort of difference either
in outward appearance, or in mode of use, or in aptness to combine with other
elements, between words which we are anyhow able to trace to an imitative
source, and others of whose significance the grounds are wholly unknown. It
would be impossible for a person who knew nothing of the origin of the words
huge and vast, to guess from the nature of the words which of the two was
de-
INSUFFICIENT OBJECTIONS. Ixv
rived from the imitation of sound; and when he was informed that huge had
been explained on this principle, it would be difficult to avoid the inference that
a similar origin might possibly be found for vast also. Nor can we doubt that a
wider acquaintance with the forms through which our language has past would
make manifest the imitative origin of numerous words whose signification now
appears to be wholly arbitrary. And why should it be assumed that any words
whatever are beyond the reach of such an explanation ?
If onomatopoeia is a vera causa as far as it goes; if it affords an adequate
does not lie in the capacity of the voice to represent any kind of sound, it can
only be found in the limited powers of metaphor, that is, in the capacity of one
thing to put us in mind of another. It will be necessary then to show that
there are thoughts so essentially differing in kind from any of those that have
been shown to be capable of expression on the principle of imitation, as to escape
the inference in favour of the general possibility of that mode of expression.
Hitl^erto, however, no one has ventured to bring the contest to such an issue.
The arguments of objectors have been taken almost exclusively from cases where
the explanations offered by the supporters of the theory are either ridiculous on
the face of them, or are founded in manifest blunder, or are too far-fetched to
afford satisfaction ; while the positive evidence of the vahdity of the principle,
arising from cases where it is impossible to resist the evidence of an imitative
origin, is slurred over, as if the number of such cases was too inconsiderable to
merit attention in a comprehensive survey of language.
That the words of imitative origin are neither inconsiderable in number, nor
restricted in signification to any limited class of ideas, is sufficientlyshown by
the examples given in the foregoing pages. We cannot open a dictionary with-
out meeting with them, and in any piece of descriptive writing they are found
in abundance.
No doubt the number of words which remain unexplained on this principle
would constitute much the larger portion of the dictionary, but this
is no more
corruption from various causes, and the imitative character is rapidly obscured.
The imitative force of the interjections ah I or ach I and ugh I mainly depends
upon the aspiration, but when the vocable is no longer used directly to represent
the cry of pain or of shuddering, the sound of the aspirate is changed to that of
a hard guttural, as in ache (ake) and vgly, and the consciousness of imitation is
wholly lost.
In savage life, when the communities are small and ideas few, language
is
Ixvi CORRUPTION OF LANGUAGE.
liable to rapid change. To this effect we may cite the testimony of a thoughtful
traveller who had unusual opportunities of observation. 'There are certain
peculiarities in Indian habits which lead to a quick corruption of language and
segregation of dialects. When Indians are conversing among themselves they
seem to have pleasure in inventing new modes of pronunciation and in distort-
ing words. It is amusing to notice how the whole party will laugh when the
wit of the circle perpetrates a new slang term, and these words are very often
retained. I have noticed this during long voyages made with Indian crews.
When such alterations occur amongst a family or horde which often live many
years without comnlunication with the rest of their tribe, the local corruption of
language becomes perpetuated. Single hordes belonging to the same tribe and
inhabiting the banks of the same river thus become, in the course of many years'
as the symbol of Aqyarius among the signs of the zodiac is found in Egyptian
{lieroglyphigs with the force of the letter n* If we cut the symbol down to the
three last strokes of the zigzag we shall have the n of the early Greek in-
scriptions, which does not materially difter from the capital N of the present
day.
But no one from the mere form of the letter could have suspected an inten-
tion of representing water. Nor is there one of the letters, the actual form of
which would afford us the least assistance in guessing at the object it was meant
to represent. Why then should it be made a difficulty in admitting the imitat-
ive origin of the oral signs, that the aim at imitation can be detected in only a
third or a fifth, or whatever the proportion may be, of the radical elements of
our speech ? Nevertheless, a low estimate of the number of forms so traceable
to an intelligible source often weighs unduly against the acceptance of a rational
theory of language.
Mr Tylor fully admits the principle of onomatopoeia, but thinks that the
evidence adduced does not justify '
the setting up of what is called the Inter-
jectional and Imitative theory as a complete solution of the problem of original
language. itself within limits, it would be incautious
Valid as this theory proves
to accept a hypothesis which can perhaps account for a twentieth of the crude
forms in any language, as a certain and absolute explanation of the nineteen
twentieths which remain. A key must unlock more doors than this, to be taken
as the master key (Prim. Cijlt. i. ao8).
' The objection does not exactly meet
the position held by prudent supporters of the theory in question. We do not
assert that every device by which language has been modified and enlarged
The evidence for the derivation of the letter N from the symbol repiresenting water (in
Coptic noun) cannot be duly appreciated unless taken in conjunction with the case of the
letter M. The combination of the symbols I and 2, as shown in the subjoined illustration,
occurs very frequently in hieroglyphics with the force of MN. The lower symbol is used for
«, and thus combination the upper symbol undoubtedly has the force of m, although it
in this
is said to be never used independently for that letter.
1 h^LLUj i Ly3
2AAAA/\ j V\^
9 N 10 V\ iil/| l-^ia
J^ n
Now if the two symbols be epitomised by cutting them down to their extremity, as a lioi>
is represented (fig. 13) by his head and fore-legs, it will leave figures 3 and 4, which are idenr
tical with the M N and of the early Phoenician and Greek. Figures 5, 6, 7, are forms of
Phoenician M from Gesenius ; 8, ancient Greek M ; 9, Greek N from Gesenius ; 10 and 11
from Inscriptions in the British Museum.
e 2
Ixviii INDUCTION OF RATIONAL ORIGIN SUFFICIENT."
as, for instance, the use of a change of vowel in many languages to express com-
parative nearness or distance of position) has had its origin in imitation of sound.
Our doctrine is not exclusive. If new 'modes of phonetic expression, un-
known to us as yet,' should be discovered, we shall be only in the position of the
fathers of modern Geology when the prodigious extent of glacial action in former
ages began to be discovered, and we shall be the first to recognise the efficiency of
the new machinery. Our fundamental tenet is that the same principle which
enables Man to make known his wants or to convey intelligence by means of
bodily gesture, would prompt him to the use of vocal signs for the same purpose,
leading him to utterances, which either by direct resemblance of sound, or by
analogies felt in the effort of utterance, might be associated with the notiqu to
be conveyed. The formation of words in this way in all languages has been
universally recognised, and it has been established in a wide range of examples,
differing so greatly in the nature of the signification and in the degree of
abstraction of the idea, or its remoteness from the direct perceptions of sense, as
to satisfy us that the principles employed are adequate to the expression of every
kind of thought. And this is sufficient for the rational theorist of language. If
man can anyhow have stumbled into speech under the guidance of his ordinary
intelligence, it will be absurd to suppose that he was helped over the first steps
of his progress by some supernatural go-cart, in the shape either of direct in-
spiration, or, what comes to the same thing, of an instinct unknown to us at the
present day, but lent for a while to Primitive Man in order to enable him to
communicate with his fellows, and then withdrawn when its purpose was accom-
plished.
Perhaps after all it will be found that the principal obstacle to belief in the
rational origin of Language, is an excusable repugnance to think of Man as
having ever been in so brutish a condition of life as is implied in the want of speech.
Imagination has always delighted to place the cradle of our race in a golden age
of innocent enjoyment, and the more rational views of what the course of life
must have been before the race had acquired the use of significant speech, or
had elaborated for themselves the most necessary arts of subsistence, are felt by
unreflecting piety as derogatory to the dignity of Man and the character of a
beneficent Creator. But this is a dangerous line of thought, and the only safe
rule in speculating on the possible dispensations of Providence (as has been well
pointed out by Mr Farrar) is the observation of the various conditions in which
it is actually allotted to Man (without any choice of his own) to carry on his
life. What is actually allowed to happen to any family of Man cannot be in-
compatible either with the goodness of God or with His views of the dignity of
the human race. And God no respecter of persons or of races. However
is
hard or degrading the life of the Fuegian or the Bushman may appear to us, it can
be no impeachment of the Divine love to suppose that our own progenitors were
exposed to a similar struggle.
We have only the choice of two alternatives. We must either suppose that
Man was created in a civilised state, ready instructed in the arts necessary for
COMPLETION OF MAN. Ixix
the conduct oflife, and was permitted to fall back into the degraded condition
which we witness among savage tribes ; or else, that he started from the lowest
grade, and rose towards a higher state of being, by the accumulated acquisitions
in arts and knowledge of generation after generation, and by the advantage
constantly given to superior capacity in the struggle for life. Of these alterna-
tives, that which embodies the notion of continued progress is most in accord-
ance with all our experience of the general course of events, notwithstanding
the apparent stagnation of particular races, and the barbarism and misery occa-
sionally caused by violence and warfare. We have witnessed a notable advance
in the conveniences of life in our own time, and when we look back as far as
history will reach, we find our ancestors in the condition of rude barbarians.
Beyond the reach of any written records we have evidence that the country was
inhabited by a race of hunters (whether our progenitors or not) who sheltered
in caves, and carried on their warfare with the wild beasts with the rudest wea-
pons of chipped flint. Whether the owners of these earliest relics of the human
race were speaking men or not, who shall say ? It is certain only that Language
is not the innate inheritance of our race ; that it must have begun to be acquired
by some definite generation in the pedigree of Man ; and as many intelligent and
highly social kinds of animals, as elephants, for instance, or beavers, live in har-
mony without the aid of this great convenience of social life, there is no ap-
parent reason why our own race should not have led their life on earth for an in-
definite period before they acquired the use of speech; whether before that epoch
the progenitors of the race ought to be called by the name of Man, or not.
Geologists however universally look back when the earth was peo-
to a period
pled only by animal races, without a trace of human existence and the mere ;
fellows, or of their own reflected thoughts ; and sooner or later, of using imitative
signs for the purpose of bringing absent things to the thoughts of anodier mind ?
TABLE OF CONTRACTIONS.
ERRATA.
a"^
CM S
xy 2 for Oehrlauderr. Oehrlander
XX 13 mamoo-heeheek r. iiia-
mookheehee
xxvii 2* note r. rate
xlvii 7 puiiti r. puHti
3 I 25 i5^//2 r. i5^/i'«
14 I
35 sadalen r. sadelen
21 I 2* alieni ;>. alicui
26 2 6 sveritet r. sverdit
28 I 6* Asknace r. Askance
30 I 1 woud r. word
12 allagerr. alUger
33 I 39 ahaverie r. haverie
37 I 4* crtOT r. cti;;?
43 2 24 baltresac r. baltresca
55 I 10* nokkutomax.nokkutama
59 I 22* willekem, r. willekom
72 I 45 Blab r. Blob
n I 22* plowied r. plowied
85 I 23 budowaer. budowad
14 & 21 for ^i?/- read ^i?;"
29 ^i?^i2! r. i^oy«
•
16 (/ijtf r. ^i>>
DICTIONARY
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.
An asterisk (*) is prefixed to words where the etymology of the first edition has been
materially altered.
ABANDON
A,as a prefix to nouns, is commonly remaining with us in the restricted ap-
:he remnant of the AS. on, in, on, among, plication to Banns of Marriage. Passing
is aback, as. on-bsec ; away, AS. on- into the Romance
tongues, this word be-
ftrseg ; alike, as. on-lic. came bando and Spanish, an
in Italian
In the obsolete adown it represents the edict or proclamation, bandon in French,
vs. o/j of or from AS. of-dune, literally,
;
in the same sense, and secondarily in
"rom a height, downwards. that of command, orders, dominion,
As a prefix to verbs it corresponds to power :
;he Goth, us, out of; OHG. ur, ar, er, ir; Than Wallace said, Thou spelds of mychty
J. er, implying a completion of the thing,
iction. Fra worthi Bruce had resavit his crown,
I thoucht have maid Ingland at his dandown^
Thus G. erwachen, to awake, is to wake
So wttrely it suld beyn at his will.
ip from a state of sleep ; to abide, is to What plesyt him, to sauff the king or spill.
N3S.t until the event looked for takes Wallace.
jlace ; to arise, to get up from a recum- Hence to embandon or abandon is to
Dent posture. bring under the absolute command or
Ab-, Abs-, A-In Lat. compounds, entire control of any one, to subdue, rule,
iway, away from, off. To abuse is to use have entire dominion over.
in a manner other than it should be ab- ;
And he that thryll (thrall) is is nocht his.
lution, a washing off to abstain, to hold
; All that he has emhandownyt is
iway from. Lat. a, ab, abs, from. Unto his Lord, whatever he be. —Bruce,
i. 244.
2 ABASH ABBOT
person, to that of renouncing all claim to In the original
authority over the subject matter, without Moult m'esbahis de la merveille.
particular reference to the party into Yield you madame en hicht can Schir Lust say,
whose hands it might come ; and thus in A word scho could not speik scho was so abaid.
K. Hart in Jamieson.
modern times the word has come to be
used almost exclusively in the sense of Custom, which has rendered obsolete
renunciation or desertion. Dedicio'
betrash and obeish, has exercised her
abaundunem-ent,' the surrender of a authority in like manner over abay or
castle. — Neccham. abaw, burny, astony.
The adverbial expressions at abandon, The origin of esbahir itself is to be
bandonly, abandonly, so common in the found in the OFr. baer, beer, to gape,
'Bruce' and 'Wallace' like the OFr. d, an onomatopoeia from the sound Ba,
son bandon, A. bandon, may be explained, most naturally uttered in the opening of
at his own will and pleasure, at his own the lips. Hence Lat. Baba ! Mod.
impulse, uncontroUedly, impetuously, de- Prov. Bah ! the interjection of wonder ;
terminedly. 'Ainsi s'avancerent de and the verb esbahir, in the active form,
grand volonU tous chevaliers et ecuyers to set agape, confound, astonish, to strike
et prirent terre.' —
Froiss. vol. iv. c. 1 1 8. with feelings the natural tendency of
To Abash. Originally, to put to con- which is to manifest itself by an involun-
fusion from any strong emotion, whether tary opening of the mouth. Castrais,y^J
of fear, of wonder, shame, or admiration, baba, to excite admiration.
but restricted in modern times to the Zulu babaza, to astonish, to strike with
—
Cousinid
ABELE ABIDE 3
expect, wait, bide ON. bida, to wait, othres abidan' The effacement
;
of the d
endure, suffer b. bana, to suffer death
;
in Du. beijen, in Dan. bie compared with
;
Dan. bie, Du. beijden, beijen, verbeijen Sw. bida, and in E. abie, compared
with
(Bosworth), to wait. We
have seen abide, is precisely analogous to that
in
under Abash that the involuntary open- Fr. bhr, baier compared with
It. badare,
ing of the mouth under the influence of
abadare, or in Fr. crier compared with
astonishment was represented by the It.
gridare.
syllable ba, from whence in the Romance
Certes (quoth she) that is that these wicked
diplects are formed two series of verbs,
shrewes be more blissful that ahkn the torments
one with and one without the addition of that they have deserved than if no pain of
Justice
a terminal d to the radical syllable. ne chastised them.— Chaucer, Boethius.
Thus we have It. badare, badigliare, to At sight of her they suddaine all arose
gape, to yawn. Cat. and Prov. badar, to In great amaze, ne wist what way to chuse.
open the mouth, to open bader, ouvrir But Jove all feareless forced them to aby. F. Q.
;
—
(Vocab. de Berri) Prov. gola badada,
; It is hardly possible to doubt the iden-
it. bocca badata, with open mouth ; Cat. tity of E. abie, to remain or endure, with
badia, a bay or opening in the coast. the verb of abeyance, expectation or sus-
Without the tenninal d we have baer. pense, which is certainly related to It.
1 •
—
4 ABIE ABOLISH
badare, as E. abie to Goth, beidan, AS. Thus abie for abuy and abie from
bidan. Thus the derivation of badare abide are in certain cases confounded
above explained is brought home to e. together, and the confusion sometimes
bide, abide, abie. extends to the use of abide in the sense
Abie, 2. Fundamentally distinct from of abuying or paying the penalty.
abie in the sense above explained, al- If it be found so some will dear abide it.
the verb abie, properly abuy, and spelt How dearly I abide that boast so vain.
Milton, P. L.
indifferently in the older authors abegge,
abeye, abigg, abidge, from AS. abicgan, Disparage not the faith t"hou dost not know.
Lest to thy peril thou abide it dear.
abycgan, to redeem, to pay the purchase- Mids. N. Dr.
money, to pay the penalty, suffer the
Able. Lat. habilis (from habeo, to
consequences of anything ; and the sim-
have ; have-like, at hand), convenient,
ple buy, or bie, was often used in the
'
ABOMINABLE ABROACH s
adolesco, to grow up, coalesco, to grow Ethiopia Land
together, shows that the force of the Beligeth titan. —Casdmon.
radical syllable ol, al is growth, vital for ligeth butan, it compasseth the whole
progress. PI. D. af-oleii, af-oolden, to land of Ethiopia.
become worthless through age. De manji Above. AS. ufan, be-ufan, bufan,
olet gam af, the man dwindles away. abufan, Du. boven, OE. abowen,
Sc.
The primitive idea seems that of beget- aboon, above, on high. In Barbour's
ting or giving birth to, kindling. OSw. Bruce we find both abowyne and abow,
ala, to beget or give birth to children, as withotityn and without.
and also, as AS. alan, to light a fire the; —
Abraid. Abray. To abray or abraid,
analogy between life and the progress of now obsolete, is common in our older
ignition being one of constant occur- writers in the sense of starting out of
rence. So in Lat. alere capillos, to let sleep, awaking, breaking out in language.
the hair grow, and alere flammain, to AS. abrcBgdan, abredan, to awake, snatch
feed the flame. In English we speak of away, draw out. The radical idea is to
the vital spark, and the verb to kindle is do anything with a quick and sudden
used both in the sense of lighting a fire, motion, to start, to snatch, to turn, to
and of giving birth to a litter of young. break out. See To Bray.
The application of the root to the notion To Abridge,— Abbreviate, to short-
of fire is exemplified in Lat. adolere, en, or cut short. Of these synonymous
adolescere, to burn up {adolescu7tt ignibus terms the former, from Fr. abrdger, seems
aras. Virg.) ; while the sense of beget- the older form, the identity of which with
ting, giving birth to, explains soboles Lat. abbreviare not being at once ap-
(for sub-ol-es), progeny, and in-d-oles, parent, abbreviate was subsequently form-
that which is born in a man, natural ed direct from the latter language.
disposition. Then, as the duty of nour- Abrdger itself, notwithstanding the
ishing and supporting is inseparably con- plausible quotation from Chaucer given
nected with the procreation of offspring, below, is not from G. abbrechen, AS.
the OSw. ala is made to signify to rear, abracan, but from Lat. abbreviare, by the
to bring up, to feed, to fatten, showing change of the v and i into u and j respect-
that the Latin alere, to nourish, is a ively. The Provencal has breu for
shoot from the same root. In the same brevis ; breugetdt for brevitas abbreujar, ;
way Sw.foda signifies to beget, and also to abridge, leading immediately to Fr.
to rear, to bring up, to feed, to main- abrSgerj and other cases may be pointed
tain. Gael alaich, to produce, bring out of similar change in passing from Lat,
forth, nourish, nurse ;d.1, brood, or young to the Romance languages. Lat. levis
of any kind ; oil, Goth, alan, ol, to rear, becomes leu in Prov., while the verb alle-
educate, nurse. The root el, signifying viare is preserved in the double form of
life, is extant in all the languages of the alleviar and alleujar, whence the Fr.
Finnish stock. alUger, which passed into English under
Abominable. — Abominate. Lat. the form a&^^, common in Chaucer and
abominor (from ab and omen, a portent), his contemporaries, so that here also we
to deprecate the omen, to recognize a had the double form allegge and alleviate,
disastrous portent in some passing oc- precisely corresponding to abridge and
currence, and to do something to avert abbreviate. In like manner from Lat.
the threatened evil. Quod abominor, gravis, Prov. greu, heavy, hard, Severe
which may God avert. Thence to regard greugetat, gravity, agreujar, Fr. aggrd-
with feelings of detestation and abhor- ger, OE. agredge, to aggravate. Things '
6 ABROAD ACCOUTRE
brocher, to pierce. To set a tun abroach In the same way the G. stossen, to
is to pierce it, and so to place it in con- thrust, butt, push with the horns, &c., is
dition to draw off the contents. also applied to the abutting of lands.
Right as who set a tonne ahroche Ihre lander stossen an ei?iander, their
He perced the hard roche. lands abut on each other. So in Swedish
Gower m
Richardson. stota, tostrike, to thrust, to butt as a
Wall, abroki, mettre in perce. Grandg. — goat stota tilsainmans, to meet together,
;
A charm
Tlie which can helin thee of thine axesse.
To Absorb. Lat. ab and sorbeo, to Tro. and Cress. 2, 1315.
suck up. See Sherbet.
—
To Abstain, Abstemious. Lat. ab- Accent. Lat. accentus, modulation of
the voice, difference in tone, from accino,
siineo, to hold back from an object of de-
accentum, to sing to an instrument, to ac-
sire, whence abstemious, having a habit
of abstaining from. Vini abstemius, Pliny,
cord. See Chant.
abstaining from wine. So Fr. etamer, to
Accomplice. Fr. complice, Lat. com-
plex, bound up with, united with one in
tin, from ^iain.
Absurd. Not agreeable to reason a project, but always in a bad sense.
or common sense. Lat. absurdus. The Accomplish. Fr. accomplir, Lat. com-
plere, to fill up, fulfil, complete.
figure of deafness is frequently used to
Accord. Fr. accorder, to agree. Form-
express the failure of something to serve
the purpose expected from things of its
ed in analogy to the Lat. concordare, dis-
cordare, from concors, discors, and con-
kind. Thus on. daufr, deaf ; daufr litr,
a dull colour ; a deaf nut, one without a sequently from cor, the heart, and not
chorda, the string of a musical instrument.
kernel Fr. lanterne sourde, a dark lan-
;
ACCRUE AD 7
vestments in a Catholic church, was the Goth, akran, notwithstanding Grimm's
sacristan in Lat. custos sacrarii or ec-
; quotation of Cajus,
clesice (barbarously rendered custrix,
Glandis appellatione omnis fructus continetur.
when the office was filled by woman), in
OFr. cousteur or coustre, coutre; Ger. Grimm himself inclined to explain
is
kiister, the sacristan, or vestry-keeper. akran, as the produce of the akr, or
fruit,
Ludwig. corn-field, but a more satisfactory deriva-
Ad custodem
sacrarii pertinet cura vel custo- tion may probably be found in OHG.
dium —
templi vela vestesque sacrts, ac vasa sacro- wuocher, increase, whence G. wucher, on.
—
rum. St Isidore in Ducange. okr, interest, usury, from the same root
The original meaning of
accoutrer with Lat. augere, Goth, aukan, to in-
would thus be to perform the office of crease erde-wucher, the increase of the
;
degree of any quality. See Acute. -iSoQ, a pointed instrument, a sting Lat. ;
8 ADAGE ADJUST
to the following consonant, as in affero W. neidrj Goth, nadrsj ON. nadraj OHG
for adfero, apparo for adparo, &c. natra, nadraj G, 7tattcrj AS. ncedre, ned-
Adage. Lat. adagium, a proverb. der; OE. neddre.
To Adaw. Two words of distinct Robert of Gloucester, speaking of Ire-
meaning and origin are here confounded land, says,
1st, from AS. dagian, dcsgian, to become Selde me schal in the lond any foule wormys se
day, to dawn, OE. to daw, to dawn, adaw, For nedres ne other wormes ne mow ther be
noght.—p. 43.
or adawn, to wake out of sleep or out of
a swoon. I adawe or adawne as the day
' Instead of neddre Wicklifif uses eddre,
doth in the morning when the sonne as Mandeville ewte for
what we now call
draweth towards his rising.' I adawe newt, or the modern apron for OE. na-
'
one out of a swounde,' to dawe from pron. In the same way Bret, aer, a ser-
'
swouning, —to or get life in one pent, corresponds to Gael, nathair, pro-
dawne
that is fallen in a swoune.'— Palsgrave in nounced naer. It seems mere accident
Halliwell.
which of the two forms is preserved.
The forms with an initial n are com-
A man that waketh of his slepe monly referred to a root signifying to
He may not sodenly wel talcen kepe
Upon a thing, ne seen it parfitly pierce or cut, the origin of Goth, nethla,
Til that he be adawed veraily. Chaucer. — OHG. nddal, Bret, nadoz, E. needle, and
are connected with w. naddu, and with
So Da. dial, morgne sig, to rouse one-
G. sckneiden, to cut. Perhaps the ON.
self from sleep, from morgen, morning.
notra, to shiver, to lacerate, whence
2nd, to reduce to silence, to still or
nbtru-gras, a nettle, may be a more pro-
subdue, from Goth, thahan, MHG. dagen,
bable origin. There is little doubt that
gedagen, to be silent, still ON. thagga, to
;
the ON. eitr, AS. atter, venom, matter, is
silence, lull, hush.
from OHG. eiten, to burn.
As the bright sun what time his fiery train To Addle. To earn, to thrive.
Towards the western brim begins to draw,
Gins to abate the brightness of his beame With goodmen's hogs or com or hay
And fervour of his flames somewhat adawe. I addle my ninepence every day. — Hal.
F. Q. V. ch. 9. Where ivy embraceth the tree very sore
So spake the bold brere with great disdain, Kill ivy, or tree will addle no more.
Little him answered the oak again. Tusser in Hal.
But yielded with shame and grief adawed. ON. oSlask, to get, also, naturaliter pro-
That of a weed he was overcrawed. cedere, to run course, to grow, in-
its
Shep. Cal.
crease. Henni odladist sottin : the sick-
Hessian dachen, tAgen, to allay, to still ness increased. Sw. odla, to till, to cul-
pain, a storm, &c. '
Der schmerz dacht tivate the soil, the sciences, the memory.
sich nach und nach.' Dachen, to quell To earn is to get by cultivation or labour.
the luxuriance of over-forward wheat by ON. odli, edit, adal, nature, origin; AS.
cutting the leaves. Gedaeg, cowed, sub- ethel, native place, country.
missive. '
Der ist ganz gedaeg gewor- Addle. Liquid filth, a swelling with
den he is quite cowed, adawed. Com-
:
' —
matter in it. Hal. Rotten, as an addle
pare Sp. callar to be silent, to abate, egg. An addle-pool, a pool that receives
become calm. the draining of a dunghill. Sw. dial.
To Add. Lat. addere, to put to or ko-adel, the urine of cows ; adla or ala,
unite with, the signification of dare in mingere, of cows, as in E. to stale, of
composition being in general to dispose horses. W. hadlu, to decay, to rot.
of an object. Thus reddere, to put back Adept. Lat. adipiscor, adeptus, to ob-
subdere, to put under cmidere, to put by.
; tain. Alchymists who have obtained the
Adder. A
poisonous snake, as. cettr, grand elixir, or philosopher's stone, which
attern; PI. D. adder; Bav. atter, ader, gave thein the power of transmuting
adern. ON. eitr-ornt, literally poison metals to gold, were called adepti, of
snake, from eitr, AS. atter, venom (see whom there were said to be twelve always
Atter-cop). The foregoing explanation in being.--Bailey. Hence an adept, a
would be perfectly satisfactory, were it proficient in any art.
not that a name differing only by an To Adjourn. Fr. jour, a day; ad-
initial n (which is added or lost with equal journer, to cite one to appear on a cer-
facility), with a derivation of its own, is tain day, to appoint a day for continuing
still more widely current, with which how- a business, to put off to another day.
ever Diefenbach maintains the foregoing To Adjust. Fr. adjuster, to make to
to be wholly unconnected. Gael, nathairj meet, and thence to bring to agreement.
— —
ADJUTANT ADVOCATE 9
Dte sont dessevr&s
icel jor
Advantage, something
Qu' unc puis ne furent adjosUes that puts one
—
Les osz. Chron. Norm. 2, 10260. forwards, gain, profit.
Adventure.—Advent. Lat. advenire,
The bones were severed, which were
to come up to, to arrive, to happen ad-
never afterwards united. See Joust. ;
the first crusade) occisus est Cassiani magni regis That beste red can thereof rede, MerHn that
Antiochiae fihus et duodecim Admiraldi regis
Babilonia5, q^ios cum suis exercitibus miserat ad
is.' —
R. G. 144.
ment was repeatedly made by councils written oath subscribed by the party,
and princes, that bishops, abbots, and from the form of the document, 'Affidavit •
churches should have good advocates or A. B., &c.' The loss of the d, so common
defenders for the purpose of looking after in like cases, gave Fr. affier, to affie, to
their temporal interests, defending their pawn his faith and credit on. Cotgr. In —
property from rapine and imposition, and like manner, from Lat. confidere, Fr. con-
representing them in courts of law. In fier; from It. disjidare, Fr. defter, to defy.
the decline of the empire, when defence To Affile, OE. Fr. affiler, It. affilare,
from violence was more necessary than to sharpen, to bring to an edge, from Fr.
legal skill, these advocates were natur- fil, an edge, haX.ft/um, a thread.
ally selected among the rich and power- Affinity. Lat. affinis, bordering on,
ful, who alone could give efficient pro- related to. Finis, end, bound.
tection, and Charlemagne himself is the To Afford. Formed froih the adv.
advocatus of the Roman Church. ' Quem forth, as to utter from out, signifying to
postea Romani elegerunt sibi advocatum put forth, bring forwards, offer. l/orde '
Sancti Petri contra leges Langobardo- as a man dothe his chaffer, je vends, and
—
rum.' Vita Car. Mag. j'offers a vendre. 1 C3.nforde it no better
The protection of the Church naturally cheape. What do you forde it him for ?
drew with it certain rights and emolu- Pour combien le lui offrez vous a ven-
ments on the part of the protector, in- dre ? —
'
Palsgr.
cluding the right of presentation to the And thereof was Piers proud,
benefice itself; and the advocatio, or And puttehem to werke,
office of advocate, instead of being an And yaf hem mete as he myghte aforthe,
elective trust, became a heritable pro- And —
mesurable hyre. P. P. 4193.
perty. Advocatus became in OFr. ad- For thei hadden possessions wher of
voui, whence in the old Law language thei myghten miche more avorthi into
of England, advowee, the person entitled almes than thei that hadden litil. Pe- —
to the presentation of a benefice. As it cock. Repressor 377, in Marsh.
was part of the duty of the guardian or For thon moni mon hit walde him for-
protector to act as patronus, or to plead jeven half other thridde lot thenne he
the cause of the Church in suits at law, ise^e that he ne mahte na mare -^efor-
\\\^ advowee ^zs, also czSS&A patron of the thian : when he sees that he cannot afllbrd,
living, the name which has finally pre- —
cannot produce more. Morris, O.E. Ho-
vailed at the present day. milies, p. 31. Do thine elmesse of thon
Adze. AS. adesa, ascia. AS. Vocab. thet thu maht iforthien : do thy alms of
in Nat. Ant. that thou can afford. —
Ibid. p. 37.
wSisthetios. The science of taste. Gr. Afiftay. — —
Afraid. Fray. Yt.effraycr,
perception by sense, ahOijTiKbe,
oiT0i)mc, to scare, appal, dismay, affright; effroi,
endued with sense or perception. terror, astonishment, amazement fray-
;
; —
AFFRONT AGHAST n
eur, fright, terror, scaring, hofror.— gean-cyme, an encounter; to-geanes,
to-
Cotgr. wards, against. OSw. geij, igen, op-
The radical meaning of effrayer is to posite, again; gena, to meet; genom,
startle or alarm by a sudden noise, from through;. Bret, gin, opposite;
ann tu
OFr. effroi, noise, outcry; faire effroi, gin, the other side, wrong side; gin-
to make an outcry. 'Toutefois ne fit ouch-gin, directly opposite, showing the
oncques effroi jusqu'a ce que tons les origin of the G. reduphcative gegen,
siens eussent gagn^ la muraille, puis against.
s'dcrie horriblement.' —
Rabelais. '
Sail- Agate. Lat. achates. According to
lirent de leurs chambres sans faire effroi Pliny, from the river Achates in Sicily
—
ou bruit.' Cent. Nouv. Nouv. Hence E. where agates where found.
fray or affray in the sense of a noisy dis- Age. From Lat. etat-em the Prov. has
turbance, a hurlyburly. etat, edatj- OFr. eded, edage, eage, aage,
In the Flower and the Leaf, Chaucer Age.
calls the sudden storm of wind, rain, and
hail, which drenched the partisans of the
H^ly esteit de grant eded. Kings 2. 22.—
Ki durerat a trestut ton edage.
Leaf to the skin, an affray : Chanson de Roland in Diez.
And when the stomi was clene away passed, Ae, life, age.
Tho white
in the under
that stode the tree
They felt nothing of all the great affray, The form edage seems constructed by
That they in grene without had in ybe. the addition of the regular termination
The radical meaning is well preserved age, to ed, erroneously taken as the radi-
in Chaucer's use of afray to signify rous- cal syllable of eded, or it may be a subse-
ing out of sleep, out of a swoon, which quent corruption of eage, eaige (from
could not be explained on Diez' theory of ae-tas by the addition of tlie termination
a derivation from 'Lai. frigidas. age to the true radical ctj, by the inorganic
Me met thus in my bed all naked insertion of a ^, a modification rendered
And looked forthe, for I was waked in this case the more easy by the resem-
With small foules a grete hepe, blance of the parallel forms edat, eded.
That had afraide me out of my sleepe, * Agee. Awry, askew. Yrorajee / an
Through noise and swetenese of her song. exclamation to horses to make them move
Chaucer, Dreame.
on one side, fee, to turn or move to one
I was out of my swowne affraide
Whereof I sigh my wittes straide
side; crooked; awry. Hal. —To jee, to
And gan to clepe them home again. move, to stir. ' He wad \\a.jee.' To move
Gower in Rich. to one side. In this sense it is used with
respect to horses or cattle in draught.
The ultimate derivation is the imitative
root, frag, representing a crash, whence
Jam.
Lat. fragor, and Fr. fracas, a crash of
—
Agent. Agile. Agitate. — Act. —
Actual. Lat. ago, actum (in comp. -igo),
things breaking, disturbance, affray.
to drive, to move or stir, to manage, to
Thence effrayer, to produce the effect of
do ; agito, to drive, to stir up, to move to
a sudden crash upon one, to terrify,
alarm. Flagor (for fragor), ekiso (dread,
and fro. Actio, the doing of a thing;
horror). —Gloss. Kero in Diez.
actus,--iis, an act, deed, doing.
* To Ag:g. To provoke, dispute. Hal. —
To AflBront. Fr. affronter (from Lat. Apparently from nag in the sense of
frons,frontis, the forehead), to meet face
gnaw, by the loss of the initial n. Nag-
to face, to encounter, insult. See Front.
ging-pain, a gnawing pain, a slight but
After. Goth. Afar, after, behind;
constant pain; naggy, knaggy, touchy,
aftcCr, aftaro, behind; aftana, from be-
hind aftuma, aftumist, last, hindmost.
;
irritable, ill-tempered. Hal. Knagging, —
finding fault peevishly and irritably.
AS. aft, (Eftan, cefter, afterwards, again.
Mrs B. Sw. dial, nagga, to gnaw, bite,
ON. aptan, aftan, behind; aptan dags,
to irritate; agga, to irritate, disturb.
the latter part of the day, evening aftar,;
ON. nagga, gnaw, to grumble, wrangle.
to
aftast, hinder, hindmost. According to
•AgHast. Formerly spelt agazed, in
Grimm, the final tar is the comparative consequence of an erroneous impression
termination, and the root is simply af
that the fundamental meaning of the word
the equivalent of Gr. imo, of, from. Com-
was set a-gazing on an object of astonish-
pare after with Goth, afarj AS. ofer-non,
ment and horror.
with after-noon.
Again. AS. ongean, ongen, agen, op- The French exclaimed the devil was in arms,
12 AGISTMENT AIM
from Fris. guwysje, Dan. gyse, Sw. dial. —Baker.
In the same way in Sc. one is
gysa, gasa sig, to shudder at ; gase,gust, said to be fidging fain, nervously eager,
horror, fear, revulsion. From the last of unable to keep still. See Goggle.
these forms we pass to Sc. gousty, gous- Agony. Gr. 'Ayiiv, as ayopa, an as-
trous, applied to what impresses the mind sembly, place of assembly, esp. an as-
with feelings of indefinite horror waste, sembly met to see games; thence the
;
desolate, awful, full of the preternatural, contest for a prize on such an occasion
frightful. a struggle, toil, hardship. ' Ayoivia, a con-
test, gymnastic exercise, agony; ayiavi-
Cald, mirk, and gousUe is the night,
Loud roars the blast ayont the hight. —Jamieson. ZoiAai, to contend with, whence antagonist,
He observed one of the black man's feet to be one who contends against.
cloven, and that the black man's voice was hough To Agree. From Lat. gratus, pleas-
and ^OKj^zs.—Glanville in Jam. ing, acceptable, are formed It. grado,
The word now becomes confounded Prov. grat, OFr. gret, Fr. grd, will,
pleasure, favour and thence It. agradire,
with ghostly, the association with which
;
together. Hence any small object hang- Si non qu'une fiivre aigue vous presse les cotds.
ing loose, as a spangle, the anthers of a Raynouard.
tulip or of grass, the catkins of a hazel, The confinement to periodical fever is
—
&c. Junius. Fr. aiguillette, diminutive
of aiguille, a needle, properly the point
a modern restriction, from the tendency
of language constantly to become more
fastened on the end of a lace for drawing specific in its application.
it through the eyelet holes ; then, like E.
For Richard lay so sore seke.
point, applied to the lace itself.
On knees prayden the Ciystene host-
'Agnail, Angnail. A
swelled gland. Through hys grace and hys vertue
It. ghiandole, agnels, glandules, wartles He turnyd out of his agu,
or kernels in the flesh or throat, in the R. Coer de Lion, 3045.
—
groin or armpits. Fl. Fr. agassin, a Aid. Lat. adjuvare, adjutum; adju-
corne or agnele in the foot. Cot. — A tare, to help. Prov. adjudar, ajudar,
false etymology seem%to have caused the aidar, Fr. aider, to help.
name to be applied also to a sore between Aidecamp. Fr. aide du camp. It. aju-
the finger and nail. The real origin is It. tante di campo, an officer appointed to
anguinaglia (Lat. inguem), the groin, assist the general in military service.
also a botch or blain in that place ; Fr. To Ail. AS. eglian, to pain, to grieve,
angonailles, botches or sores.
— Cot. — to trouble, perhaps from the notion of
Ago. Agone. Here the initial a pricking; egle, egla, festuca, arista, car-
stands for the OE. y, G. ge, the augment
of the past participle ago, agone, forygo,
;
—
duus Lye, whence ails, the beard of
corn (Essex), as. egle, troublesome,
ygone, gone away, passed by ; long ago, Goth, agio, affliction, tribulation, aglus,
Jong gone by. shameful
difficult, agls,
For in swiche cas wimmen have swiche somve ToA!im. Lat. astiinare, to consider,
Whan that hir husbonds ben from hem ago to reckon, to fix at a certain point or
Knight's Tale.
rate Prov. estimar, to reckon ; adesti-
;
Agog. Excited with expectation, jig- mar, adesmar, azesmar, aesmar, to calcu-
ging with excitement, ready to start in ate, to prepare ; A
son colp azesmat,' he
'
pursuit of an object of desire. Literally has calculated or aimed his blow well
on the jog, or on the start, {rom gog, sy- Diez; esmar, OFr. esmer, to calculate,
nonymous with jog or shogj gog-mire, a to reckon—' Li chevaliers de s'ost a treis
quagmire. — Hal. ' He is all agog to go.' mille esma.' He reckons the knights of
! ;
AIR ALERT 13
—
his host at 3000 Rom. de Rou ; esmer, tions. Las.! Ai las! Helas ! Ah wretched
to purpose, determine, to offer to strike, me ! Alas
to aim or level at. —Cotgr. M'aviatz gran gaug donat
Air. Lat. aer, Gr. a.r\p, doubtless con- Ai lassa! can pane m'a durat. —Raynouard,
tracted from Lat. cether, the heavens, Gr. You have given me great joy, ah wretched me I
atS'np, the sky, or sometimes air. Gael. how Uttle ithas lasted.
aethar, athar, pronounced ayar, aar, the Las I tant en ai puis soupir^,
air, sky, w. awyr. Et doit estre tasse clam^e
Aisle. The side divisions of a church, Quant ele aime sans estre am^e. —R. R.
like wings on either side of the higher Alchemy. The
science of converting
nave. Fr. aisle, aile, a wing, from Lat. base metals into gold. Mid. Gr. lipxiM'" 5
axilla, ala. xr]\uia. —Suidas. Arab, al-ktmtd, without
By a like analogy, Ics ailes du nez, the native root in that language. Diez. —
nostrils Us ailes d'une/orit, the skirts of
; Alcohol. Arabic, al kohl, the impal-
a forest. Cotgr.— pable powder of antimony with which
Ait. A
small flat island in a river, for the Orientals adorn their eyelids, any-
eyot, from eye, an island. thing reduced to an impalpable powder,
Ajar. 0« cAar, on the turn, half open, the pure substance of anything separated
from AS. ceorran, to turn. from the more gross, a pure well-refined
Like as ane bull dois rummesing and rare spirit, spirits of wine. To alcoholise, to
When he eschapis hurt one the altare, reduce to an impalpable powder, or to
And charris by the ax with his neck wycht
Gif one the forehede the dynt hittis not richt.
rectify volatile spirit. B. —
Alcove. Sp. alcoba, a place in a room
D. V. 46, 15.
railed off to hold a bed of state ; hence a
Swiss ackar, Du. aeti karre, akerre,
hollow recess in a wall to hold a bed,
ajar.
side-board, &c. Arab, cobba, a closet
;
Ende vonden de dore akerre staende. (Lane) alcobba, a cabinet or small cham-
;
—
askance. Fl. Du. schampen, to slip, to
a centurion ; ealdor-biscop, an archbishop
graze, to glance aside.
ealdor-man, a magistrate.
. Alacrity. Lat. alacer, ^-cris, eager,
Ale. AS. eale, eala, ealu, aloth; ON.
brisk It. allegro, sprightly, merry.
;
ol; Lith. alus, from an equivalent of
Alarm. —
Alarum. It. all' anne, to
Gael, dl, to drink as Bohem. piwo, beer,
;
14 ALGATES ALLAY
Algates. From the ne. gates, ways som a gull saei.' The aurox horn was as
ON. gata, a path, Sw. gata, way, street. fair as if it were all gold. So ce-lius, all-
All ways, at all events, in one way or bright; a-tid, modern Sw. all-tid, all
another. time. AS. ale, each, is probably ce-Uc,
Algates by sleight or by violence ever-like, implying the application of a
Fro' year to year I win all my dispence. predicate to all the members of a series.
Friar's Tale. In every, formerly evereche, everilk, for
Always used in the N. of Eng-
itself is cefre-celc, there is a repetition of the element
land in the sense of however, neverthe- signifying continuance. But every and
less. - Brocket. Swagaies, in such a all express fundamentally the same idea.
manner Every one indicates all the individuals
Algebra. From Arab, eljahr, putting of a series every man and all men are
;
by Hire. ' Urar-hornet war swa fagurt For God's salie lighten me this burden.
; ;
ALLEDGE ALLOW 15
would have brought my hfe ag^in,
It century under the forms alodis, alodtis,
For certes evenly t dare well saine alodium, alaudum, and in Fr. a,leu, aleu
The sight only and the savour
AUggid much of my —R. franc, fratic-aloud, franc-aloi, franc-
languor. R.
aleuf. The general sense is that of an
In the original,
estate held in absolute possession. Mete '
layed.
nostrates alodium vel patrimonium vo-
To Alledge. Yx.Allegiier^ to alledge, cant, sese contulit.' It is often opposed
to produce reasons, evidence, or author-
ity for the proof of —
Cotg.
to a fief Hasc autem fuerunt ea quse
'
Thei woU a leggen also and by the godspell pre- borinti, natus ad heredium avitum, scilicet
oven it, recti linea a primo occupante; ddals-
NoUte judicare quenquam. P. P. — matr, dominus allodialis, strict^ primus
Here we find alledge, from Lat. allegare, —
occupans. H aldorsen.
spelt and pronounced in the same man- Dan. Sw. odel, a patrimonial estate.
ner as allegge (the modern allay), from The landed proprietors of the Shetland
AS. alecgan, and there is so little differ- Isles are still called udallers, according to
ence in meaning between laying down Sir Waher Scott. The ON. 6dal is also
and bringing forward reasons, that the used in the sense of abandoned goods, at
Latin and Saxon derivatives were some- leggia fyrer odal, to abandon a thing, to
times confounded. leave it to be taken by the first occupier.
And eke this noble duke aleyde If Mid. Lat. alodis, alodum, is identical
Full many another skill, and seide with the ON. word, it exhibits a singular
—
She had well deserved wrecke. Gower in Rich. transposition of syllables. Ihre would
Here aleyde is plainly to be understood account for allodium from the compound
in the sense of the Lat. allegare. '
alldha odhol,' mentioned in the Gothic
Allegory. Gr. dXAijyopia, a figure of
speech involving a sense different from
laws, —an ancient inheritance, from alldr,
Eetas, antiquitas, and
ddal, inheritance, as
the apparent one ; aWof, other, and ayop«inu, allda-vinr, an ancient friend, alder-hafd,
to speak. a possession of long standing. See Ihre
Alley. Fr. alUe, a walk, path, passage, in V. Od.
from aller, to go. To Allow.
words seem here Two
Alligator. The American crocodile, from Lat. laudare, to
confounded ; i.
from the Sp. lagarto, a praise, and 2. from locare, to place, to let.
lizard ; Lat. la-
certa. In Hawkins' voyage he speaks of From the Lat. laus, laudis, was formed
these under the name of alagartoes. La- Prov. laus, lau, praise, approval, advice.
garto das Indias, the cayman or South Hence lauzar, alauzar, OFr. loer, louer,
American alligator. Neumann. — alouer, to praise, to approve, to recom-
Allodial. Allodium, in Mid. Lat., mend. In like manner the Lat. laudo
was an estate held in absolute possession was used for approbation and advice.
without a feudal superior. Blackstone. — Laudo igitur ut ab eo suam filiam
'
The derivation has been much disputed, primogenitam petatis duci nostro con-
—
and little light has been thrown upon it jugem,' I recommend. ' Et vos illuc
by the various guesses of antiquarians. tendere penitus dislaudamus^ we dis- —
The word appears as early as the ninth suade you. Ducange. 'Et leur de- —
—
i6 ALLOT ALMS
manda que looient k faire, et li loeretit
il week was 750 cargos of clean ore, aver-
tous que il descendist.' 'Et il li dirent age ley from nine to ten marks per
que je li avois lod bon conseil.' Join-
ville in Raynouard. In the same way in
— monton, with an increased proportion of
gold.' —
Times, Jan. 2, 1857.
English : From signifying the proportion of base
This is the sum of what I would have ye weigh,
metal in the coin, the term alloy was
First whether ye allow my whole devise, applied to the base metal itself.
And think it good for me, for them, for you, Alluvial. Lat. alluo {ad and lavo, to
And if ye lilce it and allow it well wash), to wash against ; alluvies, mud
Ferrex and Porrex in Richardson.
brought down by the overflowing of a
Especially laus was applied to the ap- river ; alluvius (of land), produced by
probation given by a feudal lord to the the mud of such overflowing.
alienation of a fee depending upon him, To Ally. Fr. allier. Lat. ligare, to
and to the fine he received for permission tie ; alligare, to tie to, to unite.
to alienate. Hoc donum laudavit AAa-xa
' Almanack. The word seems origin-
Maringotus, de cujus feodo erat' Due. — ally tohave been applied to a plan of
From signifying consent to a grant, the movements of the heavenly bodies.
the word came to be applied to the grant '
Sed hae tabulse vocantur Almanack vel
itself. Comes concessit iis et laudavit
' TaUignum, in quibus sunt omnes motus
terras et feuda eorum ad suam fidelitatem coelorum certificati &, principio mundi
et servitium.' Facta est hsec laus sive
'
—
usque in finem ut homo posset inspicere
concessio in claustro S. Marii.' Due. — omnia quae in ccelo. sunt omni die, sicut
Here we come very near the applica- nos in calendario inspicimus omnia festa
tion of allowance to express an assign- —
Sanctorum.' Roger Bacon, Opus Ter-
ment of a certain amount of money or tium, p. 36.
goods to a particular person or for a In the Arab, of Syria al manakh is
special purpose. climate or temperature.
'
And his allowance was a continual Almond. Gr. a)tvyiaXr\, Lat. amyg-
allowance given by the king, a daily rate dala, Wallach. migddle, mandule j Sp.
for every day all his life.' 2 Kings. — almendra, Prov. amandola, Fr. amande.
In this sense, however, to allow is It. mandola, mandorla, Langued. amen-
from the Lat. locare, to place, allocare, lou, amello.
to appoint to a certain place or purpose ; Alms. — Almonry. — Aumry. Gr.
It. allogare, to place, to fix ; Prov. alogar, properly compassionateness,
i\iriiio(Tvvri,
Fr. louer, allouer, to assign, to putout to then relief given to the poor. This,
hire. being an ecclesiastical expression, passed
'
Le seigneur peut saisir pour sa rente les direct into the Teutonic languages under
bestes pasturantes sur son fonds encore qu'elles the form of G. alinosen, AS. celmesse,
n'appartiennent i son vassal, ains 4 ceux qui ont celmes, OE. almesse, almose, Sc. awm.ous,
allott/es\es distes bestes.' — Coutume de Norman- alms J and into the Romance under the
die in Raynouard.
form of Prov. almosna, Fr. aumosiie,
To allow in rekeninge alloco. Al- — anmone. Hence the Fr. azimoiiier, E.
lowance —
allocacio. Pr. Pm. —
Wall. almoner, awmnere, an officer whose duty
alouwer, depenser. Grandg. — it is to dispense alms, and almonry,
Again, as the senses of Lat. laudare aumry, the place where the alms are
and allocare coalesced in Fr. allouer and given, from the last of which again it
E. allow, the confusion seems to have seems that the old form awjnbrere, an
been carried back into the contemporary almoner, must have been derived. Pr. —
Latin, where allocare is used in the sense Pm. When aumry is used with refer-
of approve or admit ; essonium allocabile, ence to the distribution of alms, doubt-
an admissible excuse. less two distinct words are confounded,
Alloy. The proportion of base metal almonry and ammary or ambry, from
mixed with gold or silver in coinage. Fr. armoire, Lat. armaria, almaria, a
From Lat. lex, the law or rule by which cupboard. This latter word in English
the composition of the money is go- was specially applied to a cupboard for
verned, It. lega, Fr. loi, aloi. Unus- '
keeping cold and broken victuals.—
quisque denarius cudatur et fiat ad legem Bailey, in v. Ambre, Ammery, Aumiy.
undecim denariorum.' Due. —
In the Ambry, a pantry.— Hal. Then as an
mining language of Spain the term is aumry or receptacle for broken victuals
applied to the proportion of silver found would occupy an important place in the
in the ore. The extraction for the
'
office where the daily dole of charity was
— —
ALOFT AMAY 17
dispensed, the association seems to have fices were made to the gods. Lat. altare,
led to the use of auniry or ambry, as if it which Ihre would explain from ON. eldr,
were a contraction of almonry, from fire, and ar, or am, a hearth or perhaps ;
which, as far as sound is concerned, it AS. em, cem, a place ; as Lat. lucerua,
might very well have arisen. And vice laterna, a lantern, from luc-em, leohtern,
versi, almonry was sometimes used in the place of a light.
the sense of armarium, almarium, a To Alter. To make something ot'vr
cupboard. Almonarimn, almorietum, than what Lat. alterare, from alter,
it is ;
doeg, throughout the length of the day. once dva put, twice, &c. Dan. een-
;
The term is also used figuratively to gang, one going, once tre-gange, three ;
initial element of which is the particle si, of so and so. Hence a manu servus was
se, ce, so, here, this. a slave employed as secretary.
In the same way Pol. wedlug, accord- To Anaate. To confound, stupefy,
ing to, from w, -we, indicating relation of quell.
place, and dlugo, long. Upon the walls the Pagans old and young
^ MX.
The AS. form was gelang. the Stood hushed and still, amafed and amazed.
is ure lyf gelang^ our life is along of Fairfax in Boucher.
' Hii sohton
thee, is dependent on thee. OFr. amater, mater, mattir, to abate,
on hwom that gelang wcere.' They in- mortify, make fade, from inat, G. matt,
quired along of whom that happened dull, spiritless, faint. It. matto, mad,
Lye. Walach. langa, juxta, secundum, foolish Sp. malar, to quench, to slay.
;
But with a crafty madness keeps aloof, loved ; amabilis; amicus, a loving one, a
When we would bring him on to some confession friend and from each of these numerous
;
—
Of his true state. Hamlet. secondary derivatives amorous, amative, ;
Alpine. Of the nature of things found amateur, amiable, amicable. Lat. amici-
in lofty mountains ; from the Alps, the tia, Fr. amitie, E. amity, &c
highest mountains in Europe. Gael. To Amay. It. smagare, to discourage,
of e?nbassy, It. ambasciata, as the message et almariuiii cum ejus pertinentiis, vide-
sent by a ruling power to the government licet libris ecclesicB.' Due. '
Biblio- —
of another state ambassador, the person theca, sive armarium vel archivum, boc-
;
fuerit occupatus.' —
Lex Sal. In another sist, it seems to have contracted a fal-
editioh, ' Si in jussione Regis fuerit oc- lacious reference to the word alms, and
cupatuS.' thus to become confounded with almonry,
Ambfisciari, to convey a message. the office where alms were distributed.
'
Et ambasciari ex illorum parte quod The original meaning, according to
mihi jussum fuerat.' Hincmar. in Due. —Diez, is a chest in which arms were kept,
—
The word ambacius is said by Festus armarium, repositorium ai-morum.' '
lingui Gallic^ servus appellatur and Ambush. From It. bosco, Prov. base,
; '
Csesar, speaking of the equites in Gaul, a bush, wood, thicket It. imboscarsi, :
habent.' Hence Grimm explains the a wood, get into a thicket for shelter,
word from bah, as backers, supporters, then to lie in wait, set an ambush.
persons standing at one's back, as hench- Amenable. Easy to be led or ruled,
man, a person standing at one's haunch from Fr. amener, to bring or lead unto,
or side, mener, to lead, to conduct. See Demean.
The notion of manual labour is pre- Amercement. Amerciament. — A
served in Du. ambagt, a handicraft am- pecuniary penalty imposed upon offend-
;
bagts-mann, an artis_an. ON. ambatt, a ers at the mercy of the court it differs :
female slave. It. ambasciare (perhaps from a fine, which is a punishment cer-
originally to oppress with work), to tain, and determined by some statute.—
trouble, to grieve ambascia, anguish, B.
; In Law 'Lxs.Wn, poni in miscricordiA
distress, shortness of breath. was thus to be placed at the mercy of
Amber, Ambergris, mho. amber. the court lire mis i\ merci, or etre amer- ;
AMNESTY AN 19
cut off useless branches, to prune ; putiis, It is extremely difficult to guess at the
pure, clean, bright. sensible image which the root of
lies at
Amulet. Lat. amuletum, a ball or the obscure significations expressed by
anything worn about the person as a the particles and conjunctions, the most
preservative or charm against evil. From time-worn relics of language ; but in the
Arab, hamala, to carry. present instance it seems that both sense
To Amuse. To give one something and form might well be taken from the E.
to muse on, to occupy the thoughts, to even, in the sense of continuous, unbroken,
entertain, give cheerful occupation. For- level.
merly also used as the simple muse, to The
poetical contraction of even into
contemplate, earnestly fix the thoughts on. e'en shows how such
a root might give
Here I put my pen into the inkhorn and fell ON. enn, OS wed.
rise to such forms as
into a strong and deep amusement, revolving in an, Dan. end. With respect to meaning,
my mind with great perplexity the amazing we still use even as a conjunction in cases
—
change of our affairs. Fleetwood in Richardson. closely corresponding to the Swed. cen,
An. The indefinite article, the purport and Dan. end. Thus we have Swed.
of which is simply to indicate individ- cen-mi, translated by Ihre, etiamnum,
uality. It is the same word with the even now, i. e. without a sensible break
numeral one, AS. an, and the difference between the event in question and now ;
in pronunciation has arisen from a cendock, quamvis, even though, or al-
lighter accent being laid upon the word though cen, yet, still, continuously ;
;
when used as an article than when as a 'he is still there,' he continues there.
definite numeral. So in Breton, the in- —
So in Danish, om dette end skulde ske,
definite article has become eun, while the even if that should happen end ikke, ne ;
numeral is unan. Dan. een, one, en, a, an. quidem, not even then end nu, even
;
—
An. And. There is no radical dis- now. When one proposition is made
tinction between an and and, which are conditional on another, the two are prac-
tically put upon the same level, and thus
accidental modifications of spelling ulti-
mately appropriated to special applica- the conditionality may fairly be expressed
tions of the particle. by even contracted into ce?i or an. Ana-
In our older writers it was not unfre- lysing in this point of view the sentence
quent to make use of ait in the sense in above quoted.
which we now employ and, and vice Nay, an thou dalliest, then I am thy foe,
versi and in the sense of an or if. it must be interpreted. Nay, understand
2 *
;
20 ANA ANGER
these propositions as equally certain, turn wend-ijser, brand-ijser, crateule-
;
thou dalliest here, I am thy foe. It de- — rium, ferrum in quo veru vertitur, Kil., —
pends upon you whether the first is to i. e. the rack in front of the kitchen-dogs
prove a fact or no, but the second pro- in which the spit turns. Lander, Gall, '
position has the same value which you landier, Lat. verutentum; item haec an-
choose to give to the former. dena.' —
Catholicon Arm. in Due. Andena
It will subsequently be shown probable seems a mere latinisation of OE. aundyre
that the conjunction if is another relic of for andiron, as brondyr for broiidiron,
the same word. On the other hand, gredyre ior gridiron. 'Afidena, aundyre.'
placing two things side by side, or on a '
Trepos, brandyr.' Craticula, gredyre.'
'
level with each other, may be used to — National Antiq. 178. In modern Eng-
express that they are to be taken together, lish the term has been transferred to
to be treated in the same manner, to the moveable fire-irons.
form a single whole and thus it is that
; To Aneal, Anele. To give the last
the same word, which implies condition- unction. I aneele a sick man, J'enhidlle.
ality when circumstances show the un- — Palsgr. Fr. huille, oil.
certainty of the first clause, may become Anecdote. Gr. avinhoToq, not pub-
a copulative when the circumstances of lished, from ticSiduiJii, to give out, to put
the sentence indicate such a signification. forth.
Ana- Gr. ava, up, on, back. Anent.— Anenst. In face of, respect-
Anatomy. Gr. a.vari\iivu>, to cut up. ing. ongean, opposite
AS. foran on- ;
ANGLE ANTHEM 21
compression, tightness. G. eng, com- Sp. enojo, ofi'ence, injury, anger; enojar,
pressed, strait, narrow; Lat. angere, to molest, trouble, vex; It. noia, trouble,
to strain, strangle, vex, torment;angus- weariness, vexation, disquiet recarsi a ;
To Angle. To fish with a rod and you are tedious to me. From in odio
line, from AS. angel, a fish-hook. Du. arose OFr. enuy, envi (commonly re-
anghel-snoer, anghel-roede, a fishing-line, ferred to Lat. invitus), d, envi or d. envis,
fishing-rod angheUn, to angle. Chaucer unwillingly, with regret, as hiii from
;
23 ANTICK APHORISM
anti^hona; Gr. avri^ava, from avTiipoiuia), To dance is explained by
the anticks
to sound in answer. Prov. antifena; Bailey to dance after an odd and ridicu-
AS. antefn, whence anthem, as from as. lous manner, or in a ridiculous dress, like
stcfn, E. stem. The Fr: form antienne a jack-pudding. To go antiquely, in
shows a similar corruption to that of Shakespear, to go in strange disguises.
Estienne, from Stephanus. In modern language antic is applied to
Antick. —
Antique. Lat. anticus, extravagant gestures, such as those
from ante, before, as posticus, from, post, adopted by persons representing the
behind. characters called antics in ancient
At the revival of art in the 14th and masques. Mannequin, a puppet or an
-
At the nether end were two broad arches upon ambossj OHG. anapoz, from an and
three antike pillers, all of gold, burnished, bossen, to strike.
swaged, and graven full of gargills and serpentes
— and above the arches were made sundry Anxious. Lat. anxius, from ango,
antikes and devices. anxi, to strain, press, strangle, choke,
vex, trouble.
But as it is easier to produce a certain
Any. AS. cenig, from an, one, and ig,
effect by monstrous and caricature re- a termination equivalent to Goth, eigs,
presentations than by aiming at the
from eigan, to have. Thus from gabe, a
beautiful in art, the sculptures by which
gift, wealth, gabeigs, one having wealth,
our medieval buildings were adorned,
rich. In like manner, any is that which
executed by such stone-masons as were
partakes of the nature of one, a small
to be had, were chiefly of the former
quantity, a few, some one, one at the
class, and an antick came to signify a
least.
grotesque figure such as we see on the
Apanage. Lat. panis, bread, whence
spouts or pinnacles of our cathedrals.
Prov. panar, apatiar, to nourish, to sup-
Some fetch the origin of this proverb (he looks port; Fr. apanage, a provision for a
as the devil over Lincoln) from a stone picture
younger child.
of the Devil which doth or lately did overlook
Lincoln College. Surely the architect intended Apart. —
Apartment. Fr. d. part,
it no further than for an ordinary anticke.
ler in R.
Ful-—
aside, separate. Apartment, something
set aside, a suite of rooms set aside for a
Now for the inside here grows another doubt, separate purpose, finally applied to a
whether grotesca, as the Italians, or antique single chamber.
work, as we call it, should be received. Re-
liquias Wottonianse in R.
—
Ape. Originally a monkey in general
latterly applied to the tailless species.
The term was next transferred to the To ape, to imitate gestures, from the imi-
grotesque characters, such as savages, tative habits of monkeys. But is it not
fauns, and devils, which were favourite possible that the name of the ape may be
subjects of imitation in masques and from imitating or taking off the actions
revels. of another ? Goth., on. af, G. ab, of, from.
That roome with pure gold it all was overlaid
Aperient.—Aperture. Lat. aperio,
Wrought with wild aniickes which their follies apertum, to open, to display pario, to
;
APO APRICOT 23
sentence ; a'^opi'Jw, to mark off, to define good time, in good season prendre son ;
And among other of his famous deeds, he re- hendere, to seize, and metaphorically to
vived and quickened again the faith of Christ, take the meaning, to understand, to
that in some places of his kingdom was sore learn. Fr. apprendre, appris, to learn,
appalled. —
Fabian in R. whence the e. apprise, to make a thing
Apparel. From Lat. par, equal, like, known. Fr. apprentis, a learner, one
the MLat. diminutive pariculus, gave taken for the purpose of learning a trade.
rise to \t.parecchio, S^.parejo, Yr.pareil, Approach. From Lat. prope (comp.
like. Hence It. apparecchiare, Sp. apar- propius), near, were formed appropiare
ejar, Prov. aparelhar, Fr. appareiller, (cited by Diez from a late author).
properly to join like to like, to fit, to suit. Walach. apropid, Prov. apropchar. It.
Appareil, outfit, preparation, habiliments. approcdare, Fr. approcher, to come near,
—Diez. to approach.
— —
And whanne sum men seiden of the Temple Approbation. Approve. Ap-
that it was aparelid with good stones. — Wiclif prover.
Lat. prohts, good, probare, ap-
in R. Eke if he apparaille his mete more deli- probare, to deem good, pronounce good.
ciously than nede is. —
Parson's Tale.
Fr. approver, to approve, allow, find
Then like Fr. habilUr, or E. dress, the good, consent unto. Cotgr. —
word was specially applied to clothing, Hence an Approver in law is one who
as the necessary preparation for every has been privy and consenting to a crime,
kind of action. but receives pardon in consideration of
To Appeal. Lat. appellare, Fr. ap- his giving evidence against his principal.
peler, to call, to call on one for a special This false thefe this sompnour, quoth the frere,
purpose, to call for judgment, to call on Had alway bandis redy to his hond,
one for his defence, i. e. to accuse him of That tellith him all the secre they knew.
a crime. For their acquaintance was not come of new ;
To Appear. —^Apparent. OFr. ap- They werin his approvirs privily. Friar's Tale. —
paroirj pareo, to be open to view.
'LaX. Appurtenance. Fr. appartenir, to
Appease. Fr. appaiser, from paix, pertain or belong to.
peace. * Apricot. Formerly apricock, agree-
Apple. AS. cepl, ON. apal, w. apal, ing with "LtA. pragigua or prixcoda. Mod.
Ir. avail, Lith. obolys, ^wss. jabloko. Gr. irpaiKOKiaov. They were considered
To Appoint. The Fr. point was used by the Romans a kind of peach, and
in the sense of condition, manner, ar- were supposed to take their name from
—
rangement the order, trim, array, plight, their ripening earlier than the ordinary
case, taking, one is in. Cotgr. —
En peach.
piteux poind, in piteous case habiller Maturescunt asstate prmcocia intra triginta
;
en ce poind, to dress in this fashion. annos reperta et primo denariis singulis venun-
Cent Nouv. Nouv. poind, A
aptly, in data. Pliny, N. H. xv. 11. —
; — ;
24 APRON ARBOUR
It may be doubted, however, whether some shape
or other. Thus in Latin
the sense of an
the Lat. pracoqua was not an adapt- sors, a lot, is taken in
is a soothsayer,
ation. It is certain that the apricot oracle, and sortilegus
answers ques-
was introduced from Armenia, and the one who gives oracles, or
fruit is still called barkuk in Persian. It tions by the casting of lots and this ;
is far more likely that the name should doubtless is the origin of E. sorcerer,
have been imported with the fruit into sorcery. Albanian, short, a lot, shortdr,
Italy than that the Persians should have a soothsayer. Now one of the points
adopted the Latin name of a native upon which the cunning man of the
fruit. —
Marsh. present day is most frequently consulted
Apron. A cloth worn in front for the is the finding of lost property, and a
protection of the clothes, by corruption dispute upon such a subject among a
for napron. barbarous people would naturally be re-
ferred to one who was supposed to have
—And therewith to wepe
She made, and with her nafron feir and white supernatural means of knowing the
truth.
ywash Thus the lots-man or soothsayer would
She wyped soft her eyen for teris that she outlash. naturally be called in as arbiter ax dooms-
Chaucer, Beryn. Prol. 31. man. Now we find in Fin. arpa, a lot,
Still called napfern [pronounced nap- symbol, divining rod, or any instrument
pron in Cleveland. J. C. A.] in the N. of of divination arpa-mies, {mies ^=ia3.o,)
;
— —
E. Hall. Naprun, or barm-cloth. Pr. sortium ductor, arbiter, hariolus arpelen, ;
Pm. From OFr. naperon, properly the arwella, to decide by lot, to divine ar- ;
Hdcart, a small cloth put upon the table- conjec^ra, sestimatio arbitraria. It will
cloth during dinner, to preserve it from be observed in how large a proportion of
stains, and taken away before dessert, a these cases the Lat. arbiter and its de-
purpose precisely analogous to that for rivatives are used in explanation of the
which an apron is used. Un beau '
Fin. words derived from arpa.
service de damass^ de Sildsie ; la nappe, Arbour. From OE. herbere, originally
le naperon et 24 —About. Ma-
serviettes.' signifying a place for the cultivation of
delon. The loss or addition of an initial herbs, a pleasure-ground, garden, sub-
n to words very common, and fre-
is sequently applied to the bower or rustic
quently we are unable to say whether the shelter which commonly occupied the
consonant has been lost or added. most conspicuous situation in the garden ;
Thus we have natiger and auger, newt and thus the etymological reference to
and ewte, or eft, nawl and awl, nompire herbs being no longer apparent, the spell-
and umpire, and the same phenomenon ing was probably accommodated to the
is common in other European languages. notion of being sheltered by trees or
Apt. Lat. aptus, fastened close, con- shrubs {arbor).
nected, and thence fit, suitable, proper. This path
—
Aqueous. Aquatic. Lat. aqua, San- I foUowid till it me brought
scr. ap, Gr. aa, Alban. ughe, water To a right plesaunt herbir wel ywrought.
Goth, ahva, OHG. aha, a river. Which that benchid was, and with turfis new
Freshly turnid
Arable. Lat. aro, OE. ear, to plough.
—
Arbiter. Arbitrate. The primary
The hegge also that yedin in compas
And closid in all the grene hcrberc^
sense of Lat. arbiter is commonly given With Sycamor was set and Eglatere,
as an eye-witness, from whence that of And shapin was this herbir, rofe and all,
an umpire or judge is supposed to be As is a pretty parlour.
derived, as a witness specially called in Chaucer, Flower and Leaf.
for the purpose of determining the ques- It growyth in a gardyn, quod he,
clamaverit.' —
Lex. Langobard. in Due.
—
Argue. ^Argument. Lat. arguo, to
demonstrate, make clear or prove.
Then from the contempt felt for any- Arid. Lat. aridus, from areo, to dry.
thing like timidity in those rough and
Aristocracy. Gr. apiaTOKpartia {apiaroc,
warlike times the word acquired the
the best, bravest, a noble, and Kpurka, to
sense of worthless, bad, exaggerated in
rule, exercise lordship), ruling by the
degree when appHed to a bad quality.
nobles, whence the body of the nobles
ON. argvitugr, taxed with cowardice,
collectively.
contemptible, bad. Dan. det arrigste Arm. earm, Lat.
Sax. annus, the
snavs, the most arrant trash, wretched
shoulder-joint, especially of a brute,
stuff. OE. arwe, fainthearted.
though sometimes applied to man. Con-
Now thou seist he is the beste knygt,
nected with ramus, a branch, by Russ.
And thou as arwe coward. ramo (pi. ramend), shoulder Boh. rame, ;
Alisaunder, 3340.
forearm ; raineno, arm, shoulder, branch.
There can be no doubt that E. arrant Arms.— Army. Lat. arma, W. aj-f,
is essentially the same word, the termina- Gael, arm, a. weapon. As the arm itself
tion of which is probably from the mas- is the natural weapon of offence, it is pos-
culine inflection en of the PI. D. adjective. sible that the word arm in the sense of
—
Een argen drag, an arrant rogue. Brem. weapon may be simply an application of
Wtb. the same word as the designation of the
2. Arch in composition. Gr. apxh, bodily limb.
beginning, apx^iv, to be first, kpxi- in From the verb armare, to arm, are
comp. signifies chief or principal, as in formed the participial nouns. It. armata,
apxtipfve, opx^YT*^"?? chief priest, arch- Sp. armada, Fr. arm'ee, of which the two
angel. This particle takes the form of former are confined by custom to a naval
arcz in It., erz in G., arcA in e. ; ard- expedition, while the Fr. armee, and our
vescovo, erz-bischof, arch-bishop. In G. army, which is derived from it, are ap-
as in E. it is also applied to pre-eminence plied only to an armed body of land
in evil ; ers-betriiger, an arch-deceiver ; forces, though formerly also used in the
erz-wticherer, an arrant usurer. Perhaps sense of a naval expedition.
; —
;;
26 AROMATIC ARSENAL
At Leyes was he and at Satalie dispose, set in prepare, fit out.
order,
Whanne they *ere wonne, and in the grete see The simple verb not extant in Italian,
is
In many a noble armie had he be. but is preserved to us in the ON. reida,
Prol. Knight's Tale.
the fundamental meaning of which seems
Aromatic. Gr. apiaixariKbg, from apufia,
to be to push forwards, to lay out. At
sweetness of odours, a sweet smell. reida sverdet, to wield a sword; at r.
Arquebuss. It. archibuso affords an fram mat, to bring forth food at r.feit, ;
example of a foreign word altered in order to pay down money ; at r. til rumit, to
to square with a supposed etymology. It
prepare the bed at r. hey a hestinom, to
;
is commonly derived from arco, a bow, as carry hay on a horse. Sw. reda, to pre-
the only implement of analogous effect pare, to set in order, to arrange reda ett ;
before the invention of fire-arms, and skepp, to equip a vessel reda til mid-
;
buso, pierced, hollow. But Diez has well dagen, to prepare dinner. The same
observed how incongruous an expression word is preserved in the Scotch, to red,
a hollow bow or pierced bow would be, to red up, to put in order, to dress to ;
and the true derivation is the Du. haeck- red the road, to clear the way am. .^
buyse, haeck-busse, properly a gun fired The meaning of the 'Lzt.paro,parattis,
from a rest, from haeck, the hook or seems to have been developed on an
forked rest on which it is supported, and analogous plan. The fundamental mean-
busse, G. buchse, a fire-arm. From ing of the simple paro seems to be to
haecke-busse it became harquebuss,_ and lay out, to push forwards. Thus separo
in It. archibuso or arcobugia, as if from comparo
is to lay things by themselves ;
And be aresoncd, als right es pared with Fr. frissement d'un trait, the
Of alle his mysdedys, mare and les. whizzing sound of an arrow. Cot. Sw.—
Pricke of Conscience, 2460. hurra, to whirl, hurl.
In like manner was formed derationare, Arsenal. It. arzana, darseua, taj'zana,
to clear one of the accusation, to deraigii, a dock-yard, place of naval stores and
to justify, to refute. outfit, dock. Sp. atarazana, atarazanal,
Arrant. Pre-eminent in something a dock, covered shed over a rope-walk.
bad, as an arrant fool, thief, knave. An ' From Arab, ddr cin&'a, ddr-ag-cind'a,
erraunt usurer.'— Pr. Pm. See Arch. ddr-ag-gaii'a or ddr-gatia, a place of con-
To Array. It. arredare, to prepare struction or work. It is applied by
or dispose beforehand, to get ready. Edrisi to a manufacture of Morocco
Arredare una casa, to furnish a house leather. Ibn-Khaldoun quotes an order
uno vascello,to equip a ship. Arredo, of the Caliph Abdalmelic to build at
household furniture, rigging of a ship, Tunis a ddr-cind'a for the construction
'
and in the plural arredi, apparel, raiment, of everything necessary for the equip-
as clothing is the equipment universally ment and armament of vessels.' Pedro
necessary. OFr. array er, arrier, to de Alcala translates atarazana by the
: — — :
ARSON AS 27
Arab, ddr a cind'a.
Dozy.
—Engelmann and thence the modern Fr. atelier, a work-
shop:
Oportet ad illius (navigii) conservationem in
Quod eligantur duo
legates homines qui
locum pertrahi coopertum, qui locus, ubi dictum cum
vadant ad visitandum omnes ar-
officiali
conservatur navigium, Aisena vulgariter appel-
latur. —
Sanutus in Due.
tiliarias exercentes artem pannorum.- Stat. —
A. D. 1360, in Due.
Arson. See Ardent. Artilleinent, artillerie, is given by
Art. The exercise of skill or invention Roquefort in the sense of implement,
in the production ofsome material object furniture, equipment, as well as instru-
or intellectual effect; the rules and ment of war, and the word is used by
method of well doing a thing skill, con- Rymer in the more general sense
; :
trivance, cunning.
Decern et octo discos argenti, unum calicem
Art and part, when a person is both argenteum, unum parvum tintinnabulum pro
the contriver of a crime and takes part missa, &c., et omnes alias artillarias sibi com-
in the execution, but commonly in the petentes.
negative, neither art nor part. From A Statute of Edward II. shows what
the Lat. nee artifex nee particeps, neither was understood by artillery in that day
contriver nor partaker.
Item ordinatumest quod sit unus artillator
Artery. Gr. dpTtjpia, an air-receptacle qui faciat balistas, carellos, arcos, sagittas,
(supposed from a'ljp, and Ttipkm, to keep, lanceas, spiculas, et alia arma necessaria pro
preserve), the windpipe, and thence any gamizionibus eastrorum.
pulsating blood-channel. So, in the Book
of Samuel, speaking
Artichoke. Venet. articioco; Sp. al- bow and
of arrows, it is said, And '
caehofaj Arab, al-charscliufaj It. ear- Jonathan gave his artillery to the lad,
ciofa. —
Diez. and said. Go carry them to the city.'
Article. Lat. artieuhis, diminutive As. The comparison of the G. dialects
of artiis, a joint, a separate element or shows that aj is a contraction from ail-
member of anything, an instant of time, so; AS. eallswa; G. also, als, as (Schiilze,
a single member of a sentence, formerly Schmeller), OFris. alsa, alse, als, asa,
applied to any part of speech, as turn,
ase, as (Richthofen). ' als auch wir verge-
est, quisque (Forcellini), but ultimately
ben unsern schuldigern,' as we also for-
confined to the particles the and an, the
—
give our debtors. Schmeller. Also, sic,
effect of which is to designate one par-
ticular individual of the species men-
—
omnino, taliter, ita. Kilian. Fris. alsa '
applies to some one individual, and not als,' alsoe graet ende alsoe lytich als,' as
'
Artillery. We
find in Middle Latin often as.
the term ars, and the derivative artifi- In OE. we often find als for also.
cium, applied in general to the implement
Schyr Edward that had sic valour
with which anything is done, and specially
Was dede and Jhone Stewart alsua.
;
to the implements of war, on the same And Jhone the Sowllis ah with tha
principle that the Gr. fitixav^, the equi- And othyr als of thar company. Bruce, — xii. 795.
valent of the Lat. ars, gave rise to the Schir Edward that day wald nocht ta
word machina, a machine, and on which His cot armour but Gib Harper,
;
the word engine is derived from the Lat. That men held ah withoutyn per
ingenitim, a contrivance. Thus a statute Oif his estate, had on that day
rendered by alsoe, the second by als. In / is seen in the i of It. schiancio, and
other cases the Frisian expression is just wholly obliterated in scanzare. The Du.
the converse of the G. Fris. alsa longi schtdn, N. skjons (pron. shons), oblique,
sa =
G. so lange als, as long as
Fris. ; wry, i skjons, awry, seem to belong to a
asafirsa—G. so weit als, as far as Fris. ; totally different root connected with E.
alsafir sa, in so far as. shun, shunt, to push aside, move aside.
^
Ascetic. Gr. ao-KijnEos {dmsoi, to prac- Askew. ON. skeifr, Dan. skjav, G.
tise, exercise as an art), devoted
to the schief, schdf, schieb, schiebicht, oblique,
practice of sacred duties, meditation, &c. wry ;ON. d skd, askew. Gr. cKamq,
Hence the idea of exercising rigorous Lat. sccevus, properly oblique, then left,
self-discipline. on the left hand ; aKuiov arofia, a wry
Ash. The tree. as. czsc, ON. askr.
I. mouth.
2. Goth, azgo, AS. asca, ON. aska,
Dust. From G. schieben, to shove, as shown
Esthon. ask, refuse, dung. by Du. schuin, obhque, compared with
Ashlar. Hewn stone. OFr. aiseler, E. shun, shunt, to push aside. G. vers-
Sc. aislair.
'
Entur le temple— fud un chieben, to put out of its place, to set
murs de de aiselers qui bien
treiz estruiz awry.
furent polls '— tribus ordinibus lapidum
:
Asperity. Lat. asper, rough.
politorum. —
Livre des Rois. ' A inason —
To Aspire. ^Aspirate. Lat. aspiro,
cannocht hew ain evin aislair without to pant after, to pretend to, from spiro,
directioun of his rewill.' Jam. Fr. — to breathe. The Lat. aspiro is also used
'bouttice, an ashlar or binding-stone in for the strong breathing employed in
building.' —
Cot. pronouncing the letter h, thence called
Fr. aiseler seems to be derived from the aspirate, a term etymologically un-
aisselle (Lat. axilla), the hollow beneath connected with the spiritus asper of the
the arm or between a branch and the Latin grammarians.
stem of a tree, applied to the angle Ass. Lat. asinus, G. esel, Pol. osiol.
between a rafter and the wall on which —
To Assail. Assault. Lat. satire, to •
zare, scansare, to turn aside, slip aside, of the Mountain. As the murder of his
walk by. Fl. — Both askant and the enemies would be the most dreaded of
; ; ;;
ASSAY ASSOIL 29
these behests, the name
of Assassin was to fix a certain amount upon each indi-
given to one commissioned to perform a vidual.
murder assassination, a murder per-
;
Provisum est generaliter quod prasdicta quad-
formed by one lying in wait for that ragesima hoc modo assideat-ur et coUigatur.—
special purpose.— Diez. De Sacy, Mem. Math. Paris, a. d. 1232.
de Et fuit quodlibet feodum militare assessum
I'Institut, 1818.
To Assay. Lat. exigere, to examine,
tunc ad 40 sol. Due. —
Assets, in legal language, are funds
to proveby examination annulis ferreis '
;
for the satisfaction of certain demands.
ad certum pondus exactis pro nummo
utuntur,' iron rings proved of a certain
Commonly derived from Fr. assez, but in
it was commonly written asseth.
weight. —
Ccesar. Hence, exagium, a
OE.
And if it suffice not for asseth. —P. Plowman,
weighing, a trial, standard weight.
p. 94.
'Efayioj/, pensitatio ; i^ayiiiZui, examine, And Pilat willing to make aseeth to the people
perpendo.— Gl. in Due. left to hem Barabbas.—Wiclif, Mark 15.
De ponderibus ampu- And though on heapes that lie him by,
quoque, tit fraus penitus
Yet never s.hall make his richesse
tetur, a nobis agantur exagia (proof specimens)
quae sine fraude debent custodiri. Novell. Th&- — Asseth unto his greediness. R. R. —
odosii in Due. Makeaceeihe (fnakyn seethe— K.), satis-
Habetis aginam (a balance), exagiuin facite,
quemadmodun vultis ponderate. —Zeno, ibid.
— Pr. Pm. Now then, and go
facio. '
rise
forthe and spekyng do aseethe to thy
servauntis —Wicliffe satisfac servis tuis
'
;
From exagium was formed sag- the It.
Therefore I swore to the —Vulgate. '
in the special sense of joining in battle. tax, as assize of bread, the settled rate for
By Carhame assemhlyd thai the sale of bread also a set day, whence
;
Thare was hard fychting as I harde say. cour d' assize, a court to be held on a set
Wyntown in Jam. day, E. assizes.
Ballivos nostros posuimus qui in baliviis suis
And in old Italian we find sembiaglia in singulis mensibus ponent unum diem qui dicitur
the same sense. ' La varatta era fornita. Assisia in quo omnes illi qui clamorero facient
Non poteo a sio patre dare succurso. Non recipient jus suum.— Charta Philip August. A.D.
In the iigo, in Due.
poteo essere a la sembiaglia.'
Latin translation, ' conflictui interesse Assisa in It. is used for a settled pattern
nequibat.'— Hist. Rom. Fragm. in Mu- of dress, and is the origin of E. size, a
ratori. settled cut or make.
To Assess. Assidere, assessum, to sit To Assoil. To acquit. Lat. absol-
down, was used in Middle Lat. in an vere,to loose from; OFr. absolver, ab-
active sense for to set, to impose a tax ;
soiller, assoiler. —
Roquefort. 'To whom
assidere talliamj in Fr. asseoir la taille, spak Sampson, Y
shal purpose to yow a
; ; ;
30 ASSUAGE ATTAINDER
dowtous woud, the which if ye soylen to Atmosphere. Gr. Ar/ioc, smoke, va-
me, &c. ; forsothe if ye mowen not assoyle, pour.
&c. And they mighten not bi thre days Atom. Gr. drofiog (from a privative
—
soylen the proposicioun.' Wyclif, Judges and that does
Tifiva, to cut), indivisible,
xiv. 12, &c. not admit of cutting or separation.
To Assuage. From Lat. stiavis, sweet, Atone. To bring at one, to reconcile,
agreeable, Prov. suau, sweet, agreeable, and thence to suffer the pains of what-
soft, tranquil, OFr. soef,souef, sweet, soft, ever sacrifice is necessary to bring about
gentle, arise, Prov. assuauzar, assuavar, a reconciliation.
qssuaviar, to appease, to calm, to soften. If gentilmen or other of that contrei
Hence, OFr. assoua^er, to soften, to allay, Were wroth, she wolde bringen Jiem at on.
So wise and wordes hadde she.
ripe
answering to assuaviar, as allager to al- Chaucer in R.
leviare, abreger to abbreviare, agrdger to
One God, one Mediator (that is to say, advo-
aggraviare, soulager to solleviare. cate, intercessor, or an aione-maker) between
Now softening with the ointment. Des. A most unhappy one ; I would do much
T' attone them for the love I bear to Cassio.
Asthma. Gr. airfl/ia, panting, difficult Othello.
breathing. The idea of reconciliation was expressed
To Astonish. — Astound. — Stony. in the same way in Fr.
Fr. estonner, to astonish, amaze, daunt ; II ot amis et anemis ;
a loud continued noise ; dint, a blow ; to sich entzweyen, to quarrel, fall into vari-
dun, to make an importunate noise ance. —
Kiittn.
dunt, a blow or stroke ; to dunt, to con- Atrocious. Lat. atrox, fierce, barbar-
fuse by noise, to stupefy. —
Halliwell. AS. ous, cruel.
stunian, to strike, to stun, to make stupid —
To Attach.. Attack. These words,
with noise ; stunt, stupefied, foolish ; G. though now distinct, are both derived
erstaunen, to be in the condition of one from the It. attaccare, to fasten, to hang.
stunned. Venet. tacare; Piedm. tachd, to fasten.
Astute. Lat. astus, subtilty, craft. Hence in Fr. the double form, attacker,
Asylum. Lat. asylum, from Gr. to tie, to fasten, to stick, to attach, and
acuKov (a priv., and av\da>, to plunder, in- attaquer, properly to fasten on, to begin
jure), a place inviolable, safe by the force a quarrel. S'attacher is also used in the
of consecration. same sense s'attacher d, to coape, scuffle,
;
At. ON. at, Dan. ad, equivalent to grapple, fight with.— Cotgr. It. attacare
E. to before a verb, at segia, to say ; Lat. un chiodo, to fasten a nail la guer- ;
ATTIRE AUGER 31
convict, also to accuse or charge with. ture ; It. attitudine, promptness, dis-
Cotgr. The institution of a judicial ac- position to act, and also simply posture,
cusation is compared to the pursuit of an attitude.
enemy ; the proceedings are called a suit, Attorney. Mid. Lat. attornatus, one
Fr. poursuite en jugement, and the put in the turn or place of another, one
agency of the plaintiff is expressed by appointed to execute an office on behalf
the \ah prosequi, to pursue. In follow- of another.
ing out the metaphor the conduct of the
Li atorni est cil qui pardevant justice est
suit to a successful issue in the convic- atorni pour aucun en Eschequier ou en Assise
tion of the accused is expressed by the pour poursuivre et pour defendre sa droiture.
verb attingere, Fr. attaindre, which sig- Jus Municipale Normannorum, in Due.
nifies the apprehension of the object of a
chase. Auburn. Now applied to a rich red-
Quern fugientem dictus Raimundus atinxit.
brown colour of but originally it
hair,
probably designated what we now call
Hence the Fr. attainte d'une cause, the
flaxen hair. The meaning of the word
gain of a suit ; attaindre le meffait, to fix
is simply whitish. It. albumo, the white
the charge of a crime upon one, to prove
or sapwood of timber, ' also that whitish
—
a crime. Carp. Atains du fet, convicted
colour of women's hair called an abtim-
of the fact, caught by it, having it brought
—
home to one. Roquef.
colour.' —Fl. '[Cometa] splendoris al-
Attire. OFr. atour, attour, a French
—
burni radium producens.' Due. In the
Walser dialect of the Grisons, alb is used
hood, also any kind of tire or attire for a
in the sense of yellowish brown like the
woman's head. Damoiselle d'atour, the
colour of a brown sheep. Biihler. —
waiting-woman that uses to dress or attire
—
her mistress Cotgr., —
a tirewoman.
Auction. —Augment. Lat. augeo,
auctum, Gr. aSSw, Goth, aukan, AS. eacan,
Attour^, tired, attired, dressed, trimmed,
to increase, to eke.
adorned. Attourner, to attire, deck,
Audacious. Lat. audax,-acis; audeo,
dress. Attotirneur, one that waits in the
I dare.
chamber to dress his master or his mis-
tress.
—
Audience. Audit. In the law lan-
guage of the middle ages audire- was
The original sense of attiring was that specially applied to the solemn hearing
of preparing or getting ready for a certain
of a court of justice, whence audientia
purpose, from the notion of turning to-
was frequently used as synonymous with
wards it, by a similar train of thought to
judgment, court of justice, &c., and even
that by which the sense of dress, clothing,
in the sense of suit at law. The Judge
is derived from directing to a certain end,
was termed aztditor, and the term was in
preparing for it, clothing being the most
particular applied to persons commis-
universally necessary of all preparations.
sioned to inquire into any special matter.
He attired him to battle with fole that he had. The term was then applied to the notaries
R. Bninne in R..
or officers appointed to authenticate all
What does the king of France ? atires him good
navie. —Ibid. legal acts, to hear the desires of the
parties, and to take them down in writing
The change from atour to attire is
also to the parties witnessing a deed.
singular, but we find them used with ap-
'Testes sunt hujus rei visores et audi-
parent indifference.
By
tores, &c. Hoc viderunt et audierunt
Men
her atire so bright and shene
might perceve well and sene isti, &c.'—Due.
She was not of Religioun, At the present day the term is confined
Nor n' il I make mencioun to the investigation of accounts, the ex-
Nor of robe, nor of tresour, amination and allowance of which is
Of broche, neither of her rich attour. — R. R. termed the audit, the parties examining,
Riche atyr^ noble vesture, the auditors.
Bele robe ou riche pelure. — Polit. Songs.
Auf. Auff, a fool or silly fellow.— B.
OFr. atirer, attirer, atirier, ajuster, See Oaf
convenir, accorder, orner, decorer, parer, Auger. An implement for drilling
preparer, disposer, regler.— Roquefort. by turning round a centre which is
holes,
I tyer an egg je accoustre I tyer
: :
steadied against the pit of the stomach.
with garments: je habiUe and je ac- Formerly written nauger, Du. evegher,
coustre. —Palsgr. nevegher. In cases like these, which are
Attitude. Posture of body. It. atto, very numerous in language, it is impos-
from Lat. agere, actum, act, action, pos- sible prima facie to say whether an n has
— ; —;;•
32 AUGHT AVER
been added one case or lost in the
in the the time when the
auctum, increase;
other. In the present case the form with increase of the earth is gathered in.
an initial n is undoubtedly the original. Auxiliary. Lat. auxilium, help. See
AS. naf-irnr, naf-ior. Taradros [a gimlet], Auction.
7iapu gerA. —
Gloss. Cassel. The force of To Avail. I. To be of service. Fr.
the former element of the word is ex- valoir, to be worth; Lat. valere, to be
plained from the Finnish napa, a navel, well in health, to be able, to be worth.
and hence, the middle of anything, centre 2. To Avail or Avale, to lower. To
of a circle, axis of a wheel. In com- vail his flag, to lower his flag. Fr. a
position it signifies revolution, as from val, downwards ; a mont et d. val, towards
meren, the sea, meren-napa, a whirlpool the hill and towards the vale, upwards
from rauta, iron, napa-rauta, the iron and downwards. Hence avaler, properly
stem on which the upper millstone rests to let down, to lower, now used in the
and turns maan-napa, the axis of the
; sense of swallowing.
earth. With kaira, a borer, the equiva- Avalanche. A fall of snow sliding
lent of AS. gar, it forms napa-kaira, down from higher ground in the Alps.
exactly corresponding to the common E. Mid. Lat. avalantia, a slope, declivity,
name of the tool, a centre-bit, a piercer descent, from Fr. avaler, to let down.
acting by the revolution of the tool round Carp.
a fixed axis or centre. Lap. nape, navel, Avarice. Lat. avarus, covetous
centre, axle. aveo, to desire, to rejoice.
The other element of the word cor- Avast. A
nautical expression for hold,
responding to the Fin. kaira, AS. gar, is stop, stay. Avast talking.' cease talk-
identical with the E. gore, in the sense of ing ! Old Cant, a waste, away ; bing a
being gored by a bull, i. e. pierced by his —
waste, go you hence. Rogue's Diet, in
horns. AS. gar, a javelin, gara, an an- modern slang. Probably waste has here
gular point of land. the sense of empty ; go into empty space,
Aught or Ought. Something; as avoid thee. In wast, in vain. W. and —
naught or nought, nothing, as. A-wiht, the Werewolf.
OHG. eo-wiht; modern G. ichtj from &, G. They left thair awin schip standand tuaist.
aiv, ever, and wiht, Goth, waihts, a Squyer Meldram, 1. 773.
thing. See Whit.
Avaunt. Begone Fr. avajit, before
Augur. —Augury, See Auspice.
en avant ! forwards
!
!
Aunt. Lat. amita. OFr. ante. Icilz
Avenue. Fr. advenue, avenue, an
oncles avoit la sole ante espousde.
Chron. Du Guesclin. 264. A
similar con-
access, passage, or entry unto a place. —
Cot. Applied in E. to the double row of
traction takes place in emmet, ant.
—
Auspice. Auspicious. Lat. auspex
trees by which the approach to a house
of distinction was formerly marked. Lat.
for avispex (as auceps, a bird-catcher, for
venire, to come.
aviceps), a diviner by the observation of
(Lat. avis) birds. As the augur drew his
To Aver. Lat. verus, true Fr. avdrer, ;
to maintain as true.
divinations from the same source, the
element gur is probably the equivalent
Aver. A
beast of the plough. The Fr.
avoir (from habere, to have), as well as
of spex in auspex, and reminds us of OE.
Sp. haber, was used in the sense of goods,
gaure, to observe, to stare.
possessions, money. This in Mid. Lat.
Austere. Lat. austerus, from Gr.
av<rTripbg, harsh, severe, rough.
became avera, or averia.
Authentic. Gr. av9kvT7iQ, one who Taxati pactione quod salvis corporibus suis
acts or owns in his own right (der. from et averts et equis et armis cum pace- recederent.
airbc, and 'UaBat, mittere), aiiBevrtKbg, — Chart. A. D. 1166. In istum sanctum locum,
backed by sufficient authority.
venimus cum Averos nostras. Chart. Hisp. — .
AVERAGE AVOID 33
Jnes boeufs k arer la terre et il oocist mes avei-s. of the word is
The general meaning
— Littleton. I
damage by accident or
incidental ex-
We then have averia carrucce, beasts- penses incurred by ship or cargo during
of the plough ; and the word avers finally the voyage. Fr. grosses avaries, loss by
came to be confined to the signification tempest, shipwreck, capture, or ransom ;
a tenant belongs hovarbeide or hoveri, avaries:' the freight and charges. Marsh
;
duty work to which the tenant was bound gives other instances in Spanish and
hovdag, duty days on which he was Catalonian where the word is used in the
bound to service for the Lord, &c. Money sense of government duties and charges.
paid in lieu of this duty work is called Lo receptor de les haueries de les com-
'
hoveri penge, corresponding to the aver- positions que fa la! Regia Cort, y lo re-
/^««yofouroldrecords. Aver-penny,'hoc ceptor dels salaris dels Doctors de la
'
est quietuni esse de diversis denariis pro Real Audiencia,' &c.— Drets de Cata-
—
aVeragio Domini Regis.' Rastal in Due. lunya,A. D. 1584. In the Genoese annals
2. In the second place average is used of the year 141 3, quoted by Muratori, it
in the sense of a contribution made by is said that the Guelphs enjoyed the
'
all the parties in a sea-adventure accord- honours and benefices of the city, se- '
ing to the interest of each to make good cundum ipsorum numerurh, et illud quod
a specific loss incurred for the benefit of in publicis Solutionibus, quae Averim
—
all.' Worcester. To average a loss dicuntur, expendunt.'
among shippers of merchandise is to Marsh is inclined to agree with Santa
distribute it among them according to Rosa in deriving the word from the
their interest, and from this mercantile Turkish avania, properly signifying aid,
sense of the term it has come in ordinary help, but used in the sense of a govern-
language to signify a meaji value. In ment exaction, a very frequent word in
seeking the derivation of average, with the Levant. The real origin however is
its continental representatives, Fr. avaris, Arab, "awar, a defect or flaw, which is
avarie, It., Sp. avaria, Du. ahaverie, the technical tei'm corresponding to Fr.
averie, G. haferey, haverey, averey, the avarie, Kazomirski renders it 'vice,
first question will be whether we are to defaut,' and adds an example of its use
look for its origin to the shores of the as applied to marchandise qui a des '
Baltic or the Mediterranean. Now ac- defauts.' The primary meaning of the
cording to Mr Marsh the word does not word would thus be that which is under-
occtir in any of the old Scandinavian or stood by grosses avaries, charges for ac-
Teutonic sea-codes, even in the chapters cidental damage, from whence it might
containing provisions for apportioning easily pass to other charges.
the loss by throwing goods overboard. To Avoid. Properly to vxzk&void or
On the other hand, it is of very old stand- empi.y,to make of none effect. To avoid
ing in the Mediterranean, occurring in a contract, to make it void, and hence to
the Assises de Jerusalem, cxlv. Assises escape from the consequences of it. To
de la Baisse Court. 'Et sachies que confess and avoid, in legal phrase, was to
celui aver qui est gete ne doit estre conte adroit some fact alleged by the adversary,
fors tant com il cousta o toutes ses and then_ to make it of none effect by
averies:' and know that any goods that showing that it does not bear upon the
are thrown overboard shall only be case.
reckoned at what it cost with all charges.
Tell me your fayth, doe you beleeve that
The old Venetian version gives as the is a living God that is mighty to punishthere his
equivalent of avaries, dazii e spese. The enemies ? If you beleeve it, say unto me, can
derivation from ON. haf, the sea, or from you devise for to avoyde hys vengeance ? Barnes —
haven, must then be given up. inR.
3
— —;
34 AVOIR-DU-POISE AWARD
Here the word may be interpreted 1315.— ^until he shall be acknowledged as our
burgess. Recognoscendo SEu profitendo ab iUis
either way Can you devise to make void
:
ea tanquam a superioribus se tenere seu ah ifsis
his vengeance, or to escape his vengeance, 'eadem advocando, prout in quibusdam partibus
showing clearly the transition to the Gallicanis vulgariter dicitur advouer. — Concil.
modern meaning. So in the following Lugdun. A. D. 1274. A personis laicis tanquam
passage from Milton k superioribus ea quse ab Ecclesia tenant advou'
Not diffident of thee do
:
I dissuade
—
aniesse tenere. A. D. 1315, in Due.
Thy absence from my sight, but to avoid Finally, with some grammatical con-
The attempt itself intended by our foe. fusion, Lat. advocare, and E. avow or
To avoid was also used as Fr. vuider, avouch, came to be used in the sense of
vider la maison, Piedm. voidd na cd., to performing the part of the vouchee or
clear out from a house, to make it empty, person called on to defend the right im-
to quit, to keep away from a place. pugned. Et predict! Vice-comites advo-
Anno H. VII. it was enacted that all Scots cant (maintain) prsedictum attachion-
dwelling within England and Wales should avoid amentum justum, eo quod, &c. Lib. —
the realm within 40 days of proclamation made. Alb. 406. To avow, to justify a thing
—Rastal, in R. already done, to maintain or justify, to
It is singular that we should thus wit- affirm resolutely or boldly, to assert.
ness the development within the E. lan-
guage of a word agreeing so closely in
Bailey.
— — -T could
With barefaced power sweep him from my sight.
sound and meaning with Lat. evitare,
Fr. dviter ; but in cases of this kind it
And my will avouch it. — Macbeth.
bid
will, I believe, often be found that the Avowtery, Avowterer. The very
Latin word only exhibits a previous ex- common change of d into v converted
ample of the same line of development Lat. adulterium into It. avolterio, avol-
from one original root. I cannot but ieria, avoltero. Hence avolteratore,
believe that the radical meaning of Lat. Prov. avoutrador, OE. avowterer, an
vitare is to give a wide berth to, to leave adulterer. A d was sometimes inserted ;
an empty space between oneself and the OFr. avoultre, advoultre, avotre, OE.
object. Fr. viiide, vide, empty, waste, advoutry, adultery.
vast, wide, free from, not cumbered or Award. The primitive sense of ward
troubled with. —Cotgr. To shoot wide of is shown in the It. guardare, Fr. re-
the mark is to miss, to avoid the mark garder, to look.
;
Hence Rouchi es-
—
OHG. wit, empty witi, vacuitas. Graff. warder (answering in form to E. award),
;
AWE AWK 35
—where looking used exactly in the
is I reken,counte by cyfers of agrym : je en-
I
chiffre. I shall reken it syxe tymes by aulgorisme,
sense of the modern award.
These senses of look are well exempli- or you can cast it ones by counters. Palsgr. —
fied ina passage from R. G. p. 567. Sp. alguarismo, from Al Khowdresmt,
the surname of the Arabian algebrist, the
To chese six wise men hii lokede there
Three bishops and translation of whose work was the means
three, barons the wisest that
there were of introducing the decimal notation into
And bot hii might accordi, that hii the legate Europe in the 12th century.
took, Awhape. To dismay properly, to
And Sir Heniy of Almaine right and law to look — take away the breath with astonishment,
;
36 AWL BABE
sinister ; d. dial, abich, abech, dbicht, The
primitive image seems to consist
ttbechig, awech, awecki {atUs thilt er in the notion of continuance, duration,
awechi, he does everything awkly), qffig, expressed in Goth, by the root aiv. Aivs,
affik, aft, aftik, and again csbsch, dpisch, time, age, the world us-aivjan, to out- ;
epsch, verkehrt, linkisch, link, and in last ; dii aiva in aivin, for ever ; ni in
Netherlandish, aves, aefs, obliquus aiva, niaiv, never.
;
Lat. CEVmn^ cz-tas
aafsch, aefsch, aafschelyk, aversus, pre- Gr. aid, ati, always ; 6.ii>v, an age. OHG.
posterus, contrarius. Kil. — lo,ioj G.je, ever, always; AS. dva, aj
Awl. ON. air J G. ahle, OHG. alansa, OS wed. CB, all, ever.
alasna, Du. else, Fr. alesne. It. lesina. The passage from the notion of con-
Awn. A
scale or husk of anything, tinuance, endurance, to that of assevera-
the beard of corn. ON. ogn, agnir, chaiff, tion, may be exemplified by the use of
straw, mote ; Dan. avmj Gr. axva, the G. je, ja; je und je, for ever and
Esthon. aggan, chaff. ever vonje her, from all tinie ; wer hat
;
*Awning. Awning (sea term), a sail es je gesehen, who has ever seen it. Das
or tarpawUn hung over any part of a ship. istje wahr, that is certainly true ; es ist
Traced by the Rev. J. Davies to the je nicht recht, it is certainly not right ;
PI. D. havenung, from haven, a place es kann ja einen irren, every one may
where one is sheltered from wind and be mistaken ; thut es doch ja nicht, by
rain, shelter, as in the lee of a building no means do it. In the same way the
or bush. But it should be observed that Italian gia; non gia, certainly not. From
havenung is not used in the sense of this use of the word to imply the un-
awning, and it is rnore probable that it broken and universal application of a
is identical with Pr". auveitt. Mid. Lat. proposition, it became adopted to stand
awvanna, a penthouse of cloth before a by itself as an affirmative answer, equiv-
shop-window, &c. Cot. — alent to, certainly, even so, just so. In
Axe. AS. acase, eax, Goth, aquizi, hke manner the Lat. etia7n had the force
MHG. aches, G. dckes, ax, axt, ON. oxi, of certainly, yes indeed, yes.
Gr. a%ivn, Lat. ascia for acsia. In Frisian, as in English, are two
Axiom. Gr. diiwijia, a proposition,, forms, ae, like aye, coming nearer to the
maxim, from d^iow, to consider worthy, original root aiv, and ea, corresponding
to postulate. to G. je, ja, AS. gea, E. yea. In yes we
Axle. Lat. axis, Gr. a^Mi-, the centre have the remains of an affix, se or si,
on which a wheel turns or drives. Gr. which in AS. was also added to the
ayw, Lat. ago, to urge forwards. negative, giving nese, no, as well as jese,
Aye is used in two senses yes.
:
B
To Babble. Fr. babiller, Du. babelen, And sat softly adown
bebelen, confundere verba, blaterare, gar- And seid my byleve
rire; Gr. ^a/Safew.— Kil. From the syl- And so I bablede on my bedes,
They broughte me aslepe
lables ba, ba, representing the movement
On this matere I might
of the lips, with the element el or / repre- Mamelen full long. — P. P.
senting continuation or action. Fris. See Baboon.
bdbeln or bobble is when children make a Babe. The simplest articulations, and
noise with their lips by sounding the those which are readiest caught by the
voice and jerking down the underlip with infant mouth, are the syllables formed by
the finger.— Outzen. The Tower of Babel the vowel a with the primary consonants
was the tower of babblement, of confused of the labial and dental classes, especially
speech. the former ma, ba,pa, na, da, ta. Out
;
BABOON BACKET 37
prising the names for father, mother, in- plete when he rode at the head of his re-
fant, breast, food. Thus in the nursery- tainers assembled under his banner,
language of the Norman English papa, which was expressed by the term ' lever
mamma, baba, are the father, mother, bannifere.' So long as he was unable to
and infant respectively, the two latter of take this step, either from insufficient age
which pass into mammy and babby, baby, or poverty, he would be considered only
babe, while the last, with a nasal, forms as an apprentice in chivalry, and was
the It. bam,bino. called a knight bachelor, just as the outer
In Saxon English father is dada, daddy, barrister was only an apprentice at the
dad, answering to the Goth, atta, as papa law, whatever his age might be. The
to Hebrew abba. baccalarii of the south of France and north
Lat. mamma is applied to the breast, of Spain seem quite unconnected. They
the name of which, in E. pap, Lat. pa- were the tenants of a larger kind of farm,
pilla, agrees with the name for father. called baccalaria, were reckoned as rus-
Papa was in Latin the word with which tici, and were bound to certain duty work
infants demanded food, whence E. pap. for their lord. There is no appearance
Baboon. The syllables ba, pa, natur- in the passages cited of their having had
ally uttered in the opening of the lips, are any military character whatever. One
used to signify as well the motion of the would suspect that the word might be of
lips in talking or otherwise, as the lips Basque origin.
themselves, especially large or movable Back, 1. ON. bak; Lith. paka.ld,. The
lips, the lips of a beast. Thus we have part of the body opposite to the face,
G. dial, babbeln, babbern, bappern (San- turned away from the face. The rqot
ders), biiberlen (Schmidt), to babble, talk seems preserved in Bohem. paditi, to
much or imperfectly ; E. baberlipped, twist; Vol. paczyd se, to wz.r^^ (of wood),
having large lips G. dial, bappe, Fris.
;
to bend out of shape wspak, wrong,
;
bdbbe, Mantuan babbi, babbio, the chops, backwards, inside outwards ; pakosd,
mouth, snout, lips Fr. baboyer, babiner,
;
malice, spite, perversity ; opak, the wrong
to move pr pjay with the lips, babine, the way, awry, cross ; opaczny, wrong, per-
lip of a beast ; babion, baboin. It. babr verted ; Russ. opako, naopako, wrong
buino, a baboon, an animal with large paki in composition, equivalerjt to Lat.
ugly lips when compared with those of a re, again ; paki-buitie, regeneration. So
man. in E. to give a thing back is to give it
Bachelor. Apparently from a Celtic again, to give it in the opposite direction
root. W. bachgen, a boy, bachgenes, a to that in which it was formerly given,
young girl, baches, a little darling, bacli- and with us too the word is frequently
igyn, a very little thing, from bach, little. used in the moral sense of perverted,
From the foregoing we pass to the Fr. bad. A back-friend \% a perverted friend,
bacelle, bacelote, bachele, bachelette, a young one who does
injury under the cover of
girl, servant, friendship ; to back-slide, to slide out of
apprentice ; baceller, to
make love, to serve the right path, to fall into error ; Oisf.
as apprentice, to
commence a study ; bacelerie, youth bak-ractudur, ill-counselled
;
Esthon. ;
bachela^e, apprenticeship, art and study pahha-pool, the back side, wrong side
of chivalry. Hence by a secondary form- pahha, bad, ill-disposed Fin. Lap.
paha, ;
ation bacheler, bachelard, bachelier, young bad OHG. abah, abuh, apah, apnh, averr
;
tp arms or sciences. A
bachelor of arts abominari Goth, ibuks, backwards.
;
young young unmarried man. ferry boat Du. back, a trough, bowl,
soldier, ;
Then, as in the case of many other words manger, cistern, basin of a fountain, flat-
signifying boy or youth, it is applied to a bottomed boat, body of a wagon, pit at
servant or one in a subordinate condition. the theatre Dan; bakke, a t^ay. Of this
;
Vos e mi'n fesetzper totz lauzar, the It. bacino is the diminutive, whence
Vos cam senher e mi com bacalar E. basin, bason j It. bacinetto, a bacinet,
^youand I made ourselves praised among all, or bason-shaped helmet.
you as Lord, and I as servant or squire. Backet. In the N. of E. a coal-hod,
The functions of a knight we)-e coni- from back, in the sense pf a wide open
;
38 BACKGAMMON BADGER
vessel Rouchi, bac A carbon.
; —H^cart. Crucem assnmere dicebantur (says
qui ad sacra bella profecturi Crucis symbolum
Ducange)
The Fr. baquet is a tub or pail. palUis suis assuebant et affigebant in signuin
Baokgammon. From Dan. bakke votivae illius expeditionis.—Franci audientes talia
(also bakke-bord), a and gammen, a
tray, eloquia protinus in dextra fecere Graces suere
game, may doubtless be explained the scapula.
game of Back-gammon, which is con- The sign of the cross, then, was in
spicuously a tray-game, a game played the first instance, assumentum,' a patch, '
Unconnected, I believe, with Goth. to some of the habits of that animal, with
bauths, tasteless, insipid. which the spread of cultivation has made
Badge. A
distinctive mark of office us little familiar.
or service worn conspicuously on the But further, there can be little doubt
dress, often the coat of arms of the prin- that E. badger, whether in the sense of a
cipal under whom the person wearing the corn-dealer or of the quadruped, is di-
badge is placed. Du. busse, stadt-wapen, rectly descended from the Fr. bladier,
spinther, monile quod in humeris tabel- the corrupt pronunciation of which, in
larii et caduceatores ferunt. — Kil. Bage analogy with soldier, solger, sodger,
or bagge of armys—banidium. Pr. Pm. — would be bladger J and though the
omission of the / in such a case is a
Perhaps the earliest introduction of a
badge would be the red cross sewed on somewhat unfamiliar change, yet many
their shoulders by the crusaders as a instances may be given of synonyms
token of their calling. differing only in the preservation (or in-
sertion as the case may be) or omission
But on his breast a bloody cross he wore,
The dear resemblance of his absent Lord, of an /after an initial ^ or/. Thus Du.
For whose sweet sake that glorious badge he baffeji and blaffen, to bark pflveien and
wore. —
F, Q.
;
BAFFLE BAGGAGE 39
skait or patten ; but^e and blutse, a bmise, man isopenly perjured, and then they malce of
boil ; E. botch, or blotch; baber-lipped, him an image painted reversed with the heels
upward, with his name, wondering, crying and
and blabber-lipped, having large ungainly
blowing out of [on ?] him with horns in the most
lips ; fagged, tired, iromflagged, Fr. be tie despiteful manner they can. In token that he is
and blette, beets Berri, batte de pluie, a to be exiled the company of all good creatures.
;
with a gale from the N.W. ' i. e. strug- Rapreiffyt Edward rycht gretlye of this thing,
:
—
gling ineffectually with it. Times, Feb.
Bawchyllyt his seyll, blew out on that fals king
As a tyrand tumd bak and tuk his gait.
27, i860. '
To what purpose can it be to ;
manifestly taken from the French it can- same wprd as pajing or pale. Fr. balises,
not be explained as signifying the collec- finger-posts, posts stuck up in a river to
tion of bags belonging to an army. mark the passage. Balle, barrifere
—
Bail. Bailiff. The Lat. bajulus, a Hdcart. Bale, poste, retrachement ;
revenir d ses bales, to return to one's
bearer, was applied in later times to a
nurse, viz. as can-ying the child about. post, at the game of puss in the comer,
Mid. Lat. bajula, It. bdlia. Next it was or cricket. Hence the bails at cricket,
applied to the tutor or governor of the properly the wickets themselves, but now
children, probably in the first instance to the cross sticks at the top.
the foster-father. Bailiwick. The limits withii) which
Alii bajuli, i. e. —
vel nutritores quia
servuli, an executive officer has jurisdiction,
Commonly explained' as the district be-
consueverint nutrire filios et familias dominonim.
— ^Vitalis de Reb. Aragon. in Ducange. longing to a bailiff, Fr. bailli. But the
When the child under the care of the word can hardly be distinct from G.
Bajulus was of royal rank, the tutor weichbild, Pl.D. wikbild, wikbolt, wic-
became a man of great consequence, and bilethe, the district over which the muni-
the fiiyoe /SaiowXos was one of the chief cipal law of a corporate town extended,
officers of state at Constantinople. or the municipal law itself. The word
The name was also applied to the differs from E. bailiwick only in having
tutor of a woman or a minor. Thus the its two elements compoundefi in opposite
husband became the Bajulus. uxoris, order. The element wick is generally
and the name was gradually extended to recognised, as Goth, veihs, AS. wic, Lat.
any one who took care of the rights or vicus, a town, but the meaning of bild
person of another. In this sense is to be remains obscure. Pl.D. tvikmann, a
understood the ordinary E. expression of burgher, citizen or councillor.- Brem. —
giving bail, the person who gives bail Wtb._
being supposed to have the custody of Bait. The senses may all be ex-
him whom he bails. From bajulus was plained from the notion of biting, on.
formed It. bailo, balivo {bajulivus); Fr. beita, Sw. bet, bete, AS. bat (Ettmiiller), a
bail, bailli, E. bail, bailiff. The bail are bait for fish, is what the fish bites at, or
persons who constitute themselves tutors what causes him to bite. ON. beita, AS,
of the person charged, and engage to batan, to bait a hook. Du. bete, a bit, a
produce him when required. mouthful.
Tutores vel bajuli respondeant pro pupillis. ON. bita, to bite, is specially applied to
Usatici Barcinonenses. Et le roi I'a repue en the grazing of cattle, whence beif, Sw.
son hommage due son baron comma bail
et le
bet, bete, pasture, herbage ON. beita, Sw.
d'elle. — Chron.
Flandr. Et mjtto ilium (filium)
beta, to drive to pasture.
;
In English the
et omnem raeam terram et meum lionorem et '
raeos viros quEe Deus inihi dedit in bajulia de word is not confined to the food of cattle.
Deo et de suis Sanctis, &c. Ut sint in bayoliam Bait-poke, a bag to cany provisions in
—
Dei et de SanctS, IVIaria, &c. Testament. Regis bait, fopd, pasture.— Hal.
;
BAIZE BALDERDASH 41
to cause one to be worried by dogs, to signified made round and smooth like a
set his dogs on one. To bait a bear or a ball. The root, however, is too widely
bull is to set the dogs on to bite it. spread for such an explanation. Finn.
The ON. beita, Sw.
to harness
beta, Esthon.^a/>aj, naked, bare, bald Lap. ;
oxen to a sledge, or horses to a carriage, puoljas, bare of trees Dan. baldet, un- ;
must probably be explained from as. fledged.
bcete, N. bit, the bit of a bridle taken as Besides signifying void of hair, bald is
the type of harness in general. Ongan used in the sense of having a white mark
tha his esolas batan : he then began to on the face, as in the case of the common
sa4dle his asses. —
Caedm. p. 173. 25. sign of the bald-faced stag, to be com-
Baize. Coarse woollen cloth. For- pared with Fr. cheval belle/ace, a horse
merly 6ay£s. Du. baey, baai, Fr. baye. marked with white on its face. Bald-
' Les bayes seront
composdes de bonne
laine, non de flocon, laneton
faced, white-faced, —
Hal, The bald-coot
. ou autres . . is conspicuous by an excrescence of white
mauvaises ordures.' —
Reglement de la skin above its beak.
draperie in Hdcart. According to this The real identity of the word bald in
author it took its name from its yellow the two senses is witnessed by a wide
colour, given by graines d' Avignon ;
'
range of analogy, Pol. Bohem. lysy, bald,
from baie, berry. marked with a white streak Pol. lysina, ;
To Bake. To dress or cook by dry Bohem. lysyna, a bald pate, and also a
heat ; to cook in an oven, Bohem. pek, white njark on the face. Du. blesse, a
heat ; feku, p^cy, to bake, roast, &c. ;
blaze on the forehead, a bare forehead,
pekar, a baker Pol. piec, a stove ; piei,
; bles, bald. —
Kil. Fin. paljas, bald, Gr.
to bake, to roast, to parch, to burn ; /3aXiof, {pdKiSf, bald-faced, having a white
pieczywo, a batch, an oven-full ; piekarz, streak on the face. Gael, ball, a spot or
a baker. mark Bret, bal, a white mark on an
;
ON. baka, to warm. Kongur bakade animal's face, or the animal itself, whence
sier vid elld, the King warmed himself at the common name Ball for a cart-horse
—
the fire. Heimskr. E. dial, to beak, beke, in England. The connection seems to
to bask, to warm oneself; Du. zig baker- lie in the shining look of the bald skin.
en, P1,D. bdckern, to warm oneself. G.
His head was hallid and shone as any glass.
bdhen, to heat ; semmeln bdhen, to toast
Chaucer.
bread ; kranke glieder bdhen, to foment a
limb. Holz bdhen, to beath wood, to Lith. ballas, white balti, to become;
heat wood for the purpose of making it white ; balsis, a white animal. Fin,
set in a certain form. Gr. ;3w, calefacere. pallaa, to burn palo, burning.
;
ON.
Lat. baja, warm baths. See Bath. The bdl, a blaze, beacon-fire, funereal pile.
root is common to the Finnish class of Balderdash. Idle, senseless talk to ;
languages. Lap, pak, paka, heat ; paket, balder, to use coarse language. Halli- —
to melt with heat pakestet, to be hot, to
;
well. w. baldorddi, to babble, prate,
bask; paketet, to heat, make hot. or talk idly. Du. balderen, to bawl,
Balance. Lat. lanx, a dish, the scale make an outcry, to roar, said of the roar
of a balance bilanx, the implement for of cannon, cry of an elephant, &c.
; bald- ;
bulk or stall of a shop palco, palcone, final syllable seems to express a continu-
;
palcora, any stage or scaffold, roof, floor, ation of the phenomenon; Da, 6\2l.dask,
or ceiling palcare, to plank, stage, chatter, talk ; dov-dask, chatter fit to
scaffold. — ;
The radical idea seems to
Fl. deave one. Bav. datsch, noise of a blow
be what is supported on balks or beams. with the open hand ddtschen, to clap, ;
Bald. Formerly written balled, ballid, smack, tattle Gael, ballart, noisy boast-
;
42 BALE BALL
loud noise, shouting, hooting. The same to heap ; balka hopar, balka bunge, to
termination in lilie manner expresses heap up.
continuance of noise in plabartaich, a Twenty thousand men
continued noise of waves gently beating Balked in their blood on Holmedon's plain.
on the shore, unintelligible talk clapar- ;In the sense of a separation G. balken.
taich, a clapping or flapping of wings. Da. dial, balk, E. balk, are applied to a
From the same analogy, which causes so narrow slip of land left unturned in
many words expressive of the plashing ploughing. Baulke of land, separaison.
or motion of water to be applied to rapid Palsgr. A balk, says Ray, ' is a piece
or confused talking, balderdash is used of land which is either casually over-
to signify washy drink, weak liquor. A slipped and not turned up in plowing,
similar connection is seen in Sp. cka- or industriously left untouched by the
puzar, to paddle in water ; chapurrar, to plough for a boundary between lands.'
speak gibberish champurrar, to mix
; Hence to balk is to pass over in plough-
one liquid with another, to speak an un- ing, or figuratively in any other proceed-
connected medley of languages. ing.
Bale. I. Grief, trouble, sorrow. AS. For so well no man halt Ihe plough
lealo, gen. bealwes, torment, destruction, That it ne balketh. other while,
wickedness Goth, balva-vesei, wicked-
; Ne so well can no man afile
ness ; balveins,torment ON. bol, ca-
;
His tonge, that som time in jape
lamity, misery ;Du. bal-daed, malefac- Him may some light word overscape.
tum, maleficium. Pol. bol, ache, pain Gower in R.
;
bole/!, Bohem. boleii, to ail, to ache, to The mad steel about doth fiercely fly
grieve ; bolawy, sick, ill. Not sparing wight, ne leaving any balke,
w. ball, a
But making way for death at large to walke.
plague, a pestilence. Perhaps on. bola, F. Q.
a bubble, blister, a boil, may exhibit the
original development of the signification, Da. dial, at giore en balk, to omit a
a boil or blain being taken as the type of patch of land in sowing. To baulke the
sickness, pain, and evil in general. Russ. beaten road, to avoid it. Sir H. Wotton. —
bolyaf, to be ill, to grieve ; bolyatchka, a, In modern speech to balk is used in a
pustule. See Gall, 3. factitive sense, to cause another to miss
2. A package of goods. Sw. bal; It. the object of his expectation.
bulla J- Fr. balle, bal, a ball or pack, i. e. —
Ball. Balloon. Ballot, —
on. bbllr
goods packed up into a round or compact (gen. ballar), a globe, ball, Sw. boll, ball.
mass. ON. bollr, a ball balla, to pack Da. bold, OHG. pallo, G. ball, It. balla
;
together in the form of a ball. (with the augm. ballone, a great ball, a
To Bale out water. Sw. balja, Dan. balloon, and the dim. ballotta, a ballot),
balle, Du. baalie, Bret, bal, Gael, ballan, palla, Sp. bala, Fr. balle, Gr. TtaKKa
a pail or tub ; G. balge, a washing-tub, (Hesych.), a ball. Fin. pallo, with the
perhaps from balg, a skin, a water-skin dim. pallukka, pallikka, a ball, globule,
being the earliest vessel for holding testicle ; maan pallikka, a clod of earth ;
water. Hence Dan. balle, Du. baalien, palloilla, to roll. From the same root
to empty out water with a bowl or pail, probably Lat. pila, pilula, a ball, a pill,
to bale out. In like manner Fr. bacgtteter, which seem equally related to the fore-
in the same sense, from bacquet, a pail. going and to the series indicated under
* Balk. The primary sense seems to be
Bowl, Boll.
as in G. balken, on. bjdlki, OSw. balker,
Ball.—Ballad.— Ballet. It. ballare,
bolker, Sw. bielke, Sw. dial, balk, a beam. to dance, from the more general notion
Fr. ban, the beam of a ship, the breadth of moving up and down. Mid.Lat. bal-
from side to side ; Rouchi ban, a beam. lare, hue et illuc inclinare, vacillare.
We have then It. palcare, to plank, floor, Ugutio in Due. Venet. balare, to rock,
roof, stage or scaffold; Sw. afbalka, to to see-saw. OFr. baler, baloier, to wave,
separate by beams, to partition off ; Sw. to move, to stir.
dial, balk, a cross beam dividing the Job ne fut cokes (a kex or reed) ne rosiau
stalls in a cow-house, a wooden par- Qui au vent se tourne et baloie.
tition ; on. balkr, bdlkr, a partition, It. ballare, to shake or jog, to dance.
whether of wood or stone, as in a barn Hence, ballo, a dance, a ball. Ballata,
or cow-house, a separate portion, a di- a dance, also a song sung in dancing
vision of the old laws, a clump .of men (perhaps in the interval of dancing), a
;
vcdra bdlkr, N. uveirs bolk, as we say, a ballad. Fr. ballet, a scene acted in
balk of foul weather. Sw. dial, balka. dancmg, the ballet of the theatres.
BALLAST BAN 43
It probably an old Celtic word.
is
Bret. baUa, to walk, baU, the act of
as well as to ballast it. — Cot. Lest, like
Teutonic last, was used
for a load or
walking, or movement of one who walks. definite weight of goods (Roquef.), and
Ballast. Dan. bag-lest, Du. ballast, Mid.Lat. lastagium signified not only
Fr. lest, lestage. It. lastra, Sp. lastre. ballast, but loadage, a duty on goods
The first syllable of this word has given sold in the markets, paid for the right of
a great deal of trouble. It is explained carriage.
back by Adelung, because, as he says, the Balluster. Fr. ballustres, ballisters
ballast is put in the hinder part of the (corruptly bannisters when placed as guard
ship. But the hold is never called the to a staircase;, little round and short
back of the ship. A more likely origin is pillars, ranked on the outside of cloisters,
to be found in Dan. dial, bag-las, the back- terraces, galleries, &c. —
Cotgr. Said to
load, comparatively worthless load
or be from balaustia, the flower of the
one brings back from a place with an pomegranate, the calyx of which has a
empty waggon. When a ship discharges, double curvature similar to that in which
if it fails to obtain a return cargo, it is balusters are commonly made. But such
forced to take in stones or sand, to pre- rows of small pillars were doubtless in
serve equilibrium. This is the back- use before that particular form was given
load, or ballast of a ship, and hence the to them. The Sp. barauste, from bara or
name has been extended to the addition vara, a rod, seems the original form of
of heavy materials placed at the bottom the word, of which balaustre (and thence
of an ordinary cargo to keep the balance. the Fr. ballustre) is a corruption, anal-
The whole amount carried by the canal lines ogous to what is seen in It. bertesca, bal-
in 1854 was less than 25,000 tons, and this was tresac, a battlement ; Lat. urtica, Venet.
chiefly carried as lack-loading, for want of other oltriga, a nettle.
freight. —
Report Pennsylv. R. 1854.
Sp. baranda, railing around altars,
Mr Marsh objects to the foregoing fonts, balconies, &c. ; barandado, series
derivation, in the first place, that home- of balusters, balustrade barandilla, a
;
44 BAND
Car j'ai de men p&re congi^
feudal times all male inhabitants were in — R,
De faire ami et d'etre aim&. R.
general required to give personal attend-
ance when the king planted his banner Never maiden of high birth had such
in the field, and sent round a notice that power or freedom of loving as I have.
his subjects were summoned to join him Les saiges avait et les fols
against the enemy. Commun^ment d, son bandon. —R. R-
He askyt of the Kyng Translated by Chaucer,
Til have the vaward of his batayl,
Quhatever thai ware wald it assayle, Great loos hath Largesse and great prise,
That he and Ijis suld have always For both the wise folk and unwise
Quhen that the king suld Banare rays. Were wholly to her bandon brought,
Wyntoun, v. 19. 15.
i.e. were brought under her power or
Now this calling out of the public force command.
was called bannire in hostem, bannire in Baud, 1. That with which anything
exercitum, populum. in hostem convocare, is bound. band, Goth, bandi, Fr,
AS.
bannire exercitum, in Fr. banir I'oustj bande, banda.
It. From the verb to
AS. theodscipe ut abannan. In Layamon bifid, Goth, bindan, band, bundun. Spe-
we constantly find the expression, he cially applied to a narrow strip of cloth
bannede his ferde, he assembled his host. or similar material for binding or swath-
The expression seems to arise from baim ing hence a stripe or streak of different
;
in the sense of standard, flag, ensign colour or material. In It. banda the
(see Banner). The raising of the King's term is applied to the strip of anything
banner marked the place of assembly, lying on the edge or shore, a coast, side,
and the primitive meaning of bannh-e region. G. bande, border, margin.
was to call the people to the bann or Band, 2. To Bandy. In the next
standard. The term was then applied place Band is applied to a troop of
to summoning on any other public oc- soldiers, a number of persons associated
casion, and thence to any proclamation, for some common purpose. It. Sp. banda,
whether by way of injunction or for- Fr. bande. There is some doubt how
biddal. this signification has arisen. It seems
Si quis legibus in utilitatem Regis sive in hoste however to have been developed in the
(to the host or army) sive in reliquam utilitatem Romance languages, and cannot be ex-
—
hannitus fuerit, etc. Leg. Ripuar. Exercitum plained simply as a body of persons
in auxilium Sisenardi de toto regno Burgundise
bound together for a certain end. It has
—
hannire praecepit Fredegarius. Si quis cum
plausibly been deduced from Mid.Lat.
armis hannitus fuerit et non venerit. Capitul. — bannum or bandum, the standard or
Car. Mag. A. D. 813. avenist que le Roy
Se il
chevauchat a osi iani centre las ennemis de la banner which forms the rallying point of
—
Croix. Assises de Jerusalem. Fece bandire a company of soldiers.
hoste generale per tutto '1 regno.—John Villani
Bandus, says Muratori, Diss. 26, tunc (in the
in Due.
gth century) nuncupabatur legio a bando, hoc est
In like manner we find bannire adplacita, vexillo.
admolendinum, &c., summoning to serve So in Swiss, fahne, a company, from
at the Lord's courts, to bring corn to be fahne, the ensign or banner. Sp. bandera
ground at his mill, &c. Thus the word is also used in both senses. Fr. eiiseigne,
acquired the sense of proclamation, ex- the colours under which a band or com-i
tant in Sp. and It. bando, and in E. banns pany of footmen serve, also the band or
of marriage. In a special sense the term company itself. Cot. But if this were —
was applied to the public denunciation the true ijerivation it would be a singular
by ecclesiastical authority ; Sw. bann, change to the feminine gender in banda.
excommunication bann-lysa, to excom-
; The real course of development I believe
municate {lysa, to publish) banna, to ; to be as seen in Sp. banda, side, then
reprove, to take one to task, to ctide, to party, faction, those who side together
curse, E. to ban.
In Fr. bandon
(bande, parti, ligue Taboada), Band-—
the signification w;is ear, to form parties, to unite with a band.
somewhat further developed, passing on It. ba?idare, to side or to bandy (Florio),
from proclamation to command, permis- to bandy being explained in the other
sion, power, authority. 'A son bandon, part of the dictionary, to follow a faction.
at his own discretion. OE. bandon was To bandy, tener da alcuno, sostener il
used in the same sense. See Abandon. partito d'alcuno.^ —
Torriano.
Oncques Pucelle de paraige Unnumbered as the sands
N'eut d'aimer tel bandon que j'ai, Of Barca or Gyrene's torrid soil,
: ;
Banditti BANNER 45
Levied to side with wfirring winds, and poise
—
Their lighter wings. Milton in R.
To Banish. — Bandit. From Mid.
Lat. bannire, bandire, to proclaim, de-
Kings had need beware Aow they side them- nounce, was formed the OFr. compound
selveSt and make themselves as of a faction or
party, for leagues within the state are ever perni-
for-bannir (pannire foras), to publicly
cious to monarchy. —
Bacon in R. order one out of the realm, and the simple
Fr. bander, to join in league with others
bannir was used in the same sense,
—
against Cotgn, se reunir, s'associer, se
whence E. banish.
joindre. —
Roquefort. It is in this sense
From the same verb the It. participle
bandito signifies one denounced or pro-
that the word is used by Romeo.
claimed, put under the ban of the law,
Draw, Benvoglio, beat down their weapons
Gentlemen, for shame, forbear this outrage, and hence, in the same way that E. out-
Tibalt, Mercutio, the Prince expressly hath lam came to signify a robber. It. banditti
Forbidden bandying in Verona streets. acquired the like signification. Forban-
The prince had forbidden faction fight- nitus is used in the Leg. Ripuar. in the
ing. Sp. bandear, to cabal, to foment —
sense of a pirate. Diez. The word is in
factions, follow a party. E. so much associated with the notion of
The name of bandy is given in English a band of robbers, that we are inclined
to a game in which the players are di- to understand it as signifying persons
vided into two sides, each of which tries banded together.
to drive a wooden ball with bent sticks Banister. See Balluster.
in opposite directions. —
Bank. Benchi. The latter form has
The zodiac is the line : the shooting stars. come to us from AS. bance, the former
Which in an eyebright evening seem to fall. from Fr. banc, a bench, bank, seat ; banc
Are nothing but the balls they lose at bandy. de sable, a sand-bank. G. bank, a bench,
Brewer, Lingua, in R. stool, shoal, bank of river. Bantze, a desk.
Fr. bander, to drive the ball from side —^Vocab. de Vaud. It. banco, panca,z.
to side at tennis. Hence the expression bench, a table, a counter.
of bandying words, retorting in language
But natheless took unto our dame
I
like players sending the ball from side to Your wife at home
the same gold again
side at bandy or tennis. —
Upon your bench. she wot it well certain
Banditti. See Banish. By certain tokens that I can here tell.
Bandog. A
large dog kept for a Shipman's Tale.
guatd, and therefore tied up, g. band-dog. From a desk or counter the significa-
Du. band-hond, canis vinculis assuetus, tion was extended to a merchant's count-
at canis peciiarius, pastoralis. — Kil. ing-house or place of business, whence
To Bandy. See Band, 2. the mod. E. Bank applied to the place of
Bandy. Bandy legs are crooked legs. business of a dealer in money. The
Fr. bander tin arc, to bend a. bow, &c. ; ON. distinguishes bekkr, N. benk, a bench,
bandi, bent as a bow. a long raised seat, and bakki, a bank,
Bane. Goth, banja, a blow, a wound eminence, bank of a river, bank of
OHG. bana, death-blow ; Mid.HG. bane, clouds, back of a knife. Dan. bakke,
destruction ; AS. bana, murderer. ON. banke, bank, eminence. The back is a
bana, to slay, bana-sott, death-sickness, natural type of an elevation or raised ob-
bana-sdr, death-wound, &c. ject. Tllus Lat. dorsum was applied to
Bang. A syllable used to represent a a sand-bank dorsum jugi, the slope of
;
loud dull sound, as of an explosion or a a hill, a rising bank. The ridge of a hill
blow. The child cries bang! fire, when is AS. hricg, the back.
he wishes to represent letting off a gun. Bankrupt. Fr. banqueroute, bank-
To bang the door is to shut it with a loud ruptcy, from banc, bench, counter, in the
noise. sense of place of business, and OFr. roupt,
With many a stiff thwack, many a bang, Lat. ruptus, broken. When a man fails .
Hard crabtree and old iron rang. Hudibras. — to meet his engagements his business is
ON. bang, hammering, beating, disturb- broken up and his goods distributed
ance banga, to beat,^ knock, to work in among his creditors. It. banca rotta,
;
ON. benda, to bend, to beckon ; banda, spar, a beam or long pole of wood. The
to make signs banda hendi, manu an-
;
meaning seems in the first instance a
nuere. The original object of a standard branch; Celtic bar, summit, top, then
is to serve as a mark or sign for the branches. Bret, barrou-gwez, branches
troop to rally round, and it was accord- of a tree {gwezen, a tree). Gael, barrack,
ingly very generally known by a name branches, brushwood. Hence Fr. barrer,
having that signification. ON. merki., to bar or stop the way as with a bar, to
Lat. signuin, Gr. arineXov, OHG. heri-pau- hinder; barriire, a barrier or stoppage;
chan, a war-beacon or war-signal; Fr. barreau, the bar at which a criminal
enseigne, a sign or token as well as an appears in a court of justice, and from
ensign or banner Prov. senh, senhal, a which the barrister addresses the court.
;
BARBEL BARGAIN A7
merit of water. Thus the on. skola, as the great and warlike, and hymns to the
well as thwcEtta, are each used in the gods.
sense both of washing or splashing and
Bardus Gallicd cantafor appellatur qui virorum
of talking. The E. twattle, which was foreium laudes canit. —
Festus in Diet. Etym.
formerly used in the sense of tattle, as
well as the modern twaddle, to talk much
BdpSot fiki/ UfjLurjTal Kai TrotTjxai. —Strabo, lb.
Et Bardi quidem fortia vironim illustrium
and foolishly, seem frequentative forms facta heroicis composita versibus cum dulcibus
of Sw. twcEtta, to wash. g. waschen, to lyrae —
modulis cantitarunt. Lucan, lb.
tattle. It. guaszare, to plash or dabble,
Hence, in poetic language Bard used
guazzolare, to prattle. —Fl. In like for poet.
is
manner the syllable bar or bor is used in 2. Sp. barda, horse armour covering
the formation of words intended to repre- the front, back, and flanks. Applied in
sent the sound made by the movement E. also to the ornamental trappings of
of water or the indistinct noise of talk- horses on occasions of state.
ing. Hindost. barbar, muttering, barbar-
When immediately on the other part came in
kama, to gurgle. The verb borrelen the fore eight knights ready armed, their basses
signifies in Du. to bubble or spring up, and hards of their horses green satin embroidered
and in Flanders to vociferate, to make with fresh devices of bramble bushes of fine gold
an outcry ; Sp. borbotar, borbollar, to boil curiously wrought, powdered all over. Hall —
in R.
or bubble up ; barbulla, a tumultuous as-
sembly; Port, borbulhar, to bubble or Fr. bardes, barbes or trappings for
boil; It. borboglio, a rumbling, uproar, horses of service or of show. Barder, to
quarrel ; barbugliare, to stammer, stutter, barbe or trap horses, also to bind or tie
speak confusedly. Fr. barbeter, to grunt, across. Barde, a long saddle for an ass
mutter, murmur ; barboter, to mumble or or mule, made only of coarse canvas
mutter words, also to wallow like a seeth- stuffed with flocks. Bardeau, a shingle
ing pot. — Cot. The syllable bur seems or small board, such as houses are covered
in the same way to be taken as the with. Bardelle, a bardelle, the quilted
representative of sound conveying no or canvas saddle wherewith colts are
meaning, in Fr. baragouin, gibberish, —
backed. Cotgr. Sp. barda, coping of
jargon, ' any rude gibble-gabble or bar- straw or brushwood for the protection of
barous speech.' Cot. — Mod. Gr. /3£p- a mud wall; albarda, a pack-saddle,
jSepi^w, to stammer; /3opj3opwJu, to rum- broad slice of bacon with which fowls
ble, boil, grumble (Lowndes, Mod. Gr. are covered when they are roasted ; al-
Lex.) ; Port, borborinha, a shouting of bardilla, small pack-saddle, coping,
men. border of a garden bed. The general
Barbel. A river fish having a beard notion seems that of a covering or pro-
at the comers of the mouth. Fr. barbel, tection, and if the word be from a Gothic
barbeau. — Cot. source we should refer it to ON. barS,
Barber. Fr. barbier, one who dresses brim, skirt, border, ala, axilla. Hatt-bard,
the beard. the flap of a hat; skialldar-bard, the
Barberry. A shrub bearing acid edge of a shield hval-barct, the layers of
—
;
berries. Fr. dial, barbelin. Diet. Etym. whalebone that hang from the roof of a
Barbaryn-frute, barbeum,— tree, barbaris. whale's mouth. But Sp. albarda looks
— Pm.
Pr. like an Arabic derivation; Arab, al-
Barbican. An outwork for the de- barda'ah, saddle-cloth. Diez. —
fence of a gate. It. barbacane, a jetty Bare. Exposed to view, open, un-
or outnook in a building, loophole in a covered, unqualified. G. baar, bar, on.
wall to shoot out at, scouthouse.— Fl. berj G. baares geld, ready money. Russ.
The Pers. bdla-khaneh, upper chamber, bds, Lith. bdsas, bdsiis, bare baskojis, ;
is the name given to an open chamber barefooted Sanscr. bhasad, the naked-
;
entrance defended. the word was used in OE. and Sc. in the
Bard. i. w. bardd, Bret, barz, the sense of fight, skirmish.
name of the poets of the ancient Celts, And mony tymys ische thai wald
whose office it was to sing the praises of And bargane at the barraiss hald,
; ;
48 BARGE BARON
And wound thair fayis oft and sla. bartig, second syllable Of
barlich, the
Barbour in Jam, which analogous to that of garlick,
is
Wehave seen under Barbarous that hemlock, charlock, and is probably a true
equivalent of the lys in w. barlys. See
the syllable bar was Tised in the con-
struction of words expressing the con- Garlick.
Barm. Yeast, the slimy substance
i.
fused noise of voices sounding indistinct
formed in thebrewing of beer. AS. beornt,
either from the language not being un-
G. berm, Sw. berma. Dan. bcerme, the
derstood, or froTii distance or simultane-
ous utterance. Hence it has acquired dregs of oil, wine, beer.
2. As Goth, barms, a lap, bosom ; ON.
the character of a root signifying con-
fusion, contest, dispute, giving rise to It.
barmr, border, edge, lap, bosom. See
Brim.
baniffa, fray, altercation, dispute ; Prov.
baralha, trouble, dispute ; Port, baralhar,
Barn. as. berem, bcern, commonly
Sp. barajar, to shufSe, entangle, put to
explained from bere, barley, and ern, a
confusion, dispute, quarrel Port, bara- ;
place, a receptacle for barley or corn,
funda, Sp. barahunda, tumult, confusion, as baces-ern, a baking place or oven,
lihtes-ern, a lantern. (Ihre, v. am.)
disorder; Port, barafustar, to strive,
struggle; It. baratta, strife, squabble, But probably ^^rifr» is merely a misspell-
dispute barattare, to rout, to cheat, also ing, and the word, is simply the Bret;
;
barones are the nobles or vassals of the alquiceles y de otros cosas que de Berberia se
elevaban a Levante.
so BARTIZAN BASTE
ing for profit, then cheating, over-reach- Bason. bacino, Fr. bassin, the
It.
exchange; baratear, to bargain; bara- which covers the grain Dan. Swed. ;
teria, fraud, cheating, and especially Ger. bast, the inner bark of the lime-tre6
fraud committed by the master of a ship beaten out and made into a material for
with respect to the goods committed to mats and other coarse fabrics. Dan.
him. bast-maatte, bass-matting; bast-reb, a
Baratry is when the master of a ship cheats bass rope. Du. bast, a halter, rope for
the owners or insurers, by imbezzling their goods
or running away with the ship. Bailey. — hanging, oe. baste.
Bot ye salle take a stalworthe basts
But according to Blackstone barratry
And binde my handes behind me faste,
consists in the offence of stirring up MS. HaUiweU.
quarrels and suits between parties.
Dan. baste, Sw. basta, to bind, commonly
Bartizan. See Brattice.
joined with the word binda, of the same
Barton. A
court-yard, also the de-
sense. Sw. at basta og binda, to bind
mesne lands of a manor, the manor-
housfe itself, fhe outhouses and yards.
hand and foot. Dan. Icegge eeii i baand
Halliwell. AS. beretun, beortun, berewic,
og bast, to put one in fetters and it is ;
Sed me jani mavult dicere Roma suam. is sometimes guarded with fragments^
discourse
— ; : —
•BASTINADO BAT SI
and the gviards are but slightly basted on neither. phor from the notion of basting meat.
— Milch Ado aBoiit Nothing. To baste one's hide ; to give him a sound
Derived by Diez from iasi, as if that bastingi
were the substance originally vised in 3. The sense of pouring dripping over
stitching, but this is hardly satisfactory. meat at roast or rubbing the meat with
It seems to me that the sense of stitch- fat toprevent its burning is derived from
ing, as a preparation for the final sewing the notion of beating in the same way
of a garment, may naturally have arisen that the verb to stroke springs from the
from the notion of preparing, contriving, act of striking. Sw. stryk, beating,
settiilg up, which seems to be the general blows; stryka, to rub gently, to stroke,
sense of the verb bastire, iastir, in the to spread bread and butter. Fr. frotter,
Romance languages. to rub, is explained by Cot. also to cudgel,
Thus we have Sp. bastir, disposer, pre- baste or knock soundly.
parer (Taboada) ; It. iinbastire, to lay the Bastinado. Sp. bastonada, a blow
cloth for dinner, to devise or begin, a with a stick, Sp. Fr. baston. Fr. baston-
business (Altieri). Fr. bastir, to build, nade, a. cudgelling, bastonnir, to cudgel.
liiake, frame, erect, raise, set up, also to In English the term is confined to the
compose, contrive, devise. Bastir a beating on the soles of the feet with a
quelqu'un son roulet, to teach one before- stick, a favourite punishment of the Turks
—
hand what he shall say or do. Cot. and Arabs. For the origin of baston see
Prov. guerra bastir, to set on foot a war Baste, 2.
agait bastiYy to lay an ambush. Rayn. — Bastion. It. bastia, bastida, bastione,
Sp. bastimento, victuals, provisions, a bastion, a sconce, a blockhouse, a bar-
things prepared for future use, also the ricado. Florio.— Fr. bastille, bastilde, a
basting or preparatory stitching of a gar- fortress or castle furnished with towers,
ment, stitching of a quilt or mattrass. To donjon, and ditches bastion, the fortifi-
;
52 BATCH BATTLEMENT
striking. In some parts of England it is basa sig isolen, to bask in the sun. Da.
the ordinary word for a stick at the dial, batte sig, to warm oneself at the
present day. A
Sussex woman speaks fire or in the sun.
of putting a clung bat, or a dry stick, on Perhaps the above may be radically
the fire. In Suffolk batlins are loppings identical with ON. baka, E. bake, to heat,
of trees made up
into faggots. Bret, baz, Slav, pak, heat. Baka sik vid elld, to
a stick Gael, bat, a staff, cudgel, blud-
; warm oneself at the fire. PLD. sich ba-
geon, and as a verb, to beat, to cudgel. kern, e. dial, to beak, to warm oneself.
Mgy. hot, a stick. The origin of the To Batten. To thrive, to feed, to
word is an imitation of the sound of a become fat. Goth, gabatnan, to thrive,
blow by the syllable bat, the root of e. to be profited, ON. batna, to get better, to
beat. It. battere, Fr. battre, w. baeddu. become convalescent. Du. bdt, bet, bet-
—
Bat, a blow. Hal. The lighter sound ter, more. See Better.
of the p
in pat adapts the latter syllable Batten. In carpenter's language a
to represent a gentle blow, a blow with a scantling of wooden stuff from two to
light instrument. The imitative nature four inches broad, and about an inch
of the root bat is apparent in Sp. bata- —
thick. Bailey. A
batten fence is a fence
cazo, baquetazo, representing the noise made by nailing rods of such a nature
made by one in falling. across uprights. From bat in the sense
Batcii. A batch
of bread is so much of rod ; perhaps first used adjectivally,
as baked zX one time, G. gebdck, gebdcke.
is bat-en, made of bats, as wood-en, made of
Bate. Strife; makebate, a stirrer-up wood.
of strife. Batyn, or make debate. Jurgor, Batter. Eggs, flour, and milk beaten
vel seminare discordias vel discordare. up together.
Pr. Pm. Fr. debat, strife, altercation, —
To Batter. Battery. Battery, a
dispute. — Cot. beating, an arrangement for giving blows,
To Bate. I. Fr. abattre, to fell, beat, is a simple adoption of Fr. batterie, from
or break down, quell, allay ; Sp. batir, to battre, to beat. From battery was pro-
beat, beat down, lessen, remit, abate. bably formed to batter under the con-
, 2. A
term in falconry ; to flutter with sciousness of the root bat in the sense of
the wings. Fr. battre las ailes. blow, whence to batter would be a regular
Bath. — To .Bathe.— To Bask. on. frequentative, signifying to give repeated
bada, G. baden, to bathe. The primary blows, and would thus seem to be the
meaning of the word seems to be to verb from which battery had been formed
w'arm, then to warm by the application of in the internal development of the English
hot water, to foment, to refresh oneself in language.
water whether warm or cold. Sw. dial. —
Battle. Battalion. It. battere, Fr.
basa, bdda, badda, to heat ; solen baddar, battre, to beat se battre, to fight, whence
;
the sun burns ; solbase, the heat of the It. battaglia, Fr. bataille, a battle, also a
sun badfish, fashes basking in the sun
; squadron, a band of armed men arranged
;
basa, badda, bdda vidjor, as E. dial, to for fighting. In OE. also, battle was used
beath wood, to heat it before the fire or in the latter sense.
in steam in order to make it take a
Scaffaldis, Jeddris and covering,
certain bend. Plkkis, howis, and with staffslyng,
Faine in the sonde to tathe her merrily To ilk lord and his bataille
Lieth Pertelotte, and all her sustirs by Wes ordanyt, quhar he suld assaill,
Ayenst the sunne, Chaucer. — Barbour in Jam.
Flem. betten, to foment with hot applica- Hence in the augmentative form It. bat-
tions. G. bdhen, to foment, to warm, tagUone, a battalion, a main battle, a great
seems related to baden as Fr. trahtr to It. squadron. Florio.
tradire. Holz bdhen, to beath wood
—
Battledoor. The bat with which a
brot bdhen, to toast bread. Hence pro- shuttlecock is struck backwards and for-
bably may be explained the name of wards. Sp. batador, a washing beetle, a
Baiffi, as signifying warm baths, to which flat board with a handle for beating the
that place owed its celebrity. wet linen in washing. Batyldoure or
It can hardly be doubted that bask is washynge betylle.
the reflective form of the foregoing verbs,
Pr. Pm. —
Battlement. From OFr. bastille, a
from ON. badask, to bathe oneself, as E. fortress or castle, was formed bastilU,
busk, to betake oneself, from on. buask made like a fortress, adapted
for defence,
for biia sik. I baske, I bathe in water
'
viz. in the case of a wall, by projections
or in any licoure.' Palsgr. — Sw. dial, at which sheltered tile defenders while they
— — !
BAUBLE BAWSON 53
shot through the indentures. Mur bas- Swiss, bau, dung; baue, to manure the
tille, an embattled wall, a wall with such fields. W. baw, dirt, filth, excrement.
notches and indentures or battlements. To baw, to void the bowels. Hal. Sc. —
Batylment of a wall, propugnaculum.
Pm.
bauch,
From
disgusting, sorry, bad.
Baw
Jam.
! an interjection of disgust,
—
Pr. .
or a dogge malyote.' ' Pegma, baculus The It. oibo ! fie ! fie upon (Altieri), Fr.
cum massa plumbi in summitate pen- bah ! pooh nonsense and Sp. baf
dente.' —
Pr. Pm., and authorities in note. expressive of disgust,
! !
54 BAY BE
bald, marked like a pie. Probably con- baier, to open the mouth, to stare, to be
nected with PoL bialo., Russ. Vielp, iiitent on anything.
Bohem. bjly, white. Serv. bijel, white, From the former verb is the It. expresr
bilyega, a mark, bilyejiti, to mark. See sion tenere a bada, to keep one waiting,
Bald. to keep at a bay, to amuse stare a bada, ;
architectural meaning of the word was from the foregoing examples, would give
not generally understood, corrupted into but a partial explanation of the expres-
Bow-window, as if to signify a window of sion.
curved outline. Fr. bde, a hole, overture, Bayonet. Fr. baionette, a dagger.
or opening in the wall or other paft pf a Cot. Said to have been invented at Bay-
house, &c. Cot. — Swiss beie, baye, win- onne, or to have been first used at the
dow ; bayen-stein, window-sill.— Stalder. siege of Bayonne in 1665. —Diez.
Swab, bay, large window in a handsome Bay-tree. The laurvfs nobilis or true
house .
— Schmid. laurel of the ancients, the laurel-bay, so
called from its bearing bays, or berries.
Bay. Lat. badius, Sp. bayo. It. bajo,
Fr. bai. Gael, buidhe, yellow ; buidhe- The
royal laurel is a very tall and big tree
ruadh, hddhe-dhonn, bay. and the bates or berries (baccas) which it bears
To Bay. To bark as a dog. It. ab- are nothing biting or unpleasant in taste. Hol- —
baiare, babayer, Lat. batibari, Gr.
Fr. land's Pliny in R.
BauSfi)/, Piedm./^ bau, from an imitation A garland of bays is commonly repre-
of the sound. See Bawl. sented with berries between the leaves.
At Bay. It has been shown under The word bay, Fr. baie, a berry, is per-
Abie, Abide, that from ba, representing haps not directly from Lat. bacca, which
the sound made in opening the mouth, itself seems to be from a Celtic root, w,
arose two forms of the verb, one with and bacon, berries. Gael, bagaid, a cluster of
one without the addition of a final d to grapes or nuts. Prov. baca, baga, OSp.
the root, ist. It. badarc, having the baca. Mod. Sp. baya, the cod of peas,
primary signification of opening the husk, berry. It. baccello, the cod or husk
mouth, then of doing whatever is marked of beans or the like, especially beans.
by involuntarily opening the mouth, as * To Be. AS. beonj Gael, beo, alive,
gazing, watching intently, desiring, wait- living beothach, a beast, living thing ;
;
ing ; and zndly, Fr. baher, baer, bdcr, Ir. bioth, life, the world Gr. |8i'os, life.
;
;
BEACH BEAR SI
It isnot until a somewliat advanced court, officer in attendance on the digni-'
stage in the process of abstraction that taries of a university or church. Fr.
the idea of simple being is attained, and bedeau. It. bidello. Probably an equiv-
4 verb with that meaning is wholly want- alent of the modern waiter, an attendant,-
ing in the rudest languages. The negro from AS. bidan, to wait-. It will be ob-
who speaks imperfect English uses in- served that the word attendant has also a
stead the more concrete notion of living. like origin in Fr. atUndre, to wait.
He says, Your hat no lib that place you Home is he brought and laid in sumptuous bed
—
put him in. Farrar, Chapters on Lang, Where many skilful leeches him abide
To —F. Q
p. 54. A two-year old nephew of mine salve his hurts.
Beach. The immediate shore of the Menage, was introduced from England
sea, the part overflowed by the tide. into France, and therefore was not likely
Thence applied to the pebbles of which- to have a French origin.
the shore often consists. Beak. A form that has probably de-
scended to us frort} a Celtic qrigin. Gael.
We haled our bark over a bar of beach, or beic. Cui Tolosae nato cognomen in
—
pebble stones, into a snjall river. Hackluyt in R.
'
a distaff with flax, though the metaphor Hue drone of the been
does not appear a striking one to our ears.
To knyght and skyere.— JI14.1.
Rymenild ros of benche or bat for striking the wet linen. Fr.
The beer al for te shenche bate, a paviour's beetle
After mete in sale, batail. It. bat-
;
58 BEG BEGONE
plement driven by blows, a stone-cutter's go a begging. It. bertola, a wallet, such
chisel, a wedge for cleaving wood. OHG. as poor begging friars use to beg withal ;
steinbosil, lapidicinus. Schm. — G. beis- beriolare, to shift up and down for scraps
sel, beutel, Du. beitel, a chisel, a wedge. —
and victuals. Florio. 'Dz.n.pose, a bag ;
—a grete oke, which he had begonne to cleve, pose-pilte, a beggar-boy. Mod. Gr.
and as men be woned he had smeten two betels Si'Xa/coc, a bag, a scrip euXaiciJoi, to beg.
;
therein, one after that other, in suche wyse that
Fr. Mettre quelq'un a la besace, to re-
—
the oke was wide open. Caxton'a Reynard the
duce him to beggary.
Fox, chap. viii.
To Begin. AS. aginnan, onginnan,
In the original
be^nnan. Goth, duginnan. In Luc vi.
So had he daer twee heitels ingheslagen.
25, the latter is used as an auxiliary of
&
Q. Nov. 2, 1867.
N.
When
the future, '
Unte gaunon jah gretan
by the help of wedges and beetles an
image is cleft out of the trunk. — duginnid,' for ye shall lament and weep.
Stillingfleet.
In a similar manner gafz or can was fre-
The G. beissel, Du. beitel,3. chisel, is com- quently used in OE. 'Aboutin undern
monly, but probably erroneously, referred gan this Erie alight.'
to the notion of biting.
Clerk of Oxford's —
tale. He did alight, not began to alight,
To Beg. Skinner's derivation from bag, as alighting is a momentary operation.
although appears improbable at first,
it
carries convictionon further examination. The tother seand the dint cum, gan provyde
To
The Flem. beggaert (Delfortrie) probably Thateschew swiftlie, and sone lap on syde
all his force Entellus can apply
exhibits the original form of the word, Into the are D. V. 142. 40.
whence the E. begger, and subsequently Down duschit
the beist, deid on the land can ly
the verb to beg. Beghardus, vir mendi- Spreuland and iiycterand in the dede thrawes.
cans. —
Vocab. 'ex quo.' A.D. 1430, in D. V.
Deutsch. Mundart. iv. Hence the name To Scotland went he then in hy
of Begard given to the devotees of the And all the land gan occupy.
13th & 14th centuries, also called Bigots, Barbour, Bruce.
Lollards, &c. It must be borne in mind
The verb to gin or begin appears to be
that the bag was a universal character-
one of that innumerable series derived
istic of the beggar, at a time when all his
from a root gan, gen, ken, iri all the lanr
alms were given in kind, and a beggar is guages of the Indo-Germanic stock, sig-
hardly ever introduced in our older writers nifying to conceive, to bear young, to
without mention being made of his bag. know, to be able, giving in Gr. yiyvo/uat,
Hit is beggares rihte vorte beren bagge on bac yivofiai, ykvog, ytyvwfT'Kw, yivwajcw, in Lat,
—
and burgeises forto beren purses. Ancren Riwle,
gigno, genus, in E. can, ken, kind, &c.
168.
Ac beggers with bagges— The fundamental meaning seems
to be
Reccheth never the ryche acquire.
to To produce
attain to, to
Thauh such lorelles sterven.
P. P. —
children is to acquire, to get children ;
Bidderes and beggeres bigitan in Ulphilas is always to find ; ip
Fseste about yede AS. it is both to acquire and to beget, to
With hire belies & here bagges get children.
Of brede full ycrammed. P. P. — To begin may be explained either from
Bagges and begging he bad his folk leven.
the fundamental notion of attaining to,
P. P. Creed.
seizing, taking up, after the analogy of
And yet these bilderes wol beggen a- bag full of
whete the G. anfangen, and Lat. incipere, from
Of a pure poor man. P. P. — G. fangen and Lat. capere, to take; or
And thus gate 1 begge the meaning may have passed through a
Without bagge other hotel similar stage to that of Gr. y/yvo/iat,
But my wombe one. P. P. — yivirai, to be born, to arise, to begin;
That maketh beggers go with bordons and yivsaiQ, yivtrri, origin, beginning.
hags. — Political Songs.
be observed that gel is used as
It will
So from Gael, bag {baigean, a little an auxiliary in a manner \'ery similar to
bag), baigeir, a beggar, which may per- the OE. gan, can, above quoted to get ;
'
haps be an adoption of the E. word, but beaten ON. at geta talad,' to be able
; ' '
in the same language from poc, a bag or to talk ; abouten undern gan this earl
'
poke, is formed pocair, a beggar ; air a alight,' about undern he got down.
phoc, on the tramp, begging, literally, on Begone. Cold-begone, ornamented
the bag. Lith. krapszas, a scrip su with gold, covered with gold D. V.
; —
krapszais aplink eiii, to go a begging. woe-begone, oppressed with woe. Du.
From w. ysgrepan, a scrip, ysgrepanu, to begaan, affected, touched with emotion
—
;
BEHAVE BEHOVE 59
begaen zijti met eenighe saecke, premi tail, are formed hannassa, behind, han-
curi alicujus rei, laborare, solicitum esse.
— Kil.
nittaa, to follow, hantyri, a follower, and
as the roots of many of our words are
To Behave. The notion of behaviour
preserved in the Finnish languages, it
js generally expressed by means of verbs
is probable that we have in the Finnish
signifying to bear, to carry, to lead.
Ye shall dwell here at your will hanta the origin of our behind, at the
But your bearing be full HI. tail of.
K. Robert in Warton. To Behold. To look steadily upon.
It. portarsi, to behave portarsi da The compound seems here to preserve
;
Paladino, for a man to behave or carry what was the original sense of the simple
hiniself stoutly. — FL
betragen, be-
G.
verb to hold. AS. healdan, to regard,
observe, take heed of, to tend, to feed, to
haviour, from tragen, to carry. In ac-
cordance with these analogies we should keep, to hold. To hold a doctrine for
be inclined to give to the verb have in true is to regard it as true, to look upon
it as true ; to hold it a cruel act is to
behave the sense of the Sw. hafwa, to
lift, to carry, the equivalent of E. heave,
regard it as such. The Lat. servare, to
rather than the vaguer sense of the aux- keep, to hold, is also found in the sense
iliary to have, Sw. hafwa, habere. But, of looking, commonly expressed, as in
the case of E. behold, by the compound
ifl fact, the two verbs seem radically the
same, and their senses intermingle. Sw. observare. Tuus servus servet Venerine
'
6o BELAY BELL
tain a certain end, and, met. measure, loven, laven, to believe; Du. loven, to
praise, to promise, orloven, to give leave
bounds, moderation. Det er ofwer er hof-
Dan. lov, praise, reputation, leave ; ON.
wa, cela est audessus de votre portde,
lofa, ley/a, to praise, to give leave; AS.
that is above your capacity where it will
;
leafa, geleafa, belief ; gelyfan, to believe,
be observed that the Fr. employs the same
lyfan,.alyfan, to give leave; G. glauben,
metaphor in the term porUe, range, dis-
to believe, loben, to praise, erlauben, to
tance to which a piece will carry.
permit, verloben, to promise or engage.
In the middle voice hofwas, to be re- -The fundamental notion seems to be
quired for a certain purpose, to befit, to approve, to sanction an arrangement,
behove. Det hofdes en annait til at to deem an object in accordance with a
certain standard of fitness. In this sense
utratta sUkt, it behoved another kind of
man to do such things. ON. hesfa, to hit we have Goth, galaubs, filu-galaubs,
precious, honoured, esteemed ; ungalaub
the mark hafi, aim, reach, fitness, pro-
kas, tie itnfimv nKixioQ, a vessel made for
;
BELLOWS BERAY 6l
tion is found in Galla, bilbila, bell; bil- to exert force, se bander, to. rise against
bil-goda, to make bilbil, to ring. —
Tut- external force ; bandoir, a spring.
schek. To be?id sails is to stretch them on the
Bellows.— Belly. The word balg, yards of the vessel to bend cloth, to
;
bolg, is used in several Celtic and Teu- stretch it on a frame, G. Tuch an einen
tonic languages to signify any inflated Rahmen spannen. See Bind.
skin or case. Gael, balg, bolg, a leather Beneath. See Nether.
bag, wallet, belly, blister balgan-snamha,
; Benediction. Lat. benedictio {bene^
the swimming bladder balgan-uisge, a
; well, and dico, I say), a speaking well of
water-bubble builge, bags or bellows,
; one. Benedico, taken absolutely, means
seeds of plants. Bret, belch, bolch,polch, to use words of good omen, and with an
the bolls or husks of flax AS. bcelg, a accusative, to hallow, bless;
;
Benefice. —
Benefactor. Benefit. —
blast-bcelg, a bellows ; G. balg, skin, Lat. benefacere, to do good to one ; bene-
husk, pod, the skin of those animals that factor, one who does good; bene/actum,
are stripped off whole blase-balg, a blow- Fr. bienfait, a good deed, a benefit. The
;
ing-skin, bellows. ON. belgr, an inflated Lat. benejicium, a kindness, was in Mid.
skin, leather sack, bellows, belly. Sw. Lat. applied to an estate granted by the
bcelg, a bellows, vulgarly the belly. king or other lord to one for life, because
The original signification is probably it was held by the kindness of the lord.
a water-bubble (stiU preserved by the Villa quam Lupus quondam per bene-
'
Gaelic diminutive balgari), which affords jicium nostrum tenere visus fuit.' ' Simil-
the most obvious type" of inflation. The iter villa quam ex munificenti4 nostr4
application of the term to the belly, the ipsi Caddono concessimus.' Quam fide- '
sack-like case of the intestines, as well as lis noster per nostrum beneficiuni habere
to a bellows or blowing-bag, needs no ex- videtur.' The term had been previously
planation. It seems that bulga was used applied in the Roman law to estates con-
for womb or belly by the Romans, as a ferred by the prince upon soldiers and
fragment of Lucilius has : others. — Ducange. The same name was
given to estates conferred upon clerical
Ita ut quisque nostrum e tulgS, est matris in
persons for life, for the performance of
lucem editus.
ecclesiastical services, and in modern
It probable that Gr. poX^ri, Lat.
is times the name of benefice is appropriated
volva, vulva, the womb, is a kindred to signify a piece of church preferment.
form, from another modification of the —
Benign. Benignant. Lat. benig-
word for bubble, from which is also bul- nus (opposed to malignus), kind, gener-
bus, a round or bubble-shaped root, or a ous, disposed to oblige.
root consisting of concentric skins. Eenison. OFr. beneison, benaigon,
In E. bellows, the word, like trowsers a blessing, from benedictio. Lat. bene-
and other names of things consisting of a dicere, Fr. benir, to bless.
pair of principal members, has assumed Bent. The flower-stalks of grass re-
a plural form. maining uneaten in a pasture. Bav.
To Belong'. Du. langen, to reach, to bimaissen, bimpsen, binssen, G. binsen,
attain belangen, to attain to, to concern,
; rushes. OUG. pino3,pinuz.
to belong, attingere, attinere, pertinere, To Benum. See Numb.
pervenire. —Kil. G. gelangen, to arrive Benzoin. Gum benjamin, Ptg. ben-
at, to become one's property ; zmn Kd- joim, Fr. benjoin, from Arab, loubdn
nigreiche gelangen, to come to the crown djawt, incense of Java. By the Arabs it
belangen, to concern, to touch. Was das is called bakhour djAwi, Javanese per-
belanget, as concerning that. fume, or sometimes louban, by itself, or
To belong is thus to reach up to, to simply djawt. Dozy. —
touch one, expressing the notion of pro- To Bequeath. To direct the dispo-
perty by a similar metaphor to the Lat. sition of property after one's death, as.
attinere, pertinere, to hold to one. becwathan, from cwcsthan, to say. See
Belt. ON. belliJ Lat. balteus ; Gael. Quoth.
ball, border, belt, welt of a shoe ;w. ^To Beray. To dirty. '
I beraye, I
gwald, gwaldas, a border, hem, welt of a fyle with ashes. I araye, or fyle with
shoe. myre, J'emboue. I marre a thyng, I
Bench. See Bank. —
soyle it or araye it.' Palsgr. From OFr.
To Bend. on. bendaj as. bendan. ray, dirt. Hie fimus, fens et hie liraus,
'
;
Fr. bander un arc, to bend a bow ; hence ray.' — Commentary on Neccham in Nat.
•
62 BEREAVE BETE
Antiq. p. 113. Wall, ariierf to dirty'. The was so new and good as it did
dry- fish
very grftatly bestead us in the whole course of our
Esthon. roe. Fin. roju, dirt, dung ;
roju,
voyage.—^fake.
sweepings, dust rojahtaa,
roisto, rubbish, ;
to rattle down, fall with sound. So ro- the other hand, to be hard bestead
On
in a position which it is
be placed
^akka, mud, dirt ; ropahtaa, to fall with is to
noise. hard to endure.
To Bereave, as. reafian, bereafian, To Bestow, as. stow, a place ; to
to deprive of, to strip. See Reave, Rob. bestow, to be-place, to give a place to, to
Berry. Asmall eatable fruit. AS. lay out, to exercise on a definite object;
beria; Goth, basjaj Du. besje^ Sanscr. To Bet. From abet, in the sense ctf
bhakshya,iooA,irova.bhaksh,X.ot-i.t. Hfence backing, encouraging, supporting
the side
on the one side Lat. bacca, a berry, and on which the wager is laid.
on the other Goth, basya, G. Beere, E.
* To Bete, Beit, Beet. To help, to
berry.— VixHsm, Zeitschr. vol. vi. p. 3. supply, to mend. Jam. To bete his —
* Berth. The proper meaning of the bale, to remedy his misfortune to belt a ;
same word with the provincial barth, a fire, but in practice, to make it. Tha het
shelter for cattle.— Hal. he micel fyr betan, then ordered he a
Devon, barthless, houseless. Warm great fire to be lighted: OSw; eld up-
barth under hedge is a succour to beast. bota, to light the fire ; bal oppbota, to fire
— Tusser. The origin is AS. beorgan, a funeral pile ; botesward, the guardian
E. dial, berwe, bur-we, to defend, pro-
tect ; burrow, sheltered from the wind. of a beacon-fire ;
fyrbotare, one who
The final th in barth may be either the sets fire to, an incendiary. Du. boeten,
termination significative of an abstract to amend, repair, make better ; het vuur
noun, as in growth, from grow, lewth, Boeten, to kindle the fire. The serise of
shelter, from lew, stealth from steal; or, as mending the fire or supplying it with fuel
I think more probable, barth may be for might so easily pass into that of making
barf, a form which the verb takes in or lighting it, that we can hardly doubt
Yorkshire, barfham, compared with that the use of as. betan, Sw. bota, Du.
bargham, berwham, a horse collar, what boeten, in the latter sense is only a special
protects the neck of the horse from the application of the same verbs in the
hames. So too Yorkshire arf, fearful, general sense of repairing or making
from AS. earg, earh, OE. arwe. bfetter, the origin of which is to be found
To Beseech. Formerly beseek- in ON. bdt, reparation, making better,
His heart is hard that will not melie Du. baete, advantage, profit, amendment,
When men of mekeness him beseke. baet, bat, bet, jnore, better, preferably. —
Chaucer, R. R.
Kil.
To seek something from a person, to On the other hand, it seems hard to
entreat, solicit. So Lat. peto, to seek, separate as. betan, Du. boeten, to set
and also to entreat, beseech.
fire ^•n. fyrbotare, from It. buttafuoco,
Besom. AS. besein, besnij Pl.D. bes- ;
BETEfiM BEWRAY 63
translated, what does it advance a man, In the original
what does it forward him. Et 11 maintenant s'ebahit
naught honest, it may not advance
It is Car son umbre si le trahit.
For to have dealing with such base poraille. Her acquaintance is periUous
Chaucer, Friar's Prol. First soft and after noious.
She hath The trashid [trahie] without wene.
The word advantage literally signifies
R. R.
furtherance, the being pushed to the
Probably the unusual addition of the
frbnt, and the same idea is involved in
particle be to a verb imported from the
the word profit, from Lat; proficere, to
Fr. was caused by the accidental resem-
make forwards, advance, progress. To
blance of the word to Du. bedriegen, G.
boot in coursing (i. e. to give something
betriigen, to deceive, to cheat, which are
over and above in an exchange) is trans-
lated by Palsgrave, bouter davantaige.
from a totally different' root. From It.
tradire traditor, Fr. traitre, a traitor;
is
Thus the radical meaning of better would
and from Fr. trahir, trahison, treachery,
be more in advance, and to bete or repair
treason.
Would be to push up to its former place
something that had fallen back.
—
Better. Best. Goth, batizo, batista;
AS. betera, betest, betst, better, best. Du.
To Beteem, to Teem; To vouchsafe, bat, bet, baet, better, more, OE. bet, better.
deign, afford, deem suitable, find in one's
See To Bete.
heart.
Yet could he not beteem (dignetur)
Between. — Betwixt. The as. has
tweoh, a different form of twa, two, and
The shape of other bird than eagle for to seem.
Golding's Ovid in R. thence twegen, twain. From the former
*Ah, said he, thou hast confessed and be- of these are AS. betwuh, betweoh, betweohs,
wrayed all, I could teem it to rend thee in pieces.' betweox, betwuxt, by two, in the middle
—
.
Dialogue on Witches, Percy Soc. x. 88. of two, which may be compared as to
In a like sense ON. tima, Pl.D. taemen, form with amid, AS. amiddes, amidst, or
tanie>i, Ober D. zemen. ON. Tinia eigi with again, against. In like manner
at lata eit, not to have the heart to give
from twain is fothied between, in the
up a thing. Pl.D. Ik tame mi dat nig; middle of twain.
I do not allow myself that. He tdmet The He of Man that me clepeth
sik een good glas wien : he allows him-
By twene us and Irlonde. R. G. —
self a good glass of wine. Bav. Mich Bevel. Slant, sloped off, awry. Fr.
zimet, gezimet eines dinges, I approve of beveau, an instrument opening like a
a thing, find it good: Goth, gatiman, G. pair of compasses, for measuring angles.
ziemen, gesiemen, Dii. taemen, betaemen, Buveau, a square-like instrument having
to beseeni, become, be fitting or suitable. moveable and compass branches, or one
The sense of being fitting or suitable branch compass and the other straight.
springs from ON. tima, to happen, to fall Some call it a bevel. Cot. —
to one's lot, in the same way
that schick- Beverage. A drink.
Lat. bibere, It.
iich, suitable, spritigs from schicken, -to bevere, to drink ; whence beveraggio
appoint, order, dispose (whence schicksal, Fr. beuvrage; E. beverage.
fate, lot). On the same principle ON. Bevy. It. beva, a drinking ; a bevy, as
fallinn, fitting, suitable, as one would of pheasants. Fl.— Fr. bevde, a brood,
have it fall, from. /alia, to fall, to happen. tlock, of quails, larks, roebucks, thence
To Betray. Lat. tradere, to deliver applied to a company of ladies especially.
tip, then to deliver up what ought to be To Bewray. Goth, vrohjan, Fris.
kept, to deliver up in breach of trust, to wrogia, ruogia, wreia, G. riigen, to ac-
betray. Hence It. tradire, Fr. trakir, cuse, i. e. to bring an offence to the notice
as envahir, from invadere. The inflec- of the authorities. Sw. roja, to discover,
tions of Fr. verbs in ir with a double ss,
make manifest. Dit tungomal r'ojer dig,
as trahissons, trahissais, are commonly thy speech bewrayeth thee, i. e. makes it
rendered in E. by a final sh. Thus from
manifest that thou art a Galilean. Det
dbahir, Sahissais, E. abash j from polir,
folissais, E; polish, &c. In like manner r'ojer sig sjelft, it bewrays itself, gives
from trahir we formerly had trash and some sign of existence which attracts
betrash, as from obdir, obdissais, obeish. notice. Now the stirring of an object. is
the way in which it generally catches our
In the water anon was seen
His nose, his mouth, his eyen sheen.
attention. Hence G. regen, to stir, is
And he thereof was all abashed used for the last evidence of life. Regt
His owne shadow had him tetrashed. — R. R. kein leben mehrin dir, are there no signs
—
64 BEZEL BICKER
of life in you ? Die liebe regef sich bei the same sense, though such a change of
ihin, love begins to him, shows the
stir in form would be very unusual.
first signs of life in him. P1.D. wrogen, The true origin is probably from the
rogen (in Altmark rojeri), to stir. Hi- ' notion of sliding or slipping. It. sbiagio,
rannetho handelende nah wroginge Shrer sbiesso,bending, aslope sbisciare, bis-
;
to the stirring of their conscience. Brem. crawl sideling, aslope, or in and out, as
Wtb. He
rogt un bogt sik nig, he is an eel or a snake, to glide or slip as upon,
ice sbriscio, sbrisso, sbiscio, oblique,
stock still. Uprogen, to stir up ; beregen, ;
sik beregen, to move, to stir. Schiitze. — crooked, winding or crawling in and out,
slippery, sliding; biascio, bias-wise.
The train of thought is then, to stir, to
Bib. Fr. bavon, baviere, baverole, a
give signs of life, make manifest his
make evident, bring under cloth to prevent a child drivelling over
presence, to
accuse. ' Thy its clothes. Saver, to slaver or drivel.
notice, reveal, discover,
tongue bewrayeth thee tongue Du. kwijlen, to slaver ; kwijl-bab, kwijl-
:' thy
it were lap, or kwijl-slab, a slabbering-bib. Fris.
to stir as
makes thy Galilean birth
the mouth; Mantuan, babbi, bab-
before the eyes, le fait sauter aux yeux babbi,
(according to the Fr. metaphor), makes ble, snout,
lips.
a basil (Halliwell), in Fr. tailU en biseau. is so drunk that the brandy runs out of
Biseau, a bezle, bezling or skueing. Cot. him. —
Dan. pible, to purl, to well up with
The proper meaning of the word seems small bubbles and a soft sound.
to be a paring, then an edge pared or Bible. Gr. /3i/3Xof a book originally, , ;
Arab, the word became bddizahr, b&zahr. count ; Fr. bestemps, foul weather. Diet.
—Dozy. Wallon.
To Bezzle. To drink hard, to tipple.
Probably, like guzzle, formed from an
To Bicker. —Bickering'. To skirmish,
dispute, wrangle. It is especially applied
imitation of the sound made in greedy in Sc. to a fight with stones, and also sig-
eating and drinking. nifies the constant motion of weapons
Yes, s'foot I wonder how the inside of a taveme and the rapid succession of strokes in a
looks now. Oh when shall I bizzle, Hzzle f
I
— battle or broil, or the noise occasioned by
Deldkar in R.
successive strokes, by throwing of stones,
Bi-. Lat. bis, twice, in two ways for
duis,{ioin dua,two,a.s bellum for duellum.
; or by any rapid motion. Jamieson. The —
origin is probably the representation of
In comp. it becomes (Jz-,as in Biped, two- the sound of a blow with a pointed in-
footed. Bisect, to cut in two. strument by the syllable /zV/&, whence the
Bias. Fr. biais, bihais. Cat. biax, frequentative picker or bicker would re-
Sardin. biascia. It. sbiescio, Piedm. sbias, present a succession of such blows. To
sloped, slanting ; Fr. biaiser, Sard, sbia- bicker in NE. is explained to clatter, Hal-
do something aslant. The It. liwell. Du. bickeler, a stone-hewer .or
sciai, to
from obliquus, has a singular stone-picker; bickelen, bickai, to hew
bieco, sbieco,
resemblance to sbiescio, used in precisely stone ; bickel, bickel-sieenken, a fragment
;
of stone, a chip, explaining the Sc. bicker beidan, as. bidan, abidan, to look for. To
in the sense of throwing stones. Bickelen, pray is merely to make known the fact
to start out, as tears from the eyes, from that-we look for or desire the object of our
the way in which a chip flies from the prayers. The 'La.t.peto, qucero, signifying
pick. Hence Sc. to bicker, to move in the first instance to seek or look for, are
quickly. — Jam.
Ynglis archaris that hardy war and wycht
also used in the sense of asking for. The
ON. feVaisused in each sense (Ihrev.Leta),
Amang the Scottis bykarit with all their mycht. and the Sw. has leta, to look for, anleta,
Wallace in Jam. to solicit, just as the two ideas are ex-
The arrows struck upon them like blows pressed in E. by seek and beseech, for be-
from a stone-cutter's pick. seek. The ON. bidill, a suitor, from
It must be observed that the word bidja, to ask, seems essentially the same
pick (equivalent to the modem pitch) word with AS. bidel, an attendant or
was used for the cast of an arrow. beadle, from bidan, to abide or wait on.
I hold you a grote I pycke as farre with an Big.
Swollen, bulky. The original
—
arowe as you. Palsgrave in Halliwell. spelling seems to be bug, which is stiU.
To Bid. Two verbs are here con- used in the N. of England for swollen,
founded, of distinct form in the other proud, swaggering.
Teutonic languages. But when her circling nearer down doth pull
1. To Bid in the obsolete sense of to Then gins she swell and waxen iug-viith horn.
pray. More in Richardson.
66 BIGOT
same outburst of religious feeling seems bigardo, G. beghart, signifying bagmen or
to have led other persons, both men and beggars, a term of reproach applied to
women, to adopt a similar course of life. the same class of people. We
find Boni-
They wore a similar dress, and went face VIII., in the quotations of Ducange
about reading the Scriptures and practis- and his continuators, speaking of them
ing Christian life, but as they subjected as ' NonnuUi viri pestiferi qui vulgariter
themselves to no regular orders or vows of Fraticelli seu fratres de paupere vita, aut
obedience, they became highly obnoxious Bizochi sive Bichini vel aliis fucatis no-
to the hierarchy, and underwent much minibus nuncupantur.' Matthew Paris,
obloquy and persecution. They adopted with reference to A.D. 1243, says, 'Eisdem
the grey habit of the Franciscans, and temporibus quidam in Alemannia pra-
were popularly confounded with the third cipue se asserentes religiosos in utroque
order of those friars under the names of sexu, sed maxim^ in muliebri, habitum
Beguini, Beguttce, Bizoccki, Bizzocari religionis sed levem susceperunt, conti-
(in Italian Begkini, Bighini, Bighiotti), nentiam vitse privato voto profitentes,
all apparently derived from Ital. bigio, sub nuUius tamen regula coarctati, nee
Venet. biso, grey. ' Bizocco,' says an adhuc uUo claustro contenti.' They were
author quoted in N. and Q. vol. ix. 560, however by no means confined to Italy.
'sia quasi bigioco e bigiotto, perch^ i
'
Istis ultimis temporibus hypocritalibus
Terziari di S. Francesco si veston di plurimi maximfe in ItaliS. et Alemannii et
bigio.' So in France they were called Provincise provincii, ubi tales Begardi
Us petits frires bis or bisets.— Ducange. et Beguini vocantur, nolentes jugum
From bigio, grey, was formed bigello, the —
subire veras obedientias nee servare re-
dusky hue of a dark-coloured sheep, and gulam aliquam ab Ecclesia approbatam
the coarse cloth made from its undyed sub manu praeceptoris et ducis legitimi,
wool, and this was probably also the vocati Fraticelli, alii de paupere viti, alii
meaning of bighino or beguino, as well as Apostolici, aliqui Begardi, qui ortum in
bizocco.'
E che I'abito bigio ovver beghino —
Alemannia habuerunt.' Alvarus Pela-
era gomune degli nomini di penitenza,' gius in Due. Secta qusedam pestifera
'
where beghino evidently implies a de- illorum qui Beguini vulgariter appellan-
scription of dress of a similar nature to tur qui se fratres pauperes de tertio ordine
that designated liy the term bigio. Bi- S. Francisci communiter appellabant.'
zocco also is mentioned in the fragment Bemardus Guidonis in vita J oh. xx.
of the history of Rome of the 14th century '
Capellamque seu hujusmodi
clusam
in a way which shows that it must have censibus et redditibus pro septem per-
signified coarse, dark-coloured cloth, such sonis religiosis, Beguttis videlicet ordinis
as is used for the dress of the inferior S. Augustini dotarint.' —
Chart. A. D. 15 18.
orders, probably from biso, the other form '
Begharduset Beg7iina et Begutta sunt
of bigio. '
Per te Tribune,' says one of viri et mulieres tertii ordinis.' Brevilo-—
the nobles to Rienzi, fora piu convene-
'
quium in Due.
vole che portassi vestimenta honeste da They are described more at large in
bizuoco che queste' pompose,' translated the Acts of the Council of Treves, A.D.
by Muratori, honesti plebeii amictus.'
'
1 3 10. 'Item cum quidam sint laici in
It must be remarked that bizocco also civitate et provincial Trevirensi qui sub
signifies rude, clownish, rustical, ap- pretextu cujusdam religionis fictse Beg-
parently from the dress of rustics being hardos se appellant, cum tabardis et
composed of bizocco. In the same way Fr. tunicis longis et longis capuciis cum ocio
bureau is the colour of a brown sheep, incedentes, ac labores manuum detest-
and the coarse cloth made from the un- antes, conventicula inter se aliquibus
dyed wool. Hence the OE. borel, coarse temporibus faciunt, seque fingunt coram
woollen cloth, and also unlearned com- simplicibus personis expositores sa-
mon men. In a similar manner from crarum scripturarum, nos vitam eorum
bigello, natural grey or sheep's russet, qui extra religion em approbatam validarn
homespun cloth, bighellone, a dunce, a mendicantes discurrunt, &c.' ' Nonnul-
—
blockhead. Flor. From bigio would te mulieres sive sorores, Biguttce apud
naturally be formed bigiotto, bighiotto;a.nA yulgares nuncupate, absque votorum re-
as soon as the radical meaning of the ligionis emissione.' —
Chart. A.D. 1499.
word was obscured, corruption would From the foregoing extracts it will
•
easily creep in, and hence the variations readily be understood how easily the
bigutta, begutta, bigotta, beghino, which name, by which these secular aspirants
must not be confounded with begardo, to superior holiness of life were desig-
—— — ;
BILBERRY BILLOW 67
nated, might be taken to express a hypo- plough-share Du. bille, a stonemason's
;
crite, false pretender to reUgious feeling, pick billen den molen-steen, to pick a
;
Bilbo. A slang term for a sword, now head of a boarspear to hinder it from
obsolete. A Bilboa blade. running too far into the animal.
Bilboes. Among
mariners, a punish-
ment at sea when
the offender is laid in
The origin of the term is probably from
bole, the trunk of a tree, the o changing
irons or set in a kind of stocks. Du.
boeye, a shackle. Lat. boja, Prov. boia,
to an i to express diminution. A
like
OFr. buie, fetters. Bojce, genus vincu- change takes place in the other sense of
lorum tam ferrese quam ligneae. —
Festus billet from bulla, a seal.
Billow. Sw. b'olja, Dan. biilge, on.
in Diez. This leaves the first syllable
unaccounted for. The proper meaning bylgia, Du. bolghe, bulghe, fluctus maris,
—
of boja, however, seems to be rather the unda, procella Kil., from OSw. bulgja,
clog to which the fetters are fastened than to swell. Du. belghen, AS. belgan, abel-
the fetter itself. NFris. bui, buoy [i. e. gan, to be angry (i. e. to swell with rage).
a floating log to mark the place of some- The mariner amid the swelling seas
—
thing sunk], clog to a fetter. Deutsch. Who seeth his back with many a billow beaten.
Mundart. Johansen, p. loi. Gascoigne in R.
Bilge. The belly or swelling side of a
ship. See Bulk. '
Had much ado to prevent one from
To Bilk. To defraud one of expected sinking, the billowe was so great (Hack- '
remuneration a slang term most likely luyt), where we see billow not used in
;
be derived from Ibfiaq, a house, Lat./«i- igh, lusciosus et myops, qui nisi propius
dere, to hang, from pondus, a weight, admota non videt. — Kil.
the last of these forms being identical Bit. The
part of the bridle which the
with the word which we are treating as horse bites or holds in his mouth. AS.
.
the root of bind, viz. bund, bundt, bunch, bitol. ON. bitill, beitsl. Sw. betsel.
hith. pundas, a truss, bundle, also a stone Bitch. AS. biccej ON. bikkia, a little
weight, a weight of 48 pounds. The dog, a bitch applied also to other
;
original meaning of pondus would thus animals, and especially to a small poor
be simply a lump of some heavy ma- horse. G. beize, or petze, a bitch, in
terial,doubtless a stone. Swabia, a pig petz, a bear. Fr. biclie, a
;
The term bine or bind is applied to hind or female stag. Something of the
the twining stem of climbing plants. same confusion is seen in G. hiindiiin, a
Thus we speak of the hop-bine for the female dog hindinn, a female stag.
;
BITTER BLACK 69
acle, dwelling or abiding place. Cotgr. — signify ' a soft noise, as of a body falling
In Legrand's Fr. and Flemish dictionary into water, or water beating gently on
habitacle is explained a little lodge the beach ; ' plabraich, a fluttering noise,
(logement) near the mizenmast for the a flapping, as of wings ; plabartaich, a
pilot and steersman. '
Nagt huis, 't continued soft sound, as of water gently
huisje, 't kompas huis.' It would thus beating the shore, unintelligible talk
seem to have signified, first, a shelter plabair, a babbler. Ai-mstrong. —
for the steersman, then the mere case in The introduction or omission of an /
which the compass is placed. after the labial in these imitative forms
Bitter. Goth, baitrs, ON. beitr, bitr, makes little difference, as is seen in
apparently from its biting the tongue. sputter and splutter. So Fr. baboyer, to
Peper ser bitter och bitar fast. blabber with the lips. Cot. —
To blabber
Pepper is bitter and bites hard. Hist. — out the tongue, to loll it out. Hal. Blab- —
Alex. Mag., quoted by Ihre. Applied in ber-lip, synonymous with baber-lip, a
ON. to the sharpness of a weapon. Hin ' large coarse lip ; blob, parallel with Fris
bitrasta sverd' — the sharpest sword. babbe, Mantuan babbi, a large lip, mouth,
When an edge is blunt we say it will not chops.
bite.
Wit hung her blob, even humour seemed to
In a similar manner Gael, beuni, bite, mourn. — Collins in Hal.
cut, and beuin, bitter.
Gael, blob, blobach, blubber-lipped. Bav.
Bittern. A
bird of the heron tribe.
bleff, chops, mouth, in contempt. ^-
It. bittore; Fr. butorj OE. bittour. Sp.
Deutsch. Mund. v. 332.
bitor, a rail.
Black, Bleak. The original meaning
Bitts. The the anchor, Fr.
bitts of
of black seems to have been exactly the
bites, Sp. are two strong posts
bitas,
reverse of the present sense, viz. shining,
standing up on the deck, round which
white. It is in fact radically identical
the cable is made fast. on. biti, a beam
with Fr. blanc, white, blank, from which
in a house or ship, a* mast ; Sp. bitones,
it differs only in the absence of the nasal.
pins of the capstern.
ON. blakki, shine, whiteness (candor sine
Bivouac. The lying out of an army
in the open field without shelter. G. bei-
maculS.. —
Hald.). It. biacca, white lead.
^o BLACKGUARD BLARE
thehotsun. —
Cot. 5/^a/^ of colour, pallido, blade of a sword, or of an oar G. blatt,
;
themselves into his Majesty's court and stables, white or unwritten ticket, a ticket that
that within the space of 24 hours they depart.
does not obtain the prize. Hence applied
Bladder, as. bladre, on. blactra, a to an occasion on which the result hoped
bubble, blister, bladder ; Sw. bladdra, a for has not happened. Blank "verse, verse
bubble, G. blatter, a pustule ; Bav. blatter, void of the rhyme to which the ear is ac-
bubble, blister, bladder. The radical customed. To blank, or blafich, to dis-
image is the formation of foam or bubbles appoint, to omit, pass over.
by the dashing of water, and the sense is —
Now, Sir, concerning your travels I suppose
carried on from a bubble to any bubble-
—
you will not blanch Paris in your way. Reliqu.
Wott. in R. The judges of that time thought
shaped thing, a bladder or pustule. PI. it a dangerous thing to admit if's and an's to
D. pladdern, to dabble in water, and qualify the words of treason, whereby every man
thence to babble, tattle. Dan. pluddre, might express his malice and blanch his danger.
to puddle or mix up turf and water to ;
— Bacon in R.
jabber pludder, mud, slush, mire, also
;
The original root of the word is seen in
jabber, gabble. The primitive sense of the G. blinken, to shine, to glitter, as Lat.
splashing in water is lost in ON. bladra, candidus, white, from candere, to shine,
to jabber, Sc. bladder, blather, blether, to glow. Dan. blank, shining, polished.
chatter, foolish talk, but it may be supplied Blanket. From being made of white
from the constant connection between wooUen cloth. Fr. blanchet, a blanket
words expressing excessive talk, and the for a bed, also white woollen cloth ; blan-
agitation of liquids. Besides the examples chet, whitish. — Cot.
of this connection given above, the ON. To Blare.—Blatter.—Blatant. To
skola and thwatta, and G. waschen, all roar, to bellow. Du. blaeren, probably
signify to wash as well as to tattle, chat- contracted from bladeren, as blader,
ter. Du. borrelen, to bubble, to purl, is blaere, a buible, blister, or as E. smother,
identical with Flanders borlen, to vocifer- smore, Du. madder, moere, mud. The
ate.— Kil. See Blubber. present forms then should be classed with
Blade, on. blad, the leaf of a tree, blether, blather, bladder, the origin of
—; —
BLAST BLAZE 71
which has been explained under Blad- hisvaunt hearken his vertue and worthiness.
der. Golden Book in R.
Gael, blaodhrach, blorach, bawling, Sw. oron-blasare, a whisperer, back-
clamorous, noisy blor, a loud noise, a
; Perhaps the expression of blazing,
biter.
voice Jr. blaodh, a shout.
; or blazening, abroad, was partly derived
A parallel form sounds the radical syl- from the image of blowing a trumpet, as
lable with a t instead of d. Du. blaeteren, when we speak of trumpeting one's vir-
blaeten, blaterare, stultd loqui, proflare tues. Du. 'op een trompet blaazen,' to
fastum ; blast, blatero, ventosus, magnilo- sound a trumpet.
quus. —
Kil. Hence Spenser's blatant 2. To portray armorial bearings in
beast, the noisy, boasting, ill-speaMng their proper colours ; whence Blazonry,
beast. She roade at peace through his heraldry. Fr. blason, a coat of arms, also
'
only pains and excellent endurance, how- the scutcheon or shield wherein arms are
ever envy list to blatter against him.' painted or figured ; also blazon or the blaz-
Spenser. With inversion of the liquid, ing of arms. —
Cot. The origin of this ex-
Sp. baladrar, to bellow, to talk much and pression has given rise to much discussion,
loud ; baladron, OE. blateroon, an empty and two theories are proposed, each of
boaster. much plausibility. First from the E. blaze,
Blast. A gust of wind. AS. blcEsan, blazen, to proclaim, to trumpet forth,
to blow ; blcest, a blast. To blast, to de- whence the Fr. blason, used, among other
stroy, to cut off prematurely, as fruit or senses, in that of praise, commendation ;
the signification of a white spot on a dark teins e blancs e blaus,' shields covered
ground may arise from the notion of with tints of white and blue. Or the word
shining like a blaze or flame, Sc. bleis, might spring from the same origin by a
bless, bles. — ^Jam. G. blass, pale, light-col- somewhat different train of thought. The
oured. AS. blesse, blase, is used in the sense of
To Blaze. — Elazen. i. To blow manifestatio, declaratio. —
Lye. ON. blaser
abroad, to spread news, to publish. AS. vid, visui patet, it is manifest. —
Gudmund.
bliEsan, Du. blaesen, to blow. Hence the derivative blason, like the
synonymous cognisance in English, might
And sain, that through thy medling is iilcrwe be used to signify the armorial bearings
Your bothe love, ther it was erst not knowe. of an individual, as the device by which
Troilus and Cressida.
he was known or made manifest when
But now, friend Cornelius, sith I have blasened completely cased in armour.
— ' — — —
72 BLEACH BLENCH
To Bleach, on. bleikr, light-coloured, blemysshen or
blenschyn obfusco. 1 —
whitish, pale blaken, N.
; bleikja, Du. blemysshe, I chaunge colour.
blakna, to whiten by exposure to sun and Saw you nat how he ilemysshed at it whan
air ; AS. Mac, pale ; blcecan, to bleach. you asked him whose dagger that was. Palsgr. —
See Black. According to Diez the proper meaning
Bleak. In a secondary sense bleak is of blemir is to bruise or make livid with
used for cold, exposed, from the effect of blows, from on. bldmi, the livid colour of
cold in making the complexion pale and a bruise, livor, sugillatio, color plumbeus ;
' He
or roar, to cry or weep. blarrede 7nU sie, to stain one's honour or reputa-
sinen langen tranen,'he cried till the tears tion, to disgrace one's name. So in Sw.
ran down. Hence blarr-oge or bleer-oge,
flack, a spot, blot, stain flack pa ens ;
a crying eye, a red watery eye. goda nainn, a spot, a blemish in one's
2. The term blear, in the expression
reputation.
'
to blear one's eye,' to deceive one, is
totally different from the foregoing, and
Blench. ^Blencher. Blancher. To — —
blench is sometimes used in the sense of
seems identical with blur, a blot or smear blanking one,
to make him feel blank, to
concealing something that had originally
discomfit, confound him. Bejaune, a '
been distinct.
novice, one that's easily blankt and hath
He that doeth wickedly, although he professe nought to say when he should speak.'
God in his wordes, yet he doeth not for all that Cot.
see God truely for he is seen with most purely
:
scowred eyes of faith, which are blurred with the For now if ye so shuld have answered him as I
darkness of vices. —
Udal in Richardson. have shewed you, though ye shuld have some-
what blenched him therwith. Sir J. More in —
In this sense it agrees with 'Qa.v.filerren, Richardson.
a blotch plerr, geplerr, a mist before the
;
At other times it is synonymous with
eyes. Prasstigise, pier vor den augen
' ;
blink, to wink the eye, shrink from a
'
Der Teufel macht ihnen ein eitles plerr dazzling light, boggle at something, start
vor den augen,' the devil makes a vain
blur before their eyes. Schmel. So in — back.
I^oketh that ye ne beon nout iliche the horse
P.P.
that is scheoh (shy) and blencheth uor one
He blessede them with his buUes and blered hure scheaduwe. Ancren Riwle, 242. —
eye. And thus thinkande I stonde still
By a similar metaphor Pol. tutnan is a Without blcnchivge of mine eie.
cloud, as of dust or mist ; tumanid, to
Right as me thought that I seie
BLEND BLINK 73
complishes a purpose he is desirous of Their burning blades about their heads do tless.
concealing. F.Q.
Gif hundes umeth to him-ward (the fox) Tany, thou knave, I hold thee a grote I shall
He gength wel swithe awaiward make these hands tless thee. —Gamm. Gurt.
And hoketh pathes swithe narewe Needle. III. 3.
And haveth mid hira his blenches yarewe.
Owl and Nightingale, 375. For the same reason a man is said to
bless the world with his heels when he is
To Blend. A numerous class
of words —
hanged. Nares.
may be cited, with or without the nasal, Blight. A hurt done to corn or trees
representing the sound made by the that makes them look as if they were
agitation of liquids. Swab, blotzen, to blasted. — Bailey. Pl.D. verblekken, to
churn, to dash cream up and down with burn up. '
De Sonne het dat Koorn
a plunger ; Du. plotzen, plonsen, to fall verblekket,' or '
Dat Koorn is verblekket,'
into water with a sudden noise, to plunge. from blekken, to shine, to lighten. Per-
To blunge clay, in potters' language, is to haps the notion originally was that it
mix it up with water to a fluid consist- was blasted with lightning. OHG. bleg,
ency. Du. blanssen, to dabble in water. blich-fiur, lightning. —Brera. Wtb. Or it
— Biglotton. Sc. to bluiter, to make a may be from the discoloured faded ap-
rumbling noise, to bluiter up with water, pearance of the blighted .corn. AS. blac,
to dilute too much ; bluiter, liquid filth pale, livid.
to bluther, bludder, to make a noise with Blind. Deprived of sight. Goth.
the mouth in taking any liquid. ^Jam.
To blunder water, to stir or puddle, to
— blinds, ON. blindr, G. blind. Thence ap-
plied to anything which does not fulfil its
make it thick and muddy. HalliwelL — apparent purpose, as a blind entry, an
Of this latter the E. blend, AS. blendian, entry which leads to nothing ; AS. blind-
ON. blatida, to mix, seems the simple netel, a dead nettle, or nettle which does
form, but by no means therefore a pre- not sting G. blinde fenster, thiiren, —
vious one in the order of formation, as — ;
(Fr. j), blessed, happy ; Serv. blag, good, G. blitz, a flash, glitter, glimpse, lightning
sweet blago, money, riches ; Pol. blogi, blitzen, to flash, glitter, lighten. The in-
;
blissful, sweet, graceful, lovely Bohem. sertion of the nasal, as in the case of
;
blaze, happily, fortunately, well blahy blick and blink, gives blinzen, blinzeln,
;
From the action of the hand making Sw. blund, a wink, a. wink of sleep ;
the sign of the cross while blessing one- blunda, to shut the eyes. The term then
self or others, the verb to bless is some- passes on to designate the complete
times found in the singular sense of to privation of sight. Du. blindselen, csecu-
brandish. tire, cascultare, to be blind, to act like a
; —
74 BLISSOM BLOND
—
blind person. Kil. G. blinzel-maus, or midus, inde humiditate tumidus. Sw.
blinde-kiih, blindman's-buff. blotfisk, fish which is set to soak in water
The origin of blind would thus be the preparatory to cooking, cured fish.
figure of blinking under a strong light, Ihre. Whenunder this name was
fish
and blink itself is sometimes used to imported into England, it was naturally
express absence of vision. To blink the supposed that the signification of the
question is to shut one's eyes to it, to first element of the word had reference
make oneself wilfully blind to it. A to the process by which it was cured,
horse's blinkers are the leather plates and hence to blote has been supposed to
put before his eyes to prevent his seeing. mean to smoke, to cure by smoke.
Nor ought it to startle us to find the have more smoke in my mouth than would
I
simple form of the word derived from a. blote —
a hundred herrings. B. and F. in Nares.
frequentative, as blinzeln, blindsehn. For You stink like so many Moat-herrings newly
this, I believe, is a much more frequent —
taken out of the chimney. B. Jonson, Ibid.
phenomenon than is commonly thought,
and an instance has lately been given in
—
Blob. Bleb. Blob, a bubble, a blister ;
a small lump of anything thick, viscid, or
the case of blend. Words aiming at the bleb, a drop of water, a bubble, a
dirty ;
direct representation of natural sounds
blister, a blain.— Hal. Blob, blab, a small
are apt to appear in the first Instance in globe or bubble of any liquid, a blister, a
the frequentative form.
To Blissom. Of sheep, to desire the
blot or spot, as a blab of ink, ^Jam. —
Though both his eyes should—drop out like
male. N. blesme, ON. blcesma, to blissom,
from — blobbes or droppes of water, —
Z. Boyd in Jam,
blcsr, a ram. Egillson.
Blister. Du. bluyster; Lat. pustula, From blabber, blobber, blubber, repre-
pusula, a bubble, blister, pimple. Both senting the dashing of water, the radical
syllable is taken to signify a separate
the English and the Latin word are from
the notion of blowing, expressed by cog- element of the complex image, a bubble
nate roots, which differ only in the in- formed or a drop dashed off in the col-
sertion or omission of an / after the lective agitation. So from sputter is
initial b. formed spot, a detached portion of the
The E. blister must be referred to AS. agitated liquid, or the mark which it
blasan, to blow, whence blast, bluster, to makes. And so from squatter, to dash
blow in gusts, to puff and be noisy, Bav. liquid, is formed squad, sloppy dirt, a
blaustem, to breathe hard, while Lat. separate portion. See Blot. Gael, plub,
fiustula, pusula, must be classed with noise of liquor in a half-filled cask, sound
forms like Gr. ^vaaa, to blow, G. bausen, as of a stone falling suddenly in water,
busten, pausten, Svt.pusta, to blow, puff, any soft unwieldy lump plub-cheann, a ;
BLOOD BLOW 75
supposition which is apparently supported gush, to fall (of liquids) in abundance, to
by the use of the word blode in Austria dabble in water ; platschern, to patter, to
for a weak, pale tint. —
Schmid. It is fall with a plashing noise ; S-wiss pladern,
probably connected with Pol. blady, pale,
wan. It. biado (of which the evidence plattern, to dabble in water, to splash, to
exists in biadetto, bluish, sbiadare, to dirty, (of cattle) to dung, whence plader,
grow pale), blue, pale biavo, blue, straw- platter, kuh-plader, cow-dung. Dan. dial.
;
coloured (Diaz, Florio). OFr. blois, bloi, blatte, to dash down, fall down ; blat,
blue ; bloi, blond, yellow, blue, white blatte, a small portion of anything wet
(Roquefort). Prov. bloi, blou, fair in en blat vand, skam, a drop of water or
colour, as the skin or hair. It should be of filth blak-blatte, a drop of ink
; ko- ;
remarked that the Du. blond is used in blatt, Sw. kobladde, a cow-dung. Sc. blad,
the sense of the livid colour of a bruise a heavy fall of rain (to be compared with
as well as in that of flaxen, yellowish G. platz-regen, a pelting shower).
; It's '
blond en blaauw slaan, to beat one black bladding on o' weet,' the rain is driving
and blue ; blondheid, couleur livide. on. Blad, a. dirty spot on the cheek, a
Halm a. lump of anything soft to blad, to slap,
—
Blood. ^Bleed. Du. bloed, G. blut. to strike with something soft or flat.
;
Doubtless named for the same reason as Carinthian ploutschen, to dash down
Du. bloedsd, E. dial, blooth, G. bliithe, a water ploutsche, great leaf of cabbage.
;
flower, from the bright colour which
7'vci. plattata, to slap, to strike with such
these objects exhibit, from G. bliihen, to
a sound as the Germans represent by the
glow. Both blut and bliithe are written
bluat by Otfried, and bliihen is used in syllable klatsch ! Platti, a sound of such
the Swabian dialect in the sense of bleed. a nature, a blot or spot. Dan. plet, a
— Schmid. Erploten, to be red with blot, spot pletter i solen, spots in the
;
rage. —
Schilter. See Blow, 2. sun. E. plot of land is a spot or small
Bloom. The bright-coloured part to portion of land. Sw. plottra, to squander,
plants which prepares the seed, a deli- properly to scatter liquid ; to scribble,
cately-coloured down on fruits, the bright to blot paper plotterwis, in scattered
;
76 BLOW BLUE
wound and bruise. Si quis alium ad
' or guggling, plubair, one who speaks
sanguinis effusionem vel livorem vulgo indistinctly and rapidly; Pl.D. blubbern,
bla-we dictum teserit.' ' Ad livorem et to make bubbles in drinking, to sputter
sanguinem, quod bloot et blawe dicimus.' or speak in an explosive manner; blub-
— Hamburgh Archives, A.D. 1292, in bern, fiubbem, to blurt out. Deutsch. —
Brem. Wtb. '
Nis hir nauder blaw ni Mundart. v. 51.
blodelsa,' there is here neither bruise nor To blubber, in E., is confined to the
vi^ound.— Wiarda. OFr. blau, coup, tache, broken sound made by the internal flow
—
meurtrissure Roquefort, a blow, a bruise. of tears in crying. Blubbered cheeks are
On the other hand, OHG. bliuwan, MHG. cheeks bedabbled with tears. It is how-
bliuwen, G. blduen, to beat with a mallet, ever provincially used in the original
can hardly be separated from Goth. sense. ' The water blubbers up' (Mrs Ba-
bliggman, to beat. ker), where the word may be compared
To Blow, 1. AS. blawan, to blow, to with Bohem. blubonciti, to bubble up, to
breathe G. blahen, to puff up, to inflate, boil. And, as bubbles are formed by the
;
a parallel form with blasen, to blow. In agitation of water, blubber comes to sig-
like manner Lat. Jla-re, to blow, corre- nify bubble, foam. '
Blober upon water,
sponds with Sw.Jlasa, to puff, to breathe bouteiUis.' — Palsgr.
hard. And at his mouth a blubber stode of fome.
Chaucer.
To Blow, 2. To come
into flower, to
show flower. The primary sense is to In modern speech the noun is chiefly
shine, to exhibit bright colours, to glow. used for the coating of fat by which the
Du. bloeden, bloeyen, bloemen, florere. whale is enveloped, consisting of a net-
Kil. G. bliihen, to shine with bright
work or frothy structure of vessels filled
colours, .to blossom, to flourish. From with oil.
the same root which gives the designa- Itdoes not impair the representative
tion of the blood, the red fluid of the power of the word when the final b in the
body ; and closely allied with Du. blosen, radical syllable of blubber is exchanged
for a. d in Sc. bludder, bluther, to make a
to be red, and the forms mentioned under
Blossom. Swab, bluh, blut, blust, a noise with the mouth in taking liquid to ;
flower ; OHG. bluod, bldt; G. bliithe, disfigure the face with weeping. ^Jam. —
bloom, flower w, blodyn, a flower.
;
—
Her sweet bloderit face. Chaucer.
Parallel forms with an initial gl are Bav. blodern, plodern, Pl.D. pludern, to
ON. gUd, E. glede, glowing coal ; Du. gabble, jabber, chatter. Plodern, to
gloeden, gloeyen, G. gliihen, to glow. sound like water, to gush. —
Deutsch.
Blowzy. Tumbled, disordered in Mund. -ii. 92. Pludern, to guggle, sound
head-dress. Blowze, a fat, red-faced like water gushing out of a narrow open-
bloted wench, or one whose head is ing ; to flap like loose clothes. —Schmel-
—
dressed like a slattern. B. P1.D. piusen, ler.
to'disorder, especially with respect to the Blue. OHG. blao, blaw j It. biavo,
hair. Sik piusen is said of fowls when Prov. blau, fem. blava.
they plume themselves with their beak. Notwithstanding the little apparent
Sik upplustem, when the feathers of a resemblance, I have little doubt in identi-
bird are staring from anger or bad health fying the foregoing with w. glas, blue,
blustig, plusig, toused, disordered; plus- green, grey, pale ; Gael, glas, pale, wan.
trig, (of birds) having the feathers star- The interchange of an initial gl, bl, or gr,
ing or disordered; (of men) having a br, is very frequent. Wemay cite for
swollen bloated face or disordered hair. example G. gliihen, bliihen, E. glow, blow;
— Danneil. Gr. y\r)yi»v, |8A)';xo'»', a herb Gr. /idXavoc,
To Blubber. — Bludder. — Bluther. Lat. glansj Ir. glaodh and blaodh, a
;
These are closely aUied forms, marking shout glagaireachd and blagaireachd, a
;
some difference in application from that blast, boasting; Bret, bruk, w. grug,
of blabber, blebber,bladder, by the modi- heath. We
thus identify the Celtic glas
fied vowel. The radical image is the with G. blass, pale OFr. bloes, blois, bloi,
;
sound made by the dashing of water, blue ; blazir, to make blue, and thence,
whence the expression is extended to
,
BLUFF BLUNDERBUSS 77
biado, blue, pale, the evidence of which rnonious preparations ; a shore abruptly
is seen in biadetto, bluish, and sbiadare, rising, or an abrupt manner.
to become pale or wan. Flor. —
Hence In like manner from an imitation of
we pass to Prov. blahir, to become pale the same sound by the sylfable plomp,
or livid, in the same way as from It'. Du. plomp, abrupt, rustic, blunt. See
tradire to Fr. trahir. The change from Blunt.
a medial d to v \% still more familiar. Blunder. The original meaning of
We find accordingly It. sbiavare, as well blunder seems to be to dabble in water,
as sbiadafe, to become pale, and biavo from an imitation of the sound. It is a
(Diez), as well as biado, blue. The nasal form of such words as blother,
Romance blave is moreover, like the blutter, bluiter, all representing the
Celtic glas, applied to green as well as and then generally
agitation of liquids,
blue. Blavoyer, verdoyer, devenir vert idle talk. Dan. pludder, earth and water
blavoie, verdure, herbe. —
Roquefort. mixed together, puddle, idle talk plud- ;
Hence we may explain the origin of the dre, to dabble in the mud, to puddle, mix
It. biada, biava, corn, originally growing up turf and water. Then with the nasal,,
corn, from the brilliant green of the young E. dial, to blunder water, to stir or pud-
corn in the spring, contrasted with the dle, to make water thick and muddy
;
brown tint of the uncultivated country. and metaphorically, blunder, confusion,
—
'
78 BLUNKET BLUNT
a blunderbuss, from the loud report ; bus, A blunt manner is an unpolished, un-
—
a fire-arm. Halma. ceremonious manner, exactly correspond-
Bluntet. A light blue colour. Pol. ing to the G. plump. Plump mit etwas
hlekit, azure, blue. Probably radically umgehen, to handle a thing bluntly,
identical with E. bleak, pale, wan, as the —
awkwardly, rudely. Kiittner.
senses of paleness and blue colour very It is from this notion of suddenness,
generally run into each other. absence of preparation, that the sense of
Blunt. Before attempting to explain bare, naked, seems to be derived. To
the formation of the word, it will be well speak bluntly is to tell the naked truth,
to point out a sense, so different from Sw. blotta sanningen. The syllables blot,
that in which it is ordinarily used, that it blunt, plump, and the like, represent the
is not easy to discover the connection. sound not only of a thing falling into the
Bare and blunt, naked, void. water, but of something soft thrown on
It chaunst a sort of merchants which were wont the ground, as Sw. plump, a blot, Dan.
To skim those coasts for bondmen there to buy- pludse, to plump down, Dan. dial, blatte,
Arrived in this isle though tare and blunt to fall dovim, fling down ; blat, a portion
—
To inquire for slaves. F. Q. of something wet, as cow-dung. Mol- —
The large plains bech. Then as a wet lump lies where it
Stude blunt of beistis and of treis bare. —D. V. is thrown, it is taken as the type of every-
A modification of the same root, without thing inactive, dull, heavy, insensible, and
the nasal, appears with the same mean- these qualities are expressed by both
ing in Swiss blutt, naked, bare, unfledged modifications of the root, with or with-
Sw. blott, G. bloss. It. biotto, biosso, naked, out the nasal, as in E. blunt, Sc. blait,
poor Sc. blout, blait.
; duU, sheepish.
Woddis, forestis, with naked bewis llout Then cometh indevotion, through which a man
Stude strippit of thare wede in every hout. —D. V. is so blont, and hath swiche languor in his soul,
the naked body- that he may neither rede ne sing in holy chirche.
The blait body,
Chaucer, in Richardson.
The two senses are also
Jamieson.
We Phenicianis nane sa blait breistis has.—D. V.
united in Gael, maol, bald, without horns, Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Pceni.
blunt, edgeless, pointless, bare, without
Sc. Blaitie-bum, a simpleton, stupid
foliage, fooUsh, silly. Maolaich, to make
fellow, and in the same sense, a bluntie.
bare or blunt.
Du. blutten, homo stolidus, obtusus, ina-
Now the Swiss bluntsch, blunsch, is nis. —
Kil.
used to represent the sound which is A blade reason is used by Piers
'
'
imitated in English and other languages
Plowman for a pointless, ineffectual rea-
by the syllable /&/«/, viz. the sound of a son. Thus we are brought to what is now
round heavy body falling into the water; the most ordinary meaning of the word
bluntschen, to make a noise of such a
blunt, viz. the absence of sharpness, the
nature, to plump into the water. —
Stalder.
natural connection of which with the
A similar sound is represented by the
syllables plotz, plutz —
Kiittner whence ;
qualities above mentioned is shown by
the use of the Latin obtusus in the fore-
T)\i. plotsen, plonsen,plompen,to fall into
the water; G. platz-regen, a pelting
going passages. An active intelligent
lad is said to be sharp, and it is the con-
shower of rain. We
have then the ex-
verse of this metaphor when we speak of
pressions, mit etwas heraus-platzen, or
a knife which will not cut as a blunt
heraus plumpen, to blunt a thing out, to
knife. The word dull, it will be observed,
blurt, blunder, or blab out a thing
is used in both senses, of a knife which
Kiittner ; to bring it suddenly out, like a
will not cut, and an unintelligent, inactive
thing thrown down with a noise, such as
person. Swiss bluntschi, a thick and
that represented by the syllables bluntsch,
plotz, plump J to plump out with it.
—
plump person. Stalder.
It will be seen that the G. plump, re-
Swab, platzen, to throw a thing violently
specting the origin of which we cannot
down.
doubt, is used in most of the senses for
Peradventure it were good rather to keep in
good silence thyself than blunt forth rudely.
which we have above been attempting
Sir T. More in Richardson. to account. Plump, rough, unwrought,
The term blunt is then applied to things heavy, clumsy, massive, thick, and,
figuratively, clownish, raw, unpolished,
done suddenly, without preparation.
rude, heavy, dull, blockish, awkward.
Won by degrees,
Fathers are
not bluntly as our masters — Kiittner. Plontp, hebes, obtusus, stu-
—
Or wronged friends are. Ford in R. pidus, plumbeus, ang. blunt. — Kil.
—
;
BLUR BOB 79
manner from the sound of a
In like Boar. AS. bar, Du. beer. As the as.
lump thrown on the. ground, imitated by has also eafor, and Du. ever-swin, it is
.the syllable bot, is formed Du. bot, botte, probable that iJoarhas no radical identity
a blow ; bot-voet, a club foot ; hot, plump, with G. eber, Lat. aper.
sudden, blunt, dull, stupid, rude, flat. Board. Du. berd, G. brett, a board or
Bot zeggen, to say bluntly. Halma. — plank. AS. bord, an edge, table, margin.
To Blur. To blur, to render indis- Du. boord, a. margin, edge, border. Fr.
tinct, to smear; bhir, a smear, a blot. bord, edge, margin, on. bord, a border,
'Ba.y.plerr, geplerr,a mist before the eyes outward edge, board, table, whence bord-
plerren, a blotch, discoloured spot on the vidr, literally edge-wood, i. e. planks or
skin. boards.
The word is probably a parallel form Med endilongum bsenum var umbuiz k hiisum
with Sp. borrar, to blur, blot, and E. bur, uppi, reistrupp^o?*(^-z^z/2"rautanverdom thaukom
a mistiness, representing in the first in- —
sva sem viggyrdiat vseri. Sverris Saga, c. 156.
stance an indistinct sound, then applied — along the town preparations were made up on
the houses, planks raised up outside the roofs,
to indistinct vision ; but it may arise like the parapets (viggyrdil, war-girdle) raised
from the notion of dabbling in the wet. on board a ship in a naval engagement.
Sc. bludder, bluther, blubber, to make a
* Boast. Explained by Jam. to
noise with the mouth, to disfigure with
threaten, to endeavour to terrify.
crying. E. dial, bluter, to blubber, to
blot, to dirty; to blore, to roar. Hal. — Scho wald nocht tell for bost nor yeit reward.
Wallace.
Swiss blodern, to sound like water boil-
Tumus thare duke reulis the middil oist,
ing, to rumble; 'Ba.v. pfludern, to make a With glaive in hand maid awful fere and ioist.
noise in boiling; pludern, to guggle; D. V. 274. 29.
blodern,plodem, to chatter, gabble. Dan. The radical meaning of the word seems
pluddre, to dabble, to jabber, gabble ; to be a crack or loud sound, and when
Sw. dial, blurra, burra, to talk quick and applied to vaunting language, it implies
indistinctly ; bladdra, blarra, to blurt out, that it is empty sound. To brag and
to chatter. The elision of the d is very to crack, both used in the sense of boast-
common, as in Du. blader, blaere, a blad- ing, primarily signify loud noise. Heard '
der ; ader, acre, an ear of corn, &c. For you the crack that that gave ? ' Sc. pro-
the parallelism of blur and burr comp. E. verb spoken when we hear an empty
blotch and botch, splurt and spirt, Du.
blaffen and baffen, to bark, G. blasen and
boast. —
Kelly. Boost is used for the
crack made by bursting open.
bausen, to blow. See Burr, Slur. And whether be lighter to breke,
To Blurt. To bring out suddenly with And lasse boost mSdth,
an explosive sound of the mouth. Sc. a A beggeris bagge
blirt of greeting, a burst of tears. Jam.
Related to blutter, bludder, as splurt to
— Than an yren bounde cofre ?
P. P. 1. 9396, Wright's ed.
splutter. To splirt, to spurt out. Hal. — From this root are formed Sc. bustuous,
It. boccheggiare, to make mouths, or OE. boistous, violent, strong, large, coarse,
blurt with one's mouth; chicchere, a rude, and boisterous, properly noisy, vio-
flurt with one's fingers, or blurt ^ih one's lent G. pausten,pusten, pustern, to puff.
;
—
mouth. Fl. Comp. G. puffen, to give a crack, to puff.
Blush. Du. blose, blosken, the red Du. pof, the sound of a blow poffen, to ;
blusse, to blaze, to glow ; blusse i ansigtet, voce intonare. Kil. See Boisterous.
to blush. Pl.D. a blaze,
bliise, bleuster, Boat. AS. bit, Du. boot. It. batello,
beacon fire. De bakke bleustern, the Fr. bateau, ON. bdtr, w. bdd, Gael. bdta.
cheeks glow. — Brem. Wtb. See Blossom. To Bob.—Bobbin. To move quickly
Bluster. To blow in puffs, blow vio- up and down, or backwards and forwards,
lently, swagger. An augmentative from to dangle; whence bob, a dangling object,
blast. Bav. blaste?i, blaustem, to snuff, a small lump, a short thick body, an end
to be out of temper. —
Schmeller. or stump. Gael, baiag, a tassel, fringe,
Boa. A large snake. It. boa, bora, cluster; baban, a tassel, short pieces of
any filthy mud, mire, puddle, or bog also thread. From the last must be explained
;
a certain venomous serpent that lives in Fr. bobine, E. bobbin, a baU of thread
the mud, and swimmeth very well, and wrapped round a little piece of wood, a
grows to a great bigness. Fl. —
Boa, little knob hanging by a piece of thread.
stellio, lacerta, cocodrUlus; lindwurm. Pull the bobbin, my dear, and the latch
'
So BOB BOGGLE
To Bob, 3. To mock. trunk and G. rump/ sigmiy a hoUow case
So bourdfuUy takyng Goddis byddynge or as well as the body of an animal. We
wordis or werkis is scorning of hym as dyden the speak of the barrel of a horse, meaning
Jewis that hobbiden. Crist. —
Sermon against the round part of his body. The Sp.
Miracle-plays, Reliq Antiq. 2. 43. barriga, the belly, is identical with Fr.
In this sense from the syllables ba ba re- barrique, a cask.
presenting the movement of the lips, The signification of the root bot, of
whence Fr. baboyer, to blabber with the which the E. body and G. bottich are de-
lips faire la babou, to bob, to make a rivatives, is a lump, the thick part of any-
;
—
mow at. Cot. See Baber-lipped. thing, anything protuberant, swelling,hol-
To Bode. To portend good or bad. low. W. bot, a round body both, the boss ;
AS. bod, gebod, a command, precept, mes- of a buckler, nave of a wheel, bothog,
sage boda, a messenger ; bodian, to de-
; round, rounded; Wall. bodi,rabodi,\\i\c\i-
liver a message, to make. an announce- set, stumpy; bodene, belly, calf of the leg.
ment. See Bid. — Grandg.
To Bodge. To make bad work, to fail. The primary sense of body is then the
With this we charged again but out alas
;
thick round part of the living frame, as
We bodged again, as I have seen a swan distinguished from the limbs or lesser di-
With bootless labour swim against the tide. visions then the whole material frame,
;
tich, bo tich, a body. In like manner E. Gael, gogach, nodding, wavering, fickle ;
— —;; —
BOIL BOLT 81
and in like manner from the parallel forms Sw. bald, proud, haughty, warlike, as.
bag or bog are derived Piedm. bagaji, balder, bealder, hero, prince. Fr. baud,
Fr. b^gayer. Wall, (of Mons) b^guer, OG. bold, insolent baude, merry, cheerful.
;
not get on with his speech, he made poor the term is applied to the body of an
—
boggling work.' Mrs Baker. animal as distinguished from the limbs,
In the same way Sc. tartle, to boggle to the trunk of a tree as distinguished
as a horse, to hesitate from doubt, scruple, from the branches, to the belly as the
or dislike, may be identified with It. tar- rounded part of the body. ON. bulr, bolr,
tagliare, Sp. tartajear, to stammer, stut-
Sw. bal. Da. bul, the body of a man or of
ter, tartalear, to stagger, to be at a loss
in speaking. a shirt, trunk of a tree ; Lap. boll, pall,
—
To Boil. Boil. Lat. bullire, Fr. bouil- palleg, the body ; w. bol, bola, boly, the
lir, ON. bulla, to boil, properly represent belly. See Bulk.
the sound of water boiling, whence bulla, Boll. The round heads or seed-ves-
Du. bollen (Kil.), to tattle, chatter. Sc. sels of flax, poppy (Bailey), or the like.
buller, the gurgling sound of water rush- Du. bol, bolle, a head ; bolleken, capi-
ing into a cavity. Westerwald bollern, tulum, capitellum. Kil. —
Bret, bolc'h,
to give a hoUow sound. polc'h, belc'hj- w. bul, flax-boU. See
Then as boiling consists in the sending Bowl.
up of bubbles, Lat. bulla, a bubble, boss, * Bolster, ohg. bolstar, as. bolster,
stud, lump of lead on which a seal was a cushion, pillow. The term applies in
impressed ; It. bolla, a bubble, round the first instance to the materials with
glass phial, also a blister, pustule, pimple which the cushion is stuffed. Du. bolster,
ON. bola, a bubble, bhster, boil ; Sw. the husk of nuts, chaff of corn siliqua, ;
bula, a bump, swelling, dint in a metal gluma, folliculus grani, tomentum, fur-
vessel; Du. buile, puile, G. beule, a boil or fures, stramenta. —
Kit. If the primary
swelling Du. biiilen, puilen, to be pro-
; meaning of the word is stuffing, from Du.
minent, to swell. bol, swelling, hollow, we must suppose
* Boisterous. — —
^Boistous. Bustuous. that it was first used with respect to the
Properly noisy, then violent, strong, huge, chaff of corn, the most obvious materials
coarse, rough. for stuffing a cushion, and then applied
In winter whan the weather was out of to other husks, as those of nuts, which
measure boistous and the wyld wind Boreas are not used for a similar purpose. ON.
maketh the wawes of the ocean so to arise. bSlstr, a cushion, a swelling in ice. Swab.
Chaucer, Test. Love.
bolster (aufgeblasen — Schmidt), puffed
Drances tells Latinus that Turnus' boist up.
cows the people from speaking, but that —
Bolt. To Bolter, i. G. bok, bolzen,
All thocht with braik and boist or wappinnis he bow, a broad-headed peg to fasten one
Me doth awate, and manace for to de. object to another, a fastening for a door.
Du. bout is explained by Kil., obex, pessu-
He then exhorts the king lus, repagulum; bout, boutpijl, sagitta
lat neuir demyt be
capitata, pilum catapultarium bout van ;
The bustuousness (violentia) of ony man dant
the.— D. V. 374. 45.
het schouderblad, caput scapulse. The
essential meaning of the word would thus
Boystous, styffe or rude ; boystousnesse, appear to be a knob or projection, the
—
roydeur, impetuosity. Pr. Pm. notes. , bolt of a door being provided with a laiob
For bost or boist in the sense of crack, by which it is moved to and fro. A
noise, see Boast. G. fiausten, pusten, thunderbolt is considered as a fiery mis-
pusteren, to puff, blow. sile hurled in a clap of thunder. G. bolz-
Bold. Daring, courageous. Goth. gerade signifies straight to the mark, as
baltha, OHG. bald, free, confident, bold. the bolt shot by a crossbow but it is also ;
G. bald, quick. ON. balldr, strong, brave, used, as E. bolt upright, in the sense of
—
handsome ; ballr, strong, courageous. perpendicular. Stalder. Chaucer seems
Dan. bold, intrepid, excellent, beautiful to use bolt upright in the Reve's tale in
6
—; ;
82 BOLT
the sense of right on end, one after the or clump Pl.D.fe/2?,i5a//^«, protuberance,
;
vessel with narrow opening. The ulti- protuberance, swelling, hulch, bulk.
mate origin of the word may be best 2. In the next place, to bolt or bolter is
illustrated- by forms like G. holier poller, to sift meal by shaking it to and fro
P1.D. hulter de bulter, representing a rat- through a cloth of loose texture. Fr.
tling or crashing noise. ' Holler poller / bulter, bluter, beluter, Mid. Lat. buletare,
ein fiirchterlicher getose ' Ging_ es to bolt buletellum, Fr. buletel, beliitea.u,
! ' ;
hotter und potter dass die wagenrader bluteau, a bolter or implement for bolting.
achzten it went helter-skelter so that
:
' I boulte meale in a boulter, je bulte.
•wagen, a rattling carriage; die treppe pressed, as above explained, by the repre-
^ivavccA^x poltern, to come rattling down- sentation of a racketing sound, by which
stairs; poltern, to make a knocking, indeed the operation of bolting was com-
hammering, or the like, to throw things monly accompanied in a very marked
about. Then from the analogy between manner. On this account Mid.Lat. tara-
a rattling noise and a jolting motion, Pl.D. tantara, representing a loud broken noise
^bultrig, bulstrig, bultig, jolting, uneven, as of a trumpet, was applied to a bolter
rugged, lumpy. De weg is hultrig un or mill-clack. Bulte-pook or bulstar,
'
projections, to coagulate, to form lumps, staff which sounds tar, tar. Dief. Supp. —
as snow balling on a horse's foot, or ill- On the same principle, the name of bolter
mixed flour and water. Blood-boltered seems to have been given to the imple-
Banquo signifies clotted with blood. The ment and the operation, from G. poltern,
/ is transposed in Fr. blotttre, a clod, and to crash, hammer, racket gepolter, ge- ;
poltzet augen, projecting eyes pul- clack, a bolter Prov. barutela, to agitate,
; ;
a sudden movement, as a rabbit from its baritel, OFr. burclct, Champagne burtcau,
hole, or a racer from the course. abolter. OFr. buretter{CQ\..), It. barutare,
Passing from the sense of movement burattare, to bolt flour burato, bolting ;
to that of form, we have Du. pull, a clod cloth. And as the agitation of cream in
—
BOMB BONFIRE 83
nifying violent agitation to each of those When the name passed into the lan-
operations, of which it expresses so guages of Northern Europe, the tendency
marked a characteristic. Moreover, the to give meaning to the elements of a
Fr. bureau, OE. borel, signifies the coarse word introduced from abroad, which has
cloth in which peasants were dressed, a given rise to so many false etymologies,
material quite unfit for bolting meal, produced the Pl.D. baum-bast, G. bauni-
which requires stuff of a thin open tex- wolle, as if made from the bast or inner
ture. bark of a tree and Kilian explains it
;
builen, to bolt meal, the radical sense of sye, i. e. sericum arboreum, from boom,
which is shown in Bav. beuteln, beil'n, to tree,and sijde, sije, silk.
shake (as to shake the head, to shake Bond. AS. bindan, band, bunden, to
down fruit from a tree, &c.) ; butteln, bind G. band, an implement of binding,
;
iuttern, to shake, to cast to and fro. a string, tie, band pi. bande, bonds, ties.
;
Butterglas, a bottle for shaking up salad ODu. bond, a ligature, tie, agreement.
sauce ; buttel trueb (of liquids), thick from Kil. In legal language, a bond is an in-
shaking. PoUitriduare, butteln. Schm. — strument by which a person biizds himself
From builen, the contracted form of under a penalty to perform some act.
Du. buidelen, to boult meal, must be ex- Bone. G. bein, the leg, bone of the
plained Fr. boulenger, a baker, properly leg, the shank achsel bein, brust-bein,
;
84 BONNET BOOT
the last of these a field is still called the To Boom. To sound loud and dull
Beacon field, and near Banbury is a lofty like a gun. Du. bommen. See Bomb.
hill called Crouch Hill, where a cross (or Boon. A favour, a good turn or re-
crouch) probably served to mark the quest. — Bailey. The latter is the original
place of the former beacon. The origin meaning. AS. ben, bene, petition, prayer.
of the word is probably the W. bd.n., high, Thin ben is gehyred, Luke i. 13. ON.
lofty, tall, whence ban-ffagl, a lofty blaze, beiSne, been, bdn, desire, prayer, petition,
a bonfire. Many lofty hills are called from beida (E. bid), to ask.
Beacons in E. and Ban in w. as the ; Boor. . A peasant, countryman, clown.
Brecknockshire Banns, or Vanns, in w. Du. boer, G. bauer, from Du. bowwen, to
Binau Brychyniog, also called Breck- cultivate, build, G. bauen, to cultivate,
till,
nock Beacons. Perhaps, however, the inhabit, build, ON. bua, to prepare, set
word may signify merely a fire of buns, in order, dress, till, inhabit.
or dry stalks for making a roaring blaze. From the sense of inhabiting we have
Bonnefyre, feu de behourdis. —
Palsgr. neighbour, G. nachbar, one who dwells
Mrs Baker explains bun, the stubble of nigh.
beans, often cut for burning and lighting From the participle present, ON. buandi,
fires. —
Bun, a dry stalk. Hal. boandi, comes bondi, the cultivator, the
Bonnet. Fr. bonnet, Gael, bonaid, a possessor of the farm, master of the
head-dress. The word seems of Scan- house, \ais-band.
dinavian origin. From bo, boa, bua, to See Bown, Busk, Build.
dress, to set in order, bonad, reparation, * Boose. A stall for cattle. Hal. —
dress. Hufwud-bonad, head-dress wai^g- Boos, bose, netis stall. Pr. Pm. AS. bosig,
;
—
bonad, wall hangings, tapestry. But bosg, bosih, ON. bds, a stall. Perhaps
bonad does not appear to have been used from ow. boutig, literally cow-house. OW.
by itself for head-dress. boutig, stabulum. Ox. Gl. in Phil. Trans. —
Booby. The character of folly is i860, p. 232. w. ty Gael, tigh, house.
generally represented by the image of
But more likely from Sw. dial, bas, which
one gaping and staring about, wondering signifies
not only straw, litter, but stall,
at everything. Thus from the syllable ba,
representing the opening of the mouth, as a lying-place for cattle. Basa, to strew
are formed Fr. baier, b^er, to gape, and with straw, to litter bosu, busu, hu?id-
;
thence Rouchi baia, the mouth, and fig. busa, swinbusa, a lying-place for dogs or
one who stands staring with open mouth swine, dog-kennel, pig-sty. N. bos, rem-
;
babaie, babin, Wall, b&ber, babau, boubair, nants of hay or straw, chaff.
boubi^. It. babb^o, a simpleton, booby, Boot. Fr. botte. Du. bote, boten-shoen,
blockhead. Jr. bobo ! interj. of wonder pero, calceus rusticus e crudo corio.
Sp. bobo, foolish. On the same principle
;
Kil. Swab, bossen, short boots. Schm. —
from badare, to gape, Fr. badaud, a. fool, It would appear that in Kilian's time the
dolt, ass, gaping hoyden — Cot. ; from Du. bote was similar to the Irish brogue
and Indian mocassin, a bag of skin or
gape, E. dial, gaby, a silly fellow, gaping
—
about with vacant stare Mrs Baker, and leather, enveloping the foot and laced on
the instep. It is commonly explained as
from AS. ganian, to yawn, E. gawney, a.
simpleton. —
Mrs Baker. identical with It. botta, Sp. Prov. bota,
Fr. botte, a hollow skin, a vessel for hold-
Book. AS. boo. Goth, boia, letter,
writing bokos, the scriptures bokareis,
; ;
ing liquids. See Butt.
a scribe G. buch-stab, a letter ; OSlav. To Boot.—Bootless. To boot, to aid,
;
the mouth of a harbour for defence. i.e. should contribute something to make
Du. boom, a tree, pole, beam, bolt. Kil. — the bargain equal. Bootless, without ad-
;; ;
vantage, not contributing to further the ON. bdra, a wave, N. baara, wave, swell
end we have in view. Du. boete, baete, bara, kvit-bara, to surge, to foam.
aid, remedy, amendment boeten, to ; To Bore, 1.—Burin. G. bohren, ON.
mend, and hence to fine, to expiate ;
bora, Lat. forare, Magy. furni, to bore,
boeten den dorst, to quench one's thirst furd, a borer ; Fin. puras, a. chisel, tere-
boeten het vier, AS. betan fyr, to bete the bra sculptoria purastoa, scalpo, terebro,
;
fire,properly to mend the fire, but used sculpo 05\xiik..por,par, a borer, piercer.
;
in the sense of laying or lighting it, The Fin. purra, to bite, leaves little
struere ignem, admovere titiones. Kil. — doubt as to the primitive image from
ON. bdt, pi, batr, amendment, reparation, whence the expression is taken, the
recovery ; yfirbdt, making good again ; action of gnawing affording the most
bata, to make better, to repair, to patch, obvious analogy from whence to name
to cure Sw. bata, to boot, to profit
;
the operation of a cutting instrument, or
Goth, botjan, to profit, to be of advan- the gradual working a hole in anything.
tage aftragabotjan, to restore, repair.
;
The ON. bit is used to signify the point
See To
Bete. or edge of a knife bitr, sharp, pointed.
;
Booth.. This word is widely spread We speak in E. of an edge that will not
in the sense of a slight erection, a shelter bite, and it is doubtless in the sense of
of branches, boards, &c. Gael, both, ON. bit that the term centre-bit is applied
bothag, bothan, a bothy, cottage, hut, to an instrument for boring. The cor-
tent, bower. Bohem. bauda, budka, a responding forms in Lap. are parret, to
hut, a shop budowati, to build
; ; Pol.
bite, and thence to eat ; and parrets, an
buda, a booth or shed, budowai, to build.
awl, a borer.
ON. bud, a hut or tent, a shed, a shop.
The analogy between the operation of
OSw. scsdes-bod, a granary ; mat-bod, a
a cutting instrument and the act of gnaw-
cupboard. Du. boede, boeye, a hut, cup-
ing or biting leads to the application of
board, barn, cellar.
Fin. puru, Esthon. purro, to anything
Neither G. bauen, to build, nor E. abode,
comminuted by either kind of action, as
afford a satisfactory explanation. In the Fin. puru, chewed food
for infants, sahan
Slavonic languages the word signifying
puru, Esthon. pu purro (saha =: saw ;
to build seems a derivative rather than a
pu =: wood), OHG. uzboro, urboro, saw-
root. See Bower.
Booty. It is admitted that Fr. butin. dust, the gnawings as it were of the saw
or borer.
It. bottino, are derived from G. beute.
Another derivation from Fin. purra, to
The Sw. byte points to the verb byta, to
bite, is purin, dens mordens vel caninus,
exchange or divide, as the origin of the
the equivalent of the It. borino, bolino, a
word, the primary signification of which
graver's small pounce, a sharp chisel for
would thus be the division of the spoil.
Halfva bytning af alt that
cutting stone with —
Flor. ; Fr. and E.
rof. burin, an engraver's chisel, the tool with
A half share of all that spoil. which he bites into his copper plate.
Hist. Alexand. Mag. in Ihre. Compare Manx birrag, a sharp-pointed
Fr. butin is explained by
Palsgr. p. 266, tooth, or anything pointed, Gael, biorag,
schare of a man of a prise in warre time. a tusk, which are probably from the same
And so in ON. the booty taken in war is root. Fin. puras, a chisel, differs only
called grip-deildi and hlut-skipti, from in termination.
deila and skipta, to divide. • To Bore, 3. To bore in the meta-
BoracMo. A
wine-skin, and meta- phorical sense may have acquired its
phorically a drunkard. Sp. borracha, a meaning in the same way
as G. drillen,
leather bag or bottle for wine. Gael. to pierce, also to harass with work or
borracha, a bladder, from borra, to swell. perpetual requests', to importune. But
See Burgeon. probably the E. use of the word would be
Border. Fr. bardure, a border, welt, better explained on the supposition that
hem or gard of a garment, from bord, it was originally bur. It. lappolone, a
edge, margin, on. bord, limbus, ora, great bur, an importunate fellow that
extremitas bordi, fimbria, limbus.
;
will stick as close as a bur to one ; lappa-
Bore. The
flow of the tide in a single lare, to stick unto as a bur. Fl. —
large wave up certain estuaries.
I could not tell how to rid myself better of the
TumbUng from the Gallic coast the victorious troublesome i5k?-, than by getting him into the
tenth wave shall ride like the bore over all the discourse of Hunting.— Return from Parnassus
rest.—Burke in R. inR.
86 BOREAL BOTANY
Waldemar knew the old diplomatist's impor- each man was answerable for his neigh-
tunity and weariness by report, but he had not bour.
yet learned the art of being blandly insolent, and
thus could not shake off the old burr. ^Walde- — '
Ic wille that selc man sy under horge ge bin-
nan burgum ge butan burgum.' I will that
mar Krone (1867),. i. 106.
every man be under bail, both within towns and
Lang, pegou, one who sticks to you like without.— Laws of Edgar in Bosworth.
pitch, a bore, bom. pego, pitch. Hence borhes ealdor,' the chief of the
'
—
gum vocant.' Vegetius in Diez. Hence knot, knur. Cot. Du. bosse, busse, the —
must have arisen burgensis, a citizen, boss or knob of a buckler ; bos, bttssel, a
giving rise to It. borgese, Fr. bourgeois, bunch, tuft, bundle.
E. burgess, a citizen. Words signifying a lump or protuber-
The origin seems to be the Goth. ance have commonly also the sense of
bairgan, AS. beorgan, to protect, to keep, striking, knocking, whether from the fact
preserve G. bergen, to save, to conceal, that a blow is apt to produce a swelling
;
withhold Dan. bierge, to save Sw. in the body struck, or because a blow
; ;
berga, to save, to take in, to contain. can only be given by a body of a certain
Solen bergas, the sun sets. The primi- mass, as we speak of a thumping potato,
tive idea seems to bring under cover. a bouncing baby ; or perhaps it may be
See Bury, Borrow. that the protuberance is considered as a
Borrel. A
plain rude fellow, a boor. projection, a pushing or striking out. The
— Bailey. Frequently applied to laymen Gael, cnoc, an eminence, agrees with E.
in contradistinction to the more polished knock; while Gael, cnag signifies both a
clergy. knock and a knob ; cnap, a knob, a boss,
But wele I wot as nice fresche and gay a little blow. E. cob, a blow, and also a
Som of hem ben as borel folkis ben.
And that unsittynge is to here degre.
lump or piece. Hal. —
bump is used in A
both senses of a blow and a protuberance.
Occleve in Halliwell.
Bunch, which now signifies a knob, was
The origin of the term is the OFr. formerly used in the sense of knocking.
borel, burel, coarse cloth made of the Du. butsen, botsen, to strike ; butse, botse,
undyed wool of brown sheep, the ordinary a swelling, bump, botch.
dress of the lower orders, as it still is in The origin of boss may accordingly be
parts of Savoy and Switzerland. See found in Bav. huschen, to strike so as to
Bureau. In like manner It. bizocco (from make a hollow sound, to give a hollow
bizo, grey), primarily signifying coarse sound ; boschen, bossen, Du. bosseu. It.
brown cloth, is used in the sense of bussare, Swiss Rom. boussi, bussi, bussa
coarse, clownish, unpolished, rustic, rude. (Bridel), to knock or strike.
— Altieri. So Du. f graauw, the popu- Then from the peculiar resonance of a
lace, from their grey clothing. blow on a hollow object, or perhaps also
To Borrow. Properly to obtain money from looking at the projection from with-
on security, from AS. borg, borh, a. surety, in instead of without, the Sc. boss, bos,
pledge, loan. '
Gif thu feoh io borh bois is used in the sense of hollow, empty,
gesylle,' if thou give money on loan. G. poor, destitute. boss sound, that which A
——
biirge, a surety, bail biirgen, to become is emitted by a hollow body.
; Jam. Bos
a surety, to give bail or answer for an- bucklers, hollow bucklers. D. V. The
other. AS. beorgan, to protect, secure. boss of the side, the hollow between the
Borsholder. Borowholder. — A
head- ribs and the side. Jam. —
borough or chief constable. By the Botany. Gr. ^ma.vr\, a herb, plant,
Saxon laws there was a general system ^oTowi^w, to pick or cull plants, /3oraMK6f,
of bail throughout the country, by which of or belonging to plants, ij |8oraviKi)
—
; ;
BOTCH BOTTOM 87
(rs^vri understood), the science or know- brigbotam, i. e. burgi vel pontis refectio-
ledge of plants. —
nem, &c. Leg. Canut. AS. bdt, repara-
Botcli. It seems that 3otc/i is a mere tion. See To Bete.
dialectic variation of ioss, as Fr. iosse be-
— —
Both. Boa two. Ancren Riwle, 212.
comes in the Northern dialects ioc^e. AS. Butu, butwo, bativa; OSax. bethia,
Decorde, H^cart. Bochu, bossu, a hump- bide; ON. bAdtr, gen. beggtaj Goth, ba,
back.^Dec. Du. botsen, butsen, to knock, baiothsj Sanscr. ubhau; Lith. abbu, abbu-
to strike ; botse, butse, a knock, contusion ; duj Lett, abbi, abbi-diwij Slavon. oba,
btitse, a bump or swelling, a plague-boil oba-dwaj Lat. ambo. — Dief. Lith. Mudu,
Kil. ; bots, buts, a boil or swelling Hal- — Wedu, we two, Jtidu, Judwi, you two,
ma. Aboil, pimple, blister, was called a Jidwi, they two.
push; what pushes outwards. Hal. And — * To Bother. To confuse with noise,
so we speak of an eruption, of boils break- ixorapudder, pother, noise, disturbance.
ing out.
With the din of which tube my head you so
Onthe other hand, It. boccia, a bubble, bother
by met. any round ball or bowl to play That I scarce can distinguish my right ear from
withal, the bud of a flower ; any kind of t' other.— Swift in R.
plain round vial or cupping glass Fl. ; — Du. bulderen, to rage, bluster, make a
bozza, a pock, blain, botch, bile, or plague
sore ; any plain round viol glass bozzo,
;
disturbance ; G. poltern, to make a noise,
empty or hollow, as a push or windgaU. to do anything with noise and bustle
— Fl. Dan. bulder, noise, turmoil, hurly-burly.
N. potra, putra, to simmer, whisper, mut-
Here the radical image seems a bubble,
ter.
from the dashing of water. Parmesan
poccia, a slop, mess, puddle. It. pozzo, Bott. • A
belly-worm, especially in
pozzanghera, a plash or slough or pitful horses. Gael, botus, a bott ; boiteag, a
—
of standing waters. Fl. E. dial, to podge, maggot. Bouds, maggots in barley. —
to stir and mix together ; podge, a pit, a Bailey.
cesspool pass, to dash about ; a water- Bottle. I. It. bottigUa, Fr. bouteille,
;
cobbler. abyss. —
Csedm. Du. bodem; G. boden ;
Again, the notion of unskilful work is ON. botn, Dan. bund, Lat. fundus. The
commonly expressed by the figure of Gr. j3i/9os, ^kvBoQ, a depth, and ajSvamg,
dabbling in the wet, and thus to botch in an abyss or bottoniless pit, seem develop-
the sense of clumsy working seems con- ments of the same root, another modifi-
nected with Mantuan poccia, a slop, mess, cation of which may be preserved in
puddle ; pocciar, to dip in liquid (to Gael, bun, a root, stock, stump, bottom,
dabble), to work without order or know- foundation; w. bSn, stem or base, stock,
ledge It. bozza, an imperfect and bun-
; butt end. See Bound.
gling piece of work, the first rough draught 2. A bottom is also used in the sense
—
of any work. Fl. Podge, a pit, a cess- of a ball of thread, whence the name ol
pool to podge, to stir and mix together. theweaverin Midsummer Night's Dream.
—
;
Hal. See To Bodge. The word bottom or bothum was also used
Bote. House-bote, fire-bote, signify a in OE. for a bud. Both applications are
supply of wood to repair the house, to from the root bot, both, in the sense of
mend the fire. Si quis burgbotam sive projection, round lump, boss. A bottom
— — —
-
88 BOUGH BOUND
of thread, like bobbin, signifies a sliort gest the notion of the continual knock-
thick mass. The W. has hot, a round ing to which they must have been sub-
body both, boss of a buckler, nave of a
; jected.
wheel bothel, pothel, a blister, pimple
; To Boult. See To Bolt, 2.
Richards bothog, round, botwm, a boss,
; To Bounce. Primarily to strike, then
a button; Fr. bouton, a bud. For the to do anything in a violent starthng way,
connection between the sense of a lump to jump, to spring. Bunche, tnndo,tTudo:
or projection and that of striking or — he buncheth me and beateth me he —
thrusting, see Boss. came home with his face all to-bounced,
Bough. The branch of a tree. AS. contusi. —
Pr. Pm.
bog, boh,from bugan, to bow, bend. The sound of a blow is imitated in
Bough-pot, or Bow-pot, a jar to set Pl.D. by Bujns or Buns; whence buj7isen,
boughs in for ornament, as a nosegay. bamsen, bunsen, to strike against a thing
Take care my house be handsome,
' so as to give a dull sound; an de dor
And the new stools set out, and boughs and bunsen, to knock at the door.
rushes Yet still he bet and bounst upon the dore
And flowers for the windows, and the Turkey And thundered strokes thereon so hideously
carpet."
That all the pece he shaked from the flore
'Why would you venture so fondly on the And filled all the house with fear and great up-
strowings. roar.— F. Q.
There's mighty matter in them, I assure you,
And in the spreading of a bough-pot.' An de dor ankloppen dat idt bunset,
B. and F. Coxcomb, iv. 3. to knock till it sounds again. He fult
Bought. — Bout. — Bight.
The dat et bunsede, he fell so that it sounded.
boughts of a rope are the separate folds Hence bunsk in the sense of the E. bounc-
when coiled in a circle, from AS. bugan, ing, thumping, strapping, a? the vulgar
to bow or bend and as the coils come whapper, bumper, for anything large of
;
round and round in similar circles,>a bout, its kind. Een bunsken appel, jungen,'
'
with a slight difference of spelling, is ap- a bouncing apple, baby. Brem. Wtb. — —
plied to the turns of things that succeed Du. bons, a blow, bonzen, to knock.
one another at certain intervals, as a bout Halma. See Bunch.
of fair or foul weather. So It. volta, a To Bound. Fr. bondir, to spring, to
turn or time, an occasion, from volgere, leap. The original meaning is probably
to turn. simply to strike, as that of E. boujtce,
A bight is merely another pronunciation which frequently used in the same
is
of the same word, signifying in nautical sense with bound. The origin seems an
language a coil of rope, the hollow of a imitation of the sounding blow of an
bay. The Bight of Benin, the bay of elastic body, the verb bondir in OFr. and
Benin. Dan. bugt, bend, turn, winding, Prov., and the equivalent bonir in Cata-
gulf, bay. lan, being used in the sense of resound-
* Boulder. —
Boulderstone. Bowlder, ing.
a large stone rounded by the action of No i ausiratz parlar, ni motz brugir,
water, a large pebble. Webster. — Sw. Ni gacha frestelar, ni cor bondir.
You will not hear talking nor a word murmur.
dial. buUersten, the larger kind of pebbles,
in contrast to klappersten, the smaller Nor a centinel whistle, nor horn sound.
Raynouard.
ones. From Sw. bullra, E. dial, bolder,
to make a loud noise, to thunder. A Langued. bounbounejha, to hum; boun-
thundering big one is a common exag-
dina, to hum, to resound.
geration. But as klappersten for the Bound.— Boundary. Fr. boriie, bone, .
smaller pebbles is undoubtedly from the a bound, limit, mere, march.— Cot. Mid.
rattle they make when thrown together, Lat. bodina, butina, bunda, bonna.
probably buller or bolder may represent
'Multi ibi limites quos illi bonnas vocant,
the deeper sound made by the larger suorum recognoverunt agrorum.' 'Alo-
stones when rolling in a stream. dus sic est circumcinctus et divisus per
bodinas fixas et loca designata.'— Charter
It was an awful sight to see the Visp roaring
of K. Robert to a monastery in Poitou.
under one of the bridges that remained, and to
hear the groans and heavy thuds of the boulders Ducange. Bodinare, debodinare, to set
that were being hurried on and dashed against out by metes and bounds. Probably from
—
each other by the torrent. Bonny, Alpine Re- the Celtic root bon, bun, a stock, bottom,
gions, p. 136. root (see Bottom). Bret, mcn-bomi, a
Even in the absence of actual e.xperience boundary stone (men =
stone); bonndn,
of such sounds as the foregoing, the to set bounds, to fix limits. The entire
rounded shape of the stones would sug- value of such bounds depends upon their
; ;
BOUND BOW 89
fixedness. Gael, bunaiteach, steady, firm, buzzing of bees. Cot. Sp. bordon, the —
fixed. It is remarkable that we find vary- bass of a stringed instrument, or of an
nearly the same variation in the mode of organ. Gael, burdan, a humming noise,
spelling the word iox bound, as was for- the imitative character of which is sup-
merly shown in the case of bottom, which ported by the use of durdan in the same
was also referred to the same Celtic root. sense durd, to hum as a bee, to mutter.
;
Bound. —
Eown. The meaning of Bourdon. Borden. Fr. bourdon, a. —
bound, when we speak of. a ship bound pilgrim's staff, the big end of a club, a
for New York, is, prepared for, ready to pike or spear ; bourdon d'un moulin k
go to, addressed to. vent, a mill-post. Cot. Prov. bordo, a —
He of adventure happed hire to mete staff, crutch, cudgel, lance; It. bordone,
Amid the toun right in the quikkest strete a staff, a prop.
As she was toun to go the way forth right Bourn, i. limit. A
Fr. ^<7r«i?, a cor-
—
Toward the garden. Chaucer in R. ruption of bonne, identical with E. bound,
It is the participle past buinn, pre- which see.
pared, ready, of the ON. verb bua, to pre- 2. Sc. burn, a brook; Goth, brunna, a
pare, set out, address. spring, Du. borne, a well, spring, spring-
Bounty. Fr. bontS, Lat. bonitas, from water; Gael, biirn, fresh* water. .See
bonus, good. Burgeon.
Bourd. A
jest, sport, game. Imme- * To Bouse. Du. buizen, Swiss
diately from Fr. bourde in the same sense, bausen, to take deep draughts, drink deep,
and that probably from a Celtic root. to tope. G. bausen, pausen, patesten, to
Bret, bourd, deceit, trick, joke; Gael. swell, puff out. Sw. pusta, to take breath.
burd, burt, mockery, ridicule buirte, a ;
Perhaps the radical meaning of the word
jibe, taunt, repartee. As the Gael, has may be, like quaff, to draw a deep breath.
also buirleadh, language of folly or ridi- So Sc. sotich, souf, to draw a deep breath,
cule, it is probable that the It. burlare, G. saufen, to drink deep.
to banter or laugh at, must be referred to The foregoing derivation seems, on the
the same root, according to the well- whole, more probable than the one for-
known interchange of d and /. merly given from Du. buyse, a. flagon,
The notion of deceiving or making a whence buysen, to drink deep, to indulge
fool of one is often expressed by reference in his cups ; buys, drunken.
to some artifice employed for diverting
his attention, whether by sound or gesti-
We shule preye the hayward honi to our hous^
Drink to him dearly of full good bous.
culation. Thus we speak of humming Man in the Moon.
one for deceiving him, and in the same
Comp. Du. kroes, a cup kroesen, to tope
;
way to bam is to make fun of one ; a
W. pot, a pot, potio, to tipple.
ba7n, a false tale or jeer — Hal. ; from Du.
Bow. G. bug, curvature, bending,
bommen, to hum. Now we shall see in bending of a joint knie-bug, schenkel-
;
the next article that the meaning of the
bug, schulter-bug. When used alone it
root bourd is to hum. Gael, burdan, a
commonly signifies the shoulder-joint,
—
humming noise Macleod; a sing-song, explaining Sw. bog, Dan. bov, shoulder
—
a jibe Shaw bururus, warbling, purl-
;
of a quadruped bovblad, shoulder-blade.
;
ing, gurgling. Bav. burreti, brummen,
It isprobably through this latter signifi-
sausen, brausen, to hum, buzz, grumble
cation, and not in the sense of curvature
Sw. purra, to take one in, to trick, to
in general, that ON. bogr, Sw. bog, Dan.
cheat.
Bourdon. —
Burden. Bourdon, the
bov, are applied to the bow of a ship, in
Fr. epaule du vaisseau, the shoulder of
drone of a bagpipe, hence musical ac- the vessel.
companiment, repetition of sounds with or A different modification gives ON. bdgi,
without sense at the end of stated divi-
sions of a song, analogous to Fr. tinton, Sw. bage, Dan. bue, G. bogen, an arch,
the ting of a bell, the burden of a song. bending, bow to shoot with. w. bwa,
—Cot. Gael, bogha, a bow.
Corresponding verbal forms are Goth.
And there in mourning spend their time
biugan, on. buga, beygja, AS. bugan,
-With "wailful tunes, while wolves do howl and
barke beogan, Du. buigen, g. biegen, to bow,
And seem to bear a bourdon to their plaint. bend Sw. btiga, to bow or incline the
;
Fr. bourdon, a drone of a bagpipe, a bugna, Dan. bovne, bugne, to bulge, bend,
drone or dor-bee, also the humming or belly out.
;;
90 BOWELS BOX
would seem that the notion of a a round vessel for drink. Sp. bola, a ball,
It
bent or rounded object must be attained bowl.
antecedent to the more abstract concep- The sense of a globular form is pro-
tion of the act of bending. The foregoing bably taken from the type of a bubble as
forms may accordingly be derived with in other cases. Thus we have Esthon.
much plausibility from the figure of a pul, a bubble Fin. pullo, a drop of ;
bolg, Pol. bulka, or, with inversion of the round, swoUei) pulli, a round glass or ;
liquid, Fr. boucle, Sw. dial, bogla, W. bog- flask Lat. bulla, a iDubble, a thing of
;
fyn,\s.ige\y illustrated under Bulk, Buckle. similar shape, a stud, boss, knob It. ;
From the former modification we have bolla, a bubble, blister, round glass phial,
ON. bolgna, to puff up, swell, passing on stud, boss; ON. ^o/a, a bubble bolli,a.cup ;
the one hand by the loss of the g into Pl.D. bol, globular, spherical Du. bol, ;
Dan. bulne, OE. bolne, to swell, and on swollen, puffy, hollow, convex, a ball, a
the other by the loss of the / into ON. globe or spherical body, the head, the
bogna, bugna, to bulge, bow, give in to, crown of a hat, bulb of an onion bolle- ;
yield. From the other form are G. buckel, ken, the boll or round seed-vessel of flax ;
a protuberance, a hump on the back Bav. bollen, globular body, round bead,
;
sich aiifbuckeln (Schm.), to raise the back boll of flax rossbollen, horsedung ; ;
peated in Magy. bugy, representing the buxus, the box-tree and articles made of
sound of bubbling or guggling ; bugyni, it ; G. biichse, a box, the barrel of a gun,
bugyani, to bubble up, stream forth ;
buchsbaum, the box-tree It. bosso, box- ;
bugyogni, to guggle, bubble, spring as tree, bossola, a box, hollow place Fr. ;
BOX BRACKET 91
To Box. To fight with the fists. From You may find time in eternity,
the Dan. bask, a sounding blow, baske, Deceit and violence in heavenly justice
Ere stain ot brack in her sweet reputation.
to slap, thwack, flap, by the same in-
B. and F.
version of J and k, as noticed under Box.
G. brechen, to break (sometimes also
It is plainly an imitative word, parallel
used in the sense of failing, as die Augen
with OK. posh, to Swiss batschen,
strike.
brechen ihm, his eyes are failing him),
to smack the hand batschen, to give a
;
gebrechen, to want, to be wanting; want,
loud smack, to fall.with a noise. Heligo-
need, fault, defect Du. braecke, ghebreck, ;
land batsken, to box the ears. Lett.
bauksch represents the sound of a blow ;
breach, want, defect. Kil. AS. brec, —
Pl.D. brek, want, need, fault ; ON. brek,
baukscheht, to give a sounding blow
buksteht, to give a blow with the fists.
defect. On the same principle from the
break, to burst,
Boy. G. bube, Swiss bub, bue. Swab. ON. bresta, to crack, to
is derived brestr, a crack, flaw, defect,
buah, a grown youth Cimbr. pube, boy,;
moral or physical.
youth, unmarried man ; Swiss Rom.
boubo, bouibo, boy bouba, bou^ba, little
;
Brack. Brackish. Water rendered —
unpalatable by a mixture of salt. One
girl. Lat. pupus, a boy pupa, a girl, a
of the numerous cases in which we have
;
doU.
to halt between two derivations.
To Brabble. A
variation of babble,
Gael, bracha, suppuration, putrefaction
representing the confused sound of simul-
brach shuileach, lalear-eyed Prov. brae,
taneous talking. In like manner the It. ;
word brace may all be reduced to the idea eaues et sourses moult
brageuses.' Mon- —
of straining, compressing, confining, bind-
strelet in Rayn. Thus brack, which sig-
nifies in the first instance water contami-
ing together, from a root brak, which has
many representatives in the other Europe- nated by dirt, might easily be applied to
water spoilt for drinking by other means,
an languages. See Brake.
To brace is to draw together, whence a as by a mixture of sea water.
But upon the whole I am inclined to
bracing air, one which draws up the
think that the application to water con-
springs of life ; a pair of braces, the bands
taminated with salt is derived from the
which hold up the trowsers. brace on A
and Du. brack, wnzC/J, refuse, damaged
board a ship, It. braca, is a rope holding G.
dicitur de mercibus quibusdam minus
up a weight or resisting a strain. A brace
is also a pair of things united together in
probis. Kil. —
Brak-goed, merces sub-
mersae, salo sive aqua marinS. corruptse.
the first instancebya physical tie, and then
merely in our mode of considering them.
Kil. —
Pl.D. brakke grund, land spoilt
Bracelet. Bracelet, an ornamental
by an overflow of sea water; Du. brakke
band round the wrist ; bracer, a guard to torf, turf made
offensive by a mixture of
sulphur (where the meaning would well
protect the arm of an archer from the
agree with the sense of the Gael, and
string of his bow. Fr. brasselet, a brace-
let, wristband, or bracer Cot. —
OFr. Prov. root); wrack, brack, acidus, salsus.
Kil.
;
See Broker. —
brassard, Sp. bracil, armour for the arm,
from bras, the arm.
From the sense of water unfit for drink-
Brach, Prov. brae, bracon, braquet, Fr. ing from a mixture of salt, the word
passed on to signify salt water in general,
braque, bracket, Sp. Ptg. braco, It. bracco,
and the diminutive brackish was appro-
a setter, spaniel, beagle, dog that hunts by
scent. MHG. bracke, s. s., dog in general; priated to the original sense.
ON. rakki, dog Sw. rakka, bitch Du.
;
The entrellis eik far in the fludis brake
;
I sal slyng.— D. V. in R.
rakke, whelp as. race, OE. ratch, rack,
;
92 BRAG BRAKE
Cot. Piedm. braga, an iron for holding Hire mouth was sweet as traket or the meth.
or
;
—
To Brag. ^Brave. Primarily to crack, To Braid. See Bray.
Brail. To Brail. —
From Fr. braies,
to make a noise, to thrust oneself on
people's notice by noise, swagger, boast- breeches, drawers, was formed brayele,
ing, or by gaudy dress and show. Fr. brayete, the bridge or part of the breeches
braguer, to flaunt, brave, brag or jet it joining the two legs. slight modifica- A
braguard, gay, gallant, flaunting, also tion of this was brayeul, the feathers
braggard, bragging. Cot. —
ON. braka, about the hawk's fundament, called by our
Dan. brag, crack, crash ON. braka, to falconers the brayle in a short-winged,
;
crash, to crack, also insolenter se gerere and the pannel in a long-winged hawk.
Haldorsen Gael.i5nz^,%,aburst,explosion;
;
Cot. From brayel, or from braie itself, is
bragaireachd, empty pride, vain glory, also derived Fr. dhbrailler, to unbrace or
boasting Bret, braga, se pavaner, let down the breeches, the opposite of
;
marcher d'une maniire fifere, se donner which, brailler (though it does not appear
trop de licence, se parer de beaux habits. in the dictionaries), would be to brace, to
Langued. bragd, to strut, to make osten- tie up. Rouchi brMer, to cord a bale of
tation of his equipage, riches, &c. Swiss goods, to fasten the load of a waggon
Rom. braga, vanter une chose.^Vocab. —
with ropes. Hecart.
de Vaud. Lith. braszketi, to rattle, be Hence E. brails, the thongs of leather
noisy ; Fris. braske, to shout, cry, make a by which the pen-feathers of a hawk's
noise ; Dan. braske, to boast or brag. wing were tied up ; to brail up a sail, to
In like manner to crack is used for tie it up like the wing of a hawk, in order
well-dressed, splendid, beautiful, Sc. bra!, torture ; an inclosure for cattle ; a car-
braw, Bret, brao, brav, gayly dressed, riage for breaking in horses ; an instru-
handsome, fine. ment for checking the motion of a wheel
Thus we are brought to the OE. brave, a mortar a baker's kneading trough an ; ;
Where all the braverie that eye may see 2. A bushy a bottom overgrown
spot,
Is to be found. —Spenser in R. with thick tangled brushwood.
Thesense of courageous comes imme- 3. The plant y^r«.
diately from the notion of bragging and The meanings included under the first
boasting. Gael, brabhdair, a noisy talk- head are all reducible to the notion of
ative fellow, blusterer, bully ; brabhdadh, constraining, confining, compressing, sub-
idle talk, bravado j Fr. bravache, a roist- duing, and it is very likely that the root
erer, swaggerer, bravacherie, boasting, brak,hy which this idea is con\eyed, is
vaunting, bragging of his own valour. identical with Gael, brae, w. braicli, Lat.
Cot. It. h-avare and Fr. braver, to swag- brachittm, the arm, as the type of exertion
ger, affront, flaunt in fine clothes ; Sp. and strength. It is certain that the word
bravo, bullying, hectoring, brave, valiant for arm is, in numerous dialects, used in
sumptuous, expensive, excellent, fine. Fr. the sense of force, power, strength. Thus
brave, brave, gay, fine, gorgeous, gallant Bret, breach,^ Sp. brazo, Walloon bress,
(in apparel) also proud, stately, brag-
; Wallachian bratsou, Turk bazu are used
gard also valiant, stout, courageous,
; in both senses.
that will carry no coals. Faire le brave, It will be found in the foregoing ex-
to stand upon terms, to boast of his own amples that brake is used almost exactly
worth. Cot. — in the sense of the Lat. subigere, express-
Bragget. Sweet wort i ing any kind of action by which some-
— ;
BRAKE 93
bredza, to rub (as in washing linen gilum, broilium, brolium, nemus, sylva
Beronie), Fr. broyer, to bray in a mortar. aut saltus in quo ferarum venatio exer-
The Fr. broyer is also used for the dress- cetur. — Due. OFr. brogille, bregille,
ing of flax or hemp, passing it through a broil, broillet, breuil, copse-wood, cover
brake or frame consisting of boards loosely for game, brambles, brushwood. G. dial.
In other cases the idea of straining or tom overgrown with thick tangled brush-
exerting force is more distinctly preserved. wood.' It. fratto, broken fratta, any ;
Thus the term brake was applied to the thicket of brakes, brambles, bushes, or
handle of a cross-bow, the lever by which briers. — Fl.
the string was drawn up, as in Sp. bregar Brake. —Bracken. 3. It may be sus-
94 BRAMBLE BRAND
pected that brake, in the sense oi fern, is growth, as AS. broembel-CBppel, the thorn
a secondary application of the word in apple or stramonium, a plant bearing a
the sense last described, that is to say, fruit covered with spiky thorns, and in
that it may be so named as the natural Chaucer it is used of the rose.
growth of brakes and bushy places. It And swete as is the bramble flower
is certain that we find closely-resembling
—
That beareth the red hepe. Sir Topaz.
forms applied to several kinds of plants AS. Thornas and bremelas, thorns and
the natural growth of waste places and briars. Gen. iii. 1 8.
such as are designated by the term Bran. Bret, brenn, w. bran. It. brenna,
brake, bruch, &c. Thus we have w. brenda, Fr. bran. The fundamental sig-
bruk, heath ON. brok, sedge burkni,
; ; nification seems preserved in Fr. bren,
Dan. bregne, bracken or fern ; Port. excrement, ordure ; Rouchi bren d'orMe,
brejo, sweet broom, heath, or ling, also a ear-wax berneux, snotty ; Russ. bren,
;
marshy low ground or fen ; Grisons mud, dirt ; Bret, brenn hesken, the refuse
bruch, heath. or droppings of the saw, sawdust. Bran
It may be however that the relationship is the draff or excrement of the com,
runs in the opposite direction, and E. what is cast out as worthless.
brake, brog, G. bruch, gebroge, gebriiche, lis ressemblent le buretel
&c., may be so called in analogy with Selonc I'Eoriture Divine
Bret, brugek, a heath, from brug, bruk, Qui giete la blanche farine
heath, or with It. brughera, thick brakes
Fors de lui et retient le bren. —Ducange.
of high-grown ferns (Flor.), as places So Swiss gaggi, chaff, from gaggi,
overgrown with brakes or fern, heath cack. Gael, brein, breun, stink ; breanan,
(Bret, bruk, brug), broom, or other plants a dunghill, w. brwnt, nasty.
of a like nature. The relation of brake Branch. —
Brank. We have seen
to bracken may originally have been that under Brace and Brake many instances
of the Bret, brug, heath, to -brugen, a of the use of the root brak in the sense
single plant of heath. See Brush. of strain, constrain, compress. The na-
—
Bramble. Broom, as. bretnel, Pl.D. salisation of this root gives a form brank
brummelj Du. braeme, breme j Sw.G. in the same sense. Hence the Sc. brank,
bro7n, bramble Du. brem, brom, broem,
; a bridle or bit ; to brank, to bridle, to
Pl.D. braam, G. brarn, also pfriemkraut, restrain. The witches' branks was an
pfriemen, broom, the leafless plant of iron bit for torture ; Gael, brang, brancas,
which besoms are made. a halter. The same form becomes in It.
It will be found that shrubs, bushes, branca, branchia, the fang or claw of a
brambles, and waste growths, are looked beast brancaglie, all manner of gripings
;
on in the first instance as a collection of and clinchings among masons and car-
;
twigs or shoots, and are commonly de- penters, all sorts of fastening together of
signated from the word signifying a twig. stonework or timber with braces of lead
Thus in Lat. from virga, a rod or twig, or iron. —
Florio. Brancare, to gripe, to
virgultum, a shrub ; from Servian pnit, clutch. Then by comparison with claws
a roA, prufye, a shrub from Bret, brous,
; or arms, Bret, brank, It. branco, Fr.
a bud, and thence a shoot, brouskoad, branche, the branch of a tree.
bruskoad, brushwood, wood composed of Brand, i. A mark made by burning.
twigs. Bav. brass, brosst, a shoot, Serv. G. brandmurk, brandiiialil, from brand,
hrst, young sprouts, Bret, broust, hallier, burning brennen, to burn. 2. As ON.
;
buisson fort epais, a thick bush, ground brandr, G. brand, a burning fragment of
full of briers, thicket of brambles —Cot. ; wood. A
sword is called a ^ra«rf because
Fr. broussaille, a briery plot. In like it when waved about like a flam-
glitters
manner the word bramble is from Swiss ing torch. The Cid's sword on the same
brom, a bud, young twig {brom-beisser, principle was named iizS, from Lat.
the bull-finch, E. bud-biter or bud-bird— titio, a firebrand. Diez. —
Halliwell) ; Grisons brumbcl, a bud It.; The from brenneti, to burn
deri\'ation
bromboli, broccoli, cabbage sprouts —
Fl. ;
would leave nothing to be desired if the
Piedm. bronbo, a vine twig Bav. pfropf,
;
foregoing meanings stood alone. But we
a shoot or twig. find It. brano, brandello, apiece orbit-
The pointed shape of a young shoot brandone, a large piece of anything
a
led to the use of tlie G. pfriem in the torch or firebrand; Fr. brin, a
small
sense of an awl, and the word bramble piece of anything; brin d. brin
(as It
Itself ^vas applied in a much wider sense bmno a brano), bit by bit,
piecemeal
;"
BRANDISH ERASE 95
brandr, N. brand, a stick, stake, billet, as Thus was this usurper's faction trangled, then
again by
well as the blade of a sword. Thus the bound up again, and afterward divided
brand in ON. eldibrandr, E. firebrand, Jam.
want of worth in Baliol their head. Hume in —
might signify merely a piece of wood or
billet, and in the sense of a sword-blade
To embrangle, to confuse, perplex, con-
might be explained from its likeness to a found. The sense of a quarrel may be
stick. The corresponding form in Gael, is
derived from the idea of confusion, or in
bntan, a fragment, morsel, splinter, which that sense brangle may be a direct imita-
with an initial s becomes spruan, brush- tion of the noise of persons quarrelling,
wood, fire-wood. So. brane-wood, fire-
as a nasalised form of the Piedm. bragale\
wood, not, as Jamieson explains it, from to vociferate, make an outcry.
AS. bryne, incendium, but from the fore-
—
Brase. Braser. Brasil. —
To brase
going brano, brin, bruan. meat is to pass it over hot coals a ;
BRAY BREAM 97
loud harsh noise are represented by the On syde he bradis for to eschew the dint.^
D. V. in Jam.
syllable bra, bru, with or without a final
d,g, k,ch,y. ON. bregda, to braid the hair, weave
Fr. braire, to bray like an ass, baiyl, nets, &c. The ON. bragd is also applied
yell, or cry out loudly ; bruire, to rumble, to the gestures by which an individual
is characterised, and hence also to the
rustle, crash, to sound very loud and
very harshly; brugier, to bellow, yell, lineaments of 'his countenance, explain-
roar, and make a hideous noise. Cot. — ing a very obscure application of the E.
braid. Bread, appearance Bailey; to—
Prov. bruzir, to roar or bellow.
Gr. ^p&xia, to crash, roar, rattle, re- braid, to pretend, to resemble. Hal. —
sound ; Ppvxia, to roar. ON. brak, crash, To pretend is to assume the appearance
and manners of another. Ye braid of'
Trewlich quoth the serjauntis it vaylith not to the manners of Frenchmen, &c.'
breide (there is no use crying out) To Bray. 2. To rub or grind down
With us ye must awhile whether ye woll or no. in a mortar. Sp. bregar, to work up
Chaucer.
paste or dough, to knead; Prov. Cat.
Thenas things done on a sudden or bregar, to rub Fr. broyer, Bret, braea, to
;
The cup was uncoverid, the sword was out break, to t,ear rog, a rent. ;
—
ybrayid. Beryn. The origin is doubtless a representation
—
A forgyt knyff but baid he bradis out. Wal- of the noise made by a hard thing break-
lace IX. 145. ing. In like manner the word crack is
—
But when as I did out of slepe abray. F. Q. ,used both to represent the noise of a
The miller is a per'lous man he seide fracture, and to signify the fracture itself,
And if that he out of his slepe abrcide or the permanent effects of it. The same
He might don us both a villany. Chaucer. —relation is seen between Lat. fragor, a
The ON. bragd explained motus loud noise, and frangere, to break Fr.
is ;
braies, a twitch for a horse, bandage or broken off. Dev. Gl. Piedm. brossi!, orts,
truss for a rupture, clout for a child, the offal of hay and straw in feeding
drawers. —
Bracha, a girdle. Gl. Isidore cattle Sp. broza, remains of leaves, bark
;
The Breech (Prov. braguier, braid) dibris, rubbish; bris de charbon, coal-
may be explained as the part covered by dust; bresilles, bretilles, little bits of wood
the breeches, but more probably the E.
term designates the part on which a boy
— Berri briser, to break, burst, crush,
;
from the sound of a loud smack. Swiss to bray, to crush Gael, bris, brisd, brist,
;
brdtsch, a smack, the sound of a blow to break; Dan. briste, to burst, break,
with the flat hand, or the blow itself; fail. See Brick, Bruise.
brdtschen, to smack; bratscher, an in-
strument for smacking, a fly-flap, &c.
Breeze. —
Brize. G. breme, breinse,
AS. brinisa, briosa, a gadfly, from the
G. dial. QNtsterviald) pritschen,britschen, buzzing or bizzing (as it is pronounced in
to lay one on a bench and strike him the N. of E.) sound with which the gadfly
with a flat board; Du. bridsen, de bridse heralds his attack.
geveii, met de bridse slaan, xyligogio A fierce loud buzzing breeze, their stings draw
castigare. —
Biglotton. PI.D. britze, an blood,
instrument of laths for smacking on the And drive the cattle gadding through the wood.
breech ; einem de britze geven, to strike Dtyden.
one on the breech so that it smacks As AS. brimsa, G. bremse, point to G.
(klatschet). brumtnen, Fris. brimme, to hum, so AS.
In like manner it is not improbable briosa, E. breeze, are related to Prov.
that Fr. /esses, the breech or buttocks, bruzir, to murmur, to resound, Swiss
instead of being derived from 'La.t./ssus, Rom. brison, breson, noise, murmur,
cloven, as commonly explained, may be Russ. briosat', to buzz.
from the wurh fesser, to breech, to scourge To Brew. The origin of the word is
on the buttocks (Cot.), corresponding to shown by the Mid. Lat. forms, brasiare,
G. fitzen, peitschen, and E. to feize or braciarc, bra.vare, Fr. brasser, to brew,
feaze, to whip, forms analogous to E. from brace, brasiuiii, OFr. b}-as, braux,
switch, representing the sound of a blow. brciz, Gael, braich, w. i5r(Z^, sprouted corn,
Breeze. Fr. brise, a cool wind. It. malt. So ON. brugga, Sw. bryi^ga, to
brezza, chillness or shivering, a cold and brew, from AS. briig, malt; briiz, po- '
BREWIS BRIGADE 99
from a forni similar to Wall. brA, brau, to the dead; from the last of which, E.
Walach. brahi, malt. arval, funeral.
dial,
If the foregoing were not so clear, a Bridge. —
as. bricge j G. briicke; OSw.
satisfactory origin might have been found bro, brygga, as so, sugga, a sow, bo, bygga,
in w. berwi, to boil, the equivalent of to prepare, gf2o,gfiugga, to rub. The Sw.
Lat. fervere, whence berw, berwedd, a bro is applied not only to a bridge, but to a
boiling, and berweddu, to Isrew. Gael. paved road, beaten way Dan. bro, bridge, ;
bruith, to boil, and ODu. brieden, to pier, jetty, pavement brolegge, to pave.
;
It is remarkable that the Gr. lipdZu}, made two leagues of road through the
to boil, would correspond in like
jipaaaiii, forest of Tiwede. Ihre. —At Hamburg a
manner to the Fr. brasser, which however paviour is called steen-brygger. Pol. bruk,
is undoubtedly from brace, malt. pavement Lith.
; brukkas, pavement,
Brewis. See Broth. stone-bridge bnikkoti, to pave brukkti,
; ;
Bribe. Fr. bribe de pain, a lump of to press; ibrukkti, to press in, imprint.
bread briber, to beg one's bread, collect
; The original sense thus seems to be to
bits of food. Hence OE. bribour, a beg- ram, to stamp.
gar, a rogue ; It. birbante, birbone, a Bridle. AS. bridelj OHG. brittil,pritil ;
cheat, a rogue, with transposition of Fr. bride. Perhaps this may be one of
the r. the cases in which the derivation of the
A bribe is now only used in the meta- word has been obscured by the insertion
phorical sense of a sop to stop the mouth of an r. ON. bitill, Dan. bidsel, a briole,
of some one, a gift for the purpose of ob- from bit, the part which the horse bites or
taining an undue compliance. holds in his mouth.
The origin of the word is the w. briwo, So It. bretonica, betonica, betony bru- ;
bara briw, broken bread. Rouchi brife, E. buckler J ON. bruskr and buskr, a
a lump of bread. Hdcart. — bush; Du. broosekens, E. buskins; E.
Brick. A
piece of burnt clay. —
Thom- groom, AS. guma.
son. The radical meaning is simply a Brief. From Lat. breve or brevis, a
bit, a fragment, being one of the numer- summary or any short writing. Applied
ous words derived from break. Lang. especially to a letter or command, to tlie
brico, or brizo, a crum; bricou, a little king's writs. In the G. brief it has been
bit ; bricounejha, to break to pieces appropriated to the sense of an epistle
bricalio, a crum, httle bit, corresponding or letter. In E. it is applied to the letter
to OE. brocaly, broken victuals. AS. brice, of the Archbishop or similar official
fracture, fragment, hlafes brice, a bit of authorising a collection for any purpose ;
bread. In some parts of France brique to the summary of instructions given to a
is still used in this sense, brique de pain, barrister for the defence of his client.
—
a lump of bread. Diez. Brique, frag- Dictante legationis suae brevem. Ducange. —
ment of anything broken. Gl. G^n^v. — Brier. AS. brar, brere, but probably
Bricoteau, a quoit of stone. Cot. It.—from the Normans. In the patois of
briccia, any jot or crum, a collop or slice
Normandy the word briere is still prre-
of something. Fl.
— —
Bride. Bridal. Goth, briiths, daugh-
served (Patois de Bray). Fr. bruyere, a
heath, from Bret, brug, bruk, w. grug,
ter-in-law; OHG. brilt, sponsa, conjux, Gael,
fraoch, Grisons bruch, brutg, heath.
nurus G. braut, bride. W. priod, ap- It. brughiera, a heath brughera, thick
;
;
7 *
— ;
to strive for, to shift for with care, labour, Bright. Brilliant. Goth, bairhts,
and diligence, briga, necessary business. clear, manifest ON. biartr, AS. beorht,
;
— Florio. Brigata, then, would be a set bright bearhtm, brcEhtin, bryhtm, a glit-
;
flash, to glitter
; kajata, to resound, re- bremel, a border, lap, fringe ; ON. barmr,
echo, also to reflect, shine, appear at a the edge, border, lip of a vessel, lap of a
distance kimista, to sound clear (equiva-
garment ; hence the bosom, originally
;
the lap folding over the breast. E. barm,
lent to the 'E. chime), kimina,ioTiviS acutus, the lap or bosom; barm-cloth or barm-
clangor tinniens, kimmaltaa, kiimottaa, skin, an apron.
to shine, to glitter ; kommata, komista, The E. rym^, which seems identical
to sound deep or hollow; komottaa, to with rim, is used for the surface of the
shine, to shimmer. sea (Hawkins' Voyage). In the same
In like manner in Galla the sound of a way Sw. bryn is used in the sense both
bell is imitated by the word bilbil, whence of border or edge and surface, vattu-
bilbil-goda (literally, to make bilbil), to bryn, the ryme of the water ogne-bryn,
ring, to glitter, beam, glisten. —
Tutschek.
;
that the original meaning of the Sc. or violent action. It. bramire, to roar as
brissle was derived from the crackling a lion, bray as an ass bramire, a long-
;
Theverb briller itself seems to have ardere desiderio. Kil. —Rugere, rugire
the sense of shaking or trembling in the (cervorum, leonum), brommen, bremmen,
expression briller apris, greedily to covetbrimmen, brummen. Dief. Supp. —
— Cot. properly to tremble with impa-
;
Brimstone. on. brennistein, Sw.
tience. dial, brdnnsten, burning stone. In Ge-
Instead of briller in this application nesis and Exodus, 1. 754, we have brim-
the Swiss Rom. uses bresoler (il bresole fir, and 1. 1 1 64, brinfire, for the burning
d'etre marie ; os qui bresole, the singing of Sodom the brinfire's stinken smoke.'
:
'
bone), strongly confirming the contraction AS. bry7ie, burning. ON. (poet.) brimi,
of briller from breziller, and the cor- fire.
respondence of the pair with griUer, gre- Brindled.— Brinded. Streaked, co-
siller; griller d'impatience. —
Diet. Tre- loured in stripes. ON. brmdottr, s. s. ;
voux. brand-krossottr, cross-barred in colour,
It. brillare, to quaver with the voice. from brandr, a stick, post, bar. A
— Fl. brindled cow is in Normandy called
Brim. — Rim. g. brame, brame, Lith. vache brangde, from bringe, a rod. Hence
bremas, border, margin, edge Pol. brant,
; with an initial s, Sc. spraing, a streak,
border, brim Magy. perent,preni, a bor-
; sprainged, striped or streaked.
der, fringe (Lat. fimbria) Du. breme,
; The identity of ON. brandr and Fr.
;
sea ; brimhliod, roar of the sea brim- ; to break, brodden, brittle. In the N. of
saltr, very salt brimi, flame. Gr. /3pE^m,
; E. and Sc. brickie, brockle, bruckle, are
Fris. brimme, to roar. See To Brim. Da. used in the sense of brittle, from break.
b.rcendij'i.g, the surf, from brande, to burn, The Pl.D. bros, brittle, is the equivalent
can only come from comparison of the derivative from the Gael, form bris, Fr.
rioise of the breakers to the roar of briser. Bret, bresk, brusk, fragile.
flames. Broacli. — Abroacli. — Brooch. To
. Brisk. Fr. brusque, lively, quick, rash, broach a cask is to pierce it for the pur-
fierce, rude, harsh vin brusque, wine of
; pose of drawing off the liquor, and hence,
a sharp, smart taste. It. brusco, eager, metaphorically, to broach a business, to
sharp, brisk in taste, as unripe fruits, sour, begin upon it, to set it a going. 'V^.procio,
grim, crabbed. to thrust, to stab ; Gael, brog, to goad, to
Brisket. Fr. brichet, the brisket or spur, and, as a noun, an awl. Prov.
breast-piece of meat Norm, britchet,
; broca, Fr. broche, a spit, a stitch brocher,
;
Adam's apple in a man's throat, breast- to spit, stitch, spur; Prov. brocar. It.
bone of birds ; Bret, bruched (Fr. cK) the broccare, brocciare, to stick, to spur. Sp.
breast, chest, craw of a bird. '
Pectus- broca, a brad or tack, a button broche,
;
—
culum, bruskett.' Nat. Antiq. p. 222. a clasp, a brooch, i. e. an ornamented pin
Russ. briocho, Bohem. brich, bricho (with to hold the parts of dress together.
the diminutives, Russ. brioshko, Boh. Lat. brocchus, bronchus, a projecting
brissko), a belly. tooth ;It. brocco, a stump or dry branch
Bristle, as. byrst; Sw. borst, Du. of a tree so that it prick a bud, a peg
borstel, Sc. birs, birse, NE. brust. thick A sbrocco, sprocco, a skewer, sprout, shoot.
elastic hair, strong enough
to stand up of It is probable that there is a funda-
itself. Corn, bros, aculeus. Zeuss. — mental connectionwith the \erb to break,
Walach. borzos (struppig), bristly ; Swiss the notion of a sharp point being obtain-
borzen, to stand out ; Fr. a rebours, ed either from the image of a broken
against the grain ; rebrousser, to turn up stick {brocco, stecco rotto in modo che
the point of anything. Cot. Mid.Lat. — —
punga Altieri), or from that of a splinter
reburrus, rebursiis, sticking up ; 'In sua or small fragment, which in the case of
primaeva astate habebat capillos crispos wood 01 similar material naturally takes
et rigidos et dicam rebursos ad
ut ita the form of a prick, or finally from the
modum pini ramorum
qui semper ten- pointed form of a bud or shoot, breaking
dunt sursum.'— Vita'abbatum S. Crispin! out into growth. It. brocco, a bud, broc-
in Due. coli, sprouts. Compare also E. prick
The brisciare, brezzare, to shiver
It. with Sw. spricka, to crack, to shoot, to
for cold as in a fit of an ague, has under bud.
Breeze been connected with the Sc. A similar relation may be observed
brissle, birsle, birstle, to broil, to scorch, between Sp. brote, a bud, a fragment,
originally merely to crackle or-^iinmer. Prov. brot, a shoot or sprig, and forms
Hence ribrezzare, to shiver for Sold or like theon. briota. Port, britar, to break.
for fear, to astonish or affright with sud- Broad, as. brddj Goth, braidsj ON.
den fear ribrezzoso, startling, trembling,
; breidr; G. brcit. See Spread.
full of astonishment, humorous, fantas'* Brocade. It. broccata, a soi t of cloth
tical, suddenly angry. wrought with gold and silver. Commonly
• Then as the effect of shivering, or the explained as from Fr. brocher, to stitch,
; — — ;
brae, refuse, filth, mud, ordure, and as an brid, the young of any animal ; bredan,
adj. vile, dirty, abject. Fr. bric-a-brac, to nourish, cherish, keep warm. Du.
trumpery, brokers' goods. See Brackish. broeden, to sit on eggs, to hatch G. brut, ;
The name broker seems to have come the spawn of fishes, progeny of birds, in-
to us from the shores of the Baltic, with sects, and fishes ; briiten, to hatch, bring
which much of our early commerce was eggs and spawn into active life. Pl.D.
carried on. In those countries the term brod, brot, fish-spawn broden, broen, to
;
land (Brem. Wtb.) ; a grassy place in a fugiens in vivariam exire voluit. Due. —
heath.— Overyssel Almanack. Brother. A term widely spread through
It is possible that brook in the E. sense the branches of the Indo-Germanic stock.
may be connected with Russ. breg, Gael. Sanscr. bhratrj Zend, brdtaj Gael, bra-
bruach, iVlanx broogh, brink, verge, bank, thairj w. brawdj Slavon. bratrj Lat.
as Fr. riviere, a river. It. riviera, a shore, frater.
from ripa, bank. Brow. The ridge surrounding and
To Brook. To digest, to bear patiently. protecting the eye. AS. braew, bregh;
AS. brucan, to use, eat, enjoy Goth. Pol. brew ; Russ. brov, brow.
; Bohem.
brukjan, to use bruks, useful G. brau- braubiti, to border. Du. brauwe, eye-lid,
; ;
chen, to use. 'Lzt. frui, frucius. eye-brow, and also border, margin, fur
Broom. A —
shrub with leafless pointed edging. Kil. on. brd, eye-lid, eye-lash ;
branches. G. pfriemkraut, awl-plant. brmi, eye-brow, edge, eminence ; Dan.
See Bramble. bryn, eye-brow, brow of a hill, surface of
Broth. It. brodo, Fr. brouet, broth the ocean ; Sw. bryn, edge, border, sur-
;
Du. broeye, brue ; OHG. brad, G. briihe, face, w. bryii, a hill. G. augen-braune,
Pl.D. broi, properly boiling water briihen, eye-brow.
;
broieii, to scald, pour boiling water over. The AS. forms appear related to the
Ir. bruithim, to boil bruithe, sodden, Russ. breg, Bohem. breh, Gael, bruach, a
;
boiled ; bruitheati, heat, warmth bruth- brink, bank, shore ; Serv. breg, a hill,
;
—
rerum decoctarum. The origin is a re- brons, brous, a bud brous-koad, brush- ;
a confused noise of winds, waves, &c. briar, thick bush brousta, to browse, to ;
Pl.D. bruddeln, to bubble up with noise. grow into a bush. Prov. brotar, to shoot,
The softening down of the consonant bud, grow brossa, OFr. braces, brosses, ;
(which is barely pronounced in Gael. Catalan brossa, Sp. broza, thicket, brush-
brothas) gives the OE. browys, brewis, wood ; brotar, to sprout, bud, break out
brewet, pottage, broth, and Sc. brost. as small-pox, &c. ; Gris. braussa, low
The AS. has briw, infusion, ceales briw, shrubs, as rhododendrons, juniper, &c.
kail brose, cabbage soup ; Sc. broo, bree, Prov. brus, heath. Fr. brogues, brosses,
pottage made by pouring boiling water on brousses, brouches, brouic, bruc, bushes,
meal, infusion the barley bree, juice of briars, heath. Roquef.
; —
Mid. Lat. brus-
malt, ale ; Gael, brlgh, juice of meat, sap, cia, brozia, dumetum. Tam de terrS, '
briu, and It. brio, mettle, spirit. sprout. Bav. brass, brosst, a bud, a sprout.
Brothel. Sp. borda, a hut or cottage It. brocco, sprocco, broccola, shoot, sprout.
Fr. borde, a little house or cottage of Here we find throughout the Romance,
timber, hut, hovel, t— Cot. Commonly Teutonic, Celtic, and Slavonic families, a
derived from the boards, of which the variety of forms, broc, bros, brost, sproc,
fabric consists. But the Walach. bor- spross, sprot, signifying twigs, shoots,
deiou is an underground hut as well as a sprouts, or bushes and scrubby growths,
house of ill fame. plants composed of twigs, or broken up
— —
That in all haste he wouli;! join battayle even Piedm. brustia, a brush, wool-card. Bav.
with the bront or brest of the vangarde. Hall in — bross, brosst, a bud or sprout Bret, brous, ;
R. The fore rydars put themselves in presewith a bud, shoot brouskoad, brushwood,
;
their longe lances to win the first brunie of the wood composed of twigs. Prov. bruc,
field. —Fabyan. brus, brusc (Diet. Castr.), heath, quasi
OE. brunt, a blow. twigs, a shrub composed of small twigs
;
Bot baysment gef myn herte a brunt. Lang, brousso, a tuft of heath ; Fr. brosse,
Allit. Poems, E. E. Text Soc. A. 174.
a bush, bushy ground, also a head-brush,
All that was bitten of the beste was at a brunt
wool-card, flax-comb
dede. —
K. Alexander, p. 134.
brossettes, small
heath whereof head-brushes are made.
;
the type of anything round and swelling, at a door, to butt or jurr Dan. bukke, to
;
or because the same articulation is used ram down a gun. It. becco is a radically
to represent the j>o/ of a bubble bursting, different form, from bek / bek ! represent-
and the sound of a blow, from which the ing the bleating of a goat.
designation of a knob, hump, or projec- To Buck. Formerly, when soap was
tion is commonly taken. Fr. bube, a push, not so plentiful a commodity, the first
wheal, blister, watery bud, hunch or operation in washing was to set the linen
bump. — Cot. '
Burble in the water to soak in a solution of wood ashes. This
—
bubette.' Palsgr. Magy. boh, bub, pup, a. was called bucking the linen, and the
bunch, hump, tuft, top, buborek, a bubble. ashes used for that purpose were called
To Bubble. See Dupe. buck-ashes. The word was very generally
Buccanier. Aset of pirates in the spread. In G. it is beuchen, bduclien,
17th century, who resorted to the islands beichen, buchen,buchen,biiken j Svi.byka,
and uninhabited places in the West Dan. byge; Fr. buquer, buerj It. buca-
Indies, and exercised their cruelties prin- tare; Bret. bugd. Sp. bugada, lye. The
cipally on the Spaniards. The name, ac- derivation has been much discussed. The
cording to Olivier Oexmelin, who wrote a more plausible are :
derived from the language of the Caribs. wood, chiefly employed in making potash
It was the custom of those savages when but the practice of bucking would have
they took prisoners, to cook their flesh on arisen long before people resorted to any
a kind of grate, called barbacoa (whence particular kind of wood for the supply of
the term barbecue j a barbecued hog, a ashes.
hog dressed whole). The place of such a 2. It. bucata, buck-ashes, supposed to
feast was called boucan (or according to be so called from buca, a hole, because
Cotgrave the wooden gridiron itself), and the ashes are strained through a pierced
this mode of dressing, in which the flesh dish, in the same way that the term is in
was cooked and smoked at the same time, Sp. colada, lye, bucking, the linen at buck,
was called in Fr. boucaner. from colar, to strain, to filter, to buck,
The natives of Florida, says Laudon- lessiver, faire la lessive. But the analogy
nih-e (Hist, de la Floride, Pref A.D. 1586, does not hold, because bucare does not
in Marsh), mangent toutes leurs viandes appear ever to have been used in the
'
which in their language they call bou- steep or soak. Bret, bouk, soft, tender,
caned' Hence those who established them- boukaat, to soften. The ideas of wet and
selves in the islands for the purpose of soft commonly coalesce, as G. erweichen,
smokipg meat were called buccaniers. to soak, from weich, soft ; It. molle, soft,
Diet. Etym. The term bocan is still ap- wet Lat. mollire, to soften, and Fr.
;
plied in the W. I. to a place used for the mouillir, to wet Pol. mokry,-wtt miekki,
; ;
case of leather ; bougette, a little coffer or turgidus.' Schm. — Swab, butz, stroke,
trunk of wood covered with leather. Mid. blow, prick in a target, rump of fowls ;
Lat. bulga, pulga, OHG. pulga, Bav. bul- anything short of its kind, a dumpy
gin, a leathern sack. See Bulk. child. Du. butze, a bump, swelling,
* Buckle. —
A buckle or fastening for botch. K. Bret, bod, bdden, a tuft,
a leather strap probably takes its name clump, bunch ; explaining Fr. rabodS,
from the convex shape or from the boss short and thick of stature. Fr. bouter,
with which it was ornamented. Prov. to thrust, put, push forwards, to bud or
bocla, bloca, OFr. bode, boss of a shield, put forth as a tree in the spring (Cot.) ;
ornamental stud. Fr. boucler, to swell, bouton, a bud, a pustule bout, the end or ;
rise or bear out in the middle. — Cot. To thrusting part of a long body, a stump ;
dial, bogla, Pol. bulka, a bubble ; It. three thyngis.' Hal. This expression —
boglire, bollire, to boil. w. boglyn, bub- may probably be explained by N. bod, bo,
ble, boss, knob ; dwfr yn boglynu, water message, call bo, need. Du ha inkje
;
'
with a central boss. So on. bugnir, a Budget. Fr. bougette, dim. of bouge,
shield, from bugr, convexity. a budget, wallet, great pouch, or male of
BUFF BUG 109
leather serving to carry things behind a From thence it has been transferred in
—
man on horseback. Cot. It. bolgia, E. to the sideboard on which the drink-
bolgetta, a budget, leathern bucket. From ables are placed at meals, and in Fr. to
bulga, a skin. the office in a department where other
Buff. A
buff sound is a toneless sound kind of business is carried on, while in
as of a blow. Magy. bufogni, to give a Sp. it has passed on to signify simply a
dull sound; Pl.D. duff^ dull, of colours, desk or writing-table.
sounds, tastes, smells ; een duffen toon, a Buffoon. Fr. botffon, a jester, from
deadened tone eene dtiffe couletir, a dull
; It. buffa, a puff, a blast or a blurt with
colour. the mouth made at one in scorn ; buffare,
Buff.— Buflae. Buffalo.— Lat. buba- to jest or sport. — Fl.
lus, Russ. buivol, Fr. buffle, the buffe, A puff with the mouth is probably in-
bufHe, bugle, or wild ox, also the skin or dicative of contempt, as emblematically
—
heck of a buffe. Cot. The term was making light of an object. 'And who
then applied to the skin of the buffalo minds Dick? Dick 's nobody Whoo ! !
dressed soft, buff leather, and then to the He blew a slight contemptuous breath
yellowish colour of leather so dressed. as if he blew himself away.' David Cop- —
It. buffalo, a buffle or a bugle, by meta- perfield. A
Staffordshire artisan giving
phor, a block-headed noddy. Fl. Hence — an account of one who had been slighted
the E. buffle-headed, confused, stupid. said, ' They rether puffed at him.'
The name of the beast seems taken from Bug. —Bugbear. —Boggart. — Bogle.
a representation of his voice. Lith. bu- God's boast seemed to him but iugges, things
benti, to bellow Magy. bufogni, to give
; made to feare children. — Z.Boyd in Jam.
a hollow sound. The meaning of Bug is simply an object
Buff.—Buffet. A blow. From buff! of terror, from the cry Bo ! Boo / Boh !
an imitation of the sound of -a blow. made by a person, often covering his
Pl.D. buffen, to strike E. rebuff, to re-
;
face to represent the unknown, to frighten
pulse ; buffare, Fr. bouffer, to puff, to
It. children. The use of the exclamation
blow ; It. buffetto, a cuff or buffet, also a for this purpose is very widely spread.
blurt or puff with one's mouth. G. puff, Gael, bo ! an interj. to excite terror in
a clap, buffet, cuff ; Lith. bubiti, to beat. children. —
Macleod. w. bw! It. bau !
In other cases, as Diez remarks, the '
—
Far bau / bau / far paura a' bambini
word for a stroke is connected with a
verb signifying to blow Fr. soufflet, a
—
coprendosi la volta.' La Crusca. Alter-
;
nately covering the face in this manner
buffet,from souffler, to blow souffleU, ;
to form an object of sportive terror, and
often blown upon, boxed on the ear and ;
then peeping over the covering to relieve
the word blow itself is used in both the infant from his terror, constitutes the
senses. game of Bo-peep, Sc. Teet-bo.
Buffet. Fr. buffet, a side-board. Fr.
The
The two —
children were playing in an oppo-
buffer, bouffer, to puff, to blow. sitecomer, Lillo covering his head with his skirt,
primary have
sense of buffeter seems to and roaring at Ninna to frighten her, then peep-
been to take out the vent peg of a cask, ing out again to see how she bore it. Romola, —
265.
and let in the air necessary for drawing iii.
out liquor, as from Lith. dausa, air, The cry made to excite terror is then
breath, dausinti, to give air to a cask in used, either alone or with various termin-
order to let the beer run. ations, to signify an indefinite object of
terror, such as that conjured up by child-
Si vos chartiers— amenant pour la provision
de vos maisons certain nombre de tonneaux de ren in the dark.
vin les avaient buffeUs et beus 4 demi, le reste L'apparer del giomo
emplissant d'eau, &c. —Rabelais. Che scaccia 1' Ombre, il Bau e le Befane !
Buffeter, to marre a vessel of wine by —the peep of day which scatters spectres, bugs,
often tasting it ; buffets, deadened, as and hobgoblins. — La Crusca.
wine that hath taken wind, or hath been Swiss baui, bauwi, mumming, bugbear,
mingled with water. Cot. —Mid. Lat. scarecrow ; G. baubau, wauwau, Esthon.
btifetarius, Fr. buffeteur, tabernarius, popo, Magy. bubus, Sc. boo, bukow Ikow,
caupo. Bufetarium, the duty paid for a goblin), human, E. dial, boman, Pl.D.
retailing wine in taverns. The verb bumann, Limousin bobal, bobaow, W. bw,
buffeter may thus be translated to tap, bwg, bubach, a bugbear, a hobgoblin.
buffetier, a tapster. Thus buffet would Far barabao is explained in Patriarchi's
signify the tap of a public-house or tavern, Venetian diet, yar^aa./ bau! to cry boh!
the place whence the wine was drawn. and il brutto barabao is interpreted il
—
;;:
no BUG BUGLE
Tentennino, il brutto Demonio, the black a maggot. It. baco, a silk-worm, also a
bug, the buggaboo w. bwgar, a, bugbear boa-peep or vain bug-bear
; baco-baco, ;
The final guttural of W. bwg and E. bug dung-beetle. Sw. troll, a goblin, monster,
is found in Ulyrian bukati, Magy. b'dgni, provincially an insect. In Norse applied
to bellow, biignt, to roar Swiss booggen, especially to beetles or winged insects.
;
paws the ground ; boogg, bogk, bok, a rabme, an insect, worm, any disgusting
animal, also a bug-bear, ghost. Sp. coco,
mask or disguise (from being originally
adopted with the intention of striking a worm, also a bug-bear.
terror), a misshapen person. The name Bug. 3. i; Swelling, protuberant. See
Big.
of bugabo was given, according to Coles,
* 2. The word has a totally different
to an 'ugly wide-mouthed picture' carried
about at May games. Lith. bauginti, to origin in the expression bugs words, fierce,
terrify ;bugti, to take fright, to take bug, high-sounding words. Cheval de trom-
'
as it is provincially expressed in England. fette, one whom no big nor bugs words can
— Hal. —
To take buggart or boggart is terrify-' Cot. Parolone, high, big, roar-
used in the same sense, and a boggarty ing, swollen, long, great or bug words.
horse is one apt to start, to take fright. Fl. '
Bug as a lord.' In my time at
With a different termination we have Rugby school bug was the regular term
W. bwgwl, threatening, terrifying Sc.
for conceited, proud. Bogge, bold, for-
bogil, bogle, bogil bo (e. buggabod),. a
;
ward, saucy. Grose. —
spectre, bugbear, scarecrow ; Lesachthal,
In this sense of the word it seems to
rest on the notion of frightening with a
foggile, poggl, a bugbear for children,
and thence an owl from its nightly hoot- loud noise, blustering, threatening, and is
ing. — Deutsch. Mundart. iv. 493. Lett. thus connected with bug, bug-bear. Swiss
baiglis, an object of terror. Russ. pugaf, booggen, to bellow like an angry bull
pujat', to frighten ;
pugalo, pujalo, a boogg, bogk, a proud overbearing man
scarecrow. Stalder bog, larva (a bug-bear, hobgob-
;
In bug-bear or bear-bug, the word is lin)
joined with the name of the beast taken con Bernense.
; bbgge, superbire. —
Schmidt. Idioti-
BUILD BULK m
supra dictos bugolos.' — De moribus civi- vessel. Boss^, knobby, bulked or bump-
'
formed bol, a farm, byli, a habitation, ble Gael, balg, bolg, bubble {palgan
;
OSw. bol, bole, byli, domicilium, sedes, tiisge, a water-bubble), Mister, bag, wal-
villa, habitaculum, whence bylja, to raise let, boss of shield, belly, womb, bellows
;
a habitation, to build, or, as it was for- builgean, bubble, bladder, pimple, pouch
merly written in English to bylle. builgeadh, bubbling up, as water begin-
That city took Josue and destroyed it and ning to boil bolg, bulg, belly, anything;
cursed it and alle hem that tyllei. it again. Sir — prominent, a lump or mass, the hold of a
Jno. Mandeville. ship bolg (as verb), blow, swell, puff,
;
—
;
bulbuk, a bubble, and bulbukd, to bubble
dus. Pr. Pm. See how this tode bol- '
liver leapt within my bulk! Turberville. — must probably be classed ON. bulki, the
Bav. biilken, the body Du. bulcke, ;
contents of the hold, or cargo of a ship,
thorax buick, beuck, trunk of the body, consisting of a heap of sacks bound down
—
;
belly ;van de kerche, nave or body of and covered with skins. Bolke or hepe,
the church —
van 't schip, hold or bilge
;
cumulus, acervus. Pr. Pm. ON. at riufa —
of a ship. Kil. —ON. bukr, trunk, body, bulkann, to undo the cargo, to break
belly Sw. buk, Dan. bug, G, bauch, belly
; ; bulk. Lett. ;pulks, Lith. pulkas, a heap,
Cat. buc, the belly, bed of a river, bulk
crowd, herd^ swarm pulkd, in bulk, in ;
or capacity of anything, body of a ship ; mass.
Sp. bugue, the capacity or burden of a 2. A
bulk is a partition of boards, the
ship, hull of a ship. stallor projecting framework for the dis-
The comparison of the Celtic dialects play of goods before a shop.
leads strongly to the conviction that the
Here stand behind this bulk, straight will he
radical image is the boiling or bubbling come :
up of water, whence we pass to the notion Wear thy good rapier bare, and put it home.
of anything swelling or strouting out, of Othello.
an inflated skin, stuffed bag, or of what '
He found a country fellow dead drunk,
is shaped like a bubble, a prominence, snorting on a bulk.' Anat. Melancholy. —
knob, boss, lump. For the latter sense In this latter sense the word is identical
compare Da. bulk, a. projection, lump, with It. balco, balcone, a projection before
unevenness Sw. dial, bullka, a protu-
; a window also the bulk or stall of a
;
'
2. A papal rescript, from Lat. bulla, of that name, but is more probably iden-
the seal affixed to the document. The tical with Sw. bal, bole or trunk of a tree,
primary signification of bulla is a bubble, bulk of a thing, large, coarse, thick, blunt,
from the noise, whence bullire, to bubble,
large of its kind, as geting, a wasp, bal-
to boil. Thence the term was applied to
geting, a hornet. W. pwl, hhint, penbwl,
many protuberant objects, as the orna-
a blockhead, a tadpole ; Gael, pollach,
mental heads of nails, the hollow orna-
lumpish, stupid ; poll-cheannach, lump-
ment of gold hung round the neck of the
headed ; poli-cheannan, a tadpole. The
young nobility of Rome in subsequent
bullfrog, however, is said to make a loud
;
ferre prassumat.' —
Stat. Philip le Bel in mele, honunele, a bumble-, or a humble-
The cry of the bittern, which he is
Due. A.D. 1305. bee.
In England the fortunes of the word supposed to make by fixing his bill in a
have been different, and the Mint being reed or in the mud, is called bumping or
regarded chiefly as the authority which
determined the standard of the coin, the Bum-bailiff. From the notion of a
name of bullion has been given to the humming, droning, or dunning noise the
alloy or composition of the current coin term bum is apphed to dunning a person
permitted by the Bullion or mint. Thus for a debt. To bum, to dun. —
Hal. Hence
! ;;
arrest for debt. The ordinary explana- or bunne, or dry weed {btcn7ie of dry weed,
tion of bound-bailiff is a mere guess. No H.S.P.), calamus.' Pr. Pm. — Bun, the
one ever saw the word in that shape. .
stubble of beans. —
Mrs Baker. Sc. bune
Moreover the bum-bailiff is not the per- or boon, the useless core of flax or hemp
son who gives security to the sheriff, nor from which the fibre is separated. Bune-
would it concern the public if he did. wand, a hemp-stalk.
But his special office is to dun or bum for The word is probably to be explained
debts, and this is the point of view from from Gael, bun, root, stock, stump, bot-
which he would be regarded by the class tom ; bun feoir, hay stubble ; bunan,
who have most occasion to speak of him. stubble Manx bun, stump, stalk, root,
;
Bumboat. A
boat in which provisions foundation w. bon, stem or base, stock,
;
are brought for sale alongside a ship. trunk, butt end. The buns are the dried
Du. bum-boot, a very wide boat used by stalks of various kinds of plants left after
fishers in S. Holland and Flanders, also the foliage has withered away. Gael.
for taking a pilot to a ship. Roding, — bun eich, an old stump of a horse. Bun-
Marine Diet. Probably for bun-boot, a feaman (stump-tail), a tail (Macleod),
boat fitted with a bun or receptacle for should probably be a short tail, explain-
keeping fish alive. ing E. bunny, a rabbit, whose short tail
Bump. Pl.D. bums! an interjection in running is very conspicuous. Bun, a
imitating the sound of a blow. Bums rabbit, the tail of a hare. Hal. Dan. —
getroffen. Bang it's hit.
! Bumsen, bam- bund, bottom, seems to unite Gael, bun
sen, to strike so as to give a dull sound. with ON. botn, E. bottom.
To bam, to ;pummel, to beat. Hal. w. — Bunch.. Bunk. —
Bung^. —
Bunch, a
pwmpio, to thump, to bang. Lang. hump, cluster, round mass of anything.
poumpi, to knock ; poumpido, noise, To bunch was formerly and still is pro-
knocking. Then, as in other cases, the vincially used in the sense of striking.
word representing the sound of the blow Dunchyn or bunchyn, tundo. Pr. Pm. —
is applied to the lump raised by the blow, ' He buncheth me and beateth me, il me
or to the mass by which it is given, and pousse. Thou bunchest me so that I
signifies consequently a mass, protuber- —
cannot sit by thee.' Palsgr. Related on
ance, lump. See Boss. Thus e. bump, the one side to Pl.D. bunsen, bumsen, to
a swelling, w. pwmp, a round mass ; knock. An
de dor bunsen, oder anklop-
'
;
little round loaves or lumps made of fine nent bones of an animal (as G. knochen,
meal, &c., buns, lenten loaves.^Cot. It. E. knuckles, from knock) It. bugno, bu<r-
;
bugno, bugnone, any round knob or bunch,
none, any round knob or bunch, a boil or
—
a boil or blain. Fl. Hence E. bunnion, blain.-^Fl.
a lump on the foot bunny, a swelling Again, as we have seen
from a blow. Forby. —
;
Bony, or grete
E. hdk passing
mto Sp. and E. bull, a bag or sack,
bulto,
knobbe, gibbus, gibber, callus.— Pr. Pm. while bulch was traced through Gris.
Sc. bannock, bonnock, Gael, bonuach, Ir.
bulscha, a wallet, E. bulse, a bunch— Hal.
boi7ieog, Li cake, are dim. forms. Radi- Sp, bolsa, a purse ; so the form btmk, a
cally identical with Dan. bunkc, a heap.
knob or heap, passes into Dan. bmidt,
See Bunch. Sw. bunt, a bunch, bundle, truss E. ;
—
;; —
loosed from bonds. Kil. on. bindini, a boye, Fr. bou^e, Sp. boya, the float of an
bundle. anchor or of a net boyar, to float. Lat.
;
Bung. The stopper for the hole in a boia, Fr. buie, a clog or heavy fetters for
barrel. From the hollow sound made in the neck or feet. It. bove, buove, fetters,
driving in the bung. OG. bimge, a drum ; shackles, gyves, clogs, stocks or such
OSw. bungande, the noise of drums. punishments for prisoners. Fl. The —
Ihre. Magy. bongani, to hum. So Du. most usual form would be a heavy clog
bommen, to hum, and bomme, or bonde fastened by a chain to the limb, and
van t' vat, the bung of a barrel Lim. hence the name would seem to have been
;
boundica, to hum, Prov. bondir. Cat. transferred to the wooden log which
bonir, to resound, and Du. bonde, Fr. would be the earliest float for an anchor.
bonde, bondon, a bung. It is possible, N.Fris. bui, the heavy clog of a foot-
however, that the primitive meaning of shackle ; an anchor buoy. Johansen, p.
bung may be a bunch of something thrust I GO.
—
in to stop the hole. Bung of a tonne or Burble. A bubble. Sp. borboUar, to
pype, bondelj bundell, bondeau. —
Palsgr. boil or bubble up. Lith. burboloti, to
202. The Fr. bouchon, a cork, boucher, guggle as water, rumble as the bowels.
to stop, are from bouscfie, bouche, a bunch Burbulas, a water bubble made by rain.
or tuft, and the Sw. tapp (whence tceppa, See Barbarous.
to stop, and E. tap, the stopper of a cask), Burden. A load. AS. byrthen, G.
biirde, from beran, to bear.
is originally a wisp or bunch ; ho-tapp,
halm-tapp, a wisp of hay or straw. Burden, of a song. See Bourdon.
To Bungle. To do anything awk-
Bureau. The Italian buio, dark, was
wardly, to cobble, to botch. B. —
From formerly pronounced buro, as it still is in
—
Modena and Bologna. Muratori. Russ.
the superfluous banging and hammering
made by an unskilful worker, on. bang, btiruii,brown burjat^o become brown
;
knocking, racket, working in wood (especi- or russet. Burrhum antiqui quod nunc
'
knob. Lang, boure, bourou, a bud, boura, a jibe, taunt, repartee ; buirleadh,
biiirte,
From the notion of a bubble we pass to sea. In the same way ON. brinii, fire, is
the Gael, borr, to swell, become big and connected with brim, surge or dashing of
proud, explaining the E. burgen. Bouffer,
' the sea ; brima, to surge, and OG. brim-
to puff, blow, swell up or strout out, to men, bremmen, to roar (as lions, bears,
—
burgen or wax big.' Cot. The Gael, has &c.). So also Sw. brasa, a blaze, Fr. em-
also borr, lorra, a knob, bunch, swelling ;
braser, to set on fire, compared with G.
borr-shuil, a prominent eye borracka, a
;
brausen, to roar, and Dan. brase, to fiy.
bladder, explaining Sp. borracka, a wine It is probable indeed that Fr. brAler,
Burglar. A legal term from the Lat. singe or scorch with fire. Fl. —
burgi latro, through the Burgundian Burn. A
brook. Goth, brunna, ON.
form IAre (Vocab, de Vaud.), OFr. lerre, brunnr, G. born, brunnen, a well, a spring
a robber. It. grancelli, roguing beggars, Gael, burn, water, spring-water bumach,
—
;
bourglairs. — Fl. Bret, laer, robber. watery. Swiss Rom. borni, a fountain.
Omnes burgatores domorum vel fractores Vocab. de Vaud. As we have seen the
Ecclesianlm vel muronim vel portarum civitatis noise of water bubbling up represented
regis vel burgoiTim intrantes malitios6 et felonic^ by the syllable bar, pur (see Burgeon),
—
condemnentur morti. Officium Coronatoris in the final 71 in buni may be merely a sub-
Due. sidiary element, as the / in purl, and the
Burin. See under Bore. word would thus signify water springing
. —
To Burl. Burler. In the manu- or bubbling up. Bav. burren, to hum, to
facturing of cloths the process of clearing buzz Gael, bururus, warbling, purling,
;
it of the knots, ends of thread, and the gurgling. Walach. sbornoi, to murmur.
like, with little iron nippers called burling Burnish. Fr. brunir, to polish. Sw.
irons, is termed burling. — Todd. A burl- bryna, to sharpen, to give an edge to,
er is a dresser of cloth. Lang, bouril, brynsten, a whetstone, from bryii, the
Castrais bourril, the flocks, ends of thread, brim or edge of anything, N. brun, an
&c., which disfigure cloth and have to be edge or point. Then as sharpening a
plucked off Bourril de neou, flock of weapon would be the most familiar ex-
—
snow. OE. burle of cloth, tumentum. Pr. ample of polishing metal, the word seems
Pm. From Fr. boiirre, flocks. See Burr. to have acquired the sense of polishing.
Burlesque. It. burlare, to make a So from Fin. tahko, an edge, a margin,
jest of, to ridicule. Probably a modifica- latus rei angulatas talikoincn, angular ;
;
tion of the root which gave the OE. bourd, tahkoa, to sharpen on a whetstone, thence,
a jest. Limousin bourdo, a lie, a jest, to rub, to polish. Bav. schleiffen, to
bourda, to ridicule, to tell lies. The in- sharpen, to grind on a whetstone, hauben
terchange of d and I is clearly seen in the schleiffen, to polish helmets. Schm. —
— ; '
'The Lord of the Geats struck the terribly And burred moons foretell great storms at
coloured with the legacy of Incg so that the
;'
night. — Clare.
edge grew weak, brown, upon the bone
3. When the hop begins to blossom it is
but itwould both malce better sense and said to be in burr. See Burgeon.
be more in accordance with AS. idiom if 4. Fris. borre, burre, Dan. borre, Sw.
brun were understood as a synonym of kardborre, karborre, a. bur, the hooked
ecg- capitulum of the arctium lappa. S w. dial.
Burr. I. The whirring sound made by borre is also a fircone.
some people in pronouncing the letter r, Burrow. Shelter, a place of defence,
as in Northumberland. This word seems safety, shelter Provincially applied to
— —
formed from the sound. Jam. Hearing shelter from the wind
'
tlie burrow side
:
'
the old hall clock strike 12 with a dis- of the hedge a very burrow place for
; ' '
raised a steep mound of stones over him. dress, at bua sig, induere vestes ; and it
Thence byrigean, to bury, apparently a is singular that having come so near the
secondary verb, signifying to entomb, to mark he fails to observe that busk is a
sepulchre, and not directly (as Du. ber- simple adoption of the deponent form of
ghen, borghen, condere, abdere, occultare the ON. verb, at buast, for at buasc, con-
— K.) to hide in the ground. tracted from the very expression quoted
Bush.-^Bushel. The btish of a wheel by him, 'at bua sik.' The primitive
is the metal lining of the nave or hollow meaning of bua is simply to bend, whence
box in which the axle works. Du. busse, at bua sik, to bend one's steps, to betake
a box, busken, a little box Dan. basse, oneself, to bow, in OE.
;
'
Haralldur kon-
a box, a gun G. biichse, a box, rad- gur bidst austur um EySascog.'
;
Harold
biichse, Sw. hjul-bosse, the bush of a the king busks eastwards through the
wheel ; Sc. bush, box wood to bush, to forest of Eyda.
;
Epter thetta byr sik '
sheath, to enclose in a case or box. The jarl sem skyndilegast ur landi.' After
Gr. iriCtf -ifoe, a box, gave Lat. pyxis as that the earl busks with all haste out of
,
well as buxis, -idis, and thence Mid.Lat. the land. Compare the meaning of busk
buxida, bossida, buxta, boxta, bosta, Prov. in the following passage :—
boistia, boissa, OFr. boiste, with the Many of the Danes privily were left
diminutives, Mid.Lat. buxula, bustula, And busked westwards for to robbe eft.
R. Brunne.
bustellus, bussellus, OFr. boistel,boisteau,
Fr. boisseau, a box for measuring corn, a It is certain that buast must once have
.
boucher, to stop, to thrust in a bouche or forth by a brook;
proceed by a brook.
'
bosch (a diminutive ?), a tuft, then a tuft * Buskin. Sp. borcegui, Ptg. borse-
of trees, a grove bosch van haer, a tuft guini, Fr. brodiquin. The primary sense
;
grapes. Fris. bosc, a troop, lump, clus- probably Morocco leather. Thus Frois-
ter ; qualster-boscken, a clot of phlegm sart, Le roy Richard mort, il fut couch6'
l^jkema). Du. bussel, a bundle; It. sur une litifere, dedans un char couvert de
'S^one, a bush, brake, thicket of thorns ; brodequin tout noir.' The buskin is said
Bret. bo7ich (Fr. ch), a tuft, wisp. G. by Cobarruvias to have been a fashion of
bausch, projection, bulk, bunch, bundle, the Moors and of Morocco, and he cites
wisp bauschen, bausen, to swell, bulge, from an old romance Borzeguies Mar-
; '
Edrtst, speaking of the costume of the biist, bist, trunk of a tree, body of a man,
King of Gana, says, he wears sandals of
'
body of a woman's dress It. busto, a
;
cherqui! It is true that from hence to bulk or trunk without a head, a sleeveless
borzegui is a long step, but Dozy cites truss or doublet, also a busk. Fl. —
the OldPtg. forms morseqiiill, mosequin, The Prov. inserts an r after the initial
and supposes that the common Arab, b J bruc, brut, brusc, bust, body, as in
prefix niu or mo has been erroneously ON. bruskras well as buskr, a bush, tuft,
added, as in moharra from harbe, the wisp, Prov. brostia as well as bostia, 2l
point of a lance, mogangas from gonj, box. The form brust, corresponding to
love gestures, mohedairova. geidha, forest. brut as brusc to bruc, would explain the
Thus we should have mocherqui, and by G. bnist, the breast, the trunk, box, or
transposition morchequi, morsequi, bor- chest in which the vitals are contained.
cegui. The ultimate origin may be found in the
Buss. I. A
vessel employed in the parallel forms bttk, but, representing a
herring fishery. Du. buyse, a vessel with blow. 7o\.pjik, knock, crack ; Fr. buquer,
a wide huU and blunt prow, also a flagon. Namur busquer (Sigart), Lang, buta, to
ON. bussa, a ship of some size. Prov. knock. Swab, busch, a blow, a bunch of
bus, a boat or small vessel ; Cat. buc, flowers ; butz, a blow, a projection, stump,
bulk, ship Sp. bucha, a large cljest or
; lump. From the figure of striking against
box, a fishing vessel. A
particular appli- we pass to the notion of a projection,
cation of the many-formed word signifying stump, thick end, stem.
bulk, trunk, body, chest. See Boss, Box, Bustard. A large bird of the gallin-
Bulch, Bust. aceous order. Fr. outard. A great slug-
2. Akiss. Sp. buz, a kiss of reverence. —
gish fowl. B. Sp. abutarda, or avutarda;
Sw. pussa, putta, Bav. bussen, Swiss Champagne bistardej Prov. austarda,
butschen, to kiss (from the sound Fr. outarde. It. ottarda.
Stalder) butschen, putschen, to knock ;
; Nained from its slowness of flight.
windbutsch, a stroke of wind. Comp. '
Proximse iis sunt quas Hispania aves
smack, a kiss, and also a sounding blow. —
tardas appellat.' Plin. 10. 22. Hence
On the other hand, Gael, bus, a mouth, probably au-tarda, otarda, utarda, and
lip, snout; Walach. fe^a, lip; Pol. bu- then with avis again prefixed, as in av-
zia, mouth, lips, also a kiss. So Wes- estruz (^avis struthio), an ostrich, avu-
terwald munds, mons, a kiss, from jnund, tarda. — Diez. Port, abotarda, betarda.
mouth. Lat. basiuin. It. bacio, Sp. beso, To Bustle. To hurry or make a great
Fr. baiser, a kiss. The two derivations stir. —
B.> Also written buskle.
would be reconciled if Gael, bus and Pol. It is like the smouldering- fire of Mount Chim-
buzia were themselves taken from the sera, which boiling long time with great buskling
smacking sound of the lips. in the bowels of the earth doth at length burst
—
Bust. Busk. These seem to be mo- —
forth with violent rage. ^A.D. 1555. Hal. —
difications of the same word, originally Here we see the word applied to the
signifying trunk of a tree, then trunk of bubbling up of a boiling liquid, from
the body, body without arms and legs, which it is metaphorically applied in or-
body of garment, especially of a woman's dinary usage to action accompanied w ith
dress, and finally (in the case of busk) 'a great stir.' ON. bustla, to make a
the whalebone or steel support with splash in the water, to bustle. So in
which the front of a woman's bodice is Fin. kupata, hipista, to rustle (parum
made stiff. strepo) kdyn kupajaii crepans ito, I go
;
I. With respect to busk we have on. clattering about, inde discurro et operosus
bukr, trunk, body ; Fr. busche, a log, a sum, I bustle.
—
backstock, a great billet Cot. ; Rouchi, Busy. —
Business. AS. biseg, bisg,
busch, a bust, statue of the upper part of bisegung, bisgung, occupation, employ-
the body without arms Fr. buc, busq,
; ment bisgan, bysgian, Fris. bysgje, to
;
busque, a busk, plated body or other occupy; ViM.bezig, beezig, busy, occupied
quilted thing, worn to make the body bezigen, to make use of. Busitiess :c3iVi
straight ; btcc, busc, bust, the long, small, hardly be distinct from Fr. besoigAe, be-
or sharp-pointed and hard-quilted body songne, work, business, an affair. Cot. —
of a doublet. —
Cot. Wall, buc, trunk of The proceedings of Parliament, a.d. 1372,
a tree, of the human body (Grandg.). speak of lawyers ' pursuant busoignes en
' — — ';
and within ; then applied to the outer and word is probably from buttery. Butler,
inner rooms of a house consisting of two the officer in charge of the buttery or
apartments. collection of casks, as Pantler, the officer
The rent of a room and a kitchen, or what in in charge of the pantry. Buttery, from
the language of the place is styled a tut and a butt, a baiTel ; Sp. boteria, the store of
ten, gives at least two pounds sterling. —
Account barrels or wine skins in a ship.
of Stirlingshire in Jamieson.
Butt. large barrel. It. Fr. botte, A
Ben-house, the principal apartment. a cask. OFr. bous, bouz, bout, Sp. beta,
The elliptical expression oi butiox only a wine skin, a wooden cask. Sp. botija,
is well explained by Tooke. Where at an earthen jar ; botilla, a small winebag,
the present day we should say, ' There is leathern bottle.
but one thing to be done,' there is really The immediate origin of the term is
a negation to be supplied, the full expres- probably butt in the sense of trunk or
sion being, ' there is nothing to be done round stem of a tree, then hoUow trunk,
but one thing,' or ' there is not but one body of a man, belly, bag made of the
thing to be done.' Thus Chaucer says, entire skin of an animal, wooden recept-
I ?i'am but a leude compilatour.
acle for liquors. A
similar development
of meaning is seen in the case of E. trunk,
ye vouchsafe that in this place
If that
the body of a tree or of a man, also a
That I may have not but my meat and drinke,
hollow vessel ; G. rumpf, the body of an
where now we should write, '
1 am but a animal, hollow case, hull of a ship. The
compiler,' '
that I may have but . my E. bulk was formerly applied to the trunk
meat and drink.' or body, and it is essentially the same
As an instance of what is called the word with Lat. bitlga, belly, skin-bag, and
adversative use of but, viz. that which with It. bolgia, a leathern bag, a budget.
would be translated by Fr. mais, sup- — A similar train of thought is seen in ON.
pose a person in whom we have little bolr, the trunk or body of an animal, bole
trust has been promising to pay a debt, of a tree, body of a shirt ;w. bol, bola,
we say, '
But when will you pay it ? the
rotundity of the body, bag. belly,
Here the but implies the existence of an- The Sp. barriga, the belly, is doubtless
other point not included among those to connected with barril, a barrel, earthen
which the debtor has adverted, viz. the jug and in E. ^re speak of the barrel of ;
time of payment. ' Besides all that, when a horse to signify the round part of the
wiU you pay ? body. Wall, bodifie, belly, calf of the
—
support a wall beginning to bulge ; butte, bouton, the rosebud, in the R. R. by bo-
E. butt, a mound of turf in a field to sup- thum and not button. W. both, a boss, a
port a target for the purpose of shooting nave ; bothog, having a rotundity ; botwm,
at. a boss, a button.
Fr. but, the prick in the middle of a Buttress. An erection built up as a
target, a scope, aim ;whence to make a support to a wall. Fr.. bouter, to thrust ;
butt of a person, to make him a mark for arc-boutant, a flying buttress, an arch
the jests of the company. built outside to support the side thrust of
Fr. buter, to touch at the end, to abut a stone roof. Mur-buttant, a wall but-
or butt on, as in G. from stossen, to strike, tress, a short thick wall built to rest
to thrust ; an etwas anstossen, to be con- against another which needs support ;
tiguous to, to abut on. butter, to raise a mound of earth around
Hence the butts in a ploughed field the roots of a tree. Boutant, a buttress
are the strips at the edges of the field, or or shore post. —Cot.
headlands upon which the furrows abut ;
Buttrice. A farriert tool for paring
but-lands, waste ground, buttals, a corner horses' hoofs, used by resting the head
—
of ground. Hal. against the farrier's chest and pushing
Butter. Lat. butyrum, Gr. povrvpov, the edge forwards. Perhaps corrupted
as if from Povg, an ox, but this is probably from Fr. boutis, the rooting of a wild
a mere adaptation, and the true derivation boar, the tool working forwards like the
seems preserved in the provincial German snout of a swine. Fr. bouter, to thrust,
of the present day. Bav. buttern, butteln, boutoir, a buttrice.
to shake backwards and forwards, to boult * Buxom. AS. bocsam, buhsom, obe-
flour. Butter-glass, a ribbed glass for dient, from bugan, to bow, give way,
shaking up salad sauce. Buttel-triib, submit ;Fris. bocgsuin, Du. geboogsaem.
thick from shaking. Btetter-schmalz, fle>(ible, obedient, humble. — Kil.'
. —
Cabal. The Jews believed that Moses son, and in which mysterious and magi-
received in Sinai not only the law, but cal powers were supposed to reside.—
also certain unwritten principles of inter- Diet. Etynj.
pretation, called Cabala or Tradition, Hence the name of caballing was
which were handed down from father to applied to any secret machinations for
; ;
effecting a purpose ; and a cabal is a con- the ON. form kactal, a rope or cable. It
clave of persons, secretly plotting together is remarkable that the Esthon. has kabbel,
for their own ends. a rope, string, band, and the Arab, 'habl,
Cabbage. From It. capo, OSp. cabo, a rope, would correspond to cable, as
head, come the Fr. caboche, a head Turk, havyar to caviare.
(whence cabochard, heady, wilful), cabus, The Sp. and Ptg. cabo, a rope, is pro-
headed, round or great headed. Choux bably unconnected, signifying properly a
cabus, a headed cole or cabbage ; laitue rope's end, as the part by which the rope
cabusse, lactuca capitata, headed or cab- is commonly handled.
—
bage lettuce. Cot. It. cabuccio, capuccio, The name of the engine, cadabula, or
cadable, as it must have stood in French,
a cabbage ; Du. cabuyskoole, brassica
capitata. — Kil. seems a further corruption of calabre (and
To Cabbage. To steal or pocket. not vice versft, as Diez supposes), the
Fr. cabas,Du. kabas, Sp. cabacho, a frail, Prov. name of the projectile engine, for
or rush basket, whence Fr. cabasser, to the origin of which see Carabine, Capstan.
put or pack up in a frail, to keep or We see an example of the opposite change
hoard together. Cot. —
Du. kabaSsen, in Champagne calabre for cadavre, a car-
—
Tarbe.
convasare, surripere, su/Furari, manticu- case.
lari— Kil. ; precisely in the sense of the Cablisb. Brushwood — B., properly
E. cabbage. windfalls, wood broken and thrown down
Larron cabasseur de pecune. —Diet. Etym. by the wind, in which sense are explained
the OFr. caables, cables, cab lis. The
—
Cabin. Cabinet, w. cab, cabaii, a origin is the OFr. chaable, caable, an
booth or hut. It. capanna, Fr. cabane, a engine for casting stones. Mid. Lat. cha-
shed, hovel, hut. Tugurium, parva casa dabula, cadabulum, whence Lang, chabla,
est quam faciunt sibi custodes vinearum to crush, overwhelm (Diet. Castr.), Fr.
ad tegimen sui. Hoc rustici capannam accablcr, to hurl down, overwhelm, OFr.
vocant. —
Isidore in Diez. Item habeat caable (in legal language), serious injury
archimacherus capanam (parvam came- from violence without blood, Mid.Lat.
ram) in coquini ubi species aromaticas, cadabalum, prostratio ad terram. Due. —
&c., deponat a store closet. Neckam
: —
In like manner It. traboccare, to hurl
in Nat. Antiq. Cappa in OSp. signifies down, from trabocco, an engine for casting
a mantle as well as a hut, and as we find stones Mid.Lat. manganare, It. maga-
;
the same radical syllable in Bohem. kabat, giiare, OFr. mdhaigner, E. maim, main,
a tunic, kabane, a jacket Fr. gaban. It. from manganum.
;
and the Fr. chaable, Mid.Lat. cabulus, dirty, vile. The origin is the exclamation
had the same signification '
une grande ach / ach ! made while straining at stooL
;
From the sense of a projectile engine tandi immundum; aakka, stercus, sordes
the designation was early transferred to aakkat'a, cacare. Swiss aa, agga, agge,
.the strong rope by which the strain of dirty, disgusting agge machen (in nurses'
;
Dan. kaad,
unruly kolesb, a wheel ; kolesnitza, a waggon ; '
either of the form or meaning of the word. lare, to proclaim, to call. Probably from
Mahn derives it from Lat. quA librd, of the sound of one hallooing, hollaing.
what weight ? a guess which should be Fin. hallottaa, alta voce ploro, ululo
supported by some evidence of the use of Turk, kal, word of mouth ; kil-u-kal,
libra in the sense of weight. According people's remarks, tittle-tattle. Heb. kol,
to Jal (Gl. nautique), the Fr. form in the voice, sound.
1 6th century was Squalibre. * Callet. A
depreciatory term for a
Calico. Fr. calicot, cotton cloth, from woman, a drab, trull, scold. A
calat of
'
Calicut in the E. Indies, whehce it was leude demeaning.' Chaucer. — 'A callet
first brought.
Caliph. The successors of Mahomet
—
of boundless tongue.' Winter's Tale. Fr.
caillette, femme frivole et babillarde.
in the command of the empire. Turk. Diet. Lang. Probably an unmeasured
khalif, a successor. use of the tongue is the leading idea.
* Caliver. Aharquebus or handgun. NE. to callet, to rail or scold ; calleting,
The old etymologers supported their pert, saucy, gossiping. '
They snap and
theories
it
by very bold assertions, in which
dangerous to place implicit faith.
is
callit like a couple of cur dogs.' —
Whitby
Gl. To call, to abuse ; a good calling, a
Sir John Smith in Grose, Mil. Antiq. i.
1 56 (quoted by Marsh), thus accounts for
round of abuse. Ibid. —
Callous. Hard, brawny, having a thick
the origin of the word ' It is supposed
by many that the weapon
;
called a caliver
skin. —
B. Lat. callus, callum, skin hard-
ened by labour, the hard surface of the
is another thing than a harquebuse, ground. Fin. kallo, the scalp or skull,
whereas in troth it is not, but is only a
jda-kallo, a crust of ice over the roads
harquebuse, saving that it is of greater
circuite or bullet than the other is where- (jaa= ice).
;
fore the Frenchman doth call it z.piicede Callow. Unfledged, not covered with
calibre, which is as much as to say, a feathers. Lat. calvus, AS. calo, caluw,
piece of bigger circuite.' But it is hard Du. kael, kahcwe, bald.
to suppose that E. caliver, or caliever, can Calm. It. Sp. calma, Fr. calme, ab-
be distinct from ODu. koluvre, klover, sence of wind, quiet. The primitive
colubrina bombarda, sclopus. —
Kil. Ca- meaning of the word, however, seems to
tapulta, donderbuchs — donrebusse vel be heat. Sp. dial, calma, the heat of
clover. —Dief. Sup. —
Now these Du. the day. Diez. Ptg. cahna, heat, cal-
forms are undoubtedly from Lat. coluber, moso, hot. The origin is Gr. Kavfia, heat,
Fr. couleuvre, an adder, whence couleuv- from Ka'tm, to burn. Mid.Lat. cauma, the
rine, coulevrine, and E. culverin, a, kind heat of the sun. '
Dum ex nimio caumate
of cannon, and sometimes a handgun. lassus ad quandam declinaret umbram.'
—
Slange, serpens, coluber also, bombarda Cauma incendium, calor, sestus. Due.
; —
longior, vulgo serpentina, colubrina, The word was also written cawme in OE.
colubrum. Kil.— Coluvrine, licht stuk The change from a. u to an I in such a
geschut, colubraria canna, fistula. —
Bi- position is much less common than the
glotton. The adder or poisonous serpent converse, but many examples may be
was considered as a fire-spitting animal, given. So It. oldire from audire, to hear,
and therefore it lent its name to several palmento for pamnento from pavim.en~
kinds of firearms. Among these were the turn, Sc. chalmer for chawmer from
drake (Bailey), and dragon, the latter of chamber.
which has its memory preserved in Du. The reference to heat is preserved in.
dragonder, E. dragoon, a soldier who the It. scalmato, faint, overheated, over-
originally carried that kind of arm. done with heat Alt. —
scalmaccio, a sul-
;
vessel. Perhaps from W. cannu, to con- Canter. A slow gallop, formerly called
rummer, a drinking glass, from
tain, as a Canterbury gallop. If the word had
Dan. rumme, to contain. But it may be been from cantherius, a gelding, it would
from a different source. Prov. cane, a have been found in the continental lan-
reed, cane, also a measure. Fr. cane, a guages, which is not the case.
measure for cloth, being a yard or there- Cantle. A piece of anything, as a
abouts ; also a can or such-like measure cantle of bread, cheese, &c. B.. Fr. —
for vfine. —
Cot. A
joint of a hollow stalk chantel, chanteau, Picard. canteau, a
would be one of the earliest vessels for corner-piece or piece broken off the cor-
holding liquids, as a reed would afford ner, and hence a gobbet, lump, or cantell
the readiest measure of length. of bread, &c.— Cot. Du. kandt-broodts,
Cannel Coal. Coal burning with a hunch of bread. Kil. — ON. kantr, a
much bright flame, like a torch or candle. side, border ; Dan. haitt, edge, border,
N. kyndel, kynnel, a torch. region, quarter ; It. canto, side, part,
Cannoii. It. cannone, properly a large quarter, corner. A
cantle then is a corner
pipe, from canna, a reed, a tube. Prov. of a thing, the part easiest broken off.
canon, a pipe. Fin. kanta, the heel, thence anything pro-
Canoe. An Indian boat made of the jecting or cornered kuun-kanta, a horn
;
hollowed trunk of a tree. Sp. canoa, from of the moon ; leiwan kanta, margo panis
the native term. Yet it is remarkable diffracta, a cantle of bread. Esthon. kq,n,
that the G. has kahn, a boat. OFr. cane, kand, the heel.
a ship canot, a small boat. Diez.
; — Canton. Fr. canton. It. cantone, a di-
—
Canon. To Canonise. From Gr. vision of a country. Probably only the
Kavt\, KCLvva, a cane, was formed Kavtiiv, a augmentative of canto, a corner, although
straight rod, a ruler, and met. a rule or it has been supposed to be the equivalent
quito curtain, bed curtain, from kwvwxIi, a amining a matter thoroughly to the very
gnat. grounds.
Cant. Cant is properly the language —
* Cap. Cape. Cope. — as. cappe, a
spoken by thieves and beggars among cap, cape, cope, hood. Sp. capa, a cloak,
themselves, when they do not wish to be coat, cover ; It. cappa, Fr. chape. Words
understood by bystanders. It therefore beginning with// or c/are frequently ac-
cannot be derived from the sing-song or companied by synonymous forms in which
whining tone in which they demand alms. the / is omitted, and probably the origin
The word seems to be taken from Gael. of the present words ma)»be found in the
cainnt, speech, language, applied in the notion of a piece of something flat clapped
first instance to the special language of on another surface like the flap of a gar-
rogues and beggars, and subsequently to ment turned back upon itself Flappe of
the pecuhar terms used by any other pro- a gowne, cappe. Palsgr.— See Chape.
fession or community. Swab, schlapp, hirnschlapple, a scull-
The Doctor here, cap. Gugel, capello Italis, Germanis
When he discourseth of dissection,
Of vena cava and of vena porta,
kdppen, Alamannis, schlappen. Goldast —
in Schmid. Schwab. Wtb.
The meserseum and the mesentericum, Theroot cap, signifying cover, is found
What does he else but cant f or if he run
To his judicial astrology.
in languages of very different stocks.
And trowl the trine, the quartile, and the sex- Mod.Gr. KaTTiram, a cover Turk, kapa-
;
&c.
tile, mak, to shut, clqse, cover kapi, a door ;
;
Does he not catii f who here can understand him? kaput, a cloak kapali, shut, covered.
B. Jonson. Capable. — ;
Gael, can, to sing, say, name, call. capace, Lat. capax, able to receive, con-
Canteen. It. cantina, a wine-cellar or tain, or hold. See Capt-.
vault. Capari.^on. Sp. caparazon, carcase
—
a buck, frort^Lat. caper j caprio, capriola, an initial gr instead of br, Fr. greziller,
a capriol, a chevret, a young kid met. a ;
to crackle, wriggle, frizzle, grisser, to
capriol or caper in dancing, a leap that crackle. It. gricciare, to chill and chatter
cunning riders teach their horses. Fl. — with one's teeth, aggricciare, to astonish
Fr. capriole, a caper in dancing, also the and affright and make one's hair stand on
capriole, sault, or goat's leap (done by a end. In Lat. ericius, a hedge-hog. It.
horse). —
Cot. riccio, hedge-hog, prickly husk of chest-
Capers. A
shrub. Lat. capparis, Fr. nut, curl, Fr. rissoler, to fry, h^risser, It.
cApre, Sp. alcaparra, Arab, algabr. arricciarsi, the hair to stand on end, the
Capillary. Hair-like. Lat. capillus, initial mute of forms like Gr. ^piKos, It.
a hair. brisciare, gricciare, is either wholly lost,
Capital. Lat. capitalis, belonging to or represented by the syllable e, hi, as in
the head, principal, chief. From caput, Lat. erica, compared with Bret, brug, w.
the head. Hence capitalis the sum lent, grug, heath, or Lat. eruca compared with
the principal part of the debt, as distin- It. bruco, a caterpillar.
guished from the interest accruing upon We then find the symptoms of shiver-
it. Then funds or store of wealth viewed ing, chattering of the teeth, roughening
as the means of earning profit. of the skin, hair- standing on end, em-
To Capitulate. Lat. capitulare, to ployed to express a passionate longing for
treat upon terms
from capitulum, a little
; a thing, as in Sophocles' t^pi?' fpwTi, I have
head, a separate division of a matter. shivered with love. 'A tumult of delight
Capon. A castrated cock. Sp. capar, invaded his soul, and his body bristled
to castrate. Mod.Gr. cut
airoKOTrrw, to —
with joy' Vikram, p. 75, where Burton
off, abridge ;amKoTroq, cut, castrated. adds in a note. Unexpected pleasure, ac-
Caprice. It. cappriccio, explained by cording to the Hindoos, gives a bristly
Diez from capra, a goat, for which he elevation to the down of the body.
cites the Comask nucia, a kid, and 7tucc, The effect of eager expectation in pro-
caprice ; It. ticchio, caprice, and OHG. ducing such a bodily affection may fre-
ziki, kid. The true derivation lies in a quently be observed in a dog waiting for
different direction. The connection be- a morsel of what his master is eating.
tween sound and the movement of the So we speak of thrillitig with emotion or
sonorous medium is so apparent, that the desire, and this symptomatic shuddering
terms expressing modifications of the one seems the primary meaning of earn or
are frequently transferred to the other yearn, to desire earnestly. To earne
subject. Thus we speak of sound vibrat- within is translated by Sherwood by
ing in the ears ; of a tremtdoiis sound, frissonner ; to yearne, s'hdrisser, frisson-
for one in which there is a quick succes- ner ; a yearning through sudden fear,
sion of varying .impressions on the ear. herissonnement, horripilation. And simi-
The words by which we represent a sound larly to yearn, arricciarsi. —
Torriano.
of such a nature are then applied to signify Many words signifying originally to
trembling or shivering action. To twitter crackle or rustle, then to shiver or shud-
is used in the first instance of the chirping der, are in like manner used metaphori-
of birds, and then of nervous tremulous- cally in the sense of eager desire, as Fr.
ness of the bodily frame. To chitter is grisser, greziller, grillcr, brisoler j Elles
'
both to chirp and to shiver. Hal. It is— grissoient d'ardeur de le voir, they longed
probable that Gr. ^ptirffw originally signi-
fied to rustle, as Fr. frisser {frissement
extremely to see it.' Cot.— Griller d'im-
'
(bristly-head), one odd, fantastic, hard -ceive in receive, conceive, perceive, de-
to please. —
Nordfoss. Du. krul, a ca- ceive.
price, fancy. The exact counterpart The participial form of the root in com-
to this is It. arriccia-capo (Fl.), or the pound verbs, -cept,did not suffer the same
synonymous capriccio (capo-riccio), a corruption in French, and has thus de-
shivering fit (Altieri), and tropically, a scended unaltered to English, where it
sudden fear apprehended, a fantastical forms a very large class of compounds,
humour, a humorous conceit making one's accept, except, precept, intercept, deception,
hair to stand on end. Fl. —
Fr. caprice, a conception, &c. In cases, however, where
sudden will, desire, or purpose to do a the -cept was final or was only followed
thing for which one has no apparent by an e mute, the p was commonly not
reason. —
Cot. pronounced in French, as in OFr. concept,
Capriole. See Caper. recepte, decepte, and has accordingly been
—
Capstan. Capstern. Crab. Sp. ca-— lost in E. conceit, deceit, while it still keeps
hrestante, cabestrantej Fr. cabestan. The its ground in the writing oi receipt although
name of the goat was given in many lan- wholly unpronounced.
guages (probably for the reason explained Captain. It. capitano, a head man,
under Carabine) to an engine for throw- commander, from Lat. caput, capitis,
ing stones, and was subsequently applied head.
to a machine for raising heavy weights or Capuchin. It. capuccio, capp%tccio, a
exerting a heavy pull. OSp. cabra, ca- hood (dim. di cappa, a cloke) capuccino,
;
Capsule. Lat. capsula, dim. of capsa, comnie pour reconnaitre les ennemis et lesescar-
a coffer, box, case. —
moucher. Caseneuve in Diet. Etym.
Capt-. -cept. -ceive. Lat. capio, As the soldiers would naturally be
captus, to take, seize, hold, contain, named from their peculiar armament, it
whence capture, captive, captivate, &c. is inferred by Diez with great probability
The a of capio changes to an z in com- that the term calabre, originally signifying
position, and of captus to an e, as in a catapult or machine for casting stones,
accipio, acceptus, to take to, to accept; was transferred on the invention of gun-
recipio, receptus, to take baclc, to receive ;
powder to a firelock, and that the cala-
receptio, a taking back, a reception. But brins or carabins were named from
in passing into Spanish the radical sylla- carrying a weapon of that designation, as
ble -cip- of these compound verbs, re- the dragoons (Du. dragonder) from carry-
cipere, concipere, &c., was converted into ing the gun called a dragon. It was
-ceb- or -cib-, and in French into -cev-j as natural that the names of the old siege
in Sp. recibir, concebir, Fr. recevoir, conce- machines for casting stones should be
voir. Passing on into E., which has re- transferred to the more efficient kinds of
ceived by far the greater part of its Latin ordnance brought into use on the dis-
derivatives through the French, the -cev- covery of gunpowder. Thus the musket,
ofthe Fr. verbs gives rise to the element i
It. tnoschetta, was originally a missile
— —— ;
military engines made for hurling stones, skeleton Trjg xeXwwac, the shell of a tor-
;
from whence it seems to have descended toise. carcasso, a quiver, the core of
It.
to the harmless crabs and cranes of our fruit ; carcame, a dead carcase, skeleton,
mercantile times, designated in the case carcanet. Fr. carquasse, the dead body
of G. bock and Fr. chevre by the name of of any creature, a pelt or dead bird to
the goat. Sp. cabra, cabreia, cabrita, an take down a hawk withal ; carquois, a
engine for hurling stones, a crane. Neu- — quiver ; carquan, a collar or chain for the
mann. neck. —
Cot. Sp. Carcax, a quiver ; car-
Caraool. The half turn which a horse- casa, a skeleton. Cat. carcanada, the
man makes to the right or left also a ; carcase of a fowl. The radical meaning
winding staircase. Sp. caracal, a snail, seems to be something holding together,
a winding staircase, turn of a horse. confining, constraining ; shell, case, or
Gael, car, a twist, bend, winding carach,
; framework. W. carch, restraint ; Gael.
winding, turning. AS. cerran, to turn. carcaij; a coffer, a prison. Bohem. krciti,
Carat. Gr. KtpaTwv, Venet. carate, to draw in, contract.
seed of carob. Arab, kirat, Sp. quilato, The word is explained oy Diez from
a small weight. Fr. silique, the husk or camis capsa, the case of the flesh. It.
cod of beans, &c., and particularly the cassa, a case or chest ; casso, the trunk or
carob or carob bean-cod also a poise
; chest of the body ; Parmesan cassiron,
among physicians, &c., coming to four skeleton.
grains. Carrob, the carob bean, also a Card. I. An implement for dressing
small weight, among mint-men and gold- wool. Lat. carere, carmiiiarc, to comb
smiths making the 24th of an ounce. wool ; carduus, a thistle. It. cardo, a this-
Cot. tle, teasel for dressing woollen cloth.
Caravan. Pers. kerwan. Lith. karszti, to ripple flax, to strip off the
Caravel. It. caravela, a kind of ship. heads by drawing the flax through a
Mod.Gr. «capa'|8i, Gael, carbh, a ship. Fr. comb, to card wool, to curry horses ;
carabe, a corracle or skiff of osier covered karsztuwas, a ripple for flax, wool card,
with skin.— Cot. See Carpenter. curry-comb. Gael, card, to card wool,
Carbonaceous. —Carbuncle. Lat. &c., cdrlag, a lock of wool ; carta, a wool
carbo,z. burning coal,- charcoal ; carbun- card. The fundamental idea is the no-
culus (dim. of carbo), a gem resembling a tion of scraping or scratching, and the
live coal, also (as Gr. avSpaS,, of the same expression arises from an imitation of the
primary meaning) a malignant ulcer, the noise. ON. karra, to creak, to hiss (as
suppuration of which seems to be re- gee^e), to comb; karri, a card or comb
;
—
Cartel. — —
Chart.— Charter. meet at a head. Cot. —
Lat. charta (Gr. x'»P'"^s)) paper, paper A I'entree de Luxembourg
written on or the writing itself, whence Lieu n'y avoit ni carrefourg
Dont Ten n'eust veu venir les gens.
the several meanings of the words above :
Rom. de Parthenay.
Fr. cdrle, a card, charie, chartre, a deed,
Translated in MS. Trin. Coll.,
record.
Cardinal. From. Lat. cardo, cardinis, No place there had, neither carfoukes none
a hinge, that on wliich the matter hinges, But peple shold se ther come many one.
principal, fundamental. Gael, car, a turn,
W. W. Slceat, in N. & Q., Sept. 8, 1S66.
winding.
'
Thei enbusshed hem agein a carfowgh of six
karry, asper, morosus, rixosus. like A mod-carag, msstus. OHG. charag, charg,
connection may be seen between Fin. sur- carch, astutus. G. karg, Dan. karrig,
rata, stridere, to whirr (schnurren), and stingy, niggardly ; ON. kargr, tenax, piger,
sum, sorrow, care on. kumra, to growl,
; ignarus. W. carcus, solicitous.
mutter, and G. kummer, grief, sorrow, Carl. A
clown or churl. AS. ceorl,
distress Fin. murista, murahtaa, to
;
ON. karl, a man, male person.
growl, and murhet, sgritudo animi, moe- —
Carlings. Carled peas. Peas steep-
ror, cura intenta. The Lat. cura may be ed and fried, G. kroU-erbser. Fr. graller,
compared with Fin. kurista, voce strepo to parch, grolU, parched or carled, as
stridente, inde murmuro vel ffigre fero, peas, beans, &c. Cot. — Groler, to fry or
quirito ut infans.
To Careen, To refit a ship by bring-
broil. —
Roquef. Champ, giierlir, to fry,
from the crackling sound ; Fr. croller,
ing her down on one side and supporting to murmur— Roquef. ; crosier, to shake,
her while she is repaired on the other. tremble, quaver ; Bois crolant d'un ladre,
Properly, to clean the bottom of the ship. a lazar's clack, E. crawl, crowl, to rumble.
It. carena, the keel, bottom, or whole Carminative. A medical term from
bulk of a ship dare la carena alle nam,
; the old theory of humours. The object
to tallow or calk the bottom of a ship. of carminatives is to expel wind, but the
Carenare, Fr. carener, from Lat. carina, theory is that they dilute and relax the
the keel of a vessel. Venet. carena, the gross humours from whence the wind
hull of a ship, from the keel to the water arises, combing them out like the knots
line ; essere in carena, to lie on its side. in wool. It. carminare, to card wool,
—Boerio. also by medicines to make gross humours
Career. It. carriera, Fr. carriire, a fineand thin. Fl. —
highway, road, or street, also a career on For the root of carminare, see Garble,
horseback, place for exercise on horse- and compare Bret, kribina, to comb flax
back. Cot. — Properly a car-road, from or hemp, as carminare, to comb wool.
carrus. — Diez. —
Carnage. Carnal. Charnel. Lat. —
Caress. Fr. caresse. It. carezza, an caro, carnis, the flesh of animals ; carna-
endearment, w. caru, Bret, karout, to lis, appertaining to the flesh. Fr. charnel,
love. Bret, karantez, love, affection, ca- carnal, sensual, charneux, fleshy ; charn-
ress. Mid.Lat. caritia, from carus, dear. age, the time during which it is lawful
Et quum Punzilupus intrasset domum ubi es- to Rom. Cath. to eat flesh.
sent hasretici, videntibus omnibus fecit magnas Carnaval. The period of festivities
carinas et ostendit magnam amicitiam et famili- indulged in in Catholic countries, imme-
—
aritatem dictis hsereticis. Mur. in Carp. diately before the long fast of Lent. It.
Carfax. A place where four roads carnavale, camovale, carnasciale, Fare-
meet. Mid.Lat. quadrifurcum from qua- well flesh, that is to say. Shrove tide.
tuorfurcm (Burguy), as quadrivium from Fl. This however is one of those ac-
9 *
: ;
seen in Mid.Lat. cariielevamen or carnis of our csL^gtahies garoused oi his wine till
levamen, i. e. the solace of the flesh or of they were reasonably pliant And are —
the bodily appetite, permitted in anticipa- themselves at their meetings and feasts
tion of the long fast. In a MS. descrip- the greatest garousers and drunkards in
tion of the Carnival of the beginning of existence.' —
Raleigh, Discov. of Guiana,
the 13th century, quoted by Carpentier, cited by Marsh.
it is spoken of as delectatio nostri cor-
' The derivation is made completely
poris.' The name then appears under certain by the use of all out in the same
the corrupted forms of Carnelevariiim, sense. I quaught, I drink all out,]e bois
Carnelevale, Carnevale. ' —
In Dominica d'autant. Palsgr. Alluz (G. all aus), all
in caput Quadragesimas quae dicitur out, or a carouse fully drunk up. Cot. —
Carnelevale.' —
Ordo Eccles. Mediol. A.D. Rabelais uses boire carrous et alluz.
1 1 30, in Carp. Other names of the sea- Why give's some wine then, this will fit us all
son were Car7iicapiuin, Shrove Tuesday, Here's to you still my captains friend. All out I
to invent a diminutive, as the Lat. corolla carpenter only in the latter sense. Mid.
from corona gives the exact sense re- Lat. carpenta, zimmer, tymmer, zimmer-
quired. Robert of Brunne calls the cir- span.— Dief. Sup. The word seems of
cuit of Druidical stones a carol. Celtic origin. Gael, carbh, a plank, ship,
This Bretons renged about the felde chariot ; carbad, Olr. carpat (Stokes),
The karole of the stones behelde, a chariot, litter, bier.
Many tyme yede tham about, Carpet. From Lat. carpere, to pluck,
—
Biheld within, biheld without. Pref. cxciv.
to pull asunder, was formed Mid.Lat.
Carouse. The
derivation from kroes, carpia, carpita, linteum carptum quod
a drinking cup, is erroneous, and there is vulneribus inditur. Fr. charpie, lint.
no doubt that the old explanation from
G. gar aus / all out
—
Mid.Lat. carpetrix; a carder. Nomin. in
is correct.
!
The '
Nat. Ant. 216. The term was with equal
custom,' says Motley (United Neth. 2. propriety applied to flocks of wool, used
94), was then prevalent at banquets for
'
for stuffing mattresses, or loose as a couch
the revellers to pledge each other in rota- without further preparation. Carpitam
'
the flocks with which the bed was stuffed Fr. casuelj Fr. casitiste, one who reasons
to the sacking which contained them. on cases put.
Rouchi carpHe, coarse loose fabric of Case. It. cassa, Sp. caxa, Fr. caisse,
wool and hemp, packing cloth. '
Eune a chest, coffer, case, from Lat. capsa
tapisserie dicarpite, des rideaux A'carp^ie.' (Diez), and that apparently from capio,
— Hdcart. to hold.
Carriage. The carrying of anything, Case-mate. Fr. case-maiej Sp. casa-
also a conveyance with springs for con- mata; It. casa-maita. Originally a loop-
veying passengers. In the latter sense holed gallery excavated in a bastion,
the word is a corruption of the OE. ca- from whence the garrison could do exe-
roche, caroach, from It. carroccio, carroc- cution upon an enemy who had obtained
cia, carrozza ; Rouchi caroche, Fr. car- possession of the ditch, without risk of
rosse, augmentatives of carro, a car. loss to themselves. Hence the designa-
It. carreaggio, carriaggio, all manner tion from Sp. casa, house, and matar, to
of carts or carriage by carts, also the car- slay, corresponding to the G. mord-keller,
riage, luggage, bag and baggage of a mord-grube, and the OE. slaughter-house.
camp. — FI. '
Casa-matta, a canonry or slaughter-
Carrion. It. carogna, Fr. charogne, house, which is a place built low under
Rouchi carone, an augmentative from Lat. the walls of a bulwark, not reaching to the
caro. height of the ditch, and sei-veth to annoy
Carrot. Lat. carota. the enemy when he entereth the ditch to
To Carry. Fr. charrier, Rouchi carter, scale the wall.' Fl. — '
Casemate, a loop-
properly to convey in a car. Walach. —
hole in a fortified wall.' Cot. ' A vault
card, to convey in a cart, to bear or carry. of mason's work in the flank of a bastion
Cart. AS. krat. It. carretto, carretta. next the curtain, to fire on the enemy.'
Fr. charrette, dim. of carro, a car. — Bailey. As defence from shells became
Cartel. It. cartella, pasteboard, a more important, the term was subse-
piece of pasteboard with some inscription quently applied to a bomb-proof vault in
on it, hung up in some place and to be a fortress, for the security of the defend-
removed, —
Flor. Hence a challenge ers, without reference to the annoyance
openly hung up, afterwards any written of the enemy.
challenge. See Card. Cash. Ready money. A word intro-
Cartilage. Lat. cartilage, gristle, duced from the language of book-keeping,
tendon. Probably, like all the names of where Fr. caisse, the money chest, is the
gristle, from the sound it makes when head under which money actually paid in
bitten. Alban. kertselig I cranch with is entered. It was formerly used in the
the teeth. See Gristle. sense of a counter in a shop or place of
Cartoon. Preparatory drawing of a business. It. cassa, Fr. caisse, a mer-
subject for a picture. It. cartone, augm. chant's cash or counter. —
Fl. Cot.
of carta, paper. —
To Cashier. To duash. Du. kasse-
CartOTicli. — Cartoose. — Cartridge. ren. — Kil.
Fr. casser, quasser, to break,
Fr. cartouche. It. cartoccio, a paper case, also to cassere, discharge, turn
casse,
coffin of paper for groceries, paper cap for out of service, annul, cancel, abrogate.
criminals ignominiously exposed. Fl. — — Cot. To quash an indictment, to an-
The paper case containing the charge of nul the proceeding. Lat. cassus, empty,
a gun. hollow, void cassare,to annul, discharge
;
To Carve. AS. ceorfan, Du. kerven, It. casso, made void, cancelled, cashiered,
dent, something that actually occurs, a with a close body, from casa, a hut, the
form into which a noun falls in the pro- notion of covering or sheltering being
cess of declension ; casualis, fortuitous. common to a house and a garment, as we
;
tate the sound made by striking with the chak is to shut with a sharp sound
'
hand against a partition wall ; klatsch, (Jam.) ; the representation of a like sound
such a sound or the stroke which pro- by the syllable latch gives its designation
duces it, a clap, flap klatsche, a whip or
; to the latch of a door, formerly called
lash. —
Kuttner. Du. kletsen, resono ictu cliket, from shutting with a click. And
verberare kUts, kletse, ictus resonans,
; on the same principle on which we have
fragor kletsoore, ketsoore, a whip Rou-
; ; above explained the actual use of the
chi cachoire, ecachoire, a whip, properly word catch, the OE. latch was commonly
the lash or knotted piece of whipcord used in the sense of seizing, snatching,
added for the purpose of giving sharpness obtaining possession of.
to the crack. —
Hicart. 'Horxa. cache, s.s. And if ye latche Lucre let hym not ascapie.
— Pat. de Bray, Fr. chassoire, a carter's P.P.
whip. Cot.— GaUa catchiza, to crack Catcli-poll. A bailiff, one employed
with a whip, catc?u, a whip. Tutschek. — to apprehend a person. From poll, the
Du. kaetse, a smack, clap, blow, and spe- head. On
the same principle he was
cially the stroke of a ball at tennis. Kil. — called in Fr. happe-chair, catch-flesh.
Fr. chasse, E. chase, the distance to which Fr. chacepol, an officer of taxes.
the ball is struck. ArbaUte de courte Catechism.
Elementary instruction
chasse, a. cross-bow that carries but a by question
in the principles of religion
little way. and answer. Properly a system of oral
In the sense of seizing an object the instruction, from Gr. icarrix'Ki^, KaTtix'so, to
term caich is to be explained as clapping sound, resound, to sound in the ears of
one's hand upon it, snatching it with a any one, to teach by oral instruction,
smack, in the same way that we speak of teach the elements of any science. Karii-
catching one a box on the ear. In the XV'e, the act of stunning by loud sound
sense of a sudden snatch the Sc. has both or of charming by sound, instruction in
forms, with and without an / after the c. the elements of a science. 'Bxn, sound.
Claucht, snatched, laid hold of eagerly CategfOry. Gr. Kartiyopta (/cari;yopl(.j,
and suddenly a catch or seizure of any- from Bard and ayopsw, to harangue, speak
;
chink. —
Kil. Gael, gliong, E. gingle. cagnon (a dog), silkworm. Diez. Ptg. —
Rouchi clincailleux, Fr. quincailler, a bicho, bichano (pussy), children's name
tinman. for cat ; bicho, worm, insect, wild-beast.
On the other hand the loss of the initial * Cates. —
Caterer. Cates, dainty vic-
c gives rise a form lash, latch, with
to tuals. — B.The word is rendered by
similar meanings to those belonging to Sherwood by frigaleries, companaige, i. e.
words of the form ciatch, catch, above dainties, or any kind of relishing food
explained. (including meat) eaten with bread. In
Thus we have the lash of a whip cor- allprobability the suggestion of Skinner
responding to the G. klatsche and Norm. that it is curtailed from Micates, which
—— —
Fr. chatideau, from chaud, hot. koparet, a receptacle for small things,
;; — ;
yield. Hence concede, exceed, proceed, to plank or floor with planks, to seele or
recede, succeed, &c., with their substan- close with boards plancher, a boarded
;
with four staves gilt.' Rutland papers, to plank ON. thil, thili, thilja, a board,
;
Cam. Soc. pp. 5, 7, &c. 'The chammer plank, wainscot thiljar (in pi.), the deck
;
was hanged of red and of blew, and in it of a ship at thilja, to panel or wainscot
;
;
was a cyll of state of cloth of gold, but MHG. dil, dille, a plank, wall, ceiling,
the Kyng was not under for that sam flooring ; E. deal, a fir-plank. In the
day.'— Marriage of James IV. in Jam. Walser dialect of the Grisons, obardili is
The name was extended to the seat of the boarded ceiling of a room. Aufrecht
dignity with its canopy over. '
And seik identifies with the foregoing, as. syl, a
toyour soverane, semely on syll.' — Gawan log, post, column E. sill in window-sill,
;
and Gol. in Jam. From the noun was door-sill J Sc. sill, a log, syle, a beam.
formed the verb to cele or sile, to canopy ;
And it is certainly possible that syling in
siled, canopied, hung, 'All the tente within the sense of planking or ceiling raa.j have
was syled wyth clothe of gold and blew come from this source. ' The olde syling
velvet' —Hall, H. VIII. p. 32; sybire, that was once faste joyned together with
selure, selar, cellar, cyling (W. Wore, in nailes will begin to cling, and then to
Hal.), a canopy, tester of a bed, ceiling. gape.'— Z. Boyd in Jam. In the N. of E
j
becke that she se not, and then she is soever persons or objects centurio, the ;
gradually lost in conceit, deceit, &c., as in crevi, cretum, to separate, sift, distin-
It. concetto. guish, observe, see, judge, contend. In
—
Celebrate. Celebrity. Lat. celeber certus, sure, we have a modified form of
(of a place), much frequented, thronged the participle cretus, with transposition
;
hence (of a day), festive, solemn (of per- of the r, a form which also gives rise to
;
a hut, cot, quarters for slaves. of heating, then to rub without reference
Cement. Lat. camentum, stones to the production of heat. Lat. calefacere,
rough from the quarry, rubble, materials It. calefare, Fr. chauffer, dchauffer, to heat,
for building, mortar. to warm, to chafe. Fr. chaufferette, a
Cemetery. Gr. KoijuijT-jjpiov (from koi- Chafing-dish or pan of hot coals for warm-
udojiai, to sleep), the place where the de- ing a room where there is not fire.
parted sleep. Chafe, S. In the sense of chafing^x^
—
-cend, -cense, Censer. To Incense. anger two distinct words are probably
Lat. candeo, to glow, to burn incendo, confounded
; ist from It. riscaldarsi, to
;
-sum, to set on fire, and met. to incense, become heated with anger, Fr. eschattffer,
make angry. Incensum, Fr. encens, what to set in a chafe. Sherwood. —
——;;
^Altieri.
Chain. Lat. catena, Prov. cadena,
much blowing, swelling with anger, in a cana, OFr. chaene, Fr. chaine, on. kedja,
—
great chafe, in a monstrous fume. Cot. a chain.
In this application it is the correlative
of the G. keuchen, to puff and blow, breathe
Chair. — Chaise. Gr. KoBiSpa, from
KaOa^oiiat, to sit. Lat. cathedra, Fr. chaire,
thick and short, to pant, Bav. kauchen, to
a seat, a pulpit. As the loss of a ^ in
breathe, puff.
* Chafer. — Cheffern. Cock-chafer j
cadena gives chain, a double operation
of the same nature reduces cathedra
fern-chafer. G. kdfer, as. ceafer, Du.
(ca'e'ra) to chair. Prov. cadieira, cadera,
kever, any insect of the beetle kind, hav-
ing a hard case to their wings. Perhaps
OFr. chayire. Chayire, cathedra. Pr, —
Pm.
from Swiss kafeln, kdfelen, to gnaw.
The conversion of the r into s gives
ChafE AS. ceaf, G. kaff. Pers. khah.
— Adelung. Fin. kahista, leviter crepo
Fr. chaise, a pulpit — Cot., now a chair.
Then, as a carriage is a moveable seat,
vel susurro, movendo parum strideo ut
the word has acquired in E. the sense of
gramen sub pedibus euntis vel arundo
a carriage, ple^.sure carriage.
vento agitata (to rustle) whence kahina,
;
Chalice. Fr. calice, Lat. calix, a gob-
a rustling ; kahu, kahuja, hordeum vel
let, cup.
avena vilior, taubes korn oder hafer, hght Chalk. Fr. chaulx, lime ; Lat. calx,
rustling corn, consisting chiefly of husks ;
limestone, lime.
kuhata, kuhista, to buzz, hiss, rustle
Challenge. Fr. chalanger, to claim,
kuhina, a rustling noise, rustling motion
challenge, make title unto also to accuse
;
as of ants, &c. ; kuhu-ohrat {ohrat, bar-
of, charge with, call in question for an
ley), refuse barley ; kuhuja, quisquilise
vel paleae quae motas leviter susurrant,
offence. — Cot. Hence to challenge one
to fight is to call on him to decide the
chaff.
matter by combat. From
To Chaff. In vulgar language, to Latin calumniare, to institutetheanforensic
action,
rally one, to chatter or talk lightly. From to go to law. Due. So from dominio,
—
a representation of the inarticulate sounds
domnio, dongio, E. dungeon j from som-
made by different kinds of animals utter- nium, Fr. songe. Prov. calonja,
dispute;
ing rapidly repeated cries. Du. keffen, to calumpnjamen, contestation,
difficulty ;
yap, to bark, also to prattle, chatter, tattle.
— Halma. Wall, chawe, a chough, jack-
calonjar, to dispute, refuse.
The sacramentum de calumniA was an
daw ; chaweter, to caw ; chawer, to
oath on the part of the person bringing
cheep, to cry ; chafeter, to babble, tattle
;
an action of the justice of his ground of
Fr. cauvette, a jackdaw, a prattling wo-
action, and as this was the beginning of
—
man. Pat. de Brai. G. kaff, idle words, the suit it is probably from
—
impertinence. Kuttn.
thence that
calumniari in the sense of bringing an
* To Chaffer. To buy and sell, to action arose. '
Can hom ven al plaiz et
bargain, haggle. OE. ckapfare, chaffare,
fa sagramen de calompnia.' ' Sagrament
properly the subject of a chap or bargain,
de calompnia o de vertat per la una part
—
without chap/are makiinde. Ayenbite, p. 35.
—
Lenere corteys (courteous lender), that leneth e per I'autra.' Rayn. Lat. calumnia,
false accusation, chicane,
There were chapmen ychose the chaffare to
—
preise. P. P. vis. 11.
Chamade. A signal by drum or
trumpet given by an enemy when they
Chaft. The jaw chafty, talkative.
; —
have a mind to parley. B. From Port.
Hal. ON. kiaftr, jaw, muzzle, chaps chamar, Lat. clamare, to call.
kiqfta, kiamta, to move the jaws, to Chamber. Fr. chambre. Lat. camera,
tattle. See Cheek. Gr. Kaiiapa, a vault or arched roof, place
Chagrin. Fr. chagrin, care, grief. with a:n arched roof. Probably from
According to Diez, from the shark-skin. cam, crooked. Camera, gewolb. Came-
140 CHAMBERLAIN CHANCEL
cameratus, gekrUmmt, masterly Sp. campear, campar, to be
rare, kriimmen
;
;
with the teeth in chewing. Gall, djam- kimpustella, to wrestle. Esthon. kiinp,
djam-goda (to make djam-djam), to bundle, pinch, difficulty ; kimpUma, to
smack the lips in eating, as swine, to quarrel (comp. G. kampeln, E. cample).
champ, move the jaws.—Tutschek. The Du. kinipen, to wrestle, luctare, certare.
G. schmatzen s. s. differs only in the — KiL
transposition of the letter m. ON. kampa, To cope or contend with, which seems
to chew kiammi, a jaw kianisa, to
; ; another form of the root, is explained by
champ, to move the jaws kiamt, champ- ; Torriano serrarsi, attaccarsi I'un con
'
parti, Lat. campus partitus ; zs jeopardy, It will.be observed that accident is the
from Fr. jeu parti, Lat. jocus partitus, same word direct from the Lat. accidere,
divided game. to happen {ad and cadere, to fall).
Champion. Commonly derived from Chance-n3.edley. Fr. chaude mesUe,
campus, a field of battle, fighting place. from chaud, hot, and mesUe, fray, bicker-
And no doubt the word might have early ing, fight; an accidental conflict in hot
been introduced from Latin into the Teu- blood. '
MeUde qui etait meue chaleu-
tonic and Scandinavian languages, giving reusement et sans aguet.' M.Lat. calida
rise to the as. camp, fight, cempa, ON. melleia, calidameya. Meleare, mesleiare,
kempa, a warrior, champion Du. kanip, ; to quarrel, broil. —
Carpentier. When the
combat, contest; kampen, kempen, to element chaud lost its meaning to ordi-
fight in single combat; hamper, keiiipe, nary English ears, it was replaced by
an athlete, prize-fighter. chance in accordance with the meaning
It must be observed however that the of the compound.
Scandinavian kapp appears a more an- Chancel. —
Chancellor. Chancery. —
cient form than the nasalised camp. ON. The part of the church in which the altar
kapp, contention kappi, athlete, hero
; ;
is placed is called chancel, from being
Sw. dricka i kapp, to drink for a wager ;
railed off or separated from the rest of
kapp-ridande, a horse-race. So in e. the church by lattice-work, Lat. cancelli.
boys speak of capping verses, i. e. con- The cancellaj-ii seem to have been the
tending in the citation of verses to cap ; officers ofa court of justice, who stood ad
one at leaping is to beat one at a contest cancellos, at the railings, received the
in leaping. Hence (with the nasal) w. petitions of the suitors, and acted as in-
camp, a feat, game campio, to strive at
; termediaries between them and the judge.
games ; campus, excellent, surpassing, To them naturally fell the office of keep-
—
ing the seal of the court, the distinctive hard bodies. Sc. chap, to strike, as to
feature of the chancellors of modern chap hands, to chap at a door. ^Jam. —
time. It is also used in the sense of the E. chop,
From chancellor^zxt Fr. chancellerie,^. to strike with a sharp edge, to cut up into
chancery. small pieces, to cut off ; Du. kappen, to
Chandler. Fr. chandelier, a dealer in cut, prune, hack ; Lith. kapoti, to peck,
candles then, as if the essential mean-
; to hack, to cut, to paw like a horse ; W.
ing of the word had been simply dealer, cobio, to strike, to peck.
extended to other trades, as corn-chand- Again as a hard body in breaking gives
ler. Chandry, the place where candles a sharp sound like the knocking of hard
are kept, from chandler, as chancery things together, a chap is a crack or fis-
from chancellor. sure, properly in a hard body, but ex-
To Change. Prov. cambiar, camjar. tended to bodies which give no sound in
It.cambiare, cangiare, Fr. changer. Bret. breaking, as skin chapped hands.
; Com-
kemma, to truck, exchange. Cambiare pare chark, to creak, and also to chap or
seems the nasalised form of E. chop, chap, crack. —
Hal. The use of crack in the
to swap, exchange, ON. kaupa, to deal, as sense of fissure is to be explained in the
Chaucei''s champmen for chapmen. same manner. Lang, esclapa, to spht
In Surrey whilome dwelt a company wood, to break ;a chip.esclapo,
Of champmen rich and therto sad and true, The thinner vowel in chip expresses
That wide were sentin their spicery, the sharper sound made by the separation
Their chaifare was so thrifty and so new.
of a vei-y small fragment of a hard body,
Man of Law's Tale, 140.
and the term is also applied to the small
In like manner Walach. schimbd, to piece separated from the block.
change, to put on fresh clothes, may be Chape. A plate of metal at the point
compared with ON. skipta, E. shift. of a scabbard. Hence the white tip of a
Walach. schimbu, cambium, exchange
.
channel, any hollow for conveying water, the touch-hole of a gun, also a clap, and
kennel, the gutter that runs along a street,
and the modern canal.
anything that may be taken hold of Fl. —
Sp. chapa, a small plate of flat metal,
Chant. —Chantry.
Lat. cantare, Fr. leather, or the like chapar, to plate, to
;
chanter, to sing. Hence chantry, a chapel coat; chapeta, chapilla, a small metal
endowed for a priest to sing mass for the plate ; Port, chapear, to plate, to apply
soul of the founders. one flat thing to another. Sp. chapelete
Chap. I. Chaps or chops, the loose
de una bomba, Fr. clapet, the clapper or
flesh of the cheeks, lips of an animal. sucker of a ship's pump Sp. chapeletas ;
AS. ceaplas, ceaflas, the chaps ; Da. de imbornales, the clappers of the scupper
gab, the mouth, throat of an animal. See holes. Russ. klepan, a strip of metal
Cheek. plate, as those on a trunk.
Chap. 2. A fellow. Probably from Chapel. Commonly derived from ca-
chap, cheek, jaw. Da. kiceft, jaw, muz- pella, the cape or little cloke of St Mar-
zle, chaps, is vulgarly used in the sense of tin, which was preserved in the Palace of
individual. —
Molbech. And N. kiceft as the kings of the Franks, and used as the
well as kjakje, a jaw, is used in the same most binding relic on which an oath
sense ; kvar kjceften, every man Jack
—
inkfe ein kjceft, kjaakaa, not a soul.
; could be taken.
Tunc in Palatio nostro super Capellam domini
Aasen. In Lincoln cheek is used in the Martini, ubi reliqua sacramenta percurrant, de-
same way for person or fellow. beant conjurare. —Marculfus in Due,
— —
Chap. Chip. Chop. These are forms Hence it supposed the name of ca-
is
having a common origin in the attempt to pella was given to the apartment of the
represent the sound made by the knock- Palace in which the rehcs of the saints
ing of two hard bodies, or the cracking were kept, and thence extended to similar
of one, the thinner vowel i being used to repositories where priests were commonly
represent the high note of a crack, while appointed to celebrate divine services.
the broader vowels a, and o are used for Rex sanctas sibi de capella sua reMquias defeni
the flatter sound made by the collision of prascepit. —Ordericus Vitalis.
. —— ; ;;
of the governing body. It. capitolo, Sp. karkti (schnarren, schreien, krachzen), to
eapitulo, cabildo, Prov. capital, Fr. cha- whirr, as a beetle, cluck, gaggle ; kurkti,
pitre. to croak as a frog ; kurkelis, the turtle
Character. Gr. xapaicTijp (xapaffosi, to dove ; czurksti, to chirp as sparrows,
grave or make incised marks on an ob- czirksti, to chirp, twitter.
ject), a mark made on a thing, a mark of Charlatan. Charade. Fr. charlatan,—
distinction. a mountebank, prattling quacksalver, bab-
Charade. See Charlatan.
—
bler, tattler. Cot. —
It. ciarlatore, from
* Charcoal. To Char. Charcoal was ciarlare, to tattle, chatter. Sp. charlar,
rightly explained by Tooke from AS. chirlar, to prattle, jabber, clack, chat.
cerran, OE. char, to turn, as being wood An imitative word representing the in-
turned to coal. articulate chattering or chirping of birds.
Sp. chirriar, to chirp, chirk, creak, hiss
Then Nestor broiled them on the cole-turn'd
wood Chapman
,
— Lith. czurliwoti, to sing or chirp as birds,
czirbti, to prattle, chatter.
is now only used in the special
To char From Norm, charer, Lang, chara, to
application of turning to coal, burning converse, seems to be derived charade, a
without consuming the substance. kind of riddle by way of social amuse-
ment, as Pol. gadka, a riddle, from gadai,
—
His profession did put him upon finding a to talk ; Boh. hadka, a dispute ; pohadka,
way of charring sea coal, wherein it is in about
a riddle, charade, w. siarad (pronounced
three hours or less without pots or vessels brought
to charcoal. —Boyle in R. sharad), babbling, talking.
Charlock. A weed among com ; also
It is extraordinary that so plausible an called kedlock. AS. cedeleac.
explanation should have failed to produce Charm. An enchantment. Yx.charme;
conviction, but the following quotation It. canne, carmo, a charm, a spell, a
from William and the Werewolf will pro-
bably be found conclusive. In that work
verse, a rhyme. — Fl. From
Lat. carmen,
which was used in the sense of magic
the verb is written caire, and occurs fre- incantation. '
Venefici qui magicis su-
quently in the sense of turn one's steps, surris seu carminibus homines occidunt.
return, go, and at line 2520 it runs — Justin. Inst. Hence carminare, to
; ;
Fr. charmer, as from nomen It. nome and ings of food, as turnip-chaits, scraps of
Fr. nommer, to name. Diez.— offal; blackthorn-chats, the young shoots
The root of the Lat. carmen is pre- or suckers on rough borders, occasionally
sented in AS. cyrm, noise, shout OE. ; cut and faggoted. Forby. —To chit, to
charm, a hum or low murmuring ijoise, germinate ; chits, the first sprouts of any-
the noise of birds, whence a charm of thing. — Hal.
goldfinches, a flock of those birds. The primary import of the syllable
I cherme as byrdes do when they make a noise chat, chit, chick, chip, is to represent the
a great number together. — Palsgrave. sharp sound of a crack, then the crack-
Chamel- house. chamier, aFr. ing of the hard case or shell in which
churchyard or charnel-house, a place something is contained, and the peeping
where dead bodies are laid or their or shooting forth of the imprisoned life
bones kept. Cot. — Lat. caro, carnisj within ; or on the other hand it may be
Fr. chair, flesh. applied simply to designate the frag-
Chart. —Charter. See Card. ments of the broken object. In the
Chary, as. cearig (from cearian, to latter sense chat may be compared with
care), careful, chary. Du. karigh, sor- the Fr. eclats, shivers, splinters, frag-
didus, parcus, tenax. Kil. —
g. karg, ments, from the sound of a body bursting
niggardly. or cracking, to which it bears the same
To Chase, i. To work or emboss relation as chape, a plate of metal, to
plate as silversmiths do. B. —
Fr. chasse clap.
(another form of caissej see Case), a It must be observed that theletters p,
shrine for a relic, also that thing or part k, are used with great indifference at
t,
tinguished from the interest due upon it. face, visage, countenance, favour, look,
'
Semper renovabantur cartee et usura aspect of a man. Faire bonne chire, to
quae excrevit vertebatur in catallum' — entertain kindly, welcome heartily, make
Cronica Jocelini. Cam. Soc. Then, in good chear unto faire mauvaise chere,
;
the same way as we speak at the present to frown, lower, hold down the head
day of a man of large capital for a man belle chire et cceur arriere, a willing look
of large possessions, catallum came to —
and unwilling heart. Cot. Then as a
be used in the sense of goods in general, kind reception is naturally joined with
with the exception of land, and was liberal entertainment, yazV^ bonne or mau-
specially applied to cattle as the principal vaise chire acquired the signification of
wealth of the country in an early stage of good living or the reverse, and hence the
society. E. chear in the sense of victuals, enter-
— tainment.
Juxta facultates suas et juxta catalla sua.
Laws of Edward the Confessor. Cum decimis Cheat. Cheat in the old canting lan-
omnium terrarum ac bonorum aliorum sive ca- guage of beggars and rogues was a thing
tallorum. —
Ingulphus. Rustici curtillum debet of any kind. Thus grunting-chete was a
esse clausum ssstate simul et hieme. Si disclau- pig crashing-chetes, teeth ; prattling-
;
sum sit et introeat alicujus vicini sui captale per
suum apertum, — Brompton in Due.
chete, the tongue, &c., and, from the fre-
quency probably with which the word
It should be observed that there is the occurred, a cheater ^as equivalent to cant-
same double meaning in as. ceap, goods, er, a rogue or person who used the cant-
cattle, which is the word in the laws of ing language. Hence to cheat, to act as
Ina translated captale in the foregoing —
a rogue. Modern Slang. It. truffa, any
passage ; and this may perhaps be the cheating, canting or crossbiting trick
reason why the Lat. equivalent capiale truffatore, a cheater, cozener, a canting
was apphed to beasts of the farm with —
knave. Fl.
us, while it never acquired that meaning Check. Fr. dchec, a repulse, a meta-
in Fr. Bret, chatal, cattle. phor taken from the game of chess,
Chawl. —Chowl.— Chole. as. ceafl, where the action of a player is brought
snout, ceaflas, jaws, cheeks, lead to OE. to a sudden stop by receiving check to
chavylbone or chawlbone, mandibula. his king.
Pr. Pm. NE. choule, jaw. The strap of To check an account, in the sense of
the bridle under the jaw is called the ascertaining its correctness, is an ex-
—
choulband. Hal. See Cheek, Chew. pression derived from the practice of the
Cheap. The modern sense of low in King's Court of Exchequer, where ac-
price is an ellipse for good cheap, equiva- counts were taken by means of covmters
lent to Fr. bon marche, from AS. ceap, upon a checked cloth. See Chess.
price, sale, goods, cattle. Goth, kaupon, Cheek.—Choke.— Chaps. The gut-
to deal ON. kaupa, to negotiate, buy
; tural sounds made by impeded exertions
;
Du. koopen, G. kaufen, to buy; kauf- of the throat in coughing, retching, hawk-
mann, e. chapman, a dealer. Slav, ku- ing, stuttering, laughing, are represented
piti, Bohem. kaupiti, to buy. Gr. KaviiXog, in widely separated languages by the
Lat. caupo, a tavern-keeper, tradesman. syllables ^ag-, gig, kak, kek, kik, kok, with
— Dief. a frequent change of the initial k into ch.
Ihre shows satisfactorily that the mo- We
may cite Fin. kakaista, to vomit,
dern sense of buying is not the original
1jd.-^.kakot, to nauseate (to retch), kakkaset,
force of the word, which is used in the
to stutter. Fin. kikottaa, Lat. cachinnari,
sense of bargaining, agreeing upon, ex-
AS. ceahhetan, to laugh, Bav. gagkern,
changing, giving or taking in exchange,
gagkezen, to cluck like a hen, to cough
and hence either buying or selling. Ek dry and hard, to stutter gigken, gig-
'
farm for farm. Thus we are brought to breath with difficulty, to clear the throat
the notion of changing expressed by the chuckle, to make inarticulate sounds in
;
the throat from suppressed laughter or this manner. on. kces, kos subliqui-
the hke; Sw. kikna, to gasp, kikna of dorum coacervatio, mollium congeries,
skratt, to choke with laughter. The Sw. veluti piscium, carnium, &c. Hence
kikna is identical with OE. cheken, to kasa, to heap up such things for the pur-
choke. '
Chekenyd or querkenyd, suffo- pose of acidifying them kasadr, kasiiU-
—
;
—
catus.' Pr. Pm. Thus "we are brought din, subacidus, veteris casei sapore An-
to w. cegio, AS. ceocian, E. to choke; ON. dersen ; kastr, incaseatus, made rancid
koka, quoka, to swallow. by laying up in a covered heap, used
Again the root representing the sounds especially of seals' flesh, which is not
made by impeded guttural action passes otherwise considered eatable. Haldor- —
on to signify the parts of the bodily sen.
frame by which the exertion is made, the The use of the word kcesir, rennet,
throat, gullet, chops, jaws, cheeks. Sc. shows that the Icelanders recognise the
chouks, the throat, jaws ON. kok, quok, identity of the process going on in viands
;
the throat ; w. ceg, throat, mouth ; Sw. subjected to this process with that which
kek, kdke, N. kjakje, jaw ; Du. kaecke, takes place in the formation of cheese,
cheek, jaw, gill of fish AS. ceac, E. cheek. though it is remarkable that they use a
;
The frequentative keckle, to make a noise different word, ost, for cheese itself, which
in the throat by reason of difficulty of seems also derived from a Finnish source.
breathing (Bailey) leads on to Pl.D. Chemistry. See Alchemy.
kdkel, the mouth, Fris. gaghel, the palate Chequer. See Chess.
(Kil.), Lith. /Ji2^/(W, the neck, AS. geagl, Cherish. Fr.. cherir, to hold dear, to
geahl, geafl, Fr. giffle, jouffle, jaw, jowl, treat with affection. Cher, Lat. cams,
chops. dear. w. caru, to love.
In these latter forms we see the trans- Cherry. Lat. cerasus. It. cireggia,
ition from a guttural to a labial termin- cirieggia, Fr. cerise j G. kirsche.
ation, which in the case of cough has Chesnut. Lat. castaneusj Fr. chas-
taken place in pronunciation although tagne, chAtaigne. Du. kastanie, G. kesten,
the final guttural is retained in writing. E. chesten. — Kil. Hence chesten-nut,
The imitative origin is witnessed by Galla chestnut.
cufd, to belch, cough, clear the throat, Chess. It. scacco, Sp. xaque, F*-. ichec,
rattle in the throat. — Tutschek. Analo- G. schach, from the cry of check 1 (Pers.
gous forms are G. kopen,koppen,Xo belch, schach, king), when the king is put in the
to gasp — Schmeller E. to kep, to boken, condition of being taken. As the board
;
i. e. when the breath is stopped being in this game is divided into a number of
—
ready to vomit B. ; Pl.D. gapen, kapen, equal squares of opposite colours, things
Da. gabe, to gape gab, the mouth or so marked are called chequered. Pro-
;
Cheek that the names of the gullet, mouth, Chill. The meaning is properly to
jaw, chaps, are taken from the representa- shiver or cause to shiver.
tion of the sounds made by guttural exer- The ape that earst did nought but chill and
tions. 'Among these the G. kauchen,
keichen, lead through the synonymous E. Now gan some courage unto him to take.
kaw, to gasp for breath (Hal.), to Du. Mother Hubbard.
kauwe, kouwe, kuwe, the throat, cheek, Brezza, chillness or shivering. Fl. —
jaw, chin, gills of a fish. —
Kil. E. chaw- Chilly weather is what causes one to
bone, machouere. — Palsgr. And hence, shiver to feel chilly is to feel shivery.
:
the jaws. E. chavel, choule, a jaw, chol, quivering sound which passes, when the
the jole, head, jaws ; chavel, to chew.^ vibrations become very rapid, into a con-
Hal. tinuous shriU sound. The usual sense of
* Chicane. Fr. chicaner, to pettifog, twitter is to warble like a bird, but it is
to contest, captiously taking every possi- explained by Bailey to quake or shiver
ble advantage without regard to substan- with cold. To chatter represents the
tial justice ; chicoter, to contest about rapid shaking of the teeth with cold, or
trifles. —
Gattel. Probably from Fr. chic, the broken noise of birds, or qf people
talking rapidly. To chitter, to chirp or
chiquei, a little bit. De chic en chic,
from little to little.— Cot. Payer chiguet twitter as birds —
Hal., then as G. zitterti,
A chiguet, by driblets.— Gattel. Chigue, Du. tremble with cold. To
citteren, to
a lump, a quid of tobacco. It. cica cica, a modification of the same word
titter is
the least imaginable jot. — Fl. For the applied to the broken sounds of repressed
laughter, while didder is to shiver or
ultimate origin of the word see Doit,
Mite. tremble.
Chick. Du. kieken, a chicken. The From the tingling sound of a little
shrill cry of the young bird is represented bell (Fr. grelot), greloter is to shiver for
by the syllable cheip,peep, or chick, from cold. On
the same principle I regard
the first of which is Lith. czypulas, a the Ptg. chillrar, to twitter, Sp. chillar,
chicken, from the second Lat. pipio, a W.-ill. chiler, to crackle, creak, twitter,
young bird, and from the third E. chicken. hiss as meat on the gridiron, as pointing
Chikkyn as hennys byrdys, pipio, pululo. out the origin of the E. chill, signifying
— Pr. Pm. Russ. chikat', to cheep or properly shivering, then cold. See Chim-
peep as a young bird chij (Fr. ]), a
;
mer, Chitter. The Pl.D. killen, to smart,
finch. Magy. pip, the cry of young has probably the same origin. De finger
'
birds; pipe, a chicken, gosling. Fin. killet mi for kalte,' my finger tingles with
tiukkata, tiukkua, to chirp or peep like a cold. Du. killen, tintelen van koude.
chicken, tiukka, the chirping of a spar- Halm.
row Magy. tyuk, a hen, doubtless ori-
;
Chimb. Du. kimme, the rim or edge
ginally a chicken Lap. tiuk, the young
;
of a vase, or as E. chimb, the projecting
of animals in general. ends of the staves above the head of a
To Chide, as. cidan, to scold, from cask. Pl.D. k'imm s. s., also the horizon,
the notion of speaking loud and shrill. w. cib, a cup cibaw, to raise the rim,
;
Swiss kiden,^ to resound as a bell. Fin. knit the brow cib-led, of expanded rim
;
kidata, kitista, strideo, crepo, queror, hyd-y-gib, to the brim. Fin. kippa, a cup.
knarren, knirschen, klagend tonen. Chime. Imitative of a loud clear
Chief. Fr. chef, Prov. cap. It. capo, sound. Chymyn or chenkyn with bellys.
Walach. capu, pi. capete, Lat. caput, the Tintillo. —
Pr. Pm. Da. kime, to chime.
head. The loss of the syllable it in Fin. kimia, acute, sonorous, kimista^
; —•
acutd tinnio ; kimina, sonus acutus, ter. Magy. tsengeni, tsongeni, tinnire.
Then, in the same way that the word
clangor tinniens kummata, kumista, to
;
crack, originally representing the sound
sound, as a large bell ; kumina, reson- made by the fracture of a hard body, is
ance ; komia, sounding deep, as a bell applied to the separation of the broken
kommata, komista, sound deep parts, so also we find chink applied to
'
to or
hollow. the fissure arising from the fracture of a
Chimera. Gr. x'V<"<"'j ^ goat, then hard body, then to any narrow crack or
the name of a fabulous monster part fissure. AS. cinan, to gape, to chink.
goat, part lion, killed by Bellerophon. The same sound is represented in E. in-
To Chimmer. Chymerynge, or chy- by the syllable clink or chink,
differently
verynge or dyderinge. Frigutus. Pr. — and the Du. klincken, to clink or sound
Pm. This word affords a good illustra- sharp, gives rise in like manner to the
tion of the mode in which the ideas of substantive klincke, a chink or fissure.
tremulous motion, sound, and light, are In like manner E. chick, representing
connected together. We have the radical in the first instance a sharp sound, is pro-
application to a tremulous sound in Pol. vincially used in the sense of a crack, a
szemrcU, to murmur, rustle; E. simmer, flaw Hal. —
and from a similar sound
;
apartment with a tire-place, from Lat. sonants. Lith. czirszkti,to chirp, twitter ;
backe, the jaw, cheek. Gr. ykvvQ, the jaw, ciarlare, to prattle ; Valentian charrarj
chin ; yivtiov, the chin ; Lat. gena, the Norman charer, to tattle, chatter ; E. dial.
cheek. Bret, gen, the cheek (jaw) ; genou to chirre, to chirp. In the same sense,
(pi.), the mouth (jaws) ; genawi, to open to chirm J chirming tongues of birds.'
'
have been used to designate the spine. We make of a French niff an English chitterling.
Chink. Primarily a shrill sound, as Gascoigne in Todd.
the chink of money, to chink with laugh- 2. The small entrails of a hog, from
10 *
; ;
In the same way the synonym frill is re- I go to prove them.— Luc. xiv. 19. The —
lated to Fr. friller, to shiver, chatter, or original meaning is preserved in G. wein
didder for cold, and Vf.ffrill, a twittering, kieser, a wine taster, and in kosten, to
chattering. Compare also Pol. krussyi, taste, to experience, to try. OHG. kiusan,
to shiver kruszki, ruffs, also calPs, to prove, to try ; arkiusan, to choose
; ;
lamb's pluck or gather, chawdron, &c. kor6n, to taste, try, prove. Swiss kust,
Walach. caperd, to palpitate ; Lat. cape- gust, taste, gusten, kustigen, to taste, to
rare, to wrinkle. try, lead us on to Lat. gustare, Gr. ^euw,
Chivalry. The manners and senti- yEuffM, to taste. Equivalents in the Sla-
ments of the knightly class. Fr. cke- vonic languages are Pol. kusid, to tempt,
valerie, from chevalier, a knight. See try. Boh. okusyti, to taste, try, experience ;
pany of singers or dancers, specially with keipti vid Holmstarra basdi londom oc
an application to theatrical performances, konom oc lausa fe olio.' At last he dwelt
whence Lat. chorus, and It. coro, Fr. at Holm because he and Holmstarra had
chceur, the quire or part of the church chopped both lands and wives and all
appropriated to the singers. their moveables. Enn Sigridur sem
'
• — ;
Thus chop isconnected with G. kaufen, Dap. And will I tell then? by this hand of flesh
E. cheap, chapma?i, &c. In Sc. coup the Would it might never write good court-hand more
original sense of turning is combined with If I discover. What do you think of me,
that of trafficking, dealing. To coup, to
That I am a chiaus f
Face. What's that?
overturn, overset. Jam. —
The whirling stream will make our boat to
Dap. The Turk was here
'
As one should say, Doe you think I am a Turk?
coup, i. e. to turn over.' They are forebuyers
'
Face. Come, noble Doctor, pray thee let's pre-
of quheit, bearand aits, copers ^"od turners V[ier&~ vail —
of in merchandise.' Jam. — You deal now with a noble gentleman.
Horse-couper, cow-couper, one who One that will thank you richly, and he is no
buys and sells horses or cows; soul-coup-
chiaus —
Shght, I bring you
er, a trafficker in souls. To turn a penny No cheating Clim o' —
the Cloughs. Alchemist.
is a common expression for making a
We are in a fair way to be ridiculous. What
penny by traffic. think you, Madam, chiaus dhy ^.sohola.xl—Shir-
The
nasalisation of chap or chop in the ley in Giiford.
sense of exchanging would give rise to
the It. cambiare, cangiare, and we act-
Chrism. —
Chrisom. Fr. chrisme, Gr.
xpi'^lia,consecrated oil to be used in bap-
ually find champman for chapman, a tism ; Fr. cresmeau, the crisome where-
merchant, in Chaucer. See Change. with a child is anointed, or more properly
To Chop logick. Du. happen (to the cloth or christening cap that was put
chop) in thieves' language signified to on the head of the child as soon as it had
speak. Borgoens happen, to cant, to
— been anointed. Cot. —
speak thieves' slang. P. Marin.
Chopino. Sp. chapin, high clog, slip-
-chron-. —
Chronicle. Gr. xftovoq,
time ;ra ;(;povucd, Fr. chroniques, E.
per ; chapineria, shop where clogs and chronicles, journals of events in refer-
pattens are sold. From the sound of a ence to the times in which they hap-
blow represented by the syllable chap, pened.
chop, as Du. klompe, klopper, clogs, from Anachronism, an offence against the
kloppen, to knock, because in clogs or fitness of times.
wooden shoes one goes clumping along, Chrysalis. Lat. chrysalis (Plin.), Gr.
where it will be observed that the initial XpvaaXic, doubtless from some connection
kloi kloppen corresponds to ch of chopino, with xp^^og, gold.
as in the examples mentioned under Chub.— Chevin. A fish with a thick
Chape. snout and head. Fr. chevane, cheviniau.
Chord. Gr. xop5>}, the string of a music- Confounded with the bullhead, a small fish
al instrument originally, the intestine of
;
with a large head. yiSA.\^s.X.. capita, ca-
an animal, of which such strings are made. pitanus, caphatenus, cavena, whence the
Chough., A jackdaw; AS. ceo; OE. Fr. chevane, E. chevin. G. forms are
—
kowe, monedula. Nominale in Nat. Ant. kaulhaupt (club-head, whence e. gull;
Du. kauwe, kaej Lith. kowej Sax. capitone, a bullhead, gull, or miller's
—
kaycke ; Picard. cauc, cauvette j Fr. thumb Fl.), kolbe (club), kobe, koppe,
choucas, chouquette, chouette, whence E. whence apparently the E. chub. — Dief.
Sup. Quabbe, quappe, gobio capitatus,
Peace, chuet, peace. —Shakespeare, capito. — Kil.
This latter the same word with the
is * Chubby, e. dial, cob, a lump or
It. civetta, applied to an owl in that piece chump, a thick piece. ON. kubbr,
;
language. The origin of all these words Sw. dial, kubb, a stump, short piece
is an imitation of the cry of the bird, equi- kubbug, fat, plump, thick-set.
valent to the E, kaw. See Chaff. Chuck.—Chuokstone. A sharp sound
To Chouse. From the Turkish Chiaus, like the knocking of two hard substances
a messenger or envoy. In 1609 Sir together is imitated by the syllables
Robert Shirley, who was about to come clack, chack, cak, clat, chat, as in Fr.
to England with a mission from the Grand claquer, to clack, chatter ; Wall, caker,
Seignor and the King of Persia, sent be- to strike in the hand, the teeth to chat-
fore him a Chiaus, who took in the Turk- ter ; Fr. caqueter, to chatter, prattle ; E.
— .
jaw chack or snap. To chuck in the fall from, whence deciduous (of trees),
sense of throwing may be from the notion whose leaves fall from them.
of a sudden jerk. -cide-. -cise. Lat. ccedo, cczsum (in
To Chuckle. See Cheek. comp. -cido, -cisuiri), to cut decide, to
;
Chuff.— Chu%. C^z^j^ churHsh, surly, cut off, to determine incision, a cutting
;
an old chuff, a miser. Probably from It. in circumcision, a cutting round, &c.
;
ciuffo, ceffo, the snout of an animal, and Cider. Fr. cidre, from Lat. sicera, Gr.
thence an ugly face far ceffo, to make a aiKipa, as Fr. ladre from Lazare. Sicera-
;
wry face ceffata, ceffore, a douse on the tores, i. e. qui cervisiam vel pomarium
;
think,' he adds, that the n is not there now pronounced) is used as E. cinders
'
used disjunctively, but by way of explan- for the residue of stone coal. The origin
ation.'— Quoted by Max iVIiiller in Times of the word is seen in on. sindra, to
Newsp. As AS. cyrice is confessedly the sparkle, to throw out sparks, a parallel
very form to which the Greek would form with iyndra, Sw. tindra, to sparkle.
have given rise, it is carrying scruples to In Germany .^;V//a'6'?- is used as a synonym
an extravagant length to doubt the iden- with sinter for smiths' scales or cinder.
— ;
Then transferred to the other nvimeral quer, to clap at a theatre. Du. klap,
figures. From Arab, sifr, empty (Dozy) crack, sound, chatter ; klappe, a rattle ;
sajira, to be empty. Golius. — klappen, to chatter, prattle. Bohem.
Circle. —Circuit.
Gr. KpiKoe, KipKog, a klekotati, to cluck, rattle, babble ; klepati,
ring, circle, Lat. area, around,
clasp. klopati, to knock, to chatter, prattle. Du.
circ2tlus, a circle. The Gr. KpUog differs klateren, to clatter, rattle ; klater-busse,
only in the absence of the nasal from ON. klacke-busse, a pop-gun.
kringr, hringr, a circle, a ring. In the To Claim. Fr. clamer, to call, cry,
latter language kring is used in composi- claim. Lat. clamare, to call. From the
tion as Lat. circum. ON. kringla, a circle. imitation of a loud outcry by the syllable
See Crankle. clam. To clam a peal of bells is to strike
Circum-. Lat. circa, circum, about, them all at once. ON. glamm, tinnitus ;
around. See Circle. Dan. klemte, to toll ; Gael, glam, to bawl,
-cis-. See -cid-. cry out ; glambar, clambar, Dan. klam-
* Cistern. Lat. cisterna, a reservoir mer, Gael, clamras, uproar, outcry,
for water. Probably from Lat. cista, a vociferation. A
parallel root is slam,
chest, as caverna from cavus. Comp. with an initial s instead of c, as in slash
G. wasserkasten (water chest), a cistern. compared with clash. Lap. slam, a loud
On the other hand a more characteristic noise uksa slamketi, the door was
;
Citadel. It. cittadella, dim. of citta, kloben, a. lump, bunch ; Sw. klabb, klubb,
cittade, a city. A fort built close to a a block, log, trunk, lump of wood or ;
city, either for the purpose of defence or with the nasal, Sw. klamp, klump, klimp,
of control. a block, lump, clot ON. klambr, klumbr,
;
the frequentative form, cito, to make to E. clump, W. clamp, a mass, bunch, lump.
go, stimulate, excite, to set in motion by The notion of a lump, 'mass, cluster,
means of the voice, to call by name, to naturally leads to that of a number of
summon or call on, to appeal, to mention, things sticking together, and hence to the
to cry out. Gr. biw, to go. principle of connection between the ele-
Hence Incite, Excite, Recite. ments of which the mass is composed.
Citron. Lat. citrus, a lemon tree. We accordingly find the roots dab, clamp.
152 CLAMBER CLAPPER
dam and their immediate modifications
ing regularly to Gael, c), offspring, chil-
applied to express the ideas of cohesion, dren. The same word is probably
compression, contraction. Thus we have exhibited in the Lat. dientes, who occu-
G. kloben, a vice or instrument for holding pied a position with respect to their
fast, the staple of a door kleben, to patronus, closely analogous to that of the
;
cleave, stick, cling, take hold of; Du. Scottish clansmen towards their chief.
klobber-saen, coagulated cream, cream Manx doan, children, descendants ; dien-
run to lumps klebber, klibber, klubber, ney, of the children.
;
klibb, viscosity ;' klibba, to glue, to stick conceal. The root which gives rise to
to. Lat. celo produces Fin. salafa, to hide,
The E. clamp designates anything used conceal, whence sala, anything hidden,
for the purpose of holding things together ; of which the locative case, salaan, is used
Du. klampen, to hook things together, in the sense of secretly, in a hidSen place,
hold v^'ith a hook or buckle, hold, seize, as the Lat. dam. Salainen, clandestine.
apprehend ; Mampe, klamme, hook, clav\f, —
Clang. Clank. Clink. — These are
cramp, buckle klamp, klam, tenacious,
;
imitations of a loud, clear sound, adopted
sticky, and hence moist, clajnmy. To in many languages. Lat. clangor, the
dame, to stick or glue. B. —
E. dia.1. to sound of the trumpet ; G. klang, a sound,
dam, dem, to pinch, and hence to pinch tone, resonance klingen, to gingle, clink,
;
with hunger, to starve, also to clog up, to tingle, tinkle, sound. E. dang, a loud
glue, to daub —
Hal. ; Du. klemmen, to sound ; dank, a sound made by a lighter
pinch, compress, strain ; klem-vogel, or object ; clink, a sound made by a still
klamp-vogel, a bird of prey, a hawk. AS. smaller thing the dank of irons, dink
;
dam, bandage, bond, clasp, prison. G. of money Du. klank, sound, accent,
;
klam7n, pinching, strait, narrow, pressed rumour. Halma.— Gael, gliong, tingle,
close or hard together, solid, massy, ring as metal, clang.
viscous, clammy klamm.er, a craCmp,
;
Clap. An imitation of the sound
brace, cramp-iron, holdfast. made by the collision of hard or flat
To Clamber. — Climb. These words things, as the clapping of hands. Dan.
are closely connected with damp. To klappre, to chatter (as the teeth with
da7nber is properly to clutch oneself up, cold) ; G. klappen, to do anything with a
to mount up by catching hold with tlie clap; klopfen, to knock, to beat. Du.
hands or claws. G. klammern, to fasten klappen, kleppen, to clap, rattle, chatter,
with cramp-irons, to hold fast with the beat, sound ; kleppe, klippe, a rattle ;
hands or claws ; Dan. klamre, to clamp, kleppe, a whip, a trap, a noose ; klepel,
to grasp. kluppel, a stick, club ; Bohem. klepati,
In like manner Du. klemmen, to hold to knock, tattle, chatter, tremble ; Russ.
tight, to pinch, klemmen, klimmeii, to klepanie, beating, knocking.
climb. OE. diver, E. dial, daver, a claw ; To clap in E. is used in the sense of
Dan. klavre, to claw oneself up, to climb. doing anything suddenly, to clap on,
G. kleben, to cleave or stick, Swiss kldbem, dap up.
klebern, to climb ; Bav. klatten, a claw, Clapper. A
clapper of conies, a place
G. klette, a burr, Swiss kletten, G. klettern, underground where rabbits breed. B. —
to climb, clamber. Dan. klynge, to cling, Fr. dapier, a heap of stones, &c., where-
cluster, crowd ; klynge sig op, to clutch unto they retire themselves, or (as our
or cling oneself up, to climb. The Fr. clapper) a court walled about and full of
grimper, to climb, is a nasalised form of nests of boards and stones, for tame
gripper, to seize, gripe, grasp. conies. — Cot.
Clamour. The equivalent of Lat. Lang, clap, a stone clapas, dapi^, a
;
damor, but perhaps not directly from it, heap of stones or other things piled up
as the word is common to the Celtic and without order. '
Pourta las p^iros as
Gothic races. Sw. klammer, Gael, dam- clapas,' to take coals to Newcastle.
ras, dambar, glambar, uproar, brawl. Hence the Fr. dapier, originally a heap
See Claim. of large stones, the cavities of which
Clamp. See Clam. afforded rabbits a secure breeding place,
Clan. A small tribe subject to a single then applied to any artificial breeding
chief. From Gael, clann, children, de- place for rabbits.
scendants, i. e.descendants of a common The proper meaning of the foregoing
ancestor, yf. plant {xh^'Vf.p correspond- dap is simply a lump, from the w. clap.
—
clamp, a lump, mass, the primary origin sound of a knock by the syllable clat,
of which is preserved in Lang, clapa, equivalent to clack or clap. Du. kla-
clopa, to knock. Prov. dap, a heap, teren, to rattle ; klaterbusse, as G. klatsch-
—
mass. Rayn. biichse,a pop-gun.
Clause. Lat. clausula, an ending,
Claret. Fr. vin clairet, vin claret,
claret win e. —
Cot. Commonly made, he thence a definite head of an edict or law,
tells us, of white and red grapes mingled a complete sentence. From claudo, clau-
together. From clairet, somewhat clear, sum, to shut, to end.
i. e. with a reddish tint, but not the full Clavicle, The collar-bone, from the
red of ordinary red wine. Eau clairette, resemblance to a key, Lat. clavis, as
a water made of aquavitse, cinnamon, Mod.Gr. KXeiSi, a key KKtitid. row aii/iaTos,
;
insularum nexus ; skeria-klasi, syrtium stick, clavus, a nail, from its use in
fast-
junctura. Du. klos, klot, globus, sphaera. ening things together, and clavis, a key
—Kil. origmally a crooked nail. So Pol. klucz,
Clatter. From the imitation of the a key, kluczka, a little hook ; Serv
—
;
clean, pure. This is probably one of the together ; E. dench. Compare also Fr.
words applicable to the phenomena of river, to fasten, to clench, E. rivet, and
sight, that are primarily derived from E. rive, to tear or cleave asunder, rift, a
those of hearing, as explained under cleft.
Brilliant. G. klirren, Dan. klirre, to Cleft. Du. kluft, Sw. klyft, a fissure
clink, gingle, clash, give a shrill sound or division ; G. kluftholz, cloven wood.
Jr. glbr, a noise, voice, speech ; glbram, See Cleave.
to sound or make a noise ; glor-mhor, —
Clement. Clemency. Lat. clemens,
glorious, famous, celebrated ; klor, clear, calm, gentle, merciful.
neat, clean. —
To Clench. Clinch. Sw. klinka, G.
Cleat. A piece of wood fastened on klinken, to clinch GB.Q. gaklankjan, con-
;
the yard-arm of a ship, to keep the ropes serere antklankjan, to unloose (the strap
;
from slipping off the yard ; also pieces of of one's shoe) ; Bav. klank, kldnkelein,
wood to fasten anything to. B. — A
piece a noose, loop Du. klinken, to fasten.
;
of iron worn on shoes by country people. 'Andromeda was aan rots geklonken,'
Probably a modification of the word was nailed to a rock. Omklinken, to
doitt. Du. kluit, kluyte, a lump, pellet. clinch a nail. —
Halma. Da. klinke, a
AS. deot, dut, a plate, clout. A
date is rivet.
the thin plate of iron worn as a shoe by The word may be
explained from the
racers. The deals of the yard-arms are klinken, to clink or sound, in
original
probably so named from a similar piece two ways, viz. as signifying something :
iron nailed on the end of an axletree. klink, that was a striking proof, that was
—
Torriano, Axletree clouts. Wilbraham. a clincher. Die zaak is zS. geklonken, the
To Cleave. This word is used in two business is finished off, is fast and sure.
opposite senses, viz. i. to adhere or cling Or the notion of fastening may be at-
to, and, 2. to separate into parts. In the tained indirectly through the figure of a
former sense we have G. kleben, Du. door-latch. G. klinke, Fr. danche, dinquet
kleeven, klijveii, to stick to, to fasten E.;(Cot.), the latch of a door, seem formed
dial, clibby, Du. kleevig, kleverig, sticky. from the clinking of the latch, as Fr.
From dob, a lump, a mass. See Clam. cliquet, a latch, from diquer, diquetcr, to
2. The double signification of the word clack or rattle. And the latch of a door
seems to arise from the two opposite affords a very natural type of the act of
ways in which we may conceive a cluster fastening.
to be composed, either by the coherence To Clepe. To call. From clap, the
;
sound of a blow. Du. kleppen, crepare, ginally from dob (extant in W. dob, a
crepitare, pulsare, sonare. De klok klep- hump, Lat. globus, a sphere, &c.), a lump.
pen, to sound an alarm ; to Happen, Hence Lat. glomus, a ball of twine, Du.
clap, crack, crackle, to talk as a parrot, klouwe, a baU of yarn, a clew. See
to tattle, chat, chatter, to confess ; G. Claw, Clam.
klaffen, to prate, chatter, babble, to teU Click.— Clicket. Click represents a
tales. AS. cleopian, clypian, to cry, call, thinner sound than clack, as a click with
speak, say. Sc. clep, to tattle, chatter, the tongue, the dick of a latch or a
prattle, call, name. trigger. It is then applied to such a
Ne every appel that is faire at iye short quick movement as produces a
Ne is not gode, what so men clappe or crie. click or a snap, or an object character-
Chaucer. ized by a movement of such a nature.
Clerk. — Clerical. —
Clergy. Lat. Du. klikklakken, to clack, click; klikker,
clerus, the clergy clericus, Sp. derigo,
; a mill-clack ; kliket, klinket, a wicket or
one of the clergy, a clerk ; derecia, the little door easily moving to and fro Fr. ;
clergy, which in Mid.Lat. would have cliquer, to clack, clap, clatter, click it,
been derida, whence Fr. dergi, as from diquette, a clicket or clapper, a child's
derido, one admitted to the tonsure, Fr. rattle,or clack ; cliquet, the knocker of a
derigon, derjon. The origin is the Gr. door, a lazar's clicket or clapper. Cot. —
KkrifoQ, a lot, from the way in which Mat- Rouchi cliche, a latch ; dichet, a tumbril,
thias was elected by lot to the apostle- cart that tilts over, and (with the nasal)
ship. In I Peter v. 3, the elders are ex- clincher, to move, to stir, corresponding
horted to feed the flock of God, 'not as to Fr. cligner, to wink. Boh. klika, a
being lords over God's heritage,' ii,r\h' i>Q latch, a trigger, G. klinke, klinge, a latch.
KaraKvpitvvTsg TUiv KXijpuiv, neither as
' We have the notion of a short quick
having lordship in the- dergie! Wiclif — movement in E. dial, click, dink, a smart
in R. blow (Mrs Baker) ; cleke, click, to snatch,
Clever. Commonly derived from de- catch, seize (Hal.) ; Norm, dicher, frap-
liver, which is used in Scotch and N. e. per rudement une personne. —Vocab. de
in the sense of active, nimble. The Brai.
sound of an initial dl and gl or are d Client. See Clan,
easily confounded. But the Dan. dial, Cliff. AS. clif, clyf, littus, ripa, rupes ;
has kl'dver, klever, in precisely the same score7i clif, abrupta rupes ; cliof, clif-
sense as the E. dever. Det er en Mover stanas, cautes, precipices, from clifian,
kerl, that is a clever feUow. Klover i diofian, to cleave, on. klif, a cleft in a
munden, ready of speech. The word is rock ; hamraklif, syn. with hamarskard,
probably derived from the notion of a cleft or rift in a {hamarr) high rock,
seizing, as Lat. rapidus from rapio, or Sc. precipice, on. skard, it must be ob-
gleg, quick of perception, clever, quick served, is NE. scar, a cliff. Bav. stein-
in motion, expeditious, from Gael glac, kluppen, cleft in a rock. Du. kleppe,
to seize, to catch. The Sc. has also klippe, rock, cliff; cave ; Da. klippe, rock.
deik, dek, deuck, duke, dook (identical Sw. dial, klaiv, klev, kliv, as Sc. cleugh,
with E. dutch), a hook, a hold, claw or a precipice, rugged ascent, narrow hollow
talon to dek or deik, to catch, snatch,
; between precipitous banks ; OE. dough, 3.
and hence deik, deudi, lively, agile, kind of breach down the side of a hill
clever, dexterous, light-fingered. One is (Verstegan), rima qusedam vel fissura ad
said to be deuch of his fingers who lifts montis clivum vel declivum. Somner.
a thing so deverly that bystanders do Du. kloof, cleft, ravine, cleft of a hill.
—
—
not observe it. Jam. Now the OE. had Climate. Lat. clima, climate, region
a form, diver, a claw or clutch, exactly Gr. /cXi'fia, -Toe (from KXivm, to bend, sink,
corresponding to the Sc. deik, duik, verge), an inclination, declivity, slope ; a
whence perhaps the adjective clever in region or tract of country considered
the sense of snatching, catching, in the with respect to its inclination towards
same way as the Sc. deik, deuch, above the pole, and hence climate, temperature.
mentioned. Climax. Gr. icXi/ja?, a ladder, a figure
The bissart (buzzard) bissy but rebuik in rhetoric, implying an advance or in-
Scho was so cleverus of her cluik, crease in force or interest in each suc-
His legs he might not longer bruik, cessive member of a discourse until the
Scho held them at ane hint. highest is attained.
Dunbar in Jam.
Climb. See Clamber.
Clew.— Clue. A ball of thread ori- To CUnch. See Clench.
;
;
incline, bow. AS. hlinian, OHG. hlinen, tongs, claw, clutch, pinch, difficulty ; G.
to lean. Decline, to bend downwards ; kluppe, a clip or split piece of wood for
recline, to lean backwards, &c. pinching the testicles of a sheep or a
To Cling. To stick to, to form one dog's tail, met. pinch, straits, difficulty.
mass with, also to form a compact mass, Sw. dial, klipa, to pinch, nip, compress ;
and so' to contract, to shrink up, to wither. kldpp, a clog or fetter for a beast ; Du.
AS. clingan, to wither. A
Sussex peasant kleppe, klippe, knippe, a snare, fetter.
speaks of a ' clung bat,' for a dry stick. Cliofue. Fr. clique, G. klicke, a faction,
'Till famine cling thee.'— Shaks. Pl.D. party, gang. '
Das volk hat sich in split-
klingen, klungeln, verklungeln, to shrink ten, klubben und klicken aufgeloset.'
up. From Pl.D. klak, klik, kliks, a separate
We have often observed that in verbs portion, especially of something soft or
like cling, chcng, where the present has clammy. Een kliks bolter, a lump of
a thin vowel, the participial form is the butter. Bi klik uti klak, by bits.
nearer to the original root. In the pre- -cliv-. Lat. clivus, a rising ground,
sent case the origin must be sought in a hill ; declivis, sloping downwards ; ac-
form like mhg. klunge, klungelin, Swiss clivis, sloping upwards procUvis, sloping
;
—
toga muliebris. Kil. Bohem. klok, a wo-
clot, whence E. clinker, a lump of half- man's mantle ; kukla, a hood. Walach.
fused matter which clogs up the bars of gluga a hood, hooded , cloak, w. cochl,
a furnace. Da. klynge, a cluster, knot a mantle. See Cowl.
klynge, to cluster, to crowd together Clock. Fr. cloche, G. glocke, Du.
klynge sig ved, to cling to a thing. E. klocke, a beU. Before the use of clocks
dial, to clunge, to crowd or squeeze it was the custom to make known the
chingy, sticky. —
Hal. hour by striking on a bell, whence the
Clink. The noise of a blow that gives hour of the day was designated as three,
a sound of a high note. G., Du. klinken, four of the bell, as we now say three or
Sw. klinka, to sound sharp, to ring. See four o'clock. It is probable then that
Clang. In imitative words the same idea clocks were introduced into England from
is frequently expressed by a syllable with the Low Countries, where this species of
an initial cl, and a similar syllable with- mechanism seems to have inherited the
out the /. Thus chink is also used for a name of the bell which previously per-
shrill sound. So we have clatter and formed the same office. Sw. klocka, a
chatter in the same sense Gael. gUong,
; bell, a clock.
and 'E.ginglej Fr. quincailler, N orman clin- The word clock is a variation of clack,
cailler, a tinman. The E. clink was for- being derived from a representation of
merly used like chink in the sense of a the sound made by a blow, at first proba-
crack, because things in cracking utter a bly on a wooden board, which is still used
sharp sound. Du. klincke, rima, parva for the purpose of calling to service in the
ruptura, iissura, Ang. clinke.— KSS.. Greek church. Serv. klepalo, the board
To Clip. I. To cut with shears, from used for the foregoing purpose in the
the clapping or snapping sound made by Servian churches, g. brett-glocke, from
the collision of the blades, as to snip in klepati, to clap or clack, to beat on the
the same sense from snap. G. klippen, board. Esthon. kolkina (with transposi-
to clink auf- und zuk-lippen, to open and
;
tion of the vowel, related to clock, as G.
shut with a snap klippchen, knippchen,
;
kolbe to E. club), to strike, to beat, kol-
a fillip or rap with the fingers knippen, ;
kima, to make a loud noise, kolki-laud, a
schnippen, to snap or fillip schnippen, to
;
board on which one beats for the purpose
snip. ON., Sw. klippa, to clip, S w. klippa, of calling the family to meals. Bohem.
also to wink ; ON. klippur, E. dial, clips, hluk, noise, outcry, hluccti, to resound.
shears. *
ON. klaka, clangere. Gael, dag, Ir. cla-
2. The collision of two sharp edges gaim, to make a noise, ring clag, clog,
;
leads to the notion not always of complete a bell. Swiss klokken, klo^gen, to knock.
separation, but sometimes merely of pinch- * Clod.— Clot. The notion of a loose
ing or compression. Thus to nip is either moveable substance, as thick or curdled
to separate a small portion or merely to liquids, or bagging clothes, is often ex-
pinch. G. knippen, to snap kneipen, to ; pressed by forms representing the sounds
; !;
with separate existence, the radical sylla- cumbered OE. laggyn, or drablyn ;
rattle, to dash like heavy rain, kloteispaen, klotzschuh, a clog or wooden shoe Mod. ;
a. pulsare crebro
rattle, kloteren, tuditare, Gr. tJokok, a log, TZoxapov, a clog. Or
ictu (Kil.), and thence to clot or curdle as the name may be taken from the resem-
milk. Klottermelck, clotted milk klotte, ; blance of a wooden clog to the lumps ot
a clod. I clodde, figer, congeler.
'
I dod- earth which clog the feet of one walking
der like whey or blode whan it is colde. in soft ground, in accordance with Pl.D.
I clodde, I go into heapes or peces as klunkern, lumps of butter, fat, dirt, kl'dn-
the yerthe doth, je amoncele.'^ Palsgr. — ken, clogs for the feet klakk, lump of
;
Again we have Swiss klotten, klottern, to something soft ; Fr. claque, clog or over-
rattle, kloten, kloden, to dabble, tramp in shoe.
wet or mire, klot, klod, Du. kladde, a blot, Cloister, g. kloster, Fr. doitre, a
splash, spot of dirt, lump of mud on the monastery. Lat. daustrum, from claudo,
clothes ; Dan. Mat, a spot, blot, clot, clausum, to shut.
lump, dab. Close, -close, -clus-. Lat. claudo,
In the same way Dan. pludre, to paddle clausum, in comp. -cludo, -clusum, to shut,
in the wet, is connected with pludder, shut up, terminate,' end. It. chiudere,
mire, Fr. bloutre, and Gael, plod, a clod ;
chiuso, Fr. clorre, clos, to shut up, close,
Swab, motzen, to dabble, paddle, with inclose, finish ; clos, a field inclosed
Fr. motte, a clod. clos, closed, shut up.
To Clog. To hinder by the adhesion Hence inclose, to shut in; foreclose,
of something clammy or heavy. Sc. from Fr. fors, without, to close against
claggy, unctuous, bespotted with mire one.
claggock, a dirty wench E.- dial, dag, to
;
•
Closhe. The game called ninepins,
stick or adhere claggy, sticky; dag ; forbidden by 17 Ed. IV. Du. klos, a bal!,
locks, clotted locks clegger, to cling
; bowl ; klos-bane, a skittle-ground ; klos-
Dan. klag, mud klcEg, clammy loam.
; sen, to play at bowls.
The word is probably formed on an Cloth.— Clothe. AS. clatk, cloth, da-
158 CLOUD CLUCK
G. kUid, ON. klcBdi, a gar- an awkward rustic. Du. klonte, a clot or
thas, clothes ;
kloen, a ball of twine ; Dan. klunds,
ment. Properly that which covers and clod ;
vurige dote^ a fiery cloud. Delfortrie. dag, daggy, sticky, and clay, a sticky,
.ft. zolla, clod, lump of earth zolla dell' ;
clammy earth.
aria, the thick and scattered clouds in The sense of stopping up is frequently
the air. — FI. expressed by the word for a lump or
bunch, as Fr. boucher, to stop, from OFr.
So also from Fr. matte, motte, a clod
or clot, del mattond, a curdled sky, a sky bousche, a bunch, tuft. Sw. klu77ip, a
full of small curdled clouds. Cot. Clow- —
lump, and tapp, a bunch, wisp, are also
dys, clods. —
Coventry Mysteries in Hal. used in the sense of a stopper.
Clout. AS. dut, a patch. The pri- Club. Clump. ON. klubba, klumba, —
mary sense is a blow, as when we speak a club or knobbed stick. Sw. dial, klubb,
of a clout on the head. Du. klotsen, to a lump, knob, clump klump, a lump, ;
strike. Then applied to a lump of mate- clod, clot ; klumpfot, a clubfoot klabb, ;
rial clapped on or hastily applied to mend a log. w. dob, clobyn, a boss, knob,
a breach. In the same way E. botch, to lump Pol. klqb, a ball, lump, mass, ;
mend clumsily, from Du. botsen, to strike ; klebek, a bobbin, ball of thread Russ. ;
connected. Du. kloete, a ball, a lump, knot of people. Das volk hat sich in
'
block, stock, also homo obtusus, hebes splitten, klubben und klicken aufgeloset.'
(Kil.), whence the name of Spenser's — Sanders. A social club was originally
shepherd Colin Clout. G. klotz, a log, a group of people meeting at set times for
klotzig, blockish, loggish, coarse, unpol- society. To club one's contributions is to
ished, rustic. —
Kiittner. E. clod is used throw them into a common mass.
in both senses ; of a lump of earth and To Cluck. Imitative of the note of a
— —
;
hen calling her chickens. Du. klocken, dumpish, awkward, unwieldy E.E. ;
Fr. glousser, Lat. glocire, Sp. doquear, clunchy, thick and clumsy. —
Hal. But
It. coccolare. the word is more probably connected
-elude, -olus-. Lat. claudo, clausum, with OE. dumpse, benumbed with cold.
in comp. -cludo, -clusum, to shut, close, — Cot. in v. havi. Clumsyd, eviratus.
finish. Cath. Ang. ' Thou clontsest for cold.'
Hence conclude, conclusion, exclude, P.P. Comfort ye dumsid, ether comelia
'
include, inclusive, reclusion, &c. See hondis, and make ye strong feeble knees.'
-close. — Wycliff, Isaiah. Lincolns. dumps, idle,
* Clump. —To Clumper.
Clump, a lazy, —
unhandy. Ray. Sw. dial, klumm-
lump or compact mass, a nasalised form sen, klummshandt, klummerhdndt, Che-
of club, as clumper, to collect in lumps, to shire, dussomed (Wilbrabam), having the
curdle, of Du. klobber in klobbersaen, hands stiff with cold. Pl.D. klamen,
clotted cream. klomen, Du. verklomen, verkommelen,
Vapours dumfered in balls of clouds. —More. Fris. klomje,forklomme (Outzen), to be-
numb with cold. OE. acomelydfor could
In the same way Du. klonte, a clod or aclommyde, eviratus, enervatus. Pr. —
or lump, and klonteren, to curdle, are Pm. Men bethe combered and clommed
'
frequent connection between words sig- to stick together ; klister. Muster, paste,
nifying a blow and the dashing of liquids. viscous material, also a cluster, a clove
Com.pare P1.D. pladdern, to paddle or of garlick. Sw. klcise, a bunch, cluster.
dabble, with E. plad or plod, to tread Clutch.. Sc. cleik, dek, E. dial, cleche,
heavily. Fr. clabosser, esclaboter, to to snatch, seize, properly to do anything
splash; Champ, cliboter, to tramp. Fr. with a quick, smart motion, producing a
clopin-clopanr&px&seati the heavy tread of noise such as that represented by the
one hobbling along eloper, clopiner, to syllable click. Hence cleik, dek, cleuk,
;
limp, differing only in the absence of the duik, duke, clook, an instrument for
nasal form e. clump, to tramp. Hence snatching, a claw, clutch, hand to cleuk, ;
dumpers, Du. klompen, wooden shoes, to grip, lay hold of, clutch. ' Uorte (for
clogs. Sw. dial, klamp, a clog for an to) huden hire vrom his kene dokes.'—
animal, wooden sole, lump of soft mate- Ancr. Riwle, 130. Boh. klikaty, crooked
rial, ball of snow on horse's foot ; klampa, inwards ; klikonosy, hooknosed. Hesse,
to clump or tramp with heavy shoes, to klotz, claw. Compare Swiss klupe, claws,
ball as snow. Analogous forms with a tongs, fingers (familiar), from klupen, to
final nt instead of mp axe Pl.D. klunt, clip or pinch.
Du. klonte, a clod or lump, E. dial, clunt- Clutter. Variation of clatter, a noise.
er, a clod clunter, clointer, Pl.D. klunt-
;
Clyster. Fr. dystere, Gr. xXvariip,
sen, klunsen, to tramp or tread heavily. from KKvKdi, to wash, to rinse, as Fr. lave-
* Clumsy. The sense of awkward, ment, from laver, to wash.
'
unhandy, might be reached from clump, Coach. The Fr. coucher became in
a lump, through the senses of lumpish, Du. koetsen, to lie, whence koetse, koet-
blockish, unfashioned, ill-made ; as from seken, a couch, and koetse, koetsie, koets-
Da. klont, klods, a block, log, klontet, wagen, a litter, carriage in which you
,
• Cob.— Cobble, w. cob, a knock, and the spider as collectors, the one of
thump, a tuft, top cobio, to knock, sweets and the other of poisons, is one of
;
to howl ; kukauti, to cry as the cuckoo hope and make gaudye chere.' We may '
or the owl. Magy. kakas, Esth. kuk, a make ourtryumphe, i. e. kepe ourgaudyes,
cock. Gr. KoicBo/3605 opuf (Soph, in Eus- or let us sette the cocke on the hope and
tath.), the bird which cries cock !, the make good chere within doores.' Palsgr. —
cock. Acolastus in Hal. Du. hoop, heap.
To Cock, applied to the eye, hat, tail, Cockatoo. According to Grawfurd call-
&c., signifies to stick abruptly up. Gael. ed in Malay kakatuwah, which in that
coc-shron, a cocked no'Se. The origin is language signifies a vice, a gripe. But is
the sound of a quick sudden motion it not more likely that the implement was
imitated by the syllable cock. It. coccare, so named from its resemblance to the
to clack, snap, click, crack coccarla a
; powerful beak of the bird ?
quahuno, to play a trick, put a jest upon Cockatrice. A fabulous animal, sup-
one. —
Fl. Hence cock of a gun (misun- posed to be hatched by a cock from the
derstood when translated by G. hcihn), the eggs of a viper, represented heraldically
part which snaps or clicks. by a cock with a dragon's tail. Sp. coca-
To cock is then to start up with a sud- triz, cocadriz, cocodrillo, a crocodile.
den action, to cause suddenly to project, Cocatryse, basiliscus, cocodrillus. Pr. —
to stick up. And as rapid snapping Pm. A
manifest corruption of the name
action is almost necessarily of a recipro- of the crocodile.
cating nature, the word is used to express To Cocker. See Cockney.
zigzag movement or shape, and hence —
Cocket. Cocksy. Fr. coquart, fool-
either prominent teeth or indentations. ishly proud, cocket, malapert. From the
The cock of a balance is the needle which strutting pride of a cock. Coqueter, to
vibrates to and fro between the cheeks. chuck as a cock among hens to swagger ;
The cog of a wheel is a projecting tooth, or strowt it as a cock on his own dung-
while the It. cocca, Fr. coche, is the notch hill.— Cot.
or indentation of an arrow. Cockle. I. A
weed among com. Fr.
2. A
cock of hay. Probably from the coquiole, Lith. kukalas, Pol. ki^kol, kifkol-
notion of cocking or sticking up. Fin. nica, Gael, cogal.
kokko, a coniform heap, a hut, beacon. 2. A shell, shell-fish ; cocklesnaU, a.
A small heap of reaped corn. Dan. kok, snail with a shell as distinguished from
a heap, a pile. a slug or snail without shell. Snail-
3. A boat cock-swain, the foreman of
; shells are called in Northamptons. cocks,
a boat's crew. It. cocca, cucca, a cock- in Lincolns. gogs. Oxfords, guggles or
boat. — Fl. Dan. kog, kogge, on. kuggi, guggleshells, Herts conks, and E. of E.
s. s. The Fin. has kokka, the prow of a conkers. Tirol. gagkele, an egg. Deutsch. —
vessel, perhaps the part which cocks or Mund. 5. 341. Lat. cochlea, concha,
sticks up, and hence the name may have Gr. KoxXoc, snail, snailshell, shellfish.
passed to the entire' vessel, as in the case The original sense is probably an egg-
of 'La.t. puppis, properly the poop or after- shell, which to a people in possession of
part of the ship, or of 6ark, a ship, from poultry would offer a type of a shell pecu-
ON. barki, throat, then the prow or front liarly easy of designation. Thus the
of a ship. Swab, gacken, to cluck as a hen, gives
Cockade. Fr. coquarde, a Spanish rise in nursery language to gackele, an
cap, also any cap worn proudly or peartly
on the one side (Cot.), i. e. a cocked-hat,
—
egg Schmidt, in Swiss gaggi, gaggi, to
which our own country affords a parallel
consisting originally of a hat with the in the Craven goggy, an egg. In like
broad flap looped up on one side. Then manner Basque kokoratz, clucking of a
applied to the knot of ribbon with which hen koko (in nursery language), an egg
;
the loop was ornamented. In Walloon Magy. kukoritni, to crow, kuko (nursery),
the »- is lost as in English ; cockdd, a an egg; It. coccolare, to cluck; cocco,
—
cockade. Remade. cucco (nursery), an egg ; Fr. coqueter, to
^
;
1 62 COCKLE CODDLE
cackle, to chuck ; coque, an eggshell, less an accidental resemblance. The Fr-
shell, cockle, with the dim. coquille, the coqueliner, to dandle, cocker, fedle, pam-
shell of an &^^, nut, snail, fish. Cot. — per, make a wanton of a child, leads us
To Cockle. Properly, like coggU, in the right direction. This word is pre-
goggle, joggle, shoggle, to shake or jerk cisely of the same form and significance
up and down, then applied to a surface with dodeliner, to dandle, loll, lull, fedle,
thrown into hollows and projections by cocker, hug fondly, make a wanton of,
partial shaking, by unequal contraction, [but primarily] to rock or jog up and
&c. Du. kokelen, to juggle, to deceive down ; dodelineur,ihe rocker of a cradle ;
the eye by rapid movements of the hands. dondeliner de la t6te, to wag the head ;
E. dial, coggle, to be shaky ; cocklety, un- dodelineux (the same as coquelineux),
steady. —
Hal. A
cockling sea is one fantastical, giddy-headed. The primitive
meaning of cocker then is simply to rock
jerked up into short waves by contrary
currents. the cradle, and hence to cherish an infant.
It made such a short cockling see. as if it had
See Cockle, Cock.
been a race where two tides meet, for it ran
in
Cocoa-nut. Called coco by the Portu-
—
every way and the ship was tossed about like an guese in India on account of the monkey-
eggshell, so that I never felt such uncertain jerks like face at the base of the nut, from coco,
in my life. —Dampier in R. ' a bugbear, an ugly mask to frighten chil-
The ultimate origin, as in all these dren. —De Barros, Asia, Dec. III. Bk.
cases, is the representation of a broken III. c. vii.
sound, by forms like cackle, gaggle, &c., -coot. Lat. coquo, cocium, to prepare
then applied to signify a broken move- by fire, to cook, bake, boil.
ment, and finally a configuration of anal- Hence concoquo, to boil together, to
ogous character. digest, and fig. to contrive, to plan, E. to
As in E. we represent a broken sound concoct. Decoctio, a decoction, what is
by the forms cackle and crackle, so in Fr. boiled away from anything.
we find recoquiller and recroquiller, to Cod. A
husk or shell, cushion. ON.
wriggle, writhe, turn inward on itself like koddi, a cushion, Sw. kudde, a. sack, bag,
a worm or a gold or silver thread when it pod. Bret. kSd, gSd, godel, a pocket, w.
is broken ; recoquiller un livre, to rumple cSd, cwd, a bag or pouch. G. schote, pod,
or turn up the leaves of a book. —
Cot. If husk. It seems the same word with Fr.
. recoquiller stood by itself the common ex- cosse, gousse, a husk, cod, or pod, whence
planation from coquille, a shell, as if it coussin. It. coscino, a cushion, a case
signified to throw into spirals, would be stuffed with somethmg to make it bulge
quite satisfactory, but it cannot be adopt- out.
ed without throwing over the analogy Perhaps the original sense is simply
with the English forms above mentioned, something bulging, a knob or bump, an
while it leaves the parallel form recro- idea commonly derived from a word sig-
quiller unaccounted for. nifying to knock. Now v.-e have Fr.
Cockney. Cooker.— The original cesser. It. cozzare, to butt as a ram. Du.
meaning of cockney is a child too ten- kodde, kodse, a club.
derly or delicately nurtured, one kept in As in words with an initial cl the / is
the house and not hardened by out-of- very movable, we may perhaps identify
doors life hence applied to citizens, as
; the Fr. cosse, a husk, with Bret, klos,
opposed to the hardier inhabitants of the klosen, a box or any envelope in general
country, and in modem times confined to klosen-gisten, the husk of a chesnut.
the citizens of London. Thus we are brought round to the Du.
Coknay, carifotus, delicius, mammo-
'
Moss, a ball or sphere, and the e. clot,
— mignoter'To bring
trophus.' up like a cocknaye clod, and as the latter appears in Gaelic
'
head. Flem. kodde, a club. Kil. In the — brought to a sudden stop ; It. coccare, to
snap, to move with a snap, and thence
same way It. mazso, a bunch, a codfish,
cocca, an indentation or notch, as E. cog
mazza, a club. One of the names of the
(Sw. kugge), a projection or individual
fish is It. testuto, Fr. testu, from teste,
prominence on the circumference of a
head. — Cot. toothed wheel.
Codger. A
term of abuse for an in-
With the addition of an initial s, E.
firm old man. G. kotzen, to spit, kotzer,
shog, to jolt, and shoggle, an icicle or pro-
a spitting or spawling man or woman,
also an old caugher. —
Kiittner. So from
jection of ice ; ON. skaga, to project ;
skagi, a promontory.
Lith. kraukti, to croak, to breathe with
To cog in the sense of cheating is from
pain, sukraukelis, a croaker, an old man.
the image of deceiving by rapid sleight
Hind, kahba, a cough, an old woman.
of hand. Du. kokelen, to juggle ; It. coc-
Coemetery. Gr. KoiiiriTriptov, a place
carta ad uno, to put a trick upon one
for sleeping in, then applied to the place
coccare, to laugh at, mock, scoff. Sp.
of final rest, a burial-place, from Koi/»aw,
cocar, to mock, make mocking or ridicul-
to set to sleep.
ous gestures, to cajole, wheedle, E. cog,
Coerce. Lat. coerceo, to encompass,
—
gabber, flatter Sherwood ; lusingare, lis-
keep in, restrain ; arceo, to inclose, con-
fine ; arctus, close, narrow, confined.
ciar il pelo. —
Torriano.
Cogent. Lat. cogo (pcpl. cogens), to
Coeval. Lat. cocevus {con and cevum,
impel, constrain, force.
duration of time, an age, era), of the same
Cogitation. Lat. cogito, to ponder,
age or era.
turn over in the mind.
Coffee. Arab, cahwa. or cahwi, coffee,
formerly one of the names for wine.
Cognisance. — Becognisance. — Re-
Texeira, who wrote in 1610, writes it
connoitre. From Lat. cognosco, cog-
—
kaodh. Dozy.
nitum, to know, arose Fr. cognoitre,
connaitre, to know, OFr. cognoisance,
Coffer. —
Coffin. Gr. Ko^irog, Lat. coph-
cognisance, connusance, knowledge, no-
inus, a basket. It. cofano, cofaro, any
tice, a badge or heraldic device by which
coffin, coffer, chest, hutch, or trunk. Fr. one might be known.
coffre, a chest or coffer, the bulk or chest Connaissance in a legal sense is the
of the body. Bret. k6f, kSv, the belly ; right of a tribunal to take notice or cog-
AS. co/, a cave, cove, receptacle. Swab. nisance of certain causes.
koier, a basket. It. coffii, a gabion or
Again OFr. recognoitre, to take know-
wicker basket. Fr. co^n, a coffin, a great ledge of, to acknowledge, gives our legal
candle case or any such close and great recognisance, or acknowledgment that
basket of wicker. Cot. — Fin. kopp, a one is bound in a certain penalty to the
hollow case. See Cave. crown he
if fails to perform a certain
Cog. —Coggle. To coggle is to be Reconnaitre, in the military sense, to re-
act.
money, from Lat. cuneus, Fr. coin, quin, kallda, fever. Dan. kule (of the wind),
the steel die with which money is stamped, to freshen, to begin to blow. G. kalt, cold,
originally doubtless from the stamping kiihl, cool. Lap. kalot, to freeze, kalofn,
having been effected by means of a cold, frost.
wedge (Lat. cuneus, Fr. coiti). Coin in In Lith. szalias, cold, sziltas, warm,
OFr. was frequently used for the right of the opposite sensations are distinguished
coining money. Sp. cufia, a wedge by a modification of the vowel, while in
cuho, a die for coining, impression on Lat. gelidus, cold, calidus, hot, a similar
the coin. Muratori endeavours to show relation in meaning is marked by a modi-
that the word is really derived from the fication of the initial consonant.
Or. lis&v, an image, whence the Lat. The original image seems the disagree-
iconiare, in the sense of coining money. able effect produced on the nerves
by a
So from w. bath, a likeness, arian bath, harsh sound, whence the expression is
coined money, bathu, to make a likeness, extended to a similar effect on the other
to coin.
Coit. —Quoit.
organs. Fin. kolia, sounding harshly as
To coit, to toss, to a rattle, rough, uneven, cold kolia ilma, ;
throw. Of a conceited girl it is said, She a cold air kolian-lainen, roughish, cool ;'
;
coits up her head above her betters. kolistua, to become cold as the air, or
Forby. —
To coit a stone. Hal. The rough as a road ; kolistus, making a
game of coits or quoits consists in tossing crash, shattering. Esthon. kollisema, to
a metal disc (originally doubtless a stone) rattle, make a harsh noise kollin, a rack-
;
at a mark. The quoit according to Hal. et kolle, noisy, frightful, ghastly kollo-
; ;
is sometimes called a coiting stone. Coyte,
mats, a bugbear. The effects of fear and
petreluda coytyn, petriludo.
; —
Pr. Pm. cold closely resemble each other in de-
Du.de kaeye schieten, certare disco, saxeo, pressing the spirits and producing trem-
ferreo, aut plumbeo. —
Kil. bling. The Manuel des Pecch^s says of
Coke. The carbonaceous cinder of Belshazzar when
he saw the handwriting
coals left when the bituminous or gaseous on the wall
:
it could be regarded as the equivalent & — N. Q. Deer. 19, 1868. The name
of the ON. lag, society, companionship, is now given not to the divisions of the
1 66 COMBINE COMPATIBLE
kumb, a cairn, tumulus, Sw. pesar.
barrow, Sardin. incumbenzai, frcm in-
kummel, a heap of stones set up for a com-initiare ; Sp. empezar, from hi-ini-
mark, ruins, rubbish. Again, a parallel tiare. Diez. Menage. —
form with cumber may be found in ON. Comm.ent. Lat. cojiiminiscor, -mentus
ktimla, to disable. 'Var Aron sdrr ok sum, commentor, to imagine, devise, to
kumladr mjok,' Aaron was wounded and meditate, consider, remark upon.
much disabled. Hialmr kumlactr, a bat- Commerce. See Merchant.
tered helmet. E. cwnbled with cold, Commodious. Commodity. —
Lat.
cramped, stiffened ; comelyd, acomelyd, commodus, convenient, suitable, advan-
acomyrd, acombrd, for colde, eviratus, tageous.
enervatus. —
Pr. Pm. Cambered and Commodore. Fr. commandeur, a go-
clommed with colde.— MS. cited l3y Way. vernor or commander ; Port, comtnenda-
Du. verkommelen, to be stiff with cold. ddr, from whence the term seems to have
See Clumsy. come to us.
Combine. Lat. bini, two together Common. —
Commonalty. Com- —
'combine, to join together or unite. —
mune. Comrmmicate. Lat. communis,
Combustioii. —
Combustible. Lat. common, general, Fr. communitas, the
uro, ustum, to burn ; comburo {con-uro), having of things in common, feUawship,
to bum up. Fr. communauti, the common people
To Come. —Comely. Goth, cwiman, Lat. communico, to impart, give a share
AS. cwiman, cuman, G. kommen, Du. of, hold intercourse with.
komen, to come. The Biglotton also Compa'ct. Lat. compactus, thickset,
explains the Du. komen, cadere, conve- firm, from compingo, -actum, to put or
nire, decere, quadrare. Dat comt ivel, join together ; pango, pactum, to drive in,
bene cadit, convenit, decet, quadrat. In fasten.
the same way to fall was used in OE. Cbm.'pact. An agreement; compacis-
cor, compactus, to agree with paciscor, to
;
It nothing falls to thee
stipulate, engage, make a bargain.
To make fair semblant where thou mayest blame.
Chaucer, R. R. Company. — Companion. It. compa-
gno, compagnia. Mid. Lat. companium,
G. gefallen, to fall to a person's mind, association, formed from con and panis,
to please. In this sense the verb come bread, in analogy with the OHG. gi-mazo
must be understood in the E. comely and ox gi-leip, board- fellow, from wa^o, meat,
the Du. koinelick, conveniens, congruens, or leip, bread. Goth, gahlaiba, fellow-
—
commodus, aptus. Kil. See Become. disciple, J oh. xi. 1 6, from hlaibs, bread.
This application is marked by a sUght Compain, one who eats the same bread
modification of form in the AS. cweman, —
with one. ^Jaubert. Gloss, du Milieu de
laFr.
becweman, to please, delight, satisfy, G.
bequein, convenient, commodious,easy. Compare.
Lat. co7nparare, to couple
Comedy. —
Comic. Gr. Kw\ufUa, a things together for judgment, from com-
dramatic poem intended to take off or par, equal, and that from con and par,
caricature personal or popular peculiar- like, equal, a pair. But the meaning
ities Kw/iiKof, relating to comedy.
;
might equally be derived from the original
Comfit. Fr. confire, conjit (Lat. con- sense of the \&c\i parare, which seems to
Jicere, confectum, to prepare), to preserve, be to push forwards. Thus the simple
confect, soak or steep in ; confitures, parare is to push forwards, to get ready ;
comfits, iunkets, all kind of sweetmeats. se-parare, to push apart, to separate ;
—Cot. com-parare, to push together, to bring
Comfort. Fr. comforter (Lat. fortis, into comparison, or to prepare, to accu-
strong), to solace, encourage, strengthen. mulate.
—Cot. Compass. Fr. compas, a compass, a
Comfrey. Aplant formerly in repute circle, a round ; compasser, to compass,
as a strengthener, whence it was called encircle, begird, to turn round. Cot. To—
knitback (Cot. in v. oreille d'lme), and in go about, from con and passus, a step.
.tiftt. consolida, confirma, or conserva.
— A
pair of compasses is an instrument for
'Dief Sup. E. comfrey seems a corruption describing circles. The mariner's com-
of the second of these. pass is so called because it goes through
Comm.a. See Colon. the whole circle of possible variations of
Comm.euce. It. cominciare, Fr. com- direction. To compass an object is to go
mencer. From con and initiare, Milanese about it or to contrive it.
inzc^, to begin. OSp. compenzar, com- Compatible. It. compatire, Fr. com-
—
patir, to sympathise, suffer with. See ber, tent, cabin. — Cot. Then
applied to.
Passion. one of the company, a chamber-fellow.
Compendious. Lat. compendium, a From It. camera, a chamber. Sp. came-
saving, sparing, shortening, short cut. rada in both senses.
The word seems be formed in opposi-
to Con-, 00I-, com-, cor-. The Lat.
tion to dispendium, a spending, by the prep, cum, with, corresponding to Gr.
contrast between the particles con, to- tsvv, i,vv, takes in composition the fore-
healthy constitution. Fr. complexion, the to read; kannjan, to make known. Sw.
making, temper, constitution of the body, kunna, to be able ; kunnig, known,
also the disposition, affection, humours knowing, skilful, cunning ; hanna, to
of the mind. Cot.— — know, to feel, to be sensible.
Complicity. Accomplice. Lat. Conceal. Lat. celo, Goth, huljan, OE.
complico, to fold or plait together ; com- to hele, hill, to cover, hide.
plex, Fr. cotnplice, one bound up with, a Concert. Agreement. According to
partner in crime. See -plic. Diez from C07icertare, to contend with,
To Comply. —Compliment. To com- but the explanation of Calvera, which he
ply is properly to fulfil, to act in accord- mentions, is more satisfactory. The Lat.
ance with the wishes of another, from has serere, to join together, interweave
Lat. complere, as supply, Fr. suppUer, (whence sertum, a wreath of flowers), and
from supplere. The It. has compiere, tropically to combine, compose, contrive.
complire, compire, to accomplish, com- The compound conserere is used much in
plete, also to use compliments, ceremo- same
sense, to unite together in ac-
the
nies, or kind offices and offers. Fl. The— conserere sermonem, to join in
tion ;
E. comply also was formerly used in the speech ; consertio, a joining together.
latter sense, as by Hamlet speaking of Hence It. conserto, duly wrought and
the ceremonious Osric. ' He did comply joined together, a harmonious consort, an
with his dug before he sucked it.' The agreement ; consertare, to concert or in-
addition of the preposition with is also terlace with proportion, to agree and
an It. idiom : compire con uno, to per- accord together, to sing, to tune or play
—
form one's duty by one ; col suo dovere, in consort. Fl. When the word conserto
to do one's duty ; alia promessa, to per- was thus applied to the accord of musical
form one's promise. Non posso co7npire instruments, it agreed so closely both in
con tutu alia volta, I cannot serve all at sense and sound with concejito, Lat. con-
—
a time. Altieri. Hence compimenti, centus {cantus, melody, song), harmony,
complimenti, obliging speeches, compli- harmonious music, that the two seem to
ments. have been confounded together, and con-
Comprehend. See -prehend. serto, borrowing the c of concento, became
Comrade. Fr. camerade, a chamber- concerto, whence the Fr. and E. concert.
ful, a company that belongs to one cham- In English again the word was con-
; ;
1 68 CONCILIATE CONSTABLE
founded with consort, from Lat. consors, -fessum, to acknowledge, avow, confess,
-sortis, partaking, sharing, a colleague, to manifest.
partner, comrade. Congeal. Lat. gelu, frost, severe cold
congelo, to become solidified by the action
Right hard it was for wight which did it hear
get together, compose, prepare, work rum, quem vulgo Comistabilem vocant.'
confectio, a preparation. —Armoin in Due. '
Comitem stabuli
Confess. Lat. /ateor,/assHm, confiteor. sui quem corrupte constabulum appella-
; —
vel castellis quas regis subsunt dominio, through, supporting his theory by the
in quibus constabularii ad tempus sta- OPtg. /rowar^ ^
turbare ; Neap, stru-
tuuntur.' —Coneil. Turon. A. D. 1 163 in vare = disturbare ; controvare = eontur-
Due. bare. But the G. treffen, to hit, to reach,
Thus in England the term finally set- to come to, comes very near the notion
tleddown as the designation of the petty of lighting on. Jemanden treffen, to
officer who had the charge of the king's
meet with or find one. Compare Sw.
hitta, to hit on, find, discover, contrive.
peace in a separate parish or hamlet.
Constant. Lat. consto, to stand to- Ne 's eschacent ne 's emoevent
gether, stand firmly, to remain, endure. Mais od les branz nuz s entretrcrvent.
to scatter, strew, throw to the ground —they strike each other with naked blades.
constemo, to throw down, and fig. to Control. Fr. contrerolle, the copy of
terrify. a roll of accounts, &c. Contreroller, to
Constipation. Lat. constipatio {coji
. keep a copy of a roU of accounts. Cot. —
and stipo, to cram, pack closely, Gr. Hence to cheek the accounts of an
ariipoi), a crowding or pressing together. officer, to overlook, superintend, regulate.
—
Construe. Construct. See Structure. Controversy. —
Controvert. Lat.
Consult. Lat. consulo, -sultum, to de- verto, uersum, to turn ; verso, to turn
liberate, take advice. about ; versor, to be occupied about a
Contact. —Contagion. — Contiguous. thing controversor, to litigate, contend,
—Contingent. See Tact, -tag.
;
dispute.
Contaminate. Lat. contatnino, to Contumacy. Lat. contumax, obstinate,
make foul, pollute, stain. unyielding.
Contemn. —
Contempt. Lat temno, Contumely. Lat. contumelia, mis-
contemno, to despise. usage, insult, affront. Supposed to be
Contemplate. Lat. contemplor (perf. connected with te?mio, to despise.
p. contemplatus), to survey, behold or —
Convent.. Conventicle. Lat. con-
gaze at steadily. ve?itiis, a coming together, meeting, as-
Contest. Lat. testis, a witness ; con- sembly. See -vene. In M.Lat. the term
testor, to call to witness ; contestari litem. was applied to the church or meeting-
It. contestare una lite, to bring a cause place of the faithful, while the contempt-
before the judge for his decision on the uous name of conventictilum was given
evidence, to commence the pleading to the assemblies of heretics. Conveiitiis
thence It. contestare, to wrangle. Thus was also applied to the council-chamber
the verb to contest is older than the noun. or meeting-place in a monastery, or to
— —
Contra-. Contrary. Counter. Lat. the college or body of monks.
contra, Fr. centre, against, in opposition Ut greges dudm Coenobiorum permitterent
to. Passing through Fr. into E. the word adunari Deique ad laudem sub uno Abbate
became counter, frequently used in com- —
unum conventom effici. Ord. Vital, in Due.
position. Hence Fr. encontrer, rencon- The term has finally come to signify a
trer, to meet, to encounter. Rencontre, a house of nuns.
meeting, a rencounter. Convex. Lat. convexus, vaulted,
Contrast. Fr. contraste, withstand- arched over, also hollow. From veho,
ing, strife, contention. —
Cot. It. con- vexu77t, to catry how the sense
; but is
trastare, to stand opposite, to withstand, attained made out.
is not well
contest, wrangle contrasto, contrastanza,
;
Convey.— Convoy. The tendency to
an opposing, contention. From contra, a thin or a broad pronunciation of the
against, and stare, to stand. vowels prevailing in different dialects of
; ; ;;
—
mourn as a dove. Fl. Mod.Gr. kovkov- hog-stye ; kobel, a cote, cot tauben-
;
kocht in seinen adern, the blood boils in a bending of the body, a pannier. As the
his veins. Fin. kuohua, kuohata, to foam, liquid is exceedingly movable in words
bubble, boil, swell ; kuohina, the boiling beginning with cr, cl, cr, &c., it is pro-
as of a cataract or of the waves. Mod. bable that the Gael, ciib must be con-
Gr. (tox^ajw, to boil, boil with a noise, nected with criib, to squat, crouch, crilb,
bubble. Esthon. kohhisema, rauschen, a claw, critbach, a hook, a crooked
brausen, to murmur, roar. Galla koka, woman, cnip, to contract, shrink, crouch,
to boil, to cook. —
Tutschek. The sound &c. Thus ctibbed in a cabin ' would
'
to barter or truck. B. —
Copeman, a
dle, pith ofa tree, kernel of a nut, &c.
Cork. Sp. corcho, from Lat. cortex,
customer copesmate, a partner in mer-
;
as Sp. pancho, paunch, from pantex. It
chandise, companion. Du. koop, chaffer,
is possible however that the word may
exchange ; koop-man, a merchant. See
be connected with Lat. cortex, and yet
Chop.
not be direct from a Lat. source. The
Copious. Lat. copia, plenty.
root cor is widely spread in the Slavonic
Copper. Lat. cuprum. G. kupfer.
and Fin. class of languages in the sense
Copperas. Fr. couperose, It. copparosa,
of rind, skin, shell, uniting the Lat.
from Lat. cupri rosa, Gr. xaXnavQov, the
corium, skin, with cortex, bark. Fin.
flower of copper rose for flower.;
—
Coppice. Copse. OFr. copeiz,copeau,
kuori, bark, shell, crust, cream
karr, bark, shell, karra, hard, rough
Lap. ;
wood newly cut coppuis, right of cutting Esthon. koor, rind, shell,
;
;
bark, cream
the waste branches of trees. Roquef —
crust. Magy. korik, kereg, rind, crust,
From couper, to cut. What we call cop-
bark ; kereg-dugd {dug6-=z stopper), a
pice or copse is in Fr. bois taillis. Gr.
stopper of bark, a cork ; kereg-fa, a "cork
Koirahg, arbores caeduse Hesychius in — tree, kirges, barky, hard. Bohem. kura,
Junius, from kowtw, to cut.
Copy. Lat. abundance, and
copia, kurka, bark, crust Pol. kora, bark of a
;
lent. Lat. corpus, -ports, body ; corpo- After Godwin's imprecation the king
——
signed the cross on the morsel, and the Cot. — Cottage. Fin. koti, a dwelling-
guilty Godwin was accordingly choked. ; kota, a poor house, cottage,
place, house
In the account of the same transaction in kitchen ; koti-ma {>na land), country. =
the Roman de Rou the signing of the Esthon. koddo, house.
cross on the corsned is also specially Cot, 2.— Cote. Probably cote, a pen
mentioned. or shelter for animals, may be identical
with cot in the last sense. have We
je sai bien qu'il s'estrangla
sheep-cote, dove-cote j Du. duive-kot, hoen-
D'un morsel que le Roi selgna,
A Odihan ou il manja. kot, honde-kot, a dove-, hen-, dog-cote. In
this language kot is widely used in the
Ina Gl. of the time of Edw. III. corsned\s sense of hollow receptacle ; kot, tugu-
rendered panis conjuratus, the bread of rium, cavum, latibulum, caverna, locula-
exorcism or execration. mentum, locus excavatus. De leden wt '
The word is explained by Grimm as dekote doen,' to put limbs out of joint.
the morsel of trial or of judgment, from Kil. W. cwt, a cot, hovel, sty. Cwtt, a
OHG. kiusan, to try, discern, judge, cottage, cwtt moch, a hog-sty. Richards. —
whence koron, koren, to try, kuri, MHG. Cot, 3. The primary sense of the
kiir^ AS. eyre, trial, judgment, choice. nearly obsolete cot is a matted lock. G.
Fris. korbita, corsned. zote, a cot, a lock of hair or wool clung
Corvette. Lat. eorbita, a. large ship together. —
Ludwig. Cot-gare, refuse wool
for traffic, Sp. corbeta, Pg. corveta, Fr. so clotted together that it cannot well be
corvette. pulled asunder cottum, cat or dog-wool
— Cosmogony. — Cosmo-
;
MidX.3.t. Jlocus,Jloccus,froccus, the frock con and locare, to lay. Sole collocato, au
of the monk, is in like manner derived soleilcouchd —
Lex Salica. Menage.
itarcifloccus, a flock of wool, referring to Cowchyn, or leyne things together, col-
the shaggy material of which the frock loco. — Pr. Pm.
was made. So also from Fin. takku, To Cough. Imitative of the noise.
villusanimalium defluus, maxime impli- Du. kuch, a cough ; kuchen, to pant, to
catus vel concretus, a cot or dag (whence
takkuinen, cotted, matted, takku-willa,
cough. — Kil. Fin. kohkia, kohhia, to
hawk, to pough, rauce tussio, screo.
dag-wool), comes takki, an overcoat, per-
haps explaining the origin of the Roman Esthon. kohhima, to cough ; kohhatama,
toga. koggisema, to hawk up phlegm.
In the original signification of a matted Coulter. Lat. culter, a ploughshare,
lock cot is related on the one side to clot, a knife. Fr. coultre, a coulter. Lat. cul-
and on the other to the Sc. tot, tait, G. tellus, a knife. This would look as if to
zote. Fin. tutti, Sw. totte, a bunch of cut were the primary meaning of colere,
flax, wool, or fibrous material. We have to till.
seen under Catch examples of the equiva- Council. Lat. concilium, an assembly
lence of forms beginning with cl and a or meeting of persons, explained as origin-
simple c respectively. And the Fr. motte, ally signifying a pressing together, from
matte, a clot or clod, is identical with E. the source indicated under Conciliate.
mat, an entangled mass of fibre, the Corpora sunt porropartim primordia rerum,
primitive idea being simply a lump. The Partim concilia quae constant principiorum.
Lap. tuogge, a tangled mat of hair, is Lucret.
also applied to the lumps of paste in soup — the pressing together of elements.
^by
or gruel. Counsel. Lat. consilium, Fr. conseil
It should be observed that the Sc. (probably from consulo, to deliberate, take
toitis is used, like G. kotze, for a coarse advice), advice, deliberation.
shaggy material. Count. Fr. comte, from comes, comitis,
Na dentie geir the Doctor seiks a companion ; the name given to the
—
Of toitis russet his riding breiks. -Jam. great officers of state under the Frankish
i
kings.
Coterie. From Lat. quotus, what in To Count. Fr. compter, to reckon,
number, how many, are formed. It. quota, calculate. Lat. computare; con and/«-
Pr. cota, Fr. cote, a quota or contribu- tare, to think.
tion ; cotiser, to assess the contribution of Countenance. Fr. contenance, the
one ; coterie, an assembly, properly a club behaviour, carriage, presence, or composi-
where each pays his part. tion of the whole body. Cot. Lat. con- —
—
Cotquean. Q,uotquean. An effemi- tinere, to hold together.
nate man, man interfering in women's Counter-. See Contra-.
concerns. Du. kutte. Fin. kutta, kuttu, Counter. Fr. comptoir, a counter, or
the distinctive feature of a woman, thence table to cast accounts. Cot. —
as a term of abuse for a feeble, womanly Counterpane. Quilt, w. cylch, a —
man. In like manner Bav. fud, of the hoop, circle cylched, a bound, circum-
;
same original sense, is used in vulgar lan- ference, rampart, what goes round about
guage 'for a woman, and contemptuously, or enwraps, bed-clothes, curtains. Gwely
as Gr. fvvvii, for a womanish man. E. a' i gylchedau, a bed and its furniture.
cot, cote, a man that busies himself in the Gael, coilce, a bed, bed-clothes ; coilce-
affairs of the kitchen. —
Bailey. Cut was adha, bed materials, as feathers, straw,
also a term of abuse for a woman. heath. Bret, golched, a feather-bed,
—
The Du. kulckt, Sp. colcedra, colcha, enclosure; hraditi, to enclose, fortify.
It. coltre, Fr. coultre, coulte, mark the Lat. hortus; Sw. gard, a yard, court,
passage to the E. quilt. estate, house ; E. yard. Magy. kert, a
When the stitches of the quilt came to garden, kertelni, keritni, to enclose ; ke-
be arranged in patterns for ornament it ritek, kertelet, a hedge. Fin. kartano, a
was called culcita puncta. court, yard, farm. .<
If the whole of these words are radi- fynde of hym [the hare], where he hath
cally connected, the train of thought ben, Rycher or Bemond, ye shall say,
must begin with the sound characteristic oiez k Bemond le vayllaunt, que quide
of a hollow object, whence the idea of trovere le coward, ou le court cow.' Le —
empty, hollow, concave, crooked, making Venery de Twety in ReliquicE Antiquae, p.
crooked, curling oneself up, lying down. 153. Kuwaerd, lepus, vulgo cuardus ;
agree), an assembly, compact, covenant. Myd word he threteneth muche, and lute dethe
Fr. convenir, to assemble, befit, accord in dede,
with convenant, fit, comely, agreeing Hys mouth ys as a leon, hys herie arne as an
;
far covinens, to concert, to plot. See squat, sit close to the ground ; ON. kura,
Covenant. to roost, to sit like a roosting bird ; N.
Cow. Sanscr. gd, gu, G. kuh. The kura, to droop the head, to rest, lie still,
bellowing of an ox may be imitated as sleep in a bent posture, w. cwr, corner,
well with an initial ^ as a ^. Thus the nook cwrian, to cower.
; The funda-
ON. has gaula as well as baula, to bellow mental image seems, making a hunch of
(to cry gau ! bau ! as Fr. mianler, to cry oneself, crooking oneself together. The
miau ! to mew) gauli as well as bauli, N. has kus, a crook or hump in the back,
;
a bull. The Sanscr. gd preserves the kusa seg, synonymous with kura seg, to
first of these forms, as the Gr. jSoSj and w. crook oneself, bow down. Fin. kaare,
bic. It. bue, the second. bow, curvature kaarittaa, to bow, to
;
* To Cow. ON. kuga, Sw. ktifva, Dan. curve, to go round ; Lap. karjot, to lie
kue, to coerce, subdue, keep under. A
curled up like a dog.
parallel form with Dan. knuge, to squeeze, Cowl. Lat. cucullus, Sp. cogulla, OFr.
press down. Compare N. knippe and cuoule —
Chr. Norm. ; as. cugle, cufle,
kippe, a bundle ; knubb and kubb, a cuhle, w. cwjl, Gael, cubhal, a monk's
block ; knart and kart, a lump, unripe hood, cowl. Originally from the figure of
fruit; knoll and koll, a round top, crown a cock's comb. Illyr. kukman, kukmitza,
of the head. kukljitza, a. cock's comb, tuft on a bird's
Coward. There is no doubt that the head, a hood ; kukulj, a cowl ; Bohem.
word comes from It. coda, OFr. coue. chockol, crest on a bird's head, kukla, a
Wall, cow, a tail, but the precise course hood ; Bav. gogkel, a cock, thence the
of the metaphor has been much disputed. cock's comb —
Es steigt einem der gog-
:
It appears to me certain that the sense of kel, giickel, his crest rises, he is
enraged
timidity is taken from the figure of a hare, gugel, kugel, a cape, cowL
—
cuve, Lat. mpa., Mid.Lat. cupella, G. ill-written piece ; krabbelig, badly writ-
kiibel, a tub. ten, scrawled, crabbed.
Coxcomb. A fop, from the hood worn Crack. Imitative of the sound made
by a fool or jester which was made in the by a hard substance in splitting, the col-
shape of a cock's comb. lision of hard bodies, &c. In Gaelic ex-
Coy. Fr. coi. It. cheto, Sp. qiiedo, pressed by the syllable cnac, identical
quiet, noiseless, easy, gentle ; Lat. quietus. with E. knock or knack. Gael, cnac,
Cozen. It. coglione, a cuUion, a fool, a crack, break, crash, the crack of a whip,
scoundrel, properly a dupe. See CuUy. &c. ; cnag, crack, snap, knock, rap,
It. coglionare, to deceive, make a dupe of thump.
Rouchi coulionner, railler, plaisanter, to Cradle. See Crate.
banter. Coule ! interjection imputing a Craft. G. kraft, strength, power ; AS.
lie ; a lie. Couleter, to tell lies. cri^/"/,._ strength, faculty, art, skill, know-
In the Venet. dialect coglionare be- ledge. The origin is seen in the notion
comes cogionare, as vogia for iioglia, of seizing, expressed by the It. graffiare.
fogia ioxfoglia. Cogionnare, ingannare, W. craff, a hook, brace, holdfast, creffyn,
corbeUare. — Patriarchi. Hence E. to a brace, Bret, krafa, to seize. The term
cozen, 3.5 \t.fregio,ir\.ezs; cugino, cousin; is then applied to seizing with the mind,
'
The G. bock, a buck or he-goat, used is strain in vomiting ; ON. Jtraki, spittle ;
for a frame of wood to support weights or AS. hraca, cough, phlegm, the throat,
similar purposes. It signifies a battering-. jaws ; G. rachen, the jaws.
ram, coach-box, starlings or posts to At other times the guttural sound is
break the ice above a bridge, the dogs in imitated without the r, as .in E. hawk
a fire grate, trestles to saw wood on, a and keck, and hence are formed w. ceg,
painter^ easel or ass. In a similar man- the throat, mouth, e. choke and ON. kok,
ner the Sp. cabra, a goat, was used as the quok, the throat.
designation of a machine for throwing 2. A rock. Gael, creag, a rock ; W.
stones ; cabria, a crane. Fr. chevre, a careg, a stone caregos, pebbles. ;
goat, -and also' a machine for raising Cram. AS. cramman, to stuff, to cram.
weights. In the Romance of the depart- Da. kramme, to squeeze, press, strain ;
ment of the Tarn the place of the r is ON. kremja, Sw. krama, to press, crush,
transposed, and the word for a goat is squeeze. Du. kramme, a cramp-iron,
crabo; crabit, a kid ; and both these terms krammen, to clamp or cramp together.
are used to designate the machine for MHG. krimmen, kram., krummen, to press,
raising weights, which we term in E. a seize with the claws. See Cramp.
crab, as well as trestles, or, like the G. Crambe. — Crambo. A repetition of
bock, a bagpipe. —
Diet. Romano-Cas- words, or saying the same thing over
trais. For the reason why the name of again. From the Gr. proverb Uq Kpa[il3r]
the goat was applied to a machine for davarov, cabbage twice boiled is death ;
men, krimmen, the gripes. MHG. krimme7i, in some of the languages in the extremity
kram,krummen, to clutch with the talons, of Siberia.
to tear, to climb, showing the origin of Crank. — Crankle. — Crinkle. To
Fr. grimper, properly to clutch oneself crankle or crinkle, to go in and out, to
up. — —
Krimmende voghel, a hawk. Kil. run in folds or wrinkles B. Du. kron-
Sw. dial, kramm. Da. dial, kram, tight, kelen, to curl, twist, bend E. crank, an
;
scanty, close. ON. krappr, tight, narrow, arm bent at right angles for turning a
crooked ; kreppa, to press together, to windlass Lap. krajiket, to crook, to bend
;
;
contract, crook ; kryppa, a hump on the
back ; krepphendr, having a crooked krankem, the bending of the knee Wall. ;
head. E. dial, crump, crooked ; criunp- cranki, to twist, to fork Rouchi cranque,
;
crooked in those members crump, the crab, as the pinching animal ; E. dial.
cramp ;
;
dial, krumpen, stiffened with cold a ring or circle, kringlottr, round ; Dan.
;
Fr. grimper to E. climb j scramble to ON. kranga, Da. dial, krangle, to stagger,
clambers ON. kramr, to the synonymous to go zigzagging. Comp. Dan. slingrc,
E. clammy ; Du. krauwen to e. to claw. to reel or stagger, also to roll as a ship.
And as in the / series it was argued Sw. kranga, Du. krengen, to press down
(under Clamp) that the radical image a vessel on its side, to heel over.
was a lump or round mass, from which * Cranky. Poorly. E. dial, cranks,
the notion of sticking together, contract- pains, aches. When a man begins to
ing, compressing, were derived, we may feel the infirmities of age it is said in
trace the origin of the r series to a form Rouchi '
qu'il a ses craiigues.' Cran-
like w. crob, crwb, a round hunch, Gael. quicux, crangii'lia/x, maladif. —
H^cart.
crub, the nave of a wheel, Fr. croupe, Crankle, weak, shattered. —
Hal. G.
crape, the top or knap of a hill, It. groppo, krank, sick. From the complaining tone
—
Cranny. Cranie, craine or cleft. lattice work. It. crate, a harrow, hurdle,
Minsheu. Rouchi criii (pronounced grate ; graticcia, a hurdle, lattice. Dan.
crain), a cleft or notch, s'cretier, to chap. krat, copse krat-skov, copse-wood. Gael.
;
Fr. cren, crenne, cran, a breach or snip creathach, underwood, brushwood crea- ;
in a knife, &c., a notch, nib of a pen, jag thall, AS. cradol, a cradle (from being
about the edge of a leaf Cot. Bav. — made of wicker). Gael, creathall is also
krinnen, Bret, cran, a notch, G. krinne, a grate. Ir. creatach, a hurdle of wat-
a rent, cleft, channel. From Jr. crinim, tled rods. Walach. cratariu, clathri,
crainun, creinim, to bite, to gnaw, Bret. cancelli, lattice.
kriha, to gnaw. The metaphor may be Parallel with the foregoing are found
illustrated by Cotgrave's explanation of a series of forms with similar meaning,
Fr. cale, ' a bay or creek of the sea enter- with an initial cl instead of cr. Lat.
ing or eating into the land.' clathri, lattice Ir. cliath, a harrow,
;
On the other hand, it would be more in wattled hurdle, the darning of a stocking
analogy with the other words signifying a mended crosswise like lattice work. Gael.
crack or fissure, if it could be derived death, wattled work, a harrow, hurdle,
from a syllable
crin, imitative of a sharp gate ; Fr. claye, a hurdle or lattice of
sound, while the Fr. crinon, a cricket, twigs, a wattled gate Gael, cleathach,
;
looks as if the chirp of that animal had ribbed, cliathag, the chine or spine (G.
been so represented. I should be in- riickgrat).
clined to refer the W. crinn, dry, to the The origin of both series seems to be
same root, signifying in the first instance the word which appears under the forijis
shrunk, as in Sussex a clung bat is a dry of Gr. KkaSoQ, Manx clat, Gael, slat, W.
stick. To crine,shrink, to pine.
to Hath, E. lath, properly a shoot, twig,
Hal. A piece of wood
in drying shrinks rod. The Dan. krat-skov would then be
and cracks. G. schrund, a chink. a wood of shoots or rods, as opposed to
Crape. Fr. cr^pe, a tissue of fine silk timber of large growth.
twisted so as to form a series of minute Crater. Gr. KpaT^p, a goblet, the basin
wrinkles. Crespe, curled, frizzled, crisp. or hollow whence the smoke and lava
— Cot. See Crisp. issue on Mount Etna.
Crash. An imitation of the noise made Cravat. Formerly written crabat, and
by a number of things breaking. A spoken of by Skinner (who died in 1667)
variety of clash, which is used in nearly as a, fashion lately introduced by travel-
the same sense. To crash or dash in lers and soldiers. The fashion is said by
pieces, sfracassare, spezzare. Torriano.— Menage to have been brought in 1636
A word of the same class with craze, from the war, and to have been named
crush, &c. from the Crabats or Cravats, as the Croa-
Cratch. Fr. creiche, cresche, a cratch, tians (and after them a kind of light
rack, ox-stall, or crib. La sainte criche, cavalry) were then called. The French
the manger in which our Lord was laid. had a regiment As Royal-Cravate.' P1.D.
'
Diez would derive it from the It. greppia, Krabaten, Kravaten, Croatians.
Prov. crepia, crepcha (as Mid.Lat. d^ro- Crave. AS. crqfian, to ask. ON. krefa,
piare, Prov. apropjar, apropcharj Fr. to demand, require krafi, need, necessity.
;
approcher), OFr. crebe, greche, a crib. W. cref, a cry, a scream crefu, to cry, to;
'
En la crepia lo pauseron.' L'enfant ' desire, to beg earnestly. Spurrell. —
envolupat en draps e pausat en la crupia.' Craven. Craven, cravant, a coward.
— Rayn. And she baar her firste borun
' Also anciently a term of disgrace, when
the party that was overcome in a, single
sone and wlappide him in clothes and
leyde him in a cracche! Wicliff. See — combat yielded and cried cravant. B. —
Crib. But the It. craticia (from Lat. If the term had originally been craven,
crates, cratitius), a hurdle, lattice, sheep signifying one who had begged his life, it
pen or fold, offers a simpler derivation. could hardly have passed into the more
Hence the elision of the t would imme- definite form cravant. The E. dial, cra-
diately give rise to the Fr. creiche, in the dant, Sc. crawdon, a coward, seem the
same way as it produces the Fr. creil, a same word. To set cradants is to propose
hurdle (Roquefort), from the It. graticola, feats for the purpose of seeing who will
craticola, a grating. first give in. —
Wilbr. Craddantly, cow-
Crate. —Cradle. A crate is an open ardly. —
Hal.
— — ;
That thou art overcomen this day. escarabat, a beetle (an animal in which
He said, I grant withouten fail the claw is nearly as conspicuous a fea-
/ am overcumen in batail, ture as in the crab), escarabisse, a craw-
For pur ataynt and recreant. — v. 3280.
fish.
This acknowledgment of being over- * To Crawl. To stir, to move feebly
come was expressed by It. ricredere,, and and irregularly, to be in confused and
the beaten party was termed ricredente, multifarious movement like ants or mag-
Fr. recreant, a term of opprobrium ex- gots. / crawle, I styrre with my lymmes
'
actly equivalent to the E. craven. An- as a yonge chylde, or any beest that styr-
other word by which a combatant gave reth and can not move the body je :
up his cause was Fr. crSanter, also a de- crosle. It is a strange sight to se a
rivation from Lat. credo, which was itself chycken how it cralleth first out of the
in Mid.Lat. used in the sense of grant or shell :
—
comment il crosle premiSrement
confess. See Grant. hors de I'escale.' Palsgr.— To crawl, to
Sire, dist il, tenez m'esp^e, abound. Hal. —
La bataille avez affinde, The radical image is a multitudinous,
Bien vos errant et reconnois confused sound, the expression of which
Que clerc sent vaillant et cortois (the ques- is applied to movement of similarcharac-
tion in dispute)
Et ainsi m'esp^e vos rent. multifarious motion, to a
ter, to indistinct
Fab. et Contes, iv. 364. mass of moving things. The It. gorgogli-
are signifies in the first instance to gurgle
Hence E. creant in the sense of recreant
' or sound like water in violent agitation,
or craven.
to rattle in the throat or quaver in sing-
Thai said, Syr knight, thou most nede
ing, and then (explaining the origin of
Do the lioun out of this place
Or yelde the to us als creant. Lat. curculio) 'to breed or become ver-
Ywaine and Gawaine, 3170. mine, wormlets or such creepers, mites or
See also P. P. xii. 193.
weevils as breed in pulse or corn.' Fl. —
The d of E. cradant (changing to v in Fr. grougouler, to rumble or croak like
the guts ; grouller, grouiller, to rumble,
cravant, craven) and in Sc. crawdoun, a
to move, stir, scrall, to swarm, abound,
craven, seems to be the original d in Lat.
credo. It. ricredente, which is elided in
break forth confusedly in great numbers.
Fr. creanter (credentiare), recrdant.
—
Cot. lUyrian kruleti, to rumble in the
It
must be confessed that this want of agree- bowels. Fr. croller, to murmur. Roquef. —
ment between the Yr. and E. forms throws E. crawl, croll, crool, to rumble, mutter.
considerable difficulty in the way of the My guts they yawl, crawl, and all my belly
proposed derivation, which I nevertheless iiimbleth. —
Gammer Gurton, ii. a.
beheve to be the true one. In outward Then, as in previous instances, to crawl,
form cravant comes much nearer Prov. to stir. In the same way we pass from
cravantar, OFr. crave nter, to oppress, Du. schrollen, to mutter, grumble, to E.
beat down, overthrow. Je sus tout cra- scrall, to swarm or abound ; from Pl.D.
ventd, accabld de fatigue. —
Hdcart. The graal, a confused noise, grolen, to vocife-
cry of cravant^/ then, would be an ad- rate, 'i^. gryla, to grumble, to V>aTL.g)yle,
mission of being thoroughly beaten, but Du. grielen, krielen, to crall or swarm, to
we find no traces of the expression having stir about.
ever been so used in a judicial combat. Crayon. Fr. crayon, a piece of draw-
. — .
ing chalk, from craier, to chalk craie, ; with the equivalents of the E. cream
cr,
Lat. creta, chalk, Gael, creadh, clay. are accompanied by a parallel series be-
To Craze. — Crazy. To craze, to ginning with a simple r. as. and Sc.
crack, to render inefficient. ream, on. riotni, Du. room, G. rahm,
And some said the pot was crazed. cream.
Can. Yeoman's Tale. —Or quaff pure element, ah me !
—
maces. Halma. Fr. grisser, to crackle,
cricchiare, to crick, creak, or squeak, as crisser, grincer les dents, to grind, grate,
a door or a cartwheel, also to rattle. or gnash the teeth together for anger.
Cricco, cricchio, that creaking noise of ice Cot. It. gricciare, to chill or chatter
or glass when it breaks. Du. krick, krack, with the teeth grinciare, grinzare, to
strepitus, fragor. —
Kil.
;
in splitting make a sharp sound, we have grincia, grinza, a wrinkle. From It.
creak of day for the narrow crack of light grinza we readily pass to G. runzel, a
on. the horizon, which is the first appear- wrinkle, analogous to E. cruTnple and
ance of dawn. Du. kriecke, krieckelinge, rumple.
Aurora rutilans, primum diluculum. Kil. — We
see the same relation between grin-
Cream. In Fr. crhiie two words seem ning or snarling and wrinkling in Du.
confounded, the one signifying cream, grimjnen, furere, fremere, frendere, hir-
whicli ought to be written without the rire, ringere, ducere vultus, contrahere
circumflex, —
and the other signifying rugas Kil. ;. It. gritnaccie, grimazze,
chrism, OFr. cresme, Gr. xp'ff/'a! the con- crabbed looks, wry mouths grimare, ;
secrated oil used in baptism. In Italian grimmare, to wrinkle through age grimo, ;
the two are kept distinct, crema, cream, grimmo, wrinkled, withered. Grignare,
and cresima, chrism. The primary mean- to grin or snarl as a dog. Fl. Fr. gri- —
ing of the word is, I believe, simmering, gner, to grin grigne, wrinkled. Cot. —
and thence foam, froth. Create. — ;
—
Crime spuma lactis pinguior. Diet get, give birth to, give rise to, produce.
Trev. Cham,pagne crimant, sparkling or Creed. Credit. —
Credential. — Cre- —
mantling champagne, on. at kratuna, dulous. Lat. credo, to believe, trust.
lente coqui, to simmer ; kraumr, ki'tiinr, Mid. Lat. credentia. It. credenza, trust,
kraum., the lowest stage of boiling, sim- confidence, also a pledge of trust and
mering, also the juice or cream of a thing, credence, thence the essay or taste of a
cremor, flos rei. It. cremore, the creem- prince's meat and drink which was taken
ing or simpering of milk when it begin- by the proper officer before it was set on
nith to seethe ; also yeast, barm used the table. The term was then applied to
;
sgarmer, sgramer, to skim the milk. As krik, a bending, nook, corner, little inlet
is often the case with words beginning of the sea ; artnkrik, bending of the arm.
; —
1 82 CREEP CRIMINI
elbow ON. kryki, crook, nook. Crick,
;
Properly a ball of worsted. G. knduel,
like click or knick, probably represents in P1.D. klevel, a ball of thread. The in-
the first instance a sharp sudden sound, terchange of liquids in this class of words
and is then transferred to a sudden turn is very common. Compare w. dob, crob,
or movement. Comp. nick, a notch, a E. knob,a round lump or hunch.
slight indenture. Crib. A cratch or manger for cattle.
2. Creek in America is the common Du. kribbe, G. krippe, Pl.D. krubbe. It.
word for a brook. Cryke of water, scatera. greppia, gruppia, Prov. crepia, crepcha,
— Pr. Pm. Du. kreke (Kil.), AS. crecca, Fr. creiche.
The proper meaning of the word seems
crepido, a bank.
To Creep. AS. creopan, Du. kruipen, to be a grating, a receptacle made of rods
G. kriechen. The radical sense is to or parallel bars like the teeth of i comb
crouch or draw oneself together, to cringe, or rake, from W. crib, a comb, cribin, a
to move in a crouching attitude or, like a rake. G. krippe signifies also a hurdle or
serpent, by contractions of the body. ON. wattle, wattlework of stakes and rods to
krjupa {kryp, kropit), to creep, to bend strengthen the bank of a river.
the knees, to crouch k. undir skriptina,
; On the same principle G. raufe is a rip-
to bow under reproof; bdthir fjetr vdru ple or large comb for plucking off the
upp kropnir, both feet were crooked up. seeds of flax, as well as a crib or rack for
Kropna, to contract ; kryppa, a hump. hay. Bret, rastel, a hay-rack, is Lat.
Gael, crup, crouch, bend, contract, shrink rastelhim, a rake, and the word rack
crub, sit, squat, crouch crilban, a crouch-
; itself is radically' identical with rake.
ing attitude ; crilbain, creep, crouch, Crick. Crykke, sekeness, crampe,
cringe, shrug.
Creole. A
See Cramp.
native of the Spanish
—
spasmus, tetanus. Pr. Pm. From repre-
senting a short sharp sound the term
American colonies, or of the W. Indies, of seems transferred to a sharp sudden pain,
European descent. Sp. criar, to create, as a crick in the neck.
to breed criollo, a Creole Ptg. crioulo,
; ;
Cricket, i. An insect making a sharp
a slave born in his master's house, a creaking sound. Du. krieken, to chirp,
European born
Creosote. Gr.
in America.
/cplag, flesh, and o-wrry-
kriek, a cricket.—Halma. Compare also
Bohem. cwrcek, a
cricket, cwrkati, to
pioe, preservative.
chirp; 'Fr:.gritlo!i,grezillon,a.crickeX, and
Crescent. The
figure of the growing
grilier, to creak, greziller, to crackle.
moon, of the moon in an early stage of
Cot.
growth. Fr. croissant, Lat. crescens,
growing.
2. stool. A
N. knakk, krakk, Pl.D.
krukstool, a three-legged stool.
Cress. An herb eaten raw.
AS. ccerse,
* 3. Fr. jcu de crosse, the game of
Du. kersse, Sw. krasse. Fr. cresson, the
cricket. Croce or crosse is explained by
herb termed kars or cresses ; cresson
d'eau, water karres. Cot. —
It. crescione,
Cot. the crooked staff wherewith boys
play at cricket. It was doubtless origin-
cressone. Mid. Lat. crissonium. Perhaps
ally a stick with a crook at the end for
from the crunching sound of eating the
striking the ball, like that used in the
crisp green herb. Fr. crisser, to grind
the teeth.
game of hockey. Fr. croce is the equiva-
lent of E. crook, of which probably cricket
Cresset. See Crock.
Crest. Lat. crista, Fr. creste, crHe.
is a derivative. Du. krick,' a staff or
-Crete. Lat. cresco, cretum, to grow ;
crutch. —
Kil.
concresco, to grow together, to grow into Crime. Gr. Kpiva, to judge, icpi'/ia,
a whole, whence concrete in logic applied judgment, condemnation, Lat. crimen, a
to the union of an attribute with its sub- fault, offence.
ject. Thence by the opposition of words Crimini. O Crimini interjection of !
compounded with con and dis, discrete, surprise, seems to have come to us from
separate, distinct, disjunctive. an Italian source. Mod.Gr. icpi/ia, a
Crevice. Fr. crevasse, crevure, a chink, crime, fault, sin, pity, misfortune. 'Q ri
from crever, to burst, chink, rive, or
rift, 'Q ri iityaKov Kpifia/ O what a pity
Kftifia ! !
chawne. Cot. — Lat. crepare, to creak, what a sin or fault Adopted into Italian
!
Kpirucbe,
Crimp. — Crimple. Cramp, crimp, qualified or expert in judging, Lat. cri-
;
crump are all used in the sense of con- ticus. See Crime.
traction. To crimp frills is to lay them Crisp. Lat. crispus, Fr. crespe, OE.
in pleats ;crimped cod is cod in which crips, curled.
the fibre has been allowed to contract by
Her hair that owndie (wavy) was and crifs.
means of parallel cuts through the mus- Chaucer in R.
cle of the fish. To crimple is to wrinkle
crympylle or rympylle, ruga. Pr. Pm.— The
the
latter form might lead us
word with Gael, crup,contract, cru-
to connect
See Cramp.
The addition of an initial s gives E. pag, a wrinkle. On the other hand, the AS.
scrimp, to contract, cut short, AS. scri?n- cirpsian, to crisp or curl, compared with
E. chirp, reminds us that Fr. cresper is
man, to dry up, wither, G. schrumpfen, to
crumple, shrivel, wrinkle. On the other both to frizzle or curl, and to crackle or
hand, the reduction of the initial cr to a creak, as new shoes or dry sticks laid on
simple r gives E. rimple as well as the fire. —
Cot. And the sense of a curly
rumple, a wrinkle, crease, pucker Du. ;
or wrinkled structure is in other cases
rimpe, rimpcl, rompel, a wrinkle. Kil. — expressed by words representing in the
first instance a crackling or creaking
G. riimpfen, to screw up the mouth and
nose, make wry faces. In the latter sense sound. It. grillare (and sometimes Fr.
Kil. has krimpneusen, wrimpen, •wre^npen, griller— Cot.) signifies to creak or chirp
OS distorquere, corrugare nares. The as a cricket, while griller is explained to
sit rumpled or in plaits, to snarl as over-
analogous E. term is frutnp, to frizzle up
the nose as in derision —
B., whence
twisted thread greziller, to crackle, also
;
—
frumple, a wrinkle. Pr. Pm. to curl, twirl, frizzle hair. To frizzle is
both of the crackling sound of fat in
Crimp. 2. A kidnapper of sailors, used
the fire, and in the sense of curling up.
one who entraps sailors and keeps them
like fish in a stew tiU he can dispose of
The train of thought proceeds from a
them to skippers. Du. ki'impe, a stew quivering sound to a vibratory motion, and
thence to a surface thrown into a succession
or confined place where fish are kept till
they are wanted ; from krimpen, to con-
of ridges or involutions. Thus the Latin
tract.
has sonus luscinicB vibrans for the ring-
ing notes of the nightingale, while the
Crimson. Fr. cramoisi. It. cremasi,
passage from the idea of vibration to that
cremesino. Turk, kirmizij Sp. cannesi,
.of a wrinkled or curly structure may be
from kermes, the name of. the insect with
which it is dyed. Sanscr. krimi, a worm.
illustratedby the designation of a chitter-
ling and the synonymous shirt-frill,
Comp. vermilion from vermis.
from E. chitter, and ¥r.friller, to shiver.
To Cringe. To go bowing, behave in
Vibrati crines are curly locks, and con-
a submissive manner." From AS. crumb,
versely crispus is applied to the rapid
crymbig, crooked, a verb crymbigean,
vibration of a serpent's tongue. Linguae
cryinbian (not in the dictionaries) would
be to crook or bend, corresponding to E.
bisulcae jactu crispo fulgere. —
Pacuv. in
Forcell.
cringe, as It. cambiare to E. change. G.
The sense of rigid and brittle might
krumm., crooked ; sich kriimmen und
biicken, to stoop and cringe. —
Kiittn.
well be a special application of the former
one, because the unevennesses of a rigid
Dan. krybe, to creep, grovel, krybe for
surface obtrude themselves on our notice.
een, to cringe to one.
But on the other hand it seems to arise
Crinkle. See Crank.
from direct imitation of the sound of
Cripple. Properly a crookback or
crushing something crisp. Fr. cresper,
humpback, one who goes crooked. ON. to crashe as a thynge dothe that is cryspe
kryppa, a hump, curvature, coil ; krvp-
pill, a humpbacked or a lame man. Du.
or britell betweene one's teeth. Palsgr. —
krepel, kreupel, kropel, a cripple. Dan.
Pl.D. kraspeln, to rustle. —
Danneil. In
likemanner crump is used for the sound
krybe, krob, to creep, krbbbel, krbbling, a
of crunching, and also for crisp or the
cripple, a stunted object Gael, crub,
;
quality of things that crunch between the
crup, to crouch, shrink, creep (go in a
teeth.
crooked or crouching manner), crubach,
criipach, a cripplej lame person. Tib's teeth the sugar-plums did crump. —
Crisis. — —
Criterion. Critic. Gr. k^'ibiq, Farls baked wi' butter
judgment or the decision in a legal trial, Fu' crump that day. —Bums in Jam.
' —
1 84 CROCK CROP
Crumpy, short, brittle. —
Hal. It is re- Crocus. The yellow flower from
markable that here also is the same con- whence saffron is made. Lat. crocus,
nection with the sense of a crumpled or Gr. KftoKOQ. Gael, crock, W. coch, red.
curly and wrinlded structure, as in the Hence the surname Croker, a cultivator
case of crisp. of saffron. '
The crokers or saffron men
Crock. —
Cruise. —
Cruet, Cresset. — do use an observation a little before the
— Crucible. Lith. kragis, Gael, krog, coming up of the flower.' HoUinshed in —
G. krug, w. cregen, e. crock, Dan. krukke, R.
Du. kruycke, an earthen vessel, pitcher, Croft. An
inclosure adjoining a house.
jar. The Lith. kruias (i = Fr. j), Fr. AS. prsediolum.
croft, —
Somner. Gael.
cruche, unite the foregoing with forms croit, a hump, hunch, a croft or small
having a final j/ ON. & G. kriis, Vu.iroes, piece of arable land ; croiteir, a crofter,
kruyse, a cup, E. cruse, a jar. Diminu- one holding a croft of land.
tives of the latter class are Fr. creuset, Crone, i. An old woman. 2. An old
croiset, a crucible, cruzet or cruet, a little sheep, beginning to lose its teeth.
earthen pot wherein Goldsmiths melt * In the former application it may per-
their silver, &c. —
Cot.; Rouchi crachS, haps signify one shrunk from age. Sc.
crcissd, E. cresset, a hanging lamp. Mid. crine, to shrink, shrivel ; one who is
Lat. crassetum, Picard cracet, a crucible. shrivelled by age is said to be crynit in.
— Dief. Supp. The loss of the z in cru- — ^Jam. Comp. NE. scraniiy, thin scran- ;
ation jrouXo gives crucibolum, a night- kroke, a bending, fold, curl, crumple,
lamp, melting-pot. Creuseul, croissol,
'
wrinkle (Kil.) Gael, crocan, a hook,
;
—
lumiere de nuit' Gloss, in Due. ' De crook w. o'wca, croca, crooked
; Fr. ;
Prov grazillar, to crackle, twitter. If hunch crub, a swelling out It. groppo,
; ;
back, and thence croupe. It. groppa, the ciare, to torture; crusade, Mid. Lat. cru-
rump or rounded haunches of an animal ciata, Du. kruys-vaert, an expedition
E. croup, the craw, the belly, also the from religious motives, in which the
—
buttock or haunch Hal. Sw. /Jra//, the
; soldiers took the badge of the cross
top of anything, the solid mass of the crucify, &c.
animal frame or body; kroppug,%ih\>o^x%, Crotchet. —
Crocket. Fr. crochet,
humped. Du. the knob of the
crop, dim. of croc, a little hook, and hence a
throat, the throat itself, dat steeckt my
'
note in music, from the hook-like symbol
in den crop; that sticks in my throat by which they were marked. Fr. crochet,
crop, a swelling in the throat, goitre, the crochue, a quaver in music. Then as a
craw of a bird, stomach croppen, to
; person playing music appears to carry in
cram, to thrust food into the throat (Bi- his brain the type of what he is playing,
glotton), whence the E. crop-full, cram- a crotchet is a fixed imagination. // a '
fuU. G. kropf, the craw of a bird, goitre, des crochues dans la tete, his head is full
wen the head of vegetables, as kohl-
; of crotches.' — Cot.
kropf, salat-kropfj kropfsallat, Du. krop As a good harper stricken far in years
van salaet, cabbage-lettuce. Into whose cunning hands the gout does fall,
The crop of a vegetable is the top, and All his old crotchets in his brain he bears,
thence the whole part above ground. The But on his harp plays ill or not at all.
Davies in R.
crop and root, or crop and more, are fre-
quently contrasted with each other in OE. A crotchet or crocket is also an orna-
Hence to crop is to bite or gather the mental excrescence in Gothic architecture
foliage or fruit. A
crop of corn is the' like a twisted tress of hair, from Du.
whole annual growth, and the sense being kroke, a curl.
thus generalised the term is equally ap- And bellyche ycorven
plied to the growth of roots, when that is With crotchets on corners. —
P. P. crede.
mitting the crosier to bear the crosse be- crouler, s'dscrouler, to fall in ruins, E.
fore his archbishop in another province. crudle, to shudder, shake, shiver crudly, ;
melck, curdled milk, from the verb Mot- behind one on horseback. Hence croiip-
eren (properly to clatter kloterspaen, iere, the crupper or strap passing over
;
a rattle), tuditare, pultare, pulsare crebro the rump of the horse. See Crop.
ictu. — Kil. Here the connection between Crow. Crouk. — A
direct imitation of
kloteren and klot, klotte, gleba, massa 'the cry of different birds. G. krdheii, to
(Kil.), E. clod, clot, is the same as between crow like a cock ; krdchzen, to croak
Gr. Kporiio and E. crate, a clod, Fr. crotte, Du. kraeyen, to crow or to croak or caw ;
a lump of dirt. The semi-liquid ma- Lat. crocire, It. crocciolare, Fr. croasser,
terial seems conceived as dashed about Gr. Kpw?w, Bohem. krokati, to croak.
in separate portions, explaining Du. Piedm. quaqua, Ital. cracra, imitation of
klotergheld, small expenses. Kil. —
In the cawing of rooks or crows. Zalli. —
the same way with a labial initial in- From Du. kraeyen is formed kraeye, a
stead of a guttural, G. poltern, to rattle, crow. In like manner the ON. has krakr,
racket, knock ; E. bolter, to clotter, to a raven, kraki, a crow, corresponding to E.
collect in lumps Sw. plottra (properly croakJ Lith. kraukti, to croak, krauklys,
;
Crouoli. A cross, as in crutched friars, Romanusque lyr^ plaudat tibi, Barbarus harp4,
the crossed friars, or friars who wore a Graacus Achilliaci crotta Britanna placet. ;
And crouchid hem and bade God shuld hem crothi, to bulge. Gael, croit, a hump,
bless. c7-uit, a harp, fiddle ; Ir. cruit, a hunch,
Walach. crouche, a cross. also a crowd or fiddle.
To Crouch. To stoop, to bow the Crowd. 2. AS. cruth, a. crowd or ipress
body together. ON. krokinn, crooked, of people. Du. kruyden, krnycn, trudere,
bowed down, krokna, to be contracted protrudere, propellere. Kil. Crowdyn —
or stiffened with cold at sitia i eirne or showyn (shove) impello.
; Pr. Pm. To —
kruku, to crouch down on one's heels, crowd is still used in Suffolk in the sense
w. crwcau, to bow, to curve crwcwd, a of driving in a crowd-barrow or wheel-
;
kromelen, to crumble. Central Fr. gre- ple and crumple, arising from the use of
iniller, to crumble ; gremille, gremillon, spirants instead of sonants, are applied
groiimillon, crum, little lump ; grume, to the disturbance of a surface or texture.
grime, single grain of a bunch. Fr. gru- Analogous to crumple, as compared with
meau, a clot, lump. • rumple, or grumble with rujnble, stands
It is probable that the notion of a crum Let. grubbali, bi'oken fragments of walls,
or small bit arises from that of crumb- as compared with E. rubble, rubbish.
ling away, and not vice versa, although Let. grunibt, to wrinkle, crumple.
the former word is the more simple in To Crunk or Crunkle. To cry like a
form. The idea of falling to pieces is crane or heron. Lith. krankti, to make
easily expressed by a representation of a harsh noise, to snort, croak ; krunkinti,
the rattling sound of the falling fragments. krankinti, to croak.
Thus Sw. ramla, to rattle, signifies also, Crupper. See Croup.
as E. rammel, to fall in ruins, to moulder To Crush. From a representation of
in pieces ; while Sw. rammel, rattle, clat- the noise of crushing a hard or brittle
ter, isidentical with E. rammel, rubble, body. Fr. croissir, to crack or crash or
rubbish. In the same way it is pro- crackle as wood that is ready to break.
It. crosciare, croscere, to squash,
bable that Fr. gremiller and E. crumble Cot.
are essentially the same with grommeler, crash, crush, squeeze, but properly to fall
to mutter or grumble. So also we pass violently as a sudden storm of rain or hail
through Yv.greziller, to cra.c\ls, gresiller, upon the tiles, and therewithal to make a
to hail, to drizzle, G. grieseln, to fall into clattering loud noise ; to crick as green
small bits and pieces, to break into small wood ; croscio d'acque, a sudden shower.
pieces, to gries, chips of stone, gravel, — Fl. Lith. kruszti, to crush, to grind ;
—
AS. cud, rumen (the
cryptas et latibula cum paucis Christianis stomach). —
Somner. To chew the cud is
per eum conversis mysterium solennitatis to chew the contents of the stomach,
diei dominici clanculo celebrabat.' —
Greg, which in ruminating animals are thrown
of Tours in Due. In qua Basilica est up into the mouth again for that purpose.
'
—
crypta abditissima.' Ibid. It is called quid in Surrey, whence a quid
Crystal. Gr. upvoz, cold, frost ; icpucr- of tobacco is a small piece of tobacco
7-aXXof, ice, and thence crystal. kept in the mouth like the cud of a rumi-
Cub. The young of animals of certain nating cow. Goth, qtiithei, the womb ;
kinds, as of dogs, bears, foxes. Du. ON. quidr, the womb, paunch, maw ; at
kabbe, kebbe, kebbeken, a little pig kabbe- missa quidinn, Dan. miste maven, in
;
root cub, signifying crook or bend, seen vifacio dum sit rumen qui impleam,' so
in Gael, cub, crouch, stoop, shrink, cubach, long as I am able to fill my belly. ON. at
bent, hollowed, in Gr. kvvtu, to stoop, Lat. quida, to fill one's belly, quidadr, satis-
cubare, to lie down, properly, to bow down. fied, fuU. Fin. kohtu, the womb, maw,
Lith. kumpas, crooked. especially of ruminating animals Esthon. ;
Cucking-stool. A chair on which k'dht, the belly. Sc. kytc, the stomach,
females for certain offences were fastened belly.
and ducked in a pond. ' The chair was * To Cuddle. To fondle, to lie close
sometimes in the form of a close-stool together. The g. kosen, signifying origin-
[which] contributed to increase the degra- ally to chat or talk familiarly with each
dation.' —Hal. Manx cugh, excrement in other, is applied in a secondary sense to
children's language. ON. kuka, cacare. caresses or gestures expressive of affec-
' Similiter
malam cervisiam faciens, aut tion licbkoscn, to caress. In the same
;
in cathedra ponebatur stercoris, aut iiij. way the radical signification of cuddle
sol. dabat prepositis.' —
Domesday B. in seems to be whisper, chat, confidential
Way. communication, then embracing, lying
The name is probably taken from the close. Cuddle is a parallel form with
— ;
golpe, a blow, also the flap of a pocket. bestow labour or pains upon.
Cuirass. Fr. cuirassej It. corazza, Culverin. Fr. cauleuvrine (from cou-
quasi coriacea, made of leather, from Lat. leuvre, Lat. coluber, a snake), a cannon,
coriuni, a skin. Diez. —So Lat. lorica, a or sometimes a handgun. See Caliver.
cuirass, from lorum, a strap. OFr. cuirie, Culvert. A covered passage for water
Port, cotira, a leather jerkin ; couraqa, a under a road. The Fr. couvert is not
cuirass couro, a hide, skin.
; used in this sense, nor is it easy to see
ToCull. To pick out. Cullers axe how the / could have been introduced on
the worst of a flock culled out for dis- the supposition of a derivation from that
posal. Fr. cueillir, Lat. colligere, to source. The E. counties' name is oolve,
gather. To cull^s.% also, like It. cogliere, hoolve, hulve, or wulve, doubtless from
used in the sense of to strike. The hulve (Hal.) or whelve, to cover over.
" ; — ;
Now the G. /^c';^/" signifies both cup and curator, one who takes care, from euro,
to care for, look to, curiosus, inquiring,
cop, or top, knob, head ; kopfchen, a tea-
cup, kopf, a cupping-glass. The develop-
employing care in inquiry.
ment of the meaning is well illustrated in
— —
Curb. Curve. Curvet. Fr. courber,
to crook, bow, arch courbetfe, a small
the Fin. kopista, to resound from a blow ;
Ttopina, the sound of a blow ; kopio, crooked rafter, the curvetting of a horse.
Lat. curvus, crooked. Gael, crup, con-
empty, sounding as an empty vessel
tract, crouch, shrink crub, crouch, sit,
koppa, anything concave or hollow, as ;
the other hand, as in the case of boll and curb, contract, shrink w. crwb, a round ;
buckle, we are led to the image of a bub- hunch crwbach, a hook, crook crybwck,
;
;
ble, as the type of anything round and shrunk, crinkled. The insertion of the
prominent, swollen, hollow. Fin. kuppo, nasal gives AS. crumb, crump, crymbig,
— a, -T-u, a bubble, boil, tumour ; kupia, crooked G. krumm,
; crooked ; Gael.
swelling, puffed ; kupu, the crop of birds, crom, bend, bow, stoop.
head of a cabbage ; kupukka, anything Cxird. —
Curdle. To curdle, to become
globular kuppi, a cup, kuppata, to bleed lumpy ctirds, the lumpy part of milk.
;
;
Item quod nuUus tabernariusseu braciator tene- seen in E. dial, crule, Ditmarsh krule
at tabernam suam apertam post horam ignitegii. (Outzen), to shiver, shudder, is also ex-
— Lib. Alb. I. 251.
emplified in G. graus, shuddering, horror,
Cnrl. Formerly written crull, croule, compared with kraus, Sw. krvs, curly,
croll, in accordance with Du. krol, kroUe, from whence again we are brought to G.
N. kriill. The sense of a vibratory or kraiiseln, to curl.
roUing movement, and thence of a spiral Curlew. Fr. courlis ; OFr. corlieu. —
or twisted form, is commonly expressed Cot. Berri. guerlu. Probably from the
by forms representing in the first instance shrill cry of the bird. Russ. kurluikaf,
a fattling or rumbling sound. Thus It. to cry like a crane.
rototare, to roll along, is essentially the Ourmudgeon. A corn-7nud^n was a
same with E. rattle, G. koUern, to rumble, dealer in corn, a most unpopular class of
is also used in the sense of rolling along,
persons in times of scarcity, as they were
and the word roll itself is equally familiar always supposed to be keeping up the
in both senses. We
speak of the roll of price of corn by their avarice.
a drum, the rolling of thunder, as well as The asdiles curule hung up 12 brazen shields
the rolli7ig of a carriage or a roll of made of the fines that certain corn-m-udgins paid
paper. It seems certain that when the for hourding up their grain. — Holland's Livy
form rol appears in the Romance lan- in R.
CURSE CURTSY
192
of general. 'Dun is in the mire.' 'Whoso
which Wickliff describes the trade
bold as blind Bayard ?
Simon in Acts, ix. x., answering to cori-
The knyght or squier on that other side
arius in the Vulgate. Coryowre, corianus, Or the man that hath in pees or in werre
cerdo.— Pr. Pm. :,, j 1,. Dispent with his lorde his bloode, but he hide^
On the other hand, we hardly doubt The trouthe, and cory favelle, he not the ner is
that the verb to c7irry or dress leather is —
His lordes grace. Occleve, De regimine princi-
from Fr. corroyer, conroyer, or with the pum, p. 189.
close vowel of the Norman dialect
cou- When the meaning of Favel in the
rier, signifying generally to
dress or pre- proverb was no longer understood, the
pare materials, to set in order for
some sense was made up by the substitution of
to favour.
particular application, and specially
polire Curse. Sw. kors (cross) interjection,
dress leather, corium subigere, ; !
dernifere preparation.—Trev.
Piaus de Fris. kriiiis, the cross kriiiisken, kriiii- ;
moutons que I'on appele piaus de Damas, zigen, to curse. Stiirenberg. In Fr. we —
conrees en alun dressed with alum.— find sacrer used both in the senses of
:
in order from the root rod, row, line, Havelok, 1966. The familiar crusty, ill-
whence Du. rooi, and E. row, order, rank. tempered, may perhaps be a metaphor
See Ready, Array. from the rugged surface of crust, but it
It is a strong proof that the verb to is by no means certain that it is not an
curry is from Fr. corroyer and not from ofi"shoot from the stem to which belong
the OE. coriour, in that it is not confined OE. crus, curst, Fr. courroux. It. corntc-
to the sense of dressing leather, but like cio, curccio, wrath. In a passage of the
the Fr. verb is used for dressing the coat treatise called '
Deadly Sins,' cited by
of a horse. Dr R. Morris, the earlier version, the
Li vilains son roncin atorne, Cursor Mundi, has crustful, which is
Et frote et conroie et estrille. replaced by ireful in the later version.
Fab. et Contes, 3. 198. * Curt. Lat. curtus, short, stumpy.
Reoeurent les destrers e les forz mulz amblanz Curtain. Mid. Lat. cortina, a small
A les osteus les meinent conreer gentement.
inclosed court or yard, Domuncula mi-
'
nifies to cross oneself, put oneself into the to curtail, abridge. Turk, kaf, a cutting,
reverent position of those who make the kat'et, to cut kifa, a piece, a segment.
;
sign of the cross. It is commonly pro- 2. A term of abuse for a woman. See
nounced ciirchy, and in Pembrokeshire a Cotquean.
girl is told to make her crutch or curch. Cuticle. Lat. ctttis, the skin.
I croutche, I make humble reverence. —
Cutlas. Curtal-axe. It. coltello and
PsJsgr. It. far croce, star colle braccia the augmentative coUellaccio become in
in croce, to cross the arms on the breast the Venetian dialect cortelo, a Icnife, and
(often joined with bowing or kneeling), as cortelazo, a pruning-knife or bill. Hence
an attitude of reverence La Crusca — the OE. courtelas, and with that striving
riverenza, a curtsy or bending to another after meaning, which is so frequent a
—
with the knee. Fl. Faire reverence d., cause of corruption, curtal-axe. Fr.
to arise, give place, make courtesie, vaile coutelas, a cuttelas or courtelas, or short
bonnet unto ; to solicit with cap and sword. Cot. —
knee. — Cot. Cutler. Fr. coutelier, a maker of
Curve. See Curb. knives, from couteau, formerly written
Curvet. Fr. courbette, the prancings cousteau, coulteau. It. coltello, Venet. cor-
of a managed horse, in which he bends telo, a knife, the r of which last has per-
his body together and springs out. haps passed into the s of cousteau. But
-cuse. Lat. causa, matter in question, this is not necessary, as an example of
suit at law, something laid to the charge the same change in the opposite direction
of one. Hence accuso, to bring a charge is seen in the OFr. coultre, for coustre, a
against one excuse, to relieve one from sexton, from custos.
;
13
— —
D
To Dabble. —
Dab. Dabble, daddle, Dad, 2. —Dawd. This is a word pre-
daggle, and wabble, waddle, waggle, are cisely analogous to dab. It is used in the
parallel series formed on a similar plan, first instance to represent the sound of a
and all apparently representing in the blow. Dad, a blow, a thump Hal. ; —
firstinstance the agitation or dashing of dad, daud, to thrash, dash, drive forcibly.
liquid matters. The sense is then extend- —
Jam. ' He dadded to the door,' slam-
ed to the dashing of wet or even solid med it to. ' He fell with a dad.' Also,
things, and thence to a separate portion to throw mire so as to bespatter, to dawb.
of a substance more or less coherent, so Hence dad, dawd (as dab, dabbet, above),
much as is thrown down at once. ODu. a large piece, a lump, lunch. Swiss ddtsch,
dabbelen. Norm, dauber (H^richer), to smack, sound of a blow datsch, dotsch, ;
tramp in the mire dabbelen, dabben, to smack, blow with something broad, broad
;
—
bemire. Bigl. Sc. dub, a puddle. In lump of something soft. See Daddle.
the sense of dashing or giving a smart Daddock, dadick, rotten wood, is the
push dim. of the above. It signifies wood in
He gart the loon's hehd cry dab amo' the yird. a state in which you can pick it bit from
He dabbit the loon's nose amo' the dubs. Dai bit. Hence dadacky, decayed, tasteless.
—
your hehd doon. Banff. Gl. Daddle. In low language, the hand.
Norm, dauber, to bang. La.-porte daube.' Tip us your daddies, shake hands. Hesse,
'
specially applied to a lump of something a hand (in children's lang.), from dats-
moist or soft, and hence to dab, to touch cheln, tatschen, tdtscheln, to paddle with
with something moist. See Daddle, Dad, 2. the hands, to handle improperly. Tatsch
The notion of a smart push is some- hand (Sanders), Pl.D. patsche, patsch
times specialised to a prick or thrust with hand, the hand, to children. The radical
a pointed instrument. meaning of daddle, of G. datscheln, tats-
cheln, as well as the synonymous paddle,
He keepit a dabban. o't doon intil a hole.
Banff. Gl. patschebi, is to dabble in the wet. Sc.
daddle, daidle, to draggle, bedabble one's
To dab or daub, to prick, to peck as birds.
clothes, do work in a slovenly way. To
— Jam. To dab in some parts of England
daddle and drink, to be continually tip-
is used, as dibble in others, for making
pling, as to paddle in Devon to take too
holes in a furrow with a pointed instru-
ment for the planting of seed. The notion
—
much drink. Hal. Then, perhaps from
the wavering of an agitated liquid, to
of striking is more general in Fr. dauber,
daddle is to walk unsteadily like a child,
to beat, drub, thresh, and in E. dab-hand,
one who does a thing off hand, at a single
to waddle. Grose. — In the same way to
daddle, to walk with difficulty, like a
So Lang, tapa, to strike, to do a
blow.
thing skilfully and quickly. Diet. Castr. — child or an old person. —
Atkinson. Hess.
datteln, daddeln, dotteln, doddeln, to tod-
Dabohiok.— Dobohiok. Yr. plongeon,
dle, to walk unsteadily, to stagger.
Norm. ^a«(5« (H^richer), the lesser grebe,
takes the foregoing names from its habit
To Dade. —
Dading-strings. To dade
is applied to the vacillating steps of
first
of constantly dabbing or bobbing under
water.
a child. To dade
a child, to teach him
to walk dading-strings, NE. paddling-
;
, Drayton. ing-strings.
Which nourished and brought up at her most
Dan. dobbe, Du.
,
Derfe dyntys they dalte with daggande sperys. (as E. toothsome), dainty, delicate. Bav.
Morte Aithure in Hal. ddntsch, a delicacy, ddntschig, dainty,
nice in eating ; NE. danch, s. s. OE.
Fr. dague. It. daga, E. dagger, a short
stabbing weapon. OE. dag, a small pro- daunch, donch, fastidious, over-nice.
jecting stump of a tree, a sharp sudden Hal.
pain. —
Hal. Dag is then a projecting
—
Dairy. Dey. The dey was a servant
point, a jag, and specially the jags or
in husbandry, mostly a female, whose
slashing with which garments were orna- duty was to make cheese and butter,
mented. attend to the calves and poultry and other
odds and ends of the farm. The de7y,
So much dagging of sheres with the super-
fluity in lengthe of ^ the foresaide gounes. deyty, or dairy, was the department as-
Chaucer. signed to her. 'A deye, androchius,
Dagge of cloth, fractillus. Pr.' Pm. Da- — androchea (for androgynus, either man or
woman), genatarius, genetharia ; a derye,
gon, a slice. '
A
dagon of your blanket,
androchiarium, bestiarium, genetheum
leve dame.'— Ch. Daglets, icicles, or
Ifoxgynecceu7n, the woman's apartment,
Dag-locks, clotted locks
jags of ice.
hanging in dags or jags at a sheep's tail.
place where the weaving was done).' —
Cath. Ang. in Way. Caseale, a dey-
'
Norm. The name was then transferred dally ! G. lari fari Fr. tarare
! Lang, !
to the raised step on which the high table ta-ta-ta ! interjections intimating one's
was placed, or the canopy over it. contempt for what is said. In parts of
Daisy. Day's eye. as. dages Germany childish behaviour in a grown
That well by reason men it call may person is jeered by a rigmarole beginning
The deisie or els the eye of the day. with tillum tallum, tille talle, or tall-tall.
Chaucer in R — D. M. 3. 414. Bav. dilledelle, delle-
—Dell. w. twll, a hole,
Dale. pit, melle, a simpleton.
dimple, — mwn, a mine-shaft Bret, ; ioull, —
Dam. Dame. Lat. domina, It. dama,
a hole or cavity Pol. dol, bottom, pit
; Fr. dame, a lady. From being used as a
dolek, a little pit or hole, socket of the respectful address to women it was ap-
eye, dimple ; dolina, valley ; Bohem. plied, KaT i^oxriv, to signify a mother, as
dul, a pit, shaft in a mine, dulek, a de- sire to a father.
pression, pock-mark, dolina, a valley. Enfant qui craint ni pere ni mere
Goth, dal, a valley, gulf, pit G. thai, a ; Ne peut que bien ne le comperre.
valley. Dan. dal, a valley, dcel, a de- For who that dredith sire ne dame
pression E. dale, a valley, dell, a depres-
;
Shall it abie in bodie or name. —
R. R. 5887.
sion in a hill-side. The E. had also a —
And fykel tonge hure syre
diminutive corresponding to the Slavonic Amendeswas hure dame. P. P. in R, —
'
—
dolek J dalke, vallis.' Pr. Pm. Delk, a Faithlesse, forsworn, ne goddesse was thy dam.
Nor Dardanus beginner of thy race. Surry in R. —
small cavity in the body or in the soil.
Forby. ' Le fosset oue col, dalke in the Subsequently these terms were confined
neck.' —
Bibelsworth in Way. to the male and female parents of ani-
Dallop. To dallop, to paw, toss or mals, especially of horses.
tumble about carelessly ; dallop, a slat- Dam. A
word of far-spread connec-
tern, a trollop (Forby), a clumsy and tions with much modification of form and
—
shapeless mass. Hal. N. dolp, a lump, sense. The fundamental signification is
a hanging bob. w. talp, a lump. the notion of stopping up, preventing the
The sense of a shapeless lump is often flow of a liquid. Qoih. faur-dammjan,
connected with that of paddling or dab- to shut up, obstruct, hinder Pol. tamo- ;
bling, as in dab and dabble, dad or dawd wai!, to stop, staunch, obstruct, dam ;
and daddle. And the sense of over-hand- iama, a dam, dike, causeway, on. dam-
ling follows close on that of dabbling nir, Dan. dam, a fish pond. OSw.
with wet things. ON. ddlpa or damla, to damfn, a dam. Bav. damn, daumb, taum,
paddle or row softly ; Hesse dalgeii, del- Fr. tampon, iapon, the wad of a gun ;
j>en, dalmen, to paw or handle overmuch Bav. daumen, verdaumben, Fr. taper, to
to dallop, to over-nurse. —
Whitby. Gl. ram down, to stop the loading from fall-
Dallop is in fact related to dabble as ing out. Here we are brought to a root
wallop to wabble, or Hess, dalgen to E. tap instead of tarn, and it will be seen
daggle. that the change might as easily take place
To Dally. The
radical sense seems from tap through tamp to tarn, as in the
to be to talk imperfectly like a child, then opposite direction from tarn to tap. The
to act like a child, trifle, loiter. G. dah- evidence preponderate? in favour of the
len, dallen, to stammer, tattle, trifle. originality of the latter form. The idea
' Wer lehrt den Psittacum unser wort of stopping up an orifice is naturally ex-
•
ukseb, shut the door ; tappalet, to have leinchen, a cord to hang one, halter —
the breath stopped, to be suffocated, Adelung ; damp/, shortness of breath,
tappaltak, the asthma ; Sw. and-tcBppa,
dampfig, Du. dempig, dampig, short-
shortness of breath, asthma {ande, breath).
winded.
Lang, tap, a cork, tapa, tampa, to stop,
Then as the breath is the common
shut, shut up, inclose, surround ; se tampa
symbol of life, to stop the breath is the
las aourelios, to stop one's ears ; tampa
most natural expression for putting an
uno porta, to shut a door ; tainpos, shut-
end to life, extinguishing, depressing,
ters. —
Diet. Castr. Tampo, a tank or
G. ddmpfen, Du. dempen, Sw.,
reservoir. —
Diet. Lang. CsX. tap, a cork,
quelling.
dampa, to extinguish a light, and also in
bung ; tapa, the sluice of a mill ; tapar,
to stop, cover, conceal ; taparse el eel, to a figurative sense to repress, to damp.
become covered (of the sky) ; tapat (of G. aufruhr ddmpfen, to suppress a tu-
the sky or atmosphere), close. mult ; die ddmpfung der liiste, the
Ptg. tapar, to stop a hole, to cover ; mortification of lusts. Kiittn. Sw. —
tapado, stopped up, fenced in, thick, dampa sina begarelsen, to stifle one's
close-wrought, tapada, a park, taparse, passions.
to darken, grow dark, taptilho, a stopper, In the south of Germany ddmmen is
tampam., a cover, lid of a box ; Sp. tapar, used in the same way ; das feuer, pein
to stop up, choke, cover, conceal ; tapon, ddmmen, to damp the fire, to still pain ;
cork, plug, bung. Fr. tappn, tampon, E. Bav. demmen, ddmen, to restrain, quell,
tampion, tamkin, tomkin,, a stopple for a ' Dajnen,
extinguish, tame. domare,'
cannon. '
AUe irrung nieder zu driicken und zu
It wiU be seen that the Lang, form
ddmmen,' ' Glut demmen und loschen.'
tampo j a tank, cistern, or reservoir (un-
doubtedly from the root tap), agrees ex-
Schmeller. —
actly with the OSw. dampn, a dam or Here we are brought to a point at
pond kropp-dampn, a cistern at the top which Gr. Sajiau, Lat. domare, Dan.
;
ous nature,' where the reference to the head ; It. dondolare, to dandle a child, to
idea of suffocation is obvious. Compare rock or dangle in the air, to loiter or
Dan. qucBle, to suffocate, choke, with G. idle ; dondola, a toy, a child's playing
qualm, vapour, smoke. In the choke- baby. —
Fl. To dandle signifies in the
damp of our mines there is a repetition first instance to toss or rock an infant,
explained from the connection of close- G. tdndeln, to trifle, toy, loiter, tdndel-
ness and suffocation with dampness or schiirze, a short apron more for show
moisture. Cat. tapat, of the sky or than for use ; kleider-tand, ostentation in
air, covered, close Sw. et tapt rum, a
;
dress.
close room, room with no vent for the In like manner may be explained the
air Du. bedo7npt, stifling, close, con-
;
Sc. dandilly and E. dandy, applied to
fined bedompt huis, maison mal percde,
;
what is made a toy of, used for play and
obscure, humide bedompt, dompig, or
;
not for working-day life, finely dressed,
dampig weer, dark and damp weather. ornamental, showy.
Halma. G. i^a/zz;)/^, musty, damp. The And he has married a dandilly wife,
idea of what is light, airy, and open on She wadna shape nor yet wad she sew,
the one hand, is opposed to what is dark, But sit wi' her cummers and fill hersel fu'.
close, and damp on the other, and hence
Jam.
damp, signifying in the first place close A dandy is probably first a doll, then
and confined, has passed on to designate a finely-dressed person. Dandy-cock
the humidity associated with closeness. (quasi toy-cock), a bantam. Hal. —
Damsel. Fr. demoiselle ; It. dami- Dandruff. I5ret. tan, tin, Fr. teigne,
gella, dim. of dama, a lady, from Lat. scurf. W. ton, skin, crust ; marwdon,
domina. dead skin, dandruff. Perhaps the w.
—
Damson. Dam^ascene. A kind of drwg, bad, evil, may form the conclusion
plum. Mod. Or. Sa/iaaicrivov, a plum. of the E. word dandruff, as if dondrwg,
Dance. Fr. daiiser, G. tanzen, Dan. the bad crust or scab.
dandse. The original meaning was doubt- Danger. Mid. Lat. davmum was used
less to stamp, in which sense danse, to signify a fine imposed by legal author-
dandse is still used in South Denmark. ity. The term was then elliptically ap-
Outzen. So in Lat. pedibus plaudere
'
plied to the limits over which the right
choreas,' alterno terram pede quatere.'
'
of a Lord to the fines for territorial of-
Glosses of 1418, quoted by Schmellerj fences extended, and then to the inclosed
render applaudebant by tanzten mil den field of a proprietor, by the connection
hennden. Dan. dzindse, to' thump Sw. which one sees so often exemplified in
;
DANGLE DANK
—'Cent 199
trouva.' nouv. nouv. Damage
then acquired the sense of trespass, in-
molere — absque dangerio vel
et id facere
exactione qualibet tenebitur in futurum
trusion into the close of another, as in the molendinarius molendini.' Chart. A.D. —
legal phrase da7nage feasant, whence Fr. 1 3 10, in Carp. The word then passed on
damager, to distrain or seize cattle found both in Fr. and E. to signify difficulties
in trespass. '
Comme Estienne Lucat about giving permission or complying
sergent de Macies eust prinst et dom- with a request, or to absolute refusal.
mag^ une jument.' Carpent. — '
Et leur commanderent que si la roine
From this verb was apparently formed fesait dangier qvuQ ils la sachassent (chas-
the abstract domigeriiiin, signifying the sassent) k force hors de I'eglise.' Comme '
and the corresponding Fr. domager or This knoweth every woman that is wise.
damager would pass into damger, danger, W. of Bath.
the last of which is frequently found in i.e. we make difficulties about uttering
the peculiar sense of damnum and dom- our ware.
mage above explained. ' En ladite terre I trow I love him bet for he
et ou dangier dudit sire trouva certaines Was of his love so dangerous to me. — lb.
bestes desdis habitans. Icelles bestes se And thus the martial Erie of Mar
boutferent en un dangier, ou paturage Marcht with his men in richt array —
defendu.' —
Carp. A. D. 1373.
Without all danger or delay
Came haistily to the Harlaw.
Narcissus was a baohflere Battle of Harlaw.
That Love had caught in his daungere
(had caught trespassing in his
. To Bangle. The syllables ding dong
close)
And gan him so straine. R. R.
in his nette — represent loud penetrating sounds as
The term danger was equally applied
those of bells or of repeated blows. — Fl.
advisa de loing icelles brebis.' a.D. 1403, dangla, dingla, to dangle. Comp. daske,
in Carp. To be in the danger of any to.slap, also to dangle, bob, flap.
one, estre en son danger, came to signify Dank. Synonymous with damp, as
to be subjected to any one, to be in his syllables ending in mp or mb frequently
power or liable to a penalty to be inflicted interchange with nk or ng. Thus we
by him or at his suit, and hence the ordi- have It. cambiare and cangiare, E. dimble
nary acceptation of the word at the pre- and dingle. Probably the two forms
sent day. In danger of the judgment
'
have come down together from a high anti-
in danger of Hell-fire.' quity. We
have seen that damp, moist,
As the penalty might frequently be is derived from the notion of closeness,
avoided by obtaining the licence of the stopping up, covering, expressed by the
person possessed of the right infringed, root tap, tamp, dam, while parallel with
the word was applied to such licence, or tap, tamp, are a series of equivalent
to exactions made as the price of per- forms, in which the/ is exchanged for a
mission. Dangeria (sunt) quando bosci
'
c, k. Sp. taco, a tap, stopple, ram-rod ;
non possunt vendi sine licentia regis, et Cat. tancar, parallel with Lang, tampa,
tunc ibi habet decimura denarium.' 'Ju- to shut, stop, enclose, fence ; tancar la
dicatum est quod Johannes de Nevilla porta, Lang, tampa uno porta, to shut -or
miles non potest vendere boscos suos de fasten the door; Port, tanque, Sp. es-
Nevilla sine licentia et dangerio regis.' tanco, a tank, basin, cistern, or pond
—Judgment
quam
ipsis aliis
A.D. 1269. '
Concedo
personis coUegii liberum
turn Lang, tampo, estampo, in the same sense.
It is probable then that dank-hsLS come
— —
dampen, to darken, bedompt, dark, ob- timore) valeo vel audeo, non algeo ; to
scure, damp dompig, dark. In connec-
; endure to do, in spite of cold or of fear ;
tion with dank we have Du. donker, OHG. en tarkene, I cannot for cold ; tarkenetko
OSax. dunkar, dunkal, G. dunkel, dark, menna, can you endure (for cold) to go.
—
NE. danker, a dark cloud. Hal. OHG. Lap. tarjet, to be able to do.
bitunkalat, nimbosa, petunclilit, obducta, The W. dewr, strong, bold, forms a con-
as Du. bedompt weer, close, covered, necting link between durus, and ON.
cloudy weather. diarfr, OE. derf, hard, strong, fierce, G.
Dapper seems in E. first to have been derb, hard, strong, rough, severe, from
used in the sense of pretty, neat. Dapyr whence the ON. dirfaz, to dare, is cer-
or praty, elegant. —
Pr. Pm. Dapper, tainly derived. It is difficult to avoid the
proper, mignon, godin. —
Palsgr. in Way. conclusion that the G. diirfen, darf, to
Godinet, pretty, dapper, feat, indifferently dare, to be so bold as to —
Kiittner, Du.
handsome. — Cot. derven, dorven, diirven, to dare, are
Applied to a man it signifies small and formed in manner. The confusion
like
neat. Du. dapper, strenuus, animosus, with forms Du. derven, bederve7t,
like the
fortis, acer, masculus, agilis. —
Kil. Pl.D. dorve7i, to want, be without, have need,
dapper, active, smart ; dobber, dobbers, G. bediirfen, to be in need, AS. deorfan, to
sound, good. De kase is nig dobbers, the labour, ^^^.fi?;^, tribulation, labour, calam-
ity, would be accounted for if we suppose
cheese is not good. Bohem. dobry, good.
that the fundamental idea in the latter
Wendish debora deefka, a pretty girl.
cases was to be in hard or difficult cir-
Ihre in v. daeka. See Deft.
cumstances. The ideas of labour and
Dapple. From dab, to touch with want are closely connected. The sense
something soft, is on. depill, a spot leir ;
of needing expressed by G. diirfen is
depill, a dab or spot of clay deplottr,
;
sometimes found in the OE. dare.
spotted, dappled. So from G. diipfen, to
So evene hot that lond ys that men durre selde
dab or touch lightly with something soft, Here oif in howse awynter brynge out of the
bediipfelt, dappled. We may compare felde.— R. G. 112.
also Fr. matte, a clot, matteU, clotted, del
mattonnd, a curdled or mottled sky.
i. e. that men seldom need to house their
cattle in the winter.
The resemblance of dapple grey to ON.
apalgrar or apple grey, Fr. grispommeU,
The heye men of the lond schuUe come bi fore
the kyng
is accidental. And yonge men of the lond lete bi fore
alle the
To Dare. i. Goth, gadaursan, dorrs, hym brynge
daursun, daurstaj AS. dearran, dyrran, And heo schulle be such that no prince dorrc
dear, durron; E. dare, durst j MHG. tiir-
hem forsalce,
Ac for heore prowesse gladliche in to here ser-
ren, torste. The ODu. preterite troste vise take. —
R. G. 112.
shows the passage to E. trust. AS. dyrstig,
dristig, bold, Sw. drista, to dare.
He that wyll there axsy Justus—
ON. In turnement other fyght,
thora, to dare, thor, boldness ; Gr. 9appe<i>, Dar he never forther gon ;
to dare ;eapaog, trust, Opaave, bold. Lith. Ther he may fynde justes anoon
drfsus, drqsttis, bold, spirited; dristi, to Wyth syr Launfal the knyght.
dare ; drasinti, to encourage, drasintis, Launfal. 1030.
to dare. So on. diarfr, bold, dirfa, to en- He wax so mylde and so meke,
courage, dirfaz (in the middle voice, as A mylder man thurt no man seke.
Lith. drasintis), to dare. Manuel des Pecches, 5826.
It is not easy to arrive at a consistent The passage from the sense of making
theory of the connection of the various bold to that of having power, cause, or
forms, or of the development of the sig- permission, exemplified in G. diirfen, is
nifijcation. Sometimes the root seems to illustrated by Fin. tarjeta, to endure. Lap.
be a form similar to the Lat. duriis, hard, tarjet, to be able Sw. toras (in the mid.
;
Gael, dilr, stubborn, persevering, eager, voice), to dare, tora (as G. diirfen), to be
Sc. dour, bold, hardy, obstinate, hard, possible. Det tor h'anda, that may hap-
whence Gael, dilraig, to adventure, dare, pen.
— ; — —
darest thou on this facyon, me thynketh dbrn, fist Manx dornaig, a covering for
;
thou woldest catch larkes.' Palsgr. in — the hand or fist, used to guard the hand
Way. Comp. Bav. dusen, to be still,
, against thorns. Cregeen.—
either for the sake of listening, or in Darraign. It has been shown under
slumber. arraign that rationes was used in the
^ Perhaps a more original form of the Lat of the middle ages for a legal account
word may be found in Sw. dial, dala, of one's actions, whence derationare, Fr.
dalla, to fall, to sink down ; solen dalar, desrener, to darraign, was to clear the
dala a, to be weary, legal account, to answer an accusation,
the sun is sinking ;
abate, become calm. Du. daalen, to go of the forum the term was transferred to
down. Pl.D. daal, Fris. dalewerte, Pol. that of arms, as was natural when the
na down, downwards ; from Pl.D. ordeal by battle was considered a rea-
dol,
daal, G. thai, low ground, valley.
sonable method of ascertaining a question
Dark. AS. deorc. The particles so of fact.
and do in Gael, are equivalent to iv and Two hameis had he dight
^vQ in Gr., as in son, good, and don, bad. Both sui^sant and mete to darreine
In similar relation to each other stand The bataile in the felde betwixt hem tweine.
Chaucer.
sorcha, light, and dorch, dorcha, dark.
The element common to the two would Here the meaning not to array the
is
appear to be the notion of seeing, which, battle, to set it in order, but to fight it
however, we are unable to trace in the out, to let the battle decide the question
form of the words. See Dear, Dole. between them.
Darling, as. deorling, dyrling, a As for my sustir Emelie
dim. from deor, dear. Ye wote yourself she may not weddin two
At onys
To Darn. Now understood of mend- And therefore I you put in this degr^
ing clothes in a particular manner by That eache of you shall have his destind
interlacing stitches, but it must originally As him is shape. —
have signified to patch in general.' OFr. And this day fifty wekis far ne nore
— —
tarz kurun, a clap of thunder ; tarza, breaker. From a Lat. domito, frequent-
sortir avec effort et fracture, to break, ative of domo, to subdue.
crack, burst forth, dart, to appear as the Daw. A bird of the crow kind. Swiss
dawn. W. tarddu, to spring forth or ap- ddhi, ddfij Bav. dahel ; It. taccola, from
pear as the dawn. To dart would thus taccolare, to prate, where the syllable tac
be to hurl as a thunderbolt, to drive forth represents a single element of the chat-
as by an explosion. tering sound, as chat in chit-chat, chatter,
To Dash.. An imitation of the sound kat in Malay kata-kata, discourse, tat in
of a blow, the beating of waves upon the tattle, kak in Fr. caqueter. Birds of this
shore, &c. kind are commonly named from their
Hark, hark, the waters fall, chattering cry. See Chaff, Chough,
And with a murmuring sound Chat.
Dash I Dash I upon the ground. To Dawb. From dabble, to work in
—
To gentle slumbers call. Dryden in Todd. wet materials. Hence daub, clay dauber, ;
Bav. dossen, to sound as thick hail, a builder of walls with clay or mud mixed
rain, rushing brooks. Mit lautem knall with straw, a plaisterer. Hal. Dawber, —
und doss. — H.
Sachs. Fone manigero or cleyman da.wbyn, lino, muro.
; Pr. —
wazzero dozze, from the sound of many Pm. In this sense the term is used in
waters. — Notker in Schm. Sc. dusche, the Bible where it speaks of ' daubing
to fall with a noise, a fall, stroke, blow ; with untempered mortar.' ' The wall is
Dan. daske, to slap. Sw. dasia, to drub ; gone, and the daubers are away.' Bible —
—
Hanov. dasken, to thrash. Brem. Wtb. 1 55 1, in R. Lang, tapis, torchis, clay
To dash is figuratively applied to feel- for building Sp. tapia, mud wall
; ta- ;
derschlagen, to knock down, and figura- to be slow, not to get on with a thing.
tively to deject, dishearten, discourage, Schiitze.
cast down niedergeschlagen, sorrowful,
; Dawn.
ON. dagan, doguii, dawn ;
afflicted, dispirited, — Kijttn. dagur, day.
AS. dagian, to dawn, or be-
ON. dust, a blow. Fris. dust-sUk, come day daguug, dawning.
dusslek, a. stunning blow. Sc. doyst, a Day. Daysman.— Diet. — ;
Lat. dies,
;
the middle ages the word day was spe- to doze. Brem. Wtb.—
cially applied to the day appointed for De-. Lat. de, from, out of. In comp.
hearing a cause, or for the meeting of an it strengthens the signification, implies
assembly. Du. daghen, to appoint a day motion downwards.
for a certain purpose ; daghen veur recht, Deacon. Lat. diaconus. Gr. dtaKovog,
to call one before a court of justice ; dag- a servant.
hinge, daeghsel, dagh-brief, libellus, dica, —
Dead. Death. ^Die. —
Goth, dauths,
citatio dagh-vaerd, an appointment of
; ON. daudr, Fris. dad, Sw. dod, Pl.D. dood,
a certain day, and thence dagh-vaerd, G. todt, dead. Goth, dauthus, ON. daudi,
lands-dagh, Mid.Lat. dieta (from dies), Fris. duss, dad, death. Lap. taud, ill-
the diet, or assembly of the people. Diet ness Esthon. taud, illness, death.
;
was also used in E. for an appointed day. Pl.D. doe for dode, a dead body doen- ;
'
But it were much better that those who wake, a corpse-wake. Wall, touwi, Fr.
have not taken the benefit of our indem- tuer, Sw. doda, Pl.D. d'den, to kill ; ON.
nity within the diet prefixed should be
obliged to render upon mercy.' Letter — deya, OSw. doja, Sw. do, Dan. doe, OHG.
douwen, douen, toiiwen, to die. We
of K. William, 1692.
must thus consider die a derivative from
OSw. dag, the time appointed for a
dead, and not vice vers4.
convention, and hence the assembly it-
self. —Ihre. Sc. days of law, law-days,
The primitive meaning of the active
verb seems, to oppress, subdue. Bav.
the sessions of a court of justice. I send '
ber, be dizzy. —
Schm. Pl.D. d'6sig,dusig, dowf, dull, flat, gloomy, inactive, lethar-
dizzy, tired, stupid ; dussen, bedussen, to gic, hollow (in sound), silly ; doof, dow-
; —
lence of dead and deaf above alluded to, a scythe Lat. dolare, to hew, dolabra, an
;
and we are tempted to regard them as axe ON. telgia, an axe. G. diele, a board.
;
modifications of each other, as It.' codar- Dean. Fr. doyen, Du. deken, the head
do, Ptg. cobarde, covarde, a coward. The of a collegiate body, from Lat. decanus;
Du. has doode or doove netel doode or ; ten being used in Lat. as an indefinite
doove kole, an extinct coal ; doode or number, as seven in Hebrew.
doove verwe, a dull colour ON. dodinn, ; Dear. Formed in the same way as
Dan. doven, languid ON. doSaskapr,
; dark by composition with the Gael, nega-
Dan. dovenskab, languor. ON. daufjord, tive particle do =
Gr. Svg, opposed to so
Norweg. dbdlende, boggy, barren land. = Gr. ev. Gael, daor, bound, enslaved,
Du. dooden (Kil.), E. dial, dove, to thaw. precious, dear in price saor, free, ran-
—
;
Hal. We
may compare the Sw. doda, somed, cheap gu daor, dearly gu saor,
; ;
to subdue, allay, annul. It. tutare, to allay, freely, cheaply. 'Ir. daor, guilty, con-
Lang, tuda, to extinguish, with S-w.dofwa, demned, captive, saor, free, saoradh, ran-
to deafen, dull, assuage, stupify, Dan. soming, acquittal, cheapness. Manx deyr,
dove, to deafen, deaden, blunt E. deave, ; deyree, condemn, dcyrey, condemning,
to stupify, dave, to assuage. Hal. Bav. — dear; seyr, free, clear, at liberty, seyr'ce,
dauben, to subdue, allay Pl.D. doven, ; to free, to justify.
doven, to damp, subdue, suffocate Du. ; Death. See Dead.
dooven, uitdooven, to put out, extinguish. To Deave. To stupify with noise. N.
The notion of stopping up, thrusting a dyvja, to hum, buzz, sound hollow. Dee
stopper into an orifice, leads in the most dyvefyre oyraa, it sings in my ears.
natural manner to that of stopping the Debate. Fr. debattre, to contend, to
breath, choking, strangling, killing. fight a thing out. See Beat.
Du. douwen, duwen, to thrust, to stuff Delaauoh. OFr. desbauche, disorder,
iets in een hoek douwen, to stick some-
riot, dissoluteness desbaucher, to seduce, ;
thing into a corner Halma — Pl.D. du- mislead, bring to disorder, draw from
;
dawiii, to strangle, choke, kill daw, flies out, goes from the purpose. Cot.
; —
pressure, crowd Russ. dawit dawowaf, The radical sense of the verb seems to be
; ,
to press, crowd, suffocate, strangle, op- to throw out of course, from bauche, s.
press ; Serv. dawiti (wiirgen), to slaugh- row, rank, or course of stones or bricks in
ter. Thus we come round to the Wall. building. Cot. It is probable that —
touwi, which is used in like manner for bauche itself is a derivative from bauc.^
the slaughtering a beast. Goth, divans, bauch, bau (Cot.), a balk or beam, through
mortal OHG. douuen, touuen, to die. the intervention of the verb baucher, to
;
In order to trace dead and deaf to a com- hew or square timber (to make into a
mon origin we must suppose that the balk), also to rank, order, array, lay evenly.
former also is derived from the notion of Cot, Esbaucher, to rough-hew (to cut—
stopping up, and we should find a satis- into a balk), grossly to form, square, or
factory root in the Fris. dodd, dadde, a cut out of the whole piece, to begin rudely
—
lump, bunch. Outzen. Eeji dod, a plug any piece of work, also to prune a tree.
of cotton in one's ear. —
Overyssel Alma- Cot. Bau, in the Walloon of Namur, is ap-
nach. Pl.D. dutte, a plug, a tap ON. plied to the bole of a tree felled and strip-
;
ditta, E. dial, dit, to stop. See Dam. ped of its branches. Sigart. See Balk —
: : : —
Debility. Lat. debilis, weak. turn anything from a right line, to give it
* Debonnair. Fr. debonnaire, court- an oblique direction ; to draw off liquors
eous, afifable, of a friendly conversation. gently by inclination. —
Neum.
— Cot. It. bonario, debonaire, upright, To Decay. Prov. descazer, descaier,
honest. —Fl. '
La donna ridendo e di Fr. dechqir, to fall away, go to ruin, from
—
biiona aria.' Boccac. '
II di bon aire Lat. cadere, to fall. OFr. dechaiable,
buon signore nostro.' Rayn. — perishable.
The word was early explained as a Decease. Lat. decessus, departure. See
metaphor from hawking de bon aire, ; Cede.
from a good stock aire, an eyry or nest
; December. Lat. decern, ten ; Decern^
of hawks. '
Oiseau debonnaire de luy- ber, the name of the tenth month from
mesme se the gentle hawk mans
fait : March, with which ^Romulus made the
herself.' — Cot. Haukes of nobulle eire.'
'
year to begin.
— Sir Degrevant. But in truth the sense Decent. Lat. decens, fitting, becom-
of a nest of hawks was only a special ing.
application of aire, signifying in the first ToDecide. Lat. decido, -sum, to cut
instance air, then country, birthplace, cut down, and fig. to bring to an end,
off,
family, race, character, disposition, as come to a settlement, to determine. See
clearly appears in the quotations of Ray- -cide.
nouard. To Deck.
To cover, spread over, or-
Ab I'alen tir vas me taire nament.
Lat. tegere, tectum, OHG. dak-
Qu' ieu sen venir de Proensa jan, dekjan, ON. thekja, AS. theccan, to
:
— with my breath I draw towards me the cover, to roof. From the last of these is
air which I feel comes from Provence. E. thatch, properly, like G. dach, signify-
L' amors, don ieu sui mostraire ing simply roof, but with us applied to
Nasquet en un gentil aire : straw for roofing, showing the universal
— the love of which I am the messenger practice of the country in that respect.
was born in a gentle home. The Lat. has tegula, a tile, from the same
Tout raon linh e mon aire root, showing the use of these as roofing
Vei revenir e retraire materials in Italy at a very early period.
Al vesoig at a I'araire :
Lith. dengti, to cover ; stala deiigti, to
— all my lineage and my
family I see spread the table j stoga dengti, to cover
return to the spade and the plough. a roof.
Qu'el mon non es Crestias de nul aire Declare. Lat. declarare, to make clear,
Que sieus liges o dels parens no fos proclaim. See Clear.
:
— that there is not in the world a Chris- Decoy. Properly duck-coy, as pro-
tian of any family who is not his liege or nounced by those who are familiar with
of his parents. the thing itself. ' Decoys, vulgarly duck-
Li baron de mal aire coys' Sketch of the Fens in Gardeners' —
Que tot jom fan Chron. 1849. Piscinas hasce cum aUec-
Lo mal tatricibus et reliquo suo apparatu decoys
— the barons of bad nature" who always seu duck-coys vocant ; allectatrices coy-
do evil. ducks. Rail et Will. Ornith. Du. koye, —
Li sant viron lo luoc cavea, septum, locus in quo greges stabu-
Que es asaz de bon ayre
A servir Jesus Christ
lantur. Kil. —
Kooi, koww, kevi, a cage ;
vogel-kooi, a bird-cage, decoy, apparatus
— the saints saw the place, which is suf- for entrapping water-fowl. E. dial, coy,
ficiently well fitted for the service of J. C. a decoy for ducks, a coop for lobsters.
Kar estes fel e defut aire Forby. The name was probably im-
—for you are wicked and of disposi- foul ported with the thing itself from Holland
tion. to the fens.
Debt. —Debit. Lat. debitum, debet?, to Decree. Fr. decret, from Lat. decerno,
owe. See Deft. decretum, to judge, decide, decree. See
Deca-. — Decade. — Decimal. Gr. -cern.
Sisa, Lat. decern, ten. Decrepit. Lat. decrepitus, very old,
To Decant. To cant a vessel is to worn out, infinh. Der. uncertain.,
up on one side so as to rest on the
tilt it Deed. Goth. dM, gaded, AS. deed, G.
other edge, and to decant is to pour off that,a thing done. See Do.
the liquid from a vessel by thus tilting it Deem. See Doom.
on the edge, so as not to disturb the Deep. See Dip.
;
To Defray. Fr. defrayer, to discharge delay; It. dilatione, dela.y ; dilaiare, OFr.
'Ca&frais or expenses of anything. Formed delayer, to delay.
in a manner analogous to the It. pagare, Delectable. Lat. delecto, to allure,
to pay, from l-at. pacare, to appease. So delight. See Delicious.
from G./riede, ^&3.cs, friede-brief, a letter Delegate. Lat. delegare, to give in
of acquittance, and Mid. Lat. fredum, charge to. See AUedge.
freda, fridus, mulcta, compositio qua —
Delete. Deleterious. Deleble. Gr. —
fisco exsolut^ reus pacem k principe ex- Irikidfiai, to destroy, to waste, to do mis-
sequitur. Due. — Affirmavit compositi-
'
chief; SijXriTrip, a destroyer; Mod.Gr.
onem sibi debitam quam illi fredum vo- SriKrjTrtptov, injur)', hurt ; dr/XriTripiog, hurt-
cant a se fuisse reis indultam.' The ful. Lat. deleo, deletum, to wipe out,
term was then applied to any exaction, erase, bring to nought.
and so to expenses in general, whence To Deliberate. Lat. deliberare, to
Yx.frais, the costs of a suit. Carpentier. — weigh in the mind, from librare, to swing,
Quod pro solvendis et aquitandis debitis et to weigh.
fredis villas suse possent talllare, &c. Due. — • Delicate. Lat. delicatus, over-nice,
Deft.— DeJBF. Neat, skilful, trim.— dainty, effeminate, tender, soft, gentle,
Hal. AS. dcefe, dafie, gedefe, fit, conve- agreeable, delightful. Perhaps a figure
nient gedafan, gedafnian, to become,
;
from the nicety of. those who could not
behove, befit ; gedceftan, to do a thing in drink their wine without straining it.
time, take the opportunity, to be fit, Deliquare,\a decant, strain, clarify ; liquo,
ready. to strain, purify. But more likely from the
The notion of what is fit or suitable, as source indicated under Delicious.
shown under Beseem, Beteem, is com- —
Delicious. Delight. Lat. delicica, de-
monly expressed by the verb to fall or light, pleasure, enjoyment. The gratifi-
—
happen what happens or falls in with cation of the appetite for food is the most
one's wishes or requirements. So from direct and universal of all pleasures, and
Goth, gatiman, to happen, G. ziemen, to therefore the one most likely to be taken
befit ; from fallen, to fall, gefallen, to as the type of delight in general. Thus
please, and to fall itself was formerly the negro expresses his admiration of
used the sense of becoming, being
in beads by rubbing his belly.
suitable. In like manner from Goth, ga- The astonishment and delight of these people
daban, to happen, gadobs, gadofs, be- at the display of our beads was great, and was
coming. expressed by laughter and a general nibbing of
From the same root Bohem. doba,
their bellies. —
Petherick, Egypt and Central
Africa, p. 448.
time (as time from gatiman, to
itself
happen) It is probable then that delicice may
Pol. podobad, to please one
;
;
originally have had the sense of G. lecker-
Bohem. dobry, good (primarily oppor- bissen, appetising morsels, something to
tune), dobreliky, agreeable ; Lap. taibet, lick one's chops at ; and it be observed
will
debere, opportere ; taibek, just, due ; tai- that a reference to the enjoyment of
hetet, to appropriate, to assign to one. the palate is still the prevailing sense in
The Lat. debeo is probably the same E. delicious and delicacy.
word, and is fundamentally to be ex- The idea of pleasure in eating, of ap-
plained as signifying '
it falls to me to do preciating the taste of food, is constantly
so and so.' expressed by a representation of the
To Defy. Fr. defer. It. disfidare, to sound made in smacking the tongue.
renounce a state of confidence or peace, The E. smack is used to signify a sound-
;
language the sound of a smack is repre- Prov. diluvi, OFr. deluve, Fr. deluge, an
sented with an initial tl as well as inl, in inundation.
tleskati, to clap the hands tlaskati, to; To Delve. AS. delfan, to dig. Du.
smack in eating. With these last must delven, dolven, to dig, to bury. Du. delle,
be compared E. tlkk, used by Cotgrave in —
a valley, hollow, lake Kil. ; Fris. dollen,
rendering Yr.tiiquet, 'aknicke,//2i:^^;snap dolljen, to dig, to make a pit or hollow.
with the fingers.' Thence we pass to E. To Demean. To wield, to manage ;
click, a snap or slight smack W. dec, a ; demeanour, behaviour.
smack gwefusglec, a smack with the
; So is it not a great mischance
lips, a loud kiss Fr. claquerdelalangue, To let a foole have governaunce
;
the first instance have been short, and with manage, which is undoubtedly from
may have been lengthened by a feeling that source. Observe the frequent refer-
as if the words were compounds of the ences to the hand in the explanations
preposition de. from Cotgrave and Florio above given.
Delinquent. Lat. linquo, to leave, let The same change of vowel is seen in Fr.
alone, omit ; delinquo, to omit something menottes, handcuffs.
one ought to do, to do wrong. Demesne. —
Domain. Mid. Lat. do-
Delirious. Lat. lira, a ridge, furrow. minium {dominus, lord), OFr. domaine,
Hence delirare (originally to go out of the demaine, demaigne, demesne, lordship,
furrow), to deviate from a straight Une, to dominion. Demesne or demain in E. law
be crazy, deranged, to rave. language was appropriated to the manpr-
To Deliver. Lat. liber, free, whence house and the lands held therewith in
; ;
plaintiff on his own showing is not en- act of teething dentifricium {dens, and ;
titled to the relief which he claims. frico, to rub), anything to rub the teeth
Hence to demur to a proposition, to make with. Sanscr. dantas, w. dant, tooth.
objections. Deny. Lat. denego, Fr. denier, to say
Demure. Demure no to. See Negation.
or sober of counte-
nance, rassis. — Palsgr. Perhaps fromDeplore. Lat. ploro, I wail, cry aloud.
Deploy. Fr. desployer, desplier, to un-
Fr. meure (Lat. maiurus), ripe, also dis-
creet, considerate, advised, settled, staid
fold, lay open. Cot. See Ply. —
(Cot.), through such an expression as. de
—
Depot. Deposit. Fr. depot, formerly
On the other depost, a deposit or place of deposit. Lat.
7neure conduite, or the like.
hand, it may be de mceurs elliptically for depono, depositum, to lay down. See
de bans mceurs, -pon-.
Deprave. Lat. pravus, bad, vicious.
Li quens de Flandres Baudoin, Depredation. Lat. depmdatio, a
Bon chevalers e genz meschins, plundering, pillaging. See Prey.
E sage e proz, de bone murs. Derive.
Benoit. Chron. des D. de Norm. 2. p. 471.
Lat. rivus, a stream
; derivo,
to drain or convey water from its regular
Den. The hollow lair of a wild beast course, thence to turn aside, divert, de-
a narrow valley. AS. dene, a valley. See duce.
Dimble. —
Dery. Dere. To hurt. Gael, deire,
Denizen. Commonly
explained as a end, rear, hindmost part ; deireannach
foreigner enfranchised by the king's char- (Fr. dernier), last, hindmost; deireas, in-
ter, one who receives the privilege of a jury, loss, defect. The connection of tlie
native ex donatione regis, from the OFr. two ideas is seen in Bav. laz, slow, late,
donaison, donison, a gift. But the general G. letzt, last, Bav. Ictzen, to delay, hin-
meaning of the word is simply one domi- der, throw back, and G. verletzen, to in-
ciled in a place. A denizen of the skies jure. Compare also G. nachthcil (after-
is an inhabitant of the skies. In the part), detriment, injury. To be behind-
Liber Albus of the City of London the hand in a business is to be wanting in
Fr. deinzein, the original of the E. \;-ord, it ; w. ol, rear, hinderpart, bod yn ol, to
is constantly opposed to foniii, npplied be wanting.
; —
give up hopes, to despair. Diantre for Diablej and in the same way
—
Despot. Despotic. Gr. tiairoTiK, an the Germans seem to have taken the
absolute master, or owner trntroruchq, be-
; first syllable of the name of the devil
longing to such a master, arbitrary. and lengthened it arbitrarily in different
Dessert. Fr. servir, to serve the ways Taiisig, Dusigh, Dausi, Deixel,
table, to set on the dishes ; desservir, to
:
2IO DEVOTE
purely mental operation, when the mean- A similar wavering between the shades
ing will be to deviseV invent, or imagine ; of meaning is seen in the legal phrase of
or with the addition of (wal enunciation, devising by will. It may be explained in
when the word will signifj^Nto discourse, the sense of dividing the property, as
describe, make known our views and ar- Ducange gives 7«j dividendiior the right
rangements to another. of disposal by will. But it is better un-
derstood in the sense of arranging, ex-
couth haue told you
I
pressing the will of the testator as to the
Such your hertis might agrise, -
peinis as .
Frere's Tale.
order?»''iivre des Rois. '
Aura chascun
From dividers itself we have Prov. de- — I'argent dessus devisd' Shall have —
vire, to divide, distinguish, explain ; and the money above appointed. Registre —
from the participle dtvisum, Prov. OFr. des Metiers. Docum. Inedits.
devis, discourse, as well as a secondary- Ainz que departe ne devis
form of the verb, Prov. devizir, Fr. de- A mes homes il' k mes amis
Ceste terre e 4 ma gent.
viser, It. divisare, in the senses above ex-
Chron. des Dues de Norm. 6960.
plained, which are well illustrated in the
Diz. de la Crusca. Point Device. This phrase, which has
In reference to the sense of distinguish- been much misunderstood, may be ex-
ing, a passage is quoted from Villani plained from It. divisare, Fr. deviser, to
where it is said that the arms worn by a plan or imagine, whence d, devise used as
noble were the lilies of France, and in a superlative of praise.
addition a vermillion port-cuUis above Un noble chateau d. devise.
e tanto si divisava da quella di re de Fab. et Contes, iii. 155.
Francia ' and so the arms were distin-
;
Li vergiers fut biaua devise. —lb. iii. 115.
guished from those of the King of France.
The garden was fair as could be ima-
The French arms were worn with a differ- gined, or, as we say with greater exagger-
ence. Hence It. divisa, and E. device, in
ation, fair beyond imagination. '
Dan. dug, Sw. dagg, dew; ON. deigr, star jaspidis.' DUc. In OE. poetry a
moist, soft Sc. dew, moist.
; For the meadow is freqtiently spoken of as dia-
probable origin see Daggle. The senses pered with flo'wers. At a later period the
of dew and thaw are confounded in G. reference 'to different colours was lost,
thauen, Pl.D. dauen, to thaw, to dew. and th'A sense was confined to the figures
See Thaw. with which a stuff was ornamented. Fr.
—
Dew-berry, g. thau-beere. Adelung. d^ipri, diapered, diversified with flourishes
A —
kind of blackberry covered with bloom. on sundry figures. Got. As now under-
Probably a corruption of dove-berry, from stood it is applied to linen cloth, woven
the dove-coloured bloom for whietrtt is with a pattern of diamond -shaped figures.
remarkable, as the same name is in Ger- Diaphanous. Gr. im^aivia, to shine
many given to the bilberry, which is through. See Phantom.
covered with a similar bloom. Bav. Diaphragm. Gr. Sia^payna, from Ita,
taub-ber, tauben-ber (die blaue heidel- inter, and ippayfia, a partition.
beere), vaccinium myrtiUus. Dubbere, Diarrhoea. Gr. Siappoia, from ^lo,
—
mora. Schmeller. through, and piw, to flow, run.
—
Dewlap. Dan. dog-lcspj Du. douw- Diary. ^Diurnal. Lat. dies, day.
swengelj from sweeping the dew. Sw. Diatribe. Gr. rpi'/Sw, to rub, wear ;
dial, dogg, Du. douw (Kil.), dew ; Da. Siarpifiia, to wear away, pass time SiaTpijSti, ;
through, thorough, and also between, The dilile in the earth to set one slip of them.
apart, asunder. Winter's Tale.
Diabolic. See Devil. The syllable dib, expressing the act of
Diadem. Gr. JiuJjj/ia, the white fillet striking with a pointed instrument, is a
with which kings used to bind their modification of Sc. dab, to prick, Bohem.
heads ; ItaSkto, to bind round, fasten ; dubati, to peck, E. job, to thrust, or peck,
Uti), to bind. parallel with dag or dig, to strike with a
Diagonal. Gr. yuvia, an angle ; Si- pointed instrument. Norm, diguer, to
ayiivtoe, Lat. diagonalis, of a line drawn prick ; diguet, a pointed stick used in
through the angles. reaping.— Pat. de Brai.
Dial. A
device for showing the time Dibble - dabble. Rubbish. Hal. —
of day. Lat. dialis, belonging to the day. Comp. Magy. dib-ddb, useless, insignifi-
—
Dialect. Dialogue. Gr. iiaMyu, to cant dib-ddbsdg, useless stuff, rubbish.
;
Then as jasper was much used in orna- Didactic. Gr. ZitanniAq, apt to teach,
menting jewellery, M.Lat. diasprus, an from iiiaoKia, to teach.
ornamented texture, panni pretiosioris Didapper. A water-bird constantly
species. —
Due. ' Pluviale diasprum cum diving under water. Du. doppen, to dip.
listis auro textis.' Duas cruces de ar-
'
See Dabchick.
gento, unam de diaspro, et unam de crys- To Didder. To didder, dither, dodder,
tallo — duo pluvialia de diaspro et panno to tremble ;diddering and daddering;
Barbarico.' Diasperatus, adorned with doddering-dickies, the quivering heads ot
inlaid work, embroidery, or the like. San-
dalia cum caligis de rubeo sameto dias-
—
quaking grass. Hal. on. dadra, to wag
the tail ; Magy. dideregni, dederegni,
perato, breudata cum imaginibus regum.'
dodorgni, to tremble ; Sc. diddle, to
A Steele bay, trapped in stele, shake, to jog.
14 *
;
to prick ; endiguer, to pierce with an awl Magy, dugni, to stick in, to stop, duga,
or needle ; diguet, a pointed stick, a dib- a plug, stopper, stuffing ; Ulyrian tukani,
ble. Lith. dygiis, sharp, pointed ; degti, Pol. tkai, to thrust, stick, cram, stuff;
; •
about like stones, to dissipate, squander, dim, obscure, dull, low (of sound), stupid.
waste. The same relation between the ideas of
Saepe ferus duros jaculatur Jupiter imbres shutting up and darkening is seen in
Grandine dilapidans honiinumque boumque la- Manx doon, to close or shut up, and also
bores. —
Columella. to darken doon, a field or close; dooney,
;
tentive, industrious. See -lect. thon. tumme, dull, dim, dark ; Lap. tuom,
Dilling.— DiU. Dilling, a darling or dull in action, slow.
favourite, the youngest child or the young- Dimble. —Dimple. —Dingle. Dimble
est of a brood. —
Hal. ON. dill, the nurse's or dingle is a narrow glen, deep valley.
lullaby ; dilla, to lull a child to sleep.
Within a gloomy dimble she doth dwell.
To dill, to soothe, to still, to calm Hal., — Sad Shepherd,
to dill down, to subside, become still.
The noise of the Queen's journey to France Lith. dubus, hollow, deep (of vessels) ;
Hence the name of the herb dill (Sw. to be hollow dube, dobe, a ditch, hole in
;
minative or soothing medicine for child- in the cheek or chin daiiba, a glen, cleft,
;
ren. Dan. dial, dull, still, quiet, as pain valley. Fris. dobbe, a ditch, hole, pit,
when the attack goes off dulme, to sub- ; hollow ; dobbetjens, a dimple. Epkema. —
side, assuage, soothe. Lith. tylus, quiet, a valley dub, a deep place in a
E. dib, ;
tulid, to seek to calm, soothe, or appease dump, a deep hole of water ; Bav. dUmpf,
one, utulid, to quiet a crying child. See dUmpifel, a deep hole in a river OHG. ;
tapa los olhos, to cast a mist before one's same principle we have dent, the hollow
eyes, taparse, to darken, become dark made by a blow (and perhaps den, a cave
tapar os ouvidos, Lang, se tampa las or hoUow), from dint, a blow. So also
aourelios, to stop one's ears. from dig or ding in the sense of stabbing
Bav. daumb, daum, taum, stopper, wad- or thrusting or striking with a hammer or
ding ; daumen, verdaumben, to ram down, the like, we pass to dinge, the hollow
to stop dumper, dimper, dull in sound made by the blow, and dingle, synonym-
;
or in colour timper, fusca vox, csecus ous with dimble, a narrow glen.
;
'
candus, Hist. Sicil. in Mur. Diss. 25. In to strike with a dull sound, to fall heavily
the same way the G. name for velvet, sam- dunta, to strike, to shake Rietz Da. — ;
met, is contracted from exhamita, from dial, dunte, to sound hollow under the
having been woven of six threads. In feet ; dundse, to thump.
like manner G. drillich, E. drill, a web of Diocese. Gr. Sioixriats, the manage-
a threefold thread ; G. zwillich, E. twill, ment of a household, administration,
a web of a double thread. function of a steward, a province or juris-
Din. Imitative of continued sound. diction in ecclesiastical matters the juris-
;
thunder. Lat. tinnire, to sound as a bell, household affairs, from oiicog, a house.
tonare, to thunder. See Dun. To Dip. Deep. Goth, daupjan, AS. —
* To Dine. It. desinarej OFr. dis- dippan, Sw. doppa, to dip, to soak. Du.
gner, disner, dignerj Prov. disnar, dir- doppen, doopen, to dip, baptise j Sc. doup,
—
nar, dinar. Disnavi me ibi.' Gl. Vatic, Du. duypen, to duck the head. G. taufen,
'
quoted by Diez. Diez suggests a deriva- to baptise It. tuffare, to dive or duck, to ;
dumpfig, dead in sound, musty, damp, doup in the same sense as the E. duck;
Du. dompig, dark, close, as cringe to AS. G. taufen, to baptise, tauchen, to dip or
crymbig, crooked. It. cangiare to cam- dive ; E. dimble and dingle, a glen ; Du.
biare, to change. The ON. dumba, dark- dompen, G. tunken, to dip.
ness, would give an as. dymbig, darkish, Diphthong. Gr. 5i09oyyoe, having a
dingy. It may be considered as the twofold sound ^Soyyoc, articulate sound.
analogue of the Du. danker, G. dunkel, Diploma. —Diplomatic.
;
Gr. SivXmiia,
dark. See Damp, Dim. Lat. diploma, an authoritative document,
—; ;
; ;
Dire. Lat. dirus, cruel, dreadful. tum, to discern ; discretio, separation, se-
Dirge. A funeral service ; from Ps. lection.
5, V. 8. ' Dirige Domine Deus meus in Discrepancy. Lat. crepo, to creak,
conspectu tuo vitam meam,' repeated in make a noise ; discrepo, to be out of
the anthem used on such occasions. tune, sound inharmoniously, thence, to
Jam. disagree.
The frere wol to the direge
if the cors is fat. Discriminate. Lat. discrimen, se-
PoUtical Songs, 332, Cam. Soc. paration, distinction. See -cern.
In old Sc. dregy, dirgy. Disgust. Fr. desgoust, digoiit, from
Dirk.—Durk. A dagger. Sc. durk, Lat. gtistus, taste.
G. dolch, Sw. dolk, a dagger. Bohem. Dish.. —
Disk. Lat. discus, a quoit or
tuleg, a spear (spiculum), tuHch, a dagger. flat circle of stone, wood, or metal ;
Magy. tolni, to thrust Russ. tolkat', ; hence, a dish ; Gr. SisKoe, a quoit, a tray.
tolknuf, to give a blow, strike, knock G. tiscA, a table.
Bohem. tlauk, a pestle. Fris. dulg, dolge, Disheveled. Fr. descheveler, to put
dolch, a wound. —
Epkema. The inter- the hair out of order. Fr. cheveux, Lat.
change of an / and r before a final gut- capilla, the hair.
tural is very common. Comp. Dan. dial. Dismal. Swiss dusem, dark, thick,
smilke and kilche, corresponding to e. misty, downhearted. Bav. dus, dusam,
—
smirk and kirk Junge Outzen. OFr. ; dusig, dusmig, dull (not shining), still,
pourpe for poulpe. Roquef.
* Dirt.
— cloudy. Dan. dial, dusm, dussem, slum-
Dryte or doonge, merda, ber. Dasyn, or in Pynson's edition,
stercus. —
Pr. Pm. To drite, cacare, das7nyn, or missyn as eyne, caligo. —
Pr.
egerere. —
Cath. Ang. in Way. on. drit, Pm. Swab, disseln, disemen, dusemen,
excrement. G., Du. dreck, excrement, disinen, dusmen, to speak low, dosen,
filth, mud, dirt. dosmen, to slumber.
The radical sense of the word is simply The primary image is a low sound,
a lump, what falls in separate portions. then dull in colour, dark, overcast, un-
Banff, treetle, to fall in drops, to trickle. cheerful.
E. trattles, troUles, treadles', the dung of Dismay. Sp. desi7iayo, a swoon, faint-
sheep, goats, hares, &c. Du. drotel, ing-fit,decay of strength, dismay; des-
dreutel pilula stercoraria. Banff, turd, a mayar, to faint, to be faint-hearted, to
clot of excrement, is radically identical discourage, frighten. See Amaze.
with inversion of the r. In the same To Disparage. From Lat. par, equal,
way E. crottles, lumpy dung, may be com- arises Vr. parage, equality of birth or in
pared with crote, a clod, and Du. krotte, blood, (and hence) kindred, parentage,
dirt sticking to the bottom of clothes, Fr. lineage. — Cot. Hence to disparage, to
crotte, dirt. match a person with one of inferior birth
Dis-, Di-, before an f, Dif-. From Gr. and condition, and in modern usage to
Uq (Sanscr. dvis, Lat. bis), twice, in two speak slightingly of one, to put him lower
parts, separately. In composition it im- in estimation.
plies separation from the thing signified Dispatch. It. impacciare, to impeach,
by the word with which it is compounded, encumber, hinder dispacciare, to dis-
;
dofen), to plunge in water, duck, dive ; fist, e li poples, e coment il lefeissent del
ON., dyfa, deyfa, to dip, stick down into. —
siege and how they got on with the
Du. dutpen, to duck the head. Kil. — siege.
—Doctor. —Doctrine. —Docu-
Dan. duve, to pitch, as a ship meeting Docile.
the waves; duve stg, to duck, bow the ment. Lat. doceo, doctum, to teach, do-
head. It. tuffare, to duck or plunge cilis, easy to be taught ; doctor, a teacher,
under water. doctrina, what is taught, documentwn,
Aparallel series with a final guttural that by which one is taught.
is seen in Du. duiken, Bav. ducken, to Dock. I. G. docke, a bundle, bunch
duck, bow, dive; Sw. dyka, G. tauchen, to of thread, knot of cords, baluster, plug,
dive. See Dip. stopple, a short thick piece of anything.
—
Divide. Division. Lat. divide, -sum, Fris. dok, a small bundle, ball of twine,
separate, cut in parts; dividuus, what bunch of straw. It. tocco, a scrap, cob,
may be divided. coUop, cut or shive, viz. of bread and
Divine. Lat. divinus, belonging to cheese. —
Fl. w. toe, that is short or
God ; divi, Gods. Gr. SIoq, godlike. The abrupt ; tocyn, a short piece ; tocio, to
Lat. divinus was applied to a prophet or reduce to a short bit, to curtail, explain-
soothsayer, one conversant with divine ing the E. dock, to reduce to a stump, to
matters, as in modern times the term is cut short. ON. dockr, a short stumpy
applied to a clergyman. Hence divinare, tail. The term dock is applied to several
to divine, foretell, prophesy, foresee, then plants having leaves broad in proportion
to guess. to their length, as sour-dock, sorrel, bur-
Dizzy. AS. dysig, dyslic, foolish ; Pl.D. dock, butter-dock (Du. docke-blaederen
diisig, d'dsig, giddy, dizzy, dilsig weder, petasites), AS. ea-dock, Swab, wasser-
hazy weather ; Dan. disig, hazy ; Du. docklein, the water-lily. Another appli-
duysig, deusig, stupid, giddy, stunned ;
cation of the term is to the rump of an
E. dizze, to stun. '
Etourdir, to astonish, animal, butt end of a tree, the thick end.
dizze, amaze.' Cotgr.— Bav. dusen, du- —Hal,
seln, dusseln, to be still, to slumber, to be Dock, like other words signifying a
giddy ; dasig, submissive, tame dausig, ; lump, is probably derived from the no-
dusig, dull, foolish. E. to daze, to stupefy, tion of knocking. Du. docken, dare
benum dasyd or bedasyd, vertiginosus.
; pugnos, ingerere verbera.^Kil. It. toe-
— Pr. Pm. To dozen, dosen, to stupefy care, to knock. Compare dump, to beat
with a blow or otherwise, to lose power Qam.), with dumpy j dunch, to beat, with
and life, benum, become torpid.
ON. dos, das, languor, lassitude. Hann
Jam. — —
dunch, one who is short and thick Jam. ;
to punch, to strike, with punchy, short
liggr i dosi, he lies in a faint. Dan. dos, and thick, &c.
drowsiness, dose, to doze, to mope. Dock. 2. The cage in a court of jus-
To Do. OHG. duan, tuan, G. thun, tice in which a criminal is placed at his
Du. doen, to do. trial. Flemish docke, a bird-cage. — Kil.
It is often said that da in the inquiry Dock. 3. An
inclosed basin for re-
after a person's, health is properly the Sc. pairing ships. A
pond where the water
dow, Du. doogen, deugen, G. taugen, to is kept out by great flood-gates till the
be able or good for, to avail, to thrive ; ship is built or repaired, but are opened
but there is no need of such a supposi- to let in the water to float or launch her.
tion. Weask how a thing does, mean- — B.
ing, how does it perform the office ex- Both in this sense and in that of a cage
pected of it, and the word is used in a the meaning is probably to be explained
very similar sense in the inquiry. How through the notion of stopping up, hem-
—
do you do ? How do you get on 1 How ming in, confining. The G. docke, signi-
do you perform the offices of life ? It is fying primarily a bunch, is applied to the
a simple translation of the OFr. Com- tap by which the water of a fish-pond is
ment le faites-vous ? —
kept in or let off. Adelung. Hence the
Puis li a dit par grant doufor,
name seems to have been transferred to
comment le faites-vos ?
Sire, a naval dock, the essential provision of
Dame, bien, dit le Segretains. which is the power of keeping in or shut-
Fab. et Contes. i. 245. ting out the water by an analogous con-
'
David demanded of him how Joab trivance, though on a greatly magnified
—
a bank. '
Douvam
aggerem dicti fall,
sive or clap down and with
forcibly, noise.
fossati.' Qui a douhe, il a foss^,' who- He fell
' with a dad. —^Jam. Hence dad,
ever possesses the bank, he has the ditch. a lump, large piece, synonymous with
In the sense of a conduit '
fossas in cir- dod. Sc. dod, to jog. To dad, to shake,
cuitu basilicas fieri jussit ne forte dogis
;
to strike. —
Hal. To dodder, didder,
occultis lymphee deducerentur in fontem.' dither, to shake, to tremble; doddered,
— Gregory of Tours in Diez. shaken, shattered. A
doddered oak, a
In It. we havea mill-dam, a
doccia, shattered oak. A
dodderel, or pollard, is
,
—
zam, qu» est sub fundo circse (by the the noise of a blow or the blow itself,
culvert which is under the bottom of the clap, smack.
quod terralium et ripa dictse
ditch), et Doe. Lat. dama, G. dam, as. da, Dan.
totum usque ad dic- daa, fallow-deer It. daino as E. doe, the
circae claudatur in ;
tam dozzam ita quod nulla ruptura sit in female of the same kind. Gael, damh,
dicto terralio, et a latere foras dictae an ox, a stag.
circse in capite dozzce possit fieri una Dog. ON. doggr, Du. dogghe, a large
clusa alta (a deep sluice, or flood-gate, at dog. The uprights in front of the iron
the head of the culvert) super dictam bars on which the logs in a fireplace
dozzam,' &c. rest, are called dogs, in Sw\ss feuer-hund,
The sense of stopping up is expressed probably from the resemblance to a dog
by the same root in the Finnish lan- sitting on its haunches ; in Pol. and Lith.
guages. Fin. tukko, a lump, bunch, wilki, a wolf. ON. siiia vid dogg, to sit
tuft tukkia, to stop an orifice
; tuket, a ; up in bed.
stopper, the condition of being shut up ;
Doggrel. Pitiful poetry.
tukktita, to be stopped up, to stagnate, Now swiche a rime the devil I beteche,
as water. Magy. dugni, to stuff dugasz, ; This may wel be clepe rime dogerel quod he.
a stopper, bung. Chaucer, Prol. Melibeus.
Docket. A
small piece of paper or —
Dogma. Dogmatic. Gr. iby\ia, an
parchment, containing the heads of a authoritative sentence, a decree, from
large writing. B. —
shred, or piece. A ffoKEO), to think, judge, SoKtl, it seems
Hal. A
diminutive of dock, in the ori- good, itioKTai, it has been resolved, de-
ginal sense. W. tocyn, a small piece, or creed.
slip, a ticket. Doiley. A
small napkin used at des-
Dod. Synonymous in several of its sert,said to be derived from the name of
senses with Dock. Fris. dodd, dadde, a a dealer by whom they were introduced.
lump, clump, bunch.— Outzen. Sc. dawd, The stores are very low, Sir, some Doiley pet-
a lunch, lump. Du. dot, a bunch of ticoats and manteaus we have, and half a dozen
twisted thread. — Halma. pairs of laced shoes.— Dryden, Kind Keeper.
— ;
Swiss dwaheli; a napkin. the other) applied both to ridge and fur-
* Soit. Du. duit, the smallest coin, row, and suiasequently appropriated to
the ^sTith part of a guilder. It is also used either as accidental circumstances might
in the more general sense of a particle or determine. We
find the same duplicity
least bit. Hij gelijkt hem op een' duit : of meaning in dikej and mote, the term
—
he resembles him to a hair. Bomhoff. by which we designate the ditch of a
It is used in Yorkshire synonymous with castle, signifies in It. the mound on which
tnoit, a mote or atom. '
There was now- the castle is built.
ther head nor hair on't, moit nor doit^ Dole, a boundary mark, either a post
every fraction had disappeared. Whitby — or a mound of earth, a lump of anything.
Gloss. Analogous forms are seen in dot, — Hal. Doel, a butt, or mound of turf
jot, tot, representing probably in the first for archers to shoot at. —
Kil. Dool, dole,
instance a slight utterance, then a slight
movement, a particle or small portion of
the goal in a game of football, &c. Jam,
Doll. Properly a bunch of rags. Fris.
—
bodily substance. So Gr. ypS, a slight dok, G. docke, a little bundle, as of thread,
sound, a least bit ; o'uSi ypv, not a syllable, a wisp of straw, also a doll Swab. ;
not a bit. It is remarkable also that ypv, dbckle, a doll dokkelen, to play with a
;
according to Suidas, like dozt and mite, doll. Banff, doll, a large lump of any-
was used as the name of a small coin. It. thing.
nonfare ne motto ne totto, not to let one's So in Fin. nukka, a flock, rag, patch ;
breath be heard, not to stir. As motto nukki, nuket, a doll, pupa lusoria puella-
corresponds to moit, so totto to doit. rum ex panniculis.
See Mote, Mite. were mad I should forget my son,
-dole. —Dole. —
Doleful. Sc. dule,
If I
Or madly think a babe of clouts were he.
dool, grief; to sing dool, to lament. K.John.
Jam. Lat. dolere, to grieve ; It. duolo, Dollar.Du. dalerj G. thaler, i&iid
doglia, pain, grief ; Fr. deuil, mourning. to be so named from having been struck
Ir. doilbh, doUfe, dark, gloomy, sorrowful, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia.
mournful doilbheas, doilgheas, affliction,
;
Dolorous. See Dole. Lat. doleo, to
sorrow ; Gael, doilleir, dim, dark ; duil- grieve ; dolor, grief, pain.
bhearra (Ir. duilbhir), sad, anxious, me- Dolt. Swab, dalde, dalter, dodle,
lancholy. The opposites to these last dalle, dohle, dallebatsch, dallewatsck,
are soUleir, bright, clear, and suilbhir, dalpe, dalper, a foolish, awkward, clumsy
cheerful, joyful, constructed with the person ; dalpicht, talkickt, clumsy, clown-
particle so equivalent to the Gr. tv, as the ish ; dalpen,talken, to handle awkwardly;
former series with the particle do equiv- G. tolpel, a dolt, blockhead. Bav. dalken,
alent to the Gr. Zvq. See Dear, Dark. to work sticky, doughy materials
in
In like manner Gael, dolus, -woe, grief; verdalken, to blot, dawb, do a thing un-
solas, solace, comfort. The idea of dark- skilfully, spoil by awkwardness ; dalkend,
ness is always connected with that of dalket, sticky, awkward ; der dalk, the
grief and melancholy. E. dial, dowly,
— awkward
—person. — Schmel.
dingy, colourless, doleful. Hal. Dome. ^Domestic. —Domicile. Lat.
Dole. 2. A
portion, or lot. See Deal. domus, a house. Gr. Souoq, Swiia. It is
Dole. 3. Doles, dools, slips of pasture doubtful how the term dome came to be
left between furrows of ploughed lands. applied to a cupola or vaulted roof. A
— B. '
Cursed be he that translateth the cathedral is in It. duomo, in G. dom, and
bounds and doles of his neighbour.' a dome may be so called because it was
Injunction 19 Eliz. in Brand's Pop. Ant. the ornament of a cathedral church. A
A dole-meadow is a meadow in which the church in general was called domus Dei,
shares of different proprietors are marked the house of God, and probably the name
by doles or landmarks. Now the simplest was given to a cathedral church par ex-
division of property would be a strip of cellence. On the other hand we find that
turf left unploughed. Pl.D. dole, a small the Gr. M/i/a was used for a roof. ' Doma
ditch with the sod turned up beside it for in Orientalibus provinciis ipsum dicitur
a landmark; uutdolen, so to mark the quod apud Latinos tectum, in Palsestina
division of properties with a ridge and enim et JEgypto —
non habente in tectis
furrow. — Brem. Wtb. The word is pro- culmina sed domata, quae Romse vel So-
laably at bottom identical with w. twll, a laria, vel Masniana vocant, id est, plana
pit, Bohem. dul, a pit, ditch ; then (as tecta quas transversis trabibus sustentan-
;
The word domus is commonly derived opinion, to have in the Tnind apsidu- ;
from the Gr. Skjiai, to build, but this I be- mdti, to remember.
lieve is putting the cart before the horse. Let. dohmaht, Russ. dumaf, to think,
The form with the narrow vowel is com- to be of opinion. Gr. 6vii6q, breath, life,
monly the derivative, and irBvo/iai is de- soul, mind, thought, resolve. The ulti-
rived from TTovog, labour, deem from doom, mate meaning is doubtless the breath,
and not vice versa. We have then the from Russ. duf, lUyr. duti, duhati, du-
most natural derivation for the word sig- vati, to blow, to breathe Gr. fiuw, pro- ;
rendered smoke, cottage, house, while the ing, grumbling, cooing like a dove. Ir.
form dom is also used in the latter sense. dordam, to hum like a bee dord, hum- ;
Bohem. dym., smoke dum, a house ; ; Lith. ming or muttering. But the Du. form,
tor, torre, a beetle, is against this deriva-
dumas, smoke. In a rude state of society
tion.
the hearth is almost universally taken as
a type of the family shelter or house.
To Dor. To befool one, put a trick
upon him. ON. ddr,irrisio ; ddra, to
The census includes those provinces beyond
deride, befool ; ddri, Dan. daare, a fool ;
the frontiers dependant on the empire, which are
—
numbered by ftre-places or houses. Population of bedaare, to delude, befool ; Du. door, G.
China, Amer. Orient. Soc. thor, a fool.
Feu, famille, habitation, domicile. — Ro- Doree.
Peter's fish
Fr. dor^e, the doree or St
—Cot., from the yellow colour
quef.
The ranch, smoke, is tropically used of the skin.
G.
for a dwelling-house. Rauch und Brot —
Dormant. Dormer. Fr. dormant,
haben, to have his own dwelling and food. quiescent, sleeping, from dormir, to sleep.
— Adelung. It. fumante, house, family. Eau dormante, standing water. dor- A
'
Et facere dare in perpetuum promise- mant claim, a claim in abeyance. A
runt sex Lucences pro Fumante, qui dormer was a sleeping apartment, whence
parium boum habuerint.' Carp, in v. — a dormer window, a window in the roof,
usually appropriated to sleeping apart-
Fumans.
ments.
In 1680 so many families perished for want
• Dormouse. Probably for dorm-
that for six miles in a well-inhabited extent,
within the year there was not a smoke remaining. mouse, from the winter sleep of the ani-
^-Jam.' mal, on which account it is in Suffolk
Sw. roek, smoke, also domicilium, focus. called sleepers in Bret, hunegan, from
— Ihre. hun, sleep. Lang, dourmeire, a slum-
—
Domimon. Domain. Lat. dominus, berer radourmeire, a dormouse.
; In
a lord, must probably be explained from Cotswold the name of dormouse is applied
domus, the man of the house, master of to the bat, which also has a winter sleep.
the house. N.E. to dorm, to doze Hereford dorme-
;
Domino. Sp. domind, Fr. domino, a dory, a sleepy, inactive person. Hal. —
kind of hood, worn by canons, and hence Sw. dial, dormeter, dormig, sleepy, slow ;
hole. Du. dodde (Kil.), Pl.D. dutte, a plug From daggle or tegeln we pass to Bav.
or stopper. Sc. dottle, a small particle tegel, tahel, take?!, tah, clay, loam, and
;
stop, shut, fasten. Hal. — clay, loam ON. deigr, Swiss teig (Schmidt,
Id.
;
small particle. ON. datta, to beat gently, may be observed in E. plash compared
as the heart Sw. dial, dutta, ddtta, dotta,
;
with Gr. 7r\dff(Tii), to form. See Plaster.
N. dutte, dytta, to touch, to knock ; Sc. Professor Aufrecht points out that the
dod, to jog Sw. dial, dett, ditt, a dot or
;
ordinary rule of consonantal change
spot, a little lump. See Jot, Tit. shown in Lat. fores, Gr. Bvpa, door ; in
-dote. Gr. Jorloe, to be given, from rufus, Gr. spvQpoe, red ; i^ber (for u/er), Gr.
Hence avriioTov, a remedy o!i9ap, udder, would render the Lat. Jzn-
Zilayii, to give.
against poison ; ln/iK^oroq, not given out, gere, to form, and figulus, a potter, the
unpublished. exact equ ivalents of Goth, deigan, digands.
—
; —
slumber Dan.
dusen, dussen, to
dose, to doze, to mope ;
—
stamped, pilumen. Pr. Pm. G. irdbern,
;
brewers' grains ; Gael, druaip, Lett, drab-
dysse, to lull ; taus, silent, hushed. And bini, lUyr. drSp, dropina, Russ. drobina,
see the forms cited under Dismal. The dregs, lees ; Du. drabbig, E. dial, dravy,
fundamental image is probably the deep drovy, thick, muddy, dirty. Drubby,
breathing in sleep represented by the syl-
lable dus, tus. Lith. dusas, a deep breath,
muddy. —Hal. Drobly, of drestys, fecu-
—
lentus, turbulentus. Pr. Pm. Draff,
dwasas, the breath dusti, dwlsti, to
; chaff.
breathe Bohem. dusati, to snort. In
;
Why shuld I sowen draf out of my fist
like manner a representation of the same Whan I may sowen whete, if that me Ust.
sound by the syllable sough, swough, Chaucer in Way.
gave rise to the OE. swough, sleep, swoon, The change of the final labial for a gut-
So. souch, swouch, sou/, the deep breath- tural gives rise to a series of forms that
ing of sleep, silent, quiet ; ON. svefia (as cannot be separated from the foregoing.
Dan. dysse), to quiet, svefn, sleep ; AS. ON. dregg, E. dregs, sediment ; Prov.
suTvian, swugan, to be silent. draco, dregs of the vintage ; Rouchi
Dozen. Fr. douzaine, from douze, draque, OFr. drague, drache, drasche,
twelve. driche, dresche, draff, brewers' grains,
Drab. i. Du. drabbe, Dan. drav, dregs of brewing. The form drasche was
Gael, drabh, draff, dregs Du. drabbig, ;
Latinised as drascus, drasqua, and from
feculentus ; Gael, drabach, nasty, dirty, the facility with which the sound of sc
passes into that of st, gave the Latinised
slovenly ; drcibag, a dirty female, a drab
drabaire, a dirty, slovenly man. Banff.
—
drastus, as well as drascus. ^Way. Hence
drabble, a person of dirty habits. dirty A the OE. forms drast, drest, traistj AS.
woman is called in Dan. dial, drav-so, dresten, fseces ; G. trestern, dregs. For
drav-trug, a draff-pail. Molbech. The — the change of the final consonant com-
pare Fr. buc, busche, busc, bust, a bust,
radical image is dabbling in the wet and
dirt. See Drabble. trunk.
2. The grey colour of undyed cloth.
Again, the sound of the Fr. ch in some
See Drape. dialects of France regularly corresponds
Fr. drap. It. drappo, cloth.
to that of ss in others, as the Picard or
Drabble. — Dragg'le. Drabble and Norman cacher to the Fr. chasser. In
draggle in the instance probably, like
first
like manner the form drache leads to the
dabble and daggle, signify to paddle in AS. dros, fasx, sordes, Du. droessem, dregs,
the wet. Du. drabben, ire per loca lutosa.
— Bigl. Drabelyii, drakelyn, paludo ;
dras, mud. — Halma. OE. drass, dross,
refuse, cleansings of corn, metal, &c.
drapled, drablyd, paludosus, lutulentus. Drosse, or fylthe whereof it be, ruscum ;
Pr. Pm. One is said to drable his claise drosse or drasse of corn, acus, criballum.
who slabbers his clothes when eating.
Jam. P1.D. drabbeln, to slobber, let
— Pr. Pm. Pol. dro'zdze {z =
Fr. j),
Walach. droschdii, dregs, lees.
liquids fall over one in eating drabbelbart, ;
The Gael, leads us to the same forms
one who dirties himself in such a manner. through a different route ; drabh, draff,
Banff, draggle, to moisten meal slightly grains of malt ; drabhag, dregs, sediment,
Sc. draglit, bedirtied, bespattered Gl. — refuse ; drabhas, filth, foul weather, ob..
Dougl. ;Sw. dragla, dregla, to slobber, scenity ; draos, trash, filth.
drivel, let the spittle fall from the mouth. The origin is probably exhibited in
AS. drefliende, rheumaticus. Lye. See — drabble, draggle, to dabble, paddle in the
Draff. Sc. draked or drawked, mingled wet and mud. Goth, drobjan, to stir up,
—
with water or mire Gl. Dougl., reduced to trouble.
to a dreggy condition ; Gael, druaip, To Drag.— Draw. as. dragan, ON.
224 DRAGGLE DRAM
draga, to drag or draw ; Du. draghen, G. are called brewer^ drains in Suffolk,
still
tragen, to carry. Du. trecken, to draw- probably the truer form, which has in
as a sword, to trace outlines ; treck- general given way to brewers? grains.
brugghe, a draw-bridge treck-net, a '
—
Drascus nos de la drague dicimus,
—
;
cavalry carrying fire-arms, and therefore drank, distillers' wash or grains, dregs,
capable of service either on horseback or lees Russ. drdn, drdntza, dirt, rubbish,
;
*
Drain, i. w.e. rhme,reen,3Lwaier- warrior.
course, an open drain Jennings —
Lane.
— Hal.
;
e.e. drean,
In like manner the Fin. uros (identical
reean, rindle, a. g\xtter. with the Gr. J/pwe and Lat. herus, G. herr,
a cut, drain ; drindte, a channel, water- master) signifies a grown rrian, brave
course, furrow. —
Moor. man, and the male of animals ; uros-
'
Here also it receiveth the Baston puoli, the male sex uros-lintu, a male
;
dreane, Longtoft dreane. Deeping dreane, bird ; uro-teko, a heroic deed. Anser
and thence goeth by Wickham into the (vir aucarum) eyn herr unter den gensen.
sea.' —
HoUinshed. For the identity of — Dief. Sup.
reen or rhine and drain, comp. rill, a To Drake.—Draok. — Drawk. To
watercourse, and diHll, a furrow Sc. ;
saturate with water Hunter ; to mix—
dredour and reddour, fear, G. rieseln and
E. drizzle.
with mire or water. Gloss. Dougl.—
Draplyd, drablyd, paludosus. Drablyn,
The form drindle points to the origin —
drakelyn, paludo. Pr. Pm. Drakes, a.
of the word in the notion of falling bit by
bit, dribbling, trickling down. '
He is
slop, a mess. —
Hal. Pl.D. drekmetje, a
woman who dirties her clothes, a draggle-
the drindlest man I ever did business tail ; dreksoom, the border of wet at the
—
with :' the slowest. Moor. Drindle is bottom of a bedraggled gown. Schiitze. —
the nasalised form of Sc. driddle, to spill ON. dreckia, and (as the root takes a
anything, to let fall from carelessness, to nasal form in Sw. drank, dregs, grains,
be constantly in action but making little
progress [i. e. to keep dribbling on], to wash) Sw. dranka, to plunge in water.
Da.
—
move slowly. ^Jam. Sw. dial, dradda.
dratie, to spill, drop ; drat, a scrap,
Lith. drlgtias, wet, sloppy, dreginti, drs-
kinti, to make See Drabble.
wet.
slop, little bit ; Sw. dial, dratta, dretta, Drake. 2. —Drawk.
Drake, drawk,
drettla, to spill, drop, let fall, dribble ; E. drank, drunk, darnel, a mischievous weed
dial, tridlins, the dung of sheep (which among corn. '
Le yveraye (darnel) i
fallsdribbling down in separate pellets) ; crest, et le betel (drauke).' — Bibelsworth
Banff, trintle, trinkle, trinnle, the sound in Way. Du. dravick, segilops, vitium
made by a liquid falling in drops, or by secalis. — Kil. w. drewg, Bret, draok,
any hard comminuted substance falling dreok, Wal. draiiwe, darnel.
in small quantities to fall in drops, in a
; Dram. — Draclim. Gr. Spaxfii], a
small gentle stream, in small quantities. drachm or dram, a weight of 60 grains.
' The corn cam trinnlin' oot o' a wee It. dramma, a very small quantity of
holie in the saick.' '
It winna lat oot the anything. Bret, drammour, an apothe-
wort bit in a mere trinnle.' The primary cary, one who retails medicaments in
notion of drindle and the derivative drain drams. In Normandy the term drame is
would thus be a dribbling stream. applied to a pinch of snuff. Patois de —
2. The spent refuse of malt in brewing Bray. In Denmark, as in England, it is
— —
of spirits. —
Molb. Dial. Lex. droddekar, a slug, lazy person drodda, ;
act, a performance, from Span), to do, bit; Du. dreutelen, Pl.D, drbtelen, to loiter,
enact. idle, delayN.E. drate, drite, to drawl.
Drape. —^Draper. drap, cloth.
Fr. Compare
;
drupt, to fall to pieces ; druppis, frag- trilde, a child's top ; ON. tritla, to whirl
ments. Dan. trilde, trille, to roll ; trilde-bor, a
Drill. I.— Trill.— Thrill. Ttn. drillen, wheel-barrow.
trillen, tremere, motitari, vacillare, ultro Drill. 2. Drill, a small stream of
citroque cursitare, gyrosque agere, gyrare, water to drill, to trickle or flow down
—
;
revolution are characterised by the same slowly from the rocks, where it may be received
rapid change of direction, to move round in vessels. —
Dampier in R.
and round, and thence to bore a hole. Drylle, or lytylle drafte of drynke, hau-
The Du. drillen was specially applied to stillus. —
Pr. Pm. Pl.D. uut drullen, to
the brandishing of weapons met den ;
ooze out. Probably from dribble or drid-
pick drillen, to shake a pike Sewel — dle. See Drawl. Dan.
to spill, as water out of a full vessel
dial, drille, drilre,
drilkonst, the art of handling or man-
aging a gun. Hence drillen, as a fac- Gael, drill, a drop, and as a verb, to
titive verb, to drill soldiers, or make drop, to drizzle drilseach, dropping,
;
iller, to gingle, as hawks' or mules' bells licium, a thread of the warp. So twill,
Gael, drithlich, Fr. driller, to twinkle, G. zwillich, cloth made with two divisions
glitter; the notion of chattering, trem- in the warp.
bUng, quavering, shaking, glittering, being Drink. Drench. Drown. Goth — —
commonly expressed by modifications of drigkan, ON. drecka, Dan. drikke, to
the same root. Thus the Fr. has bresoler, drink ; ON. dreckia, to sink under water,
to crackle in frying or roasting, to shiver, to drown Dan. drukken, drunk ; drukne, ;
or thrill —
Gloss. Gdndv. ; bresiller, bril- to drown. E. dial, to drake or drack, to
ler, to twinkle or glitter It. brillare, to
; wet thoroughly, to soak in water.
twinkle, sparlde, quaver with the voice. To Drip. See Drop.
15 *
;
imperfect speech of infancy has in many refuse; Sc. drush, atoms, fragments.
cases extended the same designation to The radical sense is probably offal,
both conceptions. Thus we have Fr. what falls off, from Goth, driusan, as.
baver, to slaver, to fumble or falter in dreosan, to fall, as Da. affald af metal,
speaking, to dally, bavarder, to
trifle ; the dross or scum of metals.
slaver, to babble ; Sw.
slabbra (the
dial, Droug'h.t. AS. druguth, Du. drooghte,
equivalent of E. slobber), to tattle. In Sc. drouth, from as. dryg, Du. droogh,
the same way the sense of E. drivel is dry.
extended to imbecile talk or action. Sw. To Dro-wn. See Drink.
drafwel, nonsense, idle talk Sw. dial. ;
* Drowsy. Du. droosen, Pl.D. drus-
dravla, drovla, to talk confusedly and seln (Danneil), to doze, slumber.
unintelligibly, to talk nonsense. It has been shown under Drawl that
To Drizzle. As G. rieseln, grieseln. slowness of action is expressed by the
Da. drasle, to fall with a rustling or pat- figure of dribbling, letting fall bit by bit.
tering sound. See Dredge. In the present case we find Sw. dial.
Droll. Fr. draule, drole, a wag or drosa, drasa, drosa, drosla, to dribble,
merry grig. —
Cot. Pl.D. draueln, to
trickle, and drosa, drasa, drosla, Dan.
speak or behave in a childish or foolish
drose, Pl.D. drieseln, Du. treuzelen, to
manner, to trifle. He drauelt wat, he is
joking. —
Brem. Wtb. See Drivel. linger, loiter, be slow in action ; Sw. dial.
Dromedary. Gr. ipifim, to run Jpo- ; drasi, drasiig, drdsog, slow, inactive, from
paf, -dSoe, running Lat. dromedaritis,
; whence to the notion of drowsiness' is a
a running camel, a swift camel for riding. small step. Sw. dial, drduld, to be sloth-
Drone. AS. draen, the non-working ful, to sleep with sloth ; Du. druilen, to
bee, from the droning or buzzing sound loiter, to slumber.
it utters, as G. hummel from hum. ON. To Drub. E. dial. drab,to beat; Bohem.
drunr, a bellowing, loud hollow noise ;
drbati, to rub, to give a sound beating ;
Pan. drcetie, to hum, buzz dron, din, drbnauti, to give a blow. G. derb, hard,
;
peal, rumbling noise ; Pl.D. dronen, to rough ; derbe schldge, hard blows.
sound Gael, dranndan, humming, buz-
;
Drudg^e. To drug, to drag, to do
zing, growling ; drannd-eun, a humming- laborious work.
bird. At the gate he proifered his servise
The droneof a bagpipe is the pipe that To drugge and draw, what so men wold devise.
dare, or privily be hid. Pr. Pm. — See a short sledge on which timber is dragged
Drop. droga, a load of wood or hay dragged by
Drop.—Droop.— Drip. —
Du. drop, hand. Aasen. E. dial, drug, a timber
drup, G. tropfen, ON. dropi, a drop waggon drugeous,)^^^.—!!!^. Drugeon,
;
;
driupa, Du. druppeii, druypen, druppe- strong laborious worker (femme ou fille).
len, G. triefeln, to drip, or fall in drops. 'Notre Josette est un vrai drugeon.' —
In Lith. the root drib has the sense of Gloss. G^ndv. may compare Dan. We
hanging. Dryboti, to hang to something, slcebe, to drag, to trail, and also to toil
hang down dribti, to hang, to drip (of or drudge.
;
viscous fluids), to fall as snow, to dribble Drug. I. Fr. drogue. Du. drooghe
;
nudribti, to hang down, to droop (of a •waere, droogh kruyd, pharmaca, aromata,
sick person who cannot hold himself up) ; from their hot, dry nature, drying up the
nudribbusos ausys, drooping ears pa- body. Kil. ;
—
more likely origin is the A
dribbusos akyi, dripping eyes. It. treggea, Sp. dragea, Mod.Gr. rpayoXa,
—
Ptg. trom, sound of cannon. biti, to tan Lith. dubas, tan ; dobai,
;
2. An evening party, from the figure dobbai, tanners' lie. From the image of
of a recruiting sergeant enlisting by tanning leather the term seems to have
sound of drum. '
Lady Cowper is to been extended to any kind of dressing.
have a magnificent lighting up of her fine Dubious. See Doubt.
room on the 9th. She has beat the drum, -duoe, -duct. Ductile. —
Lat. duco,
and volunteers will flock in, though she ductum, to lead, draw. Hence Induce,
seemed distressed for want of Maca- Conduce, Deduce, Reduce, Conduct, &c.
ronies.' — Mrs Delany, 2nd Series, II. p. Ductile,what may be drawn out.
156, A.D. 1775. Duck. Du. duycken, to bow the head,
Dry. AS. drig, Du. droog, G. trocken, and especially to sink it under water, to
ON. thurr, Dan. tor. dive. G. tauchen, Sw. dyka, to dive ;
Dryad. Gr. dpvaSig, Sylvan nymphs, Bav. ducken, to press down duck ma- ;
from Jp5f , a tree, an oak. chen, to let the head sink duckeln, to go ;
Dual. Lat. dualis {duo, two , of or about with the head sunk.
relating to two. The change of the final guttural for a
Dub. A
small pool of rain-water, labial gives a series of parallel forms, Du.
—
puddle, gutter. ^Jam. Fris. dobbe, a pud- duypen, to stoop the head, go submiss-
dle, swamp. See Dip. ively ; G. taufen, to baptise ; E. dip, dive.
To Dub. The origin of the expression Duck, the bird, is so called from the
of dubbing a knight has been much can- habit of diving, as Lat. mergus, from
vassed, and it has been plausibly ex- mergere. Du. duycker, G. tauch-ente,
plained from the accolade or blow on the Bav. duck-antl, the dob-chick.
neck with the sword which marked the Dud. A rag ; duds, clothing dod, a
conclusion of the ceremony. ON. dubba, rag of cloth. — Hal. ;
to strike ; Fr. dauber, dober, to beat, It is shown under Hater that the term
swinge, canvass thoroughly. Cot. But — for a rag' is commonly taken from the
the accolade was never anything but a image of something hanging or shaking
slight tap, and it is very unlikely that it in the wind.' So from Bav. tateren, to
should have been designated by a term shiver, we have taterman, a. scarecrow, a
signifying a sound beating. Nor have figure dressed in shaking rags, e. tatter,
we far to seek for the real origin. The a rag from Swiss lodelen, to shake, to
;
principal part of the ceremony oi dtibbing be loose, loden, a rag ; from hudeln, to
—
in saner zode.' Hans in his rags. liquors), lifeless, flat. Du. dwaes-licht,
Deutsch. Mund. II. 408. Pl.D. ladder, synonymous with dwaal-licht, ignis fa-
taddel, zadder, rags. Danneil.— tuus. Now as the r of dwars is lost in
Dudgeon, i. The root of box- wood. dwaes, dvas, may not dwaelen or dwalen,
2. Ill-will. to turn, be from Du. dwarlen (in dwarl-
Due.— Duty. Lat. debere, It. dovere, wind, a whirlwind), to twirl or whirl It .'
OFr. deuvre, of which last the participle would however render this derivation un-
at one time was probably deuU, corre- likely if dull was to be identified with
sponding to It. dovuto, duty, right, equity Gael, dall, blind, dark in colour, Bret.
'
from Lat. dux, ducts, a leader ; duco, to dumbi, dumb, dark of colour ; diim-
lead. bungr, thickness of the air, covered
Dull. Ineffective for the purpose aimed weather ; dumina, to be still. G. dumm
at, wanting in life. A dull edge is one was formerly applied in general to
that will not cut ; a dull understanding, whatever was wanting in its proper life
does not readily apprehend ; a dull day is or activity, as to food that has lost its
wanting in light, the element which con- savour, to a limb that has lost its feeling,
stitutes its life ; dull of sight or of hear- to the loss of hearing (Sanders), but now
ing is ineffective in respect of those facul- it is used in the sense of stupid, dull of
mark. Du.
dolen, dwaelen, AS. dwolian, ; passively unsavoury. Du. dam, deaf,
to stray, to wander ; P1.D. dwalen, dwee- blunt, dull, stupid ; dom en blend, deaf
len, twalen, to wander either physically and blind ; domsinnigh, mad. Kil. Da. —
or figuratively, to err in judgment, act or dum, dumb, dim, obscure, dull, low in
talk foolishly; E. dial, dwaule, dwallee, sound, stupid, foolish. Sw. dum, stupid ;
to wander in mind, to talk incoherently dumb, dumb. Esthon. tum, dumb, dark ;
as one in delirium ; Du. dol, dul, G. toll, tumme, dull, dark, thick ; tuim, without
mad, out of one's mind ; Goth, dvals, feeling, benumbed, unsavoury. See Dim,
foolish ; Dan. dval, spiritless, torpid. ON. Dump, Deaf, Dam.
dvali, N. and Dan. dvale, stupor, trance, Dump. Dumpy. Dumpling. Da. — —
fainting, doze, sleep. dial, dubbet, E. dial, dubby, dumpy, short
The word seems a parallel form with and thick ; dumphead (Whitby GL), a
Fr. fol, fool, which is connected in a tadpole ; Du. dompneus, snubnose, a
similar manner with OFr. folier, to err, short stumpy nose ; E. humpty-dutnpty,
and, like dull, is often applied to what a short thick person ; dumpling, a round
fails to perform its apparent purpose. ball of paste. The radical image (as in
Thus avoine folle is wild or barren oats. Stub, Stump) is probably an impulse
Fr. feu-follet, AS.fon-fyr {/on, fool), the abruptly stopped, whence the notion of a
ignis fatuus, ineffectual fire or fire with- short blunt projection. E. dial, dub, a
out heat, corresponds to Du. dwaal licht, blow ; Sw. dubb, a plug, peg E. dial. ;
the false light or wandering light. Fr. dump, to knock heavily, to stump ; Sw.
fol-persil, fool's parsley (properly fool- dial, dompa, to knock, to fall heavily, to
parsley), corresponds to Du. dolle-kervel stump or tread heavily ; ON. dunipa, Da.
(dull chervil), false chervil. On the same dompe, to plump, fall suddenly to the
principle the name of dolle-besien is given ground or into water. Da. dial, dubbe,
to the poisonous berries of deadly night- to stop, to wait. '
Dub e lidt,' step a bit.
shade. The idea of something suddenly stopped
— ; —
By 'r ladie 'ch am not very glad to see her in Dunch. Dunche or htnche, sonitus,
this dumpe. — Gammer Gurton I. x. 3 ; strepitus, bundum, bombus, Dunchyn or
bunchyn, tundo dunchinge or lunchinge,
humour. ;
in this
Also for an air or strain of music, re-
tuncio, percussio. Pr. Pm. Dan. dundse, —
to thump. Lat. tundere. Let. dunksch
garded as an inspiration into the brain of
•the composer. In this sense we meet represents the sound of a blow with the
fist dunkschkis, a blow with the fist.
with the expression of a merry dump.'
' ;
wink, cover ; tapetado, of a dark brown to heap up kopcina, filth, dirt, sweepings.
—
;
EASE 233
— Gudm. Gael, iarfhlath (pronounced The two forms are seen in Lith. wabalas
iarla, \![iQfh. and th being silent), a de- (identical with E. weevil), a beetle, and
pendant chief, from iar, after, second in Esthon. waggel, a worm, grub, the last
order, and Jlath, lord, prince. W. ar- of which may be compared with erri-
glwydd. Corn, arluth, lord. wiggle, a provincial name of the earwig,
Early-, as. cEr, before ; ara, ancient, and poll-wiggle, a tadpole, a creature
early ; cerlice, arliee, early. Fris. ader, consisting of a large poll or head, with-
aderlek, aarle, early. AS. adre, quick, out other body, and a tail. As wabalas,
immediately. ON. aSr, before. wibba, axe from the form shown in E.
To Earn. i. To get by labour. As wabble, G. waben, weben, wibbeln, so
gain, from OFr. gaagner, to cultivate or waggel, wiggle, wigga, belong to the
till, so to earn seems to be to reap the parallel form waggle, wiggle, indicating
fniits of one's labour, from Du. arne, in like manner multifarious movement.
erne, harvest, amen, ernen, to reap. See Weevil, Worm.
Kil. Bav. am, amet, G. ernte, harvest —
Ease. ^Easy. Fr. aise. It. asio, agio,
arnari, messor. Tatian. — Bav. amen, Ptg. azo, convenience, opportunity, lei-
erarnen, g'arnen, to earn, to receive as sure. The Romance languages probably
reward of one's labour. Goth, asans, received it from a Celtic source ; Gael.
harvest ; asneis, hired labourer, earner. euih, prosperity, adhais, athais, leisure,
2 To thrill or tremble. Frissoner, to ease, prosperity ; Bret, ^az, ez, conveni-
;
the E. or N.E. wind. In the same lan- Keep for stock is tolerably plentiful, and the
guage wessi, water wessi-kaar {kaar
;
= fine spring- weather will soon create a good eddish
in the pastures. — ' Times,' Apr. 20, 1857.
quarter), the west or wet quarter wessi- ;
That after the flax is pulled you get more feed
iuul (the wet wind), the N.W. wind. that autumn than from the aftermath of seeds
On the other hand East is explained sown with wheat the second year that the im- ;
from Lith. auszra, the dawn auszti, to ; mense eatage obtained from seeds the same year
dawn Sanscr. uschdschd (in comp.), they are sown, and after the flax is pulled, should
;
dawn, from the root usch, Lat. urere, be added to the value of the flax. —
Economist,' '
Feb. I, 1852.
tistum, to burn. Lith. auszrinne, the
morning star ; auszrinnis, the N.N.E. Fris. etten, beetteft, to pasture.
wind. Eddy. Commonly referred to an AS.
Easter. According to Bede the name ed-ea, back-water (not preserved in the
is derived from AS. Eostra, OSw. Astar- extant remains of the language), from ed,
gydia, the goddess of love (ON. ast, love), equivalent to the Lat. re in composition,
whose festival was held in the month of and ea, water. But this plausible deriva-
April, thence called Eoster-monath. tion isopposed by numerous Norse forms
The reasons for doubting the authority given by Aasen, ia, ida, odo, udu, evjii,
of Bede upon such a point are very slight, bak-ida, bak-wiidu, kring-wudu, an eddy,
the main objection instanced by Adelung back-water, which leave little doubt that
being the imlikelihood that the name of the word is simply the ON. _j'ifff, a whirl-
a Pagan deity should be transferred to a pool,homyda, to boil, to rush ; AS.yth,
Christian feast. But the same thing wave, flood, rush of water ythian, to ;
give forth or out. ever ; Esthon. igga uks, every one igga ;
* Eel. Du. aal, on. dll. Explained paaw, every day, daily igga, Fin. ika,
;
from Sanscr. ahi, a snake, analogous to lifetime, age, time. Lap. hagga, life.
Lat. anguilla, an eel, from unguis, snake, The k of ika is softened to a / (i. c. y)
or Gr. lyx^^wSj eel, from l\is, viper. in the genitive ijan, leading us to Sanscr.
To Efface. Fr. effacer, Prov. esfassar, ayas, Gr. aunv, Lat. cevuin, Goth, aivs,
to remove the face, to remove an impres- lifetime, age. Fin. ikhwa, Esthon. iggaw,
sion. perpetual, enduring AS. ece, everlasting.
;
sharpen, or give an edge to, and fig. to of the knee, the knee.
instigate or set one on to do anything. Eld, Elder. See Old.
* Eglantine. Written by Chaucer Elder, as. ellarn, Pl.D. elloorn, G.
eglatere and eglentere, E. Fris. egeltiere, holunder, hollder, OHG. holuntar, holder,
Du. eghelentier, eglentere (Kil.), Fr. aig- the elder-tree, from its hoUow wood, the
lantier, Pr. aguilancier, aiglentina, a final der, tar, signifying tree, as in AS.
wild rose, thorn-bush. Diez' Romance de- appalder, an apple-tree.
rivation from aiguilla, aguilhe, a needle, Electric. Gr. "HXticTpov, amber, the
seems much less probable than that from power of amber, when rubbed, to attract
OFr. egle, AS. egla, egle, a prick, thorn, light bodies being the fact which first
splinter. The final element of the word called attention to the electric force.
is Du. tere, taere, a tree, as in appeltere, Electuary. Mid.Lat. electuariu'm,ha.r-
mispeltere, holentere, noteltere; giving barously formed from Gr. iKXtisTov, a me-
the signification of thorn-tree or thorn- dicine which has to be licked ; iK\tix<^>
bush. From the same source is Du. to lick up.
egel, the prickly animal, a hedgehog. Eleemosynary. Gr. IXtrinoamfi, alms.
Egregious. Lat. egregius, chosen out Elegant. Lat. elegans, neat, hand-
of the herd, excellent ; grex, gregis, the some, delicate.
flock or herd. Elegy. Gr. tkiyoq, a song of mourn-
Egret. See Heron. ing, supposed to be derived from e k Xkyuv,
Eight. Sanscr. astan, Lith. asztuni, to cry woe
Russ. osm, Lat. octo, Goth, ahian, G. Element. Lat. elementum, a first
acht,w. wyth, Fr. huit. principle.
Either. The as. element ag in com- Elevate. Lat. elevare, to lift up ;'
position signifies ever, cegkwa,
all, as levare, to lighten, to lift up ; levis, light.
every who, whoever aghwar, every
; See Lift.
where ; aghwanon, every whence, from Eleven, as. endleofan, Goth, ainlif,
all sides. In like manner from hwcether, eleven ; tvalif, ivalib, twelve. Lith.
which of two, ceghwcether, cEgther, every wenolika, eleven, dwilika, twelve, from
one of two, each, either. The particle wknas, one, dwi, two. The radical iden-
—;
Now Lith. fykus signifies surplus, re- Prov. embargar, to embarrass, trouble,
mainder ; lekas, what remains over, odd, hinder em.barc, obstacle, trouble.
;
—
a thynge secret. I embesell, I hyde or fine.
lo fer.
Aissi coma la lima esmera e pura
— Rayn. As the file cleanses and
consoyle, Je cele. I embesyll a thynge,
or put it out of the way, Je substrays. purifies iron. Limousin emSra, to scour
of a window or door, and hence the Empair. Fr. empirer, to make worse ;
splayed opening in a parapet for a can- pis, f. pire, Lat. pejor, worse.
non to fire through. Empeach. To attach or fasten upon
The word is unknown in Sp., or it one the charge of a criminal accusation.
might be explained from abrazar, to em- Fr. empescher, empicher, to hinder, im-
— ;
verat, it is manifest. Hence tiifaatg, ap- port of our credit by writing our name on
pearance in, significance, the force of the back. Lat. dorsum, Fr. dos, the
an expression. To say a thing with em- back.
phasis is to say it with special signifi- To Endow. From Lat. dos, dotis, Fr.
cance emphatic, what is spoken so as dot, a marriage gift doti, doui, indued
;
;
—
Empire. Emperor. Fr. empire, em- unto. Cot. An internal <^ or ^ is fre-
pereur, from Lat. imperium, imperator quently converted into a ti in Fr., as It.
Hmperare, to command. vedova, OFr. vedve, Fr. veuve, a widow.
Empiric. Gr. i^impiROQ, of one who Endue. Often treated as a corruption
acts on the results of experience, as op- of endow; but it is sometimes clearly
posed to the leadings of science. 4/in-eipi'o, from Lat. induere, to clothe.
experience. Thou losel base,
To Em.ploy. Fr. employer, It. impie- That hast with borrowed plumes thyself enderwed.
gare, from Lat. plicare, to fold or bend, F.Q.inR.
,
as G. anwenden, to employ, make use of, Sometimes there may be a confusion with
from wenden, to turn. To turn to a cer-
tain purpose. See Ply. Enemy. Fr. ennemi, Lat. inimicus,
Emporium. Gr. l/nropiov, a mart, from and a7nare, to love.
in, negative,
place of trade Ifivopog, a traveller, a
; Energy. Gr. ij/tpysm, fi-om iv and
merchant; e/iTropeuo/uai, to be on a journey, Ijoyov, an action.
to traffic, trade. Engine. Lat. ingeniiim, innate, or
Empty. Emmet. natural quality, mental capacity, inven-
Emulate. —SeeEmulous.
Lat. amulus, tion, clever thought ; It. ingegno, Prov.
one who seeks to equal or outdo a rival. engeinh, Fr. engin, contrivance, craft.
En-, before a labial, Em-. Gr. h, Mieux vaut engin que force, better be
Lat. in, Fr. en, in. wise than strong. Cot. —
The term was
Enamel. Fr. esmail, imail, amel or then applied, like Gr. /ii/xarij, to any me-
—
enamel. Cot. Ammel for goldsmiths, chanical contrivance for executing a pur-
esmail. —
Palsgr. It. svialto, G. schmelz, pose, and specially to machines of war.
schmelz-glas, smalt, colours produced by See Artillery.
the melting of glass with a metallic oxide. To Engross. i. Fr. grossoyer, to
G. schmelzen, to melt. It. smaltare, Sp. write or in great (Fr. gros) and fair
fair,
esmaltar, to enamel. Perhaps the loss letters. —
Cot. Opposed to the minute or
of the final t in Fr. esmailler has arisen small characters of the original draught,
from_ the influence of Du. maelen, to hence called minutes of a proceeding.
paint ; maeler van glas, encaustes mael- ; Fr. grosse, Du. gros, a notarial copy.
erie, maelie, encaustum, enamel ; mael- Le notaire garde la minute et en delivre
dren, to enamel. Kil. — la grosse, keeps the minutes and delivers
Enchant. Fr. enchanter, from Lat. the engrossed copy. —
P. Marin.
incantare, to sing magic songs. 2. In the earlier period of our history
Encomium. Encomiast. Gr. s&yuog, the engrossing of commodities was re-
a festivity, festive procession, ode sung garded as an odious social offence, and
on such an occasion ; ro iyKuifuov (firos), was jealously guarded against by the
;;
Among chiefs of inferior consequence tama, to set them on. Lap. has ! as !
!;; —— ;
dem have hissen. Hence probably the Hence to have in ure, to put in ure, or to
simple form to tice, in the sense of in- enure, is to experience, to practise, to take
citing, alluring, was already current in effect.
the language before the importation of Salomon
the Fr. entiser. Compare Sw. tiissa, to Tellith a —whether
tale in dede done
set on dogs, to set people by the ears. Or mekely feined to our instruccion
Let clerkes determine, but this I am sure
The It. has forms corresponding both Moche like what I myself have had. in ure.
to hiss and tiss. The cry used in setting Chaucer, Rem. Love, 158.
on dogs is izz ! at Florence, and uzz He gan that lady strongly to appeal
at Modena, whence izzare and uzzare it Of many heinous crimes by her inured.
cane (corresponding to G. hetzen), to set F. Q. in R.
on a dog (Muratpri, Diss. 33) ; izza (cor-
Inured to arms, practised in arms. To
responding to G. hitze), anger, contest
enure to the advantage of some one, in
adizzare, aissare, to hiss, set on dogs,
legal language, is to take effect to his ad-
provoke to anger ; tizzare, to egg on, vantage.
provoke, to stir the fire ; tizzo, tizzone, a The Fr. heur is not to be confounded
fire-brand ; stizzare, -ire, to provoke,
with heure, hour, moment, being derived
enrage, stir the fire ; stizza, anger ; stizzo,
by Diez) from
(as conclusively established
a fire-brand. Walach. atzitzd, to set
Lat. augurium, Ptg. agouro, Prov. augur,
on, incite, fall into a passion, kindle fire.
agur, Cat. ahuir, augury, omen whence ;
In accordance with the foregoing anal-
Prov. bonaur, maldur, good, evil fortune
ogies it is impossible either to separate
It. sciagurato, sciaurato (exauguratus),
It. izzare, uzzare, from tizzare, attizzare,
ill-omened, unlucky sciagura, sciaura, ;
or to doubt that the common origin of
ill fortune, disaster ; OFr. bienaureiz, for-
all is the hissing on of a dog against
tunate.
another animal. The idea of provoking
To Envelop. It. inviluppare, Fr. en-
to anger then must be taken as the
velopper, the equivalent of E. wrap, wlap,
original image, and that of stirring the
lap.
fire as a figurative application, directly
contrary to what we should have ex- L'enfant envolupat en draps e pausat en la cru-
pected and we find the explanation of
;
pia. Rayn. —
Lat. titio, to which we have no clue in And sche bare her firste borun sone and wlaf-
pide him in clothes and leyde him in a cracche.
the ancient language, in the It. tizzare,
WicUff
Fr. attiser, commonly regarded as de-
rivatives from the Latin noun. See Lap.
Entire.
Environ. Fr. environ, around, from
It. intero, Fr. entier, from
virer, to veer, turn round, whirl about.
Lat. integer, whole, untouched.
Envoy. Fr. envoyer, to send. See
Entity. Fr. entity, from Lat. ens, pr.
Convoy.
pcpl. of esse, to be.
Envy. Lat. invidin. It. invidia, in-
Eatomology. Gr. ivroita, insects veggia, Cat. enveja, Prov. enveia, Fr.
. ; —
envie. Invidere, to envy, should signify vide with necessary furniture, set in array
to look askance at. by full provision for a service. Cot. —
Ep-, Eph.-, Bpi-. In compounds of From ON. skipa, to arrange, AS. sceapan,
Gr. extraction, the prep. In-i, upon. scyppan, to form, G. schaffen, to create,
Epaulet. Dim. from Fr. espaule, provide, furnish.
dpaule, Prov. espatla, Sp. espalda. It. Era. Lat. ara, pi. of ces, brass, was
spalla, the shoulder, from Lat. spathula, used in the sense of money, and thence
dim. of Lat. spatha, Gr. a-nii^ri, a blade, applied to the separate headings or items
broad flat instrument. of an account. Quid tu, inquam, soles,
Ephemeral. Gr. riyt^a, a day, l0>//iEpoc, cum rationem e dispensatore accipis, si
daily, lasting only a day. (Era singula probasti, summam, quas ex
Epic. Gr. ETToe, a word, saying, a his confecta sit, non probare ? —
Cic. in
verse or line of poetry ; tol Ittti, heroic Face. In later Lat. the casting of ac-
poetry, as opposed to /isXij, lyric poetry. counts seems to have been taken as the
Epicure. —Epicurean. From the type of computation or numbering in
name of the Greek philosopher Epicurus. general, and cera (converted into a fern.
Epilepsy. Gr. kmXrixpia, a seizure, singular) was transferred from the items
from Xaii^avia, to seize, take. of an account to the separate headings of
Epiphany. Gr. i-iriipavsia, manifesta- any enumeration or the numerical refer-
tion ; ^aivu), to make to appear ; ra im- ence by which they were marked, and
^dvia, the festival of the Epiphany or was elliptically used in the sense of num-
manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles. bering or computation. The Visigothic
Episcopacy. —Episcopal. See Bi- laws are cited by liber, titulus, and sera.
shop. Faustus Reiensis (ob. A.D. 480) says,
Episode. Gr. liriiaoSmv, something Sacer numerus dicitur quia trecenti in
coming in upon ; t'laoSoq, an incoming or cerd sive supputatione signum crucis, &c.
arrival. And again. Per crucis enim signum et
Epistle. See Apostle. per sacrum Jesu nomen apud Grascos
Epitaph. Gr. eTriTatpiov, something hera utriusque supputationis imprimitur.
written on (raipog) a tomb — Due. Per singulos Evangelistas nu-
Epithet. Gr. eTriStToq, composed, added merus quidem capitulis affixus adjacet,
over and above, from riStriin, to put. quibus numeris subdita est ara quadam
Epitome. Gr. imTofti], a cutting short minio notata (a numerical reference in
TB/ivto, to cut. red ink) quse indicat in quoto canone
Epoch. Gr. liroxn^ a cessation, pause, positus sit numerus cui subjecta est sera :
stop in the reckoning of time, point where V. g. si est 3sra prima, in primo canone.
one period ends and another begins Isidor. in Due. Hilderic has CErcs dierum
iirkxii), to hold back, stop, check. for Humeri dierum, where it is to be re-
Equal. —
Equable. —Equator. — gretted that Due. has not cited the pas-
—
Equity. Equi-. Lat. aquus, even, level, sage at large. The word is now under-
thence alike in every part, not raised one stood in the sense of a numbering or
above another, just, right, ^quitas, reckoning of years from a date to be
equality, symmetry, equity, justice. gathered from the context. Thus the
jEquare, to make even, to make equal. Christian era is the reckoning of years
* Equerry. From Fr. icurie, stables. from the birth of Christ the era of Au- ;
away, slip aside. Cot. — It. schifare, or thing to lean against with one's
schivare, to avoid, to parry a blow. Sw. shoulders, any hedgerow of trees, privet,
skef, Dan. skieve, oblique ; skieve, to ivy, vines, or any verdure growing up
slant, slope, swerve. The primitive against any wall. Fl. — Fr. espalier,
image, as in escape, is slipping aside, fruit-trees trained against a wall, either
sliding over a surface instead of striking by nailing, or by a framework of laths
it direct. G. schieben, to shove or push or stakes. —
Trevoux.
along a surface, sich schieben, to slip side- Esplanade. Fr. esplanade, a planing
ways, to become awry ; Du. schuyffen, of ways, by grubbing up trees and re-
schuyven, to slip, push forwards, to moving all other encumbrances. Es-
- — ;
Eternal. Lat. ceternus, from avum, I composition), for ever; iki, altogether.
16 *
—
Ex-. Ef-. — —E-. Lat. e, ex, Gr. jk, ij, lopya, todo work.
Exert. Lat. exsero, exsertum, to stretch
out of, from. The radical form of the
prep, is Gr. Ib, the k of which in com- out, put forth. See -sert.
position is in Lat. assimilated to a fol- Exhaust. Lat. haurio, haustum, to
lowing f. Thus Gr. kK(ptiyQ> becomes draw.
Lat. effugio. Exhort. Lat. hortor, -ari, to urge on,
Exact. Lat. exactus, perfectly done, encourage, instigate.
carried out, complete, accurate ; from Exile. Lat. exul, exsiil, one driven
exigere [ex and ago), to perfect, accom- from his native soil {solum), as the word
plish, to bring up to the standard of com- is explained by Festus. Exsilium, exili-
parison. iitn,banishment, exile.
Exaggerate. Lat. exaggerare, to heap Exist. Lat. exislo {ex and sisto, to
up, augment greatly, from ex and agger, stand), to be, have a being.
a heap. Exodus. Gr. i^oSog, a going forth,
Exalt. Lat. exaltare ; alius, high. i^ and oMf, a route, going.
from
Examine. Lat. exame7t, for exagmen Exonerate. Lat. onus, -eris, a burthen.
(from exigere, exactum, to bring a thing Exorbitant. From Lat. orbita, the
to a certain standard of comparison, to track of a wheel, exorbHo, to go out of
compare, weigh, examine), the tongue of the track, to deviate, whence exorbita?tt,
a balance, examination, weighing. See out of the usual course, excessive.
Exact. To Exorcise. Gr. opKog, an oath
Example. Exemplify.— Lat. exem- opKiZiu, t^opniZto, to bind by an oath, to
;
plum, a copy, a specimen, an individual adjure, to drive away an evil spirit by the
or portion taken from a number or quan- power of adjuration.
tity to show the nature of the mass. Ex- Exordium. Lat. ordio'r, orsus siim,
plained from eximere, exem^tum, to take exordior, properly to fix the weft or woof,
away. to make a beginning in weaving, then to
Exasperate. Lat. asper, rough. begin in general, to begin to speak ex-
—Excellent.
;
Fable. Lat. fahula, a tale, from for, sense of flapping or fluttering. With
'
fatus sum, fart, Gr. 0))j»i, to say. their skittering flimsy gowns vagging in
Fabric. Lzi.faier, a wright or worker the wind or reeping in the mud.' A
in wood, metal, &c. fabrica, a working, slight change of vowel zi^es foggy, having
;
and facultas are parallel forms of the hangs loose the original flag passing
;
abstract noun with slightly differing ap- yvAo fag on the one hand, and lag on the
plications fundamentally signifying readi- other, in the same way that we formerly
ness or ability to do. saw clatch passing into catch and latch,
Fact. — Factor. — Factitious. Lat. asklent into ascant and aslant, by the
facio, factum, to make, do. loss of the liquid or mute respectively.
Fad. A temporary fancy. To fad, to I could be well content
be busy about trifles faddy, frivolous.
; To entertain the lag-end of my life
—Hal. Formed from the term fiddle- —
With quiet hours. H. IV. in Naies.
faddle, representing rapid movements to The senators of Athens together with the
and fro, idle, purposeless action or talk. common /a^of people. ^Timon of Athens. —
See Fangle, Figary, Fidget. Fagot. Yr. fagot. It. fagotto, yf.ffagod.
To Fade. Du. vadden, to wither, or Perhaps connected with ffasgu, to bind,
fade ; vaddigh, flaccid, faded, flagging, tie ffasgell, a wisp, bundle.
lazy.— Kil. .As the G. has fittich, as well
;
den and E. fade are from forms like Du. ing faelie-kant, an oblique angle. Pro-
fladderen, Sw. fladra, to flap, flutter. A ;
Hence to fawn
on one, to affect pleasure varum dea a witch, a whirlwind.
; also,
in his company. Faynare, or flaterere, Probably from going away, vanishing.
adulator. —Pr. Pm. To be fain to do a See Fern.
thing is to be glad to do it. But there is Faith. Fr.foi.
"Lzk. fides. It. fede,
a curious resemblance in the expression Faitour. The OFr. faitear, faiteur
to the OFr. avoir fain (for/a«w, hunger), (from faire, to make), OE. faitour, pro-
to be desirous of something. '
I lyste, I perly only a maker or constructor (like
have a great wyll or desyre to do a thynge, Lat. fingere, and E. forge, which origin-
Jaifain.' ' I lysted nat so well to slepe ally signified simply to make or form),
this twelve monetbes je n'avoye pas si
: acquired a bad sense, and was applied to
grand fayn de dormir de cest one who makes for an ill purpose, who
an.'
Palsgr. Swiss Rom. fan, hunger ; e fan, makes
his appearance or conduct other
j'ai envie, j'ai dessein. than it naturally would be. See To
Faint. One of the numerous cases in Feign. Faytowre, fictor, simulator
which words from different origins have faytowre that feynyth sekeness for tro-
coalesced in a common form. To faint, wandise, vagius. Pr. Pm. —
in the sense of losing the powers of life, Falchion. Written as if from Lat.
can hardly be separated from Lat. vanus, falx. It. falce, a sithe, sickle, weeding-
empty ; Fr. vain, empty, faint, feeble hook ; falcione, any kind of great Welsh-
(whence s'evanouir, to faint) W. and hook, brown bill, or chopping knife. Fl.
; —
Bret, gwan, GsisX.fann, wealt, faint, vain But it is very doubtful whether Fr. fau-
fannaich, to become weak, to faint ; Fr. chon, the immediate origin of our word,
sefaner, to fade, wither, wax dead. is to be explained on this principle, as
But in other applications the word swords of scimitar-shape were not used
seems certainly to be talcen from Fr. se at an early period in Western Europe.
feindre, to make show of one thing and It seems to be only another way of spell-
do another, to disable himself more than ing fausson. Mid. Lat. fatso, apparently a
he needs, to do less than he can do. short heavy sword used like the miseri-
Sans se feindre, diligently, in good earn- cordia, for piercing the joints of the ar-
est ; feintement,fainteinent, falsely, feign- mour of a fallen enemy, from fausSer, to
edly, faintly —
Cot. ; faintise, idleness ; pierce. See Faucet. '
Matthieu de
foindre, to grow weak, to play ill. Pat. — Mommorenci tenoit un faussart en sa
de Champ. Synge out man, -whyfayne main et en derompoit les presses.' ' Enses
yow? Pourquoy chantez vous a basse non deferant nee cultellos acutos pec lan-
voix i'— Palsgr. ceas seu falsones! '
Arma offensibilia,
Fair. i. Beautiful, on. /agr, bright; spata, faucia, misericordia, ranchonum
fagur-blar, light blue ; fagur-mceli, fair [runcones] et his similia.' Carp. 'Aux —
speech, flattery. fauchons, aux coutiaus a pointe.' Due. —
2. Lat. feria, holidays then, like It.
;
Falcon. Lat. falco, from the hooked
feria, Fr. foire, applied to the market beak falx, a curved knife, a hook.
held on certain holidays. 'Feriam quoque
;
—
To Fall Fell, (m.falla, Du. vallen,
quam nomine alio mercatorum nundinas to fall ON. fella, Du. vellen, velden, to
;
appellant.' —
Due. fell, or cause to fall, to throw down, lay
Fairy. A
supernatural being sup- prostrate.
posed to influence the fate of men. It. The Gr. ai^aKKia and its derivatives (see
fatare, to charm as witches do, to be- Fail) look as if the radical meaning of
witch ; fata, a fairy, witch. Fl. —
Sp. the word were, to slip.
hado, fate, destiny hada, one of the
; Fallacy. Lat. fallaciaj fallo to de-
fates, witch, fortune-teller ; hadar, to ceive.
divine. ¥r.fde, fatal, appointed, destined, Fallow. I. The original meaning of
enchanted f^e, a fairy (faerie, witchery) ; the word is simply pale, in which sense it
;
—
parfaerie, fatally, by destiny. Cot. Hence is used by Chaucer of the pale horse in
^. fairy. the Revelations.
Probably also there may be some con- His eyen holwe and grisly to behold.
fusion with another designation, Sc. fare- His hev/e/ateuie and pale as ashen cold.
folks, fairies.
Thir woddis and thir schawls all, quod he, O.falb, pale, faded {falbes roth, —griln;
Sura tyme inhabit war and occupyit pale red, —
green) ; then appropriated by
With Nymphis and Faunis apoun every syde, custom to a pale reddish colour, like that
Qnhiyk fare/olkis or than ellis clepin we. D. V.— of deer ; der falbe, the chesnut or dun
Du, vaerende wiif, hamadryas, syl- horse. AS. fealo, fealwe, pale reddish or
;
f
purpose of leaving it open to the air be- falta, Fr. faute, fault, defect ; Sp. altar,
fore it is cultivated for sowing, and we to fail, falter, be deficient. For the deriv-
should not be without analogy in explain- ation of a fault from the notion of stum-
ing the expression from the red colour of bling, compare G. stolpem, to stagger,
ploughed land. So Gael, dearg, red, and blunder. Das war gewaltig gestolpert,\i&
also land recently ploughed ; as a verb, has committed a great fault. — KUttner.
to redden, to plough ; Sc. faugh, fallow To ramble.— Fiunble. Synonymous
in colour and fallow land. On the other in the first instance with faffle, maffle, to
hand it seems doubtful whether y5z//0K/ in speak imperfectly like an infant. Stam-
face of the land may not be from Sc. fail, fumble, balbutire. ——
the sense of breaking up the sod or sur- eren other famelen. MS. in Hal.
Levins, Manipulus.
To
a sod or turf, Sw. vail, sward ; valla sig, The signification is then transferred to
to gather a sward. In the W. of England other kinds of bungling, imperfect action.
veiling signifies ploughing up the turf or T)a.n.famle, to stammer, stutter, and also
upper surface of the ground to lay in to fumble, to handle in an inefficient
—
heaps for burning. Ray. in Jam. Da. manner, to handle repeatedly, feel for.
dial, falde, fcelle, fcelge, to break up the Sw. famla, to grope, to feel for, to fum-
sward, give a first shallow ploughing ble ; Pl.D. in der tasken fummeln, to
—
fald, falle (Pl.D. fallig-land Schiitze), fumble in one's pocket ; Sw. dial, fabbla,
stubble or grass land once ploughed ; at febbla, to stammer, to stumble, to be
saae i fallen, to sow on land so treated. clumsy in handling ; feppelhdndt, clumsy;
— Molbech. fubblapd mdlet, to stutter like a drunken
f
False. Lat.falsus, {xora.falio, ahum, man ; fubbla, to be awkward, handle
to deceive. awkwardly ; fummla, to totter, stumble,
To Falter. To speak in broken tones, to handle awkwardly, be slippery fingered.
to vacillate, totter. The formation of this The same train of thought is seen in Sp.
word may be illustrated by the analogy farfullar, Ko\ich.\ farfoulier, to stammer;
of one or two others closely resembling it Fr.farfouiller, to famble in the dirt, to
in construction and signification. —
To search disorderly Cot.; and in Manx
patter is to make a light rattling sound, 7noandagh, stammering, faltering ; fer
or, as the equivalent Pl.D. faotern (pro- moandagh, a fumbler. — Cregeen.
nounced pawtem), to repeat in a mono- Fame. Lat- fama, Gr. f^/aij, from
—
tonous, unintelligible manner. Danneil. 0));xi, I say, speak.
The sound of the broad vowel introduces Family. Lat. familia; famulus, a
an / (similar to that in Sc. nolt, from servant.
nowt, cattle) in E. palter, to stammer, Famine. Yr. famine, from La.t.fames,
shuffle, trifle. Again, Sc. hatter is to hunger, starvation.
speak thick and confusedly ; to hotter, to Fan. Lat. vannus, G. wanne, a win-
simmer, rattle, to shake, jolt, walk un- nowing fan, wannen, to winnow, from
steadily. The insertion of an /, as in the same root with ventus, wind. Bret.
patter, palter, brings us to N. haltra, to gwent, wind ; gwenta, venter ou vanner
limp, to walk by uneven jerks. Now —
a le bled, to winnow corn. Legonidec.
form with an initial/, analogous to patter, G3.e\.fannan, a gentle breeze.
hatter, is seen in N. fatra, Fr. fairer, to Fanatic. LaX. fanaticus, inspired, be-
bungle up a piece of work (a sense con- side oneself ; a word applied to the
stantly expressed by the figure of stam- priest or other official, whose business
mering) •,fatras, a confused heap of trash, it was to give responses from the sanctu-
trifles (to be compared with Sc. hatter, a ary {fanum) to such as consulted the
confused \i^z.'^,fatraille, trash, trumpery; deity or oracle.
;; —
Fang. Whatever seizes or clutches, able ; feria, to transport, set over feria,
;
/Ifail ses farces, he plays his pranks.^- The inconvenience of payment in kind
Cot. \jz!i.farcire,farsum, to stuff. early made universal the substitution of
Fardel. Sp. fardo, fardillo, a bale, a money payment, which was called_/frW2a
bundle ; fardage, baggage ; Fr. hardes, alba, or blanche ferme, from being paid
baggage, furniture ; hardde, a bundle, in silver or white money instead of
—
burden. Roquef. Fardo, clothes, fur- victuals. Sometimes the rent was called
niture. —
Diet. Corrfeze. Fr, fardel, far- €\m^\y firma, and the same name was
deau, a bundle. given to the farm, or land from whence
—
To Fare. Ferry. Goth, faran, ON. the rent accrued. Dare, or ponere ad
fara, G. fahren, E. to fare, fundamentally firmam, to farm out, to let the usufruct
to go, then to get on, to do, with refer- for a certain rent.
— — —
ria, Dan. fare, to farrow, or bring forth Goih. fastan, to keep or observe, viz. the
a litter of pigs. as. fearh, Du. varken, ordinance of the church. Vitoda-fasteis,
a little pig. Lat. verres, a boar Sp. a keeper of the law. Wachter remarks
;
g7iarro, -a, -illo, a boar, sow, pig. On that observare axiAjejunare are frequently
the other hand, the Sw. far-gallt, a boar, used as synonymous by ecclesiastical
G. farre, AS. fear, a bull, lead Ihre to writers. Abstinet, observat. — Isidore.
derive the word from ot^.fara, sainfarast, Either way we come back to the element
to procreate, have intercourse with. fast, signifying what is held close, firm,
—
Farthing. Ferlingr. AS. feorthling, unbroken. AS. awfest, observant of the
the fourth part of a coin, originally by no law, bound in wedlock, is opposed to
means confined to the case of a penny. CEwbrica, a breaker of the law, an adult-
—
• This yere the kynge made a newe quyne as erer.
—
the nobylle, half nobylle, scaA ferdyng-nobylle. Fastidious. Lat. fastidium, loathing
Grey Friars' Chron. Cam. Soc. for food, disgust, disdain.
Farthingale. Fr.' vertugade, verdu- Fat. G.fett, OH.feitr.
galle, a fardingale. — Cot. Sp. verdugado, Fate.— Fatal. 'L?A.fatum, that which
Ptg. verdugada, averdugada, a hooped is spoken, decreed, from fari, to speak ;
petticoat, or stiffened support for spread- whenct fatalis, ordered by fate, deadly.
ing out the petticoats over the hips. The Father. Sanscr. pitri, Gr. irarrip, Lat.
fashion seems to have come from the pater, G. vater, lysi.fadir.
peninsula, and the name finds a satis- Fathom. AS. fathm, a tosom, em-
factory explanation in Sp., Ptg. verdugo, brace, whatever embraces or incloses, an
a rod or shoot of a tree, in Ptg. applied expanse. Ofer ealne foldan fcEthm, over
to a long plait or fold in a garment. all the expanse of the earth. ON.fadma,
Roquete. Hence averdugada would sig- Dan. fadme, to embrace ; ON. fadmr,
nify a plaited petticoat in the same way bosom, embrace, the length one can reach
in which from It. falda, a fold, we have with the two arms expanded. Sw. en
faldiglia, any plaiting or puckering, also famn ho, as much hay as can be held in
a saveguard that gentlewomen use to the two arms. Du. vadem, the length of
ride withal — Fl., a hoop-petticoat. —Al- thread held out between the two arms, a
tieri. The plaited structure of the gar- fathom. Kil. —
ment explains the name of wheel-far- The root seems to be G. fassen, Du.
thingale, the plaits by which it was vatten, to hold.
stiffened standing out from the waist like Fatigue. 'Lai. fatigare, Fr. fatiguer,
the spokes of a wheel. to weary.
Fascinate. \jiX. fascino, Gr. paaKaivu, Fatuity, -fatuate. Lat. fatuus, a
to bewitch. See Mask. silly person, a fool.
Fashion. Fr. fagon (from LaX. facere, Faucet. Fr. fauhet, fausset, properly
to make), the form or make of a thing. the short wooden pipe or mouthpiece that
Fast. I. To Fasten, okg. fasii, ON. is inserted in a barrel for the purpose of
fastr, firm, secured, unbroken, solid, drawing wine or beer, and is itself stopped
strong ; fastaland, the continent scekja with a plug or spiggot. The origin is Fr.
;
Fie I fie I fill pah I pah ! give me an ounce of to bring forth young, to lay eggs. Poi-
civet, good apothecary, to sweeten my imagina-
tevin fedon, the foal of a horse or ass,
—
tion. Shakesp.
from Lat. fcetus, as from feta (used by
The interjection is found in similar Virgil in the sense of sheep, properly
forms in most languages. Fr. pouah! breeding ewes), were formed Prov. feda,
faugh ! an interj. used when anything Piedm. fea, sheep. So from fetus, pro-
filthy is shown or said. —
Cot. G. puh! geny, Walach. fet, child, fate, daughter
—
'HSipuh / wie stank der alte mist.' San- feta, to bear young Sard, ^^fe, progeny
;
—
bad smell fu ! int. of disgust. Neum. Vaud.
;
—
'Dvi. foei ! iirtt. foei / fech! expressing Feal.—Fealty. It. fedele, Fr. fel,
disgust, horror, contempt. Gael, fich from Lat.
nasty expressing disgust or contempt. fealty, fidelity.
!
f
delis, faithful ; Fr. fielt^,
sense of want of stiffness in Fr. flappi fellout, to fail, be wanting. Gael, feall,
(in a flapping condition), faded c. nouv. — deceive, betray, fail, treason, treachery
nouv. jiappe, soft, faded, over-ripe
; feallan, a felon, traitor feall-duine, a ;
Gloss. Genevois E. flabby, flaccid, in- worthless man feall-leigh, a quack doc-
;
Corresponding verbal forms are Lang. ship, a laying together of goods, from ft,
flepi, fepli, fipla, fibla, exactly synonym- money, goods, and lag, order, society,
ous with flaca above mentioned. Fibla community. At liggia lag vid einn, to
—
uno amarino, to bend a switch. Diet. enter into partnership with him. Honum
Lang. M' a calgut_/f^&, I was forced to fylgdi kona at lagi, a woman accompa-
yield. —
Diet. Castr. Feple, fible, Prov. nied him as concubine. So flsk-lagi, a
feble,fible, weak, faint. La luna es flblo, partner in fishing, brod-lagi, a partner at
the moon is on the wane. meals, a companion Sw. seng-laga, a ;
Oli.fjaU, mountain.
2. felt cloak.— Fl. Fr. feutre, felt, also a
To Fell. See Fall. To fell a seam, filter, a piece of felt, or thick woollen
to turn it down, is Gael.y?//, fold, wrap, cloth to strain things through. — Cot.
pMit ; Sw. fall, a fold, a hem, falla, to Vo\. pils'c, felt ; 'Rohem. plst, plstenice,
hem. a felt hat. Gr. ?riXoc, felt, or anything
Fell. —^Felon.
fello, cruel, moody,
It. made of felt ; m\i<a, iriKom, to make into
murderous —Fr. felle, cruel, fierce, felt, compress, thicken ; Lat. pileus, a
FI. ;
untractable ; felon, cruel, rough, untract- felt hat or cap ; Russ. voilok, felt ; It.
able ; felonie, anger, cruelty, treason, any follare, to felt or thicken ; folto, thick,
such heinous offence committed by a close ; foltrello, as feltro, a little felt
.
vassal against his lord whereby he -is Fl. ; Lat. fullo, a thickener of cloth.
worthy to lose his estate. Cot. —
Diez Manx poll, to mat or stick together, pol-
rejects the derivation from Lat. fel, gall, ley, felting,pollan, a saddle cloth. The
but his suggestion from OHG. fi,llo, a invention of felt would probably be made
skinner, scourger, executioner, is not more among pastoral nations at an exceedingly
satisfactory. The true origin is probably early period, and the name would, most
to be found in the Celtic branch. W. likely be transmitted with the invention.
gwall, defect ; Bret, gwall, bad, wicked, The resemblance to several words of
defect, fault, crime, damage ; gwall-ober, similar meaning may be accidental. Lat.
to do ill ; gwalla, to injure. In the same pilus, hair ; villus, a lock, shaggy hair ;
language _/«//, poor, sick, bad ; fallaat, to Fin. willa, wool ; W. gwallt, Gael, fait,
weaken, to ' decay ; fallakr, wicked, hair of the head.
villain ; fallaen, weakness, fainting ; fal- Female. Feminine. —
Fr. femelle,
lentez, wickedness, malice, malignity from Lat. fmmina. The form of the word
—
bring it in relationship to male, with Fougire (fern), plante dont se servent les pre-
which it has no real connection. Male tendus sorciers. —Vocab. de Vaud.
and female were formerly written maule The Sw. verb fara, to go, as Ihre re-
axvdifemelle. 7ris. faem, faamen, faamel, marks, is specially applied to events pro-
AS. famne, a maid, woman. The desig- duced by diabolic art. Far-sot, a sickness
nation of a woman is most likely to be produced by incantation, thence an epi-
taken from the characteristic of child- demic. AS.fcBr-death,fcer-cweal>ne, sud-
bearing, typified by the womb or belly, den death. Du. vaerende-wiif, a witch,
which are often confounded under a single enchantress ; Sc. fare-folkis, fairies.
name. The Lap. waimo signifies the Ferocious. 'L3A.ferox,ferocis, fierce.
heart or intestines, while in Fin. it signi- —
Ferrel. Ferule, i. A ferrel or verril,
fies a woman ; waimoinen, womanly, Fr. virole, an iron ring put about the end
feminine. Sc. wame, waim, weam, the of a staff, &c., to keep it from riving.
womb, belly wamyt, pregnant. Jam.
; — Cot. Virer, to veer or turn round.
2. \t. ferula, 'Fr. ferule, a rod or palmer
.
thoroughly wet. Goth, fani, mud. The used for correction in schools. Lat.
OE. fen was also used in the sense of mud, ferula, a bamboo, cane, rod, switch.
filth. Ferret, i. Spun silk and riband woven
-fence, -fend. As in offend, defend. from it. It. fioretto, Fr. fleuret, coarse
The radical sense of 0'L3.t.fendo,fensum, ferret-silk Fl. —
floret-silk. ; Cot. G. —
only found in comp, must be gathered from florett, the outer envelop of the silk-cod,
offendo, to dash or strike against, thence flirt or flurt-silk, ferret-silk, ferret. Flo-
to displease, offend. Defendo, to ward rett-band, a ferret riband. Kiittn. —
off, is probably formed as the opposite of 2. G. frette, frett-wiesel. It. furetto,
offendo rather than direct from the simple feretto, Fr.furet, a ferret, an animal used
verb. in hunting rabbits or rats in holes other-
—
Fend. Fender. Fence. — From Fr. wise inaccessible.
defendre, to forbid, defend, protect de- It is commonly supposed that the name
;
"vinnig, rancid, mouldy. Gael, fineag, affritte, Jidfritte, to ferret out, worm out.
fionag, a cheese mite. The primary Now we have Prov. fretar, Fr. rotter, f
meaning of fenowed would thus be moth ^3.-v. fretten, to rub, to move to and fro
or mite-eaten, then mouldy, corrupt. W. over a surface. Moreover, fi-etten is
gwiddon, mites, small particles of what is identified with E. dial, froat, Du. wroe-
dried, or rotted gwiddonog, mity, rotten. ten, by the common use of the three in
;
-fer-. IjiX.fero, to bear, whence con- the peculiar sense of to drudge, to earn
fer, defer, infer, circumference, &c. with pains and difficulty. Wroeten is
Fere. AS. gefera, a companion, one also to poke the fire, to poke or root in
\iYLO fares or goes with one. the ground as a pig with his snout. The
Ferly. Wonder. See Fear. same train of thought is found in Prov.
Ferment. 'LaX. fermentum {for fervi- fregar, It. fregare, to rub, frugare, to
mentum, from ferveo, to boil), what causes rub, to pinch and spare miserably, to
bread to swell up like water boiling grope, to {yirs^^, furegare (for femgare),
;
to fettle about the room.' cm.Jitla, leviter Fibre. Lat. fibra, a jag or pointed
digitos admovere fitla vid, leviter attin- extremity related to fimbria, fringe.
;
;
gere (Hald.), palpito, modicum tango vel Fickle. AS. _/?fC>/, vacillating"; Q.ficken,
apparo. — Gudm. Sw. dial, futtla, to to move quickly to and fro. See Fidget:
fumble with the fingers fessla, to tickle,
•; Fictile. —
Fiction. Lat. fingo,fictum,
to touch hghtly. Bav. jiseln, to make to fashion, form, properly to mould in
light movements with the fingers ; fis'l- clay or plastic material to devise, con-
;
arwet ifisl-arbeit), light fiddling work trive, feign fictor, one who makes or
;
fuseln, to be occupied with trifles ; P1.D. forms ; fictilis, made of clay, earthen-
fiseln, to pass the fingers gently over, to ware fictus, feigned, fictitious.
;
Fever. Yx.fiivre, Lat. febris. From trifling occupation, idle talk. ^Fiddling
the notion of shivering. 'Qti.v fibern, fip-
. work, where abundance of time is spent
pern vor zorn, vor begierde, to tremble and little done.' Swift. —
—
with anger or desire. Schm. Du. beven, The passage from the jigging move-
G. bebern, beben, to tremble ; Devon. ment of the arm to the designation of the
bivering, shaking. Lat. vibro, E. quiver, fiddle is clearly shown in Bav. figken,
are closely related. ficken, to switch with a rod, to make quick
— ;! — ;
to and fro, to fiddle about a thing, work fieiddio, to loathe, detest. In the same
in a trifling manner ; fiseler, one who way from Russ. fu J, fzikati, to cry fiu /,
strums upon an instrument ;
fiselbogen, to abhor, detest ; from Du. foei .', verfo-
a fiddlebow. eien, to abhor. So also Gael, fiuath {th
Fidelity. Lat. fides, faith, fidelis, silent), hatred, aversion, fuathaich, to
faithful. hate, loathe, detest, from the priuiaiy
To ridge.—Fidget. To make light form of the interj. fiu / See Faugh,
involuntary movements, to be unable to Foul.
keep still, lofidge about, to be continu- * Fierce. Yr.fieroce,'L!\.t.fierox,yyh.\c)\
ally moving up and down. B. Swiss — may perhaps be explained from Boh.
fitschen, to flutter to and fro, jump up and frkati, firtiti, fremere, ferocire, to snort
down ; whence children are called fitsch, with rage.
fitschli. Fitzen, to switch with a rod. Fife. G. pfieifie. It. pifiaro, Fr. fifre.
Stalder. E. dial. X.ofig, to fidget about. Like Y.2Lt. pipio, Gr. inTmiKu), 'E. peep, pipe,
Hal. Swiss figgen, to rub, shove, or from the representation of a shrill note.
move to and fro, to fidget. Sc.fike, to be Fight. AS. fieoht, fiyht, G. fecht, fight.
restless, to be in a constant state of trivial Sviiss fiechten,fichten, to work in a hurried
motion fick-facks, minute, troublesome manner, with the notion of much move-
;
pieces of work ; .OE. fykyn, or fiskyn ment ; erfiechten, to get a thing done by
—
about in idleness, vagor. Pr. Pm. Du. diligent work Sw. fika, to pursue with ;
ficken, fickelen, to whip, to switch, fick- eagerness, ardently desire, strive for
facken, factitare, agitare. Kil. —
G. fick- fikt, earnest endeavour. '
Han stod emot
facken, to fidget, move about without then Lithurgium med alia yf/C'^.-' he op-
—
apparent end, to play tricks. Kiittn. posed the Liturgy with all his might. E.
Ficken, to make short quick movements, dSaX.fick, to struggle or fight with the legs,
to rub to and fro. Sanders. — as a child in a cradle. Grose. TA.fikta —
"The motion of a light object through ma
haandom, to throw the hands about
the air is represented in G. by the imita- as if striking. Aasen. The radical idea —
tive %yW3h\e5 futsch! (Sand.), pfutsch / thus seems the throwing about the hands
(Schm.), witsch! wutsch! watsch! ritsch! and arms. See Fidget.
wisch ! (Sand.). Figure. Lat. figura, from fingo, to
Fie ! yfr.
ffi! Gael, fich ! Bret, fech / make, form. See Fiction.
7r.fi/ G.fi/ pfiii/ Uth.pui/ IWjnznpi/ Filanleiit. See File, 2.
Sw. iwi/ Interjections of reprobation, Filberd. Quasi fill-beard, a kind of
originally expressing disgust at a bad nut which just fills the cup made by the
smell or offensive mouthful. See Faugh beards of the calyx. In an ordinary hasel
Fief. See Fee. the nut projects to a considerable distance
Field. G. field, Du. veld, the open beyond the beard.
country, soil, plain, To Filch. To steal small matters.
level country. ON.
viillr, field, meadow
Sw. wall, grassy Swiss Floke, subducere, clam auferre.
;
soil, meadow, plain ; walla sig (of the Idioticon Bernense in Deutsch. Mundart.
soil), to cover itself with a sward of turf N. pilka, Sc. pilk, to pick. She has '
Dan. dial, fialle, the green sward, land pilkit his pouch.' Jam. N. plikka, to
lying in grass that has to be ploughed pluck.
—
;
which sense the G. fallen is still used. grasp at anything with the hands Out- —
Ein fass wein anf fldsschen fallen, to zen Sw. famla, to grope. See Famble.
;
bottle wine. The connection with the To fimble, to touch lightly and frequently
notion of fullness is obvious. Lhh._pz'll2i, with the ends of the fingers. Forby. —
pilti, to pour, pour into, fill full pilnas, ; OVS.fipla, Dan. dial, fiple, to touch with
full ; showing that the radical meaning the fingers, to handle.
of Lat. itnplere must be to pour iiato, Fin. AS. finna, Jiaxi.finne, Lat. pinna,
v/h&Tyc&pletius, identical with lAih. pilnas, a feather, or fin. Probably from the
full. sharp spines in such fins as those of a
Fillet. I. Yx. filet (dim. of//, thread), perch. Du. vimme, "vinne, vlimme, pinna,
a thread, string, or twist ; whence a
little squama et arista.— Kil. G. finne, top of
fillet, a hair-lace, or ribbon to tie up the a mountain, point of a hammer, fin of a
hair. fish.
2. The Fr. filet is band of
also the Finance. See Fine.
flesh which lies along under the backbone —
Finch. Spink. G. finJie, Lat. friji-
of a.-mxa.iSs, filet de bceiif, de veau. When gilla,frigilla, a. small bird, from a repre-
served at table, however, the filet de bceuf sentation of the chirp ; fringutire, frigu-
appears as a solid lump without bone, tire, to chirp or twitter. It. frinco,frin-
whence perhaps the fillet of veal may sone,fntsonej ¥r. frinson, pinson,a. spink
have been so named, as being a similar or chaffinch. The loss or insertion of the
boneless lump, although taken from a r in a like situation in imitative words is
different part of the animal. It may how- very common. Compare Lat. fricare, to
ever be from being bound together by a rub, with G.ficken, to move to and fro.
fillet or bandage. To Find. g. finden, fand, gefunden.
Fillip. Aphip, flip, or flirt with the ON. finna.
fingers, from an imitation of the sound, —
Fine. Finance. In the forensic lan-
or rather perhaps from the analogy be- guage of the middle ages the Lat. finis
tween the nature of the act and the short was specially applied to the termination
quick action of the vocal organs by which of a suit, s.n6.fi_nalis dies, finale judicium,
the word is pronounced. finalis Concordia, were respectively the
Filly. See Foal. day of trial, the judicial decision, or the
Film. AS. film, a skin, fylmen, a mem- agreement by which the suit was termin-
brane. 'E.Yris. fiiejji, fiee, a thin skin. ated. Finis by itself is frequently used
OFris. fimel, filmene, the skin of the for the settlement of a claim by com-
—
body.' Richthofen. W. pilen, cuticle, position or agreement, as by Matthew
rind pilio, to peel pilionen, a thin peel,
; ;
Paris in the Life of Hen. III. ' Clanculo
a film. captus fuit, et tacito {2LC\.ofine, interpositis
Filter. See Felt. juramentis et chartis, caute dimis-
fide et
Filth. See Foul. sus.' Diet. Etym. —
Quod illi cognos- '
miniano in Due.
—
vulgariter appellatur.' ^Johan. k S. Ge- part of a barrel of thirty-six gallons.
Compare Sc.firlot, a measure containing
Amore probable origin may be found a fourth part of a boll of meal.
in w. gwyn, white, fair, pleasant ; Gael. Firm. -firm. Firmament. Lat.—
fionn, white, fair, fine, pleasant, sincere, firmus, strong. The firmament was the
true; ON. -fina, to polish, to cleanse, fixed framework of the sky, aboiit which
finn, bright, polished. The idea of the heavenly bodies were carried round.
white passes readily to that of pure, First. What is most to the fore, most
unsullied, unmixed, as \n fine gold, on the in front. ON. fyri, fyrir, for, before
one hand, or to that of briUiancy, or fyrri (comparative), first of two fyrstr
;
showiness, as in. fine clothes, on the other. (superl.), in front of all, first. Lith.
The sense of small, delicate, may arise pirm, before, pirnias, first ; Lat. -pra,
from the application of the term to fabrics before, primus, first.
where smallness of parts is an excellence, Firth. See Frith.
or it may be a separate word, from w. Fiscal. Lat. fiscus, a money-bag,
main. Slender, fine, thin, small (Lat. thence the mone/-store, or treasury of
minor, Fr. menu, mince) j lliain main, fine the empire.
linen diodfain, small beer.
;
Fish. I. Goth, fisks, Lat. pUcis, w.
ringer. Goth, figgrs, Fris. fenger, pysg, Gael, iasg, Gr. ix9ie.
fanger. From the equivalent oio.fangen, 2. Counters at cards. From Fr. ficher,
to seize, the change of vowel from a to i to fix, the %xshi1.fiche is used for a gar-
perhaps indicating the light action of a dener's dibble, for the iron pegs used to
finger. mark distances in surveying, for branches
—
Finical. Finikin. Tiw. fijnkens, per- stuck in the ground to mark positions in
fectd, concinn^, bell^. Kil.— ^tntx. fini- setting out a camp ; fiche or fichet, the
kin, particular in dress, trifling. —
Craven peg used in marking at cribbage or the
17 *
— •
To Fisk. To run about hastily and to dithers.' The Du. schetteren, to laugh
heedlessly. B.— word A of similar forai- loud, to make a rattling noise {schetter-
ation to Jig, fidge, firk, whisk. Sw. inglie, sonus vibrans, fragor, sonus fra-
fjaska, to fidget. gosus, modulatio —
Kil.), is identical with
—
Fissile. Fissure. 'Ls.V.Jindo, fissum, E. shatter, scatter. The Sp. guebrar, to
to cleave, split. break (Port, qiiebro, a shake or quaver of
Fist. OE. fust, G. faust, the hand the voice), corresponds to E. quiver, Lat
used as an instrument of striking. Swiss vibrare, Bav. fibern, fippern, to shake,
fausten,fmi,sten, to beat with fist or stick; tremble. The E. titter, representing the
W. ffusto, to beat ; ffust-fa, a beating, a broken sound of suppressed laughter,
boxing match ffust, a flail 'LsX.fustis,
;
; leads through the G. zittern, to tremble,
a stick Bret, fusta, to give a sound
; to E. tatter, a fragment. In like manner
thrashing. the Swiss fitzern, to titter, seems related
Fit. I. A
portion of music or of song, to E. fitter, fatter, Swiss faizete, gefdtz,
a canto. AS. _fittian, to sing. Feond on tatters, verfdtzen, to tear to bits, wear to
fitte, exulting in song. Csedm. — ic Nu tatters. See Flinders.
Jitte gen yinb fisca cynn, now I will sing To Fix. I. Lat.y^^r^,_/?j.'«OT, to stick
again concerning the races offish. in, fasten, make firm.
* 2. A sudden attack of pain or illness, To Fix. 2. In the American sense, to
an intermittent period. Sw. dial, futt, a arrange. '
To the hair, the table, the
fix
moment, very short interval of time. fire, means to dress the hair, lay the table,
From the representation of a short rapid and make —
the fire.' Lyell. Probably a'
movement as by fi.ft! fft! interj. express- remnant of the old Dutch colonisation.
ing sudden disappearance. —
Sand. Bav. Du. fiks, fix, regl^, comme il faut. —
pjutsch I expressing a quick momentary Halma. Eenfix s?iaphaan, a gun which
movement ffitzsn, pfitschen, pfutschen,
;
carries true zyn tuigje fix lioiiden, to
;
to make a noise represented by the syl- keep oneself in good order. Pl.D. fix,
lable in question, to move with such a quick, ready, smart fix un fardig, quite ;
noise. Alls pfitz,&-ve.rya\orasxA. Swab. ready een fixen junge, a smart youth.
;
pfitBen, to move with a sudden start, to Perhaps ixoxafiuks, ready, by the loss of
disappear. the
To Fit.—Refit. '¥x.faict,fait, wrought,
/,
Cot.
fitly. —Reficio, to again- coig, five.
stable, or to refetej refecyd, or refetyd, To Fizz. See Fuzz.
—
refectu^ ^Pr. Pm. Afaited a. mes mains Flabby. Flap. The sound produced —
k bataille, he fitted my hands to war. by the flapping of a loose broad surface
Livre des Rois. Du. mtten, convenire, is represented by the syllable flab, flap,
quadrare, accommodare. Kil.— flag, flack,flad, flat, varying, as usual in
Fitchet.—Fitchew. Yr.fissau, a pole- like cases, with the vowels u and Du. /'.
cat. Du. visse, fisse, vitsclie, putorius, flabberen,fladderen, to flap, flutter Wei-
mustela; genus valde putidum.— Kil. Wal. land
—
V\.T). fladdrig, flaggy, fluttering;
;
s'dfister, s'^mpuanter. —
Grandg. Fr. ves- Du. flaggereii, to flag, or hang loose —
seur, a fyster,
Fitters.
a stinking fellow. Cot. — Kil. G. fladderii, flattcrn,
; flackcrn, to
Fragments, splinters. flap, flutter, flicker.
.
Cast them upon the rocks and splitted them From the first of the foregoing forms is
all to /«e«.— North's Plutarch. Only their flabby, of such a nature as to give the
iL.
bones and ragged filttrs of their clothes re-
sound flab, soft and limber, hanging
—
mained. Coryat in Nares.
loose ; Du. flabbe, a slap, a fly-flap, the
Fitters, fatters, tatters.— Craven Gloss. flap of a wound ; Pl.D. flabbe, a hanging
The idea of breaking to bits is commonly lip. ,
expressed by words signifying violent In like manner from the second form, a
shaking, which are themselves taken in flap is any broad thin
body hanging by
the first instance from the representation one side so as to
be able to give a blow
; .,
animal structures, Fr. dial, flappe, faded, flamberge, a sword. The narrie oi flam-
soft, rotten une poire flappe.
; —
Gl. Gdn^ v. mula is given to a ranunculus with spear
—
Flappi et terni, faded and tarnished. c. or sword-shaped leaves. Fr. flammule,
nouv. nouv. It. flappo, flappy, withered. spear-wort, or spear crowfoot. Cot. on. —
— Fl. flag-bi'iosk ipriosk, gristle), cartilage en-
Flack. — Flaccid. — Flicker. The siformis. In the dialect of Carinthia
third and fourth of the forms mentioned flegge is a lath. —
Deutsch. Mundart. 2.
in the preceding article give rise to a wide 339-
range of derivatives. ¥x.flac, onomatopde -Flag. 3.— Flaw.— Flake. The sylla-
d'un coup qu'on donne sur un corps re- ble y?aj- is used to represent other sudden
tentissant — Hdcart a slat, flap, slamp, noises, as a squall, blast of wind, or wind
;
or clap, given by a thing that is thrown and rain, a flash of lightning flaw, a ;
against a wall or unto the ground, and blast of wind, sudden flash of fire, storm
lati, to flutter, blaze, burn, plapol, flame ; plecke, a blot or drop of ink, or the like.
plati, to flicker, flare, plamen, flame. Thence, as moist things flung down on
The Fr. flamber is a nasalised form of the ground tend to spread out in width
the root flab in Du. flabberen, to flutter, and lie close, we pass to the sense of flat-
and- the original sense is preserved in Sp. ness ;Du. vlack, G. flach, flat, plane,
flamear (of sails), to shiver, flutter, and in close to the ground. So from VoLplask !
the corresponding OE. form as used by representing the sound of dashing on the
Barbour. ground, ^/flJ/Jz, flat.
Baneris rycht fairly flawmand The sametrain of thought is repeated
And penselys to the wind wawand. with the root flat, plat, vlat. To flatten,
The 7r.flamme is a streamer as well as a to slap. —
Hal. OE. to flat, to dash down
flame. water, &c.
—
Flanch. Flange. Aflanch or flange And right with that he swowned.
isa turned-up border of a plate of iron or Till Vigilate the veille
the like. The fundamental sense is pro- Fette water at his eighen
bably a flap. G. flatsche, flantsche, a
—
KxAJlatte it on his face. P. P.
piece, slice. —
Sanders. Sc. fiatch, to lay Yx.flatir, faire flat, to spill water. Pat. —
over, to turn down. ^Jam. —
Flank. It. fianco, Fr. flanc, the part
de Champ.
down
Dan. dial, blatte, to fall
blat, a small portion of fluid, a
;
of the body from the ribs to the hips, a Fr. se blottir, to squat, or lie close
blot.
part usually named from the absence of to the ground ; Dan. plet, a blot or spot
,bone, by which it is characterised ; G. die plat. It. piatto, Fr. plat, flat.
weiche, from weich, soft ; Bohem. slabina, To tell a thing flatly is to blurt it out
from slaby, soft, weak ; E. dial, lesk, from at once with a flop, like a wet lump
Fr. lasche, Bret, laosk, soft, flaggy. thrown down on the ground before one.
Flank or lesk, ilium, inguen.— Pr. Pm. Dan. plat, flatly, bluntly, entirely.
On the same principle it would seem that To Flatter. The wagging of a dog's
flank is a nasalised form of Bret._/?aX', It tail is a natural image of the act of flat-
fiacco, flaggy. tering or fawning on one. Thus we have
Flannel. Formerly written_/?a««^«, as Dan. logre, to wag the tail ; logrefor ecu,
it still is provincially. Feletin, ^a««^«. to fawn on one G. wedeln, to wag the ;
-^Cot. It is originally a Welsh manu- tail, and E, wheedle, to gain one's end by
—
in the wind, then to move about in fine plait, wattle ; Lat. plectere, plexus, to
clothes, to let them be seen like a banner braid ; Gr. a lock, and thence
•KkinoQ,
flauhting in the wind. Bav. flandern, frXEKw, to knit, twine ; TiKbsavov,
plait,
fldndern, to move about, wave to and fro. wicker or plaited work., ON. floki, a
Swab, flandern, to flutter, fldntern, to knot flcskia, to entangle ; N. flokje, a
;
The two false ones with gfrete gre fludern, to flap, flutter, to make to flow,
Stode and bihelde her riche atyr to float wood TtM. fledderen, to flap the
;
the mouth, smile, sneer; S'via.h. flannen, From the frequentative form in which
flennen, as well a.sfldrren, to cry. Norse the word seems earliest to have appeared
flina, as well as flira, to titter Bav. was formed a root flot,flod, filud, signify-
;
these forms are imitations of the inarti- flowing pliidis, a raft ; pluditi, plusti,
;
; —
splavW, to float plavok, the float of a move rapidly, to fly. Sanders. See- Flit.
; —
net ;Serv. plaviti, to overflow, to skim Fr. frissement d'un trait, the whizzing
milk plavitise, to swim, to float with sound of a flying arrow. Cot. —
—
;
the stream. Again, we have Russ. pluit', Flew. I. Washy, tender, weak. Hal.
popluW, to swim, float, sail, flow phcitie, Du. flaauw, languid, spiritless G. flau,
; ;
swimming. Thus we are brought to Lat. faint, flat, slack. From flab or flag, in
fluere, to flow, fltivius, a river, and Gr. the sense of hanging loose, failing in elas-
jrXlw, to fluctuate, sail, swim, navigate, ticity and vigour. The degradation of
ttAoToj/, a ship. the radical sound is well exemplified in
Some of the derivatives of L?it. fluo, as Fr. flebe, fleve, fleuve, flewe, weak. Pa- —
the participle fluxus, and fluctus, wave, tois de Champagne.
would indicate that the original root of 2. Shallow, i^'ze/ or scholde, as vessel
the verb had a final k, instead o{ a. t or d or other like, bassus. Pr. Pm. This is — •
as va. float, flood, but this is only another only a secondary application of the no-
instance of that equivalence of labials, tion of slackness. Slack water is when
dentals, and gutturals in representing the water begins to sink, instead of flow-
many kinds of natural sounds, already ing upwards, and of course becomes shal-
exemplified under Flabby, where it was lower. G. flau, shallow, flat, stale flau ;
shown that the roots flab, flag, flad, or werden, to sink in estimation, abate, be-,
flap, flack, flat, are used with apparent come flat. ON. fldr, N. flaa, shallow, as
indifference in expressing a flapping, a dish, wide and open, flat, as a valley
flickering, fluttering action. with gently sloping sides.
Fleet. The sense of shallow is pro- Flew.— Flue. Down or nap little ;
bably derived from the notion of swim- feathers or flocks which stick to clothes.
ming on the surface, skimming the sur- B. —w. lluwch, motes, flying dust,
face. Shallow is what keeps near the spray, sand lluwchio, to blow about as
;
the resemblance to flat as accidental, Br. Wtb. Lancash. flook, waste cotton.
though it must be confessed the words Sw. d^\?\.flaga, to wave in the air Bav. ;
resemble each other both in sound and flden,flAhen, fldwen, to move to and fro
sense in a remarkable manner. Fr. plat in water flAeln,fldheln., to move to and
;
and Fris. flaak signify both flat and fro in the air ; flAen,fldwen,flage',fldiwm,
shallow ; Du. vlack, flat, vlacke, a shal- fldm, chaff, flue ; G. flainn, down. The
— ;
wool, silk, down, which when separated To Flincli. To shrink from pain with
float like dust in the air (Molbech) ; Sw. a quick, convulsive movement. nasal- A
fnug, motes, down. Norse fok, drift, ised form of flick, corresponding to G.
what is blown about by the air ; snd-fok, flinken, to glitter, fink, smart, brisk; Du.
sandfok, driving snow, sand ; fjuka, to flikkeren, flinkeren, to glitter, twinkle. P. —
drive about with the wind ; fjukr, flue, Marin. In the same manner Du. wicken,
dust. wincken, to vibrate, to wink ; essentially
Flew-net. Du. flouw, -vlou-w, a net the same word with wince or winch, to
hung to poles to catch woodcocks, or the shrink from pain. Compare also (witch,
like. a convulsive movement, with twinkle, to
Plews. The chops of a dog. Pl.D. glitter, or wink the eyes. The frequenta-
flabbe, the chops, thick lips. De flabbe iwe. flikkeren, flinkeren, represents in the
—
hangen laoten, to be chap-fallen. Dan- first instance a crackling noise, then a
neil. The same change from a final b to glittering light, or vibratory movement.
w will be observed as above with respect The fundamental syllable flick, flink, then
tofew in the sense of weak. See Flabby. becomes a root, with the sense of a sharp,
—
nick. Flip. Forms representing the rapid movement.
sound made by a jerk with a whip, the We
find in OS.flecche, without the na-
corner of s. towel, or the like. Flick, a sal, probably direct from Fr. fldchir, to
smart, stinging slap Forby — a slight bend, turn, or go awry, or on the one side.
;
-flict.See Fling.
pieces. —
Hal. ' Itflyiteryt al abrode.'
Morte d'Arthure. 'Du.flenie?-s, tatters;
Flight. See Fly. Norse flindra, a shiver of stone, or the
Flimflam.—Flam. The radical no- like flindrast, to shiver, split to pieces.
;
showy and unsubstantial, but more pro- snatch away, to make off, fling out of the
bably the word may be formed by trans- house; rida i fldng, to ride full speed;
position of the J and m from E. dial._;?z>- fldnga barken aftrdden, to strip bark off
zom, properly signifying a peeling or thin a tree '^.flengja, to tear to pieces, whence
;
skin, equivalent to Sw. dial, flasma, a Sw. flinga, a fragment, bit, flake. Lat.
scale or splinter, and, as a verb, to scale infligere, to strike on, confligere, to strike
off'. In Da. dial, flims, fleyns, skin of together, belong to the same root.
boiled milk, flimse, small bits of skin in Flint. G. flins, flinteiutein, flint
; — -;
fliese, flinse, a flagstone ; OberD. vlins, with a switch or the like, then rapid
flint, pebble. ^Adelung. — movement to and fro.
Flints may be considered as splinters To Flit. To remove from place to
or shivers of stones, from on. flis, E. place. —
B. Dan. yf)'^'^! to remove. Swiss
flitter, flinder, a fragment. Da. flise, to flitschen, to switcli, representing the sound
split ; Sw. dial._/?z>, a splinter, fragment, made by a rod cutting through the air.
little bit flis, flissten, a pebble. Or V\.D. flitzen, flitschen, to move rapidly.
;
possibly the name may be taken from Dao flitzt he hen, there he flies by. —
their having formerly been used as spear Danneil. Bav. fletzen, to change one's
or arrow-heads. Fris. flen-stien, flan- abode.
stien, flint, from ON. fleinn, AS. fldn, an In the same way without the /, Swiss
arrow, dart. fitzen, to svi'\.tc)x,fltschen, to move about,
—
Flip. Flippant. Flip, like flick, re- to fidge.
presents a smart blow with something Flitch, SuSoWaflick, the outer fat of
thin and flexible. 'H^-a.c^ flippant, nim- the hog cured for bacon, while the rest
ble-tongued, jocund, brisk, airy. 15. It — of the carcase is called the bones.
now implies over-smartness, sauciness, Forby. 7r.fliche,fliqtie de lard, a flitch
as Pl.D. flUgg, lively, spirited beyond of bacon, on. flicki, a large lump of
what is becoming. Danneil. Flip,— flesh. 'P\.T>.flick,flicken,3. piece, as of
—
nimble, flippant. —
Hal. on. fleipr, tat- cloth or land. DanneiL A
flick or
tle fleipinn, flippant,, pert, petulant ;
;
fleach is also in the East of England a
fleipni, precipitantia linguse, readiness of portion of sawn plank or timber. Sw.
tongue flapra, to speak inconsiderately
;
fldcka, to split, to open fldckt dm, the
;
Flirt.— Flurt. i. Used in the same flakke, to split flcsk-sild, P1.D. flak-
;
vincially in E. To flirk, to jerk or flip scaly ; flisa, V)a.n. flise, to splinter. Sw.
about. Hal. — We
have flck (g. flckeri) diaLflas, thin skin, peeling, scurf; flasa,
a.ndflick,flrk anA flirk, flsk 3.T\Aflisk, all to peel, to scale ; flasma, a splinter ; Da.
used very much in the same sense. So d.\aX.flems,flims, skin of milk. a^. flasa
Swiss fltschen, Bav. flitschen, to move to (pl.flosur), notch.
and fro G.flttich, and flittick, a wing.
;
Float.— Flood. See Fleet.
To Flisk. To flick with a whip, to Flock.—Flocoulent. \sX.floccus, It.
skip or bounce. —
Hal. Fick, flsk, flick, flocco, Fr. floe, a lock or flock of wool,
flisk, all represent the sound of a cut flake of snow, &c. The word is also
-268 FLOG FLUE
common to all the Teutonic stock. from the original form we have Rouchi
Norse
weak, and G. flock-seide. The
flokk, a heap, collection, {axriAy ; flokje, flagiie, _
knot, bunch. —
Aasen. The primitive two forms appear in close proximity in
meaning of the word seems to be a co- the south of France. Limousin _/?a, fem.
herent mass. Gael, ploc, strike, beat, flaquo, weak ; Languedoc_/?i?, i^-ax. flosso,
and as a substantive, any round mass, a soft, untwisted silk.
clod, club, head of a pin ; pluc, beat, -Flounce. The plaited hanging border
thump, and substantively a knot, lump, with which a gown is ornamented, origin-
bunch. Russ. puk', a bunch, or tuft. ally a pleat or tuck, from Fr. fronds,
Bohem. phik, Pol. pulk, Russ. polk, a a plait, gather, wrinkle, Du. fronsse, a
regiment of soldiers. Lith. pulkas, a wrinkle, by the very common change
flock, crowd, herd, usually of men or between fl and fr. So It. fronda, Lan-
animals. Russ. klok\ a bunch, tuft, flock. gued. flonda, a sling ; G. flecken, E.
Yx.folc,fulc,foulc,fouc, a flock or herd. freckle; frock, and flock, &c. See
When applied to a number of birds
.
Frounce.
the word is confounded with AS. floe, a To Flounce. To jump in, or roll
flight. Perhaps, too, in a flock of snow about in the water, to be in a toss, or
it may be difficult to say whether the fume, with anger. B. — The essential
idea is taken from its light, flying nature, meaning is the same with that of the N.
or from cohering in a mass. V\X).flog- flunsa, to do anything with noise and
aske, light ashes flock-federn, down.
;
bluster, like one dashing about in water.
To Flog. From the sound of a blow, Sw. dial, flunsa, to plunge in water, to
represented by the syllable flag, flak, splash, to tramp through wet. Du.
l!at. flagrum, flagellum, a scourge in- ; plonssen, to plunge, plansen, blansen, to
fligere, confligere, to strike one thing dash down water ; neer flaiisen, to dash
against another. 'QoYi&va.flakati, to flog. down flansen, to do a thing in a hasty,
VXXi.flogger, a flail. See Flack, Flag.
;
careless way. —
Weiland.
Flood. See Fleet. Flounder. A
flat fish. ON. flydra,
riook. fluhen, anker-fliegen,
G. — Sw.flundra.
flunken, the flooks of an anchor from To Flounder.
;
nasalised form of A
MHG. vluc, Bav. flilg, Pl.D. flwike, a Du. flodderen, to make a flapping or
wing. So Svf.flik, 'Da.n.flig, a flap, lap- fluttering motion, as loose garments ;
pet ankerflig, the flook of an anchor. flodder-kousse, one with loose trowsers
; ;
The ultimate origin is the same in both then from the splashing sound applied to
cases, as the designation of the wing, as motion in water. Door f water, door de
well as lappet, is taken from the idea of slik flodderen, to struggle through wet
fluttering or flipping. Pl.D. flukkern, and dirt. 'La.ugneA. floundijha, to fling
flunkern, to flicker, sparkle. about the legs like an infant.
Floor. AS. flor, Du. vloere, floor G, Flour. FloTwer. The finest part of
; —
flur, a tract of flat country, floor. W. meal. Fr. fleur defarine, literally flower
llawr, the ground, the floor of a house or blossom of meal. The name of flowers
or barn. Nefa llawr, heaven and earth. was given in chemistry to the fine mealy
/ lawr, down, downwards. Gael, lar, matter which in sublimation is carried to
the ground, earth-floor, ground-floor the head of the still, and adheres in the
—
;
Ihrach, site, habitation, farm. Lat. lar, a form of a fine powder. B. In this sense
hearth, dwelling, home ; Lares, the tutelar we speak of flowers of sulphur.
deities of a dwelling. To Flout. To jeer, properly to blurt,
Floral.—Florid.—Florist. Lat. flos, or make an offensive noise with the
floris, a flower. mouth. V>Vi. fluyte, popysmus ; _/?«<)*«,
Floss-silk. floscio, Venet. flosso,
It. popysmo et vocis blandimento demulcere
Piedm. flos, faint, drooping, flaccid ; fequum. — Kil.To flurt or blurt with the
•floscia-seta, floss-silk, sleeve or ravel silk. mouth are also used in the sense of jeer-
Walach. fleciu, soft ; flesceritu, flaggy,
'
son. Faffle, to flap gently as a sail or lige flugt med andre huse:' to raise a
garment stirred by a momentary breath building in the same line with or flush
of air ;a wavering blowing of a light with the other houses. Planke i flugt
'
—
wind. Whitby Gloss. Sylvester uses med den overste kant af vasggen :' planks
flaff in the same sense a thousand on a level with the upper edge of the wall.
'
:
flaffing flags.' See Flew. A vessel is flush fore and aft when the
Flume. A stream of water, now ap- deck is level from stem to stern.
propriated to a stream carried in an arti- Fluster. Closely allied with bluster j
ficial channel, a boarded aqueduct. 'The hurried, bustling, or swaggering conduct.
—
Jluni Jordan.' Wicliff. 07r. ffiim,ffujne, T\iR fluster of the bottle,' thefliistering
' '
water from the melting of snows flauma, fltisturatu, veritosus, vanus, levis windy,
; ;
flouss, a flood, a stream. Jam.— Du. The immediate origin seems <yii.flug, AS.
fluysen, Dan. dS.zLfluse, to flow with vio- floe, Du. vleuge, vloge, flight, the act of
lence, to rush ; adfluse ud sem vandet of flying, the most natural expression of
enflddgyde, to gush out as water from a which might be taken from regarding the
flood-gate. N. flust, abundantly flus, flying object as blown along through the
;
tinguishes the female. VnltAxa., fulihha. Foe. AS. fah, fld, enemy.
ON. fjd, to
— Gloss, in Schmeller. hate. See Fiend.
Fog. I. Dan. snefog, a snow-storm
Foam, t&.fdm, G. faum. Perhaps a ;
parallel form with G. flaum, signifying fyge, to drive with the wind Dan. dial. ;
what is light enough to float on wind or fuge, to rain fine and blow. on. fok,
water flaum-feder, down Bav. pflaum, snow-storm, flight of things driven by the
;
;
fat that rises surface in boiling fyk,fokid, to drive with the wind.
to the Pro-
meat. Comp. AS.flugol zx\Afugol, fowl bably an /has been lost ; V\.'D.flok,flog,
C.flittich a.n&flttich,vi\r\g; &. fluffy ^.-oA light things that rise and fly in the air
'fuffy, light, downy. Wh.ithy flumpy.
Da. flog-aske, light flying ashes ; flockfedem,
dial, fompet, fat and short. See Flew. down. Sw. dial, flnyka, to fly about as
On the other hand foam is regarded dust, tosmoke, snow fine fnyk, dust. ;
as the equivalent of Sanscr. pjiena, Pol. Dan. fnug,fug, flock, flue Lith. piikas,
;
plicavit et earn totam foderavli,' laid it thing used for the pui-pose of showing
— ;
;
. ;
to bring up, voedsterkind, a child in- fapparie, a flap with a foxtail, flappings,
trusted to one to bring up, show the fopperies, an idle babbling, vain dis-
formation of AS. foster, food, Sw. foster, course ; fiappatore, a flapper, fopper. ^Fl. —
birth, progeny, _/£?j/ra, to bring \yg,fostri, For. —
Fore. —
Former. Foremost. —
a foster-child. In the same way Sw. QoXh. faur,faura, O's.fyrir, before, fore,
alster, progeny, from ala, to beget. for ; G. vor, fore ; fiir, for. The radical
Fool. Fr. fol, fooHsh, idle, vain. W. meaning both cases is in front of.
in
ffol, foolish. Bret., OCat. foil, mad. When we speak of one event as before
The fundamental meaning seems to be a or after another, our own progress in time
failure to attain the end proposed, a wan- is transferred to the events of the world,
dering from the straight path. It would which are typified as a succession of a;ii-
thus be connected with the root of 'E,.fail, mated beings moving on in the opposite
and X.s.t.fallere, to deceive. direction, and taking place in time at the
The Old Psalter of Corbie quoted by moment when they are brought face to
Raynouard has face with the witness. Thus the event of
Foleai si com oeille que petit. the present moment is before or in front
Erravi sicut ovis quce perit. —Ps. ii8. of the train of futurity, and those which
De tes commandemens nefoliai have already passed by the instant of
De mandatis tuis non erravi. Ibid. — actual experience, are in front of the pre-
Folier en droit, en fait, to err in law, or sent event, by which they are succeeded.
in fact. —Roquef. It is probably the true The events then which have passed into
equivalent of the Goth, dvals, out of his the region of memory, although in refer-
senses, where we see the same connection ence to our own progress in life con-
with the notion of straying or wandering, sidered as left behind us, yet in the order
and also that of deceiving or causing to of their own succession are more to the
miss. AS. dwala, dwola, error dwelian, front than the present, and are therefore
;
Du. dul, dol, out of his mind, mad E. effect, or the consequence for which it
;
dial, dull, foolish. Du. dwaalen, doolen, is made to account, Lat. pra, before,
to stray, wander dwaalende, or doolende also in comparison with, by reason of, on.
;
foolery (Minsheu), trickery. The gross- limits, that it is completely expended, and
'
— ;
worn out with labour and sweat. swim or water horses, sheep, &c. bro- ;
I care not of it, I set no store by it, do without, out of doors, abroad It.fiiora, ;
tall gallows used for masting ships. There whence E. gorse, gorst, furze, the growth
can be no doubt that the first syllable in of waste land.
Lat. forfex, forceps, cizars, pincers, has To ForestalL To monopolise, to buy
the same origin. goods before they are brought to stall, or
* Forcemeat. As forcemeat is com- the place where they are to be sold at
monly used as synonymous with stuffing, market.
it was natural to explain it from Yr.far- Forfeit. Fr. forfait, a crime, mis-
cir, Lim. forci, to stuff. The two, how- deed, ixoxaforfaire, to misdo, transgress.
ever, are clearly distinguished in the
Liber Cure Cocorum, where the equivalent My heart nor I have doen you -na forfeit,
By which you should complain in any kind.
of Fr. farcir is constantly written farse,
Chaucer in R.
while fors is often used in the sense of
spice or season. Oro omnes quibus aliquid forefeci ut
Take myUte of almondes mihi per suam gratiam indulgeant.
Fors it with cloves or good gyngere.
p. 8. — Pontanus in Due. The expression for a
But the white [pese] with powder of pepper tho crime or misdeed was then transferred
Moun heforsyd, with ale thereto. — p. 46.
to the consequences or punishment of
Powder thou take the crime. Forisfactns servus, in the
Of gynger, of kanel, that gode is, tho
laws of Athelstan, is one who has mis-
Ettfors it wele.— p. 38.
done himself a slave, one who for his
Forcemeat, then, is spiced, highly-sea- misdeeds is made a slave. Forfaire ses-
soned meat. heritages ; forfaire corps et avoir, to
—
Forcer. Forcet. OFr. order, It. f misdo away his heritage, his body, and
forciere, Mid.Lat. forsarius, a strong box, goods, i. e. to lose them by his misdeed.
safe, coffer. — Due. Forfaicture, a transgression,
Fortune by strengthe the/orcer hath unshete,
Wherein was sperde all my worldly richesse.
also a forfeiture or confiscation. Cot. —
Chaucer.
To Forfend. To fend off, ward off.
See For.
Forcelet, strong place, fortalicium. — Pr. Forge. The Lat. faber, a smith, by
Pm. the change of b through v into u, gave
Ford. A shallow place in a river. rise to OFr. faur, Walach. fauru, a
Quite distinct from y^.ffordd, a way, and smith. In the latter language we have
from the root fare, to go. G. furt, ON. also faitrie, a smith's shop, faiiri, to
brot, Pol. brdd, a ford ; brnad, to wade, I
forge, the i of which seems in the West-
18
;
application with the name of the classes to carry in a waggon, sze?iu wezimas, a
at our public schools, first form, sixth load of hay. Esthon. weddama, to lead,
form, &c., but whether the class is called to draw iveddo-harg,
; a draught-ox.
form from sitting on the same bench, or Fin. wedan, wetdd, to draw. Bohem.
whether the bench is so designated from wedu, westi, to lead, to bring wod, a ;
being occupied by a single class, may be
guide wezu, westi, to carry.
; Serv.
a question. It seems certain that forma woditi, to lead, wozati, to carry, wojenye,
was used for class or order in the lower
wozanye, carriage.
Latin. Supernumerarii sacri ministerii
'
Foul.— Filth.— Defile. Goth, fids,
primK vel secundae/orraiZ',' of the first or
Ofi.full, Stinking, corrupt. This is the
—
second order. Cod. Theodos. de Castren-
primary meaning of the word, which is
sianis in Due.
then applied to what is dirty, turbid, phy-
Formidable. haX.formzdo, dread.
sically or morally disgusting, ugly, unfair.
Fornication. Lat. fornicatio, from
'We speak oi foul, as opposed to clear
fornix, a vault, a word accommodated to
weather ; of a ship running foul of an-
the sense of brothel or stews.
other, as opposed to keeping clear of it.
To Forsake. Properly to put away
the subject of dispute, to renounce or
Dan. at rage uklar (unclear) med et Skib,
to run foul of a ship.- The ON. fill was
deny, then simply to desert. OE. sake,
applied to one who had not come clear
dispute, strife. Layamon. — AS. sacan, from the ordeal by fire. The Du. vuil,
sacian, to contend, strive ; withersaca, an
opponent.
and G. faul, have acquired the sense of
lazy, slothful.
And if a man me it axe, It is seen, under Faugh, that the interj.
Six sithes or seven,
representing rejection of an offensive
\ forsake it with othes.— P. P.
smell takes the form of /« ! or fu J From
Forse. In the N. of England, a water- the former of these arise Sanscr. pHy, to
tall Stockgill-forse, Airey-forse.
; Norse stink, to rot ; Lat. puteo, to be foul, to
; —
friper, to wear. Hence ON. hremma, d'andare alia campagna:' the freak took
Sw. rama, to clutch, to seize ; ram,
seizure (Rietz), opportunity. Se sittram,
him to go to the country. Altieri. —
The origin is the verb fregare, to rub,
to see his opportunity passa ram, to
;
to move lightly to and fro, expressing the
watch his opportunity [of seizure] ; rama,
restless condition of one under the in-
to scheme, to devise (Ihre) berama dag,
;
fluence of strong desire, as in Yx-fretlller,
Du. dag raamen, to appoint a day (Hol-
to wag, stir often, to wriggle, tickle, itch
trop) ramen, to aim, hit, plan ; beramen,
;
Frequent. Lat. frequens, that, often 3. To fret, to rub, wear, consume, eat
comes or is done. up. Fretted, worn by rubbing ; vexed,
Fresh, as. fersc, Du. versck, frisch, discomposed, ruffled in mind. B. From —
ON. friskr. It. fresco, Fr. fraische, frais, the sense of a quivering sound, as in the
recent, new, and sweet, cool, in full series mentioned under Freeze, the root
vigour. passes on to signify a quivering motion.
The original sense is probably to be Fr. fretiller, to move, wag, stir often,
sought in Y.. frisk, indicating lively move- wriggle, tickle — Cot. ; E. fritters, shivers,
ment, exertion for the mere pleasure of fragments ; to frit, to rub or move up
the thing Fr. frisque, lively, brisk, and down ; '^.ffrid,ffrit, a sudden start
spruce, gay.
;
healthy, sound. —
Aasen. Then as brisk- nimbly. — Fl. Du. writseUn, vritselen,
ness or friskiness is worn out by con- motitari, subsilire —
Kil. ; wrikken, Dan.
tinued exertion or fatigue, by heat, or by vrikke, to wriggle or joggle ; 'Lat.fricare,
lapse of time, the term is applied to what to rub ; It. fregare, to rub, frig, frit,
is unworn, untired, unheated, uhkept, friggle ; fregagione, rubbing, or fritting
recent. Meat is adapted for keeping by up and down gently, as is the custom to
salting,whence fresh or unkept meat is sick people. Fl. —
Prov. fregar, fretar,
opposed to salt meat, and by extension to rub ; Fr. froter, to rub, chafe, fret, or
water fit for drinking, as opposed to salt grate against. Cot. —
Bav. fo-etten to ,
from "ver and aisen, eisen, to shudder. like a weak person. Todd. —
How the '
And see Fright. poor cxe.z.t\xxt. fribbles '\u his gait.' Tatler —
4. Fret, ornamented work in embroid- 49. To be explained from Central Fr.
ery, or carving, synonymous with Sp. fribohr, to flutter, flit to and fro without
fres, gold lace It.fregio, Vi&A.fris, Mid. fixed purpose like a butterfly
; barivoler, ;
curling the surface of a liquid and throw- {phip), fidge, fitsch (Swiss fitschen), fit
ing it into vibrations, offering a type of {fitter), flick, flig, flip, flitsch (Bav. flit-
embroidered or sculptured ornamentation. scken),flit, and (with an r instead of an /)
So Fr. fringoter, to quaver, or divide in frick (Lat. fricare), frig,fritsch (It. fric-
singing, also to fret or work, frets in gold, ciare), frit {w.flrit, Fr. fretiller), imitat-
silver, &.c.;fringoteries, frets, cranklings, ing the sound of switching to and fro with
wriggled flourishes in carving, &c. Cot. — a light implement, or the crackling sound
In like manner It. frizzare, Fr. frMonner, of frying, or rustling of flames, or the like.
to quaver in singing, 'E. fritter, to shiver, li. frizzare, to quaver with the voice, to
lead to Yx.frizons, frizzled or raised work fry or parch, to frisk or skip nimbly fric- ;
of gold or silver wire, &c., and E.fret, in ciare, to rub, claw, wriggle up and down
the sense of carved or embroidered work. — FL, are precise equivalents of E. fridge.
5. Fret in Heraldry and Architecture 'W.flrid,flrit, a quick start or jerk.
is from a totally different root, signifying Friend. From Goth, frijon, to love,
the interlacing of bars or fillets. OFr. a.s fiend, an enemy, {romfijan, to hate.
false scent of the class mentioned under ri/ua, to scratch, tear, grate. The origin
Fret, 3. The more likely origin is the seems a form /rip, related to the /ric in
notion of shuddering, expressed by the Lat. /ricare, to rub, or AS. frician, to
root frk. Gr. <p^Un, a shuddering from dance, as clap to clack, or flip to flick.
cold or terror Mod.Gr. (ppiicrbe, fright-
; Light, rapid, reciprocating movement is
ful ;tpp'iTTOj, to be frightened Walach. ;
represented by a number of similar sylla-
,frica., fright fricosu, timorous.
;
bles pointed out under Fridge.
Frill. A
plaited band to a garment. Frisk. The use of the roots /ric,/rit,
For the logical connection between a flic,flit, in the expressions of smart, rapid,
twittering sound, a shivering vibratory repeated movement, has been mentioned
motion, and a curly or wrinkled surface, under Fridge, Fret, Firk, and in other
see Chitterling, Crisp, Caprice. So from places. The addition of an s either be-
W. ffrill, twitter, chatter, we pass to Fr. fore or after the final consonant improves
friller, to shiver for cold, and thence (as the effect in representing the broken rust-
from chitter, to shiver, to chitterling, a ling sound of multifarious or continued
frill) to E. frill. The same relation is movement. Hence It. /rizzare (=: /rit-s-
shown under Freeze between Sw. frasa, are), to quaver with the voice, to fry or
to rustle, ¥r. /riser, to shiver, axiA. /raise, parch, to spirt as effervescing wine, to
a frill or ruff. And Sw. /rasa, Fr. /riser, frisk or skip nimbly. The same idea is
lead through E./rizzle to Fr. /riller, in conveyed by E. /risk. ' Put water in a
the same way in which Sw. brasa, Fr. glass and wet your finger and draw it
bresiller, representing the crackling sound —
round about the rim, it will make the
of fire, lead to briller, to twinkle
or in ; visXtr /risk and sprinkle up in a fine dew.'
which grisser, gresiller, grisler, to crackle, — Bacon in Todd. Fin. priiskua, to spirt,
lead to griller, to wriggle, curl, frizzle. start out as a spark, exsilio ut scintilla.
Central fr. /rediller, to shiver. The same connection between the senses
Fringe. Fr. /range, Rouchi, /rinche, of spirting, starting, and a crackling
It./rangia, Sicil. /rinza, G./ranse, an or- sound, is seen in Russ./n«j.^«/", to spirt;
namented border of hanging threads or pruigaf, to leap or spring Serv. prigati, ;
plaited work, originally probably of the to fry. Compare also Bret, /ringoli, to
latter construction. The word may be quaver with the voice /riiiga, Fr. /rin- ;
accounted for in several ways, all leading giier, to frisk or frolick Serv. vrtziti, to ;
fimbrie and /riinbie show that /rimbia a curate /rith-mhuir (a little sea), an ;
may have been the original form of Lat. arm of the sea, loch, frith.
— •
beer. Bret, briz-tiek, a poor cultivator; the wind among trees ; it is then applied
briz-klenved, a light illness. to the ruffling or curling of the surface of
Frith. Kfreeth in N. Wales is a tract water by the breeze, whence ^pi'iog, rough,
of rough land inclosed on the skirts of curled.
the mountain and held as common by Frock. Froc de moine, a monk's cowl
the proprietors of the district. Frith, or hood. WxA.lji.'i. flocus,floccum,frocus,
unused pasture-land ; a field taken from froccus, hroccus, roccus, originally a shaggy
a wood, young underwood, brushwood. cloak, from Lat. flocais, Ptg. frocco, a
Hal. flock, lock, or tuft of wool.G. rock, an
Elles foweles fedden hem in frythes ther thei overcoat. The derivation of coat is pro-
—
woneden. P. P. in R. bably similar.
'
By
frith and fell.' ' Out of forests Frog. G.frosche, Du. vorsch.
I.
bits. A parallel form w\tii flitter, fiinder, from the beginning, i. e. as to the begin-
of the same meaning. The primary ning, onwards.
origin the use oi frit, in expressing a
is Front. Lat. frons, frontis. Pol.
crackling sound, as in Lat. fritinnire, to przod, forepart ; przod glowy, the fore-
twitter, then, a rattling or vibrating mo- head. Na
przodzie, in front. Przed,
tion, as in X-at. fritillus, a dice box ; Fr. befote.
fretiller, to fidget Gr. (ppirru, to tremble
; Frontispiece. haX. frontispicium, the
from cold or fear. To fritter, then, would forefront of a house. applied to Now
signify to shiver, and thence to break to the front page of a book, and by corrup-
shivers. Compare Du. schateren, to re- tion to the picture in front of a book.
sound, to rattle, with E. shatter. Frost. See Freeze.
Frivolous. LaX. frivolus. See Frib- Froth. O^. fraud,fro^a, scum, ixoih.
ble. Pl.D. frathen, fraodn, fradem, fraum,
—
;
analogy of the G. broden, brodem, steam, — Ancren Riwle, 254. One turns the
Du. broem, foam, scum, leaves little doubt face willingly toward to things that one
that the origin oi froth is a representa- loveth, and froward to things that one
tion of the sound of boiling or rushing hateth.
water. The same
train of ideas is re- Frown. Immediately from Fr. fro-
peated with little variation of sound in gner (preserved in refrogner, to frown,
W. brock, din, tumult, froth ; brochi, to —
look sourly on Cot.), which must origin-
fume, to chafe, to bluster ; Gael, bruich, ally have had the same signification as
bruith, to boil, E. broth, boiling water, It. grigiiare, to snarl, Fr. grogner, to
and also to foam ; bruys, foam, scum. frunna, to buzz ; fryna, to grin frimten, ;
wronck, a twisting, contortion wronck- The root frug, in the same sense, has
;
crackling, frizzling noise, or to the snarl- sound, to fumble Altieri ; and with in-—
ing sounds expressive of ill temper version of the r, in furegare, to fumble,
;
while it must be remembered that the grope for, to sweep an oven furegone, a ;
Froward. on. frd, Dan. fra, from. a modest repast. Th&n frugalis, opposed
Fra top til taa, from top to toe. Froward to waste, thrifty.
then is from-ward, turned away from, Fruit. Fruition. —
Fr. fruit, Lat.
unfavourable, as to-ward, turned in the friictiis; iromfruor, fructtis sx\d,fruitus,
direction of an object, favourably dis- to enjoy.
posed to it. Me turneth thet neb blithe-
'
piece of conduct. —
Nares. It also ex- fompe, a blow, a fat fleshy person fompet, ;
presses the ill temper of the person who fat, fubsy ; fuddet, thick, and full in the
gives the frump. Frumpy, frumpish, face.
peevish, froward ; frump, a cross old To Fuddle. To make tipsy, to stupefy
woman. Hal. — with drink. A
corruption oi fuzzle, to
The origin is the same as that of the \-i\ak& fuzzy, or indistinct with drink.
synonymous _;?<?2«/, viz. an imitation of the The first night having liberally taken his drink,
pop or blurt with the mouth, expressive my fine scholar was so fusled that, &c. Anat. —
of contempt or ill humour. The same Melanch.
hnitative syllable with a somewhat differ- To fossle, vossle, to entangle, to con-
ent application is seen in Bret, fromma. fuse business. —
Cotswold Gl.
It. frombare, to whizz, while the radical P1.D. flissig, fuddig, raveled, fuzzy .
connection between the two ideas is shown Brem. Wtb. flssUg, fusslig, just tipsy
by It. fruUare, to make a rumbling or enough
;
rise to forms expressing screwing up the Feucke ! j'ai Fcld dans m'poque '
mouth, wrinkling the nose, which are fudge I've the key in my pocket.
!
—
afterwards extended to the idea of wrink- Hdcart. From this interjection is the
ling, twisting, or contraction in general. vulgar Fr. se ficker d'une ckose, to disre-
Du. wrempen, wrimpen, G. riimpfen, to gard it. Je nUenficke, I pish at it, pooh-
distort the mouth or make a wry face in pooh it, treat it with contempt. Fickez
contempt ; Bav. rimpfen, to shrink or le d, la parte, bid him truss or trudge,
crumple, to twist as a worm, to wrinkle as turn him out. Ficku, awkward, imac-
the skin of an old woman E. wrimpled, ceptable, absurd. // est ficku, he is gone
—
;
Fub. —Fubsy. Fub, a plump child. yat', to roll, to throw down, to full cloth.
B. A word of analogous formation to * Fulsome. Distasteful, loathsome,
bob, dab, dod, signifying a lump, anything luscious. —B. The derivation from ON,
— —
without pipe, to be out of temper. der, fodder, sheath, lining, fur; voeyer,
* Fun. Sport, game ; to fun, to cheat, fodder, lining. Kil. So in the Romance—
deceive. — Hal.
OE. fon, Sw. fane. Da. languages. It. fodero, fodder, sheath, lin-
d.\al.f}un, a fool. To fon, to make a fool ing S^.fo7-ro, lining, sheathing.
;
both for spark and touchwood. Funkc, barivolants une robe qui barivole. It. ;
Furlough. Leave of absence given piddle, work hastily and ill ; Tyrol ftts-
to a soldier. Du. verlof, leave, permis- lerei, fuselwerk, bad, useless work ; fusel-
sion. obst, poor, small fruit. —
Deutsch. Mund-
Furnace. Fr. fournaise, It. fomace, art. vol. V. Bav. fusel, bad brandy, bad
ha-t./urnus, an oven. tobacco.
To Furnish. It./ormre, to store with, Fusil. Yr. fusil. It. focile, a fire steel
—
provide unto, finish. Fl. Fr. enfourner, for a tinder-box, then the hammer of a
to set in an oven, to begin, set in hand, fire-lock, the fire-lock or gun itself. From
set on work parfournir, to perform, ac- Mid.Lat. focus, It. fuoco, Fr. feu, fire.
;
complish, fulfil, also to supply, furnish, E fu de kayloun krt fusil (a fire-hiren) :'
'
make up.^Cot. The thorough baking the steel strikes fire from flint. Bibels- —
of the loaf would thus seem to afford the worth.
type from whence fornire acquires the Fuss. Swiss pf?isefi, to make a fizzing
sense of finishing or completing. Lat. noise like wind and water in violent mo-
furnus, an oven. Ordine est qe leo tur- tion ; aufpfusen, of the working of fer-
ters ne dussent nul payn blaunk fayre mented liquors, metaphorically of one
—
ntfurmre. Complaint of bakers of white breaking out in a passion. Sw.yfaj, stir ;
bread, 15 Ed. II. Lib. Alb. 2, 413. gora niycket fias, to make a great stir;
Furrow. As. furh, G. furche, Lat. fidska, to fuss, to bustle, faire I'affaird,
jiorca. I'empress^, Stre inutilement actif. Dan.
Furze. Properly ^/?rj, from the prickly ^\3\.. fiaesseri, occupation with trifles.
leaves common to the two kinds of plant. Fustian. It. fustagno, Fr. fustaine.
Fyrrys, or quice-tree, or gorstys-tree, rus- Fusco-tincti, fiistanie. Neccham. — Ac-
cus. Fyre, sharp brush {firre, whyn), sali- cording to Diez, from being brought from
unca. — Pr. Pm. Brosse, browzings for Fostat or Fossat (Cairo) in Egypt.
deer, slso fur-bushes. —
Fl. * Fusty. Fr. fuste, a. cask, fuste,
To Fuse. -fuse. Lat. fundo, fusum, fusty, tasting of the cask, smelling of the
to pour, and thence to cast metal, e. vessel wherein it has been kept. Cot. —
fuse, to melt metal for casting, to melt I mowlde or fust as corne or brede
'
—
or render liquid ; infusion, a solution in doth, je moisis.' Palsgr. Then as it is
liquid ; projuse, lavish, pouring out con- only a mouldy, unclean cask which gives
;
fusion, a pouring together, making indis- a taste to the liquor contained, fusty,
tinct. mouldy ; to fust, to grow mouldy the — '
* Fusee. —Fuse. From 'LsX. fiisus, a fustiest that ever corrupted in such an
spindle, \t.fuso,fusolo, a spindle or spool unswilled hogshead.' —
Milton. I mowlde'
to spin with, also the shank or shaft of ox fust as corne or brede doth, je moisis.'
anything, as of a dart or candlestick, the Palsgr.— From the similarity of sound
shank of the leg, middle beam or post of the word has been confounded withy&zj/j'
a crane or a tent, axle of a millstone or from a totally different origin.
of a wheel Yx.fuseau, a spindle, spool,
;
-fate. Lat. confuto, to put to silence,
bobbin, axle of a grindstone fus^e, a confute, repress refuto, to reject, refuse,
; ;
spindlefull of thread, and from the re- defeat. The old explanation from the
semblance of form., the fusee or conical figure of pouring in a little cold water to
wheel round which the chain winds the suppress the boiling of a pot is not satis-
;
used to ignite the charge. It. fusolare, to express reprobation by the interj. twi !
to twirl or spin, to bore ordnance or Futile. Lat. futilis (from fundo, to
wooden pipes, to make rockets or squibs. pour), radically, apt to spill, leaky, what
— Fl. Mod. Gr. (pvaeicri, (pvasyyiov, a squib, is easily spilt, fragile, and met. ineffectual,
cartridge, rocket. light, vain.
Fusel oil. A fetid oil arising from Futtocks. Not, as commonly ex-
potato spirit. G. dial. (Fallersleben) plained, foot-hooks, but foot-stocks, as
—
commotion. Hence fuzz, having the with the Earl of Abingdon, and came
nature of things which fizz, a. frothy,
—
back v/eW. fuzzed.' Wood in Todd. See
spongy mass, a confused mixture of air Fuddle.
and water, as champagne foaming out of
G
. Gab.— Gabble. GabUe represents a gale, still used for the taking of a mine in
loud importunate chattering, as the cry of the West of England. To
gale a mine,
geese, rapid inarticulate talking. to acquire the right of working it Hal. ; —
Forthwith a hideous gabble rises loud and gale is the common word in Ireland
Among the builders each to other calls,
;
for a payment of rent, or for the rent due
Not understood, till hoarse, and all in rage, at a certain term.
—
As mocked they storm. Milton. Gaberdine. A
shepherd's coarse frock
—
In the same sense are used gabber or coat. B. Yx. galvardine, galleverdine
{]3.m), jabber, gibber. Then passing from (Pat. de Champ.), It. gavardina, Sp.
the frequentative form (which in imitative gabardina.
words is often the original) we have gab, Gabion. A large basket used in forti-
prating, fluent talking ; the gift of the^aiJ, fication. It. gabbia, a cage gabbione, a;
the gift of talking. Gab is also in Sc. great cage or gabion. See Gaol.
and Dan. the mouth, the organ of speech. Gable. Goth, gibla, a pinnacle ; OHG.
Pol. geba, the mouth. gibili, gipili, front, head, top G. giebel, ;
The quotation from Milton shows the the ridge or pointed end of a house on. ;
natural transition from the notion of talk- gafl, the sharp end of a thing, as the prow
ing without meaning to that of mockery, and poop of a boat, gable of a house. —
with which the idea of delusion and lying Gudm. Da. gavl, gable.
is closely connected. Du. gabberen, to The origin is probably preserved in
joke, to trifle. —
Kil. on. gabba. It. gab- Gael, gob, a beak, whence Manx gibbagh,
bare, Fr. gaber, OE. gab, to mock, cheat, sharp-pointed ; Pol. dziob, a beak, dziob-
lie. at!, to peck.
— —
Gabel. Gavel. Gale. Gabel, a rent, Gaby. A
simpleton, one who gapes
—
custom, or duty. B. It. gabella, a cus- and stares with wonder. Da. gabe, to
tom or imposition on goods Fr. gabelle, gape, gabe paa, to stare at. N. gapa, to
;
any kind of impost, but especially applied gape, to stare, gap, a simpleton- So Fr.
to the duty on salt. AS. gafol, gafel, tax, badault, a fool, dolt, ass, from the old
tribute, rent. Mid. Lat. gabulum, gablum, form badare, to gape, to stare. Bret.
gau/u>K,nnt,t3.K. 'Oxford. Hsecurbsred- genou, the mouth genaoui, to open the ;
debat pro theolonio et gabto regi, &:c.' mouth like an idiot, to behave like a fool.
Doomsday in Due. 'Villam— et totum E. dial, to gauve, to stare gcuvy, a
—
gaulum ejusdem villae.' Charta Philippi dunce ; gauvison, a young simpleton
;
Com. Flandr.,A.D. 1176. The gavetier in gaup, to gape or stare, gaups, a simple-
the forest of Dean is the officer whose ton.— Hal.
business is to collect themining dues. The Gad. —
Goad. Gadfly. — To Gad. —
primary sense is doubtless rent paid for Gad, a rod for fishing or measuring, pole,
the tenure of land. Gael, gabk, take, re- tall slender person. —
Hal. 'A gadde or
ceive, seize, hold, whence gabhail, seizing, whip.' —
Barct's Alv. Goad, an ell English.
taking, a lease, a tenure. —
Armstrong, B.— Goth, gazd, OHG. gart, stimulus ;
w. gafael, a hold, gripe, grasp. As the gardea, a rod, sceptre gertun, virgis,
Gael, bh is often silent, gabhail becomes flagellis. —
Graff.
;
.
forked instruments, which are classed in which the fermentation is going on.
under a common name from their apti- T' bier staat in't gijl, the beer ferments.
tude in seizing or holding fast. The — Halma.
origin is preserved in Gael, gabh, take, Gain. i. It. guadagnare, to gain ;
seize, whence gabhlach, forked gobhar, VioY. guazatzh, gazanh, gaanh, gain, pro-
;
a fork, a prop Ir. gobhlog, a hay fork, fit OFr. gaagner, Fr, gagner, to gain.
; ;
a forked support for a house. W. gafael, The primary meaning of the word
a hold, gripe, grasp ; gafl, a fork ; gaflach, seems to be labour, from whence to the
a fork, a lance. Lang, gafa, to take, to idea of gain the transition is obvious, in
seize gaf, gain, profit, also a hook. Sp. accordance with the primeval warning.
;
gafar, to hook ; gafa, the gaffle or hooked In the sweat of thy brow thou shalt gain
lever by which a crossbow was drawn up, thy bread. OFr. gaagner, to till the
hooks for lowering casks. Dan. gaffel, ground, labour in one's calling.— Roque-
a fork, and nautically the gaff or prop fort. Gaigneur, a husbandman, labourer.
used in extending the upper corner of a — Cot. In the same way N. vinna, to
fore-and-aft sail, originally doubtless pro- labour, and also to win or gain. Walach.
vided with a fork at the lower end, with loucrare, to work, do, complete loucrou, ;
which it embraced and slid on the mast. labour, work, thing Lat. lucrum, gain.
—
;
elderly people in humble life. From servant ; Prov. guazan, a vassal, guasan-
grandfather, grandmother, cut down in dor, a cultivator.
—
well as opposite, opposed to Dan. gicn, merry, to eat and drink well regalare, to
; ;
site ann ttt gin, the opposite side gin- dress fine and gay gala, ornament,
; ; ;
ouch-gin, directly opposite, explaining the finery, dress. Sp. dia di gala, a court
reduplicate form of G. gegen, N. gegn, E. day, holiday. OFr. gale, good cheer,
jollity galer, to lead a joyous life.
;
which the attention of the hearer is di- to wallow in good chear, to love to fare
rected to a certain object. The speaker
pronounces a word signifying ' opposite,'
daintily. — Fl.
Now It.gala signifies a bubble (see
'
before your eyes,' while he indicates the Gall) ; andare a gala, galare, galleggiare,
object intended by a bodily gesture. AS. galleggiare nel giubilo, as Fr.
to float ;
geond, through, over, as far as, beyond. pleasure. So also dim. galluzza, gal-
Geond to tham stane, up to the stone. lozzo, a water bubble, galluzzare, to float
aider and geond, hither and thither. as a bubble, to be in a high state of en-
Geond feowertig daga, after forty daj'S. joyment. By this not very ob\'ious train
Fram geondan see, from beyond sea. of thought, gala, a bubble, is taken as the
The effect of the syllable geon is to indi- type of festivity and enjoyment.
cate a position in time or space, separated Galaxy. Gr. yaXa ^dXoKroc, milk, yo-
from the speaker by an interval of forty Xa^cag Kuk-Xof, Lat. galaxias, the milky
days, an expanse of sea, &c. way.
Gain. 3. Gainly. Sc. to gone, or Gale. Sc. gale-wind, gall-wind, a
gain, to belong to, to last, to suffice
be fit or suitable.
to gale, strong wind.
; Jam. From N. galen,
angry, mad, raging. Ein galcn storm,
—
For I brought as much white monie eit gale ver, a furious storm.
As game my men and me.— Border Minstrelsy.
The original figure may perhaps be be-
The coat does na gane him, does not fit witched, foul weather got up by witch-
him. A ganand price, a fit or becoming craft, from on. gala, to sing, at gala gal-
price. Gain, gane, fit, useful, direct.— dra, to recite charms galinn, bewitched,
;
Jam. Gain applied to things, is conve- beside oneself, mad. Galdr, charms,
. nient to persons, active, expert
; to a witchcraft, is a derivative from the same
;
way, short.— Ray. Gainly in like senses root, properly signifying song, as shown
;
yellow ; Bohem. SluS, gall Muty, yellow. bubble, blister, boil) was taken as the
;
Perhaps however the derivation may run type of bodily illness, and thence of suf-
in the opposite direction, as hat. Jklvus, fering and evil in general, so the possi-
yellow, seems derived fiom/el, gall. bility of a like origin for gall in the sense
Gall. 2.— Wind-gall.— Gall-nut. g. of evil may be supported by the Piedm.
gall-afifel, an oak-apple, the light, round, gogala, a bubble, gogala, gola, a bump
nut-like excrescence produced by insects raised by a blow, often confounded with
on different kinds of oak, and used for a boil or blain.
ink, or in dyeing. Gallant. This word is used mainly in
It. gala, galla, gallozza, galluzza, an two senses, ist, with the accent on the
oak-gall. The original meaning is a first syllable, showy in dress, spirited,
bubble, from the guggling sound of boil- brave in action, and 2nd, with the accent
ing or bubbUng water. This sound is re- on the second syllable, attentive to wo-
presented in Piedmontese hy gogala, as men. They may perhaps have different
in E. ^y guggle J gogala, the bubbling up origins.
of boiling water, or simply a water-bubble. The first of these senses is undoubtedly
— ZaUi. Valencian, bull d galls, it boils from It. galano, quaint and gay in clothes,
in bubbles. —
Dozy. Arab, gald, to boil. brave and gallant in new fashions and
bravery; galante, brave,
Gael, goil, to boil ; Sc. guller, or buller, handsome,
for the gurgling sound of water rushing quaint, comely, gallant to the sight.— Fl.
through a confined opening, belong to the Gallaunt,a. ma.niresh. in apparel Palsgr. —
same imitative class. The It. diminu- in Way. The origin is gala, a state of
tives galhczza, gallozza, are commonly festivity or enjoyment, of which the deriv-
used in the sense of a water-bubble, but ative galano would naturally be applied
the simple form of the noun is used in the as well to the gayness of apparel as to the
same sense in the expression andare a high spirits characteristic of festivity.
gala, stare a gala, to float on the water. It will be observed that brave was for-
Then, as in other cases, where a bubble merly used in the sense of handsomeness
is taken as the type of globular form, the of dress, though now, like gal/ant, applied
designation is transferred to a ball, round to spirited action.
lump, and especially to an oak-gall, from As a person courting a woman is natur-
its singular lightness, floating on the ally attentive to dress, the second of the
water like a bubble. Pol. gala, galeczka, senses above mentioned may be an inci-
galka, a ball ; galka muszkatalowa, a dental application of the first. Sp galdn, .
ciple from comparison to a branch is also tonous ; gouUe, a mouthful ; Lat. gula,
seen in Gael, ogan, a branch or twig, a the throat, gluttony ; gulo, a glutton ; all
young man oas, a stalk, bough, boy.
•
originally from the sound of liquid pour-
See Gain. ing down the throat. See Gala, where
Gallery. The ordinary E. sense of a the idea of merrymaking is deduced from
balcony or upper stage within an apart- the same radical image by a different
ment, a, place where the occupier is de- figure.
fended by rails from falling, seems the Galligaskins. Fr. Greguesque, Greek
original one. Lang, galari^, the rails of chausses d. la Garguesque, gregs or gallo-
a staircase, balustrade or parapet, terrace gaskins greguesques, slops, gregs, gallo-
;
before a house. As access to the differ- gascoines, venitians gregues, wide slops, ;
Tyre naves rostratce, and Dan. gallion tinued bablaling, making a noise clam- ;
teln, gutzeln, to guggle or pour out of a Gallon. Fr. jalle, jaille, jale, jalie, an
narrow-necked vessel with a gurgling earthen jar, bowl, tub. This must have
noise. Hence Fr. godailler, It. gozzavi- been pronounced in some dialects gale,
gliare, to guzzle, tipple, to make good the hard arid soft g frequently inter-
cheer. In the same way from the same changing, as in galei and jalei, a pebble,
sound, as represented by Piedm. gogala, gambe and jambe, a leg, E. garden, and
bubble, boiling of water, e. guggle, is pro- Fr. jardin, &c. The evidence of such a
duced Swiss guggeln, to tipple frolich change in the present instance is left in
—
;
und gSgel Hans Sachs Fr. gogaille, galot, a pitcher H^cart OFr. galon, a
; — ;
jnake merry, to drink merrily. From the measure of wine, a soe, a tub.- Cot —
former half of this word is ioxxa&6. gogues, Gallon is also written jalon in Fleta,
jollity Hre en ses gogues, to be frolick, 'Pondus octo librarum frumenti facit
;
joying himself, a good fellow. ale and we learn from Carpentier that
;
'
The word is closely allied in form and it was also applied to a solid bowl or ball.
meaning with the OE. goliard, a loose Le jeu de boules que I'on nomme (en
'
companion, from Fr. goulard, goliard, a Boulenois) le jeu de jales.' a.d. 1453. —
gully-gut, greedy feeder Cot. —
bouffon, If then we were formerly right in tracing
;
glouton, mauvais sujet goulardise, rail- bowl or boll to bulla, a bubble, it is pro-
;
—; —
bable that jale or gale, a bowl, must be glagol, a word), and from the form of the
identified with Pol. gala, galka, a ball, letter, a gibbet or crane.
It. gala, a bubble, an oak-gaU. See Gall, Braces are in some parts of England
Gafci. The Fr. gal, galet, or jalet, a peb- called gallows, as in G. (Fallersleben)
ble, a little round stone, galet, a cake (a hdngels, as the implement by which the
round lump of dough), are other applica- trowsers hang.
tions of the same root. Galosh. Galage. Originally a wooden
Galloon. We
have, undSr Gala, traced sole fastened by a strap to the foot. Solea,
the process by which that word came to a shoe called 2, galage or paten, which
signify festivity. Hence it was in It. hath nothing on the fete but only la-
transferred to the ornaments of a festive chettes.— Elyot in Way. Galache, ga-
occasion, such puffs, knots, or roses of legge, galoche, undersolynge of mannys
lawn or tiffany, or ribbons, as women fote, crepita. —Pr. Pm. A
corruption of
—
,
wear on their heads and breasts E. clog (gloc, a log Pat. de Champ.), or
Florio ;
'
now-a-days used,' he adds, the equivalent Fr. clague, a kind of clog
'
for all manner of gallantness or garish- or patten worn in wet and dirt (Gattel),
ness in ornaments and apparel that is the pronunciation being softened by the
fair to look on and yet not costly.' In insertion of an a between the g and /, as
French the derivatives galon, galant axe in galley-pot, from gley-pot, and in other
used in the same sense. Galonner les cases. In the same way from G. klots, a
cheveux, to deck the hair, to ornament it log, cloczen, calotzchen, vel fuss-solchen
'
with lace or ribbons galender, orner, qui induuntur in hyeme (Mod.G. klotz-
— ;
couronner. Pat., de Champ. Ribbons schuK), crepida.'— Dief. Supp. The Mid.
used to ornament the hair or dress were Lat. calopodium seems formed in the
called galon, or galant. —
Trevoux At a . same way from Du. klopper, a clog, with
later period the term was appropriated to a blundering introduction of the Gr. pod,
gold or silver lace, the most showy mate- foot. Calopodium, holz-schuoch, klompe.
—Gambadoes.—
rial of which such ornaments were made, Calopifiex, holz-schumacher. Dief. Supp.
and hence E. galloon. Gamashes. From w.
Gallop. Fr. gallopperj Fland. <wa- gar, the shank, is Lang, garamacko, a
loppe, vliegh-waloppe, a gallop. —
Kil. E. legging, and thence (rather than from It.
dial wallop, gallop. The name is taken gamba, the leg). It. gamascie (for gramas-
from the sound made by a horse gallop-
ing compared to the walloping or boiling
cie, as Sc. gramashes —
Jam.), Fr. ga-
tnackes, E. gamashes, spatterdashes. The
of a pot. So natural is the comparison corruption to gambages probably took
that it is taken in the converse order to effect under the supposition of a deriva-
express a complete state of ebullition, tion from 'Fr.jambe, It. gambe. A
further
when the bubbles are thrown up in rapid corruption converted gambages into gam-
succession and the pot is said to boil a badoes.
gallop. ' Rien que de I'entendre galoper Gambison. OFr. gamboison, gambe-
dans le po^le on comprenait qu'il gelait son, wambais, a wadded coat or frock
—
a pierre.' Le Blocus worn under a coat of mail or sometimes
To Gallow.— Gaily. To terrify. AS. alone, as armour of defence. Armati re-
agalwan, agallan. Tha wearth ic agel- putabantur qui galeas ferreas in capitibus
wed and swithe afaered. Then was I habebant et qui wambasia, id est tunicam
terrified and sore afeared. —Boethius. spissam ex lino et stuppa et veteribus
Gallows. Goth, galga, ON. galgi, —
pannis consutam, &c. Chron. de Colmar
OHG. galgo, cross, execution-tree, gallows. in Diet. Etym. G. wamms, a doublet.
As the earliest gallows would be the Commonly derived from ohg. wamia,
branch of a tree the word has been con- the wame or belly, as signifying a defence
nected with Pol. galcfi, Boh. haluz,Ma.gy. for the belly ; but this explanation is
gaily, Gael, gallan, a branch. So in the founded on too narrow a meaning of the
Salic law, ad ram.u7n incrocare, to hang word, which was applied to other wadded
ramatus, hanged. Pol. Na galezi zlod- structures as well as a body-coat. Ray-
zieja! to the (bough) gallows with the mond des Agiles in his history of the
thief ! We have the same expression in siege of Jerusalem mentions that the walls
the Kentish proverb. The father to the were protected against the machines of
bough, the son to the plough. the besiegers by mattresses, ' culcitra de
Another origin of the word may be gambasio.' In a bull of Innocent IV. the
suggested in the Russ. glagol, the letter name is given to awadded rug. ' Abbates
r (so called from being the first letter of quoque in dormitorio cum aliis super
19 •
—;; ' — ;
292 GAMBLE
wambitios jaceant.'
—'Tunicas gambesa- snatch, or pull E. skip, a sudden jump,
;
Even without reference to the ambigu- gimpe, to rock, to swing. Sw. guppa, to
ous nature of the Gr. ;8, an initial b and rock or pitch, to tilt or strike up, and with
g often interchange, as Fr. busart, Prov. the nasal, Dan. gumpa, skumpe, to jog, to
gusart, a buzzard G. belfern and gel/em,
;
jolt. Swiss gampen, to rock, to see-saw ;
springing; then the state of excited players, fiddlers, and tabourers. 'Loter
spirits which spends itself in muscular •aViA gumpelliite : —
idlepacks and merry^
exertion, and is witnessed by such expres- makers. —
Schm. Swiss gammel, merry-
sions as G. vor freuden hiipfen, E. to jump making, noisy enjoyment ;
gatntneln, to
for joy. Thus the expression for jumping make merry, sport, romp ;
gammler,
is applied to joy, sport, merrymaking, merrymakers. The Swiss and
Bav. forms
amusement, and as the two main resources are obviously identical with E. gamblers,
of amusement in an uncultivated state of properly merrymakers, but used in a bad
society are the pursuit of wild animals, sense.
and the indulgence of the passion for The simple form game is found in
gain, afforded by the staking of valuables OFris. in the sense of joy. Alsa dede '
on concerted issues of skill or hazard, the God use hera ena grata gama:' thus —
name of sport or game is emphatically God our Lord did us a great joy. Richt- —
given to these two kinds of pastime, the hofen. AS. gaman, merrymaking, sport.
term game, in the case of the chase, being Sw. gatmnan, joy.
accidentally confined to the object of TheFr. gambiller, to leap, dance, limp
pursuit. —Roquef., is essentially the same word
The foot kip, gip, gib, in the sense of a with E. gamble, but used in the original
sudden movement, is widely spread, w. instead of the figurative sense. It is
cip,ysgip, a sudden snatch, pull, or effort always supposed, very naturally, to be
Gael, sgiab, a quick or sudden movement, derived from It. gainia, Fr. jambe, the
—
—!
that the derivation must lie in the oppo- glamhul, window in a belfry to allow the
site direction. In the same way from Fr. sound to spread ; It. gdume, the shrill-
giguer, to run, jump, skip, "E-jig (a closely- sounding note of a huntsman Fl. j —
alhed root with the foregoing jiS), is Esthon. ku7nmama. Fin. kommata, Gr.
formed gigue, gige, the thigh from gigo- ; Kofiizuv, to clang ; It. campana, a bell.
ter, to shake one's legs, jump about To Ganch. A
way of executing male-
Boyer, gigot, a leg of mutton. factors by throwing them from a height
Even It. gambata (Fr. gambade, OE- on a sharp stake or hook. Turk, kanja.
gambaud, gambauld, gambold, gambol) is It. gancio, a hook inganzare, to torture
;
geese.
Obviously identical with Dan. gam-men,
Gang. See Go.
sport ; and singularly enough the word is
Gangrene. Gr. yayypaivo, whence Lat.
used interjectionally in Fris. precisely as
in E., although not preserved in the for-
Gahnet. The Solan goose. AS. ganota;
mer language in the sense of sport.
the wild-goose ; ganotes bath, the sea.
Gammen ! interjection of contempt. The application to a particular speciesj
Epkema. See Gamble. It. gamba.' is
as the Solan goose, is a modern refine-
also used for tush pish in mockery, to
! !
whether the more complete form of the scratch (giving rise to crafell, ysgrafell, a
word be not glape, in accordance with curry-comb), more exactly accounts for
G. glaffen, compared with gaffen, to gape, those with a broad vowel, like It. garbel-
to stare ON. glapa, to stare gapa, to lare, to sift, or Lat. carminare, to card
; ;
of the fuller form remains in Chaucer's confusion ; Fr. garbouil, hurliburly, great
—
galp, corresponding to glap as E. yelp to stir, horrible rumbling. Cot. The word
Fr. glapir, or as N. pilka to the synon- is originally framed to represent the dash-
ymaxispUkka, to pluck. See Gare. ing of water, lying midway between Fr.
Pol. gapii sig, to gape. gargouille, a water-bubble, and barbouil-
To Gar. To make one do a thing. ler, to blot, bedash all over, to jumble,
ON. gera, gora, to make or do. Bret, gra, confound, mingle iU-favouredly It. bar- ;
garawi, mundus muliebris, feminine With fifty garing- heads a monstrous dragon
habiliments wig-garawi, habiliments of
; —
stands upright. Phaer in R.
war garawjan, to prepare ; AS. gearwa, Doun fro the castel cometh ther many a wight
;
tare, waste, or garbish of any ware or Fr. garer, to ware, beware, take heed of;
—
merchandise.' Fl. The guts of an ani- Gare ! Look out Out of the way
! !
mal killed for food. To gaze and gare are modified forms,
To Garble. To cleanse from dross differing only as Du. vriesen and vrieren,
and dust. Sp. garbillo, a coarse sieve to freeze, verliesen and verlieren, to lose,
;
—
the bad from the good. Neum. Garbled as Dan. glas and glar, glass. And here
evidence is when we select what suits our indeed we have a clue to the relations of
purpose and suppress the rest. Venet. the E. terms. The characteristic feature
garbelo, Sp. garbillo, Arab, alghirbdl, of glass is its transparency, and the ra-
algarbdl, Ptg. alvarral (Dozy), a sieve. dical meaning of the word is doubtless to
On the ether hand the word may be from shine, of which we have evidence in the
It. crivello, crivo, Lat. cribrum, a sieve. provincial glaze-worm, synonymous with
There is so much analogy between the glare-worm, glow-worm— Hal. glasyn,
processes of sifting and combing that we or make a thing to shine, polio.
;
—
Pr. Pm.
—
; — ;
of view is then changed from the object suppliant trouva un petit coffre ouvert
which emits the light to the organ which ouquel il trouva deux garlandes, I'une
receives it, and the expression for shining boutonn^e et I'autre plaine. Dans Fun —
is transferred to the act of gazing or des petits coffres avoit trois gallendes ou
staring. Thus we have N. glosa, to gaze, chapeaux d'argent.' — Chart. A.D. 1409 in
or stare ;
glora (as E. glare), to glitter Carp. A silver wreath due by custom to
(explaining Lat. gloria), and also to stare; the wife on the death of her husband was
Russ. glaS, eye ; glazy af, to stare. Swiss in some provinces of France called chapel,
glds-auge, a staring eye. e. dial, glowre, and in others garlande d'drgent. Due. —
glore, to stare. Swiss glare, to stare ;
An intrusive r of similar nature may be
glarig, conspicuous, garish, glaring. observed in \t. gazza, garza, a pie, and in
Idioticon Bernense in Deutsch. Mundart. Fr. guementer, guermenter, to lament.
Now the instances are very numerous * Garlick. on. geir-laukr, from the
where words beginning with gl or cl are spear-shaped leaves geirr, a spear.
;
accompanied by parallel forms without Sva var minn Sigurdr hji sonum Gjuka,
the liquid, whether we suppose the / to Sem van geirlaukr or grasi vaxinn :
be lost in the one case, or to be inserted So was my Sigurd among the sons of
in the other, or whether they have arisen Giuki, as garlick sprung up from among
independently from direct imitation. Thus the grass. Lick or lock- is a frequent
we have clatter and chatter; clack and termination in the name of herbs, as
(hack J clink and chink; Sc. clatch and hemlock, charlock, garlick, Swiss korn^
catch J Sc. glaum, ne. goam, to snatch at liige, galeopsis ladanum, weglUge, cicho-
a thing ; Dan. glamse, as well as gatnse, rium intybus, from ON. laukr, E. leek, a
to snap at —
Haldorsen in v. glepsa N. ; pot-herb, Gael, luibh, formerly luigh, a.
glana, to stare, e. gane, to gape or yawn plant. The w. llys, a plant, was no doubt
N. glam, clang {glam-hul, the window in also llych, the correspondence between
a belfry to let the sound out), and Fr. ch guttural and z in two of the Breton
gamme, a chime of bells ; N. glingra and dialects being of frequent occurrence.
E. ginglej N. glapa and gapa, to gape or
'
Geder puliol real with the rotes als
stare, and in immediate connection with mykel als the lekes :' gather pennyroyal
the very root we are now treating, N. with the roots as large as the leaves.
glisen and gisen, what allows the light to Medical receipts 14th cent., in Reliquiae
shine through. Aasen— I n the same way
. Antiq.
Garment.
i. 54.
See Garnish.
we and glaze and glare, or glowre, paral-
lel with gaze and gare, or gaure. Sw. Garner. Fr. grenier, a garner or corn-
dial, gasa, to stare. For the ultimate loft ; grefte, grain. —
Cot.
origin see Glass. Garnet. The Gr. kokkoq, a grain or
Gargle. —
Gargoil. To gargle is to kernel, was applied to the kermes, or in-
sect used in dyeing a red colour, thence
make liquor bubble in the throat without
swallowing it, from a direct imitation of called KOKKivoQ, Lat. coccineus. In the
the sound produced. Lat. gargarizare, same way from Lat. granum is Sp.grana,
Turk, ghargharaet, gargle. Fr. gargou- the insect used in dyeing, and
thence
illir, a gargling or gurgUng noise ; gar-
scarlet cloth, the crimson of the cheeks
fine scarlet
gouiller, to gargle, to rattle in the throat. and lips. It. granatofino,
a
Ktnce gargouille, the throat, also a spout granata, a garnet or precious stone of
formerly called granate
or gutter voiding the rain-water of a fine crimson,
house ; and E. gargoil, the name given stone.
It is extremely probable that the Sp.
to the antic figures into which the spouts
were worked in Gothic architecture. name of the insect descends from Latin
Cat. garlanda, Sp.. ^uir- times, and that even
then granattis was
Garland.
nalda, Fr. guirlande. From It. gala, used in the sense of crimson, whence
festivity, festive apparel, were formed Fr.
malum granatum. It. granata, Sp. gra-
the pomegranate, although, as that
galon, galant, galland, ornament of the nada,
equally distinguished by the num-
head or dress. Galonner ses cheveux, fruit is
ber of grains with which it is filled and
to depk the hair with lace or ribbons.—
of the juice, it must re-
Roquef. Calender, orner, couronner.— the fine crimson
— —
—
or provision of war.- Fl. The n is lost gastricum. Gas, Bias, Duelech et sexcen-
in the corresponding E. terms, garment, tis aliis portentosis vocabulis apparet.'
garrison, the meaning of which is re- Skinner in Kelp.
stricted by custom in the former case to Gash. I. Pl.D. ^iz/j/6^«, tocut alarge
the sense of clothes or bodily habiliments, hole, to cut deep into the flesh, from gat,
in the latter to a provision of soldiers for a hole. Said of a bold decisive incision,
guarding a fortress. Garsone, strong as one made by a surgeon, or a tailor.
place. — Pr. Pm. ; Brem. Wtb. See Gate.
The
form
root oi garnir is seen in a simpler
in Fr. garer, to ware, beware, look
2. Prattle, pert language. Jam. This
is another instance, in addition to those
—
—
out Cot., whence garnir (as the E. mentioned under Barbarous, of the tend-
equivalent warn) would properly signify ency to designate by the same word the
to make another ware or aware of some- splashing oif water and the confused
thing, to make him look out, and so pro- sound of idle talk. Fr. gascher, to dash,
vide against danger. The original sense plash, flash, as water in rowing gascheux,
—
;
a party, who having money in his hand gispe, to gasp. Probably not from a
belonging to some one else, receives no- modification of gape, but a direct repre-
tice, or is warned, not to part with it sentation of the sound made in snapping
until the claims of a third party are satis- for breath. Compare Flanders gaspe,
fied. See Gare. Du. ghespe, a snap, or clasp. Parallel
Garret. Fr. garite, a place of refuge, forms with an / inserted after the initial
and of safe retiral in a house ; hence the g are ON. glepsa, N. glefsa, to gape, to
dungeon of a fortress whither the belea- snap at with the mouth. See Gare.
guered soldiers make their last retire ;
Gastric. Gr. -Ydarrip, the belly, sto-
also a sentry or little lodge for a sentinel
mach.
built on high. —
Cot. In E. garret, trans-
—
Gate. Gait. Goth, gatvo, G. gasse,
ferred to an apartment in the roof of a
house. Garytte, high soller specula. :
Dan. gade, a street on. gata, street,
;
The origin is Fr. garir, to take refuge, sin egen gata ; Sc. he went his ain gate.
to put oneself in safety, from the connec- Hence metaphorically the way, means, or
tion between looking out and defence, manner of doing a thing. OE. algates,
safety. See Gare. And compare Lat. always, by all means ; Sc. swagates, in
tueri, to look, to defend ; tutus, safe. such wise ; monygates, in many ways.
Mais ne saveit queu part aJIer ; Jam. Applied to the carriage, procedure,
N'osout des grantz foresz eissir, or gait of a man, it has acquired a dis-
Kar il ne saveit ou garir : tinctive spelling.
Benoit. Chron. Norm. v. 2. 399.
— he dared not leave the forests, for he
Peter the Apostel parceyvede hus gate.
And as he wente upon-the water well hym knewe.
did notknow where to take refuge. P. P. in R.
Se garer dessous, to take shelter under.
—Cot. The meaning seems a narrow
original
Garrison. See Garnish. opening. ON. gat, a hole, gata, to per-
Garrulous. Lat. garrulus, from gar- forate ; Du. gat, a hole ; int gat zijn, in
rio, to prate, babble. arcto versari, to be in a pinch, in difficul-
Garter. Fr. jarretiire, jartier, or in ties ; P-l.D. gat, a. hole, the mouth of a
the dialects of the North of France^arftVr river. From a narrow hole the sense is
— H^cart, from jarret, garet, the ham, or transferred to a narrow passage or way.
back of the leg. w., Bret, gar, ham, In ODu. gat, E. gate, an opening in an
shank, leg. enclosure, or the door which commands
Gas. A
word coined by Van Helmont it, the word approaches nearer the original
; — :
^Jones. tion.
To Gaze. See Gare.
Gawk. I. gawk-handed, left-
E. dial,
handed ; gawkshaw, a left-handed man ; Gazette. Commonly derived from
gallock hand,gaulic hand, left hand. Fr. gazzetta, a small Venetian coin supposed
gauche, left hand, awkward, wrong, awry; to have been the price of the original 1
gauchir, to turn aside, to shun. ON. newspaper. But the value of the gazetta
skjdlgr, skew, oblique, squinting skjdlga, was so small (' not worth a farthing of
;
of different colour on silks, ribbons, &c. day. The origin of the word is a repre-
;
Ptg. verde-gaio, bright green Rouchi sentation of the chattering sound of birds
;
one see through, also to stare glanen, the Moorish sultans of Grenada with a
;
open, separated. In the same way from ON. body of horse on which they placed great
glima, to shine, shine through, gima, a reliance. Their short lance was called in
crack transmitting light gima, to gape, Sp. gineta, in It. giannetta, and in the
;
that Lat. gemma, a gem, was a borrowed called by the Brazilians Indios or Gen-
word, only accidentally agreeing with tids (Heathens).' —
Bates, Naturalist on
gemma, a bud. the Amazons, i. yj.
Gemini By
! Gis. The wish to avoid Geo-. Gr. yew-, from yea, y^, the earth ;
the sin of profane swearing- without giving as in Geography, description of the earth
up the gratification of the practice has Geometry, measuring of the earth Geor-
;
led to the mangling of the terms used in gics, the science of cultivation of the
exclamation, so as to deprive them of earth (ipyaw, to cultivate, till), &c.
all apparent reference to sacred things. Geranium. Cranesbill, from Gr. ye-
Hence! Fr. m.ort bleu, corbleu, for mort, pavog, a crane ;on account of the long
corps de Dieuj sapperment for sacrament projecting spike of the seed-capsule.
Swab, mein echel, for m.ein eid; Alsace —
Germ. Germinate. Lat. germen, a
bi Gobb! bi Gollel bi Gosch! Gotz! Botz! bud, origin of growth ; germinare, to put
Potz! O Jeses ! O Je .' Jerum, ere, Je- forth buds.
mer, Jeigger, Jegesle, Jemine. Deutsch. —J Gesses. The short straps with a ring
— —
;
'
Winter's Tale for the appointed time of the sense of devise, contrive. So it is
'
departure. Strype says that Cranmer used by Chaucer with respect to the con-
entreated Ceail to let him have the new- trivance of the alchemist who, having
'
resqjved-upon gests, that he might from fiUed a hollow stick with silver filings,
time to time know where the king was.' With his stikke above the crosselet
Gest. 2. —Jest. From Lat. gerere, That was ordained with
He stirreth the coles.
that false get.
gestum, to do, a feat or deed done, and
thence a relation, story. The Gesta * Gewga'w. A plaything, a showy
Romanorum was a celebrated collection trifle. Babiole, a trifle, whimwham,
'
of stories in vogue in the middle ages. guigaw or small toy for a child to play
The ^omsn gestes makin remembrance withal.' Cot. —
Fariboles, fond tattling,
'
Of many a veray trewe wif also. idle discourses, trifles, flimflams, why-
Merchant's Tale. whaws.' Cot. —Here the synonymous
A gestour was a person whose profession fiimjiam, whimwham, •whywhaiv,guiga'w,
was to entertain a company with the nar- gewgaw, although they cannot be sup-
ration of stories. posed to spring from a common root, yet
are manifestly formed on a similar plan,
Do come, he saied, my ministralis
And jestors to tell us tales the principle of which seems to be to repre-
Anon in mine arming, sent light movement to and fro as opposed
Of Romancis that ben roials to steady continuance in a fixed direction.
Of Popis and of Cardinals, Hence the signification of something done
And eke of love longing. —Sir Thopas. without settled purpose, trifling, child's
Geesfe, or romaunce : gestio, gestus. play, in opposition to work done with a
Pr. Pm. When the telling of stories be- settled purpose. Pl.D. wigelwageln, to
came a professional occupation the sub- go wigglewaggle, is to waver to and fro.
ject of the gestor would embrace every- Hence wigwag, whywhaw, guigaw. In
thing adapted to excite interest or to Suffolk one ploughing unskilfully would
raise a laugh, and as the latter in those be said ' to woowhaw about.' Moor. To —
coarse times was the easier and more go giggajoggie, to move to and fro.
popular line of endeavour, it seems gradu- Florio. In G. nursery language gickgack,
ally to have narrowed the meaning of a clock, represents the vibration of the
jest to a subject of laughter. '
Gest, a pendulum. Gygampfen (Sanders), Swab.
tale ; gestyng, bourde.' —
Palsgr. in Way. gugen, to move to and fro. Gugen utid
At the same time it is very possible gagen wie ein wagend rohr shilly shally :
&2A. gest in the sense of joke had an in- Tike a waving reed. Schmeller.
dependent footing in the language. Sp. gigeln, to fiddle, is from the movement of
— Pl.D.
chistar, to mutter, to utter a slight sound ; the bow to and fro over the strings. On
ni chistar ni mistar, to be perfectly si- the same principle the name of gewgaw
lent ; chiste, a jest, on the Same principle is given in the N. of E. to a jew's-harp,
probably that we have Ptg. zumbir, to from the jigging movement of the hand
hum, zombar, to jeer or jest. ON. gis, continually striking the projecting tongue
jeering, bantering, teasing. of the instrument. We
pass to the idea
-gest. -gestion. Gesture.— —
Gesta- of trifling in Swiss gdggelen, to trifle
tion. Lat. gero, gestum, to bear, carry gaggelizeug, playthings, toys, trifles ; E.
on. As in Congest, Digestion, &c. gig, a silly flighty person ; giggish, tri-
To Get. The fundamental sense seems fling, silly, flighty.— Hal.
to be to seize, to become possessed of, to Ghastly. See Aghast.
acquire offspring. To forget, to away- Gherkin. G. giirke, Pol. ogorek, pi.
get, to lose one's mental acquisitions. ogorki. Boh. okurka, a cucumber.
Goth, bigitan, to find. AS. andgitan, to Ghost. AS. gast, G. geist, a spirit.
understand ; bigitan, to get, acquire, ob- Giant. Vr.gMjtt, 'LsX.gigas,gigantis.
tain. ON. geta, to conceive, beget, ac- Gib-cat. A male cat, as we now say
quire, to be able, also to make mention of Tom-cat. '
Thibert le cas ' in R. R. is
a thing. translated by Chaucer, ' Gibbe our cat,'
;
quae mutato nomine guillones aut flas- the same root with the fundamental mean-
cones appellant.— Paulus Diaconus in ing of turning or twisting. G. gimf, a
Due. loop, lace, or edging of silk, gold, or silver.
2. Sv/.fisk-gel, the gills of a fish. as. Gin. A mechanical contrivance, a
geaflas, geaglas, geahlas, Fr. ^fle, the trap, or snare.
chaps, jaws, jowl. Gael, gial, jaw, cheek, And whau ye come ther as ye list abide,
gill of a fish. OHG chela, guttur, brancia
.
Bid him descend, and trill another pin
— Gl. in Graff; G. kehle, l-aX.gula, throat;
{For therein lieth the effect of
And he wol down
all the girC),
descend and don your will.
AS. ceole, faucis. Squier's Tale in R.
Gilly-flower. Formerly written _^7o- So, so, the woodcock 's ^«»«V. —B. & F. in R.
fer, gillover, gillow-Jlotver, immediately
from Fr. giroflde, and that from It. garo- From Lat. ingenium, natural disposition,
talents, invention, Fr. engin, an engine,
falo, Lat. caryophyllus, a clove, from the
clove-like smell of the flower.
instrument, also understanding, poHcy,
Gimcrack. See Gimmal. reach of wit, also [when the contrivance
is applied to a bad purpose] fraud, craft,
Gimlet. Lang, jhimielet (Jh pro-
nounced as E. soft g), Fr. gimbelet, gibe- deceit.— Cot. Prov. genh, geinh, ginh.
let, a gimlet, from Lang, jhimbla, to twist, Cat. enginy, giny, skill, machine.
E. gib, to turn suddenly, as wimble, an In the sense of a trap or snare we might
auger, from Du. wemelen, Sc. wammle, be tempted to look to the ON. ginna, to
to turn round. allure, deceive, the agreement with which
Gimmals. —Gimmers. Gimmal, an- is probably accidental.
From Lat. ge?nelli, Fr. jumeaux, ju- sig sverdi. Girdi, a hoof), band girdis- ;
melles, twins. In the same way the Bret. vidr, hoopwood ; girding, hedge, fence,
gevel, a twin, is applied to each of the in closure, girdle, belt ; girtr, girded,
parts in a double instrument, as a pair of hooped.
tongs. The term was then applied to the To Gird. 2. Gride. To gird or gride —
separate members of the works in a com- was formerly used in the sense of striking,
plicated piece of machinery, or to any piercing, cutting ; and thence metaphori-
mechanical device for producing motion. cally, gird, a sharp retort, a sarcasm.
hands and eyes by those secret gimmers And some of them he grideth in the haunches,
which now every puppet play can imitate.' Some in the flanks, that pricked their very
— Hall in Todd. But whether it were paunches. —Drayton.
that the rebel his powder failed him, or The primary image is the sound of a
.
which it lies. OFr. giste, lying place, or trees in a wood), open, allowing one
lodging, ixorca. gdsir, \jaX. jacere, to lie. to look through ; glana, to separate as
To Give. Goth, giban, to give Gael. clouds, to clear up, to look, to peep.
;
gabh, take, lay hold of, seize. Of this The loss of the / obscures the funda-
perhaps give is the causative, to cause mental identity of glade with Da. gade,
another to take. In the same way to a street, ON. gata, a street, a footpath.
take was formerly used in the sense of A similar equivalence of forms with an
deliver up to, or give, initial gl and g respectively is seen in Sc.
—to Progne he goth glabber and gabber, to gabble G. glaffen
;
And prively taketh her the cloth. — Gower. and gaffen, N. glapa and gapa, to gape
Gizzard. Fr. gesier, Lang. grezU, or stare; OTS.glingra, 'E.ginglej Da.. glam,
from Lang, gres, Fr. gresil, gravel, the clangour of bells, Fr. gamtne, peal of
gizzard being filled with little stones. bells ; N. glantri. Da. ganteri, foolery,
— —
;
Compare Bohem. hlas, the voice, fame ; light ON. liomi, splendour, AS. leoman,
;
Pol. glos, the voice ; glosny, loud, famous, to shine, OE. leem, Horn, a gleam.
notorious. Lat. dams, which is applied ON. glampa, to glitter, shine. The
as well to visual as to audible phenomena, original image, as in all these expressions
is another modification of the same root. for the action of light, is a loud sound.
See next article. ON. Glamm, a ringing, rattle ; glymia, to
Glass.— Glaze, on. gler, Da. glar, resound glymr,glumr, resonance, noise
;
pernitidacio. —
Pr. Pm. 'Fr.glac^, polished, bunch of onions. Diez. Gla7ia, gleba —
shining, is familiar in the expression ^/ac/ alliorum gelina, gelima, gelida, geliba, ;
silks. Glaze-worm, glass-worm, a glow- eyn schouff off garve (a sheaf or bundle),
—
worm. Hal. Looking here to like origin eyn kleyn garbe. Dief Sup. Du. gluye, —
with that of the twin form glare, we find a bunch of straw or sedge, vulgo glema,
Fr. glas, noise, crying, bawling Russ. gelima. Kil. The form gelima leads to
; —
glas", the voice, Serv. glas, voice, news, AS. gelm, gilm, E. dial, yehn, a sheaf,
fame ; Bohem. hlas, voice, fame, hlasyty, handful of corn or straw. To yelm. straw,
sonorous, clear Pol. glos, sound, voice, to lay it in order for a thatcher (i. e. in
;
speech ; glosny, loud, famous, notorious ; handfuls). Hal. To gleame corne, spici- —
Russ. glas', the eye, gledanie, sight, see- legere. Levins. For the change of ni —
ing Serv. glati, gledati, to see, to seek. and n compare gernSr for germer, to bud.
;
ON.
Glead. A kite. The names of hawks wian, gliwian, to sing, jest, play.
are often from their gliding or hovering glj, laughter (Rietz), mirth, joy (Fritzner);
motion. So w. cM, a kite, from cudio, to glyja, to divert, delight, rejoice ; glyjari,
hover cudyll y gwynt, the kestril or
;
a juggler, buffoon; glotta, to laugh, to
wind-hover. Lith. linge, the kite, from sneer. Sw. dial, gly, glyt, glut, sport,
lingoti, to hover. Dan. glente, kite, OE. derision ; g'dra gly, to make sport of, to
glent w. ysglentio, to slideand in like ;
deride. ON. hlaja, to laugh, hlcegja, to
manner E. glead from glide. divert, to cause to laugh ; Meet, laughter,
Gleam. Glimmer. — Du. glimmen, sport, Gr. yeXow, I laugh.
— —
glimpen, ignescere, candere. — Kil. Pl.D. To Glee. Gley. Gly. To squint.
glimmen, glimmern, to shine G. glim- Glyare,gloyere or gogyl-eye,limus, strabo.
men, glummen, to glow, shine in a covert
;
— Pr. Pm.
20
;
; ; .
She had sore eyes. Sc. to gley, gly, to egg, phlegm or filth which a hawk throws
look obhquely, squint. The primary- out at her beak after her casting, glet-
sense of the verb is to shine, then to teux, slimy, flegmy, filthy. —
Cot. Pl.D.
glance, to look. glett, slippery, E. gleet, a slimy discharge.
In the founce ther stonden stonej stepe To Glide. Du. glijdeH,glijen, glissen,
As glente thurgh glas that glowed and glyht. Pl.D. gliden, glien, G. gleiten, glitschen,
Allit. Poems, A. 114. gleissen, Fr. glisser, to slide, slip. There
The gomegfyhi on the grene graciouse leve3, is obviously a close connection between
lb. C. 453.
the notions of a glittering, shining surface
ON. gljd, glcEa, Sw. glance,
dial, glia, to and of a smooth and slippery one. Thus
shine; NE.G^/ir«,(z^/^a, crooked; togledge, we have on. gladr, shining, clear, bright
to look asquint. —
Jam. Gr. yXoioe, slip- Du. ^/a</, bright, shining, sleek, smooth,
—
Bomhoff. "Devon glidder, slip-
pery; yXom^M, to cast aside glance. Pl.D. slippery.
gliden, glicii, to slip or slide. pery. So ON. glita, to shine, leads to Sw.
To Gleek. To jeer, joke, jibe, or ban- glida, to glide, while both senses are pre-
ter.— B. Du. glicken (parallel with blick- served in the dialectic ^/z'a, to glow, to
en), to shine ; Sc. glaiks, reflection of the shine, and also to glide, slide, flow. So
rays of light from a lucid body in motion E. gloss, glossy, and Sw. dial, glisa, to
to cast the glaiks on one, to dazzle, con- shine, gleam, correspond to G. gleissen,
found glaik, a deception, trick; Jo play
;
Fr. glisser, to slide. E. glatice, to shine,
the glaiks, get the glaiks, to cheat, be is also used in the sense of slipping aside;
cheated. To glaik, to trifle, glaiking, and here indeed we are distinctly con-
folly, wantonness. ON. leika, to play scious that the latter sense is taken from
OE. to lake, to play ; lakin, plaything. the oblique reflection of light from a
Glender. To stare, to look earnestly. smooth surface. The same is the case
— Hal. Also to look aside, to squint. with Sc. glent, glint, to flash, gleam,
—
Sw. glindra {glengrd Rietz), to shine, glance, also to start aside. ' T' shot corns
to glimmer ON. glingra, to gingle, rat-
; glinted aff his wings lahk rain aff a duck's
tle, to shine delusively. MHG. glander, back.' —
Atkinson. Sw. dial. gla?it, slip-
glitter, shining. pery ; gldnta, glinta, w. ysglentio, to slip,
Gleyme. Slime,* glue. Gley me or slide. In the same way N.^/zVa, to peep,
rewme, reuma gleyme of knyttynge or
;
properly to shine ; E. dial.^/zr^, gleer, to
byndynge togedders, limus, gluten gley- slide. — Hal.
viyn or yngleymyn, visco, invisco. Pr.
;
gluddre, to smooth a wall plastered with glyssa, glytta, glitra, to sparkle, glitter.
clay. Sc. ghcddry, gloittry, unctuous, A number of related forms are seen under
slippery to gloit, to work with the hands Glass.
;
;
each other, which was preserved through miicken, to utter a slight sound, is ex-
subsequent modifications when the terms plained to show one's ill-will by a surly
were applied to visual phenomena, giving silence, to scowl. The words at the head
them the false appearance of descent of the article seem to have a similar ori-
from a common root. Thus we have Fr. gin. AS. diunian, to murmur, mutter,
glas, noise, bawling ; Prov. glat, yelp, and thence to keep silence. Gif bisceo- '
cry, chatter of birds, E. dash, clatter, pas dumiath mid ceaflum thser he sceol-
which when appropriated by the faculty dan clipian if bishops mutter with their
' :
of sight produce forms like glass, gloss, jaws (i. e. keep silence) where they ought
glat (polished), glitter, glister. A form to speak out. Bede. Clumiend, murmur- —
closely allied with glisten and glister is ans. —
Lye. Chaucer uses dum,-SiB we do
applied to phenomena of hearing or the mum, by way of an interjection exhorting
sense which apprehends them in Du. to silence.
luysteren, to whisper, or to listen, Pl.D. They sit tin still well nigh a furlong way,
lustern, glustern, AS. hlystan, to listen, Now Paternoster, clum, seide Nicholay,
i. e. to attend to low whispering or rust-
And clujn quoth John, and clum seid Alison.
Miller's Tale.
ling sounds. In the same way Da. knit-
tre, to rattle, craclde, knistre, to crackle, N. klumme, kluntsa, to strike dumb, to
titter, may be compared with gnistre, take away the power of speech by fear or
ON. gncista, to sparkle. The Fr. dclater magic.
is used with reference to both senses. From simple silence to the scowl of iU-
Esclat, a clap, crack ; esdat de lumiere, will is an easy step.
a glimpse or flash of light ; esdatant, She looked hautely, and gave on me a glum.
crashing, cracking, ringing, glittering, There was among them then no word but mum.
flashing. Cot. — Skelton.
Gloaming. AS. glomung, glommung, N. klumsa, speechless, we pass
Thus from
twilight, the time of day when the light
to Lincoln dumpse, reserved, forbidding ;
shines obscurely beneath the advancing
NE. glumpse, sulkiness. ' He did not tell
shade of night like fire under ashes. Da.
me, and he's a dumpse man, I should ha'
dial, glomme, to glow, to begin to burn
or shine ; Swiss glumsen, G. glimmen,
been skarred to ax him.' — Ralf Skirlaugh,
ii. 86.
glummen, toburn in a covert way, to trouble of mind which hinders
The
glow under ashes. Da. glijiite, to gleam then, contrary to the usual
speech is
Pl.D. gliemken, to peep, to dawn.
course of metaphor, transferred to the
Scarcely had Phoebus in the gloaming East material world, and the word gloom or
—
Yet harnessed his fiery -footed team. F. Q. glum applied to the thickness which dis-
turbs the transparency of air or water.
Ultimately from the figure of sound, sig-
nified by forms like Swiss glumsen, to Pl.D. glum (of liquids), thick, turbid.
rumble, ON. glumra, glymja, to clank. In the same way louring, properly sig-
nifying frowning or scowling, and Sw.
To Gloat.— Glout. To look fixedly,
from desire or absorption in thought. G. mulen (from 7nule, the chaps, snout),
chapfallen, sad, gloomy, are applied to
glotzcn, formerly to shine, then to look
gloomy, overcast weather.
fixedly, to stare ; Sw. dial, glotta, glutta,
to peep.
To Glop. Gloppen. —
To glop, to
to gloppen, to frighten, to feel
-glomerate. Lat. glomus, a ball of stare ;
astonished.
thread glomero, to wind into a ball, to
Thou wenys to glopyne me with thygrete wordez.
;
glombe, to look gloomy, to frown. B. — ON. gUpa, N. glaapa, to stare, gaze, gape.
'
Whereas ye sat all heavy and glom- Hence on. gldpr, glappi, fatuus, E. gloup-
—
myng! Chaloner. Clumping, surly, ing, silent or stupid, to be compared
sulky glum, a sour cross look ; sullen.
;
with glout, to stare at, to pout, look sulky,
20*
—
Glue. Fr. glu, birdlime w. glud, ; knaske, gnidske, Sw. gnissla, to crunch,
tenacious paste, glue. Lat. gluten, glue. gnash, grind the teeth Du. knasschen,
;
shppery, slimy, tenacious, gluey. Sc. knastern, knattern, to crackle, rattle. OE.
gleit, gle'ft, to shine, glid, glad, glaid, gnastej to gnaste, or gnasshe with the
Pl.D. glett, slippery. ON. glceta, wet. teeth, grincer. — Palsgr. in Way. ON.
Fr. glette, E. dial, glut, phlegm, slime ; gnista t'onnum, to gnash the teeth.
Sc. glidder, slippery, gludder, to do dirty Gnast or Knast. The wick or snuff
work ; to gloit, to work in something of a candle. Lichinus, gnast of the can-
liquid, mii-y, or viscous. Lith. glittus, dell, candell weyke ; gnast, knast, emunc-
smooth, slippery, slimy, sticky. Compare tura.— Pr. Pm. Your strengthe shall ben
also Gr. y}^iaxpoc, slippery, tough, glutin- as a gnast of a flax top (favilla stupae
ous yXoiog, slippery, nasty, clammy.
;
—
VulgO Wicliff. In the latter version
Glum. See Gloom. gnast is replaced by deed sparke, or deed
To Glut.— Glutton. The sound of —Way.
sparcle. I should without doubt
swallowing is represented by the syllables refer it, with Way, to O'S.gtieisti, a spark,
glut, glop, glup, gluk, gulp, gulk, giving were it not for the Pol. knota, the wick or
Lat. glut-glut, for the noise of liquid snuff of a candle, Lith. knatas, wick.
escaping from a narrow-necked opening ; Thus the OE. gnast, or knast, may proba-
glutire, to swallow Fr. glout, ravenous,
; bly be identified with Pl.D., Da. knast, a
greedy w. gloth, glwth, gluttonous ;
; knot, knag, gnarl in wood, originally sig-
Cat. glop, a mouthful N. glupa, gloypa,
; nifying (like •wicK) a knot or tuft of
to swallow, eat greedily Sw. glupsk,
; fibrous materials dipped in grease. See
ravenous E. glubbe, to swallow up, glub-
; Knot.
ber, a glutton gulp, gttlk, gulch, glutch, Gnat. Sw. knott, gnadd, a midge.
to swallow. Hal. — ;
or snarle one je etrangle. : Palsgr. In — sound like gnawing mice natustaa, to;
—
Gnostic. Gr. yvuffriKoc, possessing the a gulp, draught, sup, mouthful of liquid.
faculty of intimate knowledge, from The same idea is conveyed by Yt.gobj
yiyvaicTKW, tO know. avaler tout de gob, to swallow at a gulp.
To Go. —Gang.
on. ganga, perf. geci, '
—
The little land he had the lawyer swal-
hefi gengid; JI. ganga, gaa, to go on —
lowed at one gob.' Barry in R. Fr. gober,
foot, walk. G.gehen,gegangen, Da. gaen, to gobble, gulp down, eat greedily. From
to go. the image of gobbing or gulping is taken
Goad. Properly a rod. Goad, an ell a designation for the throat, mouth, chops.
English. —B. See Gad. Fr. Prendre un homme zm gobet,XQi take
Goal. Gael, gea/, white, anything him unawares, properly, to seize him by
white, a mark to shoot at. The Gael, the throat. E. gob, an open or wide
however seems an unlikely source for a —
mouth. B. Gael, gob (contemptuously),
word of this nature, nor does it appear the mouth Pol. g^ba. Boh. htcba, the
;
that the mark in shooting was ever known mouth, chops Illyr. guba, snout.
;
by the name oi goal in E. A more plausi- Again, we have Fr. gobet, a mouthful,
ble origin may be suggested in It.galla E. gob, gobbet, a lump, bit, morsel.
or gala, a bubble ; stare a galla, to float, He gaping wide his threefold jawes
and metaphorically to prevail, to get the Al hungry caught that^w^^f. Phaer. —
upper hand, to carry the day. The Fr. Gubs of gold. Bale. To work by the —
avoir le gal is used in precisely the same gob, by the piece or job. Hal. —
meaning (Trevoux), and the expression It must be observed Jiowever that in
was introduced into E. as to get the goal. the Walloon of Mons gob is a stroke or
'There was no person that could have blow (a notion often connected with that
won the ring or got the gole before me.' of a lump), and also a bit or lump. Baye
Hall. Rich. III. nCein eingob, give me a bit. Gob d'homme,
It is obvious from the form of the ex- a stur»p of a man, Chaucer speaks of a
pression that neither in E. nor in Fr. was gobbet of St Peter's sail. Gobbets of '
it is easily lost or inserted, as we have unten weit und oben eng ist die da kut- —
often had occasion to see. Thus gobble tern, klunckern, oder wie ein storch
is related to gulp, as G. schwap'peln to schnattern wenn man drauss trincket.'
Du. swalpen (Kil.), to dash or splash, E. — Kurhess. Idiot. In the same way Fr.
gobelet.
wamble to walm, spatter to spurt, &c. gobeloter, to guzzle or tipple,
;
ticated with him and rendering him serv- nodding, wavering ; gog-cheannach, nod-
ice. Hence the frequent addition of a ding, tossing the head in walking gog-
familiar appellation, as in Hob-goblin, shuil, a goggle-eye, a full rolling eye. B.
;
—
—
Hob-thrush. Cot. in v. Lutin. It was m
To goggle is thus like coggle joggle, to
known in Germany by the name of Ko- be unsteady, to roll to and fro. Then '
bold, and was supposed particularly to passid they forth boystly goglyng with
frequent mines, being thence called Berg- their hedis.'— Chaucer, Prol. Merch. 2nd
geist, Berg-mannchen, or Mine-spirit, Tale. Swiss gagen, to rock, gageln, to
Mine-dwarf. Another German name is joggle. As such expressions as twitter,
Matthew Kobalein, equivalent to E. Hob- chitter, signifying a broken, tremulous
goblin. The Goblin is mentioned by sound, are applied to a tremulous mo-
Ordericus Vitalis, Daemon enim quem
'
tion, so it seems the representation of a
de Dianas fano expulit adhuc in eidem broken sound, the separate elements of
urbe degit, at in variis frequenter formis which are of a jairing nature, are applied
apparens neminem laedit. Hunc ^ulgus to a rougher and more disjointed move-
gobelinum appellat.' He is known in ment. Bav. gagkern, to cluck like a hen,
Brittany by the name of gobilin, and is to stutter, stammer ; Sv/.gaggi, the cluck-
there also supposed to engage in house- ing of a hen, gigagen, to hihaw, bray like
hold drudgery like Milton's Lubber-fiend, an ass. In the same way are related
to curry the horses of a night, for instance. Bav. gigken, to make inarticulate noises,
It is among the Celts probably that the giggle, stutter, and gigkeln, to palpitate,
origin of the name is to be looked for. shiver, tremble.
The Welsh appellation is coblyn, pro- Goit. — Gote. —
Gowt. A
ditch or
perly a knocker, from cobio, to knock, to sluice. — Hal. A
mill-stream or drain.
peck coblyn y coed, a woodpecker.
; Du. gote, G. gosse, a kennel, conduit,
An explanation of the name is given in spout, sink. One of the numerous cases
'
a passage which is the more satisfactory in which there has been an interchange
from the fact that the writer seems to of an initial d and g. Prov. dots, Fr.
have no idea of any connection between doit, doiz, Mid.Lat. doitus. '
Concessi
the word goblin and the superstition he dictis fratribus stagnum de Placeio et
is describing. People will laugh at us
'
nemus, cum terra quae est per duos doitos
Cardiganshire miners,' says a correspon- usque ad molendinum de Placeio, sicut
dent quoted in Bridges' Guide to Llan-
'
doitus exit de valle de Tesneres.' Carp. —
dudno,' who maintain the existence of
'
Lang, goussa and doussa, to give a
knockers in mines, a kind of good-natured douche. See Dock.
impalpable people, not to be seen, but Gold. ON. gull, gold, gulr, yellow.
heard, and who seem to us to work in Golf. A Scotch game in which a ball
the mines. The miners have a notion is driven by blows of a club. Du. kolf,
that these knockers or little people, as we a club speelkolf, a bat to drive a ball
call them' (compare (J. berg-mannchen — ;
The form kroesel-besie gives rise to Mid. giare, to gurgle with violent boiling, to
Lat. grossiila, crosella, Fr. groiselle, gro- purl and bubble. Obviously from a re-
selle. presentation of the gurgling or guggling
The idea of an undulating, curly sur- sound made by the motion of air and
face is commonly expressed by the figure water intermixed. Lat. giirges, a whirl-
of a broken, quivering sound. Fr. gr-e- pool. Arab, gjiarghara, a gargle, rattle
ziller, to crackle, shrivel ; Prov. grazillar, in the throat. Esthon. kurk, G. gttrgel,
to twitter G. krduseln, to trill, quaver, the gullet, throat.
;
waTble, also to curl. See Curl, Frizzle. Closely allied to a series of forms in
Gorbelly. A
glutton, or greedy fel- which the r is replaced by an /, gulch,
low. — B. AS. and N. gor, filth ; in N. gulp, gulf, gully, &c.
also applied to the half-digested food in Gorgeous. Fr. gorgias, gourgias,
the stomach of a ruminating animal, or gawdy, flaunting, sumptuously clothed ;
generally the contents of the intestines glorying or delighting in bravery, also
;
gorvaamb, the first stomach of a rumin- proud, lofty, stately, standing on his pan-
ating animal gorkaggje, gorpose (a gore- tofles.
; Cot. —
Se gorgiaser, to flaunt, to
tub, or gore-sack), a gluttonous, lazy fel- be proud of the bravery of his apparel.
low gora, to stuff oneself E. Gorcrow Probably ametaphorfromthe strutting self-
;
a soft swamp of mere mud. OHG. horo, thrust forwards the throat and chest
mud, oose ; horawig, muddy, dirty. (gorge) to play the important, affect an
;
—
tis. Kil. It. gherone, the gusset, gores to be puffed up, to strut.
of a shirt or smock, side-pieces of a cloak Gorgon. Gr. ropywEg, Lat. gorgones,
also the skirts of a coat. Fl. —
Fr. giron, the three daughters of Phorcys.
the lap or bosom. Gormandise. Fr. gourmand, a glut^
The original meaning seems to be a ton. The verb must have signified to
point or corner, then the corner of a gar- eat greedily, though only preserved in
ment, lap, corner-shaped piece let in to a 'Randiix gourmer, to taste wine, Sp. gor-
garment. Compare Lap. skaut, a point mar, to vomit. Compare Du. gobelen,
aksjo-skaut, the point of an axe skautek, ; Fr. degobiller, to vomit, with E. gobble, to
pointed, angular ; ON. skaut, lap, lappet, eat voraciously. Gourmouylha, gour-
skirt, identical with G. schoos, bosom. jnouira, to make a noise with water in
The sense of point is preserved in as. rincing the mouth. —Diet. Castrais.
gar, ON. geir, a spear, or ja^'elin N. ;
Gorse.— Gorst. A prickly shrub, the
; ;;;;
grasp, grope.
gudsifiar, spiritual relationship.
At the present day the word is hardly Sw. grabba, to grasp, Du. grabbelen,
used except in the sense of familiar chat, to seize greedily, to scramble for Lith. ;
sip ; commerage, tattling, gossip. Die grebsti, to scratch, scrape, comb wool.
alberne weibertratcherei dieser gevat- Pol. grabid, to seize, to rake, grabki, a
terinnen : the silly tattle of these gossips. rake, or fork Bohem.
hrabati, to rake or
;
—Sanders. Pol. Mm, godfather kumcU scrape Russ. grablif, to pillage, steal
;
;
Gourd. Lat. cucurbita, Fr. cougourde, scratch, to seize krapa, to hook, to seize
;
was often called the penning of trees. a subject Diagram, a figure, plan, what
;
Grail. — Greal. The San-greal {saint- is marked out by lines ; Telegram, what
greal, the holy dish) was the dish out of is written from afar.
which our Lord ate at the Last Supper, * Gfamary, Magic. Jam. Fr. gri- —
and in which Joseph of Arimathea caught m.oirej mots de la grimoire, conjuration,
his blood at the crucifixion. • exorcisms. Cot. —
Yet true it is that long before that day Perhaps from Fris. grijmme, nacht-
Hither cartie Joseph of Arimathey, grijvime, ghost, bugbear ; grijmmerye
Who brought with him the \io\y grayle they say, (spookerij, bang-makerij), ghost-walking,
And preacht the truth. — F. Q. in R. terrifying. —
Epkema. And probably the
Lang, grazal, grezal, a large earthen appellation arose from the roaring noise
dish or bowl, bassin de terre de gres. made by the person representing a ghost
Grais, g'rez, potter's earth, freestone. for the purpose of striking terror. AS.
Prov. grasal, grazal; 'un grasal ou jatte grimetan, to roar ; Fr. gribouillis, the
pleine de prunes.' —
Raynouard. Grais rumbling of the bowels, gribouri (as G.
ox grls seems the Latinised form of the polter-geist), a rumbling goblin ; Sw. dial.
Breton krdg, hard stone ; eur pSd krdg, grimi, noise, disturbance, bluster.
un pot de grfes. So N. gryta, a pot, from ¥r\s. grijmgruwle, terror. "But grimoire
griot, stone. may merely signify gibberish, the unin-
Grain. Scarlet grain or kermes is an telligible mutterings of the conjuror, as E.
insect found on certain kinds of oak, from grimgribber, the technical jargon of a
which the finest reds were formerly dyed. lawyer. Hal. —
The term grain is a translation of Gr. Grammar. Fr. grammaire, Prov.
KOKKOf, given to the insect from its re- gramaira for grammadaria, from Lat.
semblance to a seed or kernel, whence granimaticus, Gr. ypa/ifiaTiKbg. Sch. —
the colour dyed with it was called kokkwoq, Grampus. From Lat. grandis piscis,
or in Lat. coccineus, as from kermes, the or perhaps crassus piscis, Fr. gras pois-
oriental name of the insect, It. carmesino, son, as porpesse iromporais piscis. ' There
crimson. we saw many grandpisces or herringhogs
The term grana is applied in Sp. as hunting the scholes of herrings.' ^Josselin,
well to the dye itself as to the cloth dyed
—
1675, in Webster. 'Le flet et le pourpeis
with it, and also metaphorically to the et I'estourgeon et le poisson qui est nommd
fresh red colour of the lips and cheeks. crassus piscis.' —
Metivier, translation of
Hence probably the grain ai wood or of the Tablier de Fecamp, 12 16.
leather, the ornamental appearance of the Granary. Granulate. —
Lat. grana-
surface dependent on the course of the rium, granum.
fibres. The grain of leather is the shining Grand. Lat. grandis, large, plentiful.
side, in Fr. grain, or fleur de cuirj fleur Grange. A
barn, receptacle for grain
in the sense of brilliancy, lustre. The or corn, then the entire farm. Mi,d.Lat.'
Sp. tez is explained by Neumann grain. granea, granica, a barn, from granum,
; —
3H GRANGE GRANT
corn. '
Si enim domum infra curtem in- made satisfaction to the mayor of the
cenderit,aut scuriam (dcurie) a.ut graneam town and the creditor. ' Solvat dominis
vel cellaria.' —
Leg. Alam. in Diez. 'Ad decem libras vel alias gratificet cum eis,'
casas dominicas stabulare, fenile, grani- or otherwise come to agreement with
cam! —Leg. Baiuw, ibid. From the first them, make satisfaction to them. ' Icel-
Guillame compta eX fit gr^ k I'oste de
of these forms It. grangia (a barn for lui
From grange, a farm, Sp. grangear, to bati et conventui gratavi et in verbo veri-
farm, till, and thence to gain or acquire tatis concessi.' Ego in bono proposito '
together. It. grant to, kernelly or corny, supradictus grantamus, laudamus, com-
as honey, figs, soap, or oil in winter also mittimus et concedimus domino comiti
;
the etymology of this word by the con- If the foregoing forms had stood by
currence of forms which can hardly be themselves, the derivation from gratus
traced to a common origin. would not have been doubtful, but paral-
From Lat. gratus is formed It. grado, lel with these are found graantum. {ad
Prov. grat, Fr. grS, will, liking, consent, suum graantum, to his satisfaction
and thence It. gradire, aggradare, aggra- Carp.), graantagium (Fr. granleis, pay-
dire, Vr.gre'er, agreer, E. agree, to ap- ment, satisfaction —
ibid.), Fr. craanter,
prove, allow, give consent to. In Mid. creanter, creancer, to promise, engage for,
Lat. grains, or gralum, was used as to bind oneself, crcancie, crdanclie, creant,
a substantive ' sine gratu meo,' without
; crant, assurance, contract, engagement,
my consent. Idem feodum a manu mo-
'
obligation. Now
it is hardly possible
nachorum alienare non possumus nisi that grant could be converted by mere
grata at voluntate Ducis Burgundise.' corruption into graant, creant, the double
' Nos
dedimus in alio loco praedicto Bal- a in the OFr. being an almost certain
duino excambium illius terras ad gralum sign of the loss of a d, as in aage from
suum,' to his satisfaction. The insertion edage, caable from cadable, baer, beer,
of the nasal converted gralum into gran- from badare. On this principle Fr. a/-
lum, in the same sense. Et si non pos-
'
ance would be the equivalent of a Lat.
sim warantizare dabo ei escambium alibi credentia, trust, confidence, assurance
ad suum graiitujn et valitudinem illius '
Ego B. archiepiscopus accipio te Ray-
ten-ffi,' to his satisfaction according to the mundum in fide et credentia mea loco
value of the land. Ad grantum et vo-
'
missa omnia at singula immobilia tenere 'S.-jar, to sound harshly Lat. garrire, to
;
fruit, the part by which it is held grap- ors dS, lute grdzen.' ON. grata, to cry.
;
'
pare, graspare, to seize, grappola, a hand- Walach. carti, to creak as a wheel.
ful, as much as one's hand can grasp at Grateful.— Gratitude. Gratify. Lat. —
once, grappo, graspo, grappo to, graspolo, gratus, pleasant, acceptable, graiitudo,
a bunch of grapes. See Grab. the emotion of a thankful spirit grati- ;
grapple. Grab.
Bav. raspeln, raspen, to scrape. ' Im- To Grave. Fr. graver, to carve ; G.
merzu auf einer saiten raspen^ to be graben, Du. grav^, to carve, to dig.
always scraping on one string. Also to Compare Bret, krof, krav, scratch, and
scrape together, to grasp. Sie raspen '
(with inversion of the vowel) AS. ceorfan,
das nie ihr ist in ihren sack,' they scrape to carve.
into their sack that which is not theirs. * Gravel. gravella, gravel, sand,
It.
Swab, raspen, to pluck, to gather. Hres- grittiness, gravel in a man's
also the
pan, coUigere, vellere gahresp, prsedia bladder or kidneys. Fl. —Fr. grave,
—
;
(forprseda). Schm. Sp. raspar, to rake, greve, sand or gravel, a sandy shore
scrape, to steal. See Grab. gravelle, gravois, gravier, small gravel,
Grass, as. gcsrs, gras, u. gars, gras, D sand gravelie, tartar, the stony sedi-
;
grass ; grase, groense, groese, the green ment that forms in wine.
sod, cespes gramineus. Kil. The N. — The analogy of G. graus, rubbish, frag-
gras applies to every green herb gras- ;
ments ; gries, gravel, chips of stone (from
bruni, a nettle ; gras-garSr, a kitchen- grieseln, to fall in small particles), leads
garden. There can be little doubt that to the suspicion that Fr. grave, gravier,
the word is from the same root with grow, gravel, corresponds to G. graup^, grail-
of which also Lat. gramen is a participial pel, Holstein gruben, gruven, crushed
form. Du. groese, vigour, growth, in- corn, pearl barley, anything in small
crease ; Dan. grade, vegetation, growth. lumps as hail, &c., from graupeln, to fall
Grate. A
frame composed of bars in particles, corresponding to Pol. kropii,
with interstices. Lat. crates, It. grata, to fall in drops, kropla, kropka, a drop, a
grate, a grate, hurdle, lattice. Lith. kra- dot, Russ. kroplio, I sprinkle, Serv. krop-
tas, krotas, a grate, grated window ; Pol. lenje, sprinkling. Krupor, grots, pearl
krata, grate, lattice. See Crate. barley. Krupy padaja, it falls in grains,
— — — ;
walls. Lith. gruwu, grusti or gruti, to the fur is not more gray than that of the
fall in ruins gruwus, ruinous. rabbit or hare.
Graves. — Grraving-dook.
;
Gr. ypatc, ypaSe, ypaia, an old woman. The — to satisfy their children that cry after
Graiai, according to Hesiod, were so food. In like manner G. begierig, de-
called from being born with gray hair. sirous, greedy, may be explained from
OHG. grdw, grd, canus,griseus, anilis. gieren, which, according to Japix, is used
Fris.gravelgrcM, gray grdveling, twi-
;
in Friesland in the sense of crying.
light, the gray of the evening ; Dan. Green. The colour of growing herbs.
grcevling; Du. grevel, grevinck, Sw. ON. gre^, at groa, to grow, to flourish ;
In the original, par le froid et divers grogner,to snarl, scold, %mmh\e, grancer,
temps. Du. grillen, to shiver ; grillig, to roar as the sea, grincer, to grind the
frilleux, shivery, grillig weer, cold, raw teeth ; It. grignare, to snarl as a dog, to
weather. grin. Lat. ringi, to snarl, to be angry, to
— ——
Grizzled. —
tions of the snarling sounds of an angry Speckled, of mixed colour, of mingled
animal. Du. griinme7i, grinnen, grinden, black and white. G. greis, an old man,
ringere, hirrire.— Kil. But perhaps the gray Du. grijs, Fr. gris, It. griso, grigio,
;
long i of ^n«(? brings it nearer Du. grij- gray. We have explained in the last
sen, grijnsen, ringere, fremere, frendere article the origin of G. grieseln, gruseln,
(Kil.), with the corresponding Fr. grincer, to fall in morsels or small particles, Fr.
to grind the teeth. G. griesgram, grum- gresiller, to drizzle, reem to fall ; gresilU,
bling, out of temper. From grinding the drizzled on, covered or hoar with reem.
teeth the term is transferred to the break- Cot. To this last exactly corresponds E.
ing small by a mill. In these imitative grizzled, applied to what has the appear-
words the interchange of an initial /rand ance of being powdered or covered with
gr is very common. So Lat. fi-emere, to small particles. So Fr. cendri, gray, as if
murmur, grumble, rage at, corresponds to powdered with ashes. Swiss grieselet,
Du. grimmen, as Lat. frende7-e, to gnash griesselig, grainy, lumpy ; griset, grisselet,
the teeth, also to grind or break small, to grieselet, speckled.
E. grind. See Grist, Grum. Grist. Grain brought to a mill to be
—
Grip. Grpove. Du. griippe, grippe, ground. Fr. gru, grus, grut, grust, grain
groeve, a furrow, ditch, groove, gruppel, either for grinding or for making beer.
greppel, a little ditch, kennel. G. grube, Le suppliant conduisit une charret^e de
a pit, ditch, hollow dug in the ground, grain ou gru pour mouldre au moulin. —
from graben, to dig. See Grab, Grub. MS., A.D. 1477, in Due. Hensch. In the
Gripe. Du. grijpen, G. greiffen, to same sense grust, A.D. 1383. Sometimes
seize; Fr. griffe, claw, talon, griffer, the word has the sense of bran. The
gripper, to clutch or seize ; It. graffiare, grinding of corn is taken from ihs grind-
to scratch, scrape, hook, gripe ;grifo, a ing or gnashing of the teeth, and in the
gripe, claw, or \2\<ya., grifare, to clutch. same way grist, corn to be ground, seems
See Grab. properly to signify grinding. Grist, to
Grisly, i. Frightful, horrible, what —
gnash the teeth Hal. grist-bat, gnash- ;
grisseln, grossein, Fris. grese, Sc. grise, tanden, to grind the teeth.
'growe, groose, to shudder ; E. dial, grow, Gristle Universally named from the
.
growze, to be chill before an ague fit. crunching sound it makes when bitten.
Hal. Grysyl, horridus, terribilis. — Pr. Pm. AS. grystlan, Du. krijsselen, krijssel-tan-
G. grdsslich, Tris.'grislik, terrible. den, E. dial, grist, to gnash or grind the
The radical image is the rustling sound teeth ; Pol. grysd, to gnaw. Swiss kros-
made by the continued fall of a number pelen, to crunch ; krospele, gristle. Du.
of small particles, whence the significa- knospen, gnarsen, to gnash ; knospelbeen,
tion passes to the idea of drizzling, trick- gnarsbeen, gristle. So we have Boh.
ling, shivering. Sc.grassil,grissel,girs- chraustati and chraustdcka, Illyrian hers-
sil, to make a rustling or crackling noise ; kati ox herstati and herskav, herstav j
Fr. greziller, to crackle ; gresiller, to Ma^.porczogni, to cracVit, pores, gristle;
hail, drizzle, sleet, reem to fall. — Cot. Alban. kcrtselig, I crunch, kertsc, gristle.
' There
was a girstUn of frost this morn- Grit. Sand, or gravel, rough hard par-
ing ' (Jam.), i. e. a sprinkling. G. grteseln, ticles. —
Webster, as. greot, sand, dust.
to fall in small particles, to trickle, and Thu scealt greot etan, thou shalt eat dust.
thence to shudder, which is felt like a ON. grjot, stones N. grjot, stone, peb-
;
trickling or creeping over the skin. ble ;Sw. dial grut, griid, gravel, par-
.
Gruselen, formicar cutis. — Stalder. ' Fine ticle, small bit ; Da. dial, gryt, a small
geschichte die uns eine giinsehaut iiber bit, trifle Sc. gretc, sand, gravel
; MHG. ;
gravel, Du. gntis, gries, dust, sand, snout of a pig ; Prov. gronhir, Fr. gra-
gravel, Sw. grut, gravel, coarse sand, gtier, grongner, OE. to groin, to grunt
rubble, rubbish, Pol grnz, rubbish, rub- Fr. groing, groin, snout ; E. dial, grunny,
ble, gruzla, clod, clot, Fr. grus, skinned snout of a hog gruntle, muzzle.
grain, gruel. —
Cot. It is a slight modifi-
;
[i. e. Corunna]
gort, G. griitze, Pol. griica, Lith. grucze, On northalff him ;and held thair way
Lang, gruda, grain husked and more or Quhill to Savill the Graunt cum thai.
less broken, or sometimes the food pre- Barbour.
pared from it. The formation of the 2. Groin, formerly more corxtz^Xy grine,
word may be illustrated by Lang, grut, a the fork of the body, as Yx.Jourchiire, a
single berry, a grain of anything, whence fork-like division, the part of his body
gruta, gntda, to pick the grapes from the whence his thighs part. —
Cot. Dan.
stalks;
gruda also, as Da. dial, grotte, green, branch of a tree, prong of a fork ;
grutte, to grain corn, i. e. to grind off the S w. gren, branch, arm of a stream, the fork
skin, leaving the eatable grain alone. of a pair of trowsers grena sig, to fork, or
;
Lang, gruts, grains of maize so treated. separate in branches ; rida grensle, en-
See Grit. fourcher un cheval, to ride astride. Sc.
The same connection between the de- grain, grane, branch of a tree or a river.
signation of a grain or of grits or ground In the same way Lap. suerre, the branch
corn, and of gravel or small stones, is of a tree or of a river, also the groin.
seen in N. grjoji, food prepared of corn or Groom. Du. gram, a youth. Kil. —
meal, gruel, Sw. gryn, grits, groats, Swiss Grome, grume, a lover, a warrior, and
grien, pebbles, gravel. like puer in Lat. and garqon in Fr. it is
Groan. Directly imitative. Du. groo- also used for servant. Jam. —
nen, gemere. w. grwn, a broken or Every man shall take his dome
trembling noise, a groan, the cooing of As well the mayster as <ias grome. Gower. —
;
the dregs of tea or coffee, t^.grut, dregs point of the share is not enough bent
^rato/, grouty, muddy Tlw.grute, gruyte, downwards. At ligge paa gru or nase-
—
;
ble ; N. gryla, to grunt, growl, bellow (either to make pryvy noise, mutire
Fr. grouller, Vulg.) agenus the sones of Israel.'- —
;
perhaps be illustrated by It. gargoglia re, jfiv, not to let a syllable be heard.
to rumble or growl in the bowels, to bub- Then, as grumbling is the sign of ill-
ble, boil, purl, or spring up as water, also temper, to grudge, to feel discontent ;
to breed vermin or wormlets ; whence grudge, ill-will. The It. cruccio, coruccio',
gorgoglio, gorgoglione (Lat. curculio), a Fr. courroux, wrath, has the same origin,
weevil breeding in corn. The root, re- although much obscured by the insertion
presenting a broken confused sound, is of the long vowel between 'the c and r.
applied to an object in multifarious move- Fr. courechier is found exactly in the
ment, as boiling water, then to the gener- sense of E. grudge.
al movement of swarming insects and to That never with his mowthe he seide amys
an individual insect Lang, gour-
itself. Ne groched agens his Creatour iwis,
goulia, Fr. groiigouler, grouiller, groul- [sa bouche n'en parla un seal vilain mot encuntre
ler, to rumble or croak as the bowels, the
son Creatour.]
And lilce in the same manere tho
two latter also to move, stir, swarm, Suffrede Nasciens bothe angwische and wo^
abound, break out in great numbers ; And nevere to his God made he grochchenge,
grouillis, a stirring heap of worms It. Nethir for tormentis ne none other tliinge.
garbuglio, Fr. grabuge, a great stir, coil,
;
up, to stir, crawl, be in general motion ; On the same principle, G. groll, ill-will,
swarm, crawl griibeln und
G. kriebeln, to ;
spite, may be compared with E. growl.
grabbeln, to be stirring and swarming in The grudging of an ague is a modifi-
great multitudes, as maggots or ants. cation of the synonymous grouse, men-
Kiittn. Hence e. grub, a maggot, as It. tioned under Grow, 2 as Fr. gruger, of
;
mar, to groan, sigh ; grim, morose, sad. Bret, hostiz, guest, host. The Lat. hostis,
To Grumble. Fr. grommeler, Du. enemy, supposed to be connected through
grommen, gj-ommelen, to murmur, mut- the sense of stranger, is probably from a
ter ; Sw. dial, grubbla, grummsa, to different source.
mutter discqntentedly w. grwm, a mur- ; To Guggle. Fr. glouglou, Mod.Gr.
mur, growl grymial, to grumble, scold.
;
•fKoiiKkov, guggling, the sound of water
G. brummen, to growl or mutter, is a mixed with air issuing from the mouth of
parallel form. a vessel; koukXovkiJu, Svii^s guttgeln, gun-
To Grunt. Lat. grunnire, Fr. grog- scheln, to guggle, giiggeln, to tipple ; Pol.
ner,grongner, G. grunzen, to grunt, growl, glukad, to rumble in the belly.
mutter ; Fr. groncer, to roar as the sea —
Guide. Guy. It. guidare, Fr. guider,
in a storm, grander, to snarl, grunt, grum- guier, exhibit the Romance form corre-
ble. sponding to G. weisen, Du. wijsen, Sw.
Guard. Defence, protection. It. visa, to show, direct, guide. G. jemanden
guardare, to look, guard, ward, keep, zurecht weisen, to show one the right
save, to beware Fr. garder, to keep, way.
; Sw. visa honoin in, show him in.
guard, watch, heed, or look unto garer, From G. weise, Du. wijse, ghijse, Bret.
to ware, beware, take heed of. — ;
look seems to have been the original pany, corporation, society of burghers
sense of Lat. servare. 'Tuus servus meeting on stated occasions for the pur-
servet Venerine facial an Cupidini,' let pose of feasting and merrj'making. The
your slave look. Plautus.— Serva J as primary meaning is a feast, then the
Fr. gare ! look out take care
! company assembled, and the same trans-
1
For the origin of the word see Gaure. ference of signification will be observed
—
apphed to an association for any purpose, ing was not done in Germany with a
and in the case of the City Companies to sword, but with an oaken plank on which
the very associations which were formerly was a sharp iron. This plank was like a
denominated Guilds. flogging-bench, had on both sides upright
It is a mistake to connect the word slides (grund-leisten), on which the plank
with the G. geld, payment. The real de- was under that a sharp cutting iron.
;
rivation is to be found in W. gwyl, Bret. When the poor man was bound on the
goel, gouil, a feast, or holiday, gou^lia, bench, as if for flogging, the executioner
to keep holiday ; Gael, (with the usual (truckenscherer) let fall the plank which
change from the w. gw toy initial), y^z7/, hung by a cord, which with the iron struck
—
a feast, holiday, fair, or market Manx off his head.' Deutsch. Mundart. iv. 225.
;
ealley, festival, sacred, hallowed. The Guilt. Properly conduct which has to
Irish _/^//, or feighil, is explained the vigil be atoned for, which has to be paid for.
of a feast, sometimes the feast itself, Swiss giili, 'Da.n. gfeld, debt. O'N. gialld,
leading to the supposition that the word debt, return of equivalent. In the same
is a mere corruption of Lat. mgilicB. way Dan. skyld, debt, guilt, offence, G.
But the W. and Bret, forms could hardly schuld, a fault, guilt, crime, also a debt.
have been derived from that origin, and AS. gildan, Dan. gielde, G. gelten, to re-
we find a. satisfactory explanation in a quite, pay, atone, to return an equivalent.
native root, w. gwylio, to watch, be ' He ne meahte mine gife gyldan.' He
vigilant, to look for ;
gwyled, to behold, could not requite my gift. Caedm. Vor- —
to see, gwylad, keeping a festival, the let ous oure yeldinges, ase and we vorle-
notion of keeping or observing being teth oure yelderes and ne ous led naght
commonly expressed by the figure of into vondinge ac vri ous uram queade
looking. Bret, gwel, look, sight, action Paternoster in Dialect of Kent, 1340, in
of seeing. In a similar manner from Reliq. Ant. p. 42.
wake, to be vigilant, to watch, we have Guise. Fr. guise, w. gwis, Bret, giz,
the wakes, the festival of the patron kiz, equivalents of the G. weise, E. wise,
saint, W. gwyl-mabsant, G. kirchweihe mode, way, fashion. The word is very
{weihen, to consecrate), where the ideas widely spread, being found with little
of waking or keeping and consecration alteration in fornj in the same sense in
or holiness are connected together in the some of the Siberian languages. Wotiak
same way as in yi.zxiy.fe alley. kyzi, manner nokyzi, in no-wise. Other-
;
The Du. form guide, a feast (populare wise we might find an explanation in the
convivium), also a guild or corporation, Bret, giz, kiz, the fundamental meaning
closely resembles Goth, dulths, Bav. duld, of which seems to be footsteps, whence
a. feast. Osterduld, Easter. In modern the sense of a track or way, mode or
times duld is applied to a fair or market, fashion, might easily be developed. Bret.
commonly kept on the saint's day of the mond war hi giz, to go back (literally to
place. Dulden, like Bret, goelia, to so- go upon his giz), can only be explained
lemnize. Tuldan, celebrare tultlih, so- by giving to giz the sense of footsteps.
;
tion is seen in the parallel form wile, AS. sea, a pit, deep hole, whirlpool.— Fl. Fr.
wigele, from the notion of wiggling or golfe, a whirlpool or bottomless pit, also
vacillating. 'And wigeleth as fordruncen a bosom or gulf of the sea between two
mon that haveth imunt to vallen.' An- — capes. —
Cot. The G. meer-busen, Lat.
cren Riwle. as. gewiglian, to juggle, sinus, bosom, gulf, would point to a de-
conjure. rivation from Gr. KoX^roe, of exactly the
Gruillotine. The well-known imple- same meaning with Lat. sinus. But the
ment said to be invented by Dr GuiUotin sense of whirlpool, abyss, must be from
in the French Revolution. It was however Du. gulpen, golpen, E. gulp, to swallow ;
but the revival of a mode of execution ODu. golpe, gurges, vorago. Kil. —
The
21 *
—
fraud. A metaphor from the helplessness drikker saa det gvulper i ham.' N. gulka,
of a young unfledged bird, on the same Da. gulpe, to gulp up, disgorge, vomit,
principle that the Fr. tiiais, a nestling, is kulke, to gulp kiilk. Fin. kulkku or
;
—
ganders.' Trenchfield, Cap of grey hairs, p. 8, throat. From Da. gumle, to mumble,
1671. Sw. dial, gummsa, gai?isa, gemsa, gimsa,
Probably from Da.n.guul, Sw. gul, yellow, jamnda, jumla, to chew slow and with
from the yellow colour of the down, or difficulty, probably, like the synonymous
perhaps of the beak, as in Fr. bijaune, niuinsa, mumla, E. nijcmp, mumble, imi-
properly yellow beak, a young bird with tation of the sounds made in chewing
yellow skin at the base of the beak, me- like a toothless person with the lips closed.
taphorically 'a novice, a simple inex- Gun. The signification of the word at
—
perienced ass, a ninny.' Cot. \\.. pippi- the earliest period to which it can be
one, a pigeon (properly a young bird, traced is clearly shown in the Practica of
from pippiare, to peep or pip), metaphor- John Arderne, a surgeon of the time of E.
ically a silly gull, one that is soon caught 111., cited by Way in Pr. Pm., who, after
and trepanned. Fl. —
Hence a pigeon, giving a recipe for a kind of 'fewe volant'
a dupe at cards. consisting of charcoal, sulphur, and salt-
Gullet. —
Gully. Fr. goulel, a gullet, petre, proceeds cest poudre vault \ — '
the end of a pipe where it dischargeth gettere pelottes de fer ou de plom ou d'
itself, the mouth of a vial or bottle gonlot, areyne oue un instrument qe I'em appelle
;
a pipe, gutter, e. gully-hole, the mouth goime.' The sense is marked with equal
of a drain where the water pours with a clearness where the word is used by
guggling noise into the sink ^sn. giillcn, Chaucer in the House of Fame,
;
engoule. — Palsgr. 576. Swiss Rom. Artellers 6, Go7iners 6.' It must be ob-
gollhi, gaula, to bedabble, bedrabble served that the name is exclusively English,
— — .
which the gunner worked, and to which or roe of fishes. Sc. kyte, the belly.
the name ^
gun would naturally be given. Gutta-perch.a. Malay gatta, gum.
Gunwale. Wales are outward timbers Crawford.
in a ship's sides on which men set their Gutter. Fr. gouttiere, a channel or
feet when they clamber up, and the gun- gutter esgout, a dropping of water as
;
wale is the iuale which goes about the from a house-eaves, also a little sink,
uttermost strake or seam of the upper- channel, or gutter.
most deck in the ship's waist. Bailey. —
From the noise of water dripping, Pl.D.
Gurgeons. The siftings of meal. Fr. guddern, to gush out, to fall in abund-
gruger, to granulate, crunch, crumble. ance. Dat water guddert vain dake, the
Du. gruizen, to reduce to gruis, or small water pours from the roof. De appel
bits. Fr. gi'us, grits. See Grits, Grist. guddert vam boom, the apples shower
Gurnard. —Gurnet. Fr. gournauld, down from the tree. From some such
grougnaut (Cot.), now grenaut, from form has arisen Lat. gutta, a drop.
grogner, to grunt, grumble. The Gur- Guttle. Guzzle.
'
—
To eat and drink
net is known to emit a peculiar grunting with haste and greediness. From the
sound on being removed from the water, sound of liquids passing down the throat.
to which disagreeable habit it owes its ON. gutla, to sound as liquids in a cask.
designation.'— N. & Q. Mar. 9, 1861. An- Swiss gudeln, gudern, guiteln, gutzeln,
other Fr. name is grondm. In Norway to shake liquids in a flask, to dabble in
it is called knurfisk, from Dan. knurre, liquids ; gudlig, thick, muddy from shak-
to grumble, mutter also hurr, equivalent ing. Lat. glutglut, for the sound of liquid
;
to OE. whur, to snarl. Gronder, to whurre, escaping from the mouth of a narrow-
yarre, grunt, grumble. Cot. — necked vessel; glutio, to swallow; Swiss
To Gush. G. giessen, Du. gosselen, to gieseln, to gormandise. Fr. desgouziller,
pour Swiss gussehi, to dabble in wet, to to gulp or swill up, to swallow down.
;
sleet gusslig, muddy, thick (of liquids) Fr. godailler. It. gozzare, gozzavigliare,
;
;
gussUte, slosh, dirty mixture. E. dial. to make good cheer, to guzzle, guttle. It.
Gust. ON. gustr, giostr, a cold blast a ranging cur; [hence] ceps, a pair of
of wind, guscio di vento, agreeing with
It.
stocks for malefactors, also (less properly)
shackles, bolts, fetters, &c. It. ceppo in
E. dial, gush, gussock, a gust.
Guts. Perhaps so named from the all the same senses.
H
Ha'berdasher. Haberdashers were of to signify a stroke with a sharp instru-
two kinds, haberdashers of small wares, ment or an effort abruptly checked. Sw.
sellers of needles, tapes, buttons, &c., and hacka, to chop, hack, hoe, to peck, pick,
haberdashers of hats. The first of these chatter with the teeth, stammer, stutter,
would be well explained from ON. hapur- cough constantly but slightly (Rietz), as
task, trumpery, things of trifling value, we speak of a hacking cough hakkla, to ;
Habnab. Hit or miss, from AS. hah- sie, to creep from the egg, to be hatched.
ban, to have, and nabban ifie habban), not Hackbut. See Arquebuss.
to have. It. Fatto o guasto, hab or nab, Hacqueton. See Gambison.
done or undone, made or marred. Fl. — Haft. AS. hceft, a handle, holding,
I put it captive ; hceftas, bonds ; hcrfting, a hold-
Ev'n to your worship's bitterment, habnab ; ing hcBftene, captivity.
; ON. hefta, to
I shall have a chance of the dice for it. Dan.
fetter heftr, fettered, hindered.
;
B. Johnson, Tale of a Tub, iv. I.
}iefte to bind, fasten, to arrest. G. haft,
Hack. A cratch for hay.
See Hatch. fastening, clasp ; hold or firmness, at-
Hack. —
Hackney. Sp. haca, OFr. tachment, imprisonment ; in haft sitzen,
haque, haqttet, a pony ; Sp. hacanea, a to be in durance haften, to hold fast,
;
The primary meaning seems a small From the notion of having or holding,
horse as distinguished from the powerful as G. handhabe, a handle, from haben, to
animal required for warlike service then ;
have.
as only inferior horses would be let for Hag. AS. liceges, hcegtesse, ODu. hage-
hire it was specially applied to horses tisse, MHG. hacke, hdckel, hecse, Swiss
used for that purpose. hagsche, a witch lidggele, the night hag,
;
And loved well to have hors of price. a female demon that walks on certain
He wend to have reproved be
Of theft or murder if that he nights, a witch. Hagged is emaciated,
Had in his stable an hackney. — R. R. scraggy like a witch, with sunken eyes.
It has much the appearance of being de- A hagged carion of a wolf and a jolly sort of
dog with good flesh upon 's back fell into com-
rived from E. nag.
To Hack.—Hash.—Hatch. The syl-
pany. — L'Estrange.
Im abgemagerten angesichte, im entzundeten
lable hack, in which the voice is sharply auge der greisin die brandmale des hexenthums
checked, is used in all the Gothic dialects zu erkennen. —Sanders.
—;
! — ;
is therefore not tamable like one that is Now has Arthure his axe and the halme grypes.
taken from the nest. Fr. ramage, of or Sir Gawayne and the Gr. Kn.
belonging to branches, also ramage, hag- The word was however early misunder-
ard, wild, rude. Espervier ramage, a stood as if it signified an axe for crashing
brancher, ramage hawk. Cot. — From G. a helmet. Helm-parten, cassidolabrum.
hag, a wood, forest, thicket, grove. — Gl. 15th century in Schm.
Kiittner. The origin of the latter half of the word
Haggis. A
sheep's maw filled with seems from Bohem. brada, a beard, chin,
minced meat. Fr. hachis, a hash. Nor- whence bradaty, having a large beard or
man Patois, haguer, E. dial, hag, to chop chin ; bradatice, a wide-bearded or broad
or hack ; hag-clog, a chopping-block. axe. Gr. -/'ivvi, the under-jaw, is used
To Haggle, e. dial, hag, to hew, chop for the edge of an axe. Comp. also Lap.
or hack, to haggle or dispute to haggle, skaut, the point of an axe, skautja, beard.
to chop unhandsomely. —
;
Hal. To keep —
To Hale. Haul. To pull or drag.
agging at one is to tease or provoke him B. G. holen, to fetch, drag, tow. Athem
not to be confounded with egging one on. holen, to draw breath. Du. haelen, to
The radical meaning of the word is to call, send for, fetch, draw. Fr. haler, to
keep pecking at one, as 'Fx.picoter, or e. hale, haul, tow.
bicker. lis sont toujours a picoter, they It will doubtless seem a far-fetched
are ever pecking at one another, bicker- origin to derive the expression from the
ing.— Tarver. Sw. dial, hagga, to hew, notion of setting t)n a dog, but it is one
hakka, to hack, to peck, to scold, keep that is supported by many analogies.
finding fault with, tease. Pl.D. hick-
•
The most obvious mode of driving ah
hacken, to wrangle. —
Danneil. Swiss animal is by setting a dog at it, and from
hdggeln, to wrangle. Fris. hagghen, driving an animal to the impulsion of an
rixari. — Kil. Du. hakkelen, to stammer, inanimate object is an easy step. Pl.D.
stutter, haggle. The same metaphor is hissen, to set on a dog de schaop hissen,
;
seen in Fr. chapoter, to hack or whittle, to drive sheep ; Bret, hissa, issa, to incite,
also to haggle, palter, dodge about the to push on, to draw up the sail. Diet. —
price of. —
Cot. Langued. in v. isso. From Fr. hare ! cry
Hail, AS. hagol, hcegle, G. kagel, N. to encourage or set on a dog, are formed
hagl, hail ; hagla, to hail, to fall in drops, harer, to incite, set on, attack, harier, to
trickle ; higla, to fall in fine drops ; higl, harass, urge, molest, provoke, and thence
drizzling rain or snow. NE. haggle, to OE. harr, or harry, properly to drive as a
hail; Sc. hagger, to rain gently. From beast by means of a dog, then to drag by
the pattering sound of hail or rain. Sw. force. '
He haryeth hym about as if he
hacka, to chatter with the teeth ; E. dial. were a traytour. I harye, or mysseentreat
hacker or hagger, to tremble with cold. or hale one, Je harie. I harry, or carry
Hal. by force, je traine and je hercelle.' —
To Hail. I. To wish one health. Palsgr. in Way. '
The corpsof the sayde
Goth. Hails ! AS. Hal wees thu / Hail byshope with his two servauntes were
equivalent to Lat. salve/ be of good —
haryed to Thamys side.' Fabian, ibid.
health. See Hale. And develles salle karre hym up evene
2. To hail a ship is from a different In the ayre als he suld stegh to hevene.
source, and the word should here be Hampole, Ibid.
written hale, Pl.D. anhalen, to call to Then with a derivative el, Fr. harele, out-
one, to address one passing by. Du. cry ; haraler, to tease, to vex ; harele, a
halen, haelen, to send for, call. See To flock or herd (from the notion of driving,
Hale. '
as Gr. afzKr), a herd, from ayw, to drive)
Hair. Du. haer, G. haar, hair. hasler (for harier), haller, haler, to halloo
Hake. A kind of cod. Doubtless or hound on dogs —
Cot. ; OE. harl, to
from having a hook-shaped jaw. N. hake- harass, drive, cast.
fisk, fish with hooked under-jaw, especi- King Richard this noble knight Acres nom so,
ally of salmon and trout Swiss haggen, And harlede so the Sarrazins in
; eohe side about.
!;
slaney, whole, healed ;slaynt, health. drag up, from It, alzare, Fr. haulser, haus-
The radical identity of hale and whole ser, to raise. Everything was hawsed '
word. OHG. in halbo, in latere (montis) up his anchors and halsed up his sails.'—
;
halpun, latere (dominus erit in latere tuo); Grafton in R. The hawse-holes, the holes
alahalba, on all sides. —Graff. Lap. pele, in the bow of a ship through which the
side, half. Mo pelen, at my side ; niubben cable nans in halsing or raising the an-
pelen, on the other side. chor. Fr. haulseree, tlie drawing or
Halibut. A large kind of flat fish. haling of barges up a river by the force
Du. heil-bot, from heil, holy, and hot, bot- of men ashore. Cot. Hence E. halse, —
visch, a flat fish. ON. heilag-Jiski. to tow, halser, or hawser, a thick cord
Halidom. on. heilagr ddmr, things for towing vessels. It. alzana, a halse, a
of especial holiness, the relics of the saints, rope or cable for to Italse, hale, or draw
on which oaths were formerly taken. barges against the stream also a crane ;
Hall. AS. heal, Lat. aula^ It. sala, Fr. to hoise up great weights alzaniere, a
—
;
salle. OHG. sal, house, residence IJret. halsicr, or he that haleth a barge. Fl.
;
sal (as hall in E.), a gentleman's house in Halt. I. To stop. G., Sw. halt/ hold !
dogs.— Cot. The Pl.D. exclamation ^ff//o./ ON. mdlhaltr (jiidl, speech), stammering.
is used as a subst. in the sense of outcry The notion of impeded speech or gait,
halldn, to halloo. —
Danneil.
;
and heuch.
hamm ! back and not vice versS..
!
Halter, ohg. halaftra, halftra, Du. also a sheep without horns hummel- ;
halfter, halgtre, halchter, halster, halter, bock, a goat without horns NE. hu7n- ;
a halter ; Bay. halfter, halster, a pair of meld, without horns to hummel, humble, ;
braces ON. fiogld, a buckle, noose, han- to break off the beards of barley ; Sw.
;
dle; N. hogd, hovd, hovel, holdr, a noose, dial, hammla, to lop or pollard trees.
buckle. Conpeditus, gehalffter, cum qui- Perhaps the course of derivation may
—
bus ligant pedes equorum. Vocab. A.D. run from Du. hompelen, to stumble, to
1430, in Deutsch. Mund. iv. limp Sw. dial, hambloter, hamloter (of ;
Ham. I. The back part of the thighs, an old man), stumbling, tottering; E. dial.
not of the knees, as often explained. The Itamel, to limp, to walk lame, and thence
ham-strings are the strong sinews passing in a factitive sense to cause to go lame, to
from the hams to the lower leg. Du. disable from going, to restrain, to disable
ham, hamme, poples. ON. horn, the rump in any way, to mutilate. ON. hamla, to hin-
disable
ham-ledr, leather from the back of horses der one from doing anything, to
or oxen. Thvi setur thu homina vifl him hamla einn at hondum ok fdtum, to
' ;
honum.' do you turn your back to cut off his hands and feet ; hamlaSr, dis-
Why
him? Hama (of horses), to turn their abled by wounds or bonds from
appear-
hamla, hom-
rumps to the weather. N. homa, to back, ing to prosecute his right ;
See To Hamper.
make a horse back for a cow.— Kil.
Fin. humma ! cry to
Heams. The — —
hummastaa, to make a horse back or stop. Haines. Haums.
pieces of wood which en-
According to Outzen the cry homme ! or two crooked
to which the
humme is in general use over Friesland compass a horse-coUar andstuffing
.'
t)f hay
and Denmark, in order to keep a horse traces are fastened.
The
quiet when one approaches him or wants or straw
by which these were prevented
to do something to him. The essential from galling the shoulders of the horse
hamberwe, or hanaborough, a
meaning then is, still be quiet in ac- was called
! !
—
hem to Muirtown.' ^Jam. A.D. 1806.
Hamlet, as. ham, a village, town,
stammering, boggling, hindrance, ob-
stacle. — Halma. The nasal pronuncia-
farm, property, dwelling ; Goth, haims, tion gives Sc. hamp, to stammer, also to
Fr. hameau, a village. halt in walking, to read with difficulty,
Probably the fundamental meaning is and E. hamper (in a factitive sense), to
simply a portion, in accordance with the cause to stick, to impede, entangle.
radical sense of the word ham (pars ab- Again we have Sc. habble, habber, to
scissa cujusque rei, frustum Wachter.) — ;
stutter, to speak or act confusedly, to
hamme, hompe, a piece or lunch of some- habble a lesson, to say it imperfectly
thing eatable ; boterham, a piece of bread Du. hobbelen, to jolt, to rock, to stammer,
and butter ; ham, hamme, a piece of and (with the nasal) hompelen, as E. hob-
pasture ivilgheham, an osier-bed. Dor-
; ble, to totter, to limp or walk lame ; Sc.
setsh. ham, an inclosed mead. Barnes. — hobble, to cobble shoes, to mend them in
In the same way certain open pieces of a bungling manner Pl.D. humpeln, to
;
pasture at Cambridge were called Christ's limp, to bungle. Sw. happla, to stam-
Pieces, Parker's Pieces. In Friesland mer, hesitate, stop short ; E. hopple, to
the term ham is used to designate a piece —
move weakly and unsteadily. HaL Then
of marshland, or the piece of land in in a factitive sense to hobble or hopple a
which a village is situated. — Brem. Wtb. horse, to hamper its movements by tying
Hence the name would naturally be its legs together.
transferred to the village itself. Swiss Hand. Common to all the languages
hain, heim, the inclosed plot of land in of the Gothic stock, and probably named
which a house is placed, house, dwelling- as the instrument of seizing. ON. henda,
place. In the same way we have G. XjA. prehendere, to seize.
fieck, a flap, piece, patch, a small piece Handsome. — Handy. What falls
of land, a spot, place, while flecken is the readily to hand. G. handsam, conveni-
common name for a village or small ent ; Du. Iiandsaem, dextrous, conveni-
town. ent, mild, tractable ; OE. hende, court-
To Hammel. See Hamble. eous ; N. hendt, adapted ; hendug, Dan.
Hammer. GD. hammer, on. hamar. hccndig, behandig, handy, dextrous.
A representation of the sound of blows. To Hang, on, hanga, pret. hdckj AS.
Hammock. An American word de- hon, pret. hoh, to hang. In the same
signating the long suspended nets in way O'S.fanga and/t^, •^x^i.fdck, AS.fon,
which the natives slept. 'A great many pret. foh, to fang or get hold of ON.;
Indians in canoes came to the ship to- gatim, pret. gdck, as. gan, to go or gang.
day for the purpose of bartering their The primitive meanmg seems, to fasten
cotton and hamacas or nets in which they on a hook, ox. hack.
sleep.'— Columbus' ist Voyage in Web- Hank. Hank, a rope or latch for
— —;
hank on another, to have him entangled. sala, fidem dextra stipulari, to join hands
To keep a good hank upon your horse, to on it.
have a good hold upon the reins. Hal. —
From handsal, a contract, were named
Hank, an inclination or propensity of the Hansals-stadir, the Hanse Towns, a
mind. confederation of towns on the Baltic and
The fundamental sense of hank is to North Sea united by mutual agreement
cause to hang, to fasten. 'He hankyd for the security of trade. From this
not the picture of his body upon the original the term hanse was applied in a
cross.' —Hooper in R. G. henken, hang- more general sense to a mercantile cor-
en, to hang or fasten something upon poration. Fr. Hanse, a company, society,
another ; gehenk, henkel, what serves to or corporation of merchants (for so it
hang something, a belt, girdle, the ear of signifies in the book of the ordonnances
a pot Pl.D. henk, a handle N. haank, of Paris)
; ; also an association with, or
;
a bunch, cluster of things hanging toge- the freedom of, the Hanse, also the fee
ther. Hank in the sense of a settled or fine which is paid for that freedom
tendency or propensity of mind may be hanser, to make free of a civil company
explained by the G. expression, sein herz or corporation. G. hdnseln, to hansel, to
an etwas hangen, to set his heart upon a initiate —
a novice. Kiittner. Here it will
thing, to fix his affections upon it. be observed we apparently get back to
ON. haunk, hank, a wreath of thread
E. the original form of the word, although
wound round a reel, is from the notion the second syllable of the G. verb is the
of fastening, in the same way that the usual frequentative termination, and not
synonymous hasp is from the same ra- the element sell, signifying to deliver, in
dical notion. the original expression.
To Hanker. To be very desirous of * Hantle. ,A considerable number.
—
something. B. Du. hungkeren, to seek Jam. From handful, as Northampton
eagerly, applied in the first instance to spunful or spuntle, a spoonful. — Mrs
children seeking the breast. Kil. —
From Baker. Staff, boutle, a boukful or pail-
the whinnying cry by which they make ful. Hesse hampel, a handful.
known their want. Flem. hungkeren, Happy. Happen. Hap, luck,
Hap. — —
hinnire E. hummer, to whinny, as when
;
what we catch, what falls to our lot.
is
the horse hears the corn shaken in the Happy, fortunate, having good hap. To
sieve. The same figure is used in Du. happen, to befall. So NFris. hijnnen, to
janken, to yelp as a dog for a piece of seize with the hand, and reflectively to
meat hy jankt om dat ampt, he hankers happen
;
ON. henda, to seize, also to
;
something given or done to make good a seize, catch, take.— Kil. Pl.D. Happ,
contract. Happs, imitation of the sound made by
Sendeth ows to gode hans the jaws ; happ'n, to take with the mouth
An c. thousand besans.—Alisaunder, 2930. so as to let the sound happ be heard ;
of It. aringo, which would remain un- gan, to shelter) was the duty of lodging
accounted for if arringare, to harangue, the officers of the crown on public service,
were identical with E. arraign, OFr. or a contribution for that purpose. Ut '
aregnier, araisner. Mid. Lat. adrationare. nee pro waitl, &c., nee pro heribergare
The syllable ha in Fr. haratigue repre- nee pro alio banno heribannum comes
sents the h in OHG. hring, as the ha in exactare prsesumat, nisi, &c.' Leg. Car. —
hanap, the h in OHG. hnapfj or the ca in Mag. in Muratori, Diss. 19, p. 53. In
canif, the k in knife. later times the word was applied to shel-
Sarass. Fr. harasser, to tire or toil ter, lodgment, hospitality in general, as in
out, to vex, disquiet, harry, hurry, turmoil. G. herberge. albergo, Fr. auberge, an
It.
— Cot. From the figure of setting on a inn, or house for the harbouring of travel-
dog to attack another animal. Fr. harer lers ; OE. harborough, to harbour, or give
nn chien, to set a dog on a beast harier, ; shelter to.
to harry, hurry, vex, molest. —
Cot. The t was herbarweles and ye Iierboridcn me.
angry snarling of a dog is represented by Wicliff in R.
the sound of the letters rr, ss, st, ts, tr, Then went forth our pinnaces to seek harho-
and as the sounds of the angry animal rffw,and found many good harbours, of the
are imitated in order to excite his anger which we entered into one with our shippes.—
Hackluyt in R.
and set him on an opponent, a variety of
words are formed from the foregoing radi- Bret, herberdhia, to give shelter, lodging,
cal letters with the sense of setting on, hospitality.
inciting, provoking, irritating, teasing, Hard. Close, compacted, difficult.
annoying. We may cite Lat. hirrire, to B. G. ha7-t, N. hardr, Goth, hardus. Gr.
snarl w. hyr, the gnar or snarl of a dog,
; Kapro^, Kparoc,, Strength.
a word used by one who puts a dog for- Hardy. Fr. hardi, Bret, her, hardiz,
ward to fight, a pushing or egging on ;
It. ardito, daring ; ardire, to dare. Fr.
hys, a snarl ; hysian, hysio, to cause to harier, hardier, OE. hardy, hardish, to
snarl, to urge, to set on hys / used in
; excite, set on, encourage. From the figure
setting on a dog. Walach. hirii, to snarl, of setting on a dog, Fr. harer un chicn.
to set on, incite, irritate, se hirii, to quar- W. hyrrio, hyrddio, to set on, irritate, push,
rel. E. dial, to harr, to snarl to hare,
; thrust, drive, make an onset hwrdd, an
—
;
to hurry, harass, scare. Hal. N. hirra, assault, onset; "R-OMchi hourder les chicns,
hissa, to set on a dog. Dan. irre, to to set them on.
tease, opirre, to irritate, provoke. In the '
Hyrtc hine hord-weard,' the treasure-
same way E. to tar or ter, to set on a dog, —
keeper animated himself. Beovirulf 5183.
to provoke ; Dan. tirre, to tease, to See Harass.
worry. Hare. g. hose.
Harbinger. One sent onto prepare To Hare. To scare or terrify. 'To
harbourage or lodgment for his employer, hare and rate them at every turn is not
thence one who announces the arrival of to teach them, but to %ex and torment
another. —
them to no purpose.' Locke on Educa-
AS. heribyrigan, OE. harborow, Sc. her- tion. Fr. harer un chien, to set on a dog.
bery, herbry, to harbour or give lodgment See Harass.
or quarters to. Hence herbryage, har- Haricot. A
dish described by Cot. as
bourage, lodging, from which would be made of small pieces of mutton a little
formed harb'ragcr, harbreiigcr, as from boiled, then fried. Hotchepot of many
message, messenger, from scavage, scaven-
ger. Barbour uses herbryour in the same
meates, haricot. Palsg. —
The meaning
of the word seems to be, hacked or chop-
signification direct from herbry. ped, cut up into small bits, the name of
—
to whisper. —Jam. on. hark, Bohem. engine or device. Fl. Harnois degueule, —
hrk, noise, hrdiii, to murmur, rustle. belly-furniture, meat and drink. Cot. The —
The effort of listening is directed to catch meaning of the word is thus habiliment,
low sounds ; accordingly we intimate our furniture, probably from Sp. guarnear,
wish that a person should listen by a re- gttarnescer, to garnish, trim, adorn, to har-
presentation of the low sound to which ness mules ; giiarnh, parts of a tackle-fall ;
his attention is to be directed. Thus the guarnicion, garniture, trimming, (in pi.)
Latins represented the low rustling sound armour of defence ; harness of horses.
made by a person moving by the letters Ptg. guarnecer, to provide, furnish, equip.
st ! which were also taken as a command Harp. G. harfe, Fr. harpe. The in-
to listen or to keep still. The correspond- strument was probably named from the
ing E. term is hist / which may be ren- way of sounding it by plucking the strings
dered either hark or be silent
! with a hook or with the fingers.
! See
Hist hold awhile [hem st mane],
! ! ! Harpoon.
I hear the creaking of Glycerium's door, To Harp or Hark back. To return
Colman's Terence in R. to, an old subject.
w. hust, a low or buzzing noise ; husting, The waggoners' cry to make horses
a whisper. back is Devonshire haapl or haap
in
In the same way hark / is originally back! To ha-ape, to stop or keep back.
the representation of a rustling sound, — Hal. The cry in Da. dial, is hop dig!
then an intimation to listen. G. horchen, At hoppe en vogn, to back a waggon.
to listen. In Holstein happen or huppen, to riigge
Harlot. Not originally appropriated huppen. In Westerwald the cry is hiif!
to a female, nor even to a person of bad and thence houfe, to turn back gehouf, ;
A sturdy harlot went hem ay behind was a metaphor from harping on an old
string, or listening to the hounds that
That was hir hostes man, and bare a sack,
And What men yave him, laid it on his back.
have struck the scent behind us. What '
It seems to have simply signified a young stantly harping back to old days?
man, from W. herlawd, herlod, a youth, a Dumbleton Common, 1867; I. p. 156.
stripling, herlodes, a damsel then to Harpoon. Fr. harpon, a barbed iron
;
have acquired the sense of a loose com- for spearing fish, also a cramp-iron har- ;
panion. These harlottes that haunt pin, a boat-hook. From harper, to seize,
'
—
bordels of these foule women.' Parson's to gripe se harper Vun a I'atUre, to grap- ;
comes Wall, hard (d silent Grandg.), — harske, or haske, as sundry frutys, stypti-
har, haur, breach, nick, gap.— Remade. cus. —Pr. Pm. Harsh or astringent in
Hence hardi, haurd^, gap-toothed. Veie taste is what makes the throat rough and
hardaie, vieille brSchedent, old gap- the voice hoarse, and it will be observed
toothed woman hdrdd-dain, brSchedent, that hoarse is written with and without
;
one is hooted. Bohem. hr ! hrr / inter- ON. haust, autumn, hausta, to harvest
jection of excitement (frementis), hurrah! Bret. Eost, August, harvest ; eosta, to
OHG. haren, to cry out. Sc. harm ! an harvest.
outcry for help, also often used as a cheer The Du. has oogst, harvest
oogsten, ;
hardier, to molest, provoke, vex, toil, tur- le haseroit (if he provoked him) que si
moil. ON. heria, to make an inroad on. feroit a lui mesme.' Record, a.d. 1450, —
N. heria, to plague, oppress, ruin. Dan. in Due. Henschel. Lap. hasketet, to set
hcerge, hcerje, to ravage. The origin on dogs Sw. haska fa ndgon, to hurry
;
seems shown in Fr. harer, to set on a dog one on, urge one on ; haska bort, to drive
to attack. See Harass. away.
The word was also written harcw. Hasel. N. hasl, Du. haze-noot, hazel-
The harrowing of hell was the triumphant noot, the common nut. From the con-
expedition of Christ after his crucifixion, spicuous husk or beard in which it is
when he brought away the souls of the enveloped. Dan. hase, the beard of nuts.
righteous, who had died and had been Da. dial, haas, haser, the beard of corn
held captive in hell since the beginning fas, Sw. fnas, the beard of nuts. Bav.
of the world. hosen, fesen, the husk of corn. E. hose
Harsh. G. harsch, hard, rough, aus- was formerly used in the same sense.
tere ; Dan. harsk, rancid ; Sc. harsk. FoUicoli, the hull, hose, peel or thin skin
;
roastings, from Fr. haste, a spit, also a beasts haska ut, to drive out on. hasta
; ;
reverberate the fire on roasting meat. on, to incite Swiss hatz, anger, rancour,
;
Hastlere, that rostythe mete, assator, as- hatred (Stalder), in Austria, wrangling,
sarius. —
Pr. Pm. OFr. hastier, the rack quarrel E. hasty, easily roused to anger,
;
Tlie poyntes of cure al by rawe ; are, to bear malice. Fr. haster, hater,
Of potage, hastery and bakun mete. aastir, ahastir, aatir, to irritate, provoke,
Liber Cure Cocorum in Way. Hesser,
excite haster, hdter, to hasten.
;
All from Lat. hasta, a spear, transferred to incite, animate, also to hate. Roquef. —
to the signification of a spit. It is singu- 'Aucuns desdits de Mons aastirent de
lar that the Du. should have arrived by a paroles ceux de Villers.' Record, a.d. —
totally different track at so similar a 1401. Raoulin plain de mauvais esprit
'
From the snapping sound made by a h, OSax. huoti, ; AS. irritatus, infensus
clasp in closing. For the same reason a hettan, to persecute, pursue, on. hata,
clasp is also called a snap, and clapps ! G. hassen, to hate. Goth, hatis, anger,
(whence elapse, clasp) is an imitation of hatyan, to hate. The same equivalence
the same sound. Pl.D. happen, happsen, of forms with and without an initial h is
to snap with the jaws so as to let the seen in OSax. hatol, AS. atol, hateful,
sound happ, or happs, be heard. Dan- — cruel.
neil. Fr. happe, a clasp ; happer, to The connection between the ideas of
snap or snatch. setting on of animals to fight, and the
On the same principle Du. gaspe, angry passions, is also seen in Gael, stuig,
gkespe, a clasp, may be compared with E. incite, spur on, set dogs to fight (Lat. in-
gasp, to snap after breath. stigare), and Gr. btv^oq, hatred.
Hassock. A
tuft of sedge or rushes, a Hat. ON. h'ottrj Fris. hatte.
mat hassock-head, a matted head, bushy
;
Hatch.— Hack. Two words of differ-
entangled head of hair. Hal. —
Sc. has- ent derivations are probably confounded.
I. To hatch, to fasten, from Du.
haeck,.
sock, a besom, anything bushy, a large
round turf of peat used as a seat.—Jam. a hook, Pl.D. haken, to hook, hold fast.
Fin. hassa, a shaggy entangled condition Idt haket, it sticks fast, hseret res to- ;
hassapdd {pdd, head), tangled hair; haken, to button.— Brem. Wtb. ' If in
—;
which the hay is pulled down) ; Sw. hdck, halsberc, AS. healsbeorg, a coat of mail,
a hedge of branches, a palisade, coop for from heals, the neck, and beorgan, to
fowls, rack for horses ; Fin. hakki, a cage cover or defend.
or hurdle made of wattles. The diminutive Fr. haubergeon, a
The root of this second division seems habergeon, is explained by Cotgr. a little
preserved in Esthon. haggo, bushes, coat of mail, or only sleeves and gorget
twigs, rods Fin. hako, g. hawon, fir
; of mail.
branches, whence hakeri, a hut of poles, Haughty. Formerly haul, hautain,
hakuli, a palisade. Walach. hacu, twigs, from Fr. haul, high, hauty, lofty ; haul d,
branches, rods, ha.tsishu,hatshiuga., brush- la main, hautain, proud, surly, stately.
wood. Cot.
To
Hatch.. To break the eggshell and
The fader hem louede alle ynog, ac the geongost
allow the young to come out. See Hack.
Hatchel. Hassel. —
Hackle. — — mest,
For heo was best and fairest, and to hautenesse
Heckle. The toothed instrument for drovv lest.— R. G.
combing flax is widely known by this Such minds as are haute, puffed up with pride.
name throughout Europe. Du. hekel, G. Udal in R.
hechel. Fin. hakyla, Walach. hehela, het-
Lat. alius. It. alto, high ; altiero, Sp.
sela, Magy. hdhel, a heckle. Bohem. altivo, haughty.
hachlowati, wochlowati, to heckle. Haunch. OHG. hlancha, and by the
Probably from the hooks or teeth of loss of the h, lancha, G. lanke, the flank.
which the instrument is composed. And '
On the other hand, by the loss of the /,
yet the same must be better kembed with
It. aiica, Fr. hanche, the haunch or hip.
hetchel-teeth of iron (pectitur ferreis
In the same way the OE. clatch is con-
hamis) until it be clensed from all the nected with catch on the one side and
—
gross bark and rind.' Holland, Pliny in
latch on the other. See Flank.
R. Haunt. From Bret, hent (correspond-
Hatchet. Fr. hacher, to hack hach- ;
ing to Goth. si7ith, AS. sitli), a way, henti,
ereau, hachette, a hatchet or small axe.
Fr. hanter, to frequent, to haunt.
Rouchi hape, an axe, hapiete, apiete, a To Have. Lat. habere, Goth, haban.
hatchet. Haven, on. h'dfn, OFr. haveiic, havle,
Hate. See Haste.
mod. havre, a haven ON. hafna, to re-
;
Hater. Properly a rag, then in a de- fuse, abstain, desert at hafna bodi, to
;
preciatory sense a garment.
refuse an invitation •vinirnar hafna ;
I have but oon hool hater, quod Haukyn,
honuin, his friends desert him at hafna
I am the lasse to bla.me,
;
clown. Swiss holzbock, homo stupidus, a chi tocca, bad luck to him to whom it
incogitans. —
Idioticon Bern, in Deutsch. falls. Mod.Gr. ?dpi, a die Alb. zar, a
;
seize, Lap. hapadet, to grasp at. From thine didst hazle and dry up the forlorn
the same root hauki, a pike, known for dregs and slime of Noah's deluge.' —
its voracity among fish, as the hawk Roger's Naaman the Syrian in Trench.
among birds." Fr. hosier, h&ler, to dry in the air, to
To Hawk. I. w. hochi, to hawk, to wither from drought. Rouchi hasi, dried
clear the throat. Magy. hdk, clearing the by the heat, burnt. N. hcEsa, to dry in
throat, phlegm. An imitation of the the wind, to breathe hard ; has, a frame-
sound produced. Dan. harke, to hawk, work for drying hay and corn in the field
harkla, to spit. Sw. has, cocks of hay.
To Hawk. 2. Hawker. A hawker
To Heal.—Health.—Holy. G. heil,
whole, sound, entire, in good health ;
is one who cries his goods for sale about
heilig, inviolable, inviolate, secure from
the streets or ways to hawk, to cry goods
;
injury, sacred, holy. Or. 'oKoq, whole,
for sale. N. hauka, hua, huga, to cry, to
shout. Pol. huk, roar, din, clangour
entire. With an initial s instead of h (as
in Lat. sal, compared with Or. oKq, w. hal)
hukad, to whoop, hoot, hallow, w. hw, a
hoot, hwa, to hallow, to shout hwchw ! we ;
have Lat. solus, alone (undivided),'pa-
rallel with Or. 'i\oq ; salvus, sound, and
a cry of hollo, a shout, scream ; Bret, ioua,
salus {saluf), corresponding to hallow,
ioudha, to cry, to shout Fr. hucher, Pic.
;
health. As the healing of a wound is the
hugiter, to call or cry. Hence Mid.Lat.
joining of the skin and covering up of the
huccus, uccus, cry hucagium, or crida-
;
wound, the word seems connected with
gium, criagium, the duty payable on cry-
helan, to hill or cover, though it is by
mg the sale of wine. ' Chacun tavernier AS. no means clear that the latter signification
de St Nicolas est tenu de nous rendre et
is the earliest in the order of develop-
poier chacun an, pour chacun tonneau
ment.
que il vend en I'an, maiUe pour criage, et
Heam. See Hame.
nous sommes tenus de crier leur vin k
Heap. Pl.D. hoop, G. haufe, ON. hopr,
leur requeste.' —
Record, a.d. 1289, in
AS. heap, a heap, crowd.
Due. Hensch. ' Videlicet quod huca-
To Hear. Hark! hist J list! are all .
mus celebrare, ita quod pro praedictis ex- passion, anger ; heiss, hot, vehement, ar-
equiis iv hercice excellentias convenientes dent.
regali —in locis subscriptis per executores We have seen under Entice that the
nostros przeparentur.' —
Test. Ric. 11. figure of setting on a dog to fight gives a
Rymer, vol. 8. 75, in Due. Hensch. The designation to the act of lighting a fire,
quantity of candles being the great dis- and even to the materials of combustion,
tinction of the funeral, the name of the in Lat. titio, Fr. tison, a fire-brand. And
frame which bore them came to be used if thesame line of inquiry is pushed a
for the whole funeral obsequies, or for littlefurther it will be hard to avoid the
the cenotaph at whose head the candles conclusion that the G. hitze and E. heat
were placed, and finally for the funeral have their origin in the same figure. If
carriage. the G. hetzen, anhetzen, to set on dogs to
At Poules his masse was done, and diryge fight or attack, to incite, inflame, provoke,
In hers royall, semely to royalte. Sw. hetsa, to set on, to heat, and the like,
Hardyng, Rich. II. in Way. stood by themselves, no one would doubt
Herce, a dede body, corps. Palsgr. — that the idea of heating the passions of
Heart. Goth, hairio, Gr. KapSia, KpaSia, the animal was the foundation of the
KBap, Lat. car {cord'), It. ctiore, Fr. caeur, expression. But when we compare the
Gael, cridne, Lith. szirdis, Russ. serdce, hissing or snarling sounds used in setting,
Sanscr. hrid, hardi. on dogs, Fin. has ! as ! Lap. hos ! Serv.
Heart of Grace. To take heart of osh! Pl.D. hiss! w. hyr ! E. ss ! st! ts
grace or pluck up heart of grace, to be of It. izs! uzz! we find it impossible either
good heart. I take herte a gresse as one to suppose that these are derived from a
dothe that taketh a sodayne corage upon word signifying heat, or to separate the
him. They lyved a grete Avhyle as cow- G. and Sw. forms above mentioned from
ards, but at the last they took herte a the other verbs manifestly founded on
gresse to them. —
Palsgr. the cry of instigation. Lap. hasetet, haske-
Apparently from a punning version of tet, hotsalet, Serv. oshkati, N. hirra, Dan.
the expression to take a good Iteait. tirre, Pl.D. hisscn (e. tiss, to hiss), Sw.
— — ;
country ; heide-kraut, heath and other thicket, a quickset hedge. Du. haag,
plants that grow on barren wastes. The hegghe, a thorn-bush, thicket, hedge, also
plant heath is no doubt so named from —
a hurdle. Kil. Haag-doom, hawthorn.
growing on barren heaths. Suffolk hetch, a thicket, a hedge. Fin.
Heathen. Goth, haithno, "EWjjvi'e, hako, fir-branches, Esthon. Aag^(7,Walach.
Marc 7. 26. G. heide, a heathen. The haai, bushes, twigs, rods. See Hatch.
word bears a singular resemblance to Gr. To Heed. as. hedan, Du. hoeden, G.
the Gentiles, but if it were derived
fflvij, htiten, to keep, guard, observe. Hoeden
from that source it must have passed de beesten, to watch cattle.
through the form of Lat. Ethnici, which Heel. AS. hel, on. hcell, Du. hiel.
could hardly have produced G. heide. To Heel. as. hyldan, to incline. Hyra '
We must then suppose that it is the andwlitan on eorthen hyldun.' They bent
equivalent of Lat. paganus, meaning ori- their looks on the earth. —Luc 24. 5. ON.
ginally country people, from Goth, haithi, halla, to incline, to lean towards ; hallr,
the open country. Du. heyde, heyden, inclined towards, inclination hella, to
;
an arched or vaulted covering, the sky, water on the erthe before alle his men.'—
heaven. MS. Hal. ' Hwon me asaileth buruhwes
The sound of v and m immediately be- other castles theo thet beoth withinnen
fore an n frequently interchange. Dan. heldeth schaldinde water ut ' -pour scald-
hevne, N. hemna, to revenge OS^.jaf-
;
—
ing water out. Ancren Riwle, 246. In
nati, jamnan, always ; as. efne, in com- the same way Fr. verser, to pour, seems
position emne, even, equal ; ON. sofna, to preserve the original meaning of Lat.
Sw. somna, to fall asleep ; ON. safna, AS. vergere, to decline, incline. Spuman-
'
jo»z»/fl«, to collect. There can then be little tesque mero paterK verguntur.' —
Statius.
doubt that Goth, himins and OSax. heb- Heifer, as. heafore, e. dial, heckfor,
an, as. heofon, are from the same root, heifker. Hekfere, juvenca Pr. Pm. —
probably a verb signifying to cover. The hecforde, a yong cowe, genisse. Palsgr. —
word was understood by the Saxons them- Du. hokheling, a heifer, from hok, a pen
selves in this sense. '
Sage me for hvil- or cote. The second syllable of heifer
cum thingum heofon sy gehaten heofon ? may be a modification of G.ferse, a heiferi
Ic the sage for thou he beheleth eall thset Height. See High.
hym beufon byth.' Tell me why heaven Heinous. Fr. haineux, from haine;
is called heaven 'i I tell you because it malice, hate, rancour ; hair, OFr. hadir,
covereth all that is beneath it. —Dialogue to hate. Diez. —
of Saturn and Solomon. A consciousness Heir. OFr. hoir, Lat. hceres.
of the same meaning is indicated in a To Hele.—Hill.—Hile. To cover.
passage of Otfrid quoted by Ihre. So Hillier, a tiler.
himil thekit thaz land. As wide as Thei hiled them I telle thee
heaven covers earth. From the same With leves of a fige tree.
root OSw. himin, the membrane which A poor person says, It takes a great
'
covers the brain ; himmels korn (for him- deal to hill and fill so many children.'
lost korn), skinless barley; hejnlig, secret, Goth, huljan, G. hiillen, to veil or cover,
22*
— —
;;;
is managed. OE. halme, handle. Helme (Kiittn.) or Hu7nm ! (Brem. Wtb.) Stop !
noisy, hurried, disorderly mode of action. a natural transition ; Du. hemmen, sis-
Sw. buller, noise, rattle, bustle G. pol- ; tere, retinere. — Biglotton. We then pass
tern, to make a hammering
noise, to do on to the notion of checking, controlling,
something with noise and racket, Hol- '
confining. See Ho.
ter-polter ! ein fiirchterliches getose.' Hemi-. Gr. %i, signifying half ; jJ^itos,
Sanders. For the element skelter com- half.
pare Sw. skalla, to yell ; Sc. skelloch, Hemorrhage. Gr. aino^payla, a burst-
Gael, sgal, shriek, yell, howl. ^Haider ing forth of blood, al/ia, and pfiyvvju, to
de qualder aus dem Spanischen iiber- break, burst.
setzen reicht nicht hin ;
' hand over head, Hemorrhoids. Gr.a'iiiolipoiQ, ainoppoWoc,
— — ;
henne, a hen. Sw. hannar och honor, the driving of cattle is vividly repre-
cocks and hens, males and females. Dan. sented by the setting on of dogs and
han, he, male ;han-kat, male cat han- the cries used in exciting them.
; So
spurv, cock-sparrow hane, a cock, male from hiss! the cry to a dog, we have
;
of domestic fowl ; hun, she, female of Pl.D. hissen, to set on ; de schaop hissen,
animals, hen of birds. It should be ob- to collect the sheep by the aid of a dog.
served hun becomes hen in the oblique Danneil. In Welsh the cries herr! hyrr !
cases. Pl.D. heeken and seeken, male and representing the snarl of a dog, are used
female of animals, cock and hen of birds. in hounding him on to fight, whence
Hendunan. A
supporter, one who hyrrio (n. hirrd], to set on a dog, and ap-
stands at one's haunch. So It. fiancai'e, parently hyrddio, to irritate, to impel, to
to flank, by met. to urge or set on (in —
push, to drive. Lewis. Roquefort gives
;
hunta, AS. huth, capture, prey ; OFris. harer, hourder, w. hyrrio, hyrddio may
handa, henda, to seize, ON. henda, to perhaps be explained harde, hourde, herd.
seize, to happen, the connection between Here. See He.
these ideas being shown under Happen. -h.ei-e. -hes. \jaX.hcereo, hcEsi,io%\\c^.
'
1 hente, I take by violence, or I catch, Adhere, to stick to Adhesive, having a
;
—
Je happe.' Palsgr. Sw. hdnda, to hap- tendency to stick to ; Cohere, to stick
pen. It is perhaps from this sense of together.
the verb rather than from the noun hand —
Hereditary. Heritage. Lat. hares,
that was formed the OE. hende, courteous, hceredis, an heir, Fr. heritage.
agreeable, in accordance with G. gefal- —
Heresy. Heretic. Gr. aVptirie (alpEw,
lig, falling in with the feelings of another, to choose, take), a choosing, an opinion,
complaisant, agreeable. a sect.
The original image is snapping with Heriot. as. here-geata, wig-geat, wig-
the jaws at something; Sc.hansh,haunsh, geatwe, warlike habiliments, from here
to snap or snatch at, violently to lay hold or wig, war, and geatwe, apparatus.
of — Jam. OFr. hancher, to grasp or
; Hi in wig'geatawum
snatch at with the teeth. —
Cot. '
Men Aldrum nethdon.
havyng on her shuldres and on her helmes They in warlike habiliments ventured
sharp pikes that if the olifaunt wold their lives. Beowulf. —
oughte henche or catch hem (posset ap- The latter part of the word is identical
prehendere), the pricks shulde let hem.' with Lith. gdtawos, ready Walach. gata, ;
Du.
heron, in contradistinction to aigrette, hik, hickse, huckup, Bret, hik, Fr. hoquet,
egrette (with the ,dim. termination), the OE. snickup, hiccup. Du. hikken, snik-
small heron or egret. Fr. heronceau, a ken, hicksen, OE. yex, to sob. AH direct
young hfiron, gives E. heronshaw. representations of the sound.
The origin of the name is probably Hide. G. haut, Du. huyd, on. huS,
the harsh cry of the bird. W. cregyr, a Lat. cutis, Gr. tsKvToq, skin of a beast. ON.
screamer, a heron ; creg, hoarse. hyda, to skin a beast, to give a hiding or
Herring. Fr. hareng, G. haring. flogging.
Hesitate. Lat. hcesitare, freq. from To Hide. To conceal, to cover. Du.
h(zreo, to stick, stick fast. hoeden, hueden, to keep, protect, cover,
Hetero-. Gr. 'irtfioz, other, as in hete- w. huddo, to cover, shade, darken. N.
rodox, of another («5a) opinion ; hetero- hide, the lair of a beast, hide seg (of a
geneous, of another (ylvoc) kind. bear), to seek covert ; ON. hyd-bjbrn, a
To Hew. ON. hoggva, to strike, to bear in hybernation.
cut AS. heawian, Du. hauwen, G. hauen,
;
Hide of Land. As much as could be
to hew. E. dial, hag, to hack. See tilled by a single, plough. The word is
Haggle. still used as a measure of land in Nor-
vigour and high spirits of youth, where Kant ele vit le cors sans vie
the spelling is probably modified under
—
Hidor ot de ce qu'ele vit. lb. 4, 324.
tedious m making a bargain. Webster. tit, the guard or cross-bar which pro-
To higgle is to haggle about petty mat- tected the hand, and efra hjaltit, the
ters, and if higler and higgle stood by. knob or pummel which prevented the
themselves we should without hesitation sword from being dragged out of the
regard higgle as the original and explain hand hjolt (plur.), the two together or
;
And with a head some four foot high that rores, behind, after, in time or space.
It on the sodaine swells and beats the shores ;
— Hind. 3. —Hine. A servant, husband-
— ; ; !
berry, -whorts or hurts, was given to what whisper, mutter ust, a hist or hush, a
;
is otherwise called the bilberry, the rasp- silence. After janglinge wordes cometh
'
berry was named after the female of the huiste, peace and be stille.' Chaucer. —
same animal, or hind. It. zitto, a slight sound non fare un ;
Hinge. The hooks on which the door zitto, not to let a whist be heard zitto ! ;
is hung. OE. hing, to hang. Du. henghen, hush ! Piedm. siss/, E. dial, tiss, to hiss
to hang ; henghe, henghene, hook, handle, Du. sus ! tus ! hush sus, silence. Dan. !
—
Hint. Inkling. The meaning of History. Gr. wTopla Wwp, one know- ;
both these words is a rumour or a whisper ing, fully acquainted, from "wriju, I know.
of some intelligence. Parallel with E. Histrionic. Lat. histrio, a stage-
hum, representing a murmuring sound, player .
the ON. has iima (without the initial h), To Hit. ON. hitta, to light on, to find.
to resound ymia {timdi), to whizz, whis-
;
Their hittuz d veginom, they met in the
tle ymta, to whisper or rumour.
;
Hann way. Compare Fr. trouver, to find, with
ymti d thvi, suspicionem dedit, he gave G. treffen, to hit. Bav. hutzen, to strike.
a hint, an inkling of it. Ymtr, rumour Die bock hutzen an einander, butt against
evulgatus, a hint. Dan. ymte, to whisper, each other. lUyr. hitati, to cast, throw.
talk softly, secretly of Sw. hafva hum —
Hitch. Hotch. Hitch, motion by a
om nigot, to have an inkling or a hint of jerk also a loop. To hotch, to move the
;
Inkling is from a frequentative form of ing till one shakes. Bav. hutschen, to
the same root, on. uml, Dan. ymntel, rock, to hitch oneself along like children
murmur, ymple, to whisper, to rumour on tiieir rumps. Du. hutsen, hutselen, to
Molbech, whence E. inkling, by a change shake, to jumble. Fr. hocher, to shake.
analogous to that which holds between G. Swiss hoischen, to hiccup hoschen, to ;
"iTtiroQ, a horse, and Troraftos, river. and wife. AS. hige, higo, hiwa, a house-
Hire. AS. hyre, Du. huur, G. heuer, hold, family ; hdner-hive, a hen's-nest.
W. hiir, wages, payment for service. Hence a hive of bees, the swarm which
To Hiss. J/iss, whizz, fizz, are imita- constitutes one family or household. Du.
tions of the sound represented. E. dial, lioHivcn, houden, houwelicken, hijlicken,
to tiss, to hiss. Piedm. issd, siss^, to hiss to marry, as. hiwrcedot, a family, G.
on a dog. heurath, marriage.
HO HOBBY 34S
Ho. — Hoa.—Whoa. A cry to stop Romans demanded tribute of Arthur he
horses. Hence to ho, to stop, to cease. sent them instead the body of their king
Fr. ho, interjection to impose silence or on a rich bier, 'and grette Rom-weres
stop an action. Roquef.— alle mid graeten huxe; and said that he
my dere moder, of thy wepyng ho, had sent them the tribute of the land.—
1 you beseifc do not, do not so, D. V. — Layamon iii.
And at a stert he was betwixt hem two, —
Hob. Hobble. The image originally
And pulled out a sword and cried, Ho / represented is action by a succession of
No more, up peine of lesing of your hed. efforts, as Sc. kabble, to stammer or stut-
Chaucer.
ter ; limp, to move unevenly
E. hobble, to
Out of all ho, beyond all restraint. by broken hob, a false step, an
efforts ;
Mast. It is a hoaming sea. We shall have hoppern, hoppen, to jog up and dqwn, as
foul weather. —Dryden, Tempest in R. a bad rider on a trotting horse. The ex-
Much of the French that has passed into pression is then transferred to what pro-
English belongs to the Walloon or Bur- duces a hobbling motion, Du. hobbelig,
gundian dialect, where an initial j or sch E. dial, hobbly, rough, uneven ; hobbles,
is generally replaced by an h. Thus rough stones ; hob or hub, a projection.
Wal. hauder is the Fr. ichauder, E. scald; The hob of a fire-place is the raised stone
Wal. houti, Fr. escouter, E. scout j Wal. on either side of the hearth between
houvion, Fr. escouvillon, a clout. In the which the embers were confined. Hub,
same way the G. schaum, Fr. escume, cor- the projecting nave of a wheel, a thick
responds to Wal. houmd, to scum the pot square sod, an obstruction of anything,
—
;
2. A
hoarding is a fence of boards. peg driven into the heels of shoes. Hal. —
Probably from Fris. schardinge, separa- Hob, hob-clunch, a country clown. Hal. —
tion, by the same change which is seen A hob or clown, piedgris. Sherwood. —
in Wall. hArd, from ON. skard, Du. Hob-goblin, a clownish goblin, a goblin
schaerde, a breach, separation, fragment. who does laborious work, where the first
'Alle schardinge, dat is schedinge tus- syllable is commonly taken as the short
chen den huisem und tuinen saU men for H
albert or Robert.
maeken van plancken.' All divisions be- Hobbedelioy. A
youth not yet come
tween houses and gardens shall be made to man's estate, otherwise written hob-
of planks. —
Ost Fris. Landrecht. in Brem. bityhoy, hobbledehoy. Perhaps considered
Wtb. in V. scherung. See Hoaming. as a young cock. Gakerdiha, the cry of
Hoarse, as. and ON. hds, G. heiser, the cock.— Dialect of Henneberg in Fran-
Du. heesch, O Flanders heersch, hoarse. conia. Deutsch. Mundart. iii. 407.
—
Hoos, hoarse, raucus. Pr. Pm. E. dial. To Hobble or Hopple horses. See
hooze, a difficult breathing in cattle Hamper.
hoazed, hoarse. —
Hal. N. hcesa, to pant,
;
—
Hobby. Hobby-horse. The horse
breathe hard, to wheeze. is commonly named in children's lan-
Hoary. AS. har, hoary. ON. hcera, a guage from the cries used in the manage-
mattress, gray hair Fr. haire, a hair
; ment of the animal. Thus in e. the cry
shirt ON. hcerSr, comatus, haired, also
; with which we are most familiar is gee !
gray-haired, hoary ; at hcerast, to become to make a horse go, and the nursery
hoary ; hcerulcmgr, having long hair ;
name for a horse is geegee. In Germany
hceru-kall {kail, old man), a gray-haired hott is the cry to make a horse turn to
man. the right (or generally to urge it to exer^
The sense of hoary then would seem to tion), ho to the left, and the horse is called
arise from a singular ellipse. hotte-pard (Danneil), huttjen-ho-peerd
* Hoax. AS. husc, hose, OS. hosk, OE. (Holstein. Idiot.), hottihuh (Stalder), as in
hux, sarcasm, taunt, jeer. When the Craven highly, from the cry hail! In
—— ; !
horse's leg from the knee to the fetlock Du. hoddebek, hobbelbek, stammelbek
—
hough, the back of the knee. AS. hoh, {bee pour bouche Diet, du bas Lang.), a
the heel, ham (calx, poples, suffrago), stammerer. As hobbelen is to stammer,
hoh-fot, hoh-spor, heel, hoh-scanc, the leg, as well as to jolt or jog, and the senses of
hoh-sin, the ham-string, sinew of the broken speech and broken impulsive
knee. G. hakse, haxe, the knuckle or movement are commonly united, it is
foot-joint of the hind leg in horses, &c. only in accordance with the general
—
.
Kiittn. To hock, hough, hockle, hox, analogy that the element hod, which has
to cut the hamstring. To hox is also to just been seen in the sense oi jog, should
scrape the heels and knock the ancles in signify stammer in the compound hodde-
walking. —
Hal. bek.
* Hodgepodge. —
The radical signification is probably Hotchpot. Hodge-
the member used in kicking hoh-sin, the podge or hotchpotch has the appearance
;
but it is most improbable that the juggler pantschen. Swab, batschen, Hesse batschen,
(whose interest it is to please everybody) to dabble in the wet, to splash, to tramp
should have made his performances the in mud and melting snow bdtsch-ivetter, ;
Perhaps the rigmarole may have arisen mud pantsch, a mixture of liquors, a
;
from Pol. huk, puk, noise, bustle, clatter. mash Banff, pofch, a puddle, a disor-
;
Hod. Atray for carrying mortar ; a trample into mud, to walk through water
coal-scuttle. Fr. hotte, a scuttle, dosser, or mud in a dirty manner, to work in a
—
basket to carry on the back Cot., G. liquid or semiUquid in a dirty manner.
hotte, a dorser in which grapes are The reduplicative hotchpotch conveys
gathered. the idea of continued patching, of a
Perhaps the radical idea may be shown thorough/o/f/i. Bav. hctsche petsch, haws
in Sc. hot, a small heap of any kind ; a boiled with sugar to a pap.
hot of muck, as much dung as is hodded The reduplicative form of the word is
°'" jogged down in one place. Huddel, a lost in Fr. hochepot, a gallimaufrey, a
heap to liud, to collect into heaps.
; confused mass of many things jumbled
Hal. The hod is then the basket in together. —
Cot. Here then, as in Du.
which a hot of dung or of mortar is car- hutsepot, a haricot or stew of chopped.
;
Latimer, oi pur, pur, puts us in mind of cum sono et copiose fluit w&ki holaa, ;
Hog. —
Hoggel. mur hollottaa, to speak confusedly
—
get. Hoggaster. A
young sheep of
;
Fr. hausser. It. alzare, E. halse or hawse, distinguished from the surrounding land,
to raise, from Lat. altus. bit of grass among corn separate bit of ;
The origin of hisser may be a repre- pasture. Du. holtn, a mount, sand-bank,
sentation of the heavy breath accompany- river island. AS. holm, water, sea holm- ;
ing a violent tug at a rope. Lang, isso ! am, an ocean-house, ship. Holmas dcelde
cry of men pushing or pulling at a heavj' Waldend ure. Our Lord divided the
load. Anen toutes / isso 1 All at once waters. !
;; ! ;
— ;
was his Lord's man^ in the terms, Deve- ' make a cry of derision or contempt. Fin.
nio vester homo.' Thence applied to any hutaa, to shout, to call huuto, clamour,;
Homicide. Lat. homicidas homo, and out. Gael. utJ ut! interjection of disap-
csdo, to slay. probation or dislike. N. hussa, to frighten
Homily. Gr. o/iiXia, the act of inter- or drive out with noise and outcry. Bav.
course with one, conversation, discourse ; huss ! huss ! cry to set on a dog, also to
from 'ifiCKoQ, an assembly. drive away dogs, pigs, or birds ; Swiss
Homo-. Homoeo-. Gr. 6/jof, common, huss ! cry of setting on a dog or hissing
joint, agreed ; o/iotoc, like, resembling. a man ; huss use! out off with you! pro-
!
upper part of a thing, a hat. Finger-hut, usual to cry to a stumbling man or beast
a thimble ; licht-hut, an extinguisher. —
Hop! Hop!' K'ittner. It is also used
Pl.D. hodjen, hbtjen, a hood. Du. hoeden, to represent the successive beats of con-
to keep, cover, protect hoed, hat, hood.
;
tinued action.
-hood. ON. hattr, manner, custom Hurre Hurre Hop Hop
! ! !
hdtta, to use, to be wont. Bav. hait, the Ging's fort in sausendem galopp !
from a boundary.
opoE, its cover, before the ears burst out.
Horn. Goth, haurn, Lat. cornu, Bret. —
Hospice. Hospital. Lat. hospitium,
com, Gr. Kipae, Heb. keren. a lodging for strangers ; hospitalis, con-
Hornet, g. horniss. From the buzz- nected with guests, from hospes, -pitis,
ing noise. W. chwyrnu, to hum, whizz, landlord, entertainer, host, and conversely
snore ; chwyrnores, a hornet. Du. horn- the person entertained, guest. Russ.
sel, horsel, hornet, gadfly horselen, to ; Gospody, the Lord God gospodin, the ;
and colo, cultum, to till, dress. copi deinceps sicut hactenus vexentut
Hose. A
stocking, covering for the hostibus' (i. e. with demands of military
legs. Fr. house, houseau ; It. uosa, Bret. service), sed quando nos in hostem per-
'
heuz, euz, G. hosen, ON. hosa. Du. hose, gimus' (which may be translated either,
boots, leathern casings. If a covering when we march against the enemy, or
for the leg be the original meaning of the when we proceed on military duty or join
word, it would find a satisfactory explana- the ranks), 'ipsi propriis resideant in
tion in Gael, cas, cos, the foot or leg ; parochiis.' The same immunity is ex-
cois-eidiadh (literally leg-clothing), shoes pressed in a charter of A. D. 965, nee ab '
and stockings. The Gael, initial c often hominibus ipsius ecclesise hostilis ex-
corresponds to E. h, as cuip, a whip ; peditio requiratur.' In a law of Lothaire
cuileann, holhn or holly. But it is more a certain fine is imposed on those who,
likely that the original meaning is the having the means, neglect hostem bene '
sheath, husk, pod of pulse, grain, &c. facere,' while those are excused who
Bav. hosen, pod, husk ; Dan. hase, the 'propter paupertatem neque per se hos-
beard or husk of nuts. ' FoUicoH, the tem facere, neque adjutorium prsestare
— ;
;
Dapper, ' they cannot utter except with shoulders a footcloth for a horse, a
;
great trouble, and seem to draw them up coverlet for a bed (in
which sense it is
from the bottom of the throat like a tur- mostly used in spitles for lepers). Cot. —
key-cock. Wherefore our countrymen A horsecloth, saddle-cloth, cover of chairs,
in respect of this defect and extraordi- of carriages, hammer-cloth.
Spiers. The —
nary stammering in language have given housse of a draught-horse is explained by
them the name of Hottentots, as that Halma as a sheep or goatskin hung to
word is ordinarily used in this sense as a the neckstrap .(collar?). The original
term of derision to one who stutters and meaning of the word seems to be a tuft
stammers in the use of his words.' This or bunch of fibrous matter, a rug or
passage may perhaps only show the very shaggy covering. It may be the original
early period at which the term Hottentot of which E. hassock, a tuft of coarse
grass,
was applied by the Dutch to a man of is the dim. Fr. houssit, rugged with hair
uncouth speech, un homme d'un langage criiu houssus, thick locks or tufts of hair
extremement obscur ou desagrdable. niouton houssu, a. sheep well woolled ;
Halma. a fleece or great lock
houss!i?-e de laitie,
of wool housser, to sweep or dust with
;
In discourse they cluck like a broody hen,
all
seeming to cackle at every other word, so that
a besom or brush. The word iu Lang,
their mouths are almost hke a rattle or a clapper, is 0U7Z0, in Prov. houssa.
smacking and making a great noise with their To Hove. Sc. hove, how, hufe, huff,
tongues. —
Dapper's Africa by Ogilvy, p. 595. is explained by Jam. to swell, to halt, to
It was this clicking or stuttering which tarry, stay, lodge, remain. The proper
seems to have been represented by the meaning of the word is to huff or blow,
syllables hot-en-tot, hot and tot, when the and thence, on the one hand, to puff up or
name in question was given to the natives swell, and on the other to take breath, to
whose uncouth speech excited so much rest, repose. Mr J. Hay says that the
'
attention. That such syllables are well whole body is hoved and swelled like a
adapted to represent the sounds is ap- loaf.'
— ;
rowed.
To Hover. Properly, of a hawk, to connected with Lat. augeo, auctum, to
keep itself stationary in the air by a quiv- increase, viz. to raise the price.
ering movement of the wings. Du. hugg- Huddle. The radical image seems to
heren, httyveren, kuyveren, to quiver, be a swarm of creatures in broken move-
shiver. —
Kil. Bailey has to hover, to ment, thence a confused mass. To huddle
shiver for cold. It is probably from the is thus to make a confused mass; to
figure of shivering that the word is used huddle on one's clothes, to throw them
in the sense of standing in expectation. on in a disorderly heap to huddle
;
Dan. hvor. It seems the particle which Menyies o' moths an' flaes are shook,
forms an element of the relative pronoun An' in the floor they howder.
•who, what, and should mean mode, form, Banff, huthir, to walk in a clumsy hob-
specific appearance. bling manner, to do work in a hasty un-
To Howl. Lat. ululare, Er. huUer, skilful manner. Swiss hot tern, to shake;
hurler, G. heulen, Du. huylen, Gr. 6Xo\«- hSderlen, hotterlen, to waddle, totter
l,Hv, to cry out. hoodschen, to crawl hudeln, to flutter,
;
petition of hoop ! representing a cry. Hue. I. AS. heaw, hiw, form, fashion,
Huckle-backed. —Huck-shouldered. appearance, colour ; hiwian, to fashion,
See Hug. shape, transform, p.retend ; hiwung, crea-
Huckle-bone. Hug-bone, hubbon, hug- tion, pretence. Often explained from
gan, the hip, hip-bone. heawan, to cut, as the cut or shape of a
* Huckster. —
To Huck. Du. hoecker, thing. But perhaps heawan, ywan, to
hucker, Vl.Tl.haker, choker, Bav. hugker, show, is a more likely origin, making
hugkler, hugkner. Swab, huker, hukler, appearance the radical meaning of the
a petty dealer, higler, huckster. As w^ word. Bav. hau J look.
argued that to higgle was from higler, so 2. Er. huer, to hoot, shout, make hue
it appeafs that to huck or haggle in bar- and cry. Bret, hua, huda, to cry to
;
Wall, chouk J interjection expressive of And yet I pray thee leva brother
cold. —Remade. From this interjection is Rede thys ofte, and so lete other,
Huyde it not in hodymoke.
formed Du. huggeren, frigutire, to shiver.
— Kil.
Myrc. Instr. Parish Priest, p. 62.
From the same source the E. hug sig- The radical image, as in the case of
nifies the bodily attitude produced by the cuddle, is a whispering together. Banff.
sensation of cold when we shrug together hudgemudge, a side talk in a low tone, a
into a heap with the back rounded and suppressed talking: 'The two began to
the arms pressed upon the breast. I hudgemudge wi' ane anither in a corner.'
'
hurch, to cuddle, hurkle, to shrug up thing secret ; Fr. musser, mucer, to hide,
the back. —
Hal. To hurkle, to crouch, conceal, keep close, lurk in a corner Cot.
— —
draw the body together hurkle-backit, ; Gil que musce les furmens qui ab-
' :
— —
may have been viewed as the place where Two at your mouth, and one at either ear,
the water collects. Lat. orca, urce2is, To sharpen your five senses, and cry hum.
Lang, dotirc, dourco, a jar Flem. durk, ; Thrice, and then tuz as often. Alchemist. —
tirk, the bilge of a ship. N. hoik, a pail, Preserved or reserved 'tis all one to us,
tub. Sing you Te Deum, we'll sing Hum
and Buz.
To Hull. To
float, ride to and fro
I. Heraclitus Ridens, ii. 56, in N. & Q.
—
on the water. B. Fr. houle, the waves Buz, quoth the blue fly,
or rolling of the sea. Du. holle or hol- Hum, quoth the bee,
gaande zee, a hollow or agitated sea. Bitz and hum they cry,
And so do we.
2. To coax or fondle.
Catch, set by Dr Arne in N. & Q., June i8, 18S4
She hnlUd him and moUid. him and tooli him
—
about the necli. Chaucer. Beryn. ' Humdrum. What goes on in a hum-
23
354 HUMID HURLYBURLY
way; long hundred still occasionally used in
ming and drumming or droning
monotonous, common-place. trade reckoning. In Saxon reckoning
Humid. — Humour. Lat. humidus, the term hund forms an element in the
moist, humor, moisture. designation of the decads after three-
—
Hump. Hummock. Du. hamme, a score hund-seofontig, seventy ; hund-
;
or thump {dumpling, a knob of dough or to drive through the air with a whirring
paste) and dunch. noise. Sw. hurra omkring, to whirl
Hundred, on. hundraS, from hund round ; Bohem. chrleti, to throw or hurl.
and radjVaXio, reckoning, number. Hund- Du. hor, E. dial, hurr, a toy composed of
margr {inargr, many), to the number of a toothed disk made to spin round with a
a hundred. The term raed, a. reckoning humming sound ; Dan. hurre, to hum
(a counting up to ten), corresponds in Sw. or buzz Swiss hurrli, a humming-top.
;
place ; Swiss hurst, a shrub, thicket G, ; huot, -hot, -hut. — Dief. Sup. OSax. hutte,
horst, a tuft or cluster, as of grass, corn, care, protection. — Kil. Du. hut, hutte,
reeds, a clump of trees, heap of sand, hut, cabin.
crowd of people. Hutch.. Fr. hiicfte, a chest or bin
To Hurt.—Hurtle. Du. horten, Fr. Champ, huge, hugette, a coffer, shop, hut,
heurter. It. urtare, to dash against, w. cabin. Du. hok, a pen, cote for animals ;
hwrdd, a stroke, blow, brush, onset, konijnen-hok, a rabbit-hutch ; N. hokk, a
hyj-ddio, to drive, thrust, butt, irritate. To small apartment, bedchamber.
hurtle, to clash or dash together, is the Hybrid. Lat. hybrida, a mongrel,
frequentative form of the same root. animal born of heterogeneous parents^
And whenever he taketh him he hurtlith him explained from Gr. i5/3/otc, outrage, viz. an
down. —Wiclif, MaA 9. outrage on the laws of nature.
The noise of battle hurtleth in the air.
Hydr-. Gr. vSi»(t, -utoq (in comp.
Julius Csesar. BSpo-), water. Hence hydraula a
(avXog,
23*
; ;
356 HYDRA IF
pipe),an organ sounded by water, then iijr£p/3o\77,excess, going beyond the mark,
transferred to a machine driven by water ;
excessive praise.
hydraulics, the science of fluids in action. Hyphen. Lat. hyphen, from Gr. i-^iv
Hydrogen, what generates water ; hydro- {i)if eV, under one), together.
phobia (^6/3oe, fear), the disease charac- Hypo-. Gr. vno, Lat. sub, under.
terised by dread of water, &c. Hypochondriac. Gr. x°vSpot, a car-
Hydra. Gr. vSpa, a water-serpent a tilage ; TO. vTToxovSpia, the soft part of the
;
I. G. ich, ON. eg, Lat. egc tyw, tStdiTris TovTov Tov ipyov, unacquainted with
Sanscr. aham. thiswork ISiiurai Kara tov ttovov, persons
;
Ice. ON. is, G. eis, Du. ijs. The Pl.D. unaccustomed to labour ISiivrtie rif Xoyip,
;
vate, tliuiTtie, a private person, one who hence condition, doubt ano ibu, without
;
has no professional knowledge, unprac- doubt, without condition, as OFr. sans
tised, unskilled in anything. Mod.Gr. nul si. Du. of, oft, if, whether, or G. ob, ;
; —
paten, inpaten, Du. pooten, inpooten, to (literally, what separates or stands apart),
plant, to set ; an abscess.
Dan. pode, Limousin em-
peouta, Bret, Impregnable. What cannot be taken.
embouda, ohg. impiton,
impten, AS. ijnpan, G. impfen, to graft OYx.pregner, l-aX. prehendere, to take.
in the Salic laws impotus, Limousin em- Imprest. Money given out for a cer-
peou, a graft. The total squeezing out tain purpose to be afterwards accounted
of the long vowel is remarkable. The for. There remaineth in sundrie pro-
'
Du.pote is related to E.put, as Du. botte,. vicions as well with certein money de- —
Fr. bouton, a bud, to Du. batten, Fr. livered imprest for the provision of the
bouter, to put forth as a tree in the household, who have not yet accounted
spring. —
Cot. for the same.' In provicion £ Jn ' — .
To Impair. Lat. pejor, ¥r.pis, pire, prest viz. in the hands of, &c.'£—
; — ;
stant, inaccurate. Before words begin- And on the fire aswithe he hath it set
ning with a labial the n is changed to m, And afterward in the ingot he it cast.
as in impenitent, imbrue, immense. Before G. einguss, the pouring in, that which is
g, I, and r, the n is assimilated with the infused, a melting vessel, ingot mould,
following consonant, although, as in the —
crucible. -Kiittn. From eingiessen, Du.
first of these cases the g
is not doubled, ingieten, to pour in, cast in.
the n seems to be simply lost. Thus we Inguinal. Lat. inguen, the groin.
have Lat. ignarus for, in-gnarus, ignobilis Ink. Gr. lyKavanv, Lat. encaustum,
for in-gnobilis. Illegal, what is contrary
.
the vermilion used in the signature of the
to law ; irrepressible, what cannot be emperor. Hence It. inchiostro, incostro,
repressed. Fr. encre, enque. Wall, eng, enche, Du.
Incendiary. Lat. incendium, a burn- inkt.
ing, from incendo, to kindle ; candeo, to Inkle. Tape, linen thread. Fr. li-
glow, to be on fire. gneul, lignol, strong thread used by shoe-
Incense. From Lat. incendo, incensum, makers and saddlers lignivol (corre- ;
foot. '..
flax; Sc. linget-seed, flax-seed.
Indigenous. Lat. indigena, a native, Inkling. See Hint.
born in the country (in question). Indu, Inn. ON. inni, within inni, a house, ;
indp, and endo are given as old forms of
the lair of a wild-beast inni-bod, a feast ;
child before the age of speech, from in, /««<', I put into the berne.' Palsgr. —
negative, a.Tid /or, fari, Gr. ^tifti, to speak. Inquest. Lat. inquirere, Fr. enqtcerre,
Fr. enfant, child, son. Then as Lat. to inquire enqueste, an inquiry.
;
puer, a boy, or E. knave, with the same Instigate. Lat. instigo, to incite, prick
— '
Interloper. Du. enterloper, a contra- irritate, make angry. The cry used to
band trader, one who runs in between incite a dog is represented in w. by
those legitimately employed. Du. loopen, the interjection herr! hyrr! Richards, —
to run. agreeing with N. hirra, to incite, and
Intoxicate. Lat. toxicum, Gr. Toltsov, (without the initial h as in Lat. ird) Dan.
poison, said to be from rdSov, a bow with irre, opirre, to tease, to provoke, incite ;
the arrows belonging to it, from the latter G. veriren, verirren, exasperare. Dief. —
being smeared with poison. Supp.
—
Intrigue. Intricate. It. inirico, in- —See
Iris.Iridescent,
Irritate.
Gr. ipif, the rain-
trigo, intrinco, any intricateness, en- bow.
tangling trouble, or incumbrance. Fl. — To Irk.—Irksome, as. earg, slothful,
Lat. intrico, to entangle ; extrico, to dis- dull, timid ON. argr, recusans, reformi-
;
invogliare, to make one willing, longing, And yet I ergh, ye're ay sae scornfu' set.
or desirous. — FI. '
She gave them gifts Ramsay in Jam.
and great rewards to inveigle them to To irk is to make one ergh, to dull one's
her will.' — Indictment of AnnBoleyn in inclination to action, to tire or become
Froude. It is probably from a false no- weary.
tion of the etymology that we find it spelt My spouse Creusa remanit or we came bidder,
aveugle. '
The marquis of Dorset was Or by some fate of God's was reft away,
so seduced and aveugled by the Lord Or gif sche errit or irkit by the way. D. V. —
Admiral that, &c.' —
Sharington's con- —Erravitne vi4, seu lassa resedit.
Froude, v. 132.
fession, A.D. 1547, in Iron. Goth, eisarn, Du. iser, tsern, G.
Invidious. Lat. invidia, envy. eisen,w. haiarn, Gael, iarun.
Invite. Lat. invito. Irony. Lat. ironia, from Gr. tlpuvela,
Invoice. A
bill of particulars sent an assumed appearance, pretence ; ttpuv,
with goods. The word could never have one who speaks with a sense other than
been formed from Fr. envoi, the envoy or the words convey, a dissembler.
concluding address with which a publica- To Irritate. Lat. irritare, to incite,
tion was formerly sent into the world. stir up, provoke. \
compound of z>/ and
As most of our mercantile terms are a simple ritare, and not a frequentative
from It., we may with confidence trace of the root irr seen in Dan. opirre, G.
the derivation to It. avviso, notice, in- verirren, N. hirra, J"in. drryttda, to pro-
formation, by the insertion of an n, as in voke, mentioned under Ire.
Fr. attiser, E. entice. The invoice is in The snarling sounds of fighting dogs
fact a letter of advice (It. lettera a'av- are imitated by different combinations of
viso), giving notice of the despatch of the letters r, s, t ; rr ! ss ! st J ts ! tr !
goods with particulars of their price and rt ! giving rise to so many forms of the
quantity. verb signifying to set on, to attack, or
Iodine. Gr. Mtis, of a violet tinge or quarrel, on the principle explained under
colour. the head above-mentioned. Thus, from
Ire. Lat. ira, OFr. ire, iror, anger; the imitation by a simple ;•, are formed
ird, irii, irieus, irous, angry; AS. irre, Lat. hirrire, to snarl, n. hirra, to incite,
anger, yrsian, to be angry. Lat. ira, wrath ; from the sound of s,
The origin is in all probability a repre- Pl.D. hissa, Du. hissen, hisschen, hus-
sentation of the snarhng sounds of quar- schen, to set on ; from st, Bohem. stwati,
relling dogs, which exhibit a lively ex- Gael, stuig, to set pn, and perhaps Gr.
—!
; —
cries to set on a dog— Muratori, izzare, of equal heat ; isochronous, of equal time,
adizzare, Sw. hitsa, G. hetzen, to set on, &c.
It. izza, anger ; and, with the vowel in- Issue. Fr. issu, sprung, proceeded
serted between the consonants, Fr. User, from, born of, from issir, to go out, to flow
E. tice, entice, Sw. tussa, to incite, pro- forth, and that from Lat. exire, to go out.
voke from tr, E. to ter or tar, G. zerren,
;
-it. Lat. eo, itutn, to go ; whence
to provoke to anger ; and from rt, G. exitus, an exit or going out, transitns, a
reitzen, Du. ritsen, Sw. r<;&, Lat. irritare, transit or going through.
to provoke, incense. To the same root It. Du. het, it ; ON. hi?in, hin, hitt,
may be referred Gr. i^it, -iJog, Lat. rixa ille, ilia, illud.
(for ritsd), strife, Gr. tpMlu, to provoke. Itch. Ichyn or ykyn or gykyn, prurio.
Isinglass. G. hausenblas_, the bladder — Pr. Pm. G. }iicken,to itch. The de-
of the (hausen) sturgeon, as well as the signation is taken from the twitching
preparation made from it, by us corruptly movements to which itching irresistibly
called isinglass, probably from connect- impels us. Swab, jucken, to hop or
ing the name with the employment of the spring Bav. gigkeln, to shiver, or twitch
;
—
To Jabber. Javer. The sound of mon man. Jaques, nias, sot, grossier.
noisy, indistinct, unmeaning utterance is Roquef. Jaquerie, an insurrection of the
represented by the simplest combinations peasants. The introduction of the word
of gutturals and labials, babble, gaggle, in the same sense into England seems to
gabble, Sc. gabber ; and with the initial g have led to the use of Jack as the familiar
softened to /, E. jabber, gibber, javer, Fr. synonym of John, which happened to be
jaboter, to mutter, chatter, tattle. Jan- here the commonest name, as Jaques in
gelyn ox javeryn, garrulo, blatero, garrio France.
— Pr. Pm. ; javTer, idle silly talk Since eveiy Jack became a gentleman,
javvle, to contend, wrangle Hal. — Fr.;
There's many a gentle person made a Jack.
javioler, to gabble, prate, or prattle. Rich. III.
Cot. The term was then applied to any me-
-jacent. IjzX.. jaceo, to \\e.. chanical contrivance for replacing the
Jack, I. The Jewish Jacobus was personal service of an attendant, or to an
corrupted through Jaquemes, to yaqucs implement subjected to rough and fami-
in France, and James in England and ; liar usage. Jack of the clock, Yx.jacquclet,
Jaques, being the commonest Christian a mechanical figure which struck the
name in the former country, was used as hours on a clock. A roasting-jack is a
a contemptuous expression for a com- contrivance for turning a spit by means
—
of a heavy weight, and so superseding the signify to cause to pant, or show signs of
service of the old turnspit. A jack, a exhaustion.
screw for raising heavy weights. Aboot- Jag. Jig. Jog. — We
have had oc-
jack (g. stiefel-knecht, literally boot-boy), casion, under Gog and elsewhere, to re-
an implement for taking off boots. Rou- mark the way in which the roots repre-
chi gros-jacgue, a large sou. —
H^cart. A senting in the first instance tremulous or
jack-towel, a coarse towel hanging on a broken sound are applied to signify quiv-
roller forthe use of the household jack- ;
ering or reciprocrating movement, or the
boots, heavy boots for rough service ;
kind of figure traced out by bodies in
black-jack, a leathern jug for household motion of such a nature. Now the sylla-
service jack-plane, a large plane for bles gig, gag are often used in the repre-
;
Jack. 2. Jacket. The E. jack, Fr. gagaich, Bret. gagH, to stutter E. gag- ;
jaque, \X.. giacco (whence the dim. jackets gle, to cry as geese ; Swab, gigacken, to
Fr. jaquette, a short and sleeveless coun- gaggle as geese, bray as an ass Swiss ;
try coat —Cot.), is another example of gigagen, to bray Bav. gagkern, gagke-
;
the depreciatory application of the term zen, to cluck as a hen, cough harshly and
in the sense of substitute or servant. A abruptly, to stutter ; gig^ezen, gigken, to
jack was properly a homely substitute for utter broken sounds, stutter, giggle ; gick-
a coat of mail, consisting of a padded or gack, in nursery language, a clock, from
leather jerkin for defence, with rings or the ticking of the pendulum (D. M. v.) ;
plates of iron sewed on it. Fr. jaque- Gael, gog, the cackling of a hen, also the
mard, a wooden image against which to nodding or tossing of the head E. gog- ;
practise tilting, a jack of the clock, also a mire, a quagmire, shaking mire Swab. ;
coat or shirt of mail. —Cot. Rouchi jaco- gagen, gagelen, to jog, jiggle, move to and
tin, a jacket, iroiajacot, dim. of y agues. fro ; Swiss gageln, to shake, be unsteady
Jackanapes. A coxcomb Jack the as a table gagli, a giglot, a girl that
;
;
But It. giara has also the same sense as It. giavellotto, giaverina, a javelin
Cot.
Fr. gris, sand, gravel, sandstone. Giara
then, like Prov. grasal, may originally be
that may be hurled as a d.art. Fl. —Bret.
gavlod, gavlin, MHG. gabilSt, OE. gave-
a pot-de-gris, an earthen pot. See Grail. Neumann ex-
lock, a javelin or dart.
To Jar. To creak, make a harsh
plains Sp. jabalina, as a boarspear, from
noise, as things that do not move
jabali, a wild boar, but the double form
smootlily on each other. Hence jar, dis-
of the word is against that derivation.
agreement, variance, quarrel. Christians
'
jaw, throat, cheek. Again, from gabble, Jerk. —Jert. Alashof awhip, ahasty
confused talk, passing into javvle, to con- pull or twitch. — B. 'A shake, _7Vr/, or
tend, wrangle (Fr. javioler, to gabble blow with the cord of a caveson.' Cot. —
Cot), jaul, to scold or grumble (parallel w. terc, a jerk or jolt.
with Dan. kicBvle), —
Hal., to jaw, to Jerkin. Lang, jhergaou, an over-coat
wrangle, we have gab, the mouth, the Fr. jargot, a kind of coarse garment worn
facuhy of s^sQch., jowl, joll, the jaw, and by country people. Cot. —
Du. jurk, a
(with the same relation to jowl as was child's slop or pinafore. OFr. jasgue, a
seen in kaecke, the cheek, compared with quilted jacket worn under the cuirassj
kdkel), Fr. jowe, e. jaw. It will be ob- jazequen, a coat of mail. Roquef. —
served that an initial k or ch frequently Jest. See Gest.
interchanges with j, even in the same Jet. Fr. jaiet, Lat. gagates. '
The
language ; Fr. joffu, E. chuff/ ; E. jowl, geat which otherwise we call gagates car-
chowl, jaw, chaw, Du. kauwe, Dan. I'ieth the name of a town and river both
kiceve. in Lycia called Gages.' Holland, Pliny —
Jaw. 2. Sc./aje/, the dash
Jawhole. inR.
of the sea ; jaw-hole, a gully-hole, sink To Jet. To strut, to carry the body
where slops are thrown. Fr. gachis, stately or proudly. '
I iette with facyon
dunghill ; schiff- —
me braggue.' Palsgr. in Way.
gauche, bilge-water. From Lat. jactare. It. giattare, OFr.
jacter, jatter, to brag or vaunt, also to
Jay. A
bird noted for its chattering
swing, toss, shake up and down jac-
Fr. geai, gat, a jay, chough, daw ;
cry.
Sp. gaio, graio, a jay ; Du. kauwe, kae,
tance, bragging, proud ostentation. — Cot.
;
shaking, going about idly ; a jigger, any of the floor. Gyst, that gothe over the
piece of machinery that moves with re- flore, solive, giste. —
Palsgr. in Way. Fr.
ciprocating action. Fr. jiguer, to throw giste, a bed, place to lie on, from gesir,
the legs about. — Pat. de Champ. Hence La.t.jacere, to lie. The term sleeper, with
vulgarly gigues, the legs, and gigot, a leg which railways have made us so familiar,
of mutton. Bav. gigl (contemptuously), is a repetition of the same figure.
the feet— D. M. v. See Jag. Joke. Lat. jocus, jest, sport jocari. ;
Jilt. Sc. gillet, a giddy girl, probably It. giocare. Pro v. jogar, Fr. jouer, to
for giglet or giglot, a flighty girl giglet sport, to play.
;
'
The root of the word
—
Fortune.' Shakesp. To jilt one is to seems preserved in Lith. jugstu (Eng.
behave to him like a jillet, to be incon- j) or jungu,jugti, to be merry ; jaugtis',
stant to him. pajugti, to rejoice jugulis (exactly cor-
;
—
K jillet broke his heart at last. Burns. responding to n. juggler), one who makes
sport for the company, a jovial person.
To Jingle. An imitative form like Jolly. It. giulivo, Fr. joli for jolif,
tingU or G. klingeln, to which last it is gay, fine, also merry, jocund
jolieti,
—
;
related as chink to clink. Comp. also Fr. joliveti, prettiness,
mirth. Cot. Not
clinquaille, quinguaillc, chinks, coin. from Jovialis, but from ON. jol, 'E.yule,
Cot. Da. gungre, to resound, ON. glingra, Christmas, the
great season of festivities
to jingle. 'Let. jwingsch ! (Jcr.j) repre-
in rude times.
sents the sound of a mowing scythe or a joelen, to live
Diez. — N. jula seg, Du.
a joyous life, to make
glass window breaking jwingschkeht, to merry.
;
together.
10260.
Jot. To jot, to touch, to jog, to nudge. en dyst med en, to try a fall with one.
— Hal. Ijotte, I touch one thynge against Hence rdnna diost, or rida diust, to joust.
another, je heurte. What needes thou to Jovial. Cheerful, merry ; qualities
jotte me with thine elbowe ? —Palsgr. Du. supposed to belong to one born under the
jotten, Fris. jottjen, jotskjen, to jolt. influence of the planet Jupiter or Jove,
Epkema. To fall jot on one's rump, to as melancholy was promoted by the in-
—
plump down. Forby. To jot a thing fluence of Saturn.
down, to note it in a book at the moment —
Jowl. Jole. Properly the jaws, throat,
it occurs. gullet, often specially applied to the head
Then from the connection so frequently of a fish. Ajoll of sturgeon. B. and F. —
observed between the ideas of a short Geoules of sturgeon. —
Howell. Brancus,
movement and a lump or piece of some- 3.gole, or a ckawle. Vocab. in Pr. Pm. —
thing, jot is used for a small portion, V. Chavylbone. Jolle, or heed, caput.
what is jotted or thrown down at once. yolle of a fysshe-teste. Jawle-bone of a
The resemblance to Gr. twj-a is acci- wildebore. Pr. Pm. and notes. — '
The
dental. Comp. Sw. dial, datta, a touch, chowle or crop adhering to the lower side
—
a blow ; detta, to fall ; dutta, to touch or of the bill.' Brown. Vulg. Err. in R.
nudge one ; dett, a dot or speck, a lump, The E. forms seem to have equal claims
bit ; dott, a wisp or tuft of hay, wool, to a Fr. and AS. ancestry ; OFr. gole,
&c. E. dot, a small portion ; a dot of golle, geiile, Fr. gueule, the mouth, throat,
phlegm. The interchange or equivalence gullet, also the stomach itself ; gueuUard
of an initial d and / is of frequent occur- (the equivalent of E. Jowler, Chowler), the
rence, as in jag, dagj job, dab, a lump ; muzzle of a beast, also a wide-mouthed
'S.. jounce, and Sw. dunsa, to thump.
— fellow. —
Cot. On the other hand, as.
Journal. Journey. From Lat. dies, geagl, jaw, throat, geajlas, geahlas, the
a day, came diurnus, daily, and thence jaws. Viewed in connection with the
It. giorno, Yx.jour, a day, with their de- latter forms, jowl or jole would differ from
rivatives ,journal,!i notice of daily events jaw only in the addition of a final el or /,
journie, a day's work, a day's travel or and the same relation is seen between
journey. The original sense of the word chowl or chawle, and Du. kaiiwe, kouwe,
is preserved in journeyman, a workman kuwe, throat, gullet, cheek, jaw, chin,
at daily wages. gills.— Kil.
Joust. It. giostrare, Fr. jouster, to Joy. Lat. gaudere, gavisus sum; It.
tilt. Derived by Muratori from It. chios- godere,gioire, OPtg. gouvir, Yxoy. gauzir,
tro, chiostra, Lombard ciostra, the en- jauzir, Fr. jouir, to enjoy ; Ptg. goivo,
closed yard in which a tournament was Prov. gaug, joi, It. gioia, Fr. joie, joy. —
held. But the word has a more extended Diez.
meaning than this derivation would ac- Jub. A
jug.
count for, and the radical signification With brede and cheese and good ale in &julle.
seems to have reference to the shock of Miller's Tale.
the combatants. Limousin dzusta {dz = It. gobbio, gozzo, 3. bunch in the throat,
Eng. j), to knock at a door ; P>. jouster, goitre, craw, or crop of a bird, by met.
jouter (whence -E. jostle), properly to any glass with a round big body. Fl. —
knock, then, with softened significance, See Goblet.
to meet together, to join, to abut. See Jubilant. Lat. jubilare, to shout for
Jot. joy.
— — — ;
gler was a person whose business was to gumper, the plunger of a pump. Con-
find amusement for the company on fes- nected forms are OFr. regiber, regimber,
tive occasions by music, recitation, story- to )ii\<^, giber, to throw about the arms or
telling, conjuring, &c. The word is com- legs ; Lang, ghimba, to jump, to kick.
mon to all the Romance dialects, from Sw. dial, skumpa, to jog, jolt, jump, run
whence it has passed with more or less to and fro ; N. skumpa, to shove, to nudge
corruption into the other European lan- Da. skumpe, skumple, to shake, jolt. It.
guages. It takes its rise in Lat. jocus, inciampare, to stumble or trip upon.
sport, jest, jocor, to sport, to play, jocu- Jump. 2. A throw, cast, hazard.
lator, a jester, joculatio, festivity, sport.
Our fortune lies
'
Joculationes cantusque exercebunt.' Upon faajamp. —Antony and Cle.
Firmicus in Fore. From joculator were
Plump, without qualification or condition,
formed It. giocolatore, OFr. jugleor, 7r.
exact.
jongleur, and E. juggler, while It. gioco-
I'll set her on
laro, giullaro, Sp. Prov. joglar, point to ;
It i§ from
this latter part of the juggler's Allan Ramsay. Swiss'jante brod, a hunch
art that the verb to juggle has acquired of bread. Idioticon Bernense. —
Parallel
the sense of conjure, trick, dehide. forms are chunk, a log of wood chump, ;
Jugular. Lat. jugulum, the throat. a log or thick piece. The chump-end
* Juice. Jows of frutys or herbys or of the sirloin is the thick end. Cob, a
other lyke. Jus, succus Pr. Pm. — Fr. lump or piece cobbin, a piece of an eel
— —
;
jus, juice, sap, moistiire, broth Cot. Lat. Hal. ON. kubbr, a short thick piece
; ;
jus, jusculum, liquor of things boiled, N. kubba sund' ein stock, to cut a stick to
broth, pottage The meaning of juice bits kubb, kumb, knubb, a short thick
. ;
feast, to frequent entertainments. jut, lean out, hang over. Cot. Lat. jac-
Juris. —Jurist. —Jury. Lat. jus, juris. tare, to throw.
K
To Ka-w.— To Keck. To kaw,
seem originally derived from the repre-
to
fetch one's breath with difficulty. To
sentation of a sharp sound. The sylla-
keck, to make a noise in the throat by ble kik, in Sw. kik-hosta, represents the
reason of difficulty of breathing B. —
to shrill sound of the throat in whooping-
retch, hawk, clear the throat. Hal. cough. — ;
frolicsome. Sw. kdttjas, to be on heat. icicle. OHG. chegil, kegil, a pin or peg
Sc. caige, to wax wanton. Sw. dial. zelt-kegil,a tent-pin. G. keil, a wedge.
kdgas, to be eager kdgg, libidinous, on
; If the element -icle in icicle signify ice, as
heat. Lat. catulio, to caterwaul, to be on we have supposed, and has no reference
heat. to form, would seem that kegel in the
it
—
something else. Todd. ' Elm scarce has
kijpen, to look. Epkema.— similar A any superior for kerbs for coppers.'—
train' of thought is seen in the case of Evelyn.
hold, the primitive sense of which seems Perhaps for crib, which is technically
to be that which is now expressed by the used in the sense of a strong wooden
compound behold. framework. It may, however, be simply
'Keg. N. kaggje, a small cask, a jar ; curb, as it is often spelt.
w. cawg, a bowl ; Sc. cogue, cog, a hooped Kerchief. Fr. couvrechief, a covering
wooden vessel, a pail ; Gael, cogan, a for the head OFr.
chef, chief, head.
;
—
bowels are lapt.' Fl. See Caul. reduce to grain.
Kelter. Readiness for work. He is 2. Fr. carncan, crcneaii, the battlement
not yet in kelter. Skinner.— Sw. dial. of a wall creneU, imbattled
; cren, a ;
kiltra sig, to kilt oneself, or tuck up one's notch, nick, jag. See Cranny.
clothes, as one preparing for work, operi Kersey. Fr. carisee, creseau, Sw. ker-
se accingere. sing.
* Kemlin. — Kimnel. A flat tub used Kestrel. Burgundian cristel, Fr. cres-
in brewing, for scalding pigs, or the like. serelle, quercelle, a hawk of a reddish
I<emplin,kemlings (B.), kembing (Hal.), a colour. The G. synonym rothel-weihe,
brewer's vessel. Du. kam, kamme, a from rothel, raddle or red chalk, points
brewery.— Kil. OFr. cainbc, a brewing. to an origin in G. rod-crite, creta rubea.
'Nus ne puet faire cainbe, ne brasser — Dief Supp.
chervoise ne goudale sans son congid.' Kettle. G. kesscl, Goth, katil, Bohem.
It may be doubted however whether Russ. kotel,
the word is not rather connected with Sw. Kevel. A bit for a horse, gag for the
dial, kinib. Fin. kimpi, a cask stave, corre- mouth. Kevel, mordale, camus.' Pr. —
sponding to Pl.D. kimm, E. chimb, the Pm. N. kjevla, to gag a kid to prevent
projecting ledge of a cask. Sw. dial. it sucking. ON. kefli, Dan. kievle, a short
kimma, a tub, cask birkimma, a beer ; staff, peg, rolling-pin. W. ccf, Lat. cippiis,
cask. Mr Atkinson cites from a record a stock. See Gyve.
— — ——
It is remarkable that Walach. kyae or foot ; cicwr, footman —Jones ; cicwyr, in-
kyi, a key, an undoubted descendant of fantry. — Richards.
Lat. clavis, is almost identical with the The same correspondence between the
E. word, and perhaps this identity in the expression of abrupt utterance and mus-
derivatives may proceed from a radical cular action of a similar kind is seen in
unity of the parent forms, teaching us to stammer and stamp j stutter and G. stos-
regard w. cau, the origin of cae, an in- sen, to hit or kick Pl.D. staggeln, to
;
closure, and of E. key, as the analogue of stammer, and E. stagger j Sc. habble, to
Lat. claudo, the origin of clavis. The stammer, and E. hobble.
/ of claudo might easily fall away, as the —
Kickle. Kittle. Ticklish, unsteady,
/ of G. schliessen, or Sw. sluta, in E. shut, easily moved. Kickish, irritable ; kiddle
while the final d
disappears as com- (of the weather), unsettled. Hal. N. kita, —
pletely in Gr. kKuio as in w. cau. Evi- to tickle, to touch a sensitive place ; kitl,
dence moreover that cae had once a final tickling, irritation, shrug ; kitla, to tickle,
d may be found in Du. kade, kaai, kae, a touch a sore place, to rub one's shoulders
dyke or causey ; zomer-kade or kaai, a— or arms ; ON. kida ser, to scratch oneself.
dyke which confines the waters in sum- Sw. dial, kikklot, rickety, unsteady.
mer only winter-kaai, one which with-
; Kickshaw. From Fr. quelquechose,
stands the winter floods. something, applied to an unsubstantial
Key. 2. ftuay. Fr. quai, Ptg. caes, nicety in cookery, and thence extended to
Bret. kae. The Bret, kae, inclosure, unsubstantial gratifications of other kinds.
hedge, dyke, as well as quay, and Du. * There cannot be no more certain argument of
kade, kae, dyke, causey, would look as if a decayed stomach than the loathing of whole-
a quay was regarded in the first instance some and solid food, and longing after fine quel-
queschoses of new and artificial composition.'
simply as a dyke or embankment along
Bp. Hall in N. and Q. Fricandeaux, short,
'
a river's side. But the true explanation skinless, and dainty puddings, or quelkchoses
seems to be that given by Spelman, made of good flesh and herbs chopped together.'
'Caia, a space on the shore compacted — Cot. (Brainsick.) Yet would I quit my pre-
'
by beams and planks as it were by keys' tensions to all these rather than not be the author
of this sonnet, which your rudeness hath irre-
The name of key is given in construction coverably lost. (Limberham.) Some foolish
to any bond used for firmly uniting se- French quelquechose, I warrant you. (Br.)
parate parts. Thus key-stone is the stone Quelquechose I O ignorance in supreme perfec-
which binds together the two sides of an tion He means a hekshose. (Lim.) Why
!
mentum (concatenatio lignorum, as the kitze,a female cat, a goat kitzlein, a kid.;
—
word is elsewhere explained Dief. Supp.) See Kindle.
vel caya. Keyage, or botys stonding, Kid. 2. Kidnap. In rogues' slang
ripatum.'-^Pr. Pm. kid is a child, agreeing with Lith. kudikis,
Kibe. A
sore on the'*heel. Devonsh. a child. Hence kidnap, to nab or steal
kibby, sore, chapped. — Hal. children.
To Kick. Words signifying vibratory 3. A brush-faggot, w. cidys, faggots ;
'
a clock, a ticker. Hence gig, gag, kik, Kiddier. Cadger. — packman or A
appear as roots from whence spring forms travelling huxter. Kiddier, kidger, one
24
;
' .
wares, so it is probable that kiddier, cad- of the same family ; aljakuns, of another
ger, are from kid. See Kid, 4. family, foreign. AS. n<zddrena cyn, gener-
Kiddle. A
basket set in the opening ation of vipers moncyn, mankind, on.
;
of a weir to catch fish, an implement fre- kyn, race, family, sex ; kynd, offspring
quently denounced in our old municipal Du. G. kind, child, e. kind, kindly, ex-
laws, probably on account of its destruc- press the loving disposition towards each
tiveness. Fr. quideau, a wicker engine other proper to the members of a family.
—
whereby fish is caught. Cot. Bret, kidel, When Hamlet accuses his uncle of being
a net fastened to two stakes at the mouth '
a more than kin and less than kind
little
of a stream. —
Legonidec. From kid in he simply contrasting the closeness of
is
the 3rd and 4th senses. Boh.^cjj, basket, the connection with the absence of cor-
anything made of wicker kossatka, a
; responding affection.
wicker cage for fishing. The origin is as. cennan, to beget, the
* Kidney. root of which, cen or gen, is somewhat
Take tho hert and tho mydrav and the kidiiere. masked in the reduplicate forms, Lat.
Liber cure cocorum, p. 10. gigno (gigeno). Or. yivo/iai (ytyci/o/ioi, yi'y-
In the receipt for hagese, p. 52, the kid- vo/iai), but is manifest in the derivatives
ney is called nere simply. G. niere was genitus, genus, gens, yivoq, offspring, race,
used for the testicles as well as the kid- kind, sex, yivta, yhtBKov. Bret, gana,
neys, being both glandular bodies of genel, to beget w. cenedl ( Or. yiviQ-
; =
similar shape ; entnieren, to castrate. \ov), a race GaeL gin, beget ; gineal,
;
Hence kidnere maybe quid nere, the nere offspring ; cine, cineadh, race, family.
of the quid, on. kvidr, Sc. kyte, kite, the To Kindle. i. To produce young,
belly. applied to cats and rabbits. Probably a
Kilderkin. Du. kindeken, kinneken, nasalised form of kittle, notwithstanding
a small barrel. Comp. Du. kind, E. child. w. cenedlu, to beget. It may be observed
To Kill. AS. cwellan, to kill cwelan, that Dan. killing (for killing) is applied
;
The primitive meaning seems as in kvende, chips and shavings for kindling
Dan. qucele, to strangle, choke, smother. fire kyndel, kynnel, a torch, whence E.
;
G. qualm, a suffocating fume, thick va- cannel coal, coal that burns like a torch.
pour ; Fin. kuolla,to die, to lose strength Lat. candere, to shine, to glow ; incen-
and vigour kuolen weteen, aquS, suffo- dere, to kindle, inflame, incite.
;
tion of the shrill sound of drawing the G. kitze, a she-goat, she-cat, and possibly
breath under such circumstances. Chin- the word cat itself may have the same
cough, king-cough, Du. kick-hoest, kink- origin, as the names of animals are ori-
hoest, whooping-cough. Sw. kikna, to ginally very ill defined, and the designa-
have the respiration stopped kikna af ; tions of general relations of age or sex
skratt, to chink with laughter. are apt to be appropriated to particular
Kirtle. AS. cyrtelj Sw. Dan. kjortel, species. Thus the word
stag, which
a garment either for man or woman. seems properly to signify.a male, is in E.
Kiss. Goth, kukjan, G. kiissen, W. appropriated to the male deer, while N.
cusaw, cusannu, Gx. Kwiui (fut. kvo-u, stegg is a gander or male fowl \. bitch, ;
Kvadui), to kiss ; Sanscr. kuch, kus, ON. a female dog Fr. biche, a female deer.
;
throat, swallow.
Kit. I. A pail, bucket. Tin. kit, kitte,
manu expeditus. Kil. —
Avoir le chic, to
have the knack of doing something.
a hooped beer-can. Jaubert.
2. Brood, collection. Du. kudde, a Knick-knacks, trickery, gesticulation,
flock Bav. kiitt, a covey of partridges
; ;
articles of small value for show and not
Swiss kUtt, an assemblage or crew of for use.
people Sette Commune kutt, kutta, an
;
business it is to slaughter old worn-out Lang, esclapo, a slab of wood, chip, lump
horses, an office analogous to that of the of stone una beV esclapo de Jilio, a fine-
;
their skin, the only part of any value. to rub ;Pl.D. gnideln, to smooth by rub-
It would seem that in England this office bing with a flat implement. W. cnittio,
fell to the Knacker or coarse harness- to strike, twitch, rub gently ; .Bohem.
maker, as the person who would have the hnetu, hjijsti, Pol. gnies'if, to press or
best opportunity of making the skins pinch (as a tight shoe), to knead.
available. In Flemish patois loroin is ON. gnyr, tumultus, strepitus ; gnya,
the skinner of dead beasts, from lonim, a gnuddi, to rush violently, to rub, to knead.
strap. —Vermesse. Stormurinn gn^r d hicsum, or gtia;dir d
Knag. A projection, a knot in wood. husum, the storm beats upon the house ;
button, lump, boss, hillock; w. cnwpa, a to be gen or ken, with the sense probably
knob, a club E. knap, the top of a hiU, of seize, get, apprehend.
;
G. knopf, a knob, button, ball, head Pl.D. dation to a form nearly identical with E.
;
knobbe, knubbe, anything thick and round, know. Cognoscere, Namur conoche, and
a knotty stick, a flower-bud ; knobken, a thence by the change usual in Walloon
small loaf ; Dan. knub, a log, block of the sound of sch into h, Wall, kinohe,
knubbet, knotty ; knubbe, to bang, to to know.
thrash. Rnowledge. Formerly knowleche, the
With a guttural termination, G. knack, last syllable of which is the ON. leik, N.
a crack or snap niisse knacken, to crack leikje, usually employed in the composi-
;
gaim, to knock, to rap cnagach, rough, wouhlac, seduction ; fear-lac, fear god-
;
a clown. P1.D. knulle, a hunch, a mak-lik, the act of looking. Turk, lika,
crumple. face, countenance OE. laches, looks, ges- ;
knodse, knudse, a club knodsen, knudsen, den rug-graet, the vertebrse of the back ;
'
to beat ; knodde, a knuckle, a knot ; knut- knoke, knock-been, the ankle knoke, a ;
tel, a cudgel; Pl.D. knutte, G. knote, a knot in a tree, a bone, because the bones
knot Lat. nodus, a knot, knob.
; Dan. in the living body become conspicuous at
knude, knot, bump, protuberance. See their projecting end G. knochen, bone ; ;
Label. OFr. lambel, a shred or rag latz. It. laccio, Fr. lacqs, a lace, tie, snare,
holding but little to the whole, a label noose Prov. lassar, lachar, Fr. lacer, to
;
lambeaux, rags, tatters. Lambeaux or lace, bind, fasten. The lacing is thus
labeaux was also the name given to the the binding of a garment, and the name
fringe (laciniis) hanging from the military has been appropriated to the border of
—
cloak Due. ;OE. lamboys, the drapery gold or silver tissue, of silk or open thread-
work used as an ornamental edging to
which came from below the tasses over the
—
thighs. Hal. G. lappen, a rag, lap, lobe garments of different kinds. See Latch.
Lacerate. Lat. lacer, torn, ragged
lumpen, a rag, tatter ; It. lembo, the skirt
or lap of a garment, anything that flaps lacinia, a jag, snip, piece, rag, lappet of a
or hangs loose ; Milan, lamp, a lap, skirt, gown. Gr. XaKi'c, a rent, tatter ; XaniZa,
rag, slice. See Lap. to tear. From the sound of tearing, Gr.
Xao-Kw, iXamv, to crack, creak, sound,
IiabiaL Lat. labium, a lip.
Labour. —Laboratory. Lat. labor. scream.
Laches. Negligence.
Lace. Lat. laqueus, Prov. lac, laz,
— —• — ;
laker, to slacken, cease, give over. / n' edhilingi, sunt qui frilingi, sunt qui lazzi
Idke nin d' ploure, it does not cease to
rain. —
Grandg. Again, from E. dial, lash,
illorum lingua dicuntur, Latini vero lin-
gui hoc sunt nobiles, ingenui, atque
— Nithardus
;
lask, slack, loose, watery ; to lask, to
shorten, lessen. — Hal. serviles.'
Du.
in Graff'.
a peasant bound to certain rents
laete,
G. lasse,
spars fastened to each other at a certain may here be a corruption of bode or bud,
interval, and used as the framework of a a name given to insects of different kinds,
waggon to carry casks or large stones. G. as sham-bode, dung-beetle, wool-bode,
lade, a framework of different kinds. Du. —
hairy caterpillar. E. Adams on names
laede, weverS-laede, the comb or reed, of insects in Philolog. Trans.
composed of two rods fastened to each To Lag. To trail behind, to flag. As
other by a number of teeth (like a ladder) in muscular exertion the limbs are made
between which every thread of the warp rigid, the idea of the opposite condition,,
passes singly. See Lathe. faintness, laziness, slowness, is expressed
Lade. i. Lade, a ditch or drain. by the figure of what is loose or slack.
Hal. A lade, mill-lade, or mill-leat, is W. Hag, loose, slack, sluggish ; Gael, lag,
the cut which leads water to a mill. as. feeble, faint ; Esthon. lang, lank, loose,
lad, a canal, conduit Du. leyde, tuater-
; slack Gr. Xayopof, slack, pliant Xayyajo),
; ;
load, also to draw water, to bring bucket gap ;It. lacuna, laguna, a moor, wash,
after bucket to the receptacle, analogous fen, ditch where water stands, a drain.
to piling up objects on a heap. Hlcedle, a — Fl. Sp. laguna, 'stagnant waters,
ladle or implement for lading liquids. marshes.
nicest, ON. Mass, G. last, the loading or Lair. A lying place, now confined to
burden of a ship, E. last, a certain quan- a lying place for beasts.
tity of com, fish, wool, &c.
The mynster church, this day of great repayre,
In a secondary sense to lade (of ships) Of Glastenbury where now he has his leyre.
is to let in water, to leak. Hardyng in R.
—the ship Du. leger, bed, sleeping place, lair of a
Whiche was so staunche it myghte no water lade.
beast, camp or place occupied by an
Hal.
army ; Dan. leir, camp ; from Du. leg-
Lady. as. Mcefdig. gen, to bedden, te velde leggen, to
lie te
Lady-cow. —Lady-bird. The name lie in bed, to camp.
;
spherical beetle, dedicated to Our Lady, wyrthe, worthy of burial also the cause ;
ribus ; lam, flaccid, languid, vi^eak lainme ; turelu! lanturlu! fudge! stufi"! (Spiers),
Udeti, membra dissoluta Piedm. lam,
; nonsense (Tarver), of which the promi-
!
drubbing, literally to beat tender. weary with idle stories (Diet, bas lang.)
Lamb. Esthon. lammas, lamba. Fin. lanterner, to talk nonsense, trifle with, to
lammas, lampaan, a sheep lampuri, a ; fool (Spiers) ; lantiponner, to talk non-
shepherd. Lap. libbe, a lamb. sense, to trifle, harceler quelqu'un en le
Lambent. Lat. lambo, to lick with tiraillant. —
Trevoux. Then as lantiberner
the tongue. A nasalised form of lap. seems contracted to lanterner, so lanti-
Lam.e. Broken or enfeebled in some ponner would produce lamponner, ex-
of the members. Serv. lomiti, to break ; plained by Cot. as synonymous with
loman, broken, tired Pol. lamad, to
; lanterner, to dally or play the fool with,
break lamanie
; w
nogach, gout in the to cog, foist, fib.
. The primary meaning
feet ; ban. la}n, palsied, paralytic ; Du. of lampoon then would be a piece of*
leme, lemte, mutilatio, vitium Kil. ON. — ; foolery or nonsense, making fun of a
lami, broken, enfeebled, impaired ; Iciini, person, and incidentally a satirical attack.
a break, fracture ; lama, to weaken, im- * Lamprey. Fr. lamproie. It. lam-
pair ; lam, a fracture, enfeebling ; lama, preda, Lat. lampetra, ' a lambendis petris,'
membris fractus vel viribus ; fot-lama, —
from licking stones. ^Voss. In support
far-lama, incapacitated in the feet, in the of this etymology Trench cites the OE.
power of walking. names suckstone and lickstone. ' little A
It must be admitted that the meaning fish called a suckstone, that stayeth a
oilame sometimes approaches very closely ship under sail, remora.' Withal. —
that of Du. laf, lam, flaccid, languid, Lance. —Lanceolate. —Lancet. Lat.
weak ; Pied, lam, loose, slack ; N. lama, lancea, Gr. Xoyxi; a lance, spear, spear-
lamen, fatigued, exhausted, unstrung. head.
Comp. Du. lammelick, languid^, remissd, Land. Goth., on. latid.
segniter, with E. lamely ; lam.m,e sanck, in- Landscape. A delineation of the land,
conditum et ineptum carmen, a lame from AS. sceapan, to shape or form. So
production ; lamme leden, membra dis- 'Si.fiellskap, the outline of a range of hills.
soluta ; lam-slaen, enervare verberibus, Eg kienne land 'e paa fiellskap, I know
to disable or make lame by blows the land by the line of hills.
Lament. Lat. lamentari. Lane. Lawn. Du. laen, an alley, —
Lamina. —Laminate. Lat. opening between houses or fields.
lamina, Sc.
a thin flake or slice. loati, loaning, an opening between fields
Lammas. On the first of August, the of corn left uncultivated for the sake of
feast of St Peter *ad Vincula, it was cus- driving the cattle homewards. Jam.
tomary in AS. times to make a votive Fris. lona, lana, a narrow way between
—
offering of the first-fruits of the harvest, gardens and houses. Dan. dijU. laane,
and thence the feast was termed Hlaf- lane, a bare place in a field where the
masse, Lammas, from hlaf, loaf In the corn has failed lane, an open or bare ;
Sarum Manual it is called Benedictio place E. lawn, lawnd, an open space be- ;
—
novorum fructuum. Way in Pr. Pm. tween woods w. llan, a clear place, area, ;
Lamp. Gr. Xa/urag, whence Lat. lam- or spot of ground to deposit anything in.
pas. Gr. XeSfiTTw, to ring, sound loud and The fundamental idea is probably the
clear, then to give light, to shine. ON. opportunity to see through gi\«en by an
glam,glamr, clang, rattle, noise ; glajnpa, opening between trees or the like N. ;
probable that langet, langel, lanyel, a loose, rag, tatter, clout ; bart-lappen, the
strap or thong, tether, strip of ground, wattles of a cock ; ohr-ldppchen, lobe of
must be separated from Fr. lanikre, E. the ear AS. Iczppa, a. lap or lobe of the
;
A
lapwing is a bird ^h-A flaps its wings
are certainly from Lat. lingula, a little in a peculiar manner as iLflies.
tongue, narrow pointed object. It. lingtia, To Lap. I. Fr. tapper, to lap or lick
a langet or spattle, linguella, lingiietta, up; Gr. XditTM, to lap, then to drink
the point or langet of a pair of scales, a greedily ; Lat. lambere, to lick ; Fr. tam-
tenon. —
Fl. Langot of the shoe, latchet. per, to drink, to swill. In E. cant the
— Kennett in Hal. Langelyn or bynd term lap is used for liquid food, wine,
.
together, coUigo, compedio. —
Pr. Pm. pottage, drink. From the sound of lap-
Laniire op the other hand seems from ping up liquids with the tongue.
longiere (a long narrow towel —
Cot.), sig- 2. To lap or wlap, to wrap. '
Lappyn
nifying a strip. Limousin loundieiro, Fr. or whappyn yn clothes, involve.' ' Plico,
allonge, piece that one adds to lengthen to folde or lappe' —Vr. Pm. 'He was
anything. Allonge or lotige was also •wtappid in a sack (obvolutus est sacco).'
used in the sense of It. langolo for the Wiclifif.— P'rom the. root wlap spring
lunes or leniins of a hawk, the leather It. invituppare, Fr. envelopper.
thongs by which his legs were attached To lap in the present sense is to bring
to the wrist in carrying him. Fr. longe, the lap or flap of the garment round one ;
Wal. long, signifies also a long strap fast- the forms wlap and flap corresponding
ened to the halter of a horse, whence the together, as Du. wrempen and 'E. frump.
expression to lu7ige a colt, in breaking Lapse. Lat. labor, lapsus, to fall, sink
him hold him with a long rope and down.
in, to
drive him round in a circle. Larboard. The left side of the ship
The g of long disappears occasionally looking forwards. Du. laager, OE. leer,
in the Fr. dialects, as Wal. Ion, slow, left. Clay with his hat turned up o' the
'
long, far. —
Remade. Lim. loung, loun, leer side too.' —
B. Jonson in Nares. Du.^
slow, tedious, long. It. lungi, Fr. loin, far laager-hand, the left hand, from laager,
eslongier, eloigner, to put to a distance. lower, as hooger-hand, the right hand,
Bret, louan, a thong or strap, especially from hoog, high. It is, however, against
that by which the yoke is fastened to the this derivation that the word is written
ox's head. laddebord in the Story of Jonah, AUit.
Lank. Du. slank, G. schlank, slender, Poems of xiv. Cent., E. E. Text Soc.
pliant. A
nasahsed form of the root Larceny. Fr. larcui, robbery, from
which appears in E. slack, Gael, lag, weak, Lat. latrocinium, robbery ; latro, a rob-
faint, with the fundamental signification ber.
of absence of rigidity. Du. lank, the Lard. Lat. lardum, bacon, bacon fat.
flank or soft boneless part of the side ; Bret, lard, fat, grease ; tarda, to grease,
Devonsh. lank, the groin. to fatten.
Lansquenet. G. lanzknecht, a soldier Large. —
Largess. Lat. largus, of
serving with lance. great size, copious, liberal, .whence Fr.
Lantern. Fr. lanterne, Lat. laterna, largesse, liberality, gifts.
Lark. AS. laferc, Sc. laverock, Du.
as if from AS. leoht, light, and -em, place,
an element seen in domern, judgment- leeuwercke, lewerck, lercke.
place, heddern, hiding-place, baces-ern, Larrup. To beat. Du. larp, a lash ;
oven, and lihtes-ern, a lantern. In lu- larpen, to thresh in a peculiar manner,
cerna the same element is joined with lux, bringing all the flails to the ground at
lucis, light. once. — Bomhoff.
To Lash. I. To strike with a sound-
The spelling of lanthorn, which so long
prevailed, was doubtless influenced by ing blow, as when a whale lashes the sea
or a lion his flanks with his tail. To
lash
the use of transparent sheets of horn for
out, to throw out the heels with
violence
the sides of the lantern.
; : ;
LASS L.ATHE
378
lasher, a weir, from the dashing of the
mand), so to last, from Goth, laist, AS.
is to tread in one's
water. Like clash or slash, a represent- last, a trace, footstep,
Esthon. laksuma, footsteps, to follow, to fulfil
ation of the sound.
to smack, to sound like waves when they Span thu hine georne
lashthe shore. G. klafschen, to yield that Thaet he thine lare lassie :
sound which represented by the word urge thou him zealously that he may fol-
is
klatschj lashing with a whip, clapping of low thy instruction. Csedm. x. 1. 58. —
the hands, clashing of arms. —
Kuttn. Du. Goth, laistjan, afarlaistjan, to follow
kletsen, to clash, clack, crack, to fling; after ;
fairlaistjan, to attain. The legal
klets, lash, slap. expression in pursuance of is used in the
2. To bind or fasten anything to the sense of in fulfilment or execution of
ship's sides. —
B. Du. lasch, a piece set on To Xiatcli. To catch. AS. laccan,
or let into a garment, also the place where gelcBccan, to catch, to seize ; Gael, glac,
the joining is made, the welding of two catch. The word seems to represent the
pieces of iron together, splicing of rope- sound of clapping or smacking the hand
ends ; lasschen or lassen, to join two down upon a thing, or perhaps the snap
pieces together ; Dan. laske, to baste, of a fastening falling into its place.
stitch, mortise ; N. laskje, a gore or patch —
Xiatch. liatchet. From Lat. laqueus,
aarelaskje, the patch of hard wood let are formed Fr. lags, It. laccio, any latch
into an oar to protect it from the rul- or lachet, binding-lace or fillet, halter,
locks Bav. lassen, einlassen bretter in-
;
snare to catch birds or beasts Fl. —
einander, to scarf boards together, to let Rouchi IcLche, a noose, leash, lace lachet, ;
jnould, form, size. Ein Spanischer ross, prcelatus, advanced before the r^&t,a. pre-
'
ob es gleich klein von leist, ist es doch late j oblation, an offering ; legislate, to
adelich von gestalt,' though small of size carry laws.
is noble in form. '
Ein pfarrer soil ein Iiatent. Lat. lateo, to lie, or be con-
bildner und leist sin zu leben sinen un- cealed, or unnoticed.
terthanen,' a pastor should be a model to Iiateral. Lat. latus, lateris, a side.
his parishioners. Iiath. Lattice. Fr. Du. G. latte, a —
The origin is probably AS. last, Goth. thin piece of cleft wood G. latte is also ;
laist, trace, footstep wagen-gelaist, the used for a pole or rod, a young slender
;
trace of the wheel ; the impression of a tree in a forest. The primary meaning
thing showing the size and form without is doubtless the shoot of a tree. Russ.
the substance of the original. loza, a rod, branch, twig ; G. lode, a
To Last. Properly, to perform, but sprig or shoot Bret, laz, a pole, fishing- ;
now confined to the special sense of per- rod ; W. Hath, a yard, or measure of three
forming the duty for which a thing is feet ; Gael, slat, a switch, wand, yard.
made, enduring. When we say that a Fr. lattis, E. lattice, lath-work.
coat will last for so many months, we Latb.e. turner's frame, called by A
mean that it will serve the purpose of a Cot. a lathe or lare. G. lade, a frame,
coat for so long. G. leisten, to fulfil, per- what holds or incloses something else
;
form, carry out. And thei ben false and the framework of a plough or harrow, a
'
traiterous and lasten noght that thei chest, coffer, receptacle. Kinnladen, the
bihoten.' —
Sir Jno. Mandeville. jawbones in which the teeth are held;
As Lat. sequi, to follow, gives exsequi, beltlade, a bedstead kamtnlade, the ;
dabble in water, make wet and dirty, let tra bort penningas, to squander money.
fall liquid dung (of cows) kuhpldder,
; And squander itself is a repetition of the
cow-dung ;verldtteren, to dawb with same metaphor.
cow-dung ; G. pldtschem, to paddle or Law. ON. lag, order, method, custom,
dabble in water ; Dan. pladder, mud, law. From leggia (hefi lagt), to lay. So
mire. Lat. statutum, statute, from statuere, to
Iiatiner. Fr. latinier, one who speaks lay down ; G. gesetz, law, from setzen, to
Latin, an interpreter. set Gr. Ocaiiog, law, from nBtiiu, to lay.
;
Iiaudable. —Laudatory. Lat. laus, Lax. -lax. Lat. laxus, loose, slack
-dis, praise. laxare, to make loose, relax.
Laugh. lachen, Du. lachachen,
G. Lay. Laity. — \. Lat. laicus,,-'OYlG.
lachen — Kil.from the sound.
;
leigo, laih, leih, Du. leek, from Gr. Xaindq,
To Launcb.. Fr. lancer. It. lanciare, of the \aog or people, as opposed to the
violently to throw, hurl, dart ; lanciare clergy.
un cervo, to rouse a stag. Probably 2. A
song, metrical tale. Prov. lais,
lancia, a lance, is from the verb, and not song, piece of poetry, song of birds, clang,
vice versS. ; a weapon to be hurled. A cry lais dels sonails, the sound of bells.
;
nasalised form of e. lash, to throw out. Tuit ^escridon a un lais, all cried out
—
Laundry. Laundress. It. lavare, —
with one voice. Rayn. As the old Fr.
to wash ; lavanda, suds, anything to poets (as Diez observes) regard the lay
wash with Fr. layage, washing lavan-
; ;
as specially belonging to the Bretons, it
dilre, a washerwoman ; Sp. lavadero, a is natural to look to the Celtic for the
been sown with the former crop, and palka, the shoulder-blade.
which is left without further cultivation League, i. Mid. Lat. leuca, Fr. lieue,
after the crop is carried. Dan. dial, lei, a measure of distances, properly the stone
fallow ; hid ager, novalis ; leid jord, which marked such a distance on the
cessata terra. —
Molbech. public roads. 'Mensuras viarum, nos
Laystall. Properly lay-stow, where miliaria, GrEeci stadia, Galli leucas.' Isi- —
lay has the same sense of vacant, unoc- dore in Dief. Celtica. Gael, leug, leag, a
cupied, as in lay-land, an empty place in stone liagan, an obelisk ; W. llech, a stone
;
which rubbish may be thrown. 'The 2. Fr. ligue. It. legua, an alliance, from
place of Smithfield was at that daye a Lat. ligare, to bind.
laye-stowe of all order of fylth.' Fabyan —
Leaguer, i. Du. leger, a lying, lying-
in R. place the lair of cattle, lying-place of an
;
Lay. 4. Layer. A lay, a bed of mor- army in the field ; belegeren, to beleaguer
tar.— B. In the same way Fr. couche, a or pitch one's camp for the attack of a
layer, from coucher, to lay. Du. laag, fortress whence leaguer, a siege, having ;
lay, layer, bed, stratum ; leger, a lying essentially the same meaning with the
place. P1.D. lage, a row of things laid in word siege itself, which signifies the seat
order, tier of guns ; afleger, a layer or taken by an army before a town for the
offset of a plant laid in the ground to same purpose.
strike root. 2. A snxall cask. G. legger, wasser-
To Lay. ON. leggia, G. legen, to lay ;
legger, Sw. watten-le^gare, water-cask in
ON. liggia, G. liegen, to lie, to lay oneself a ship. Probably from ON. I'ogg, N. logg,
down. The first of the two seems the pi. legger, Sw. lagg, the rim of the staves
original form, with the sense of thrusting, of which a cask is made ; lagga, to set
casting, striking. Sw. Icegge pa en, to
_
staves together ; lagger, laggbindare, a
lay on, to strike ; ON. hoggva och leggia, cooper; ON. lagg-wiS, wood for cask-
to strike and thrust ; lag of kesio, a making.
thrust with a javelin ; Sw. lagga til Leak. Du. lekken, water to penetrate,
lands, to reach the shore ; lagga sig, to to drip lekwijn, wine that leaks from a
;
from Lazarus in the parable. Du. La- a vessel pierced with holes for making
zarus-haus, a lazaretto, hospital for lepers, lye ; leach-troughs, troughs in which salt
pest-house. is set to drain leeks, drainings ; to leek
;
Lazy. Bav. laz, slow, late ;Du. losig, off, to drain, and hence to leek on or latch
leusig, flaccid, languid, slack, lazy— Kil. on, to add fresh water after the first wort
Pl.D. losig, lesig, loose in texture, slow,
weary ; G. lass, slack, slow, dull.
has been drawn off in brewing. Hal. —
Sw. bjork-laka, the juice of birch-trees ;
Lea. See Lay. sal-laka, brine laka pa, as E. to leek, or
;
To Leach. In carving, to cut up. Fr. latch on in brewing. The same root is
lesche, a long slice or shive of bread. seen in Lat. liquo, to strain, filter, melt
Cot. Lechette, lisquette, a tongue of land. liquatum viimm, strained wine ; liquari.
——;;
of sight after those of hearing, on. N. Ids, loose, lascivious, shameful AS. ;
hljomr, resonantia, clamor ; n. Ijom, re- leas, empty, false ; leasian, to lie, leasere,
sonance, echo AS. hlemman, to crackle
; a liar ; Du. loos, pretence, false sham ;
what leans from the want of sufficient fluss anders wohin leiten, to turn the
substance to keep it upright, hence feeble, course of a river ; wasser-leitung, aque-
thin, spare in flesh. duct, conduit, canal. See Lade.
To Lean. AS. hlynian, Du. leunen, G. Leather. g. leder, w. llethr, Du.
lehnen, Dan. Icene, It. lenare, to lean, to leder, leer, Bret. ler.
bend towards. Russ. klonif, to bow To Leather. In familiar language, to
down klonishsya, to slope, incline, tend
;
thrash or beat one ; and Swab, ledern is
to ; Gael, claon, incline, go aside, squint used in the same sense. So we speak of
claointe, bent, sloping ; Gr. kXiVm, to make giving one a good hiding, as if it were
to bend, turn towards, turn aside Lat. ; meant as a dressing of his hide or skin,
clino (in composition), to bend towards. and similar expressions were current in
To Leap. on. hlaupa, to run, spring ;
Latin. Corium perdere, —
redimere, to
hleypa, to make to spring, to shoot for- suffer blows, —forisfacere, to deserve
wards hlaupast, to escape, elope
;
G. ; them.
laufen, to run. Leave. Permission. AS. leaf, geleaf,
Leap-year. on. hlaup-ar, the inter- Pl.D. lof, love, ON. lof, permission ; lofa,
calary year which leaps forwards one day leyfa, G. erlauben, AS. lyfan, alyfan, to
in the month of February. The Du. permit. The radical meaning, as shown
schrikkel-jaer has a similar meaning, under Believe, is applaud, approve, and
from schrikken, to spring or stride ; in a weaker degree, allow, permit.
schrik-schoen, skaits. To Leave. Goth, laiba, AS. laf, ON.
To Learn. Goth, leisan, to know leifar (pi.), Gr. \017r6c, leavings, overplus,
laisyan, AS. Icsran, Sw. lara, G. lehreji, to remainder ; ON. leifa, Gr. Xtiirtiv, Xifnra-
teach ; Du. leeren, to teach, to learn ; AS. viiv, to leave ; Goth, aflifnan, Sw. blifwa,
Bav. verlassen einem etwas, to let some- From G. lecken, to lick, lecker, dainty,
thing to one on lease. lickerish, nice in food ; in familiar lan-
To Lease. To glean. Goth, lisan, guage, a lively degree of a sensual desire.
las, lesun, to gather ; Lith. lesti, to peck Der lecker steht ihm darnach, his chaps
as a bird, to pick up. water at it, he has a letch or latch for it,
Leash. Mid. Lat. laxa, Fr, laisse, as it would be expressed in vulgar E.
a leash to hold a dog, a bridle or false
lesse,
Latch, a fancy or wish.— Hal. E. lickerish,
lickorous, dainty. Lat. ligurire, to lick,
rein to hold a horse by, any such long
string. Mid.Lat. laxamina, habense to be dainty in eating, eagerly to long for.
; — ;
vincially retains the original meaning. lyda, to signify. Huru lydde brefvetf
The same train of thought which pro- what did the letter import ? Lagen lyder
duced the change of meaning in lechery sd, so the law says. Late, cry, voice.
led in the middle ages to the use of Lat. Foglar hafva olika Idten, fowls have dif-
luxus, luxuria (classically signifying ex- ferent notes.
cess in eating and drinking), in the sense Ledge. A narrow strip standing out
of fleshly indulgence luxus, bose lust
;
from a flat surface, as a ledge of rock, the
luxuriosus, horentriber. —
Dief. Supp. ledge of a table. ON. logg, Sw. lagg, Sc.
'
Oncques n'orent compagnie ne atouche- laggen, the projecting rim at the bottom
— —
ment de carnelle luxure.' St Graal, c. of a cask. Ledgins, the parapets of a
xxix. 152. In the E. translation 'nether
in weye of lecherie lay hire by.' And pro-
bridge. —
Jam.
Ledger. A leiger or ledger ambassa-
bably this use of luxuria in the sense of dor was a resident appointed to guard the
lechery may justify the conjecture that interests of his master at a foreign court.
hixus in the primary meaning of excess
in the pleasures of taste has the same
Now gentlemen imagine that young Cromwell's
in Antwerp, leiger iot the English merchants.
origin with G. lecker, E. lickorous, and Fr. Lord Cromwell in Nares.
Idcherie, in a representation of the sound
Return not thou, but legeir stay behind
made by smacking the tongue and lips in And move the Greeklsh prince to send us aid.
the enjoyment of food. The Gr. yXuKug, Fairfax Tasso, ibid.
and Lat. dulcis (for dlucis), sweet, seem
to show that the sound of a smack was The term was also applied to other cases
represented by the syllable gluck or dluck, in which an object lies permanently in a
which when softened down to luck would place. A
ledger-bait in fishing is one
supply the root of luxus. See Luck.
'fixed or made to rest in one certain place
-lect. —
Xiecture. Lat. lego, ledum, to when you shall be absent from it.' — Wal-
pick, gather, thence to read. Hence Elect, ton.
to choose from; Collect, to gather to- It happened that a stage-player borrowed a
rusty musket which had lien long leger in his
gether Select, to pick out and lay apart.
;
Lede. A kettle.
—
shop. Fuller in R.
And Ananias fell down dede Hence leiger-books are books that lie
As black as any lede. — Manuel der P^ch^s. permanently in a certain place to which
Ir.luchd, a pot or kettle. they relate. Many leiger-books of the
'
the wind. as. hleo, hleow, shade, shelter. court-leet. In England court-leit is the
ON. hlifa, hlja, N. liva, to protect, shelter ; court of the copyhold tenants, opposed to
ON. a shield (Lat. clypeus), defen-
hlif, court-baron, that of the freeholders of a
sive armour. Du. luw, shelter from manor, copyhold being a servile tenure.
the wind. Het begint te luwen, the See Lad.
wind abates. Dat luwt wat, that gives Left. Du. lucht, luft, Lat. Icevus,Yo\.,
some relief. Luwte, AS. hleowth, place Boh. lewy. Perhaps the light hand, in
sheltered from the wind, apricitas. Hence opposition tothe stronger, heavier right ;
Sc. lythe, shelter, and met. encourage- AS. swithre, the stronger, the right hand.
ment, favour. The
lythe side of the In Transylvania licht is used ior schlecht,
hill. Possibly the radical image may poor, slight. Fris. lichte lioeden, the
be shown in ON. hliit, side, slope of a common people. Boh. lewiti, to slacken-;
hill. lewny, moderate.
light,
Leech. A physician, healer, then the Leg. ON. leggr, a stalk or stem ann- ;
which forms the termination of many of lehen, a fee, or estate given in respect of
our names for plants ; hemlock, charlock, military service ON. Idn, Dan. laan, a loan,
;
garlick, houseleek, Swiss wegluen, wild thing lent OHG. lehanon, G. lehnen, Sw.
;
ligo, sediment, dregs, mud. Wall, lize, Swab, glentz, Sw. ladig, lading, lading,
Namur lige, yeast. Bret, lec'hid, sedi- laing, laig, spring.
ment, from lec'hia, to lay, to set down,
Leopard. Lat. Leopardusj supposed
w. llaid, mire. by Pliny to be the issue of a she lion
Leet. G. lasse, lass-bauer, the name lleana) by a male panther {pardus).
Leper. Gr. Xtirpbg, scaly; the skin
given in many parts of G. to tenants sub- with the
ject to certain rents and duties. Lass- becoming scaly on those afflicted
leprosy \cTrie, a scale, husk, peel.
bank, the court of the lassi, court leet ;
of aversion, &c.
secular person.
Levigate. Lat. levigare or Icevigare,
Lewde, not letteryd, illiteratus ;— un-
to make smooth, from lavis, smooth,
knowynge in what so hyt be, inscius,
polished.
ignarus. —
Pr. Pm. Leude of condycions,
ynge
Levin. Lightning.
that brenneth.'— Ortus.
Fulgur, leuen-
'
To levyne
'
maluays, villayn, maugraneux. Palsgr. —
or to smyte with lewenynge.' —
Cath. Leude or naughty wine, illaudatum vel
—
spurcum. Horman in Way.
Ang. Fulgur, fulmen, lewenyngesj ful-
'
levin with Sc. gleuin, to glow. rium, a chest or place to keep books in.
So that the cave did gleuin of the hete.— D. V. Liberal.—Liberate.— Liberty. Lat.
to lighten, seems the older liber, free.
But N. lygne, 25
;;
man, Fr. libertin, a dissolute person, one OS. lognian, AS. lygnian, to deny, Lett.
freed from moral restraint. leegt, to deny, refuse. So in Gael, breug,
License, -licit. Lat. liceo, licitum, a lie breugaich, give the lie, gainsay.
;
corpse is set down on entering a church- breug), to flatter. In a Vocab. A.D. 1470,
yard to await the arrival of the minister. cited by Adelung, loggen is translated
Lich-wake, the watch held over a dead nuga, derisio.
body. Goth, leik, G. leiche, AS. lie, lice, The origin seems preserved in the Fin-
corpse. nish languages, where Fin. liika, Esthon.
To Lick. I. G. lecken, Goth, laigon, liig signify by, beside, beyond what is
Or. Xei'xw, It. Ifccare, Lith. lakti. Fin. natural or right. Esthon. jominne, drink
lakkia, Russ. lokaf, to lick or lap, to sup liig-jominne, drunkenness juus, hair, ;
up liquids with the tongue. Pers. laq- liig-juus, false-hair, a wig iiimmi, a ;
is characterised by the sound laq, shows te, a way, liig-te, wrong way, by-path
the imitative character of the word in the and pajatus, speech, liig-pajatus, false-
clearest light. hood, trifling. Bret, gaou, awry, wrong,
2. To beat. w. llach, a slap ; llachio, false, gaolavarout, to lie.
door. In the AS. Gospel, Matt, xxvii. 60, am glad of it ; lief hebbe?i, to love. See
it is said that Joseph rolled a great stone Love.
for a hlid to the sepulchre. OHG. hlit, Liege. Allegiance. — The Mid.Lat.
lid, covering ; uparlid, covering, the litgius, ligius, Prov. litge, lige, Fr. lige,
mercy-seat (which covered the ark). was a term of the feudal law, signifying
Pl.D. lid, cover ; ogenlid, G. atigenlied, the absolute nature of the duty of a tenant
eyelid. OFris. hlid, lith, covering, roof; to his lord. Liegeman, a tenant who
'mit ene plonckene hlide:' [a well] with a owes absolute fidelity liege-lord, the lord
;
covering of planks. The foregoing would entitled to claim such from his tenant.
be satisfactorily accounted for from AS. Mid.Lat. litgancia, ligiantia, ligeitas,
hlidan, behlidan, to cover, close, OFris. &LC., allegiance, the duty of a subject to
hlidia (Stiirenberg), to cover, but the ON. his lord.
seems to indicate that the primary sense The notion that the word was derived
is an opening, then what closes it up, in from Lat. ligare, signifying the tie by
the same way that the primary sense both which the subject was bound to his lord,
of door and of gate seems to be an open- appears very early, but is not entitled to
ing or passage- ON. hlid, a vacant space, more respect on that account. The deri-
an opening, gap in a hedge, dyke or wall vation adopted by Due. is far more satis-
closed with a hatch or gate. It is ap- factory from litiis, lidus, ledus, a man
;
plied to the vacant space on a wall where of a condition between a free man and a
one of a row of shields has been taken serf, bound to the soil, and owing certain
down, to a pause in a battle. Gardshlid, work and services to his lord. Litinio-
opening in an inclosure, gate, wicket. nium, lidimonium, litidium, the duty of a
Da., Sw. led, wicket, gate, barrier. litus to his lord. See Lad.
To Lie. I. Goth, ligan, lag, legum, Lien. An arrangement by which a
to lie ; lagjan, to lay ; Fris. liga, lidsa, certain property is bound to make good
lidisa, lizze, to He ; Russ. lojii (Fr.j), to a pecuniary claim. Fr. lien, from Lat.
lay; down. Lat. legere, to
loj'itsya, to lie ligamen, tie. See Limehound.
lay, as appears from colligere, to lay to- Lieutenant. One holding the place
gether, to collect. Gr. Wytiv, originally of another. Fr. lien, place, and tenir, to
to lay, then to lay to sleep ; ViytnQai, to hold.
lie, \ix°Q, a couch, bed. Serv. lojati, to Life. —Live. Goth, liban, G. leben, to
lay ; legati, to lie. ON. leggia, to lay ; live ; leib, body. Du. liif body, life.
l^g.?''^, to lie. See Lay. Lift. OE. lift, hift, the skj-, air.
2. Goth, liugan, G. liigen, Slavon. lii- Tho hurde he thulke tyme angles synge ywis,
gati, Pol. lga&. Boh. hlati, to lie. OHG. Up in the Ivfte a murye song R. G. 2S0.
LIFT LIGHT 387
Goth, luftus, the air Pl.D, lucht, lugt,
; lupfen, Lat. levare, as compared with lift,
Du. luckt, locht, air, sky, breath ; N. lukt, is no essential part of the root of light.
ON. lopt, air, sky. Ligament. —Ligature. Lat. ligare,
Pl.D. lucht signifies hght as wallas air, to bind, tie.
and the enjoyment of the two are so inti- Light. I. Goth, liuhath, light lauh- ;
mately connected that we can hardly moni, lightning ; G. licht, light ; ON. lios,
doubt the identity of lucht, light, with Gael, leus, Lat. lux, light ; lucere, Bret.
and must suppose
lucht, lugt, luft, air ; luc'ha, luia, Fr. luire, to shine ; W. Mg,
that luft has arisen from lucht by the light ; lygad, the eye ; llugorn, Lat. lu-
same tendency to soften aspirates which cerna, Gr. Xix""!.', a light, lamp, &c. ; Bret.
is seen in the pronunciation of cough, as lugem, shine, brilliancy ; Gr. \ivKoq,
compared with the spelling, or in E. soft, white ; Xuk;/, the dawn ; Sanscr. luj, lok,
compared with G. sacht. The absence of loch, shine, see.
light and air is expressed in Du. by the 2. G. leicht, Du. licht, leycht, ON. lettr,
same word bedompt, signifying dark, ob- Pol. lekki. Boh. lehky, Serv. lak, Russ.
scurcj and also close, stifling. Bomhoff. — legok, Sanscr. laghu, Lat. leids, of small
Gr. a'lSia, to light up, blaze ; diff^p, the weight, easy. The Gr. iKaxvQ, small,
lift, sky. mean, is generally recognised as identical
To Lift. Pl.D. liiften, lichten, to raise with levis, which it unites with the Slavo-
into the (Pl.D. lucht, OE. luft) or air.
lift nian forms.
Liiften is also usedin the sense of giving As lightness is a tendency upwards to-
air. ON. lopt, air, sky d lopt, up in the
; wards the light and air, it may take its
air, aloft ; lopta, Dan. I'dfte, to raise or designation either from light {lux), or
lift. Swab, lupf a breathing, moment of from Pl.D. lucht, the lift or air, words
breath-taking (comp. Pl.D. lucht haUn, which have been shown to be radically
to draw breath) ; lupfen, to lift ; AS. hli- identical. The air is the most common
fian, to rise up, to raise or lift. type of lightness, and it is besides the
It must be admitted that the idea of only thing which interposes no impedi-
lifting may also be explained as making ment to the passage of hght. Thus light-
a thing light, making it rise upwards, and ness and light are naturally associated
the verb seems often to be formed in this together ; heaviness and darkness. N.
manner. Thus from Lat. levis, light, let, light (levis) ; letta (of the weather),
levare, to lift ; from Bohem. lehky, light, to clear up, to become bright and un-
lehciti, to lift. Pl.D. lichten may be
The covered. See Lift.
formed either from lucht, the air, or from To Light.—Alight. The different
licht, light, and it is used as well in the senses of the verb to light afford a good
sense of lift as of that of lighten; die instance of the intimate association in our
anker lichten, to weigh or raise the an- mind between light and air. To light on
chor ei7i schiff lichten, to lighten a ship,
; a thing, to fall in with it, is to have light
to take out the cargo die casse lichten,
;
on it.
to take money out of the chest, an appli- I hope by this time the Lord may have blessed
cation which may be compared with E. you to have light upon some of their ships. ^-
Carlyle's Cromwell, 2. 384.
shop-lifting, removing goods clandes-
tinely from a shop, or Sc. to lift a debt, In the same way the native of New Hol-
perhaps to empty or make void the debt, land to signify meeting with a thing says
to receive the money. Lower Rhine lofte, that it makes a light. 'Well me and
to steal, Goth, hliftus, a thief, hlifan, to Hougong go look out for duck aye, aye, ;
steal, may be connected with as. hlifian, Bel make a light duck.' Which rendered
to raise, by Fr. enlever, to take away. into English would be, '
We
don't see any
Dan. not heavy, lette, to lighten,
let, light, duck ' [don't meet with or light on any],
to lift, to weigh anchor. — Mrs Meredith, Australia. In Pl.D. a
The vacillation in the apparent deriva- similar idea is expressed by reference to
tion of all these words may be explained the air. Het was as wen he uut der lucht
by the ultimate identity of the parent full, it was as if he fell out of the lift or
stocks. Lightness is a tendency upwards, air ; of one who unexpectedly comes to
towards the light and air. To make a light.
thing light (in the sense of not heavy) is To alight from horseback, to light ^x^o^a.
to bring it towards the light, or, what is the ground, are probably to be understood
radically the same word, towards the lift from the notion of lightening the convey-
or air. It must be remembered that the ance on which the agent was previously
final /, which is lost in AS. hlifian, Bav. borne. Dan. let, light, not heavy ; lette,
25 *
. ;
manner. Kutte lakai, kutte laka, in niin modoin, in that manner monella ;
what manner ? how ? Paha-laka, in bad niodolla, in many manners. It then forms
manner, badly inainetes laka, blame-
; an adjectival termination, muotoinen
lessly. The addition of an adjectival (contracted to moine?i), alicujus forms,
termination produces a form, lakats gestaltet, ahnlich, equivalent to Lap. lakats
(sometimes standing by itself), equivalent above-mentioned sen muotoinen or sem-
;
to Goth, -leiks or Lat. -lis. Tjaskeslakats, moineii, of that nature (as from lai, sen-
of cold nature, chilly kdlkoslakats, of
; lainen, in the same sense) isansa muo- ;
like thee, thine equal ; tannlakats, Lat. appearance, hahmoinen, resembling. The
talis, like this ; mannlakats, qualis, like Lap. has also wuoke, form, figure, appear-
which. A
remarkable approach to the ance, manner (perhaps from the same
Lap. form is preserved in the OE. lok, root with Gr. ukus, I seem, tiiciiv, an image
used in forming the comparative and with the digamma F'ukm, Fukujv) tan ;
Kor lika du dee ? how do you like it ? lumm, fagged ; lummelig, lummerig,
Lap. Tat munji liko, that likes me well, hanging down, having lost its stiffness ;
of taste is the primary type of all enjoy- limpeln, to act carelessly and indiffer-
ment, it may be suspected that the root ently.
of our present word is the same repre- Lim.bo. A
place in the outskirts of
sentation of the smacking of the tongue Hell in which the souls of the pious, who
which gives rise to E. licorous, licorish, died before the time of Christ, were sup-
dainty, given to the pleasures of taste. posed to await his coming, and where
See Lechery. To like then, or it likes the souls of unbaptised infants remain.
me, would be exactly equivalent to the G. '
Limbus ponitur pro quadam parte in-
schmecken. Wie sckmeckt ihnen dieser ferni, quatuor enim sunt loca inferni,
wein f How do you like this wine ? scilicet infernus damnatorum, limbus
Diese antwort schmeckte ihm gar nicht, puerorum,purgatorium, et limbus Tpaimra.'
the answer was not to his liking. Swiss — ^Joh. de Janua in Due.
—
gschmoke, placere. Idiot. Bernense. So Then applied to a place of confine-
in Du. monden, to please, from niond, the ment, Fr. limbes, the purgatory of un-
mouth. Dit antwoord tnondde den koning baptised children also a low and un-
;
niet ; did not please the king. Epkema — savoury room in prisons. Cot. In limbo, —
in V. muwlckjen. in prison. The
It. lembo, a lap
origin is
Lily. Lat. lilium, Gr. Xupwv, OHG. or skirt of a garment, hem, border. See
lilja. The original sense of the word Limber 2.
may probably be preserved in Esthon. Lim.e. i. Anything used for sticking
lil, lillik, lilli. Alb. Ijoulj, a flower things together hence applied to two
;
Basque lili, a flower, also to blossom. very different substances, glue or bird-
Mod.Gr. XovXovdi, a blossom XouXou- ; lime, and the calcareous earth used as
SidZd), to flourish, bloom, blossom. cement in building. G. leim, Du. lijm,
Limb. AS. Urn, Da. lem, a joint of glue,any viscous substance which joins
the body on. limr, branch, bough,
; bodies together. Kiittn. —
on. lim, glue ;
limb. The word might plausibly be de- veggia-lim, wall-lime, lime, mortar. It
rived from the notion of joining. Loketh ' is the same word with Lat. limus, slime,
that ye beon euer mid onnesse of one mud, E. loam, Du. leem, clay, terra ar-
herte ilimed together.' —
Ancren Riwle, gillacea, lenta, tenax, glutinosa Kil., and —
256. Limunge, joining unlimed, se-
; with slime, any viscous, semi-liquid, gluey
parated. —
Ibid. The i however of on. material. Slime had they for mortar.'
'
Um, glue, lime, is long ; of limr, limb, — Genesis. Esthon. libbe, smooth, slip-
short. See Lime. pery. Lith. limpu, lipti, to stick lippus, ;
iaz, to faint, become slack. Swiss lam-p- liamet, a tape, little tie of riband Milan. ;
en, to hang loose, to fade, to move in ligamm, Bret, liamm, band, tie Grisons ;
a spirits -ss manner ; lampig, lampelig, ligiar, liar, to bind ; ligiom, liom. Ham,
faded, loose, flabby, hanging ;
gelamp, a a band.
— ;; — ;
bas, lame of one leg, limping khunbis, got, the latch of a shoe.
; Grose. —
lame of one leg, a bungler klumboti, to ; In the second sense lingel is used for
limp klumbenti, G. klopfen, to knock at shoemaker's thread, from Fr. ligneul,
;
klumpas, a wooden shoe ; E. dial, dump- Cot. 'Lingell that souters sew with,
ers, thick heavy shoes to dump, to chefgros, lignier. Lynger, to sew with,
tramp, to dunter, to walk clumsily,
;
The fundamental image is the dump- England, and lingan in Scotland. See
ing gait of a lame man, consisting of a Laniard, Inkle.
succession of knocks, represented by the Linger. G. verldngeru, Du. lingen,
Fr. dop, dak, in doper, doquer (softened verlangeti, verlengen (Kil.), to lengthen
to dodter) aller dopin-dopan, to go out, to be long about a thing.
—
;
—
To Lin. Blin. To cease properly nedelonges, of necessity ; darklings, in
;
guage, the bars of wood on which a boat lunda, Goth, samalaud, in the same way,
is dragged ashore or supported when so Sw. dial, skakker lonnom, in shaking wise,
dragged up hlummr, the handle of an as if one had a fever.
;
oar. Gael, lunn, a spoke or lever, the The origin of these last is referred
shaft of an oar. OHG. lun, obex, paxil- by Ihre to Goth, ludja, face, laudja,
lus ; Ian, clavus in axe." —
Gl. in Schm. form.
Swab, lanne, land, shafts lander, a lath
; ON. lund, mind, disposition, will, mode,
G. geldnder, ha-nnisters. Mid.Lat. lonum, wise. A
allar lundir, by aU means
spoke of a wheel limo (Fr. limon, shafts), med lengom lundom, in nowise.
; Fin.
—
a linch-pin. Dief. Supp. luonto, form, disposition, nature ; w.
—
Line. Lineage. Lineament. — Lat. Ihcn, form, likeness, shape yn llyn, in ;
ments, the lines of the features ; to de- is from the same source with lingo, lic-
lineate, to trace out. tum, to lick, viz. from the smacking or
;
slunnen, rags ; sluntje, Du. slodde, slojnp, margin, strip, catalogue. The It. liccia,
a slut. Da. dial, lunte is used for a lizza, list or selvedge of cloth (FL), lists
twisted band of
straw, hay, or sedge, to of a tiltyard, Sp. liza, Fr. lices, lisse, the
bind sheaves or the like. fence of a tiltyard, lisiere, list of cloth,
Lintel. Fr. linteau, Sp. lintel, diniel, hem of a garment, outskirt of a wood,
the head-piece of a door or window. B. — can hardly be distinct, though they seem
Probably from the form Ion, lunn, or to have come through a different channel
lund, signifying a timber, pole, or bar, from the forms with a filial /, and may
mentioned under Linchpin. probably spring direct from a Celtic
Lion. Lat. leo, -nisj Gr. Xiioi/. source, while the final ^ is a Teutonic
Lip. Lat. labium, Gael. Hob, Hop, lib, modification of the same ultimate root.
Wall. Upe, Sw. Idppe, lip Vulg. G. labbe.
;
Bret. Uz, haunch, border, skirt lizen. ;
392 LISTEN LIVELIHOOD
selvedge, list, border; Uz, OFr. delez,
A clerk had litherly beset his while.
Dehors
De bon mur
les murs a unes rampart)
lices (a
fort a carneaux bas. —
R. R. wicked action. R.G. —
Du. lodderen int
bedde, in de sonne, to lie lazily in bed, to
Without the diche were listis made
lounge in the sun. Lodder, a loose, lux-
With wall batailed large and drade.
Ibid. Chaucer, 4200. urious man ; lodderigh, lodderlick, scur-
Listen. We might readily derive AS. rilis, luxuriosus, meretricius. Kil. Swab. —
hlysfan, to listen, from ON. Must, an ear ;
lottern, umlottern, to lounge about. The
idea of looseness is conveyed by a repre-
at hlusta til, or at leggia hlustir vid, to
sentation of the flapping sound of loose
give ear to, to listen. But probably Must,
clothes, or the splashing of liquids. Du.
the ear, is so called as the organ of Usten-
lobberen, to trample in water or mire
ing. w. dust, ear, Gr. skba, to hear. The ;
(to listen to), toobey. See To Lithe. W. ystlys, a. side. To bandy words (from
It. banda, a side) is to conflict in words.
Litany. Gr. Xiravtia, a supplicating ;
Schilter.
Loaf. AS. hlaf, Goth, hlaibs, hlaifs,
I —
bidde mi paternoster and mi crede Russ. chljeb, Pol. chleb. Fin. laip, bread,
That God hem helpe at here nede loaf Lat. libum, a cake.
That helpen me mi lif to lede. ;
ing for small fish. Speaking of the loach, one fatigued lob, looby, a clown, a dull,
;
ing, shutter, latch, and fig. conclusion, whence 17 {jixi/^ Xoyiio/, the art of reason-
end. Du. luik, shutter, AS. loc, a place ing in words.
shut in, cloister, prison, fold ; also what Logwood. 'Whereas of late years
fastens, a lock. there hath been brought into this realm
Alocker is a receptacle made by a seat of England a certain kind of ware or stuff
with a moveable top. Sw. lock, Da. laage, called Logwood, alias Blockwood.' Stat. —
cover laagebcenk, a locker. Du. loker,
; 23 Eliz. c. ix.
loculamentum, theca. Kil. — Loin. Fr. lombe, the loin. Longe, the
Lodge. Fr. loge, a hut or small apart- loin or flank, the fleshy part of the neck,
ment. See Lobby. Hence loger, to so- back, and reins cut along the back.—
journ, abide for a time which however
;
Cot. Du. longie, loenie, lumbus vitel-
agrees in a singular manner with Russ. linus.— Kil. Wal., OFr. logne, Sc. lunyie,
lojit' (Fr.y), to place, to lay; lojitsya, to loin.
lay oneself down, lie down ; Serv. loja, Usually derived from Lat. lumbus, by
lying place. Illyr. lojiti, to lay ; loj- the common change of mb into ng. Mid.
Hitza, a sleeping apartment. Lat. lumbus, lungus, lende, lem, sdileg-
; — ;
Fin. lotto, anything dangling Bav. latter, ; Du. lollen, to coddle oneself, warm one-
lottel, loitel, a lazy or loose-living man self over the coals.
latterhank, a couch for repose Du. lod- ; The same transfer from imperfect
deren int bedde, in de sonne, to lie lazily speech to imperfect action, which we have
in bed, to idle in the sun PI.D. luddern, ; seen in famble axi&fitjnble, gives OVi.lall,
to be lazy Du. lunderen, to dawdle (cunc-
; the first imperfect walk of a child lalla, ;
len, to be loose, not properly fast lodeli ; to move or act slowly ; loll, lolla, sloth ;
arbeit, loose, imperfect work umelodeln, ; E. loll, to lounge, give way to sloth Du. ;
leuteren, to vacillate, loiter, delay—Kil. ; Mod.Gr. \wX6s, silly, foolish Fin. lolli, ;
ON. lotra, to loiter, go slow and lazily. lelli, a lazybones, slothful, effeminate
With a change to the guttural class of person ; lallatella, lollittella, to lead a
consonants may be cited E. logger, to loose or slothful life ON. loll, loth, sloth.
;
Afterwards the term was appro- reach to the point required. Si lengent
in Due.
iro unriht also sell, they stretch out their
priated to the followers of Wicliff in Eng-
land. Lollaerd, Lollebroeder, Alexianus
wickedness as a rope. Notker. Sint—
monachus, Waldensis. — Kil. kelengit, relaxantur —
Kero Gilengit wer- ;
larse, to overload one's stomach with oar used by way of a rudder, or perhaps
dainties. Pol. papinki, dainties, tidbits. the tiller.
Lollipops would thus signify sucking Weder stod on wille,
dainties. Wind mid than beste,
Lombar-liouse. A pawnbroker's shop. Heo rihten heore loues.
— B. And up drogen selles,
Lithen over saestrem.
They had put all the little plate they had in
the Lumber, which is pawning it. —
Life of Lady The weather stood at will.
G. Baillie in Trench. The wind at the best.
They righted their loofs
Du. Lombaerd, fjenerator, usurarius
And up drew the sails,
Lombaerde, tabema seu mensa usuraria. Voyaged over sea stream.
— Kil. Lombaerd, lopibert, lonimert, Layamon 3, 242.
place where they lend money on pledge.
— Halma. From
the trade of dealing in
Pai^ 3 A. pur un mast de rouge sapin de cent
'
in the middle ages, whence in London, vero naves et velificantes perrexerunt itaque au-
Lombard Street, the street occupied by dacter obliquando dracenam, quae vulgariter
dicitur lof, ac si vellent adire Calesiam, sed AngU
bankers.
—
liOne. Lonely. From alone, G. al- —
maris periti subito cum se scivissent ventum
exhausisse (had got to windward), versa dracena
lein, all one, simply one. See Alone. ex transversa vento sibi jam secundo insecuti
—
Long. To Linger. Goth, laggs, ON. sunt hostes alacriter.' —
Matth. Paris in Bart.
langr, Lat. longus, Pol. dlugi, long. Cotton, p. 108.
Probably from the notion of slackness, Du. loeuen, deflectere sive declinare navi-
which is coincident with that of length gio, cedere. — Kil.
in many cases. Swiss lugg, luck, loose, To Look. Bav. luegen, Swiss lugen,
— ;;
Sw. dial, hljumma, lumma, lomma, luma, opening among clouds glira, to peep, to
;
Loop. Gael, tub, bend, bow, noose, ON. lapa, stapa, to flag, hang loose ;
loop tuhach, crooked ; tubtin, a curved
;
stapeyrdr, N. tap-oyrt, tav-oyrt, lop-eared.
line tubshruth, a winding stream.
;
The origin is the sound made by soft
Loop-hole. A
peep-hole in the wall or loose things flapping or falling. Du.
of a castle, from whence to shoot in safety slobberen, stodderen, G. schtottern, Esthon.
at the enemy. Lang, loup, a small win- toddisema, to hang loose and slack ; Du.
dow in a roof. todderen. Swab, lottern, to lie loosely
stretched, to lounge ; toppern, Swiss lot-
Lat no light leopen yn at loverne at loufe. — P. P. tern, to shake about, not to hold fast.
Du. luipen, to peep, to lurk ; op zijne See Lob.
tuipen tiggen, to lie in wait ; gluipen, to The form touch-eared may be com-
peep; gluiper, one that wears his hat pared with Bav. latschen, totschen, to go
deep in his face, so as to hide his eyes, about or do anything slackly and lazily ;
vertatscht, tatschet (fii things that ought
one that acts secretly. De deur staat op
be fast or stiff), slack, soft, clammy.
eene gluip, the door is ajar. N. gtupa, to to
gape ; glaapa, to stare ; glop, a hole, an Melting snow becomes tatschet, to be
opening; gloypa, to gape, not to shut compared with E. slush, sludge. Dan.
Dan. gtippe, to wink Du. glippen, slaslte, to dabble, paddle, also (of clothes)
fast ; ;
; ;
wald lappern, to shake to and fro, wabble Loud. ON. hljod, sound G. laut, ;
ing weather Swab, schludern, to slob- to lour, to look with covert aspect, to
;
ber, spill, slop i geschluder, slops, dirty threaten rain. To lour, to look sour or
liquid. grim, to begin to be overcast with clouds.
It must be observed that when a body B. —
is of a mixed consistency between solid The Du. equivalent loeren shows the
and liquid, it will be considered as thick passage to E. leer, to cast a cunning or a
or thin according to the extreme with wistful look. B. Loeren, to peer, peep, —
which it is compared. A
substance must leer specially with desire to possess one-
;
to ,stoop, lean, incline,go downwards, schldk cho, he is come at the right mo-
slope, to tilt a cask. The primary mean- ment for enjoyment, at a show, for in-
ing probably like that oiglout, to look
is stance.—D. M. iii. 458. The Lat. delicice,
covertly, look from beneath the brows, meaning originally appetising food, is
and so to hold the head down. n. glytta, figuratively used in the sense of darling.
to peep Dan. dial, lutte (of the weather),
; To look sweet upon one is to look with
to lour, look threatening. loving eyes. Indeed, it is probable that
Love. to love ; Lat. libet,
G. lieben, the act of kissing is a symbol expressive
lubet, pleases
it libens edere, to eat with
j of the feelings entertained towards the
a good appetite ; libido, lubido, pleasure, object of affection by the figure of smack-
dfsire, lust ; Bola. lubiti, libiti, libowati, ing the lips over a deUcate morsel. Thus
to love, to have pleasure in ; libitise, to the expression of devouring with kisses
be pleased ; libost, will, pleasure ; liby, would be but a return to the original
sweet, agreeable, pleasant; libati, to kiss, image.
to taste ; Pol. lubid, lubowa^, to have an On the foregoing theory Lat. voluptas
inclination for, to relish, to like luby, would imply the representation of the
;
lovely, sweet, delicious Serv. lyubav, smacking of the palate, by a root vlup
;
love ; lyubiti, to kiss ; Russ. liobif, to alongside of lub, analogous to Y,. flip, or
Jove ; naliobovatsya, to have pleasure in fillip, for a smack with the fingers, or to
;
lobzat', to kiss. So Fris. muwlchjen, to the old wlap, for lap, It. viluppare, vo-
kiss, also to have pleasure in, from muwlle, luppare, to wrap.
the mouth. Sicilian liccari, to lick, to Low. I. ON. lagr, short, low ; Sw.
flatter, to make love ; liccaturi, a lover lag, Du. laag, low.
licchettu, the flavour of wine ; licchiteddu, Low. 2. ON. logi, Sw. Idge, Dan. lue,
taste, savour. love, AS. IcBg, lig, flame ; Gr. ^\o% l<p^oye),
As kissing is the most obvious mani- 0\oy6f, flame ; ipKiyw, Lat. flagrare, to
festation of love, we might naturally sup- flame, to burn. The origin is. seen in
pose that the word was derived from Du. fiaggeren, to flap, to flutter, from the
these Slavonic words signifying kiss. wavering action so characteristic of flame.
But it is more probable that they have In the sanje way, from Du. flodderen, to
both a common origin in a representa- be in a wavering state, lodderen (properly
tion of the sound of smacking the tongue to hang loose), to lounge, Swiss lodern,
and lips, which gives rise to the Lat. to flap as loose clothes, we pass to G.
lambere, labium, E. lap, lip, Walach. lodern, to waver, to blaze. So also from
liniba, the tongue; Esthon. libbama, to E. logger, Magy. logni, to oscillate, shake
lick ; Fr. lipp^e, a good morsel, a snack; to and fro, Dan. logre, to wag, we are
Bret, lipa, to lick ; lipous, delicate, tasty. led to ON. logi, flame. The same train
It will be observed that the Bohem. of thought is seen in Magy. lobogni, to
libati is both to kiss and to taste, exactly waver, flutter, and lob, flame, lobbanni, to
as E. smack is used in both senses, or as blaze, flame.
NFris. macke, to kiss, compared with To Low. AS. hloivan, Du. loeien, G.
Fin. makia, sweet, well tasted. Now
the luien, to low. Lith. loti, to bark.
pleasure of taste is commonly taken as Loyal. Fr. loyal, OFr. leal, from Lat.
the type of all gratification. The rude legalis. Lex, legis, Fr. loi, law.
tribes met with in a late expedition to- Lozenge. Fr. lozange, a little square
wards the sources of the Nile expressed cake of preserved herbs, &c ., also a quar-
their admiration of the beads shown them rel of a glass window, anything of that
by rubbing their beUies. —
Petherick, form. Cot. —
From Piedm. Sp. losa,
Egypt and the Nile, 448. And Burton Lang, laouzo, a slate, flag, flat stone for
shows that joy and affection is expressed paving, commonly set cornerwise, in
in the same way on the W. of Africa. which the idea of a lozenge mainly differs
'
At the peroration he expressed the glad- from that of a square. Boh. dlazice, a
ness of the Alake to see us at his capital tile ; dlaziti, to pave.
as for himself, he rubbed his bony hands Lubber. Lubbard. —
lumpish, slug- A
on his lean stomach to'show the yearning gish, clumsy fellow. —Worcester. Da.
;; —
liubrioate. Lat. lubricus, slippery. not easy to say whether the verb is
It is
Xiucid. —
Lucifer. Lat. lux, lucis, light derived from the noun or the converse.
luceo, to shine. Russ. lutsch, lutschA, a Certainly the meaning of the E. verb is
ray lutscMna, a match Serv. lutsch, a
; ; exactly such as would arise from the me-
torch lutscha, a ray of the sun.
;
taphor of pulling by the ear. On the
Luck. G. gluck, Du. luk, geluk, hap- other hand it is not obvious what there is
piness, enjoyment, prosperity, fortune. in common between the ear and the fore-
The appearance of composition with the lock except as affording means of laying
particle ^« in Du. gelick is probably falla- hold of an animal and leading him along.
cious, as it is very common to find parallel In the latter point of view to lug may be
forms with an initial /, and gl, or cl re- to drag along like a rope trailing on the
spectively, as Du. gluypen and luypen, to ground. Swiss lugg, loose, slack ; lug-
spy, E. gloom and loom, glowre and lour, gen, to be slack ; das sell lugget, E. lug,
glout and lotit, clump and lump, clog and anything slow in movement ; luggard, a
log, &c. sluggard ; lugsome, heavy, cumbrous.
The origin may perhaps be found Hal. m
the enjoyment of food taken as the pri- A kind of weight hangs heavy at my heart,
mary type of all pleasure, and expressed My flagging soul flies under her own pitch
by the syllables gluk, glick, lick, repre- Like fowl in air too damp, and lugs along.
senting the sound of smacking the tongue
Dryden in R.
in the enjoyment of taste. Comment '
—
drags or trails along.
trouves-tu le liquide du Pere L. Parfait Perhaps lug was originally, as Nares
oui parfait, repondit elle en faisant claquer explains it, the hanging portion of the
—
sa langue centre son palais.' Montepin. ear, then the ear in general. Coles ren-
W. gwefus-glec, a smack with the lips ders it in Lat. auris lobus, auricula in-
;
the lug, whence probably Sc. leglen, a on the one side. The signification of
milking pail with such a handle. The half comes from our bodies being alike
pot lugs are the perforated ears of metal on the two sides, and the Gael, leth is ap-
rising above the brim of the pot and re- plied to a single one of any of the mem-
ceiving the ends of the moveable bow. bers of which we have a pair. The Ir.
The meaning of Sw. lugg is somewhat leath is used with the points of the com-
different, the forelock or hanging hair of pass as E. side J leath-theas, on the south
the forehead Da. dial. Itigget, shaggy.
; side, southwards. From the notion of
Sw. lugga, like E. to lug, is to pull by the what is on the side of, we pass to that of
; . — ;
Kiittn. Serv. lyu, lyu, cry to a child mud. Lumre en vceg, to daub a wall
while rocking it ; lyu-lyati, to rock with clay and water.
Russ. tilinliokat' to set a child asleep by
, 3. Lumber, sawn or split timber. See
rocking and singing liolka, a cradle,
; Limber.
Esthon. laulma, to sing, laid, a song. —
Luminary. Luminous. Lat. lumen,
From the repetition of na instead of la, a clear light, commonly explained as if
arise Mod.Gr. vava, lullaby, and in Fr. for lucmen, from the root luc of lux, luds,
nursery language, faire nono, to sleep. &c.
It. nanna, a word that nurses use to still Lump. Corresponding to clump, as
their children, as lullaby nannare, to ; log to clog. N. lump, a block, thick
lullaby, sing, rock or dandle children piece; ON. klumbr, klumpr, Dan. klump,
asleep ; niiinare, ninnellare, to rock, sing, a lump Du. lompe, a rag, tatter, piece,
;
liUmbago. —
Lumbar. Lat. lumbus, roughly. E. lump also represents the
loin. The radical meaning of the word sound of a blow.
is probably the soft boneless part, as G.
•weiche, the flank, from weich, soft. Swab.
And the flail might lump ssN&y — Clare.
lump/, soft, spongy ; Hesse, lumm, slack, In Du. lompe, G. lumpen, a tatter, it
loose, flabby lumbe, the flank or loins.
;
seems to represent the dangling, flapping
To Lumber. To rumble, to move movement of a tatter, and thence to be
heavily with noise and disturbance. Sw. extended to a separate portion of any-
dial. Ijumma, lumma, lomma, Ittmra, thing. Bav. lampeii, to dangle ; lanip-
lomra, to resound. lumber, I make a '
I ende ohren, lop-ears, flapping ears lanip- ;
noise above one's head Je fais bruit. : et, torn, broken, loose. So n. lape, to
You lumbred so above my head I could dangle; lappe, a little piece; lopp, a flock
—
not slepe for you.' Palsgr. Hence lum- of wool, hay, &c., or of sheep ; Fr. loppe,
ber, old furniture, thrown with noise and lopin, a gobbet, lump, morsel, a lock of
disregard. So from
G. poltern, to racket, wool.
make a polter-kaimner, a lumber-
x\ms,e., Lunar. —
Lunatic. Lat. luna, the
room; Pl.D./()//«r2, racket, lumber. Du. moon lunaris, lunaticus, one affected
;
loose. Aichenholz ist gedigen und hart, staa paa lur, G. auf der lauer sein, to
tannenholz lung und weich, oak wood is hearken privily, to lie upon the lurch.
solid and hard, fir wood loose and soft. Kiittn. Da. hire, to listen, eavesdrop,
—
Sint kelengit, relaxantur. Kero. Lith. lurk, lie in wait G. lauern, to lie in wait,
;
one party gains every point before the obtain by lurking. Pl.D. luksen, privily
other makes one. It. marcio, a lurch or to wait for, also to possess oneself of the
slam, a maiden set at any game. — Fl. property of another in a secret way.
'
A person who is lurtz at tables pays Danneil. Lurch is to be understood in the
—
double.' Hans Sachs in Schmellei". Fr. sense of taking privily away, in the pas-
lourche, a lurch in game ; il demeura sage of Bacon, where it is often explained,
lourche, he was left in the lurch. — Cot. to devour. 'Too near [to great cities]
* To Lurcli. —To Lurk. These are lurcheth all provisions and maketh every-
originally variations in —
pronunciation thing dear,' filches them away.
only, differing from each other as church The lurchline is the line which the
and kirk. fowler lying on the lurch for birds holds
The train of thought may be traced in his hand, and by which he pulls over
through two parallel series of forms the net upon the birds to be compared ;
Moreover luscious was used in the sense away, an abundance of water, deluge.
of delicious. Frigalleries, dainties, lick- Lute-stringf. A
kind of shining silk,
orish morsels, luscious acates. —
Cot. corrupted from Piedm. lustrino, a name
The same change of meaning from sweet- given on account of its lustre.
ness to excess of sweetness is seen in Du. Luxury. Lat. luxus, loose, slack, out
smets (from smetsen, to smack the chops), of joint, whence luxus, luxuria, a giving
which is rendered by Bomhoff delicious, loose to enjoyment, dissoluteness, excess,
delicate, and by Kil. prsdulcis, mulseus, profuseness.
insuisus, et nauseam provocans nimiS. Lyceum. Gr. Aimtov, the name of a
dulcedine. public Institute at Athens.
Lusk. A
slug, or slothful fellow. B. — Lye. Lat. lix, lixivium, G. lauge, an
The idea of listening, watching, waiting infusion of the salts of ashes to soak linen
on, leads to the sense of suspension of in. Esthon. liggo, a soaking liggoma, ;
action, sluggishness or torpor. Thus we to set to soak ligge, wet, boggy ; Fin.
;
have Sw. lura, to lurk or lie in wait, also likoan, lijota, to soak (as flax) in water ;
to take a nap, to doze ON. hira, to be
; liko, place where soaking is done Lap. ;
sluggish, to doze (Haldorsen) ; Pl.D. ligge, mud ; Boh. lauh, luh, lye luky ;
luren, to be slow and listless. Again, G. (plur.), boggy places Russ. luja (Fr.j),;
lauschen, OHG. losgen, losken, to listen, a pit, bog, marsh Serv. lujati, to soak
;
lie in wait ; im bette lauschen, to slug it in lye ; Bav. lUhen, to rinse linen. Luh-
abed. — Kiittn. Bav. lauschen, to act hejt, lucre, luhit, lotus, lavatus. — Gl. in
lazily, to loiter. Dan. luske, to skulk Schm.
about ; Fin. luoska, a sloven, slut. See —
Lyre. Lyrical. Gr. Xupn, a species
Lurk. of stringed musical instrument, XuptitAc,
—
Lust. Lusty. Goth, lustus, will, de- connected with the same, or with the
sire. See List. Lusty, Dan. lystig, G. poetry sung to it.
26*
—
M
Maoaroni. It. maccheroni, macaroni, Sufficeth thee, but if thy wittes mad,
originallylumps of paste and cheese To have as gret a grace as Noe had — Chaucer. .
squeezed up into balls, but now ribbons Maddyn or dotyn, desipere. Pr. Pra. —
of fine paste squeezed through orifices of The origin is the confused incoherent
different shapes. talk of mad people. Swiss madeln, to
From maccare, to bruise or crush, mutter, mdddelen, Bav. maden, schma-
whence also maccatelh, balls of mince- dern, to tattle, chatter ; E. to maddle, to
meat niacca, beans boiled to a mash.
;
rave, be delirious, confused in intellect, to
From macaroni being considered the pe- lose one's way. '
As soon as I gat to t'
culiar dish of the Italians, the name seems moor I began to maddle.' Maddlm, a
to have been given to the dandies or fine blockhead, confused, foolish person.
gentlemen of the last century, when the Graven. Gl. Du. 7naUen, to toy, to rave ;
accomplishment of the Italian tour was malen, to muse, to dote ; mal, foolish,
the distinction of the youngman of fashion. silly, mad. A similar train of thought is
The meaning of Macaronic poetry is found in Swiss mausen, to mutter, speak
thus explained by Merlinus Coccaius, who unintelligibly ; N. masa, to tattle, also (as
was apparently the inventor of the name. Du. malen) to tease or deave some one
Ars ilia poetica nuncupatur Ars maca- with importunity masast, to doze, to
;
Machine. Lat. machina. See Me- muffeln, to mumble, chew with toothless
chanic. jaws Rouchi baflier, to slobber bafliou,
; ;
Mackarel. Fr. maquereau. It. macca- one who slobbers, stammers, talks idly ;
rello, from the dark blotches with which Swiss baffeln, viaffeln, to chatter on in a
the fish is marked ; It. macco, a mark as tedious way E. fajffle, to stammer, to
;
stain ; Sp. maca, bruise in fruit, spot, murmur inarticulately OE. babeUn, ma- ;
dice deadvocata.' —
ChartaRic. II. in Due.
Magisterial. —Magistrate. Lat. ma- '
Probatores cum m,anuopere capti,' ap-
gister, a master. provers taken with the goods in their
Magn-. — Magnitude. — Magnify. possession. Fleta. — This gave rise to
Lat. magniis, Gr. y-tyaQ, Sanscr. maha, the E. expression of being taken with the
great. Hence Magnanimous {animus, mainour, afterwards corrupted to taken
mind), great-minded ; Magnificent great i7i the manner, in flagranti delictu.
doing, &c. '
Mainour, manour, in a legal sense de-
alias
Magnet. Gr. Mayvi/c, MayKjjrjjc, a notes the thing that a thief taketh or stealeth.
dweller in Magnesia ; Xi0os Ma^vjjrqc or As to be taken with the mainour (PI. Cor. fol.
179) is to be taken with the thing stolen about
Mayi/^uias, Lat. magnes, the Magnesian
him and again (fol. 194) it is said that a thief
: '
stone or magnet, from having first been was delivered to the sheriff together with the
brought from that country. —
mainour.' Cowel in Nares. Even as a thiefe
'
—
Maid. Maiden. Goth, magus, a boy that is taken with the maner that he stealeth.' —
magaths, a maid, young girl AS. magu, ;
Latimer, ibid.
ON. mogr, son, OFris. mach, child OHG. See Manure.
inagad, G. magd, maid, maid OHG. mdg, ;
;
allay irritation and inflammation. Domestic Life been mambled or mumbled. '
He did so
in Palestine, p. 323. set his teeth and tear it. Oh, I warrant
Malmsey. Wine of Malvasia, in the how he mammocked it.' Coriolanus. Sp. —
Morea. Malvasia, malvaiica, Malmsie mamar, to suck, to devour victuals. Magy.
wine. Candy wine. —
Fl. Pl.D. malmasier, mammogni, to mumble, in nursery lan-
}nalmesien. Du. malvaseye, vinum Arvi- guage to eat.
sium, Creticum, Chium, Monembasites.
'
Man. Goth. 7iian.
Kil. Sp. malvasia, marvasia. Manacle. Fr. manicles, manettes (now
Upon that hylle is a Malvasia, where
cite called
menottei), hand-fetters — Cot. ; from inain,
first grewe Malmasye, and yet dothe howbeit it;
hand.
groweth now (a. d. 1506) more plenteously in To Manage. From Fr. main, the
Candia and Modena, and no where ellys. — Pil- hand, are manier, to handle, wield man- ;
Malt. G. mals, on. malt. The de- giare, to manage, handle, exercise, trade
rivation from malen, to grind, indicates —
Fl. ; Mid.Lat. mainagium, occupation,
no characteristic feature of the thing sig- actual possession. ' De quibus erant in
nified. Tooke's derivation, from It. jnol- possessione et mainagio.' Aresta Pari. —
lire, Fr. jnouiller, to soak, would have A.D. 1257. Thence the term was trans-
more probability if the name of malt were ferred to the furniture requisite for the
not unknown to the Latin dialects. But occupation of a house, and (in the shape
the true explanation is pointed out by of the modern menage) to the household
Tacitus when he says that the Germans of the occupier. ' Domes, castra et alia
made wine of hordeum. corruptiim, the maneria quK sine mainagio competenti
process of malting being confounded by repererat, decentibus utensilibus instrux-
—
them with that of rotting. ON. melta, to erat.' Regest. Pari. A.D. 1408, in Due.
dissolve, digest, rot ; maltr, rotten melta Meinage is still used in Languedoc in
;
bygg til olgerda, to digest barley for the sense of kitchen furniture. Lava lou
brewing, to malt. 7nainajhi, to wash up the dishes. The
Mamma. — Mammal. A
word com- erroneous insertion of an j in the old way
posed of a repetition of the easiest arti- of writing the word, mesnage, gave rise
. culation of the human voice, ma, ma, and to the supposition that it was derived
,
thence applied to the objects of earliest from jnansionata {mattsionaticum), me-
interest to the infant, the mother and the sonata: The identity with E. jnatiage is
mother's breast. Lat. 7nam7na, the breast, seen in the expression bon mesnagicr,
Du. mamme, the breast, mother, nurse. one who understands the conduct of a
'
Kil. Fin. mamjna, breast, mother. The household, a good manager.
designation is common in all regions of -mand. Mandate. Lat. mandare,—
the globe. mandatum {inanu-dare, to hand-give), to
ToMammer. Properly to stammer, command, commit. Hence Command,
thence to hesitate. ' What way were it Demand, &c.
;;
be mad.
darted. —
Cot. Mod.Gr. /layyavov, a ma-
nai, to
Manifest. Lat. manifestus, evident,
chine to calender linen, a mangle, press ;
open to observation, that may be laid
fiayyavoTTTiyadov, a well winch or wheel,
hold of by hand. Scelus manifestum ac
instrument to draw water from a well.
G. mange, mangel, mandel, machine for
—
deprehensum. Cic. The signification of
-festus in the word is clear enough, al-
giving a gloss to linen, calender, mangle.
though its origin is not explained satis-
The word is commonly explained as a factorily.
corruption of Lat. machina, a machine, Manipulate. Lat. manipulus, a hand-
or mechanical device.
ful,bundle, company.
Machinas jaculatorias quas roangana et pe- Manner. It. jnaniero, from manarius,
trarias vocant. —
Will. Tyrius in Due. Quomodo
for Jtianuarius, manageable, that may be
id faciant, qua arte, quibus manganis, quibusve
instrumentis aut medicamentis. —
Due. Henschel. handled maniera, Fr. maniire, the
;
many ; Russ. ninogii, Boh. mnohy, lUyr. illi commeatum, tantum ut ipsi et in suo
mlogi, much, numerous in the last of ;
regno vel suis fidelibus aliquod damnum
which we have perhaps the explanations aut aliquam marritionem non faciat,' pro-
of Lat. multus. Fin. moiii, Esthon. vided that he should do no damage or
monni, Lap. madde, many. mischief, should give no cause of com-
Map. Lat. mappa, a table-cloth ;
plaint to him or his subjects. Cap. Car. —
mappa-mundi, a delineation of the earth Calv. in Due. Post obitum meum
'
mapa etiam dicitur pictura vel forma terium firmiter pertineant,' without any
ludorum, unde dicitur Mapa mundi.' disturbance. — Goldast. ibid. ' Absque
Papias. Considerantes
'
quod ipsa pic- ulla marritione vel dilatione reddere fa-
torum varietas mendaces efficit de loco- ciant,' should pay without dispute or de-
rum varietate picturas, quas Mappam lay. —
Cap. Car. Mag. in Due. Et nemo '
mundi vulgus nominat.' Gervase of Til- — per ingenium suum vel astutiam praescrip-
bury in Due. tam legem marrire audeat vel prasva-
To Mar, The usual sense of defacing leat,' should obstruct or make the law of
or spoiling may probably be derived from none effect. Ibid. — Ut nuUus banntim
'
the figure of a person wrying his mouth, vel prasceptum Domni Imperatoris in —
making ugly faces, os distorquens, de- nuUo marrire prjesumat, neque opus ejus
pravans, deturpans. stricare vel minuere vel impedire et ut —
The knave crommeth his croppe er the cock nemo debitum suum vel censum suum
crowe, marrire ausus sit,' make difficulties about.
He momeleth ant moccheth ant marreth his
mouth. — Political Songs, Cam. Soc.
— Ibid. OHG. marrjan, gamarrjan, to
hinder, make void. Biinartez, irritum
Now it is shown under Mock and Mould fecistis (mandatum) ; farmarrit, irritum,
that the terms signifying wilful distortion sine effectu marrisal, lassio, impedimen-
;
of the face are commonly taken from the tum ; merriseli dera siaigon, impediment
muttering; or grumbling sounds of a per- of speech. Graff.— Du. merren, to ob-
son or animal in a bad temper. may We struct, delay, entangle ; merrcn-tacken,
accordingly derive the marring of the lime twigs for entangling birds.
mouth from Swab, marren, to growl The sense of going astray, losing the
angrily, as dogs or cats, to quarrel in way, is derived from the troubled state of
loud and angry tones. Hence also may one confounded with affliction. OFr.
be explained Prov. and Fr. marrir, to esmarri, afflicted, overwhelmed, troubled,
complain. Laquelle servante trouva que
'
astonished. —
Roquef It. marrire, to go
il lui defailloit une dariole et pour ce que — out of one's wits through fear or aiBaze-
elle en faisoit noise et grant marison (she ment, to miscarry as letters do, to stray.
made outcry and great lamentation), lediz
M. son frere oyant ces paroles et grans
— Fl. OFr. marrir chemin, to lose the
way Lang, mari, strayed, lost.
; AS.
marremens, &c.'— Litt Remiss., A.D. 1385, mearrian, to go astray.
in Carp. Marri, angry, fretting, discon- Marauder. Fr. maraud, a rogue,
tented, vexed at, aggrieved, afflicted. beggar, vagabond, knave ;marauder to
—
may indicate the true origin, from It. me- merkimas, a wink akis mirksnis, the
;
—
Marine. Maritime. Lat. mare, Goth. melo, a quince, and that from Mid.Lat.
marei, ON. marr, v/. mdr, the sea. malomellum, melimelum, Gr. \iiKi^r\Kov
— —;;
mutter. Sp. marmotear, to jabber. n'ayant voulu tenir et payer ledit accord,
Marmot. It. marinotta, marmontana, le prestre s'en retourna aux Anglois et fit
OHG. muremunti, murmenti, Swiss mur- marquer, piller et
par iceulx Anglois
met, murmentU. Diez approves of the bonnes gens de
prendre prisonniers les
derivation from mus tnontamts, but the laditte paroisse.' Litt. Remiss. A. D. 1389 —
G. murmel-thier doubtless points out the in Carp.
'
Bernardus nobis supplicavit
true derivation in Fr. marmotter, to mut- ut nos sibi licentiam tnarcandi homines
ter. —
Adelung. Another Swiss name of et subditos de regno Portugallias et bona
the marmot is mungg, munk, from mung- eorum per terram et marem ubicunque
gen, munken, to mutter. eos et bona eorum invenire possit con-
Maroon, i. A negro escaped to the cederemus, quousque de sibi ablatis in-
woods. Sp. simaron, Ptg. cimarrao (in tegram habuisset restitutionem.' — Lit. Ed.
America and the W. Indies), of men or iii. A.D. 1295, in Rymer ii. 69.
animals that have taken to the woods and The autiiority for exercising this right
run wild. Perhaps from sima, a cave, as of reprisal was called letters of Marque,
taking refuge in caves. The fugitive ne- sometimes corruptly written Mart, as if
groes are mentioned under the name of giving a market for the disposal of prizes
Symarons in Hawkins' Voyage, \ 68, taken from the enemy.
where they are said to be settled near There was a iish taken,
Panama. A monstrous fish with a sword by his side
I was in the Spanish service some twenty years
And letters of mart in's mouth from the Duke of
ago in the interior of Cuba, and vegro cimarrdn,
Florence. —B. and F., Wife for a Month.
or briefly cimarrdn, was then an every-day phrase Marquess. —Marchioness. Fr. mar-
for fugitive or outlawed negroes hidden in the quis. marchese, G. markgraf, origin-
—
woods and mountains. N. & Q. Jan. 27. 1866. ally,
It.
count of the marches or border terri-
2. The colour of a chestnut, Fr. m,ar- tories.
ron. Marram. The bents and grass that
Marque —Iietters Mid.Lat. mar-
of. grow in the sea-sand and bind it together.
cha, Fr. marque, is commonly explained N. maralm, for mar-halm, ON. mar-halmr,
as an authority given by a prince to any sea-grass, zostera, &c. Halmr, straw,
of his subjects, who have been wronged haulm.
by those of a neighbouring sovereign, and Marrow, i. ON. Jiiergr, Dan. marg,
have not been able to obtain justice at marv, Du. margh, mergh, G. mark. Per-
his hands, to pass the marches or bound- haps from its tender friable structure. E.
aries of his states and do themselves right dial, merowe, delicate RS. meant, merwe, ;
upon any of his subjects or their property. Pl.D. moer, Du. m^irw, Fr. mur, tender,
But probably this is not the exact mode soft, delicate ON. mbr, fat, lard, tallow ; ;
in which the expression is connected with meria, viardi, to bruise, pound N. maren, ;
sent materiam suscitare, aliquatenus ori- Du. maerasch, moerasch, marsh ; It. ma-
rentur.' —
Carp. By a similar ellipse mar- rese, maresco, any moorish or fenny place
care seems to be taken for the right of maroso, fenny, full of bogs, puddles,
pasturing in a conterminous forest. Scien- '
plashes, or rotten waters. Omnis con-
dum quod nemore de Lantagio non gregatio aquarum, sive salsae sint, sive
in
—
poterunt dicti fratres marcare' Carp. dulces, abusive maria nuncupantur.
Marchagium or droit de marchage in Isidore in Diez. E. mere, a piece of
Auvergne was the right of pasturage in water. See Moor, 2.'
the opposite marches. Marcare or mar- Marshal. Mid.Lat. marescalcus, the
chiare then may easily have come to sig- master of the horse, from OG. mahre, a
—;
Martial. Lat. Mars, the god of war, the name to a bugbear or object of nightly
war itself. terror. Lamias, quas vulgo mascas, aut
'
—
Martin. Martlet. Several kinds of in Gallic^, lingui strias, physici dicunt
bird are named after St Martin. Fr. nocturnas esse imagines quK ex grossitie
martin-phheiir, a kingfisher oiseau de humorum animas dormientium perturbant
;
swallowkind in general. The same con- masche, ghosts masca, a witch mas- ; ;
&c.) ;maischen, G. meischen, to stir the cara, Fr. machurer, Swiss Rom. jnatzura,
malt in hot water; Bav. maisch-boUg, matschera, to smut or daub with soot.
mash-tub Sw. mdska, to mash for beer
;
Walach. inaskara, disgrace (blot), igno-
;
Gael, measg, to mix, stir; masg, to mix, miny. Pol. mazgad, to daub, soil mas- ;
infuse, steep, as malt or tea; Sc. to mask zkara, hideous face, monster, scarecrow.
the tea. Lat. miscere. It. mesciare, mes- The same connection is seen between
cere, to mix, mesh. Fl. —Fr. macquer, to E. grime, to blacken or dirty, Sw. dial.
bruise hemp, break up the stalk It. mac- grima, a spot of soot on the face, and
;
care, smaccare, to bruise, squeeze, mash ON. grima, a mask, Cleveland grim, a
Prov. macar, machar, to bruise, batter, death's-head on a gravestone, church-
shatter. grim, Sw. kirkjugrim, a church ghost.
Mask. The origin of a mask seems to AS. grima, a witch.
be the nurse covering her face, as in the The use of masks in festive entertain-
game of bo-peep, to frighten the infant. ments seems to have led to some inter-
The hidden object of terror behind the change on the shores of the Mediter-
mask or screen gives rise to the notion of ranean between the foregoing maschera,
a ghost or bugbear, and hence it is that mascara, and Arab, maskhara (from sak-
412 MASLIN MASSACRE
hira, to deride, make a jest of), jest, allowed to remain was called the missa
sport, also a jester, buffoon, story-teller ; catecumenoru^n, while the missa fidelium
tamaskkara, to laugh at, to jest, also to included the main part of the service in
mask oneself, whence motamaskhir, a which the sacrifice of the Mass was cele-
mask or masked person maskhara, a brated.
;
—
mask. Dozy, Mahn. Mod.Gr. iiaaxapae, 2. Lat. massa (properly dough), a lump,
Slovak inasskara, a jester. Bosniac mask- mass Or. iidmru, to knead ;Mod.Gr. ;
correspond more to the Protestant than speaking mastegare, also, to hack, hag-
;
the Catholic feeling of the service. gle, cut with a blunt instrument maste- ;
The origin of the word seems certainly gare un lavoro, as Fr. massacrer une be-
Lat. missa for missio, dismission, as re- sogne, to bungle or spoil a piece of work.
inissa for remissio, confessa for confessio, So It. biasciare, to mumble, biasciare un
and other similar instances cited by Du- lavoro, to bungle.
cange. '
Is qui —
priusquam psalmus Again, with more or less corruption,
caeptus finiatur ad orationem non occur- Lang, mastriga, to chew Piedm. mas- ;
rerit,ulterius oratorium introire non audet, trojd, to mumble, chew with toothless
nee semetipsum admiscere psallentibus, gums, also (like the equivalent Lang.
sed congregationis missam stans pro fori- mastroulia, as well as Castrais mastega,
—
bus prjestolatur, &c.' Cassianus in Due. mastinga, Milan, mastijia, Prov. mastri-
Hence the words at the end of the service, nar, mastrignar, Milan, mastrugnar) to
Ite missa est, you are discharged. In fumble, spoil by handling, crumple. In
'
ecclesiis, palatiisque sive prastoriis, missa another series of forms the t of the root
fieri pronuntiatur cum populus ab observ- masticare is exchanged for a c. Lat. max-
atione dimittitur.' —
Avitus Viennensis, illa. It. mascilla, the jaw Cat. maxiiia, ;
ibid. The reason why this name was the tooth of an animal, Sp. mascar, OFr.
specially given to the sacrifice of the mass mascher, Castr. maxa (which must not be
was that that service commenced with supposed to be contracted from masti-
the dismission of the catechumens after care), to chew Castr. maxega, Fr. ma- ;
so much of the service as they were al- chonner, to mumble, Milan, manschiugnd,
lowed to attend. Missa tempore sacri- to fumble, Lang, mascagna, to hack or
'
ficii est quando catecumini foras mittun- disfigure meat in carving, whence It.
tur, clamante Levita (the deacon). Si quis scannare, to massacre, murder. Now
catecuminus remansit exeat foras et the same insertion of the r which we have
;
inde Missa, quia sacramentis altaris in- seen in Venet. mastegar, Lang, mastriga,
teresse non possunt quia nondum regene- to chew Milan, mastinar, Prov. mastri-
rati sunt.' — Papias. The part of the nar, to
;
{to mastyn beestys Pr. Pm.), — to fatten. vation which seems corroborated by N.
Swiss mastig, fat, obese. Schmidt. Idiot. — matlag, a company at table, convivial
Bern, in D. Mundart. Mestyf, hogge or party ; ON. motunajttr, companion at
swyne (mast-hog), majalis. Mestyf, table. But the short a in ON. matr, meat,
hownde, Spartanus. Pr. Pm. — compared with the accented & in mdti,
Mat. Lat. matta (in plaustro scirpea mate, leads us to connect the latter with
matta fuit —
Ov.), Pol. mata, Fr. natte, G. mdti, Du. m.aetr, oUG. mdza, measure;
matte. Properly, a bunch or tuft of rushes whence gamazi, asqualis, G. gemdss, con-
or the like. Sp. mata, a bush, thicket, formable, suitable, meet. Thus mate and
lock of matted hair Pol. mot, moiek, a
; meet would be essentially identical, and
skein ; motac', to embroil, entangle ; It. in effect e. help-mate and help-meet are
matassa, a skein of yarn, a lock of hair or often confounded. In the sense of one of
wool Fr. motte, g. lump, clod mattes,
; ; a pair, however, mate is probably a cor-
curds mattele, clotted, curdled, knotty
; ruption of the obsolete mcike. See Match.
•del m(}.ttond, a curdled sky, covered with The term mate, in the sense of com-
fleecy clouds ; Wall, maton, clot of milk, panion, fellow, is much used among sail-
;
Him thoughte that his herte wolde all to breke Mature. Lat. inaturus, ripe, ready.
When he saw him so pitous and so fnate, Maudlin. Given to crying, as the Mag-
That whilom weren of so gret estate. dalene is commonly represented. Hence
Knight's Tale. crying or sentimentally drunk, half drunk.
Which sory words her mighty hart did Ttiate. Maugre. Fr. malgrd, in spite of,
F.Q. against the will of mal, ill, and grd, will,
;
Matins. Lat. m.atutinus, in the morn- dial, mautidring, grumbling. Sc. mant',
ing, early ; Fi'. matin, morning. maunt, to mutter, stutter Gael, mann-
;
To Matriculate. To register a
student dach, manntach, lisping, stuttering.
at the university. Lat. matrix, matricida, Maundy. The ceremony of washing
a list or catalogue ; matricula pauperum, the feet of poor persons, performed in
the list of poor receiving relief, whence imitation of our Lord at the institution of
matricularltis, Fr. marregUer, marguil- the Last Supper, when after supper he
lier, the person keeping such a list, over- washed his disciples' feet, saying, Man- '
seer of the poor, or churchwarden. datum novum do vobis, &c.' Hence the
Matter. In the sense of pus from a officeappointed to be read during the
sore it would seem to be an ellipse for ceremony was called mandatum, or in Fr.
miitlire ptcrulente, an expression of the mand^. Et post capitulum ab omni con-
same kind with matlire fecale, ordure, ventu mandatum pauperum sicut in
excrement. ' On dit qu'une plaie jette de —
Cssna Domini peragitur. Orderic. Vit.
la matiire quand elle suppure.' Trevoux. — in Due. Et per totius anni spatium
The ellipse is widely spread, Gr. SXij, unaquaque die tribus peregrinis hospiti-
matter, substance, being used in Mod. bus manus et pedes abluimus, panem
Gr. in the same sense of matter or pus ; cum —
vino offerimus. Petrus Cluniacus.
Sp. Jtiateria, Du. materie, pus. ibid. This was what was understood by
A singular coincidence of sound is seen the phrase mandatum trium pauperum.
in Fr. maturer, to ripen, mature, also to The mode of keeping the maundye is
matter, to suppure ; maturation, sup- succinctly described in the Life of St
puring, growing to a head^ resolving into Louis. En chascun juesdi assolu li rois^
matter. —Cot. lavoit les piez h, treize poures —
et donoit'
Mattock. Lith. matlkkas, matlkka, a a chascun d'eus quarante deniers,et apres
— • — —
Each one the other's feet doth wash. atry, idolatrous temple. Ont parld en- '
day. The writers of the time of the Re- idol. Mawment, ydolum, simulacrum.
formation frequently gave the name of
Pr. Pm.
maundye to the sacrament of the Last A temple heo foude faire y now, and a mawmed
Supper itself. amidde
Mausoleum. Gr. Mavo-oXelov, the fa- That ofte tolde wonder gret, and what thing
mous tomb of King Mausolus. men betide. —R. Gloucester.
—
Mauther. Modder. A girl. ' You
The sinne of maumetrie is the first that
talk like a foolish mauther.' B. Jonson. — '
Compare W. Mair wyry heb fann, Mary to tattle, and E. maddle, to rave, talk con-
maid without spot (Richards), with OHG. fusedly, wander in thought, miss one's
dhiu unmeina magad, the unspotted maid. way. Ye masen, says May to January
The original root, however, must have when she wishes to persuade him that
ended in the guttural which closes the his eyesight deceived him, that his wits
first syllable of It. magagna and its equiv- were madding.
alents, and may perhaps be traced in Sp. Mazer. A broad standing cup or
Prov. macar, It. maccare, to bruise, to drinking-bowl. B. The proper mean- —
batter Sp. maca, a bruise in fruit, spot, ing of the word is wood of a spotted or
;
stain ;It. macca, a print, freckle, or mark speckled grain, from OHG. m&sen, a spot,
as of some bruise, also
spoil or havoc. scar; masa, c[c3.trlx; dlaller-masen, poc\i-
Fl. The nasalisationof the root gives marks. —Schmeller. Du. maese, spot,
Sp. mancha, stain, blot, defect It., Sp. ; stain, mark maeser, maser, Bav. maser,
;
Lith. medus, honey, middus, mead, meszti, pure, unholy. Das der aid rain tind
to sweeten with honey, to brew mead. nicht main seyj that the oath should be
Mead. 2. Meadow. Properly land pure and not false. Mainaid, meinswe-
affording hay Du. maeyland, from maed-
; ridi, perjury (e. mainswear, mansworti) ;
en, maeyen, Lat. metere, to mow. Bret. mein rat, evil counsel mein spraka, ;
medi, to cut, to mow ; Bav. mad, the blasphemy mein tdt, maleficium. Lap.
;
mowing, hay-harvest, place where grass maine, bodily failing, sickness, fault ;
2. The food taken at one time ; cleansed that call not thou common.' So
a
meat's milk, what is taken from the cow in Mark vii. 15, Goth, gamainjan, Gr.
at a milking. Kotviaveiv, is rendered defile in the English
Sc. mail, rent, tribute, an
amount of money to be paid at a fixed version, while in the Latin it is rendered
time. The radical idea is seen in G. coinquinare, to stain, in the first part of
mahl, a stain, spot, mark, sign, hence a the verse, and communicare, to make
bound, limit, the time of a thing's hap- common, in the second.
pening ein-mal, once abermal, again,
; ; 2. Intermediate. Lat. medius, It. mezzo,
&c. ; zum letzten mahle, for the last mid, middle ; mezsano, a mediator, any
time ; ON. m&l, the time of doing any- middle thing, between both, indifferent.
thing, and specially for taking food. Mdl Prov. mejan,meian,rmAdXvci^. Als grans,
er at tala, there is a time for speaking. als meians, als menors, to the great, the
Morgunmdl, middagsmdl, breakfast, din- middling, and the small. Fr. moyen, in-
ner time d mdluni, at meal times. At different, moderate, a mediator, a mean,
;
—
missa mdl (of cattle), to miss a milking. course, way. Cot. The means of doing
AS. mael, what is marked out, separate a thing is the course which has to be trod
part. Tha thces males was m.earc agon- in order to accomplish it, the intermediate
gen, then of the time was the mark past. path between the agent and the object to
— Casdm. Mcelum., in separate parts ; be accomplished. The mea}i time is the
bit-malum, dcel-malum, by separate bits time between the present and that when
or deals. Hence piece-meal, by separate the thing spoken of is to be done.
pieces. See Mole. Meander. Gr. MaiavJpoc, the name of '
To Mean.— Mind. Goth, munan, to a winding river in Asia Minor.
think, intend, will muns, meaning,
; Measles. A
disease in which the body
thought, intention ON. muna, to remem- is much marked with red spots.
; Du.
ber; G. m.einen, Du. meenen, to think, maese, spot, stain, mark ; maeselen, mae-
believe, intend j Lat. meminisse, to re- seren, maeseren, maesel-suchte, measles.
27
— . ; ;
name of a spot might well be taken fronf mischiare, mescolare, Sp. dial, inezclar,
the act of dabbling in the wet, dawbing, mesclar,'^x.mesler, medler, meiller {Oaron.
dirtying. Pl.D. tmtsseln, Swiss schmus- des Dues de Norm.), to meddle, mingle,
seln, schmauseln, Du. bemeuzelen, to dab- mell.
ble, dawb Pol. mazad, mazgad, to dawb,
; Heraut e Guert tant estrivferent
blot, soil, smear. Ke par parole s&medUrent. Rom de Rou. —
Perhaps measly bacon, together with — they quarrelled.
OHG. maselsucht, miselsuchtjXt'girosy, OFr. The same change of consonants is seen
jizesel, a leper, are to be referred to a dif- in Lat. masculus, OFr. muscle, madle,
ferent source. Valencian mesell is ap- male, and in Fr. meslier, E. medlar-Xx^e, ;
plied to one who has an internal or con- Prov. mesclada, Fr. melh. Mid. Lat. mel-
tagious disorder, and especially to pigs leia, medley, confusion, quarrel ; calida
which when slaughtered produce measly melleia, Fr. chaude mUile, corrupted to E.
meat. From the Arab, mosel, consump- chancemedley
tive, pple past of the verb salla (to waste Medial. — Mediate. — Mediocre. —
away ?), applied to animals as well as men. Medium. Lat. -medius, middle, medio-
— Dozy. cris, middling, mediator, medialis.
Measure.— Dimension, -mense. Lat. Medical. — Medicine.—Bemedy. Lat.
metior, mensus sum, measure whence to ; medicus, a physician, from medeor, to heal,
mensura, Fr. mesure, E. measure ; dim^n- cure, apply remedies. Hence remedium.,
sio, a measuring between two points, di- a cure or remedy. Gr. y.iito^ai, to coun-
mension immensus, unmeasured, im-
;
sel, advise.
mense. See Mete. Meditate. Lat. meditari, to study,
Meat. Goth, mats, food, matjan, to design.
take food, to eat ON. mata, OHG. maz,
Mediterranean. Lat. mediterraneus
;
latter would seem to bring in Lat. mensa, tree. From Lat. mespilus came OFr.
Walach. mesle {mesple), the fruit meslier, the
table, as an equivalent form ;
;
masa, table, food, entertainment. tree, and from the latter, E. medlar. See
Meddle.
Meohanic. Gr. fxnixaviKOQ, from fojxav^! Meed. Gr. tma^oq, Goth, mizdo. Boh.
a contrivance, machine. mzda, reward, recompence ; G. mielhe,
Medal. It. medaglia, Fr. medatlle, in hire.
later times any ancient coin, but origin- Meek. Goth, muks, on. mjukr, Du.
ally it seems to signify a coin of half a muyck, soft, mild muyck oeft, ripe fruit
; ;
certain value. Obolus dicitur medalia, id muycken, N. mykja, to soften Boh. mok, ;
est medietas nummi. Willelmus Brito in — liquid ; mokry, wet mokwati, to be wet
;
Due. Medalia, en half pennynck. Dief. — Pol. moknad, namakai, to steep, or soak ;
Supp. Usavansi all' hora le medaglie in miekna^, to soak, to soften jniekki, soft, ;
Firenze, che le due valevano un danaio tender. In other forms the k of the root
picciolo. —
Novelle Antiche in La Crusca. is softened to a palatal chj Boh. mociti,
La buona femmina che non avea che due Pol. moczyi, to steep, showing perhaps the
medaglie (two mites) le quali ella offerse root of Lat. macerare.
al tempio. Ibid.— Sometimes it is used Meet. Fit, suitable, according to mea-
for half a livre, and indicates a coin of sure.
silver, or even of gold. Chi e, chi vago There's no room at my side Margret
—
tanto d'una cosa, che cosa die valesse My coffin's made so meet.
una medaglia, comperasse una livra. La so exact. —
Sweet William's Ghost. — —
Crusca. Medaglie bianche d' argente. AS. mete, ON. mdti, G. maass, Lap. muddo,
Ibid. Viginti quinque medalias auri. measure AS. gemet, ON. mdtulegr. Lap. ;
,Carp. With the loss of the d\\. became muddak, fit, meet ; G. gemdss, conform-
Prov. mealha, OFr. maaille, maille, the able. See Mete.
half of a penny in money or weight. To Meet. To Moot. on. mdt, d —
Bret, mdzel, mell. Bonne est la maille mdti, against, opposite mit-byr, a con-
'
;
—
qui sauve le denier.' Cot. With so de- trary wind ; mceta, Goth, gamotjan, to
cided a signification of one half in value meet ON. mdt, AS. mot, gemot, a meet- ;
it is a bold assertion of Diez that the word ing, assembly. Hence E. moot-hall, a
— ;;;;
The word is very variously written in molva, to break small. With the final b
OFr. maisgn^e, maign^e, maisgnie, mais- or w
exchanged for m, G. malm, dust,
nie, mainie, mesnie, menie, &c. It is de- powder Du. molm,diist of wood or turf;
;
rived by Diez from Lat. mansio. It. magi- molmen, to moulder away, to decay
one, Fr. maison, as if through a form ma- E. dial. 7naum (for malm), soft, mellow,
gionata, Fr. maisonnde, in the sense of a soft, friable stone Manx mholm, to ;
houseful or household. And this deriva- rnoulder, make friable mhollim, mhol- ;
tion would seem corroborated by forms mey, friable, ready to fall to pieces, (of
like Prov. maizonier, OFr. masonier, fruit) mellow Pl.D. miill, anything re-
;
masnier, mesnier, the tenant of a hired duced to powder miillig,. powdery (of ;
(for minor natii) gives rise to OFr. mains- molle, mellow, over-ripe ; w. mallu, to
nd, maisnd, younger child, Piedm. masnd, rot.
Lang, meina, a boy, child. For the loss Melody. Gr. niXalia, from i^Sr/, song,
of the n in minus compare Ptg. menoscabo, and fisXoe, sweet sound, music the latter ;
mascabo, diminution, Sp. menospreciar, doubtless from luXi, honey. Gael, mills,
Fr. mhpriser, to depreciate. From the sweet, musical ; mil, honey.
forms masnd, mHna, we are led to To Melt. Gr. itiXlu, to melt, make
Cat. masnada, mainada, Lang, mdinada,
liquid ; ON. mel/a, to digest, make rotten
Prov. mainada, family, properly assem-
smelta, Du. smelten, to melt ; Du. melu-
blage of children, then household serv-
wen, molen, AS. molsnian, to rot. The
ants. '
Oquelo fenno o bien souen de
ideas of melting and rotting coincide in
so miinado:' that woman takes good
the fact that the object falls insensibly
care of her children. Oquel home o de
'
false, lying ; mentior, -iri, to lie. appointed day Lith. mira, measure,
;
dependence on the changes of the moon. the surface of the sea ; mar-flo, sea-flea,
Mental. Lat. mens, inentis, the mind. &c. G. meer, w. mor, the sea.
See To Mean. Merry. Mirth.. Lap. murre, de- —
Mention. Lat. meniio, connected with light ; murres, pleasant ; miirritet, to
mens, the mind. take pleasure in ; Gael, mir, to sport,
Mephltic. Lat. mephitis, an ill, sul- play ; m,ire, mireadh, playing, mirth ; Sc.
phureous smell emitted by putrid water oir merry-begotten, a bastard, a child begot-
the like. ten in sport or play.
Mercenary. Lat. mercenarius, hired, Mesentery, Gr. [iiatvTipuni piaog, ;
retained for pay merces, pay, money middle, in the middle, and ivrtpov, an in-
;
mereerie, small ware. Cot. Lat. merces, tree megsti, to knit, make knots, weave
;
Merchant. — Mercantile.
OFr. mar- a noose, a mesh as, maesce, a mesh,
;
chant. It. mercatante, 7nercante, a traf- max, net ON. moskvi, Dan. maske, a
;
ficker ; inercatare, to cheapen in the mar- mesh ; Du. masche, a blot, stain, mesh.
ket, to buy and sell mercato, market; It is observable that Lat. macula is also
;
mercare, Lat. mercari, to bargain, to buy, used in the same two senses.
Mercy. Fr. vierci, a benefit or favour, Mess. I. A service for the meal of
pardon, forgiveness, thanks for a benefit one or of several. A mess of pottage, a
It. mercede, mercS, reward, munificence, dish of pottage. Fr. mh, mets, a service
mercy, pity, thanks, Lat. merces, merce- of meat, a course of dishes at table.^ Cot. —
dis, earnings, desert, reward. similar A It. messa, messo, a mess of meat, a course
train of thought is seen in Du. wz//i^, libe- or service of so many dishes among ;
ral, munificent, mild, gentle. Kil. — merchants the stock or principal put into
Mere. i. Fr. mare, Du. maer, mer, a a venture. From Lat. tnissus, sent, in
pool, fish-pond, standing water. See the sense of served up, dished, as it was
Marsh. sometimes translated in E, ' Caius Fa-
2. Lat. merus, It. mero, unmixed, plain, britiuswas found by the Samnite Embas-
of itself. Itmay be doubted whether the sadors that came unto him eating of rad-
E. use of the word may not have been in- dish rosted in the ashes, which was all
fluenced by the Du. maar, but, only, no the dished he had to his supper.' Prim- —
more than. 'T is maar spot, it is but audaye Fr. Academie, translated by T.
sp 3rt, or it is a mere joke. Dat gevegt B, C, (1589), p. 195. It is a curious
—j
;;
mansa, Prov. ma^, OFr. mis, mase, a meeuw, G. mowe, m£we, Dan. maage, ON.
small farm, house and land sufficient for mdfr, mdr, N. maase, Fr. mauce, mouette.
a pair of oxen. From mansus came man- Mew. 2. It. muta, muda, any change
sualis {terra mansualis, the land belong- or shift, the moulting or change of
ing to a mansus), mansuagium, masua- feathers, horns, skin, coat, colour, or
gium, and masagium, a dwelling-house, place of any creature, as of hawks, deer,
small farm, or the buildings upon it. snakes, also a hawk's mew. Fl. —
Fr.
Masucagium, masata, and other modifi- muer, to change, shift, to mue, to cast
cations, were used in the same sense. the head, coat, or skin mue, a change,
MetaL — Metallurgry. Gr. fikraWov,
;
Gnat. Pol. miicha, dim. tnuszka, Bohem. friendly, mild, gentle ; meile, love ; tneil-
maucha, a fly. Du. mosie, meusie, a gnat. iti, to be inclined to, to have appetite for
;
— Kil. Lat. musca, Fr. mouche, a fly. meilinti, to caress ; susimilsti, to have
Midriff. The diaphragm, or mem- pity on ; Bohem. milowati, to love ; m.i-
brane dividing the heart and lungs from lost, love, grace, favour, clemency ; Pol.
the lower bowels. AS. hrif, entrails ;
mily, lovely, amiable ; milosierdzie, com-
uferre and nitherre hrife, the upper and passion, mercy, pity. Serv. milye, deli-
lower belly. Du. middelrift, diaphrag- ciae, darling.
ma, septum transversum. Kil. —
Pl.D. Perhaps the fundamental image may
rif, rift,a carcase, skeleton. Ohg. hreve, be the sweetness of honey. Gael, mills,
reve, belly fon reva sinero muoter, from sweet, millse, sweetness.
;
Milt. The
spleen, also the soft roe in monere, to put in mind Gr. nvriiit], ;
fishes. It. milza, ON. milti, the spleen. memory Gael, meinn, mind, disposition.
;
There can be little doubt that the name Mine. —Mineral. Gael. m,einn, w.
IS derived from }nilk, and is given for a mwH, mwyn, ore, a mine, vein of metal,
similar reason in both applications. The maen, a stone ; It. mina, Fr. mine, mi-
name slightly altered from that which quarry, mine. Mineral, what is brought
signifies milk is given in many languages out of mines, or obtained by mining.
to the soft roe of fishes, and to other parts To Mingle. G. mengen, Du. mengen,
of the bodily frame of a soft, nonfibrous mengelen, Gr. fityvvav, to mix.
texture. Pol. mleko, milk melcz, milt
;
Miniature. Mid. Lat. miniare, to
of fish, spinal marrow ; melczko, sweet-
write with m,inium or red lead minia- ;
bread, pancreas of calf ; Bret, leaz, milk,
tura, a painting, such as those used to
lezen, milt. Du. melcker, 7niUe, Fr. laite,
ornament manuscripts.
Lat. lactes, are used in the same sense,
while in G. and Sw. the name is simply
Minion. Fr. mignon, a darling, a fa-
fish-milk.
vourite, dainty, elegant, pleasing ; daim
Mimic. Lat. mi?nus, Gr. liifioe, a far- mignon, a tame deer ; mignot, a wanton,
cical entertainment, or the actor in it,
favourite, darling. From OHG. minni,
hence an imitator ; /iijuw, an ape. It is minnia, love minnon, Du. minnen, to
;
not unlikely that the mimes were origin- love minnen-dranck, a love potion ;
;
Boh. mamiti, to dazzle, delude, beguile ; of the unseemly senses in which the word
Fris. m,ommeschein, deceitful appearance. inynn had come to be used, he had
Epkema. NFris. maam, a mask. — D. throughout substituted for it the word
M. See Mummer. lieb. —
Schmid. Schwab. Wtb.
—
-min-. Eminent. Prominent. Lat. The origin may perhaps be found in
ON. minnast, Sw. munna, minna, Nassau
e7nineo, to stand out beyond the rest
promineo, to project, stand out. Unsatis- }nundsen,\.oY\z% (Rietz),from ON. Munnr,
factorily explained from maneo, to remain. the mouth, as Lat. osculum, from os.
The root seems preserved in Bret, mm, To Minish. Fr. menuiser, to make
snout, nose, beak, mouth, point of land, small menu, Gael, meanbh, La;t. minu-
;
promontory ; W. min, lip or mouth, mar- tus, small AS. minsian, to grow small
;
•
small pieces ; mince, thin, slender, small maift, small, fine, thin Gael. m\n, soft, ;
Minnow. Provincially mengy, men- mocr, bog, peat moeren, to trouble, make ;
nous, menna7n, a small kind of fish. The thick and muddy. See Moor.
form minnow is identical with Gael. —
* Mirk. Murky. ON. 7nyrkr, dark-
meanbh, little, small. Meanbh-bhith, ness myrka, to darken, grow dark Boh.
; ;
animalcule mijiiasg, small fish, minnow. mrak, darkness, twilight 7}iraiek, a little
; ;
Me7tnons or niennys is Fr. menuise, fry of cloud mracny, cloudy Lap. i/iurko,
; ;
fish, small fish of divers sorts. — Cot. mist, fog. Illyr. merk, dark ; merk7iuti,
Menusa, a menys. — Nominale Hal. in to grow dark. Lith. 7nerkti, to wink ;
Menna7n is from Fr. minime, ap- least, uzmerkti, to shut the eyes. To wink at a
plied to the smallest in several kinds, as thing is to shut the eyes to it, to make it
a minim in music, a minim or drop in dark. Boh. mrkati, to wink ; and, im-
medicine. personally, it becomes dark ; mrkdse, it
Minor. Lat. minor, less. becomes dark, vesperascit, noctescit. A
Minster. Lat. monasteriiim, AS. myn- like relation may be observed between
stre, OFr. tnonstier, a monastery, then Walach. 7nurgu, gray ; ]/iu7gesce, it be-
the church attached to it, large cathedral comes dark, advesperascit, and Pol.
church. mrugai, to wink.
Minstrel. Lat. ministerium, Fr. min- Mirror. Fr. miroir, from mirer, to
istere, mestier, occupation, art. OFr. contemplate, admire, Lat. mirari.
menestrel, a workman. 'Yram enveiad Mirth. See Merry.
al rei Salomon un menestrel ra.ecv^iSS.M.^ ki Mis. A
particle in composition im-
—
bien sout uvrer de or et de argent e de plying separation, divergence, error.
<quanque mestiers en fud.' —
Livre des Goth, missaleiks, sundry, various mis- ;
those who ministered to the amusement a misdoer. ON. mis, d 7nis, amiss, other-
of the rich by music or jesting, just as in wise than as it ought to be, unequally ;
modern times the name of art is special- gera mis, hoggva 77iis j misborinnj 7nis-
ly applied to music, sculpture, painting, radinn, &c., mishdr, misdiupr, unequally
occupations adapted to gratify the fancy, high or deep 77tisleggia, to lay unequally.
;
not the serious necessities of life. Thessi vetr 7nisleggst, this winter is un-
Li cuens tnanda les menestrels, steady in temperature. Missesl, lucky
Et si a fet crier entr'els, and unlucky by fits ; misgd, to make an
Qui la meillor trufe (jest) sauroit oversight ; misgaungr, a wrong road
Dire ne fere, qu'il auroit missa, to lose n. i myssen, amiss, wrong
—
Sa robe d'escarlate neuve. Roquef.
misfara, to go astray.
;
See Miss. w.
Faire mestier, to divert, amuse. methu, to fail, to miss ; meihenw, a mis-
With ladies, knights, and squiers, nomer.
And a great host of ministers. It is remarkable that 7nes or mis, from
With instruments and sounes diverse.
minus, less, is used in composition in the
Chaucer's Dream.
Romance languages exactly in the same
Mint. The place where money is way as mis in the Gothic. Sp. menoscabo,
struck ; Du. munte, G. miinze, Lat. Fr. meschef, mischief Sp. menospreaar,
;
moneta, money, the stamp with which, or Fr. mespriser, mipriser, to put shght
the place where, it was struck. Du. mun- value on, to misprise, to make light of
ten, to mint, or strike money. 77iesprendre, to mistake ; mesalliance,
Minute. —
Minutiae. Lat. minutus, unequal alliance ; It. mis/are, to misdo ;
little, small, from minuo, minutum, to misleale, disloyal, &c. But probably the
make less. A minute is a small division use of the particle in the Romance dialects
of an hour, and a second (minuta secunda) may really have been derived from the
is a sixtieth of a minute, as that of an influence of the Gothic 77iis. The Gael,
hour, or a second sixtieth of an hour. uses 7ni in the same way as from adh, ;
Minutes. The rough draft of a pro- prosperity (AS. eadig, blessed), middk,
ceeding written down at once in minute misfortune.
or small handwriting, to be afterwards Misanthrope.—Mis-. Gr. /jiaavSpM-
engrossed or copied out fair in large TToc -fftwiui, I hate, and avBpiavos, a man.
writing. See Engross. Miscellaneous. Lat. misceo, to mingle.
Minx. A proud girl.— B. Mischief. Sp. 7nenoscabo, Ptg. menos-
Miracle. —Admire. Lat. jniror, aris, cabo. Cat. me7iyscap, Prov. mescap, detri-
to wonder. ment, loss ; Fr. 7/teschie/, meschef, misfor-
; — ;
to put out of, let go, lay down demis, ; trian, to grow dim. His eagan ne m.is-
let go, given over, and thence E. demise, redom, his eyes were not dimmed.
the laying down of the crown on the death Deut. 34. 7. The fundamental idea
of the king a demise of lands, a making
; is probably the effect of the mist in
over to another person. So from pro- obscuring the view, expressed by the
promis, is E. promise.
m.ettre, figure of muddling water, and the word
Miser. —
Miserable. —
Misery. Lat. appears closely related to e. muzzy, in-
miser, wretched, in sad plight, pitiful, distinct in outline, confused with drink.
miserably covetous. Pl.D. musseln (sudeln), to work in wet
Misletoe. on. mistelteinn, AS. mistel- and dirt bemusseln, to bedaub (Schiitze)
;
tan, mistelta, Du. G. mistel. The latter musseln [muuschen Schiitze), to drizzlej —
part of our word is on. teinn, a prong or mizzle musslig wader, drizzly weather,
;
tine of metal, N. tein, a small stick, shoot Danneil. When the seaman speaks of
of a tree. See Toe. dirty weather he is not thinking of the
Misnomer. A misnaming. Fr. nom- dirt under foot, but of the thickness of
m.er, to name. the air and dirtiness of the view. So
Misprision. Fr. mesprison, error, from ON. mor, clay, peat, mda, to dawb
offence,a thing done or taken amiss, with mud ; nii m6ar i fjallit, the hills
from m^sprendre, to mistake, transgress, are obscured by mist or snow. Pl.D.
offend. — Cot. smudden, smuddeln, sjnullen, smuddern,
Miss. A
contraction from mistress, properly to dabble in the wet, to dawb,
or mistris, as it was formerly written, not smear, dirty dat weder smullet, idt
;
however by curtailing the word of its last smuddert, it drizzles, it is moist, dirty
syllable, but more likely by a contracted weather ; smudderregn, smuttregn, G.
way of writing M'^ or Mis. for Mistriss. schmutzregen {schmutz, dirt) mizzling
Jan. 2. Mr Cornelius Bee bookseller in Little
rain. Gael, smod, dirt, filth, dust, driz-
Britain died Novr. xi. His two eldest daughters zling rain, moist haziness.
Mis Norwood and Mis Fletcher, widows, execu- Fin. muta, Esth. mutta, mud, soil. Fin.
trixes. — Obituary of R. Smith, 1674. Cam. Soc. musta, Esth. must, black, seem to be
To Mis. Pavis on her excellent dancing. related forms. Der wolken dunst und
'
on one side, failing to meet it directly) to was nowther head nor hair on't, mait or doit,'
miss, to fail to hit, to go astray. Blench every fragment had disappeared. Whitby Gl. —
(from blink), a start, a deviation. Nares. — It is most probable that mite in the
Compare Dan. glippe, to wink, to slip, to sense of the smallest possible coin is
miss, to fail. Myssyn, as eyen for dym- merely a special application of the gen-
ness, caligo. — Pr. Pm. eral sense of something very small, in the
Missal. Mid.Lat. missale, a book same way that doit was also used for a
containing the service of the (Lat. missa) small coin. Du. mijte, minutia, minutum,
mass. oboli vilissimi genus, vulgo mita.— KiL
; — ;
Mitigate. Lat. mitigare, from mitis, the middle of the ship, in opposition to a
meek, gentle, mild. square sail, which lies across it.
3Iitre. Gr. furpa, a girdle, a fillet To Mizzle. See Mist.
round the head, chaplet, the turban of To Moan. as. mtsnan, OE. to mean-,
the Asiatics. mene. Swab, maunen, to speak with the
* Mitten. Fr. mitaine, miton, a winter mouth nearly shut ; maunzen, to speak in
glove ; Gael, mutan, a muff, thick glove, a whining tone.
cover for a gun miotagj mutag, a mitten
;
Moat. Fr. mothe, a little earthen for-
or worsted glove. The name seems to tress, or strong house built on a hill
have come from Lap. mudda, n. mudd, motte, a clod, lump of earth also a little ;
modd, Sw. lapmtidd, a cloak of reindeer hill, a fit seat for a fort or strong house,
skin Fin. muti, a garment of reindeer also such a fort. Cot. —
Mote, a dyke,
;
skin, a hairy shoe or glove Sw. mudd, a ; embankment, causey. Roquef. Le— '
furred glove. It may be however that motte de mon manoir de Caieux et les
the notion of a furred glove is expressed fossez entour.' — Chart. A.D. 1329, in
by the type of catskin. Fr. miton, a cat Carp. '
Sans rapareher motte ne fos-
mitoufl^, furred like a cat or with cat- sez.' — Chart. A.D. 1292, ibid. It. inota,
skins wrapped about with furs or cat-
; a moat about a house. Fl. — As in
furred garments. Cot. Bav. mudel, — ditch and dike the same name is given
mautz, mutz, the cat, then catskin, fur in to a bank of earth and the hollow
general. out of which it is dug, so it seems that
To Mix. G. mischen, Bohem. misyti, moat signified first the mound of earth
Lat. miscere, Gr. n'laynv, ^lyvieiv, to mix ; on which a fort was raised, and then the
Pol. mieszad, to agitate, stir, mix, con- surrounding ditch from whence the earth
fuse ; Lith. maiszyti, to mix, to stir, to had been taken. Mid.Lat. mota, a hill
work dough, knead, to make a disturb- or mound on which a fort was built, or
ance ; maiszytis, to be confused, to mix the fortitself. '
Motam altissimam sive
oneself in a matter ; maisztas, confusion, dunjonetn eminentem in munitionis sig-
uproar ; Gael, masg, infuse, steep, com- num firmavit, et in aggerem coacervavit.'
pound, mix ; measg, mix, mingle w. ; —Lambertus Ardensis in Due. '
Mos
mysgu, to mix mysgi, confusion, tumult.
; est ditioribus quibusque hujus regionis
Mixeu. A dung-heap ; as. 7neox, eo quod maxime inimicitiis vacare soleant
dung, filth Du. mest, mist, mesch, dung,
; —
exercendis terras aggerem quantae pre-
litter, manure Goth, maihstus, G. mist, valent celsitudinis congerere,eique fossam
;
;
words signifying displeasure and the ges- ary application from the labprious efforts
tures which express it, making mouths, of one struggling through wet and mud.
deriding, mocking. G. mucken, to make A simple soul muchlike myself did once a ser-
a sound as if one was beginning to speak pent find.
but breaks off again immediately, the Which (almost dead with cold) lay moiling in
lowest articulate sound, which sound is the mire. —
Gascoigne in R.
called m.uck or m,ucks. Hence mucken, But it may be from Castrais mal, a forge-
to make mouths at one, look surly or gruff, hammer malha, to forge, to form by
;
show one's ill-will by a surly silence, hammering, and figuratively, to work la-
—
pouting out one's lips, &c. Kiittn. Pl.D. boriously. Compare to hammer, to work
mukken, to make faces, look sour or labour. Hal. —
Schiitze Milan, moccold, to mutter,
; Moist. Fr. m.oiste, moite, Limousin
grumble ; moccd, to make faces Du. mousti, Grisons muost, Milan, moisc,
;
mocken, buccam ducere sive movere. Bret, moudz, w. inwyd, wet, damp.
Kil. Sp. mucca, % grimace It. mocca, a ;To Moither. ^"Mitlier. Moider. — —
—
mocking or apish mouth. Fl. Esthon. Moithered, confused, oppressed with
mx)k, hps, snout, mouth. Making mouths work. Perhaps to be explained from the
is the first expression of displeasure and figure of water made thick by stirring up.
defiance to which the 'child has resort. Da. muddre, to work in the mud ; mud-
Gr. lidiKog, mockery ;
/umbiJio, to mock. dret, muddled, troubled, thick. But it
Mode. Lat modus, Fr. mode, manner,
. may belong to G. miide, tired Walser, ;
fashion, way, means. The ultimate ex- miiadi, weariness ; miladar, tired out
planation may perhaps be found in the with importunities.
Finnish dialects. Lap. muoto, face, coun- Molar. Lat. molaris, a grinding tooth,
tenance, likeness, image ; Fin. muoto, from mola, a hand-mill.
appearance, form, mode, or manner Mole. I. AS. 9naal, mcel, a blot, spot,
monella muodolla, in many modes ; mo- blemish G. mahl, a spot or mark mut-
; ;
mass, bulk, aiid specially a mole in the Sp. mono, mona, monkey. Probably at
foregoing sense. first a fondling name for a cat. Fr. i/iinon,
Mole, 3.^3SEould-warp. Du. mol, minet, Castrais minou, mounoic, puss, kit-
molworp, G. mdulwerf, from his habit of ten, little cat.
casting up little hillocks of Mould or Monsoon. Ptg. mongao, mougao, It.
earth AS. weorpan, G. werfen, to cast.
;
mussone, Fr. mousson, monson. From
Molecule. Fr. moUcule, dim. of Lat. Arab, mausim, fixed epoch, appropria,te
moles, a mass. season, feast held at a certain season,
Molest. Lat. molestus, troublesome, In Yemen, Says Niebuhr, they give the
grievous. name of mausim to the four months of
To Moll. See To Hull, 2. April, May, June, and July, in which the
Mollify. From Lat. mollis, soft. vessels sail from India. From the sense
Mollusc. molluscus, der. from
Lat. of fixed season it easily passed to that of
mollis, soft; mollusca, a nut with a soft wind blowing from a certain quarter at
shell. the.season in question. Thus the Arabs
—
Moment. Momentous. Lat. mo- of the Archipelago speak of the mousim
mentum (for movimentum), what causes berat, or mousim timor, the western or
a thing to move met. the weight or im-
; eastern monsoon. Barros explains the
portance of a thing also the passing ; word mougao in one place as signifying
instant, the least portion of time. season for sailing to certain quarters, and
Monarch.. — Mono-. Gr. povoc, only; in another as a regular wind. Engelberg. —
fioviipxiet a sole ruler. Monster, -monstrate. Lat. mon-
Monastery. Gr. iiovaarrifnov, a place strumj monstrare, to point out, make a
in which the life of a solitary may be led, show of. Hence Demonstrate, to point
from /<(ii/oe, alone ; nova'iu, to lead a soli- out; Remonstrate, to showreasons against.
tary life. Month. See Moon,
Monday. Moon-day, dies Lunas. Monument. Lat. mottumentum, some-
Money. Fr. monnaie, Lat. moneta. thing to warn or remind, from moneo, to
Monger, as. mangian, to traffic, advise, admonish.
trade. Hu my eel gehwilc gemangode, Mood. I. Du. moed, G. muth, on.
how much each had made by trade.- mddr, spirit, courage, disposition of mind.
Luke Mangere,!i trader; man-
xix. 15. 2. Lat. modus, in grammar, a certain
gunghus, a house of merchandise. ON. form of inflection indicating tlie mode or
mdnga, to chaffer, to trade ; kaupmanga, manner in which the meaning of the verb
to bargain mdngari, a dealer, a money- is presented to the hearer.
;
mangeln, mankeln, to swap, exchange mensis, Gr. fiijv, G. monat, a month, the
mangeler, mankeler, G. 7nakler, a broker. period of the moon's revolution.
Often derived from Lat. mango, a slave- Moor. I Lat. Mahrus, an inhabitant
.
dealer, horse-dealer, but it is very un- of the eastern part of Africa. From Gr.
hkely that this term, which has left no navpoq, black. Nigri manus ossea Mauri'
'
breed. Du. menghen, to mingle, with stain Boh. maur, N. mur, coal-dust
;
the termination rel, as in pickerel, a small Boh. 7naurek, a grey cat maurowy, grey ;
mud, mire, mother or dregs of wine or maffelen, moffelen, buccas movere. Kil. —
oil, seem to show that the words at the Swiss mauen, mauwen, to chew ; m.a{cel,
head of the article are contracted forms muhel, a sour face ; m&helen, to make a
analogous to E. smoor, from smother, Sw. sour face ; Fr. faire la moue, to make a
far, mar, lor father, mother, E. sbcr, from moe or mow, to show ill-temper by thrust-
sludder. The ultimate origin is probably ing out the lips. Faire la moue aux
to be found in forms like madder, madder, harengiires, to stand on the pillory
signifying to dabble or paddle, to stir up Milan, _/iJ la mocca al s6, Fr. morguer le
and trouble the water, to make it thick del, to make faces at the sun or sky, to
with mud. In this sense we have Pl.D. be hanged.
maddern, moddern, to paddle in wet To Mope. To be silent, inactive, and
(Danneil), Du. tnodden, moddelen, to grub From E. mop, Du. moppen,
dispirited.
in the dirt, E. muddle, to dabble as ducks to make wry faces, hang the lip, pout,
with their bills in the wet, to disturb beer sulk. In the mops, sulky. Hal. The —
or water. —
Moor. Serv. mutlyati, mutiti, senses of being out of temper and out of
to stir up, trouble, or make thick. Boh. spirits closely border on each other, and
matlati, to .daub, matlanina, confusion, are manifested by similar behaviour.
G. schrnaddern, Du. smodderen, to daub, Mopsical, low-spirited. Hal. Swiss mu- —
to dirty. dern (originally, like moppen, signifying
Theforegoing forms must, I think, be to mutter), is used in the senses of look-
entirely separated from Fr. mare, a pud- ing sour, out of temper, of moping like
dle, marais, Du. maerasch, E. inarsh, Lat. moulting fowls tmiderlen, to go about
;
mare, Goth, marei, w. m.or, sea, &c\ in a half sleepy, troubled way.
To Moor. Du. marren, maren^o tie, '
Nor shalt thou not thereof be reck-
to moor ; Fr. amarrer, marer, to [moor. oned the more moope and fool, but the
See Marl. / —
more wise.' Vives in R. E. dial, mop, a
Moot. AS. mot, gemot, in assembly ; fool, maups, a silly fellow ; Du. maf,
mot-em, mot-hus, a meeting-place,lmoot- fatigued, dull, lazy. Jemand voor het
hall motan, to cite before, the moot or
; mafje houden, to make a laughing-stock
court of justice E. to moot., to djscuss a
; of one.
question as in a court of justice moot- ; Moral. Moralist. — Lat. mos, moris,
point, a doubtful point, a pojfit which custom, manner, rite.
admits of being mooted dt^rgued on Morass. See Moor, 2.
opposite sides, p&.gemot, meeting, assem- Morbid. Lat. morbus, disease.
bly, council, deliberation. Witenagemot, Mordant. Fr. mordre, Lat. mordere,
the assembly of wise men, or great council to bite.
of the Saxon Kings. See Meet. —
More. Most. as. ma, more thces ;
Mop. Properly a bunch of clouts. It. the ma, so much the more ma thonne, ;
pannatore, a maulkin, a map of rags or rather than nafre ma, never more, never
;
clouts to rub withal. Fl.— Lat. mappa, again. Mara, greater, more. Du. meer,
a napkin, was doubtless the same word, tneest, more, most. Gael, mb, mbr, moid,
and in thew. of England mop is a napkin, great, many, much mbraich, to enlarge ;
;
also a tuft of grass. Gael, mab, mob, a mb, greater, greatest w. mawr, much ;
tuft, tassel, mop ; mobach, tufty, shaggy ; 7n'wy, greater, more mwyaf, greatest,
;
maibean, moibean, moibeal, a bunch, clus- most ; Sp. mny, much, very Bret, mui, ;
woman of inferior position, in which it Nesselmann exslains the word, has the
was stipulated that she should only have senses"' both of linking and gleaming.
claim to the fortune bestowed on her by Mo.rphew. lit, morfea, morfia, Fr.
morgengabe, without partaking in the morfifi-
rank, or transmitting to her children any Moige. Thq ilrus or sea-horse. Russ.
further right to the inheritance of her morj '^^f)-
husband. The word is thus clearly ex- Morswl. A^outhful. ~ Fr. morgeau.
plained in the section, ' De filiis natis ex It. morso\ ^norello, from mordere, to bite,
inatrimonio ad morgatiaticam contracto,' as the eqs^iy^mt E. bit from bite. See
'™'
cited in Due. Henschel. ' Quidam habens Mortar.
filium ex nobili conjuge, post mortem ejus Mort. A
great quantity ; murth, an
non valens continere, aliam minus nobi- —
abundance. B. ON. margt, neuter of
lem duxit qui nolens existere in peccato,
: margr, much ; mart (adv.), much mergS, ;
verbi gratii, decem libras, vel quantum merety, Sanscr. mri, to die ; Gr. ;8poro£,
voluerit dare quando earn desponsavit, mortal.
quod Mediolanenses dicunt aceipere ux- Mortar, i. A
vessel to pound in.
orem ad morganaticam.' Lat, mortarium, Fr. mortier. It. mortaro,
Morion. Fr., Sp. morrion. It. mori- G. mdrser. Pl.D. murt, what is crushed
one, a kind of helmet, perhaps a Moorish or ground ; murten, to crush, to mash ;
helmet, as burganet, a Burgundian one. Bav. dermiirsen, dermtirschen, to pound,
Du. Mooriaan, a Moor. grind ; gemiirsel, crushed stone. Miir-
Morkiu. A wild beast found dead, sell, minutal, est quidam cibus. Gl. in —
carrion ; Schmeller. Fin wwr/aa, to break ; mur-
.
Mortmain. Fr. mart, dead, and main, Moth. Two series of forms are com-
hand. The transfer of property to a cor- monly confounded. On the one hand we
poration, a hand which can never part have Goth, matha, AS. matha, mathu, a
with it again. worm, Du. made, OHG. m.ado, a maggot,
Mosaick. Mid. Lat. 7nusceum, musi- ON. madkr, Sw. matk, mask, mark, makk
vum, mosivum, musaicum, or mosaicum (Rietz), Da. maddik, e. maivk, maggot,
opus, inlaid work of figures formed by wM-m, Lap. mato, matok, caterpillar,
small coloured pieces of glass. The worm. Fin. mato, matikka, worm, grub,
origin of the name unknown. serpent, creeping thing, which are plau-
Mosque. Fr. mosqiiie. It. meschita, sibly explained from Fin. madan, mataa,
Sp. mesquita, Arab, mesdjid, signifying a to creep, crawl. On the other hand AS.
place where onS prostrates oneself, from moththe, OE. mought (that eats clothes —
—
sadjada, to prostrate. Engelberg. Palsgr.) Sc. mough, Du. mot, motte, Sw.
Moss. Fr. mo7isse. It. musco, muscio, The radical idea seems here
7natt, mott.
Lat. musais, G. moos, moss Du. mos,
; be the worm that reduces to dust from
to ;
mosch, Sp. molio, moss, mould mohoso, ; Du. 7not, dust, sweepings. So from Du.
mouldy, mossy; Pol. mech, Magy. moh, molm, dust of rotten wood, we have
moss. melm-worm, teredo, tinea, cossus, the
ON. m.osi, G. moos, are also used, as E. insect by which the wood is consumed ;
moss, for moss-grown, swampy, or moory from Bav. met (in inflection, melb, melw),
places. Douau-moos, Erdinger-moos, meal, powder, milben, milwen, to reduce
tracts of such land in Bavaria. to powder {gemilbet salz, powdered salt),
Most. See More. we have milbe, Du. meluwe, milwe, a
Mote. A meeting. See Moot. mite or moth meluwen, to be worm-
;
* Mote. AS. mot, atomus. — Matt. vii. eaten. The same connection holds good
3. Cleveland ?noit, a small particle ; moiis between Du. mul, molsem, dust of rotten
and sidvs, the particles of wood and other wood, molen, to decay (Kil.), and N. mol,
foreign substances from which the wool ON. miilr, Pol. mol, a moth or mite. So
has to be cleansed after scouring. Sp. also lUyr. griz,z.\yA, sawdust {homgrizti,
mota, a mote or small particle, a bit of to bite or chew), grizlttza, moth, mite.
thread or the like sticking to cloth, a Florio uses moth in the sense of mote,
slight defect. atom.
Probably distinct from Du. mot, dust, Mother. Sanscr. mdtar, Gr. fi^njp,
sweepings, where the radical idea seems Lat. mater, Gael, mathair, Russ. 7naf,
essentially different. Moit in Yorkshire mater, on. moSir.
(the equivalent of inote, mite) is used with The name of mother \^ given by analogy
doit (corresponding to dot or jot) in order to certain preparations or solutions from
to strengthen the expression. Neither which other substances are obtained.
—
moit nor doit, not an atom. Whitby Gl. Sanders quotes a description of vinegar-
The formation of these words may be un- making where directions are given for
— ;;
«2 MOTTLED MOULDY
fillinga new cask one-third with best mouth, to be perfectly silent ; G. muckerii
vinegar, ' which is only to serve as jnothcr to make a slight sound nicht muck sagen, ;
(matter) for further formation of vinegar not to say a single word. Kiittn. —
The
in the cask.' Mutter-fass, cask in which equivalent phrase in Sp. is no decir chus
the materials in vinegar-making are set ni mus, in It. non dire motto ne totto.^
to ferment ; mutter lauge, Fr. eaux mire, Hence motto, Fr. mot, a word, a single
lessive mere, E. mother-water, mother-lie, element of speech.
the spent waters from which the salts they Mould. I. Fr. moule, Sp. molde, a
contained have been crystallised. Mutter- mould. The latter also, as It. modolo, a
erde, the mixture from whence saltpetre model. From Lat. modulus, dim. of mo-
is extracted. Wine is called in Turkish dus, form.
dukhteri-rez, the daughter of the grape. 2. Moulder. Properly, friable earth,
The name of mother is then given to garden soil, then earth in general. Fle-
the turbid sediment or lees which are —
mish m,ul, gemul, dust Kil. ; Du. irMllen,.
formed in the course of fermentation, oil- to crumble (moulder) away, fall to pieces
pressing, or the like, and seem to be the — Bomhoff Pl.D. mull, loose earth, rub-
;
matrix from whence the pure product is bish, and dust of other things ; Goth.
sprung. If the body be liquid and not
' mulda, dust ; ON. mold, earth molda, to ;
ther modder, moeder, dregs, lees mod- ; milwen, to reduce to dust ; Du. meluwen,
— —
;
der, moder, mud. Kil. See Mud. to rot. Kil. But in truth the name
—
mottled. Motley. Dappled, covered seems to be taken, as in many similar
with spots of a different colour. Fr. cases, from the figure of a sour face ex-
mattes, curds matteU, clotted, knotty or
; pressing an ill condition of the mind, ap-
curdlike del mattond, a curdled [mot-
; plied to the signs of incipient corruption
tled] sky, full of small curdled clouds. given by the musty smell of decaying
Cot. things. Thus we have G. mucken (pro-
The notion of a spotted surface may perly to mutter), to look surly or gruff,
naturally be expressed by the figure of pout out one's lips, scowl or frown, show
spattering or splashing, dabbling in the ill-will or displeasure by a surly silence.
wet. So we have dappled, sprinkled with And figuratively es muckt jnit der sache
dabs, from dabble, and in like manner or die sache muckt, the thing has a secret
7nottled IS related to Swab, motzen, Pl.D. fault or defect, comes to nought. Kiittn. —
matschen, E. muddle, to dabble, paddle. Bav. mauckeln, to smell close and musty.
Hesse musseln, to dirty ; Boh. 7natlati, Du. moncken, monckelen, to mutter, to
to daub, smear, blot. With a sibilant look gloomy or sour
; Bav. maunken,
initial OE. smottered, splashed, dirtied ; munken, munkschen, to look sour, sulk,
Du. smodderen, to daub, dirty ; "W.ysmot, (of the weather) to lour, (of flesh) to smell
a spot, patch ; ysmotio, to mottle. ill, to be musty ; Henneberg niiinkern, to
Slotto. It. motto, a word, but com- be musty. Sw. mugga, to mumble
monly used for a motto, a brief, a posy, Swiss muggelii, to mutter ; E. mug, an
or any short saying on a shield, in a ring, ugly (properly a sour) face ; Dan. mUg-
—
&c. Fl. The slight indistinct sounds geii, sulky, also musty, mouldy. Bav.
involuntarily made by opening the mouth mu_ffen, to mutter, grumble, to make a
are represented in different dialects by sour face, also to smell mouldy or musty ;
the syllables mut, muck, mum, fiv, ^pP, Pl.D. muffen, to sulk, to smell or taste
gny, kiik, tot. Hence Lat. 7nutire, to mouldy; It. »z/^^, mouldiness, mustiness.
utter a slight sound ; ne mutire quidem, Bav. mmidern, to mutter, to sulk, or be
Gr. nHuv fiiire ypvl^av, not to open one's out of humour, to lour, as gloomy wea-
;
reason to suppose the word borrowed mangschen, Fr. manger, to eat ; to manche,
from Lat. muto, as the root is found also to eat greedily —
Palsgr. in Way ; to
in the Finnish languages, which indeed m.unge, to eat greedily. Bp. Kennet in —
afford an adequate explanation of its ul- Hal.
timate origin. Finn, mtiu, other, an- —
Move. Motion. Lat. moveo, motunt,
other muua, another place imtuttaa,
; ;
to move.
to move to another place, to change to Mow.
AS. mucg, muga, a heap, stack,
another form Esthon. mu, other ; mu-
; mow
on. mitgr, a mow of hay, a multi-
;
Comp. G. under, another, dndern, veran- heap of hay muga, to gather into heaps ; ;
up avuler, to let or send down, to vail the earth, buried moka. ihop, to shovel
; ;
on a bench to vaunt his pretensions in the the floor of the stable. Dan. mtige, to
hearing of the crowd. So It. saltimbanco, clear away the dung in stables.
a mountebank, from salire, saltare, to In the same way G. mist, dung, seems
mount, and banco, bench. to be from Boh. mesti, to sweep.
To Mourn. Originally, to groan or 2. Moist, wet. B. 'AH in a muck of —
murmur to oneself like a person in grief sweat.' N. mauk, mok, liquid used in
'
Gemere, to sob, to whoor or mourn as cooking, whether water, milk, or whey ;
—
a dove or turtle.' Pr. Pm. Gael, tnairg- moykja, to make thinner, add liquid to
to groan, sob, bewail ; Fr. tnorne, food. Boh. mok, moisture, liquid ; mok-
28
; '
furious charge or assault. Craufurd. — tread down corn like beasts trespassing ;
earthenware ; It. niaiolica, ornamental mull) are found in many of the Finnic
earthenware, supposed to be so named languages in the sense of berry, fruit.
from having originally been made in ^
Mulch. Straw half rotten; Pl.D.
Majorca but a theory of this kind is so molsch, Bav. molschet, objectionably soft,
;
frequent a resource in etymology that it soft through decay molzet, soft, clammy, ;
ally produced at the place from whence macerate, rot ; Bav. 7imlfern, to wear
it is supposed to be named. It seems to down to molm or dust. Das alte strS im
me more probable that majolica was de- strosack ist alles dermulfert, ist ein laute-
rived from the OG. magele, a mug, than res gemulfer, is mere mulch. See Mel-
the converse. low.
2. An ugly face. It. mocca, a mocking Mulct. Lat. imdcta, a fine of money
or apish mouth Esthon. viok, snout, imposed.
;
—
moor mttggard, sullen, displeased. Hal. against moths in clothes. Moth-mullen
The application of terms signifying frown- (verbascum blattarid) herbe aux mites.
ing or sullen of countenance to dark and Sherwood. Dan. mot. Boh. mol, a moth
cloudy weather is very common. G. 7nilbe, a mite.
Thus gloom is used to signify either a Mullet. A five-pointed star in heraldry.
frown or the darkness of the air to lotir, Fr. mollette, molette, the rowel of a spur,
;
properly to frown, expresses the threaten- also a name technically given to a little
ing aspect of a cloudy sky. Du. moncken, pulley or wheel used for certain purposes.
to mutter, to frown, to lour; monckende Milan, moletta, a grindstone. From Lat.
opsicht, a louring look monckende weder, mola, a handmill.
;
dust and fragments of peat mulled- ; To play mumchance then became a pro-
bread, oaten, bread broken into crumbs. verbial expression for keeping silence.
Brocket. See Mould, 2. Mumm.ers. Maskers, performers of a
Mult. —Multitude. Lat. multus, rude kind of masque or scenic represent-
much. ation mummery, ill-managed acting,
;
quam mamam aut mocum ridiculd appel- momjneare, to mum Fl. ; Du. momnie, —
lant pro potu homines hujus loci utuntur.' G. mumme, a masker, a mask. Du. mom-
— Leibnitz Script. Brunsvic. in Adelung. m.e, G. mummel, are also a ghost, a bug-
Possibly the name may have arisen bear Basque viamu, a hobgoblin, bug-
;
from the Sw. interjection, mitm ! mum bear, and as a verb, to mask oneself in a
expressive of satisfaction with drink. hideous manner. Salaberry. The same —
Rietz. connection of ideas is seen in Lat. larva,
2. The sound made with the lips closed a mask, a ghost or goblin.
the least articulate sound that a person The foundation of this connection is
can make. laid in infancy, when the nurse terrifies
Thou mygt bet mete the mist on Malveme hulles the infant by covering her face and dis-
Than gete a ^lom of hure mouth til moneye be guising her voice in inarticulate utter-
hem shewid.^P. P. ances, represented by the syllables Bo,
Hence mum, like hist or whist, was used Bau, Wau, Mum. It. far bau bau, to
as enjoining silence; not a mum !
terrify children, covering the face. La —
When men cry Tnum, and keep such silence. Crusca. Sometimes the nurse turns this
Gascoigne in R, means of producing terror to sport, cover-
—And gave on me a glum, ing her face with a handkerchief when
There was among them no word t^an but wzw?w. she cries Bo or Mum and then remov-
! !
Skelton.
ing the terror of the infant by displaying
Mummyn as they that noght speke, hgr face, when she cries Peep or some !
tering, or making faces. ON. mumpa, to ther it may not signify knocking- on the
eat voraciously ; Swiss mumpfeln, to eat head, and thus be connected with Swiss
with full mouth ; Bav. m-untpfen, mump- morden, Pl.D. murten, to crush, Fin. •
feln, to mumble, chew ; die mumpfel, the murtaa, to break, Esthon. murdma, to
mouth. From making faces we pass to break, to crush. In the latter language
the notion of tricks, gestures, assumed for murdma kal, to break the neck, is used
the purpose of exciting pity or the like. in the sense of killing. The Fr. meurtre^ '•
Mumps. Pl.D. mmnms, swelling of muria, loose, friable; Sw. mor, tender,
the glands of the neck. Probably from soft, friable ; Fin. murska, broken to
the uneasy action of the jaws which it bits G. morsch, friable, brittle, mellow,
;
produces. soft.
Munch. Fr. manger, It. mangiare, Murmur. A representation of a sound
from Lat. manducare, to chew. like that of running waters, the wind
Mtindane. Lat. mundus, the world. among branches, &c. Lat. murmurare,
Municipal. The Roman mjinicipia Gr. liopjjvpiiv. A
similar element is seen
were towns whose citizens received the in Fr. marmotter, to mutter, or with an
rights of Roman
citizenship but retained initial b instead of »z. Mod. Gr. ^opPopv-
their own laws. The proper meaning of Zsiv, to rumble.
municeps is one who takes the offices
of Murrain. OFr. marine, carcass of a
a state, from munus, an office or public dead beast, mortality among cattle; It.
function, and capio, to take. It was used jnoria, a pestilence among cattle. From
in the sense of citizen or fellow-citizen. moicrrir, morire, to die. See Morkin. .
Munificent. Lat. munifex (from mu- Murrey. Fr. mor^e, Sp. morado, violet,
nus, an office or public charge, also a mulberry-coloured ; Lat. morum, a mul-
gift), one who performed a public duty berry.
munificentia, liberality in the expenditure Muscle. Lat. musculus, a little mouse,
expected from a public officer, liberality a muscle of the body, the shell-fish. In
in general. the same way Gr. ;i«e, a. mouse, is used
Muniment. — —
Munition. Ammuni- in both the other senses. Mod.Gr. -aov-
tion. Lat. munio, Fr. munir, to fortify, TiKi, a mouse or rat vovTiKUKt, a small
;
strengthen, furnish or store with all man- rat, a muscle of the body. Cornish togo--
ner of necessaries ; muniment, a strength- den fer (literally, mouse of leg), calf of
ening or fortifying munimens, justifica- the leg ; Serv. misk, a mouse ; mishitza,
;
,
tions of allegations in law. Cot. —
Muni- female mouse, also, as weE as mishka,
ments is now only heard in the sense of the arm. Fr. souris, bothe for a mouse
records or evidences of title to property and the brawne of a mannes arme. '
scowl, mope, sulk N. mussa, to whisper, grows, as champignon, the common Eng-
;
mutter, sulk Lat. mussare, to buzz, mur- lish mushroom, from champs, the fields in
;
mur, mutter, to brood over, to consider in which it is found. Fr. mousse, moss.
silence. Flent mcesti, OTi^jj^/z/^^^patres.'
'
N. & Q. Feb. 5, 1859.
'
Mussat rex ipse Latinus quos generos Music. Lat. musica, Gr. liovaiicri. Mol-
—
vocet :' the king muses on the choice of 'aav ^tpfti/, to sing Pindar tiq ijSr] jioiaa} —
—
;
to sulk, be out of temper, express dis- the modulation of the voice in singing, a
pleasure Swiss miiscii, to mope, to be sense preserved in Wal. muzer, to hum a
;
sulk Du. muizen, to^ponder, muse. The music ; Prov. musar, to play on the bag-
;
appearance of a derivation from miiis, a pipes Lat. mussare, to buzz, hum, mutter. ;
mouse, leads Kilian to explain the word Musket. Mid. Lat. muscJietta, a bolt
as a metaphor from the silent absorption shot from a springald or balista. Potest '
with which a cat watches for a mouse praeterea fieri quod hsec eadem balistas
;
'
muysen, mures venari, tacite quasrere.' tela possent trahere quae 7nuschcttcB vul-
In popular thought the reference to a gariter appellantur.' Sanutus in Due.
mouse presented itself under a different
—
Ne nuls tels dars ni puet raeflfaire,
aspect. A
dreaming, self-absorbed con- Combien que on i sache tire,
dition of mind is very generally attributed Malvoisine des sajettes,
to the biting of a maggot or worm, the Ne espringalle ses mouchettes.
stirring of crickets, bees, flies, and even Guigneville, ibid.
mice, in the head. In the year 1183 the The implements of shooting were com-
principality of Ravenna was conferred on monly named after different kinds of
Conrad, quern Itali Musca in cerebro hawks, as It. terzeruolo, a pistol, from
'
logue to the eighth book of Douglas' pieces of ordnance, while falcone and
Virgil, the author, in his sleep, speculat- sagro were also the names of hawks.
In
ing on all the wrong things that are going the same way the old muschetta was from
on in the world, is addressed by a man Prov. mosqnet, Fr. mouchct, AS. musha-
whom he sees in his sleep, What berne foc, a sparrow-hawk, a name probably
'
;
^fjusdl, as the name of the to'.vn is ing of the weather, threatening smell-
; ;
Mussulman. Turk, viusslim, a fol- smell musty. Fris. milt, mutsch, itiucksch,
lower of islam, a true believer ; pi. muss- sour-looking, sulky, still. Outzen. —
limin, musslimHn, moslems. Mutable. -mute. Lat. mtito, to
Must. G. mussen, Du. moeten, to be change. See Mew.
forced ; Sw. mdste, must ; Du. mo etc, Mute. The syllables 7nut, inuk, 7nuiii,
leisure ; moet, necessity, pressure. Moete, kuk, are taken to represent the slight
opera, labor. —
Kil. Pol. musu!, zmiiszac, sounds made by a person who is absorbed
to force, to constrain ; tnusiec', to be in his own ill-temper, or kept silent by his
obliged, to be necessary musisz sie bid,
; fear of another. Hence Lat. mutirc,
you must fight ; Bohem. musyti, to be Diuttire, to murmur, mutter. Nihil iiiu-
bound, forced to do ; iimsyl, one com- tire audeo, I do not dare to utter a sylla-
pelled ; mussciij, compulsion, necessity. ble. G. iiicht ciiten 7nuck von sich geben,
Must. Lat. mustum, Fr. moust, mout, not to give the least sound. Du. kikken,
the juice of grapes ; Russ. msto, viest, G. mikken, to utter a slight sound. Magy.
most, juice of fruits ; S w. must, juice, sap, kuk, kukk, a mutter ; kukkanni, to mutter.
moisture, pith, substance ; must i jorden, Then by the same train of thought as in
moisture in the earth ; rotiiiust, radical the case of e. mum, Lat. niutus, silent,
moisture. IU)Tian7Ka.J/'///,to crush grapes, dumb Serv. muk, silent muchati, to be
; ;
to make must, to colour, daub with grease silent ; Magy. kuka, dumb.
mast, must, colour for the face, salve, Mute. Dung of birds. B. Yr.mutii; —
grease. to mute as a hawk ; esjnezit, the drop-
Mustaches. Mod.Gr. fiijTa^, mus- —
pings of a bird. Cot. It. smaltire, to
taches, /tvaraKi, whiskers
Gr. iivara^,
; digest one's meat ; smaltare, to mute as a
upper lip, moustache iiaara^, the mouth,
;
hawk. From the liquid nature of the ex-
jaws, upper lip Venet. mustazzo, snout,
; crements of birds. ON. snielta, to liquefy.
face (in a depreciatory sense) ; mustazzada, To Mutilate. Lat. mutilo, to cut
a blow on the mouth mustachiare, to
; short, reduce a stump to mutilus (of ;
like Lat. masticare, to chew, Pl.D. nius- short, thick and blunt ; smuttan, a stump ;
seed boiled in vinegar ; Sp. mostaza, Swiss mutschig, gemutschet, mutt, g'77iut-
thickened must ; mostazo, mustard mos- ; tig, cropped, short and thick 7/iutsc/i, ;
monstrer, to show ; moitstre, monstree, a Gris. 7/iuotsch, 7nuott, 7/tott, cropped, cut
view, show, sight, muster of Cot. — short.
Musty. From Pl.D. muUn, to make The most familiar type of the act of
a sour face, may be explained Sw. muleti, cutting off the extremity of a thing is
gloomy se miilen ut, to look sad or
; blowing the nose in the way it is done by
gloomy, and thence (on the principle ex- those who have not a handkerchief, or
440 MUTINY MYTH
the snuffing of a lamp or candle, to which muzzle Fr. museliire, a muzzle or pro-
;
the word signifying in the first instance vender bag muserolle, a musroll or
;
one's nose, to take off the point of a mutter, grumble, Lang, moure, a sour
thing, to cut off, a member or a part of face, mine refrogn^e, also as Fr. moure,
anything. —
Peschieri. mourre, the snout or muzzle Cot. from — ;
The forms moccare, mocciare, become Bav. mocken, mucken, to mutter discon-
in Piedm. mocM, to snuff the candle or tentedly, Du. mocken, buccam ducere sive
lamp, to pinch oif the shoots of the vines, movere, to pout, grumble, fret (Bomhofif),
to crop trees or plants, and mod (as It. It. mocca, an ugly mouth, Esthon. mok,
mozzare), to take off the point of any- the snout, mouth, lips from Du. mof- ;
N
To Nab. To catch or seize, properly anything small of its kind. ON. nabbi,
to clap the hand down upon a thing ; in OFr. nabe, nabot, a dwarf, from nab, knob,
Scotland, to strike. Dan. nappe, to snatch, a lump ; E. dial, knor, knurl, a dwarf,
snatch at, pluck ; «a/-/a«^, nippers Fin. ; —
from knur, a knot. Hal.
nappata, suddenly to seize, to snap, to In the last article has been traced the
pluck ; Du. knappen, to crack, to seize ;
line of thought from the root knack, knapp
Fr. naque-mouche, a fly-catcher. (passing into nag, nab), signifying an
The sound of a crack is represented by abrupt movement, to the notion of a pro-
the syllables knap or knack, which are jection, prominence, lump. In the original
thence used as roots in the signification sense may be mentioned E. dial, nag, to
of any kind of action that is accompanied jog, whence nogs, the projecting handles
by a cracking sound. G. knappen, to of a scythe; Dan. kizag, a wooden. peg,
crackle as fire niisse knappen or knack-
; cog of wheel, handle of a scythe Gael. ;
I From the notion of a short, abrupt unguis, nagli, clavus Goth, ganagljan, ;
movement we pass to that of a projection to fasten with nails Lith. ndgas, nail of ;
or excrescence, a part of a surface which the finger, hoof, claw ndginti, to scratch ;
;
starts out beyond the rest, and thence to Serv. nokat, Bohem. nehet, Gr. ovvt,
the idea of a lump or rounded mass Sanscr. nakha, unguis ; Fin. nakla, naula,
;
Gael, cnap, strike, beat, a stud, knob, clavus. Fin. naula is specially applied
lump, a little hill N. nabb, a peg or pro- to the nails by which the different weights
;
jection to hang things on ;. E. dial, to nub, are marked on a steelyard, and hence (as
to push ; knop, a bud knoppet, a small Esthon. naggel) signifies a pound weight,^
;
nobb, knabb, ne. nab, the rounded summit viz. the length marked off by the first
of a hill, as Nab-scar, above Grasmere ; nail on the yard measure.
nob, the head; nobble, a lump knoblocks, ; It is to be supposed that the artificial
.
nubblmgs, small round- coals; Du. knob- nail is named from the natural implement
bel, a knot, lump, hump. of scratching, as Lat. clavus, a nail, from
Nabob. Ptg. nababo, governor of a an equivalent of E. clawj and as scratch-
province in the E. Indies, from Arab. ing and biting are like in effect, the word
nouwdb, pi. of ndib, lieutenant, viceroy, is derived by Grimm from nagen, to gnaw
prince. or bite. ON. nagga, N. nagga, nugga,
Nadir. Arab. nAdhir as-semt, the nygja, to rub, to scrape Sw. nagga, to ;
that by which a thing is known. But Gr. the scull. Compare also on. hnacki, N.
ilvo/ia, ovv]).a, ill accords with such a nakkje, the back of the head G. nacken, ;
theory, and the form nam, with more or the nape of the neck, the back.
less modification, is common to the whole Napery. — Napkin. It. nappa, a table-
series of Indo-European and Finnic lan- cloth, napkin
the tuft or tassel that is
;
guages to the extremity of Siberia. Goth. carried at a lance's end 7iappe, the jesses
;
namo, ON. nafn, namn. Fin. nimi. Lap. of a hawk, labels of a mitre, ribands or
namm {nimmet, to mark, observe), Wo- tassels of a garland.
tiak nim,nam, Ostiak nem, nimta, nifita, A parallel form with Lat. mappa, a
Magy. nev, Mordvinian lam, Tschere- clout, as Fr. natte with E. mat, and like
miss lem, Samoiede nim, nimde, Gael. mappa originally signifying a tuft. E.
ainm, w. enw, Bret, hano, Pruss. emnes. knap or Imop, a bud, button, knob.
Boh. jmeno, Pol. imie, Sanscr. naman, Narrate. Lat. narro, narratum, to
Pers. ndm, Turk, ndni, name. Turk. tell of, relate.
ndm is used also in the sense of reputa- Narrow, as. nearwe, narrow. See
tion, to be compared with Lat. ignominia. Near.
Nap. I. A short sleep, properly a nod. Narwhal. The sea unicorn, ON.
G. knappen, to move to and fro, nod, jog, ndhvalr, so called on account of the pal-
totter —
K'ittn Tirol, gnappen, to nod,
; lid colour of the skin nd, ndr, a corpse.
;
especially in slumber —
D. M. v. 437. Nasal. Lat. nastis, the nose.
See Nab. So Fin. nuokkata, to nod Nascent. — Natal. — Native. — Na-
nukkua, to fall asleep. ture. Lat. nascor, natus, to be born, to
2. AS. hnoppa, Du. noppe, flock or nap have sprung from ; natalis, belonging to
of cloth noppig, shaggy N. napp, shag,
; ; one's birth ; nativus, natii7-a.
pile, the raised pile on a counterpane Nasty. Formerly written nasky.
nappa, shaggy Pl.D. nobben, flocks or
;
;
'
Maulav^, ill-washed, nasky.' Cot. PI. —
knots of wool upon cloth Du. noppen, ; D. nask, and with the negative particle,
Sw. noppa, Fr. noper, to nip off the knots which is sometimes added to increase the
on the surface of cloth. The women by force of disagreeable 'Cs\\a%%,7tnnask, dirty,
whom this was done were formerly called piggish, especially applied to eating or
nopsters. filthy talk. —
Brem. Wtb. In the same
It seems that the origin of the word is way, with and without the negative parti-
the act of plucking at the surface of the cle, Sw. snaskig, osnaskig, immundus,
cloth, whether in raising the nap or in spurcus naskug, naskct, dirty, nasty
;
nipping off the irregular flocks. Pl.D. (Rietz.), Lap. naske, sordidus Ihre — ;
nobben, gnobhen (of horses), to nibble each Syrianian njasti, dirt njasties, dirty.
;
other, as if picking the knots from each The pig is so generally taken as a type of
other's coat. N. nappa, mippa, to pluck, dirtiness that the word may well be taken
as hair or feathers, to pluck a fowl, to from Fin. naski, a pig, as Lat. spurcus
twitch ; nappa, to raise the nap upon apparently from porcus. Or possibly it
cloth ;Sw. noppra sik, to prune oneself may be taken from a representation of
as birds Fin. nappata, nappia, to pluck,
; the smacking noise which accompanies a
as berries Esthon. nappima, G. kncipen,
; piggish way of eating, and from which the
to nip, to twitch Lap. nappet, to cut off
; Fin. naski, a pig, seems to be taken. Fin.
the extremities, to crop Gr. /cvdTrrw, ; naskia, to make a noise with the lips in
yvaiTTw, to card or comb wool, to dress chewing, like a pig eating Dan. snaske, ;
Kpa0oe, a teasel or wool card. ing noise like a pig, to be slovenly, dirty
Nape. Properly the projecting part at — Rietz. Swiss ndtschcn, to make a
;
the back of the head, then applied to the smacking noise in eating; Carinthian
back of the neck. AS. cnap the top of natsche, a pig.
— ; ;
naht, 7ieaht, no-whit, naught, nothing. navium carinas sunt.' Ducange gives
Naughty, good for nothing. several instances in which navis is used
Nausea. Lat. 7iausea, Gr. vavaia, the for the vaulted roof over part of a church.
being sea-sick, from vavg, a ship. Simulque et in nave quse est super altare
'
originally merely the end of the axle pro- short-lived Dan. neppe, scarcely, hardly
;
jecting through the solid circle which knap, scanty knappe of, to stint, curtail.
;
formed the wheel, on. nabbi, a knoll, Near. Nigh. — Goth, nehv (compar.
hillock ; w. cnap, a knob, boss, button. nehvis),liS,. neah,vi\^, near 7iear, nearer;
;
The navel is the remnant of the cord by nehst, nyhst, next. Ga hider near, come
—
which the foetus- is attached to the mo- nearer. Gen. 27. 21. ON. nd, ncerri,
ther's womb, and appears at the first ncErstr, OHG. nah, nalier, nahist, Dan. (as
period of life as a button or small projec- E. former) ncer, ncermere, nizrmest, w.
tion. It is thus appropriately expressed 7ies, nesach, nesaf, near, nearer, nearest.
by a diminutive of nave, navel. In like Neat. I. Fr. net, Lat. 7iitidus, from
manner Gr. 6jn^a\6f, Lat. umbilicus, a niteo, to shine.
navel, are diminutives of umbo, a knob or 2. ON. naut, an ox. AS. nyte7i is how-
boss. So Boh. pup, an excrescence ever applied to animals in general, al-
;
pupek, navel. The radical identity of though mostly to cattle. ' Seo nseddre
ijifakog and navelhz.i been very generally was geappre thonne ealle tha othre 7iy-
recognised, although the passage from tenu,' the serpent was more cunning than
one to the other'has not been very clearly all other beasts. The meaning of the
made out. It seems to be one of those word is unintelligent, from as. nitan for
numerous cases where an initial « has ne witan, not to know. ' Tham neatu7n
been either lost or added, as in E. umpire is gecynde that hi nyton hwKt hi send,'
from nompair, apron from napron, auger it is the nature of beasts that they do not
from nauger. The loss of the initial n in know what they are. ' Tha unsceadwisan
nob, and the nasalisation of the final b (as neotena,' the unintelligent beasts. —
Boeth
in Fr. nabot, nambci, a dwarf), produce xlv. 3. 2. In the same way the term beast
the radical syllable in umbo and dfifaXos. is appropriated in the language of graziers
It is remarkable that the n of nai/e is lost and butchers to an ox. Mod.Gr. akoyov,
in other cases, as in Du. aaf, ave, for signifying irrational {oKoyov X,aov, brute
naa/, nave, the nave of a wheel, and in beast), is appropriated by custom to a
attger, Du. evigher for nevigher. Fin. horse (of which it is the regular name),
napa-kairi, literally centre-bit. More- as E. neat to oxen.
over, the n which is lost in umbo and —
Neb. Nib. as. neb, beak, then nose,
o\iL(^a\liQ is again replaced in Fr. nombril. face, .countenance. Neb with neb, face to
The relation of Lat. unguis, ungula, to face ; neb-wlite, beauty of countenance ;
orul, nail, may be explained on the same ON. nebbi, Du. nebbe, snebbe, G. schnabel,
principle, regarding wx as the radical beak of a bird. Sc. 7ieb, like E. nib, is
syllable ; and here too the same loss of used for any sharp point, as the neb of a
the initial n is found in the probable root, pen, of a knife. N. nibba, nibbestein,
Sw. agga and nagga, to prick. sharp projecting rock. ON. nibba, also a
2. Mid.Lat. navis, Fr. nef, the part of promontory ; nibbaz (of oxen), to butt
the church in which the laity were placed. each other.
'
—
Navem quoque basilicas auxit.' Orderic. As nab represents the sound of a blow
Vital. Supposed to be from the vaulted with a large or rounded implement, nib
; ; ;
bel, Du. snabel, beak, is that with which sacrileges ignes quos nedfir vocant, sive
the bird snaps; snabben, to peck, bite,
— —
omnes paganorum observationes dili-
snatch. Kil. —
genter prohibeant.' Capit. Car. Mag. in
Nebula. Lat. nebula, Gr. w^eXij, a Due. The peasants in many parts of
thin cloud, mist ; nubes, vi^oe, cloud, Germany were accustomed on St John's
Sanscr. nabhas, heaven ;Svofoc, dark- eve to kindle a fire by rubbing a rope
ness; Kvi^ae, darkness, twilight. rapidly to and fro round a stake, and
Necessary. —
Necessity. Lat. neces- applying the ashes to superstitious pur-
se, of need, that cannot be avoided. poses.
Neck. AS. hnecca, the back of the Needle. Goth, nethla, OHG. nddala,
head, neck ; Dan. nakke, nape of the ndlda, Du. naelde, ON. ndl, Bret, nadoz,
neck and back part of the head. At bote w. nodwydd, Gael, snathad, Manx snaid,
nakken. for, to bend the neck to. ON. a needle. Du. naeden, naeyen, OHG.
hnacki, N. nakkje, the back of the head ; nagan, nawan, ndan, G. ndhen, to sew
nakke kola, the hollow at the back of the w. noden, Gael, snath, Manx snaie, thread.
neck; Du. nak, nek, nik, the nape, neck. Fin. negla, neula, a needle knuppi-neula
;
Jemand den nek keeren, to turn one's (a headed needle), a pin; neiiliainen (a
back to a person ; stief van nekke, stiff- stinger), a wasp. Esthon. noggel, n'ool,
necked. Fr. nuque, the nape. a needle, sting of an insect noggene,;
The explanation of the word is to be To the above are opposed Lat. aio, Sw.
found in on. gnaud, naitd, fremitus, the jaka, MHG. jehen, G. bejahen, to say aye
noise made by violent action of any kind, or ja to, to affirm.
the dashing of ships together, clashing of —
Neglect. Negligent. Lat. negligo,
swords, roaring of flame. Skipa gnaud, neglectum, to have little regard for. Per-
fremitus naviuni hrcedilighjorvagnaud,
; haps formed as a negation oi eligo, to
the dreadful clash of swords. Gnauda, pick out, to choose.
nauda, fremere, strepere, vel assidue pre- Negotiate. Lat. negotium, business.
mere, affligere, vexare. The expression Negro. Sp. negro, Lat. niger, black.
representing the audible accompaniment Neif. A female serf. Lat. nativa.
of violent action is first transferred to the To Neigh, as. kncegati, on. hneggia,
effect produced on the object upon which Sw. gnagga, N.Fris. iiogern, Sussex, to
the action is exerted, and then to the knucker, Pl.D. nichen, Fr. hennir, It.
abstract idea of violence, force, com- nitrire, all representing the sound. Sc.
pulsion. Elld gnaudadi vida um eyjar, nicher, nicker, to neigh, to laugh coarsely.
the fire roared wide among the islands. Neighbour, as. neah-bur, neah-man,
Rarfr thola naud, igne violantur tecta, G. nachbar, Du. bmir, Dan. 7iabo, fem.
the roofs suffer the violence [of fire]. naboerske, neighbour. From AS. neah,
Vidr thola naud, the ship endures the nigh, near, and Dan. boe, G. bauen, to
battering [of the waves], vexatur fluctibus. till, cultivate, dwell. G. bauer, a boor,
Nauda, to press hard upon ; naudga, to cultivator, peasant. Dan. bo, a dwelling.
offer violence to, to compel. AS. neah-gehuse, neighbours.
Needflre. Fire produced by friction Neither, as. ndther, nawther, from
of two pieces of wood Qara.), g. notfeurj the negati\'e ne and either:
^"fi. gnida, to rub. Like tieed (according Neive. on. hnefi, knefi, a fist, hand-
; — —
nestkacky Pl.D. nestkiken, the youngest knaupeln, to gnaw, pick a bone, nibble ;
bird of a brood, youngest child in a family. Swiss kniibeln, to pick, work with a
G. quack, qtiackel, quackelcheiz, nestquack, pointed implement Pl.D. knappern,
;
a young unfledged bird, fig. a child of old knuppern, knubbern, to munch dry hard
age. Das quakelchen seines alters. From food with a crunching noise, to nibble as
quaken, to cry.
ein
Der kinder gequak
jammervoU gequeck.
—
mice or rats Danneil G. ktiappen, to ;
Nesh. AS. hnesc, tender, soft, weak. knabbeln, g-nabbeln, gnawweln, to gnaw
Properly moist. Goth, natjan, G. benet- audibly. Dao gnabbelt'n mus. When
zen, to wet G. nass, Du. nai, wet ; Fin.
; the noise is somewhat finer it is replaced
neste, moisture nuoska, Esthon. niisk,
;
by gnibbeln, knibbeln, nidbeln, to nibble,
wet Lat. Notus, the (moist) South wind.
;
eat by little bits, like a goat. Danneil. —
Nest. Pol. gniazdo, nest, breed Bret. ; Fin. napsaa, to sound as the teeth in
neiz, w. nyth, Gael. 7iead, Lat. nidus. gnawing, to strike lightly.
Net. I. Goth, nati. Fin. nuotta, ON. Nice. I. From Fr. nice, foolish, sim-
not, G. netz, Bret. neud. ple Prov. nesci, Ptg. nescio, Sp. necio,
;
G. knick, the clear sound of a weak or false hair, a wig. The original meaning
slender body when it gets suddenly a of the word is probably side, whence Es-
chink, crack, or burst. Das glas that thon. liggi. Fin. liki, near. The same
einen knick, the glass gave a crack. Also element may be recognised in w. llysenw,
the crack or chink that takes its rise with Bret, leshano, a surname, nickname, the
—
such a sound. Kilttn. Einen knick in first element of which is used exactly as
einen zweig inachen, to crack or break a the Finnish particle. Bret. les-tad, a .
twig. Ein reis knickeji, to half break and step-father w. llysblant, step-childreri
;
bknainn, G. eich-, ekel-, okel-, neck-, oker- ningar, to keep one short of money
name, a surname, nickname. Taken se- nj"gg, niggardly, sparing Lap. ndgget, ;
name, from ON. auk, E. eke, in addition, drudge, to seek pertinaciously for small
besides ; nickname, as a name given in advantages gnikjen, nikjen, nuggjen,
;
derision, from Fr. faire la nique, to jeer, stingy, scraping, explaining OE. niggon,
or G. necken, to tease or plague. while Pl.D. gnegeln, to be miserly, N.
Susun-o, a privy whisperer that slaundereth, nikker, stingy, correspond to NE. nagre,
backbiteth, and nicketh one's name. Junius
Nomenclator in Pr. Pm.
— a miserly person.
The same ultimate reference to the
But the great variety of forms looks more idea of rubbing is found in Dan. gnide,
Iii.^ " series of corruptions of a common to rub gnidsk, niggardly Bav. fretten,
; ;
original,which being no longer under- to rub, to earn a scanty living with pains
stood has been accidentally modified or and difficulty ; It. frugare, to rub, to
;; —
in a niggling way is to do a thing by re- lop, crop, cut off the extremities nappar ;
Lat. nolle for ne-velle. ii'idskr, Dan. gnidsk, sordid^ tenax, from
Nightingale. G. nachtigall, the bird gnide, to rub or scrape. In the N. of E.
that sings by night. ON. gala, to sing, nithing is used for sparing nithing of ;
'
take, take away. See Introduction. also the nock of a bow or notch in any-
Nimble. AS. nrimol, capax, tenax, ra- thing. Fl. —
pax. —Lye. ON. nema, nam, numit, to The fundamental image is an abrupt
take, and hence, as Dan. nemme, to learn, movement suddenly checked, represented
to apprehend nem, quick of apprehen- by a sharp report, and thence an indent-
;
sion, handy, adroit. Deti nemmeste maade, ation or projection. Gael, cnag, to crack,
the readiest way. snap the fingers, knock, rap E. dial. ;
Ninny. Sp. niflo, an infant, a childish 'door; OHG. hnutthi, vibrare. Schm.
person nitiear, to behave in a childish ON. hnioda {linyd, htiatid, hnodit), to
;
manner. Mod.Gr. viv'wv, a child, doll, hammer Du. knodse, a cudgel. ; To nod
simpleton fiiyoKov vw'mv, a great ninny. is to make a movement as if striking
;
The origin of the word is doubtless the with the head. The E. word has no im-
sing-song humming used to set a child mediate connection with Lat. nutus, the
to sleep. Sp. nini-nana, words without t of which belongs to the frequentative
meaning for the humming of a tune form of the verb.
Mod.Gr. vava, lullaby It. ninna ninna,
; Noddle. The twddle, noddock, or nid-
words used to still children niiinare, dock is properly the projecting part at the
;
nitmellare, to lull children asleep. back of the head, the nape of the neck,
—
To Nip. Nippers, g. knipp, a snap then ludicrously used for the head itself.
or fillip with the fingers. Einem ein Occiput, a nodyle. Hal. —
knippchen, klippchen geben, to give one a After that fasten cupping glasses to the noddle
fillip. Knippen, sclmippen, to snap of the necke. — Burroughes in Nares.
kmp-kaiilchen, Pl.D. knippel, knicker, a ON. hnod, the round head of a nail Du. ;
marble impelled by filliping with the knod, knodde, a knob ; Dan. knude, a
— ;
Nook. A
corner. Four-nokede it is,
bunchy cnagaire, a knocker, a gill, nog-
;
jugiis fit noxia si nimia est dos. Anson. — about three o'clock in the afternoon. In
Norway non or luin is still used in this
Flem. noose, noxa, malum, damnum, et
lis, dissidia. — Kil.
sense, signifying the third meal or resting-
time of the day, held at two, three, or four
* Noisom.e. Having power to noy or
o'clock, according to custom. Nona, to
injure.
lunch, to take the intermediate meal or
Thei had tailis like scorpiouns— and the might
of them was to noye men fyve monethis. —Wiclif. repose ; nonsbil, the hour of non, about
three or four in the afternoon.
It. noiare, to annoy, molest, trouble
noia, noianza, annoyance, molestation.
;
The transference of the signification
from mid-afternoon to mid-day seems to
ODu. noeyen, noyen, vernoeyen, obesse,
have taken place through an alteration in
nocere, molestum esse ; noeylick, noy click,
noisome. Kil.— It is impossible to se-
the time of the canonical services, of
which seven were performed in the day,
parate the foregoing from It. annoiare,
matutifia, prima, tertia, sexta, nona, ves-
Fr. ennuyer, E. annoy, v/hich have satis-
pera, completorium. It is plain that four
factorily been traced to Lat. in odio esse,
of these must be named from the hours at
and the Du. noode, unwillingly, against
which they were originally celebrated,
the grain, probably comes from the same
source. Entirely distinct are Lat. nocere,
but we
find that nona, the fifth service,
Prov. nozer, OFr. nuisir, Fr. mi ire, to
was held in Italy about mid-day at an
early period.
hurt, whence It. nocevole, Fr. ntiisible,
injurious ; nuisance, injury, hurt. Montando lo sole prima la prima parte, fa terza
—
Noll. Now!. The head. as. cnoll, la seconda, sesta la terza, nona, e siamo a mez-
;
tex, hnoll. —
AS. Vocab. fa mezzo vespro, &c. La Crusca. —
Nomad. Gr. vo^iaQ, from vfftw, to pas-
ture flocks.
Nona, mittag-zyt, myddach. — Dief. Sup.
Tho bygonne tenebres that into
Nominal. —Nominee. Lat. nomen, a were ydon
al the eorthe
midi venait de sonner, mais bien des gens nourrice into nurse. For the origin of
n'avaient pas entendu les neuf coups, et nutrio see Nuzzle.
partant avaient oubli^ de reciter I'oraison Novel. Lat. novellus {novus, new),
—
accoutumde.' Madame Claude, p. i, 1862. Fr. nouvel
Noose. Lang, nous-cotiren, a running November. Lat. November.
knot or noose ; nouzelut, knotty. Nous, NoTV. AS. nil, Gr. vvv, Lat. nunc.
nils, nouzel, a knot. —
Diet. Castrais. Noxious. Lat. noxius ; noxa, that
From Lat. nodus. which is hurtful noceo, to hurt. ;
— —
Note. Notable. Notary. Notice. — Hal. In North's Plutarch, p. 499, it is
— Notion. Lat. nota, a mark, sign written niggot. '
After the fire was
nosco, nottim, to know. quenched they found in niggots (lumps)
Noun. Fr. nom, Lat. nomen, a name. of gold and silver mingled together about
-noujice. -nunc-. Lat. nuncius, a a thousand talents.' Hence Trench in-
messenger nuncio, to bear tidings, bring
; clines to the supposition that nugget is
word of, tell. Hence Announce, Pro- only ingot disguised.
nounce, Renounce, &c. Nuisance. Fr. nuire, nuisant, from
To Nourish. Nurse. — Nurture. — Lat. nocere, to hurt, as luire, luisant,
29
— .;
tuo, pectus de porco mortuo, nunblicum.' snudda, to snift after, Bav. schnauden,
;
occiso ad vendendum, les mimbles, et de To the latter class also belong G. dial
tur.' — —
quolibet bove pectus solvere tenebun- schnudern, to snuffle or speak through
Charta, A.D. 1239, in Due. A strong the nose, to snift, on. snudra, snoSra, n.
confirmation of this derivation appears snutra, to sniff or seek after food, like a
in the double form of the word, numbles hound with the snout. The transition
and umbles, with and without a prosthe- from the last of these forms to Lat. nutrio
tic n, precisely corresponding to Fr. nom- is exactly similar to that which takes
bril and Prov. ombrilh from umbilicus. place in the meaning of E. nuzzle, when
It is true that the word seems sometimes transferred from the action of the infant
to be confounded with lumbulus or lum- to that of the nurse. To nuzzle, applied
bellus, which is claimed in some charters to the infant, is to seek after the breast
on the same occasion as the numbles in and conversely, of the mother, it signifies
others. Quicunque de eodem castro to press the babe to the breast, to caress,
'
OAF ODD 45
o
Oaf. A
simpleton, blockhead. Form- object, b^iKog, 6l3e\i(TKos, a pointed pillar.
erly morecorrectly written auf, otiph, Obese. Lat. obesus, gross, fat.
from ON. alfr, an elf or fairy. When an —
Obit. Obituary. Lat. obeo, -itiim, to
infant was found be an idiot
to it was go through with ; obire diem ultimum, to
supposed to be an imp left by the fairies, pass one's last day, to die ; obitus, death.
in the room of the proper child carried Oblige. Lat. ligo, to bind or tie
away to their own country, whence an obligo, to tie up, to engage or bind in a
idiot is sometimes called a changeling, a metaphorical sense.
term explained by Bailey, a child changed, Oblique. Lat. obliquus.
also a fool, a silly fellow or wench. Obliterate. Lat. oblittero, to blot out,
These when a child haps to be got cancel, from ob and littera, properly to
Which after proves an idiot. draw something over the letters, perhaps
When follcs perceive it thriveth not, to cancel the writing on a waxen tablet
The fault therein to smother, by passing over it with the broad end of
Some silly doating brainless calf the style. Not from litura, a blot or
Say that the fairy left this aulf
And took away the other. blur, a streak or dash through writing,
Drayton, Nymphidia in R. the i of which is short, or the compound
oblino, oblitum, to dawb or smear over.
Shakespear uses ouphe for elf or fairy.
Oblivion. Lat. obliviscoy, oblitus, to
—my son
little
forget. Perhaps from liveo, livesco, to
And three or four more of their growth we'll dress become dark. To forget
—
As urchins, ouphes^ and fairies. Merry Wives.
is to have a
thing become dark to one.
Oak. AS. ac, ON. eyk, G. eiche. Obscene. Lat. obsccBnus, of bad augury,
Oakum. — Ockam. Old ropes un- ominous, abominable, filthy.
twisted or reduced to fibre for calking Obscure. Lat. obscurus.
ships. AS. dcumbi, dcembi, OHG. dcambi, Obstacle. Lat. obstaculum ; obstare,
stoppa, tow ; MHG. hanef-dcamb, the to stand in the way of
combings or hards of hemp, tow, what is Oe-. For ob- before words beginning
combed out in dressing it ; as dswinc, with a c, as in occludo, to shut against
the refuse swingled out in dressing flax. occurro, to run up, to occur, &c.
Stuppa pectitur ferreis hamis, donee Occult. Lat. occulo, -culizim, to cover
omnis membrana decorticatur. Pliny — over, to hide, from celo, to hide.
xxix. I. 3, cited by Aufrecht in Phil. Occupy. Lat. occupo, to lay hold of
Trans. before, to take first, from capio.
Oar. ON. ar, Fin., Lap. airo, Esthon. Ocean. Gr. iiKtavaq, Lat. oceanus.
aer, air. Ochre. A yellow or brown coloured
Oast. Hop-oast, a kiln for drying hops, a earth used as a pigment. Gr. a-^^poi;,
word probably imported from the Nether- pale, yellow wxpa, ochre. ;
lands, together with the cultivation of Oct-. Octave. Octagon. Gr. (Sk™, —
hops. Du. ast, est, a kiln. Lat. octo, eight.
Oath. AS. ath, Goth, aith, G. eid. Ocular. Lat. oculus, an eye. See
Oats. AS. ata, Fris. oat, oat as. at, ; Eye.
ON. ata, food, ceti, eatables. Odd. When a number is conceived as
Ob-. Oc-. Of-. Op-. Lat. ob, against, odd or even the units of which it is com-
over against. In comp. with words begin- posed are regarded as piled up one by
ning with c,f,p, the b is assimilated with one in two parallel columns. If the num-
the following consonant. ber be divisible by two the columns will
Obdurate. Lat. durus, hard ; obduro, reach to the same height, or the highest
to harden oneself against. units will be even with each other, and
—
Obedience. Obeisance. —
Obey. Lat. the number is called evenj but if there
audio, to hear; obedio, Fr. obHr, obHs- be a remaining unit it will project like a
sant, to listen to a command, to obey, as point above the top of the parallel column,
Gr. ctKovd), to hear, viraKoiim, to listen to, and the number is called odd, n. odde,
to obey. from oddr, a point. The term is then
Obelisk. Gr. b^tXoe, a spit, a pointed extended to any object left sticking up,
29 *
452 ODIOUS OPAQUE
as it were, by itself, for want of another dvofiaroTroUo), to coin words, especially to
to match it. form words in imitation of sound. "Ovofia,
Odious. Lat. odmm, hatred, ill-will. name, and ttoUw, to make. In later times
—
Odour. Odoriferous. Lat. odor, a . the word has been confined to the special
smell ; Gr. oSm, perf. bSuda, Lat. oleo, to signification above mentioned. It was
smell. early observed that such words as Xtyyai,
Of-. See Ob-. to twang like a bow, o-ijw, to hiss, balare,
Of.— Off. Lat. ai, ON. qf, Gr. Awo. to bleat, hinnire, to neigh, were exactly
Ofifal. G. dial. aJ^aU, abgefall, refuse or such as we should frame if we attempted
dross, what falls from Dan. affald, fall,
;
to represent the sounds in question by a
falling away, offal, the fall of the leaf, vocal imitation. It was accordingly sup-
windfalls in an orchard, broken sticks in posed that a certain class of words had
a wood, &c. been formed by the imitation of natural
Office. OflScial.— Lat. officimn, one's sounds, and as these were the only class
business, moral duty ; officialis, a servant of simple words in which evidence re-
or attendant on a magistrate. mained of their having been formed by
Oft. —Often. ON. opt,Goth. ufta. the device of man, the name of bvofiaro-
Ogee. —Ogive. It. augivo, Fr. migive, woitjdii or word-making was given to the
ogive, the union of concave and convex process to which they owe their origin, a
in an arch or fillet. name which obviously becomes improper
To Ogle. G. aiigeln, to inoculate, also as soon as we regard all language as
to eye one slyly, from auge, an eye. Fr. formed by man.
ceuillade. It. occhiata, a glance. Onyx. Lat. onyx, from Gr. ovul, the
Ogre. Sp. ogro, Fr. ogre, OSp. huergo, nail of the finger.
uerco, the man-eating giant of fairy-tales Ooze. AS. wos, juice ; o/etes was, juice
•
— Diez; It. orco, a surname of Pluto, by of fruit ; wosig, juicy, moist. To ooze
met. any chimera or imagined monster. out is to show moisture at the cracks,
— Fl. Cimbr. orco, (boses gespenst) bug- moisture to find its way out by small
gaboo. Bergmann.— From Lat. orcus, apertures. ON. vbs, moisture vos-klcedi,
;
nifying grown up in space, as old in time. in appeareth the fiery brightness of the
Omelet. Fr. aumelette, omelette, of carbuncle, the shining purple of the ame-
unknown origin. thyst, the green lustre of the emerald, and
Omen. Ominous.— Lat. omen, a sign all intershining.' — Fl. Known to the
of luck, good or bad. Romans under the name of opalus, show-
Omni-. Lat. omnis, all, every. ing that a Slavonic language was then
On. G. nn, Gr. avd, up, on, upon. spoken in Bohemia, whence the gem is
One. Gr. dq, fna, 'iv, Lat. unus, Goth. still brought. The origin is Pol. palac, to
ains, G. ei7i. glow, to blaze, opala^, to burn on all sides;
Onerous. Lat. onus, -eris, a burden. Serv. opaliti, to shoot, to give fire from
;
open ;
ypjmn, G. offken, ON. opna, to of the sun.
open, to do up. on. luka, to shut Orchard. Goth, aurtigards, OYi.jurta-
uppliuka, to open upplokinn, open. garSr, MHG. wurzgarte, AS. vyrtgeard,
;
Opinn is not only open, but mouth up- ortgeard, a yard or enclosure for worts,
wards, som ligger opad. We open a i. e. vegetables, a garden. See Wort.
vessel by lifting up the cover. Orchestra. Gr. dpxvcrpa, the part of
Opera. A name introduced with the the stage on which the chorus danced,
thing itself from Italy. Opera, any work, from dpxBo/tat, to dance.
labour, action now-a-days taken for a
; Ordeal, as. ordcel, Du. oordeel, ordael,
—
comedy or tragedy sung to music. Fl. a mode of judgment by fire or water, sup-
Lat. opus, pi. opera, work. posed to be decided by the hand of God ;
Operate. Lat. operari, to work, opas, the judgment /car' i^axvv. Du. oordeel, G.
-eris, work. Bret, ober, to do, to make. urtheil, judgment, from ON. ur, out of,
Ophthalmia. Gr. ofioKfibg, an eye. and theil, part a laying out of parts, dis- ;
ment. Ultimately the great instrument a child orts his bread when he crumbles
of church music of pipes blown by a . it down ; hence metaphorically to ort, to
bellows. reject.
spread.
—
^Jam. The word is very widely
Da. dial, ovred, erred, orret,
Organa dicuntur omnia instrumenta musico-
rum. Non solum illud organum dicitur quod ort, orts ; Du. oor-aete, oorefe, reliquiae
grande est et inflatur foUibus, sed quicquid apta- fastiditi pabuli ooraetigh, fastidiens ni-
tur ad cantilenam et corporeum est. —
St Augus-
miS. saturitate
;
Then said that lady mylde of mood, Fin. waret, chaff driven off in thrashing,
Ryght in her closet there she stood. from warista, to drip or fall gradually, as
Squire of low Degree, 1. 180. grain from the ears of corn, or leaves in
An oriel window is one that juts out so the autumn. It is remarkable that an
as to make a small apartment in a hall. initial w is added in Sc. worts, as in Fin.
Orifice. Lat. orijicium, what makes •waret,compared with Lap. arates. E'en- '
an ojaening ; as, oris, mouth. ings worts are gude mornings fodderings.'
Origin. Lat. origo, -inisj orior, to
arise, take a beginning.
—Oscillate.
Jam.
Lat. oscillum, something
Orison. Fr. oraison, Lat. oratio, a swung by a rope fastened to the top of a
prayer. pole.
Orlope. The uppermost deck in a Osier. Fr. osier, a willow, willow twig,
great ship, from the mainmast to the miz- wicker basket. Probably from being used
zen.— B. It. tetto, the deck or overloope in making utensils of different kinds, for
; !
out opposite), to show ; whence the fre- to a dog, then to a man. W. hwt! off,
quentative ostento, -as, to make a show. off with it, away and as a noun, a taking
!
Ostler. Properly the master of an inn, off, a taking away ; hwtio, to hiss out, to
but now appropriated to the servant at hoot; Gael, ut ! ut ! interj. of disappro-
an inn who jfias charge of the stables and bation or dislike ; Patois de Champ, hus,
horses. Yx.hostelier, a host,, innkeeper, hootings, cries, out (hors), door. Quibus '
from hostel, a house, hostel, hall, palace. id agentibus conversa facie in sinistram
— Cot. The application to the sense of a- partem indignando quodammodo, virtute
groom seems to have taken place at a quanta, potuit, Hutz ! Hutz ! quod signifi-
very early period in England. In the cat Foras Foras Unde patet quia ma-
—
! !
reign of Rich. II., W. Brewer, 'hostil- lignum spiritum videt.' Vita Ludovici
larius W. Larke pistoris,' was condemned Pii in Due. Sw. hut! is used as a cry to
to the hurdle for making
short weight in drive out dogs or to stop them and make
horsebread, having to stand ' uno de dictis them quiet, get out, for shame huta tit, !
panibus circa collum suum, et uno botello to drive out. In the same way Serv. osh !
feni ad dorsum, suum in signum hostil- cry to drive out oshkati, to cry osh to
; !
'
larii pendentibus,' with a bottle of hay at drive out.- The Lap. cry is has! as!
his back as a sign of an hostler. Lib. — agreeing remarkably with the Gael, form
Alb. 2. 425. Jack 'the hosteler of the of the preposition, as, out, out of; Lap.
house,' the companion of the tapster and hasetet, to drive out. Fr. dial, oussi!
her paramour, in Chaucer's story of the toussi! cry to drive out a dog; usse
Pardoner and the Tapster, is plainly the houste ! houste d la paille ! ut ! hors
ostler in the modern sense, and not the d'ici, va t'en. —
Jaubert.
The cries addressed to animals being
master of the inn.
Ostrich. Fr. austruche, an austridge commonly taken from sounds made by
or ostridge —Cot. ; Sp. avestruz, from themselves, the exclamation hoot! used
avis struthioj Lat stntthio, Mid.Lat. in driving out dogs, may be compared
strucio, an ostrich. Diez. — with Lap. huttet, to bark. Swiss huss,
Other. Goth, anthar, OFris. ander, hauss, a dog.
other, or, ON. annar, Sanscr. anya, an- Outrage. It. oltraggio, Fr. oultrage,
tara, other ; alius,
Lat.other, alter outrage, excess, unreasonableness, vio-
(whence It. altro, Fr. autre), the other, lence, from Lat. ultra, Fr. outre, beyond,
one of the two ; Lith. antras, Lett, ohtrs, with the termination age. Elle est belle
other, second. voirement, mats il n^y a rien d'oultrage,
Otter. It. lontra, Sp. lutria, mitria, she is fair indeed, but no fairer than she
; 1 ;'
ogn, omn, on. ofn, Gr. mvfst, oven to pay, I owe Gud d hiydni at thir, you ;
Sanscr. agni, Lith. ugnis, Lat. ignis, fire. owe obedience to God, God possesses, is
Over. AS. iifan, above, upwards, from rightfully entitled to, obedience at your
above, up ; ufe-weard, ufan-weard, up- hands. In the same way we say, I have
wards ; ufera, higher, farther ; ufemest, to pay you money, I have to go to Lon-
highest ; upmost. G. auf, on, upon, up ; don, Je dois aller k Londres. The plow- '
oben, above, on high ober, upper, over ; man sayde, Gyve me my moneye.
; The
iiber, over ; Gr. vvo, under in-sp, over
; preeste sayde, I owe none to thee to paye :
Whan thou hast taken any thynge, Ox. A name extending to the Finnic
—
Of lovis gifte, or nouche or pin. Gower in Hal. branch of languages Lap. wuoksa, ;
OHG. iiusca, nuscja, nuskil, MHG. nusche, Syrianian os, Votiak oj (Fr. j), Ostiak
niischel. Mid. Lat. nusca, a buckle, clasp, uges, Turk. ogys.
brooch. Oyster. OFr. oistre, Lat. ostrea, Gr.
— —
To Owe. Ought. Own. Goih.. aigan, oarpiov, ON. ostra, AS. osire.
.
Pace. Fr. pas, It. passo, Lat. passus. The original meaning is shown in Es-
Pacifjr. Lat. pacificarej pax, pads, thon. pakima. Fin. pakkata, to stuff, to
peace. cram pakko, compulsion, force, neces-
Pack. — Packet. G., Du. pack, a sity,
;
bundle. Fr. paquet, a small bundle. in, to fasten ; Gr. irriyvvui (root Tray), to
hpack of cards, and figuratively, a pack stick or fix in as a nail, to fasten together,
of hounds ; G. diebenpack, a gang of put together, to make solid, stiff, or hard
thieves ; das pack, lumpenpack, the dregs TTi/yof, firm, solid.
of the people, a pack of rogues; Kiittn. —
Pact. Lat. paciscor, pactus sum, to
A natighty pack was fonnerly used as a agree upon, to engage for, from pango,
term of abuse for a loose woman, as a pactum, to drive in, fix, make firm ; pan-
person is now sometimes called ' a bad gere inducias, societatem, pacem. See
lot.' Pack.
To pack, to make
into a bundle ; G. * Pad. I. In the most general sense,
sich packen, Sw. packa sig bort, to be a separate mass, a pack, bundle, bunch.
gone, be packing, pack away. A jury is A pad ofyarn, a certain quantity of skeins
packed when it selected and put to-
is made up in a bundle a pad of wool, a
;
gether for a particular purpose, and so in small pack such as clothiers carry to a
G. die karten packen, to pack cards in a spinning house.— Devon. Gl. in Hal.
fraudulent manner, so that one may He was kept in the bands, having under him
know how they lie. —
but only a pad [bundle] of straw. Fox, Martyrs.
— !
paddling in something soft and wet in the lackenpatscher, a step i' the gutter. Pl.D.
same way that dab, a lump of something patsch, mud patsch, patsch-hand, the
;
soft, is connected with dabble. O.patsch! hand in s.peaking to a child, from the
(Sanders), Swab, batsch ! interjection ex- sound of a pat with the soft flat hand of a
pressing the sound of a sudden fall or child. Bav. pfotschen (contemptuously)^
blow batschen, to paddle in water, tramp
; paw, hand ; G. pfote, Fr. patte, paw Gr. ;
in soft mud. Swiss batschen, to fall to- -Koi', Lat. ped', foot.
gether, to clot. Die matrazze bdtscht sich, In the same way with an initial j)/ in-
the matrass becomes lumpy. Comp. the stead of/, Pl.D. pladern, to paddle E. ;
proverbial expression a pad in the straw, plod, to move with heavy footfall Swab. ;
stir up and down and trouble. Cot. — sheet of paper, as Fr. lame, from lamina, a
Hence paddle, an implement for paddling, blade,7^»zwz«, iroai fcemina. See Pageant.
an oar with a broad flat blade, as Fr. Pageant. A
triumphal chariot or
gasche, an oar or skull, from gascher, to arch, or other pompous device, usually
splash. The idea of splashing or pad- carried about in public shows. B. —
dling in the wet frequently occurs in the —
Pagent, pagina. Pr. Pm. The authori-
special form of tramping through the mud, ties cited by Way
in the notes on this
explaining the root pad or pat in the passage show that the original meaning
formation of words signifying tramp. of the word was a scaifold for the pur-
;;
—
magnitudinis. Ex utroque latere ipsius a knight, or famous man-at-arms of an
gigantis in eddem pagind erigebantur emperor's palace. Fl. —
The knights of
duo animalia vocata antelops.' Munim. — the round table were the paladins of
Gildh. III. 459. The name was after- Arthur or of Charlemagne, from whose
wards transferred to the subject of exhi- exploits the heroic character implied in
bition, whether a mere image or a dra- the name is derived.
matic performance. In the Chester Palaeo-. Palin-. Palim-. Palceo- (in
Mysteries each drama is introduced in the Geol.), Gr. woXoios, ancient naXai, long ;
form, ' Incipit pagina prima de celi, an- ago, of old. Palin-, Palim-, Gr. iraXiv,
gelorum, &c., creacione.' The word was back, again. Paliinpsest, a MS. written
sometimes written ^flgy«, ox pagen, truer on a.former MS. rubbed out. Gr. iraki^-
than the modern form to the Lat. pagina, ^riaroq, from i|/ai'w, ^aa, to rub off.
from whence it is derived. Nor is there It is curious that a plausible explana-
reason to doubt that pagina itself is an tion of both Ka\iv and naKai may be
equivalent of compago, -inis, or compages, found in the Finnish languages of the ;
from the Ysrh pango, to fasten, signifying first in Fin. palaan, pallata (to be com-
a framework of materials fastened to- pared with Gr. iroMw, to turn), to roll, to
gether, just as the equivalent pegma is return ; palatus, return. From the same
Gr. Trrjyfta, a construction, from Tr-q-^vviu, root seems to spring Lap. pale, a turn,
to fasten. 'Ajia^av Trii^aaBai, to build a time tann palen, at that time; tai palai
;
pains ; Gael, plan, pain, pang, torment a stick G. pfahL, a pile, pole, stake ; Fr.
;
or plate, a spade, float of a water-wheel, feel for with the hands ; w. palfalu, to
blade of an oar, shoulder-blade paletta, grope, creep on the hands and feet.
;
any little flat thing with a handle, a shovel, 2. Lat. palma, the palm, a tree with
trowel, spattle, slice, racket. Y^.pale, a broad spreading leaves like the palm of
shovel ; palet, a quoit ; palette, a- sur- one's hand. Hence palmer, a pilgrim,
geon's slice. carrying a palm-branch in sign of having
Palfrey. Fr. palefroi, It. palefreno, been to the Holy Land.
Mid.Lat. paraveredus, parafredus, pala- 3. The yellow catkin of the willow, the
fridus, an easy-going horse for riding branches of which, on account of the
veredus, a post-horse. The term is ex- name, are carried on Easter Sunday to
plained by Due. an extra post-horse, a represent the palm-branches of Judea.
horse used in the military and by-roads Pl.D. palme, bud, catkin of willow, hazel,
as veredus on the main roads, but it is alder, &c. The buds or eyes of the vine
probable that this distinction was not are also called palm^n in Germany,
observed. De querela Hildebrandi co- whence may be explained E. palmer'
'
mitis quod pagenses ejus paravreda dare •worm, a grub or worm destroying the
recusant.' —
Capit. Car. Mag. The first buds of plants.
half of the word is supposed to be the Gr. The name seems to have been given to
TTopa, by, a by-horse ; but it is not easy a catkin, from the woolly or feathery tex-
to understand how such a compound ture. Palm of wuU or loke. Pr. Pm. —
could arise. From parafredus were fin. palmu, catkin of willow palmikko, ;
formed G. pferd, Du. paard, a horse. lock of hair ; palmikoita, to plait hair or
Pall. A
cloth that covers a coffin at wicker.
a funeral, a cloak. Lat. pallium was Palpable. Lat. palpor, to stroke
especially applied to the cloak sent by gently, to feel with the hand.
the Pope for the inauguration of a bishop. Palpitate. Lat. palpito, to pant or
W. pall, a mantle, a pavilion Bret, pall- beat. ;
pampier, paper. Sp. papelon, a large omnibus etiam suis nemoribus ipsorum
piece of paper, a pamphlet. porcis recursum, et oninimodos fructus
Gloster offers to put up a bill Win- ad eorum pabulum, absque eo pretio quod
:
his breeches. —Baretti. "LzX^p annus, rag, of, a paragon or peerless one. Cot. —
Sp.
cloth. paragon, model, example, from the com-
Pantomime. Gr. iravrofuiiog one pound preposition ^ara con, in compari-
;
—
who acts in dumbshow vavro-, all, and son with. Diez. Para con migo, in com-
;
liiliioftai, to imitate. See Mimic. parison with me ; para con el, according
Pantry. — Pantler. Fr.- paneterie, to him.
place where the bread is kept whence ; —
To Paralyse. Paralytic. Gr. \vii>, to
pantler, the officer who had charge of dissolve, loosen ; irapaXvui, to loosen or
,that department, as butler, the officer who disable at the side, to paralyse irapaXOaig,;
of father and mother. Lith. pdpas, Lat. par amour, by way of love. Paramour
papilla, It. poppa, E. pap, the nipple or (a woman), dame peramour. Palsgr. —
breast ; It. poppare, to suck ; pappa, soft Parapet. It. parapetto, a ward-breast,
food prepared for infants ; pappare, to breastplate, wall breast high, iromparare,
suck, to feed with pap ; Sp.papar, to eat; Fr. parer, to cover, or shield from, to
Magy. papa, in nursery language, eating ward or defend a blow— Fl., and It. petto,
mama, drinking ; Walach. papd, to eat La.t. pectus, breast.
462 PARAPHERNALIA PARRICIDE
Paraphernalia, Gr. ^tpj/ij (^ipw), the parlare, Yx.parler, to speak. Commonly
dowry brought by the wife, gain, booty derived from Lat. parabola, a comparison,
;
Trapa^epwa, Lat. paraphernalia, goods be- likeness, allegory, passing into paraula,
longing to the bride (irnpa) besides the parola, a wordf whence parolare, parlare,
stipulated portion. to speak. Mid.Lat. parabolare was con-
Parasite. Gr. triroe, wheaten bread, stantly used in this sense. Nostri seni- '
food Trapaffiroe, beside the food, eating ores parabolaverunt simul et considerave-
;
Parasol. It. parasole, a sun-shade, terque appellare sed ille nihil homini
;
from parare, to ward off, and sole, the valuit parabolare, sed digito gulam ei
sun. monstrabat.' Due. —
To Parboil. 'La.ng. perbouli, to give a It is however hard to understand how
slight boil, to part-boil. Mod.Gr. ixtao- the word for speaking could have had so
Ppaiu, to parboil /ictro/SpExw, to half wet, forced an origin, and perhaps it may be
;
zen, to toast bread. Probably direct Now brabble and brawl are used as well
from the crackling sound of things frying. to signify the noise of broken water as of
Wz\3iCh. parjoH {Fr.j), to burn, to singe. chiding and loud or noisy talking. Shake-
Parchment. Fr. parchemin, G. per- speare makes Sir Hugh Evans use/rz*-
gament, Lat. pergamena, from Pergamus bles and prabbles in the sense of idle
in Asia Minor, where it was invented. chatter. The insertion of a vowel be-
Pardon. Fr. pardon. It. perdono, the tween the mute and liquid would give W.
exact equivalent of e. forgive. parabl, speech, utterance, discourse ;
—
pour les mettre en vente. Diet. Lang. lare. On the other hand, the sense of
—
Parer, to peel an apple. Patois de Norm. speaking is one where it is very unlikely
The radical meaning is to set forth, to that the British language should have
prepare. borrowed from the Latin, and it is hardly
Parent. Lat. pareo, to beget. possible that parabolare could have been
Parenthesis. Gr. eime, a setting (riei;- generally used in the sense of speaking at
/ii, to put) ;;ropli'0£(7ie, something put in a period sufficiently early to give rise to
by the side of. the w. word, without leaving evidence of
—
Parget. The plaister of a wall. B. such a use in classical Latin.
To parget, quasi paristare, parietes ca- A
similar explanation may be given of
mento incrustare. Skinner. — Pariette Sp. palabra, Ptg. palavra (the origin of
for walles, blanchissure. —
Palsgr. in Way. our vulgar palaver), word, from G. plap-
If ye have bestowed but a little sum in the pern, to babble, tattle Sc. blabber, bleb-
;
another, from Trapa, by, and oIkos, house. (irapa, beside), a song diverted to another
Park. Fr. pare, an enclosure, sheep- subject, a burlesque, parody.
fold, fish-pond ; Dan. Jisk-park, a fish- Paroxysm. Gr. 6ivs, sharp 6Kvvm, to ;
pond It. parco, as. pearroc, ohg. pfer- sharpen ; irapolivw, to prick on, stir up,
;
park, an enclosed field Lang, parghe, a exasperation, the violent fit of a disease.
;
are specially familiar, as Magpie (for one takes or the side one embraces.
Margery-pie, Fr. Margot), Jackdaw, Jack- Partner. —
Parcener. Fr. parcener,
ass, Robin-redbreast, Cuddy (for Cuth- Prov. partener, parsonner, to partake,
bert) for the donkey and hedgesparrow. take part with Fr. parcener, parsonnier,
;
When parrot passed into E. it was not a partaker, partner, coheir. Cot. —
recognised as a proper name, and was Partridge. Yr. perdrix, "LsX. perdix.
again humanised by the addition of the —
Parturient. Parturition. l^sX.pareo,
familiar Poll Poll-parrot.
; partum, to bring forth parttis, birth ; ;
the radical meaning must be to push. blow of the hand bdtschen, to give a
;
reparare, to repair, to push a thing back Die thUre zubdtschen, to bang to the
to its original place comparare; to bring door. Dan. baske, to slap, thwack
; med ;
qui s'est passd avant nous, what hap- shackle, or gyve the feet. Fl.
pened before us. Gattel. —Du. op dit Pastoral.— Pasture. Lat. pasco, pas-
pas, hoc loco, hoc tempore te pas, k ; tum, to feed flock or herd ; whence /aj-
propos, k point, k saison. Halma. Recht — tor, a shepherd, w. pasg, a feeding, fat-
te pas komen, opportune, commodd, suo tening.
tempore, tempestivd venire. Kil. Fr. — Pat. A
I. light blow, a tap or rap.
passable, suitable, not in excess. An imitation of the sound. The fre-
Passion. —
Passive. Patient. Lat. — quentative patter represents the sound of
potior, passus, to suffer, endure, be af- a number of light blows given simul-
fected. taneously or in succession.
Paste.^I'asty. It. pasta, Fr. paste, 2.A small lump, as a pat of butter
p&te, paste, dough. Sp. plasta, paste, such a portion as is thrown down on a
soft clay, anything soft plaste, size, a plate at once, from the sound of the fall.
fine paste made
of glue and lime.
;
tion, arising from the relation between clammy body ; ein klitsch butter, a piece
Sp. plasta and Gr. rka.ay.a, anything of butter of undetermined size Kiittn.
moulded. And here doubtless he touches So also to dab, to strike with something
on a truer scent. As long as bread is in soft ; a dab, so much of a soft body as is
a state of paste it is not food. The es- thrown down at once.
sential characteristic of paste is its sticky, 3. At the precise moment, in exact
plastic condition, like that of moist clay accordance with what is wanted. Fr. cL
or mud. Now the idea of paddling or propos, fitly, seasonably, to the purpose,
dabbling in the wet and mud is expressed or just pat. — Cot. Now I might do it
by a variety of imitative forms beginning pat, now he is praying. —
Hamlet. The
indifferently with a ^ or pi, from whence word here, as in the first sense, seems
the designation of a plastic condition, or fundamentally to represent the sound of
plastic material,. would naturally follow. something thrown down upon the ground,
Swab, pfatsch, pflatsch, the sound of a as marking the exact moment of a thing
blow in water Vlzxy. pladske, Svi.plaska,
; being done, on the principle on which
paska, G. platschen, patschen, to plash, the sense of jump, exact, has been ex-
dabble ; Dan. pladdre, E. paddle, Fr. pa- plained. To cut a thing smack off is a
touiller, patroidller, platrouiller (Pat.
de similar expression. Lith. pat, exactly,
Champ.), to dabble. I paddyl in the precise. Isz pat kemo, out of the village
myre as duckes do or yonge chyldren ; je itself (not the neighbourhood). Presz pat
pastille. — Palsgr. weja, due against the wind. Cze pat, in
In a sense somewhat further developed this very place.
we have Gael, plasd, plaister, daub with Patch. I. It. pezza, a clout, patch,
lime or clay Gr. irXanffw, originally, to
; —
tatter. Fl. Swiss batsch, the sound of a
mould in clay TrkauTucbq, of a pasty or
; blow, a smack; batscheji, to strike the
clayey texture ; Du. peisteren and pleis- hand, to clap, thence batschcn, patschen,
teren, to plaister ; Cat. empastre, Sp. em- to clap on a piece, to botch, to patch
plastre, a plaister ; Cat. empastissar, Sp. batsch, a patch batsch, a lump, a knot
;
with initial pi instead of p, are Piedm. presenting the noise of something falhng.
plata (ludicrously), the bald head G. 2. To repeat in a monotonous manner,
;
platfe, a plate of metal, flat surface, Isald Uke the pattering of a shower, and not
pate, shaven crown of a priest. Ir. plaitin, from the repetition of paternosters. Sw.
a little plate, skull ; plaitin al chinn, the dial, paddra, to patter as hail, to crackle,
crown of the head. chatter, prate ;
padra, a talking woman.
Patent. Lat. pateo, to lie open. The 'Fr. pati-pata, 'La.ng. patin-patourlo
words
,
King's letters patent are those addressed framed to represent talking with too great
to all the world. rapidity.— Diet. Lang. Pl.D. piterpater,
Paternal. Lat. paternns, from pater, unintelligible chatter, talk in a foreign
father. language ; paotern, to repeat in a mono-
Path. T)v.. pad, O. pfad. See Pad, 2. tonous manner, like a boy learning his
Pathetic. ^Patlios. Gr. itdaxa, iira- lesson. —
Danneil. N. putra, to mutter.
6ov, to suffer ; ird9oQ, suffering, passion. Lett, putroht, to gabble ; putroht pah-
Patient. See Passive.
' tarus, to gabble [paternosters] prayers.
Patriaroli. Gr. varpia, lineage, race ; Pattern. Fr. patron, patron, master
warpiapxric, the chief or father of a race. of a ship or a workshop, hence a pattern,
Patrician. Lat. patricius, originally the inanimate master by which the work-
a descendant of the patres, or senators, man is guided in the construction of any-
the fathers of the state. thing. Patrone, form to work by, exem-
Patrimony. Lat. patrimonium, a plar.— Pr. Pm. ' I drawe as a workeman
G. patschelrC), to dash through muddy thick belly, short, fat child. See Punch.
places, run through thick and thin. Pause. The act of taking breath after
Neum. Rouchi patoquer, patrouquer, labour affords the most natural image of
Champ, patoiller, platrouiller, to tramp repose, cessation. Thus we have Sw.
through the mud. The G. cavalry con- pusta, to blow, to take breath N. piista, ;
patscher, puddle-stepper. Diez puts the to puff, to swell Lat. pausare, to repose,
;
cart before the horse, and derives the pause, stop. Pausatztjn juvencum, a
foregoing forms from Fr. patte, the foot. bullock that has rested. Gr. jraiw, to
Patron. Lat. patronus (augm. of bring to a stop, travop.ai, to cease, may in
pater, -iris), a protector. like manner be classed with Sc. pec'h, to
Patten. Fr. patin, a patten or clog, pant, w. peuo, to pant, to puff, to pause,
also a skate. It. pattini, vifooden pattens peues, a place of rest. Fin. puhhata, to
or chopinos. —Fl. Fin. patina, a shoe of breathe, to pant, to take breath, to rest.
birch iDark. Du. plattijn, clog, wooden To Pave. Lat. pavire, to strike, beat,
shoe. make dense by beating pavimentum, a ;
One of the numerous series arising path or floor made dense, in the first in-
from the root pat, plat, representing the stance by beating, then by being laid with
sound of the foot-fall. Sp. patear, to stones. Probably from the same root
stamp, kick, foot, to strike with the foot. with path, with the common interchange
Probably Du. pattoffeln, pajitoffeln, Fr. of d and v. Pavyngestone or pathynge-
pantoujles, slippers, but formerly high- stone, petalum. Pr. Pm. —
soled shoes, are from the same root. Pavilion. Fr. pavilion, Sp. pabellon,
Rouchi patouf, gros lourdaut, one who a tent, colours, flag It. padiglione, a ;
filch ; Ptg. apanhar, to seize, pluck, take Kil. Goth, paida, coat ; gapaidon, to
possession, take by force or fraud, words clothe ; Ober D. pfait, coat, shirt ; Fin.
admittedly connected with Lat. pannus, paita, shirt; Gciel. p/atde, blanket, plaid.
cloth. It seems to me that the train of Peak. Sp. pica, Fr. pie, a sharp point.
thought runs in a somewhat different See Pick.
course. From Lat. pannus we have Prov, To Peak. —Peaking. Peaking, puling,
pan, skirt, cloth, rag, portion of cloth, sickly, from the pipy tone of voice of a
portion Yr. pan, skirt, face or extent of
;
sick person. It. pigolare, to peep as a
pawn or security fantowai sif, to pawn ON. bylr, a tempest ; bialla, a bell.
;
clothes. From Fr. pan, Du. pand, a pawn, Pear. Yx. poire, It. pera, hat. pirum.
we pass to OFr. paner, pander, panir, Pearl. It. perla, OHG. berala, perala,
pannHr (Roquef), Du. panden, to seize Ftg.perola. Diez suggests a derivation
as a pawn, to distrain. Saisir et panner from pirnla, a dim. of pirus. It. pera, a
'
sour les hommes de fief Carp. — 'De pear, the name of perilla, being given in
boeren worden stuk voor stuk gepand :' Sp. to a pear-shaped pearl. But it is not
the property of the boors was seized piece likely that the name would be taken from
by piece. Halma. — so exceptional a form. Wachter's ex-
2. A common man at chess. It. pedone, planation of the word as a dim. of G. beei-e,
a iootxasxi., pedo7ia, a pawn at chess Sp. a berry, has this in its favour, that it was
;
—
—
quos et pernios vocant.
Gl. in Due. Baccatus, mit laurbeer oder
sense of satisfaction, gratification kosUichen stein geziert. —
Dief Sup.
But now to the Pardonere as he wolde sterte away, Peerle, bacca, bacca conchea. Kil.
The hosteler met with him, but nothing to \A%pay. evidence in favour of the derivation is
— The
Prol. Merch. Second Tale, 575.
thus very strong, otherwise a different
2. To daub with pitch. T)\x. paaien,\Xi origin might plausibly be suggested in the
careen a vessel.— Bomhoff. OFr. em- resemblance to a drop of dew, which is
poier, ixa-ca. poix, pitch. Et ne sont pas constantly turning up in poetry, and
'
— — —
iron, with a view to burning. The sod or pedlar, a packman, one who carries on
when so pared is called the betting; set- his back goods in a. ped ior sale. Pedde,
ting up the betting, putting fire to the bet- idem quod panere, calathus ; peddare,
ting.' —
Lewis, Hereford. Gl. calatharius. —
Pr. Pm. Pedder, revokis,
Pebble. A
rolled stone from the bed negociator. — Cath. Ang.
of a river or the sea beach. From the Peel. I. A
shovel for putting bread
sound of broken water. Dan. pible, to into the oven. It. padella, any flat pan ;
flow with small bubbles and a gentle Fr. paelle, pelle, a shovel, fire-shovel, peel
sound, to purl. In like manner Mod.Gr. for an oven, pan. See Pate.
Kox\clZ<ii, to boil, bubble, Kox^axiov, a peb- 2. The rind of frUit, thin bark of a sticks
ble ; Gr. x^?aw, to rush, or gurgle, kotx^"" 'La.t. pellis, skin ; Fr. pel, peau, skin, also
?(o, to sound like rushing water, Kax^al- the pill, rind, or paring of fruit. Cot. —
vui, to move with a rustling noise, or a Tin. pelle, skin, husk ; pelle van t' ey, the
noise like that of pebbles rolled on the shell of an egg. Yr.peler, to pill, pare,
shore, koxXj;?, a pebble, shingle. Turk. bark, unskin. —
Cot. Du. pellen, Sp. pe-
chaghlamak, to make a murmuring or lar, to skin, peel. The radical sense of
rippling noise in running over rocks or the word is shown in Dan. pille, to pick
stones, chakil, a pebble. or strip ; the peel, skin, or shell of a thing
Peck. A measure for dry things. Fr. being fundamentally regarded as that
pic,a measure of flour containing about which is picked or stripped off. See To
nine of our pecks picotin, the fourth
;
Pill.
part of a boisseau (Cot.), a feed of oats. 3. A small fortress, w. pill, a stake, a
Scheler. castle, or fortress, secure place.
30*
— ;
more subjective principle than was there ing, although, as he refers to overthwart,
cricquer, to creak. I peke or ^x\t,\e. pipe general likeness. Sc. peeweip, tecwhoap,
hors. —
Palsgr. tuquheit, Du. kievit, G.kiebitz, Fr. dixhuit.
Peer. Fr. pair (Lat. par, equal), a E. dial, pew-itt, tew-itt, tyrwhit, peweet,
.
peei", match, companion ; pairs, vassals piwipe. The Tyrwhitts bear three plovers
or tenants holding of a manor by one kind in their arms. N. — &
Q. July 21, 1866.
of tenure, fellow-vassals. Hence coiir des Peg. The radical meaning seems what
pairs, a court-baron, the lord's court, at- is driven in by force of blows. To peg into
tended by all the tenants of a manor. a person, to pummel him; to peg away,
Cot. What the court baron was to the to move the legs briskly. To pug, to
lord of an individual manor, the Parlia- strike ; to puggle, to poke the fire ; pug-
ment or assemblage of Peers of the realm top, 2l spinning-top. Hal. To the same —
was to the sovereign. root belong Dan. piikke, to stamp, to
To Peer. Two words are here con- pound; Lat. pugil, a fighter with fists,
founded, one.hora7r. paroir {LsX. parerc), pugniis, a fist pungo, pupugi, to prick.
;
There was I bid in pain of death to pere pulsus, a beating, the pulse y pulso, as,
By Mercury the winged messengere. to knock or beat. Hence the compounds
Chaucer in R. Impel, to drive on ; Repel, to drive back
The other form is peer or pire, to look Compel, to drive together, to constrain ;
closely or narrowly, corresponding to Sw. and Impulse, Repulse, Compulsion, &c.
plira, VX.V). pliren, pliiren,piren, to wink, Pelf. —
Pilfer. O Fr. pelfre, goods, espe-
look with half-shut eyes, look closely.— cially such as are taken by force, plunder ;
—
Peevish. The modern sense of fret- si aliquis infra manerium de K. feloniam
ful would be well explained by Da. dial. fecerit —et convictus fuerit, habere pel-
picEVe, to whimper or cry like a child fram, viz. omnia bona et catalla seisire.'
at piceve over noget, to whine over it.
;
'
in Chron. des Dues de Norm. 2. 4432. one's mouth, to put to silence (to be
Formed by a rhyming supplement to mes- compared with pundeth ower wordes :' '
ler,to mix, like helter-skelter, hubble- pound up your words Anc. R.), to —
bubble, &c. dam up water, dam a brook ; quels
Pellicle. Lat. pellicula, dim. from puodo, a fish-pond, quarne puodo, a mill-
pellis, a skin. pond.
Pellucid. Lat. pellucidus {per-luci- Penal. Penalty. — Lat. pcena, pun-
dus), thoroughly bright. ishment. Gr. -Koivi), properly blood-money
To Pelt. To use a pellet, to throw. ((povoe, bloodshed, slaughter), the fine paid
Sp. pelotear, to play at ball, throw snow- to the kinsman of the slain, thence satis-
balls at each other, to dispute, quarrel. faction, ransom, requital, penalty.
Fr. peloter, to play at bah, to toss like a Penance. Penitent.— —
Repent. —
ball i It. pelottare, to bang, thump ; pe- From 'haX.. poena caxas pcsnitet, it grieves
lotto, a thump, bang, cuff. G. pelzen, to me, makes me sorry; pcenitentia, re-
beat or cudgel, seems to be irom. pelz, a pentance or after-sorrow. Corresponding
skin or pelt, to dust one's jacket, give one forms are Vroy. penedir, penedensa, OFr.
a hiding. pM^er, pdnSance, whence the modern
Pelt.— Peltry.—Pelice.—Pilch. Pelt, penance, penance, the punishment en-
the skin of a beast; peltry, furs, skins. joined by the priest as a pledge of repent-
G. pelz, fur, skin ; Fr. pelletier, a fell- ance.
monger, furrier ; pelleterie, the shop or Pencil. Fr. pinceau, Lat. penicillus
trade of a pelt-monger. Lat. pellis, skin. (dim. oipenis, a tail), a little tail, a paint-
It. pellicia, pellizza, any kind of fur, er's brush. To be distinguished from
also, as Fr. pelisse, a furred garment. pencell or pensell, a little flag.
Fl. AS. pylca, pylece, toga pellicea, a Pendant. Pendent. —
Pending. — —
furred garment ; in xaadsxTx pilch confined Pendulum. Lat. pendeo, to hang, pen-
to the flannel swathe of an infant. dulus, hanging.
Pen. I. hat. penna, a. feaXher. Penetrate. XAV.penitus, inward.
* Pen, 2. —
Pound. Pond. Pen, a Peninsula. Lat. peninsula j pene,
fold for sheep, coop for fowl also a pond- almost, insula, an island.
;
of water or mill-pond, so called from be- flag or streamer, formerly borne at the
ing pounded up. In the same way Sw. end of a lance. Hence pennant, in nauti-
damm, a. pond, from being dammed up. cal language, a streamer. The origin is
The parish pound is the inclosure in Lat. penna,pinna, a wing, fin, battlement;
which straying beasts are confined until It. pinna, pinnola, the flat flap of any-
redeemed by their owners. AS. pyndan, thing, as the fin of a fish, flap of a man's
gepyndan, to shut in, restrain pund, ears, float of a water-mill wheel, the out-
;
septum clausura pundbreche, infractura ward sides of a. man's nose. Fl. Fr. —
—
;
parci. Leg. H. 1. 40. OE. to pund, pun. penne, penon, pennule, a small piece of a
—
pendo, expendo (to weigh out rnoney), to fornire, to accomplish, finish, furnish.
pay, to expend or spend ; pensio (e. pen- The n seems early to have been changed
sion), a paying ; penso, compenso, to prize to m. under the influence perhaps of Prov.
or value, to compensate, recompense, or fonnir, furmir, fromir, to fulfil. OHG.
requite. frumjan, gafrumjan, facere, perficere,
Pensive. A secondary application of perfungi, exsequi.
Yja. pendo, penso, to weigh, is to ponder Perfume. Fr./^?//^OTJ, pleasant fumes,
in the mind, to consider, whence Fr. pen- dehcate smells. —
Cot. It. profumo, any
(day). ^.
go through with.
Penthouse. A corruption of penhce, Perhaps. A singular combination of
. .
as the word was formerly written. Fr. the Fr. par or Lat. per, and E. hap,
appentis, a sloping shed. It. pendice, any luck, chance. Peradventure, percase,
bending or down-hanging, the side of a perchance, are similar forms.
hill, hanging label of anything, a pent- Peri-. Gr. Trtpi, about, round about.
house, hovel, shed. Fl. — Lat. pendere, As in Pericardium {KapSia, the heart).
to hang. Perigee (y^, the earth). Perihelion i^'Kiaq,
Penury. Lat. penuria, scarcity. Gr. the sun).
Trivoytai, to labour, to be poor ttevjjs, poor.
; Peril. 'Lz.t. periculum, It. periglio, Fr.
People. Fr. petiple, Lat. populus, w. peril, danger.
pobl. Period. Gr. vt^looot, a circuit, going
Pepper. l^zX. piper, Gr. wln-cpi. a round irtpi, and oJog, a route, journey.
;
Perch.. Fr. perche, Lat. pertica, a rod. Perish. Lat. pereo, -itu?n lj>er-eo, to
Perdition. Lat. perdo, perditum, to be quite gone), Fr. pMr, perissant, to
lose, to destroy. Perdo, from do, to give perish.
{per-do, thoroughly to do away), may be Periwig. —Perruque. A
corruption
considered the active form oi vAiich. pereo of Fr. perruque, Du. peruik, under the
{psr-eo, thoroughly to be gone), to perish, influence of E. wig of the same meaning
is the neuter. already existing in the language. The
Peregrination. Lat. pereger, a fo- radical meaning is a tuft of hair, a hand-
reigner ; peregri, abroad, from home, in ful, or so much as is plucked at a single
a foreign country. grasp. Cotgrave translates perruque, a
Peremptory. Lat. peremptorius, ab- lock or tuft of hair, giving fausse per-
solute, without opening for e9tquses per- ruque for a wig.
;
From N. plukka, Sw.
imo, peremptum, to take away^tterly. plocka, Piedm. plucM, to pluck or pick,
Perforate. Lat. perforo, to pierce are derived respectively plukk, plock,
,
through ; foro, to pierce a hole. pluch, a little bit, a morsel, Piedm. //«-
; —
class. In the S. of Europe the pro- or plumbline for trying the regularity of
nunciation is softened by the introduction work.
of a vowel between the mute and liquid, Perpetrate. Lat. patro (to be a father
giving It. peluccare, piluccare. Pro v. to), to bring to effect, to achieve, to get.
pelucar., to peck, pick, pluck, with the Perpetual. Lat. perpetmis.
corresponding nouns, Lombard peluch, a Perry. Fr. j)oirS (from poire, pear),
particle (bruscolo) —Diet. Milan., also as drink made from the juice of pears.
Sard, pilucca, a tuft of — Diez. In
hair. Persevere. Lat. severus, hard, stern,
S^.peluca is developed the sense of a set earnest; persevere, to go through with
of false locks, and hence (by the same anything without allowing yourself to be
change from I to r which is seen in Lat. diverted from what you have in view.
pilus, Walach. pirii, hair) It. parruca, —
Person. Personify. Lat. persona, a
Fr. perruque, a wig. See To Pill. mask (used for increasing the sound of
Periwinkle, i. Fr. pervenche, Lat. the voice on the stage), a. part in a play, a
vinca pervinca, or simply pervinca. Pro- charge or office, a person.
bably from the mode of growth in an To Peruse. The only possible origin
intricate mass of twigs. Lat. vincire, to seems Lat. perviso, to observe, but we are
bind. unable to show a Fr. perviser, and if there
2. Properly, in accordance with the vul- were such a term, the vocalisation of the
gar pronunciation, pennywinkle, the sea- V in the pronunciation of an E. periiise
snail. AS. pinewinda, the pin winkle, or would be very singular.
winkle that is eaten by help of a pin Pest. —Pestilent. 'LaX.pestis, a plague,
used in pulling it out of the shell. In infection.
the south of England they are c<Ci\sA pin- To Pester. Fr. empestrer, to pester,
patches. See Winkle. intricate, entangle, encumber, trouble.
To Perk.—To Pert.— Peart. Pert. — Cot. Derived by Diez from Mid.Lat. ^^j-
To perk up the head, to prick up the toritim. It. pastoja, the foot-shackle of a
head, or appear lively. Plants which horse ; impastojare, to shackle a horse,
droop from drought perk up their heads whence empHrer for empUurer . The
after a shower. Peark, brisk. B. Perk, — true derivation is the figure of clogging or
brisk, lively, proud. —
Forby. PI.D. entangling in something pasty or sticky.
(Lippe) prick, smart, fine. Deutsch. — It. impastricciare, to bedaub, beplaster.
clothes. — Pjdsgr.
and looks, and ferts up the head. B. and F.—
Knight of the Burning Pestle, I. 2. Depestrer, to disentangle, clear, deliver,
Hence peart, brisk, lively; w. pert, rid out of Cot. —
The same metaphor is
smart, dapper, fine, pretty, nice ; perten, seen in Sp. fantano, bog, morass, meta-
a smart little girl. With an initial s, to phorically hindrance, obstacle, difficulty.
spiirk up, to spring up straight, to brisk — Neurti. When Hotspur complains of
up.— B. Sw. spricka, to burst, to crack. being pestered by the fop he has the
The quality of liveliness carried to sense of something sticking about him
excess degenerates into saucine_ss, and which he would fain be rid of. So Lang.
therefore there is no ground to suppose pego, pitch ; pegou, a troublesome, impor-
that pert in the sense of saucy is a cor- tunate person.
ruption of malapert. The word is used The sense of overcrowding, is merely a
with more or less of blame from the special application of the original figure
earliest period. of clogging ; clogging by excessive num-
And she was proud and pert as any pie. bers.
Chaucer in R.
They within though pestered by their own num-
Nothing shall be outrageous, neither in pas- iDers (clogged and impeded) stood to it like men
sions of mind, nor words, nor deeds, nor nice, resolved, andin a narrow compass did remarkable
—
nor wanton, piert, nor boasting, nor ambitious. deeds. Milton, Hist. Eng.
— Vives, ibid.
—
The people gat up all at once into the theatre
Pernicious. Lat. neco, to kill; per- and festered (clogged) it quite full. Holland, —
nicies, violent death, destruction. Livy.
—
sort of translation of Fr. cotillon, dim. of cied appearance ; dyeigm, to call up, ex-
cotte, coat. cite.
Pettifogger. Fogger, a huckster, a Pharmacy. — Pharmacopoeia. Gr.
cheat to fog, to hunt in a servile man-
; ^up/iaKov, a drug, ^ap/iaKo-n-oiia, a com-
ner, to flatter for gain.— Hal. Milton pounding of drugs (ttoiem, to make).
speaks of ^^ fogging proctorage of mo-
' —
Phase. Phenomenon. Gr. ^aiVw,
ney.' to show, appear, p.p. ^ai)'6f(Ei'ov,that which
— ;;
, ;
Pickaback. To carry pickaback (for pick, sip. Sw. pillra (of birds), to plume
pickpack) is to carry like a pack on one's themselves ; &
dial, pitzeln, to whittle,
back. Sw. med pick och pack, with bag cut little bits — Deutsch. Mund. 2. 236
and baggage. pitzel, labor parvus. —
Westerwald. Idiot.
* Pickaroon. A rogue. Sp. picaro, Du. peuteren, to pick or work with the
a knave or rogue mischievous, crafty,
;
finger ; peuselen, contrectare summis di-
merry It. picdre, picardre, to play the gitis, varia cibaria carpere et libare, mo-
;
shreds, patches. Spezzare, to split, to parture from the original meaning. Gael.
shiver to pieces. pige, an earthen jar or pitcher pigean, a ;
—
Ortus in Way.
run in one main channel, called the sow, Pile. A
stake driven into the ground
out of which a number of smaller streams to support an erection. Lat. pila, a struc-
are made to run at right angles. These ture for the support of a building, the
are compared to a set of pigs sucking pier of a bridge, a mole to restrain the
their dam, and the iron is called sow and force of water. It. pilare, to prop up
pig iron respectively. Probably the like- with piles, to lay the groundwork of a
ness was suggested by the word sow building, w. pill, stem or stock of a
having previously signified an ingot. tree log set fast in the ground, stake.
;
Pigeon. From Lat. pipire. It. pipiare, From the notion of supporting, the
pigiolare, to peep or cheep as a young signification passes to that of the thing
bird, are Lat. pipio, a young pigeon. It. supported, a mass heaped up. Fr. pile,
pippione,piccione,pigione,z.^\%&ori. Mod. Hvl. pijl, ?Lpile or heap.
Gr. ininv'CC.a, to chirp trnriviov, a young
;
To Pilfer. See Pelf.
dove. In the same way from Magy. Pilgarlick. One who peels garlick
pipegni, pipelni, to peep or cheep, pipe, for others to eat, who is made to endure
pip'dk, a chicken, gosling and here also hardships or ill-usage while others are
;
without the city, itoxaper and ager, field. winkles out of their shells, to pick a pocket.
Peregri, abroad. Similar diminutival forms are seen in Fr.
PUl. Lat. pilula, dim. oiptla, a ball. pilloter, to pick, or take up here and there,
To Pill.— Pillage. Fr. ptller, to rob ; to gather one by one —
Cot. Prov. pelu-
;
Sp. pillar, to seize, lay hold of, plunder ; car, Lang, peluca, to pick, to peck ; It.
It. pigliare, to catch, take hold of, take. pillucare, to pick up clean as a chicken
;
To pill was formerly used in the sense of spiluzzicare, to pick out as it were here
extort, strip, rob, and also, where we now and there, to eat mincingly spnluzzico,
;
use peel, for picking off the husk or outer the least bit, crum, or scrap. Fl. — We
coat of fruit or the like. may then suppose forms like N. plikka,
Hear me, you wrangling pirates that fall out plukka, Q.pjliicken, to pick, pluck, Pl.D.
In sharing that which you have filled from me. plik, N. plukk, Sw. plock, a httle bit,
Rich. III. Y\&Am.plucM, to pick or T^Xnes., pluch, a
To pill (pare, bark, unskin, &c.), peler. grain, morsel, Norm, plucoter, to pick up
Sherwood. Bret, pelia, to peel, skin grains as fowls at a barn door (Decorde),
w. pilio, to peel or sMn, to pillage, rob ;
Fr. Spliicher, to pick, as pease, to pluck
pil, peel, rind. or tease as roses, wool, &c., to arise either
The figure of fleecing or skinning af- from the absorption of the vowel between
fords so natural a type of pillage and the mute and liquid in It. piluccare, Prov.
robbery that we are inclined with little pelucar, as in Piedm. pU, to peel or skin,
hesitation to accept the sense of peeling E. platoon from Fr. pelotonj or they may
as the radical signification of the word. have arisen from the transposition of the
But further examination brings to light a liquid and vowel in forms like T<l..pilka,
numerous series of forms, which it is im- V\X). piilken. But the true explanation
possible to separate from the foregoing, may probably be that there was a double
with the radical signification of picking form of the root, with an initial/ and pi
or plucking, of touching or taking with a respectively, /z'c/^ ox puck (Pl.D. puken, to
pointed implement. Nor would it be a pick) a.nd plik oi pluck, while pill or pull
forced derivation of the name oipeel if it may be contracted from frequentative
were supposed to arise from considering forms like OY.. pickle, Gvisons piclar, Wa-
the thing signified as what is pilled or lach. pigulire, to pick or pluck, Du. bic-
picked off in preparing an article for con- kelen, to pick or hew stone, E. dial, pug-
sumption. Dan. pille, to pick ; — sig i gle, to poke the fire ; or perhaps (as Dan.
hovedei, to scratch one's head ; — sig lille compared with E. little) from a form
medncebbet (as Sw.pillrd), a fowl to pick like N. pitla, to pick, E. piddle, to keep
its feathers, prune itself; — arter, to picking. The contracted form is seen in
shell peas ; — ud, op, to pick out, pick Du. billen den molensteen, to pick a mill-
up ; — barken of et tree, to strip bark off stone, compared with -bickelen, and in Sc.
a tree. At pille ved noget, to work slowly pile above mentioned compared with
at something. Fl.D. pulen, to pick, pluck, pickle or puckle, a single grain or particle
unites the foregoing with Z.pull. In der of anything, a small quantity.
nase pulen, to pick the nose; uut pulen, Pillion. A cushion for a woman to
to pick or pull out ; puul-arbeit, piddling ride on behind a horseman. Gael, peall,
work. Se pulet sig, they scuffle, pull a skin, coverlet, mat, bunch of matted
each other about, explaining Fr. se piller, hair pillean, a pad, pack-saddle, cloth
;
said of two persons scolding each other. put under a saddle Manx poll, to mat or
;
Pille ! seize him ! cry to set on a dog. stick together pollan, a saddle-cloth.
;
Trevoux. TX-pila, to pick, pluck, gnaw ; Sp. pillon, a skin, the use of which (in
pile, a little bit ; Sc. pile, a single grain ; Sp. S. America) is described in the fol-
a pile of caff, a grain of chaff. On the lowing passage from the Athenasum, Aug
same principle the original meaning of 9, 1851 :
Lat. pilare would be to pick, and then to First a long blanket was put upon the horse
plunder, to make bare or bald, giving then came a wooden concem in shape like a —
— ;
Different derivations have been suggested, The origin of the term seems to be taken
of which the most plausible is Fr. pilier, from the/^_^j by which the capacity of a
from the pillar or post at which the crimi- vessel was marked. Pl.D. pegeln, to
nal is compelled to stand. But the most sound, also to tope. Dan. at dricke til
prominent characteristic of the pillory is pals, to drink for a wager, measure for
the confinement of the neck by a perfor- measure. This in Lat. was termed bibere
ated board or an iron ring. Pilorium, ad pinnas. Anselm commands,
sive coUistrigium. — Fleta. The prisoner Ut presbyteri non eant ad potationes, nee ad
is usually said to stand in the pillory, not pinnas bibant. — Eadmer Hist. Nov. loi.
at it. ' Condemnat a estar en I'espitlori.' G. pegel is the height of the water on
— Cout. de Condom in Rayn. And it is a fixed scale. Thus a Rhenish news-
rational to look for the origin to the fuller paper, under the head of ' Wasserstands-
form of Prov. espitlori, which cannot have nachrichter,' gives ' Oberwesel, 31 Aug.
been corrupted from Fr. pilori, while the pegel 7 fuss, I zoll.'
converse may easily have taken place, if The other half of the word pilote is
the punishment was invented in the South doubtless the element shown in G. lootse,
of France, and spread from thence with- Du. lootsman, OE. lodesman, a pilot, which
out the meaning of the name being cor- has very naturally been confounded with
rectly understood.- Now Cat. espitUera Du. loot, a sounding lead, whence looten,
is a loop-hole, peep-hole, little window, to sound. But this would be a mere re-
which would accurately describe the cha- petition of the meaning conveyed by the
racteristic part of the punishment, the first syllable, and we cannot doubt that
prisoner being derisively considered as the lode in lodesman is the same as in
showing his head through a loop-hole to lodestar, lodestone, lodemanage, viz. tra'ck
the gazing crowd below. '
Ponetur in or way. The meaning of pilot would
pillorico ut omnes eum videant et cognos- thus be one who conducts the vessel by
cant.' — Charter of Rouen in Due. On the sounding line. See Loadstone.
this principle the far-fetched, derivation * Pimple. AS. pinpel, pustula— jElfr.
was proposed by Cowel from ttuXi;, a gate Gl. ; pipligend, pustulatus ; pipligende lie,
'
or door, because one standing on the pil- pustulatuni corpus. The word would
lory putteth his head through a kind of thus appear to be a nasalised form from
—
door, and opaw, video.'— Minsheu. ' The Lat. It. papula, a pimple. Weigand. So
cover of the chest is two boards, amid Fr. pompon, from Lat. pepo, -onis.
them both a pillory-like hole for the pri- Pin. w. pin, a pin, a pen ; Gael, pinne,
soner's neck.' — Hackluyt in R. The name a pin, peg, plug ; hn. pinne, a point, prick,
Qipillori was given in France to a ruff or peg.— Kil. Lat. pinna, a fin, a turret,
collar worn by women encircling the neck pinnacle. The force of the element' /z«
like the board of the pillory. To peep in signifying a pointed object is also seen
through the nutcrackers, to stand in the in Lat. spina, a thorn, and in pinus, a fir-
pillory. —Grose. The word is doubtless tree, tree with sharp-pointed leaves, in G.
equivalent to Lat. specularmm,irora spec- called nadeln, needles.
ula, a look-out, a high place for viewing Pin and Web, an induration of the
or watching anything from. Compare membranes of the eye, not much unlike a
Cat. espill, espilleta, from Lat. speculum, cataract. — B. It. panno nel occhio, a web
a looking-glass ; espillets, spectacles, eye- in the eye. Panni in oculis fiunt et albu-
glasses. gines ex vulneribus vel pustulis.^Duc.
Pillow. Du. peluwe, puluwe, Lat. Irypin and web the foreign name is first
pulvinus, from Lat. pluma, w. plu, pluf, adopted and then translated.
feathers. Pulvinare, plumauc— Gl. To Pinch.—Pincers. Sp' pizcar, Fr.
Cambr. in Zeuss ; pulvinar, plufoc. — pincer, to pinch or nip, to take with the
Vocab. Cornub. ibid. W. plufawg, fea- points of the fingers or other points
thery. pince, the tip or edge of the hoof. Sp.
Pilot. It. pilota, Fr. pilote, Du. pijl- pinchar, to prick, pincho, a prickle pin-
;
; — —; ;
also quilted or set thick with oylet holes plot, nursery ground. There seems no
(pinked). — Cot. ground for the assertion that the word
One of them finked the'other in a duel (stucic originally signified a melon-seed, from
—
him). Addison. pepo, a melon. A satisfactory origin may
In the sense of picking or culling, perhaps be found in Da. ptppe, to peep,
When thou dost tell another's jest, therein shoot, spring forth. For the connection
Omit the oaths, which traewit cannot need ; between a sharp cry and the idea of peep-
Pink out of tales the mirth, but not the sin. ing forth, just beginning to appear, see
Herbert in Worcester.
Peep.
The sense of winking, in which pink was A pippin in the sense of a particular
formerly used, may be illustrated by Sw. kind of apple is probably an apple raised
picka (from which pink differs only in from the pip or seed. Da. pipling, a
the nasalisation), to peck like a bird, and small well-tasted apple.
(from the figure of a succession of light Pirate. Gr. 7r«par^e, "Lsi.. pirafa, ex-
blows) to palpitate as the heart. Wink- plained from Triipaia, to make an attempt
ing is a vibration of the eyelid, as pal- on, to attack.
pitation is of the heart. Pisli An interjection of contempt,
!
And upon drinking my eyes will be pinking. equivalent to hold your tongue It. pis- !
pik, in accordance with the view of the Pismire. The old name of the ant,
relations of the word taken under To Pill. an insect very generally named from the
Fiunace. It. pino, a pine-tree, and sharp urinous smell of an ant-hill. Du.
met. the whole bulk of a ship, also (as miere,pismiere, mierseycke, an ant seycke, ;
Pint. Sp. Ptg. pinta, a spot or mark 7niegen, mingere ; Fin. kusi, urine kusi- ;
pintar, to paint. Hence probably a pint, ainen, an ant.
a certain measure of liquid marked off From the sound. 'Lt'A. pischet
Piss.
on the interior of the vessel. So from is a nursery word. In Bav. nurseries
X)\x. pegel, peil, the mark on a scale mea-
wiswis macken, wiseln. Fin. kusi, urine.
suring depth or content, Pl.D. pegel, sex-
Pistil. Lat. pistillum, a pestle, from
tarius, hemina, a. measure of content.
Pegeln, as in some dialects of G.pinten, pinso, to pound.
to tope ;Yr. pinteler, to tipple. Pistol. Said to derive its name from
Pioneer. Fr. pionier, OFr. peonier, having been invented at Pistoia in Italy,
Prov. pezonier, properly a foot-soldier, a but no authority is produced for this
common man, then applied to the soldiers derivation. Venet. piston was a kind of
specially employed in labourers' work. arquebuss piston de vin, a large ilask.
Sp. peon, a pedestrian, day-labourer, — Patriarchi. ;
pcpie, It. pipita, haX. pituita, a disorder to stamp, pound, bray in a mortar,
PIT PITTANCE 479
trample upon, to ram or beat in. Lat. Heo schulde ficke hem thoru out (they should
pierce through them), and adrenche hem so
pi7isere,pistum, to pound.
there.— R. G. 51.
Pit. I. Lat. puteus, It. pozzo, Fr.
puits, a well ; Du. put, putte, a well, a And he took awei that fro the middil, pitching
hole. (affigeus) it on the cross. —^Wickliff in R."
2. The pit of a theatre is probably
To pitch a tent is to fix the pegs in the
from Sp. pAtio, the central court of a
ground by which it is held up.
house, and thence the pit which occupies
Pitch in the sense of a certain height
the same place in a theatre. Probably
on a scale, or a certain degree of a quality,
from the root pat, plat, representing the
is from the notion of marking a definite
tramping of feet. Mod.Gr. irarw, to
point by sticking in a peg. The pitch of
tread, iraroe, a. public walk, beaten path,
one's voice is the point which it reaches
bottom, floor. Piedm. platia, the pit or
in the musical scale the pitch of a screw,
;
lowest part of a theatre where the audi-
the degree in which the thread is inclined
—
ence stand. Zalli. 'LaX.platea, a street,
to the axis the pitch of a roof, the de-
;
court-yard, area, open space in a house.
gree in which the rafters are inclined to
See Pad.
each other.
Pitcli. G.pech, Du. pik, 'Ls.t.pix, Gr.
Pitcher.
Fr. pichet (Jaubert), Lang.
iriTTa, maaa, Gael, pic, pitch blgh, glue,
;
pichier, Bret, picher, W. piser. It. pitero,
birdlime, gum ; W. pyg, pitch, rosin.
Sp. puchiro, a pitcher or earthen pot
The main characteristic of pitch is its Gael, pigeadh, a pitcher pigean, a little;
stickiness, and it can hardly be doubted
;
producing pitch, and not conversely, as pitance, properly the allowance of appe-
Liddell supposes, the name of pitch from tising food to be eaten with the bread
the tree which produces it. See To Pitch. which formed the substance of a meal,
To Pitch.. Pitch and pick are differ- afterwards applied to the whole allowance
for a single person, or to a small
ent ways of pronouncing the same w6rd, of foed
Mid.Lat. ^zctozcM,
like church and kirk. The radical signi- portion of anything. —
pitancia, portio monachica in esculentis
fication is striking with a pointed instru-
quae ex oleribus erant,
ment, driving something pointed into, lautior pulmentis,
pictancia essent de piscibus et hu-
sticking into, darting, throwing to a dis- cum
tance. W. picell, a dart or arrow picio,
jusmodi. Due. —
picellu, to throw a dart, to dart.
;
pitching corn, throwing it up upon the secundo vocata venire contempserit, in-
stack. sequenti prandio A pitancia subtrahatur.'
—Stat. Joh. Archiep. Cant. an. 127S, in
Stakes of yren mony on he pygte in Temese
late at dinner
Above scharpe and kene ynow, bynethe grete Due. The nun who was
and ronde. was to be punished, not by the loss of
That yef ther eny schippis com er me ywar were, her dinner next day, but by having to
—
. ; .
the original sense. ' Les enfans mangent as ceindre from cingere,feindre from fin-
souvent plus de pidance que de pain.' gere.
Jaubert. Hence we arrive at the true Plait.—Pleat.— Plite.— Plight. The
derivation, apidan^ant, apitangant, ap- Bret. pleg,plek, W. plyg, bend, fold, show
pdtissant, giving appetite. A
dish is the root from whence are derived Gr.
apidanqant when it gives flavour to a TrXsKu, to twine, braid, plait ; Lat. plica, a
—
large quantity of bread. Vocab. de Berri. fold, and the secondary forms flecto, to
Pity. Fr. pitU, from Lat. pietas. In bend, z.-aii plecto, plexum, to plait, knit, or
the exclamation, what a pity the word weave. ! From the latter verb, or perhaps
is probably an adaptation of OFr. qiiel from the participial form -plicitus {im-
pechi^ J what a sin ! plicitus, explicittis), axe derived OFr.
Alias, quel dol et quel pechi^ ! ploit, and its E. representatives, plait,
Benoit, Chron. des dues de Norm. 2. 408 plight, pleat.
Mod.Gr. (5 n icpi/ia what a pity what a
! !
Voire cemise me livrez,
great misfortune what a sin! ! El pan desus feralun floit —
Pivot. Fr. pivot, the peg on which a (I will make a pleat in the cloth)
door turns It. pivolo, a peg.
;
\^flet\ fet. — Rayn. in v. pleg.
a i\n.z-h?i}^, pixy-stool, a toad-stool, pixy- Yeve me the labour it to sew and flite.
ring, a fairy-ring. Pixie-led, to be in a Troilus and Cress.
maze, as if led out of the way by hob- A silken camus lily whight
goblins. This in Pembrokeshire is called Purfled upon with many a io\&t& Might
f'.Q.
piskin-led, which seems truer to the ety-
mology. Sw. dial, pus, pys, pysing, a Walach. pleta, a tress of hair impleti, ;
little boy ;
pysill, pyssling, httle creature, to plait. Boh. plitn, plesti, Pol. plesc, to
pygmy ;
pysk, little unshapely person, wreathe, plait, braid. G. flechte, some-
dwarf; also goljlin, fairy (smitroU). Hem- thing turned or plaited, a tress of hair or
pjaske, a hobgoblin, browniq. The fairies a wattled hurdle, corresponds to La.t.ffecta.
are called the little people in Wales and Planet. Gr. TrXnvrjrrie, a wandering
Ireland. G. berg-mdnnchen, a goblin. star 7!-\avda),-to wander. ;
Lat. pusjts, a boy ; pusillus, little. Plane-tree. Fr. plane, contr. from
—
Placable. Placid. Lat. placare, to Lat. plataniis.
pacify, to make calm and gentle ; placidus, Plank. Lat. planca, Fr. planche, G.
calm, mild. planke. Boh. planka, plank ; Gr. TrXa?,
Placard. Fr. plaquard, a bill stuck up anything flat and broad.
against a wall; plaquer, to clap, slat, Plant, -plant. Lat. planta, the sole
stick, or paste on, to lay flat on, to parget of the foot, whence probably planto, to
or rough-cast. Du. placken aen den wand, plant or set with the foot in the ground ;
eiivkaarov or £;ujr\affrpov, Lat. emplastrum, platten, where charcoal has been burnt),
Fr. empldtre, a plaister or application explains E. platty (of corn-fields), uneven,
daubed over with an adhesive medica- having bare spots.
ment. G3.A. plAsd, to daub. Plate. I.— Platter. A flat piece of
Sp. plasta, paste, soft clay, anything metal, a dish to eat on. It. piatto, any
soft plaste, size, fine paste made of glue
;
flat thing, a dish, plate, platter piatto,;
syllables plats, plat, plot. G. platz, a low. The sense of piatto, which Florio
crack, smack, pop platzregen, heavy treats as metaphorical, is in truth the
;
rain that makes a dashing sound in fall- original, the idea of flatness being com-
ing Du. plotsen, to fall suddenly plots,
; ;
monly expressed from the image of dash-
sudden, unawares E. platte, to throw
;
down something wet or soft, which
ing
—
down flat Hal., i. e. to dash down like spread out and flat upon the ground.
lies
Thus E. squat is related to Dan. squatte,
water.
to splash, scaAJlat with Yr.Jlatir, to dash
When I was hurte thus in stound
I fell down flat unto the ground.- -R. R.
down liquids. See Plat.
2. Vessels of gold or silver. Sp. plata,
— I fell plump down upon the ground. silver. The name was originally given to
G. heraus platzen, to blurt a thing out, to the plates or thin lamina in which it was
say it plump, without .circumlocution, like customary to work crude silver, and ulti-
a wet mass flung down upon the ground. mately applied to the metal itself. ' Con-
gregaverunt electum aurum regni, etfece-
Ye sayd nothing sooth of that, runt in plafas, et miserunt in batellos
But, sir, ye lye, I tell you flat. R. R.— ferratos ad abducendum in Franciam.'
The term is then applied to the fallen Knyghton, A. D. 1364 in Due. Et quod '
object, or to things of similar shape, and quilibet Angligena egrediens fines Anglise
as wet things thrown down on the ground —
possit secum reportare platam argenti
spread out in breadth and lie close to vel auri ad valorem duarum marcarum
the ground, the root comes to signify pro quolibet sacco lanse et eamdem^/a- —
broad, thin, without elevation. See Flat. tam ferre deberet ad excambium regis, et
We come nearest the original image ibi recipere suos denarios.' Ibid. A. D. —
in our dial, cow-plat, Da. dial, ko-blat, 1340.
SiW\ss pldder, platter, kuhpldder, a round Platform. It. piatta-forma, Dn.platte-
of cow-dung pladern, of a cow, to let forme, vulgo plana forma (Kil.), the form
i
fall dung. Bav. platz, pldtzen, a flat or pattern of a structure on the level plain.
cake ; It. piatto, any flat thing, a dish,
For which cause I wish you to enter into con-
plate, platter; by met. squat, cowering
sideration of the matter, and to note all the is-
down, low-lurking piattare, to squat lands, and to set them down in plat. Hackluyt —
— ;
heard handplega, the hard play of hands. The course of corru'ption iioraplacitum
, Hearmplega, strife. It appears to me to ¥x. plait, plaid, is well shown in the
that we must look for the origin to Lat. Prov. forms plach, plag, placht, plait,
placitum, in the sense of discussion, con- plai, suit, process at law, quarrel, dispute.
test at law, whence Vrow. plag,plait,play, —
Rayn. In OPtg. according to Diez the
litigation, quarrel, dispute plaidejar, form is placito, afterwards plazo, prazo.
;
playejar, plaegar, to contest, discuss, It. piato, piado, a plea.. Fl. —Sp. pleito,
quarrel Sp. pleito, litigation, debate, covenant, contract, debate, strife, litiga-
;
Mid. Lat. plivtis, pligius, plejus, plegius, bly be explained in, the sense of engage-
a surety, one who undertakes for ; pli- rnent, payment that the tenant has bound
vium, Prov. pliu, promise, guarantee, himself to make, and thus we account for
pledge plevir, plivir, Fr. plevir, pleu- Du. plecht, plicht, plegh, officium, debi-
;
castrumquod dicitur Hocf?oburg,et Theo- warrant you. Du. pleghe, plech (Sax.)
X&cxaira placitaitdo sibi conquisivit.' —
Ado officium et servitus patrono a cliente
Viennensis, A.D. 743 in Due. Taliter//a- praestandum. Kil.
'
—
citatum est fide media et condictum.' —
Plenary. Plenty, -plenish. -plete.
Eric. Upsal. ibid. In the famous treaty Lat. plemis, full, from pleo, extant in
preserved by Nithardus, ' Et ab Ludher impleo, to pour in, to fill. So Lith. pilnas,
nul//flz^nunquam prindrai qui meon vol Lett, pilns, pils, from Lith. pillu, pilti, to
cist meon fradre Karle in damno sit' pour. Pildyti, to fill, complete, fulfil.
nullum pactum inibo. Firent pais e Gr. ttXeo^, full irifnrXrjfii, to fill.
'
;
—
plait alrei David.' Livre des Rois. The Plenitas, OFr. pletit^, fulness, plenty.
next step is supplied by Grisons pladir, Compleo, -pletiis, to fill up to the top, to
plidir, to engage, as a servant. From accomplish, complete. Repleo, repletus,
hence, as from Lat. adulterium to It. to fill again, fill to overflowing.
avollMo, E. a-vowtery, we pass to Fr. Pleonastic. Gr. TrXtovaimKos, redund-
plevir, the v of which passes into the soft ant, TrXfova'Sw, to be more than necessary;
g oi pleige, plege, as in Fr. leger from Lat. ttXeoi/, more.
Isvis. '
et R A
fide interposita plegive- -plete. Complete. —
Expletive. — —
riint quod censum istum Y
et ejus hasre- Kepletion. See Plenary.
dibus bona fide garandizabunt' Chart. —
Plethora. Gr. -a-Xridwpri, fulness, sa-
A.D. 1 190 in Carp. Se pleger, to com- tiety -n-XridoQ, abundance ttXIoc, full.
; ;
plag, plach, plait, play j while placitare ing together. Implication, a folding of
assumes the forms oi plaidejar,plaideyar, one thing in another. Sjtpplication, a
playejar, plaegar, to litigate, treat, make bending under of the knees in humility
accord. Quan lo plag es comensat when making a petition. Lat. -plex is
—
when the plea is begun Rayn. in v. used as E. -fold in simplex, singlefold,
Part. From the form placht we pass to duplex, twofold, multiplex, manifold.
Du.plickt (HoU. Sicamb.), judicium, lis, Hence also complex, folded together, in-
litigium plichten, plechten, agere lites volved. See To Ply.
; ;
plechte}i (Fland.), spondere merces pro- Plight. OFr. ploit, fold, bending,
—
bas esse, to warrant or guarantee. Kil. thence state and condition. See Plait.
Placitum, Yr. plait, plet, in the sense of The plight of the body, I'habitude du corps.
duty payable to the lord on the death of Sherwood. — *
31
— ;; —
deplore. It is hardly possible to imagine heart, lixer, and lights of cattle, food of
a connection between the sense of explore, little estimation consumed by the poorer
to search out, and that of wailing. classes.
Plot. A parallel form with plat, sig- From what has been said under Pill it
nifying spot, spot of ground, then the will be seen that there is some difficulty
ground occupied by a structure, the in tracing our way with certainty through
ground-plan. To plot out, to plan, to lay the variety of related forms to the original
out the ground for a design. root. It would seem however that in
; — ;
those cases where the root appears under Plumpen, to make the noise represented
a double form, with an initial p and pi \fj plump, to fall with such a noise. He
respectively, as in 'E.pasie and Sp. plaste, full in't water dat het plumpede. He
E. pate and Q.platte, ^i^^. patio and Piedm. fell into the water so that it sounded
platia, pit, Du. paveien and plaveien, to plump. —
Brem. Wtb. Bav. plumpf,
^ZMS,peistercn a.nA pleisteren, to plaster, plumps, noise made by something falling
&c. flat with a dull sound. Sw. plumpa ned
Plug. Sw. pligg, a peg j Du. plug, a i "vandet, to plump or plunge into the
bung, a peg Pl.D.
; plugge, a peg, a blunt water ; plumpa ned ett papper, to let a
needle ; plukk, a block, clog, log, peg, blot fall on paper. To tell one something
plug, wadding of a gun. Gael, ploc, plmnp is to blurt it out, to tell it without
strike with a club, block, or pestle as a circumlocution, like a mass of somethiug
; ,
noun, any round mass, a clod, club, bung, wet flung down upon the ground, or a
stopper ;
pluc, beat, thump, a lump, stone which sinks at once, without a
bunch, bung. Fin. pulkka, a peg, tap, splash, into the water. And as it is only
wedge ; pulkita, to plug, wedge, com- a compact and solid mass that makes a
press ; Esthon. /«//&, peg, round of a lad- noise of the foregoing description, the
der, bung of a cask. Russ. polk, Boh. t&rxn. plump is applied to a compact mass,
pluk, a troop, regiment. a cluster ; a plump of spears, of wildfowl,
The sense of a projection, lump, round of rogues, of gallants. It is then used to
mass, is commonly expressed by a root signify a thick and massive make. g.
signifying strike, and the act of stopping plump, massive, lumpish, rounded. Ein
or plugging takes its designation from the dicker und plumper kerl ; ein plumpes
bunch of materials with which the orifice gesicht, a plump face. In a similar way,
is stopped. Compare Fr. toucher, to from Dan. pludse, Du. plotsen, to plump
stop; with E. busk, a tuft of fibrous matter. down, to plunge, are derived Dan. plud-
From the notion of a bunch of something set, swollen, bloated, pludsfed, chubby,
thrust in to stop a hole, the signification Fl.D. pluizig, pudgy, chubby. Plutzige
passes on to a peg or elongated body finger, round fleshy fingers. Swiss blunt-
driven in for the same purpose. schen, the sound made by a thick heavy
Plum. I. G.pflaum, on. ploma, plum- body falling into the water ; bluntschig,
ma, Du. pruim, OberD. prume, praume, thick and plump bluntschi, a thickset ;
plump, full, Aeshy, plumme. Cot. Not- stone falling into water, a sudden plunge,
withstanding the close resemblance, the a soft unwieldy lump,//a^ac;^, jolt-headed,
word is distinct from plump, being the chubby-headed. This plub with inversion
equivalent of G. pflaum in pflaum-federn, of the / (as in blob, bleb, compared with
down, swelling, fluffy feathers. Bav. bubble) explains Cleveland /iMi5^/if, plump,
pflaum, down, loose foam, froth. To the stout, fat.
same root belong 'Ls.t. plumajW. plu,pluf, Plunder. VI.D. plunne, formerly //k»-
feathers, down, and E. flue, fluff, light, den, rags, thence in a depreciatory man-
'
downy flakes. From pluff a parallel form ner, clothes of poor people. Wedekind
with pufl\ to blow. Pluffer, a pea-shooter; toch an toreten plunden, alse ein bedeler,
pluffy, spongy, porous, soft, plump. —
Hal. Witikind put on torn clothes like a beg-
—
Plumb. Plummet. A
ball of lead gar. Mine beten plunnen, my bits of
suspended by a line to show the perpen- things. Du. plunje, sailors' clothes ;
plush, a kind of cloth with a flocky or The word is merely a dialectic varia-
shaggy pile. We have traced (under tion oipoke, to thrust with a pointed in-
Periwig) the line of derivation from the strument.
root pluck to Sp. peluca, a lock or tuft of
They use to pocke them (fish) with an instru-
hair, a handful, so much as is taken at a
pluck. Now the final ck of pluck is soft-
men t somewhat like a salmon spear. Carew in R —
For his horse, pocking one of his legs into some
ened down in Fr. Splucher, pluchoter, to hollow ground, made way for the smoking water
the sound of sh, corresponding to z in to brealc out. Sir W. Temple, ibid. —
Tin. pluizen, V\.t). plusen, to pick, pluck,
strip, whence pluis, in the senses above To pock, to push to patch,
; to poke, to
mentioned. thrust at, to push or pierce to pouch, to
To Ply. -ply. From Lat. plicare, to poke or push. Hal. Swiss putschen, — ;
libris. —
Lye. Pocket. See Poke.
Keep house and ply his book, welcome his Pod. The analogy of cod, which sig-
friends —
Shakesp.
. nifies a bag, a cushion, as well as the pod
would
MHG. arzenie pflegen, to cultivate medi- or bag-like fruit of beans and peas,
cine lead us to connect pod with Da. pude,
;slafes p. to sleep aventiure, der
Sw. puta, a pillow or cushion. The word
;
Sren p. to seek
adventures, honour des
altars p. to serve the altar what
;
may indeed be a parallel form with cod,
; pflege,
a man is occupied in, employment. Die as E. poll with ON. kollr, top, head.
wile er was in dirre pflege, while he was Podgy. See Pudgy.
in this employment. —
Zarncke. —
Poem. Poesy. Poet. — Gr. voiriita,
—
Pneumatic. Pneumonia. Gr. jrvJo), •jroirjaiQ, Troirjrrjc, from Troifw, to make,
to breathe levtv^a, -roe, breath, wind compose ; thence Lat. poema, poeta.
— Puncture. — Punctual. —
;
;
vvivyiaTiKoq, belonging to the wind or air Point.
;
—
poked or thrust. —
Richardson.. But if dule ; polizza di carico, a bill of lading, a
the word be identical with E. pock, a document which it was necessary to pro-
pustule (Rouchi poques, poquetes, small- duce on applying for the money assured
pox), the radical would seem to be a on goods lost at sea.
bubble takeh as the type of a hollow The word is a violent corruption of
case. See Pock. It is possible, however, Lat. polyptycha, -um. A
pair of tablets
that the ultimate signification may be folding on each other used as a memo-
simply protuberance, from the root pok, randum-book was called diptycha, from
in the sense of strike. SiTTTvxoe, two-fold. The term was then
To Poke.— Poker. Du./(7/6£^, topoke; applied in ecclesiastical language to the
poke, a dagger, on. piaka, to thrust, to catalogues of the bishops and other nota-
pick N. paak, pjaak, Sw. pdk, a stick.
; bles of a. church, whose names were
Probably the change to a broader vowel read at a certain period of the service.
in poke, as compared with pick, repre- When the list was too long to be con-
sents' a thrust with a coarser instrument. tained in a pair of tablets the additional
A similar relation is seen in stoke, to tablets gave the memoranda the name of
poke the fire, to thrust with a large in- polyptycha, a term specially applied to
strument, as compared with stick, to the registers of taxes. Polypticos, i. e.
pierce with a pointed instrument. Rouchi breves tributi et actionis. Glossae ad —
poque, blow with a ball. Recevoir eune Cod. Theod. Ut illi coloni tam fiscales
bone poque, to get a good blow. quam et ecclesiastici, qui sicut et in po-
A parallel form of root is found with a lypticis continentur, et ipsi non denegent
final / instead of k. E. 6S.3X. pote, poit, to carropera et manopera.— Edict. Car. Calv.
push or kick firepoit, a poker Craven
; — in Due. Reditus villarum nostrarum de-
Gl. ; W. pwtio, to poke, to thrust ; Sw. scribere jussit, quod polyptychum vocant.
pdta, to turn up the ground, feel in one's The term then appears in the corrupted
pocket peta, to poke the fire, pick one's
;
forms oipuleticum, poleticum, polegium.
teeth. Sc. paut, to strike with the foot, Episcopus divino consilio wsvii, poleticum
kick, stamp. quod adhuc in eadem
ecclesia reservatur
Pole. Sw. pale, a stake, pale, pile ; scripsit. — Due. A
similar corruption
Lat. palus, a pole. converted diptychus into diptagus, dipti-
—
Pole. Polar. Gr. ttoXIw, to turn up, titis.
Fin. palaan, pallata, to roll, to return; polleken, vertex capitis, capitellum, cacu-
Lap. pale, turn, occasion. men, fastigium bol, bolle, globus, spaera,
;
whose top has been cut off, a deer that plement, like the pommel of a sword.
has lost its horns. But the root pumis used to signify strik-
Parallel with the foregoing are a series ing, from direct imitation of the sound of
of forms in which the initial/ is replaced a blow, which is represented in Pl.D. by
—
by k. ON. kollr, top, stump, skull kol- the syllable bu?ns / Brem, Wtb. Bav.
;
I6ttr. polled, hornless, bald N. kollut, punisen, to sound hollow, to beat, strike
;
gamy (yaixog, ma.ma.ge), Polyglot (yXwo-o-a t-fxiipi-liav (from x«'P> hand), a hand-knife,
or yXwTTa, the tongue), Polypus {vove, a from Lat. pugnus, Yx.poing, the fist em- ;
apples, as appears from the receipt in mus dicebat h posse et facere : ego k
Pharmacop. Lond., 1682. Axungise por- ponte arbitror, nam ab lis sublicius est
cinse recentis lib. ii. &c. pomorum (vulgo factus primum et restitutus SEepe, quod eo
;
Poodle. Du. poedele, to paddle in the to chatter, tattle, talk der p apple, the ;
G. piidel-nass, thoroughly wet. the last element from It. gallo, Fr. gau,
Pooh.! An interjection expressive of geau, a cock, to gay, geai, a jay, probably
contempt, originally representing the arose from the fact that the jay, being re-
sound of spitting, from the figure of spit- markable both for its bright-coloured
ting out an ill-tasting morsel. plumage and chattering voice, seemed to
come nearer than the cock to the nature
To-o-Ii Tuh exclaims the Muzunga, spitting
—
! !
of the parrot.
with disgust upon the ground. Burton, Lalce
Regions of Africa, 2. 246. There's Mackinnons Poplar. Lat. populiis, G. pappel, a
live there. But they are interlopers, they are tree distinguished by the tremulous move-
worthless trash. And he spit in disgust. —
Geof- ment of its leaves. Bav. poppeln, to move
fry Hamlyn, 1869. Would to God therefore that about like water in boiling poppern, to ;
we were come to such a detestation and loathing
of lying, that we would even spattle at it, and cry
move to and fro, to tremble with anger ;
Gr. jrruw, Lat. spuere, to spit ; respuere, Porcellane. China ware seems to
to spit out, to disgust or dislike, to reject, have been made known in Europe to
first
refuse. As sneezing is a convulsive act the Italians through the Arabians, who
of spitting, it is taken as expressive of re- called it, as we now do, China. The
jection,and we speak of a thing not to be name oi porcellane. It. porcellana, was in
sneezed at. Bav. pfuchesen, pfugezen, to all probability given to it from the re-
puff as a short-winded person, spit as a semblance of the surface to that of various
cat, sneeze. sea-shells, as the Venus' shell or tiger-
Pool. w. pwll, a pool, pit, ditch ; Du. shell, in It. called porcellana, a name
poel, puddle, slough, plash, pool, fen ; ON. which Rob. Estienne also gives to the
pollr, a standing water, water-hole. Fin. buccinum or conch-shell. Ung grand '
pula, an opening in the ice. The origin OS de poisson de mer faict comme ung
is preserved in Fin. pulata, "to splash, cor, et duquel Ton peut corner, et en font
dabble, duck, in aqua moveor cum sonitu, les graveurs des images, communement
aquam agito. E. dial, pooler, the imple- diet Porcelaine, buccinum.' Porcelle, the
ment with which tanners stir up the ooze fine scallop or cocldeshells that painters
of .bark and water in the pits. use to put their colours in.— Fl. Porcel-
Poop. Lat. puppis, Fr. poupe, the lane is mentioned by Marco Polo in the
hinder part of a ship- 13th century, long before the intercourse
Poor. Lat. pauper, Fr. pauvre, pro- of the Portuguese with the East. He also
\\nzyaSyy poure J poure honime / — Vocab. gives the same name to the cowries
de Berri. which were used as money in India.—
Pop. Imitative of the sound made by Mahn. Etym. Unt. 11. The designation
a small explosion of air ; a pop-gun, a of porcellane by the name of the shell
tube contrived to drive out a pellet with early led to the supposition that the
—
;
—
Positive. —
the native mereswine, ON. marsvin, sea-
Posture. \.at. pono, posittim, to put, set
swine, has been supplanted by the Latin down, place, gives positio, a
setting,
porpesse, the same change has taken place placing, or situation, positura, position,
in France in the opposite direction, and
posture, and a very numerous set of com-
the porpesse is there known by the name pounds, as Deposit, Composite, Imposition,
of marsouin. Proposition, &lc. In the verbs however
Porphyry. Gr. Trop^tJpa, purple, jrop^u- which correspond to these siibstantival
pirijc, red marble.
forms, Fr. diposer, composer, imposer,
—
Porridge. Porringer. Not the equi- &c., the place of po7to has been surrepti-
valent of It. porrata, leek-pottage Fl., —
tiously occupied by derivatives from Lat.
from Lat. porrum, a leek, but simply a pausa, a cessation or rest. Hence Prov.
corruption of pottage, what is boiled in pausa, rest, repose, peace. It. posare, to
the pot. Fr. potage, pottage, porridge. pause, abide, repose, Ptg. pousar, to stay
Cot. From porridge is formed porringer in the house of some one, to rest, to sit
(as messenger from message), a vessel for down. Then in an active sense, Prov.
holding porridge more correctly called pausar. It. posare, Fr. poser, Ftg. pousar,
;
1580 in Hal.
lieyt they lay him in a fine bed.
:
' Ar '
POSNET POTATOE 49
posite answer is an answer on the points armato milite vidisset oppletum, ^er pos
put to one. terulam tramitein medium squalenten
And often coming from school, when I met her, fructetis et sentibus vitabundus excedens
she would appose
lesson. —
touching my learning and
me
Stow in R. She pretended at the first
in Armenios incidit fessos.' Ammianu —
pose him and him, thereby to try whether
in Due. In general, however, it is usee
to sift
he were indeed the very Dulce of York or no. for back door, and like posticium, whicl
Bacon, H. VII. inR. was used in the same sense, is a deriva
The exercises of the students written tion ixorapost, behind.
for examinations at St Paul's school are Postulate. Lat. postulo, to demand
still called appositions. The term is then from posco, poscitum {j>os'tu7n), to asl
specially applied to the case in which the for, require, demand.
person examined is unable to answer,
* Posy. A motto or device, an in
vA\tXipose or appose takes the meaning of scription on a ring or the like. Fron
putting to a nonplus. poesy.
And canst thou be other than apposed with the A paltry ring whose posy was
question of that Jew who asked whether it were For all the world like cutlers' poetry
more possible to make a man's body of water or Upon a knife. Love me and leave ine not.
of earth ? All things are alike easie to an infinite Shalcesp
power. —Bp Hall in R. Udal —
writes itpoisee 'There was also ;
lays of horses are kept for the public ser- gikk dpyttes, it went to pot, turned ou
vice. Posta seems also to have been fruitless.
used for an entry in a book of account, Potable. Gr. irivw, TrETrwicn, from
whence our expression to post up an ac- root TTo-, to drink ainov, Lat. potii ;
count. Ubi vero per postas libri usu- drink potare, to drink.
'
;
rarii non apparuerit per petentem sibi Potash.. The salt obtained from boi'
—
usuras restitui.' Concil. Ravennense, A. D. ing wood ashes in a pot or kettle.
1317, in Due. Potatoe. From the name by whic
Post-. Posterity. Lat. post, after, the root was known in Haiti. Pets
afterward posteri, those that come after, Martyr, speaking of Haiti, says (in D(
;
pick one's nose or teeth, to finger. The The origin is the interjection of con-
notion of trifling or ineffectual action is tempt and displeasure,/^;';;^.'' prut! trut!
often expressed by the figure of picking, tut! on. putt! Fr.Fland. /a^./ puite
or stirring with a pointed implement. So representing a blurt of the mouth with
Norm, diguer, to ^rick, digomier, to work the protruded lips. M3igy. pittyni, pitty-
slowly. —
Decorde. To piddle, or work in egetni, pittyentni, to blurt with the lips ;
a trifling manner, is properly to pick with pittyasz, one who has prominent lips ;
the fingers. The simple form of the verb pittyesztni, to hang the lips, to pout
of which potter is a frequentative is seen pittyedni (of the lips), to project.
in E. dSsX. poit ot pote, to poke, Svi.pdta, In like manner from the form prut
peta, to poke or pick. Vl.D.pdotern, to may be explained G. protzen, prutzen, to
stir (herumwhiilen) with an instrument in sulic, and OUG. prort, a lip from tut ! E. ;
self in the presence of the king. Prange- digen, on.predika, "i^.preika, Yv.prescher,
pferd, Y>\x. pronkpaard, a horse of state, pricher, to preach.
horse for show. G. prangen, Du. pronk, Preamble. Yx.preamhi.lej La.t.pra-
ostentation, finery. Te pronk stellen, to ambulare, to go before.
show off ; te pronk staan, to be exposed Prebend. See Provender.
to view, to stand in the pillory. P}'onken, -preo-. —Precarious. Lat. preces,
to make a fine show, to strut. prayers precor, -catus sum, to pray
; ;
The word may be regarded as a na- pito, to fling or run down with violence,
salised form of Fr. braguer, to flaunt, to hurry.
brave, brag, or jet it ; braguerie, wanton Precocious. Lat. coquo, to cook, to
tricking or pranking, bragging, swagger- ripen ; prcecox, early ripe.
ing. See Brag. From the same root —
Predaceous. Predatory. See Prey.
{prag or brak, crack) may be traced G. Predial. Lat. pradium, a farm.
prahlen, to cry, speak loud, to glitter, Preface. Lat. fari, to speak ; pra-
strike the sight, to brag, boast, make fatio, something spoken before.
parade ; Swiss brogeln, progeln, to strut, Pregnant. Lat. prcegnans, in the
swagger. state previous to giving birth to a child.
—
To Prate. Prattle. Sw. prata, Du. From the root gen exhibited in Gr.
praaten, V\.V). praten, prateln, Q,. praten, ysi/i/diu, to beget, produce, and implicitly
prdschen (D. M. 4. 236), pratten, prdt- in Lat. nascor, natus (for gnascor, genas-
zeln (Sanders), Swiss pradeln, braudeln, cor, to be born.
brudeln, brodschen, bruscheln, Swab. -prehend. — Prehensile. Lat. prce-
bratschelii, to prate, tattle ; Pl.D. braod- hendo,prcehensum,X.o grSiS^ apprehendo,
;
schen, to talk loud ; E. dial, pross, chat to lay hold of, to understand compre-;
zen, to crackle, rustle (Sand.), protzeln, mises, the word has come to signify the
rauschen (D. M. 4. 132, 300), Du. preu- appurtenances of a house, the adjoining
telen, protele7i, to simmer, murmur (Kil.), land, and generally the whole inclosure
Sw. pruttla, to boil hard, bubble up.
dial, of a property.
Prawn. From the formidable spur Premium. Lat. pramium, a reward.
with which the head is armed? AS. preon, Prentice. For apprentice, Fr. appren-
bodkin. NFris. porn, It. parnocchia, tis, from apprendre, to learn.
the original reference to ernest money of Camerons had come down to carry a
was quite lost sight of. spreith of cattle, as it was called, from
Preter-. Lat. /?-i?/^r, beyond. Morray.' —Abernethy.
Pretext. Lat. prcetexo, prcstextu7n, to Thai folk were all that nycht sprethand,
cover over, overspread, to cloke, excuse, Thai made all thairis that thai fand.
(.pretend. Wyntown.
Pretty. Dapyr or pratie, elegans. Price. Lat. pretium, W. pi'id, Bret.
Pr. Pm. The analogies usually suggested pris, Yx.prix.
are not satisfactory. There is too great —
Prick. Prickle. Du. prik, a prick
a difference in meaning to allow us to re- or stab W. pric, a skewer ; Ptg. prego,
;
gard the word as the equivalent of G. a tack or small nail, the sharp horn of a
prdchtig, stately, splendid. Nor does It. young deer pregar, to nail, fix, stick.
;
pretto, pure, unmixed, give a much better Sw. prick, point, spot prickig, spotted. ;
from the former of which are formed G. out of a place, or I pycke me hence je :
set in order, and the priming of a gun prix, the price, value, worth of things,
was called pruning. It. granittr polvere, also the prize, reward, or honour due to
coYn-powdsr, pruning, or touch powder. the best deserver in a justs, &c. Cot., —
— Fl. See Prune. and
Primrose. Prymerose, primula. Pr. — 2. Fr. prise, a taking, seizing, booty, or
Pm. Lat. primula veris, Fr. primevere, prize. De bonne prise, good or lawful
the earliest conspicuous flower of spring. prize, also full ripe, fit to be cropped,
The element rose is added in the E. gathered', or taken. Cot. —
Et %'ih, prieg-
name as the type of flower in general. 7ient riens des enemys de roy ou d'autres
—
Prince. Principal. Principle. It. — qiconques, qu'ils tiele /m.? feront amener
principo, prince, prence, Lat. princeps, en le dit port, et ent ferront pleine infor-
prince, leader, beginner, chief; princi- mation k dit conservator. Stat. 2 H. V., —
pium, beginning, first taking ; from capio c. 6.
and the element prim or prin, before. Pro-. Gr. !rp6, before. Lat. pro, for,
Lith. pir7n, before ; pirmgalas, forepart before, in comp. in place of, for, as pro-
pirmgimys, first-born. See Prime. noun, what stands ybr a noun.
Print. Prcente, effigies, impressio. Probable. —Probate. Probity. Lat. —
Pr. Pm. imprenta, Fr. empreinte,
It. probus, good probo, to make good, to
print, stamp, impression. Cot. Em- — ;
beggar, broker, huckster, bungler. Du. Prong. The point of a fork, in the S.
pragchen,prachm,\.oga.va. by sordid means, of E. a pitchfork. Prongstele, the handle
to scrape up, to cheat, to beg pracher, a of a hay-fork.
niggard, usurer, miser, beggar.
; —
Hal. Yxoytv prog, synony-
There mous withprod, to prick. Sussex sprong,
can be little doubt that the foregoing are spronk, stump of a tree or
of a tooth.
identical with E. prag, prog. Prop. Sw. propp, a bung, stopper,
O neighbour.^, neighbours, first get coyne cork,wadding proppa, to stop, ram,
;
Firste hardlye ;>ra^g-c the purse. —Drant, Horace. cram Du. prop, proppe, a stopper, also
;
He married a light huswife who stealing that a support proppen, to cram, to support.
— Kil.
;
of thrusting upwards, supporting. Com- or thrust out the lips from ill-v/ill ; brotze,
pare Lang, pounchar, to prick or sting ; brotzmaul, prutsche, a pouting mouth,
pounche, Fr. pointal, a support, prop. It. projected lips ; briid, priits, priitsch,
pmitare, to prick, puntello, a prop. Swiss briitsch, Du. prootsch, preutsch,
Propagate. 'LsX.propago, to spread as proud ; pratten, to pout prat, proud, ;
a tree at the top, to multiply and increase arrogant ; Pl.D. prott, apt to give short
propago, -inis, a vinestock cut down for —
and surly answers. Danneil. OE. pruie,
the sake of shooting out afresh, a shoot proud.
or cutting, a race, stock, or lineage. The Manuel des Pecchds treating of
—
Proper. ^Proprietor. Lat. proprms, Pride takes as first example him who
one's own. defies the reproofs of his spiritual father,
Prophet. Gr. Trpo^^rijc ; -irpo, before- and says
hand, to say, speak.
0t//ii, Prut ! for thy cursyng, prest. — 1. 3016.
Propinquity. Lat. prope, near by ; ON. atprutta d, hesta, to pop
to a horse
propinquus, near at hand, neighbouring. to make it go faster. The different forms
Propitious. Lat. propitius, favour- of the interjection representing a blurt
able to. with the lips may be compared with
Prose. Lat. prosa, simple discourse, Magy. ptrusz,prusz, triisz, W. tis, sneeze.
opposed to metre. Explained from pror- We say that a thing is not to be sneezed
sits {pro-versus), straight. at, meaning that it is not to be despised.
Proselyte. Gr. wpoaiiKvroQ, from irpoa- — —
-prove. Prove. Proof. Lat. probus,
£pj;o/xoi, -f)K9ov, to come over to. good ; probo, to make good, to show the
Prosody. Gr. ir^oaifSia ; irpog and <^^, soundness of a thing, to prove, also to
a singing. find good, to approve also, as It. pro-
Prosper. —Prosperous. 'Ls.t.prosper, •vare, to try, to use means that must
;
—
;
the ordinary sense of prune, to dress or
modest, discreet matron. Cot.
trim trees. The priming or pruning of a
Las donas eissamen an pretz diversamens, gun (as it was formerly called) must be
Las Unas de belleza, las autras de proeza :
understood as the dressing or trimming
thus women also have different excel- of the implement, giving it the last touch
lencies, some in beauty, and others in necessary to fit it for immediate service.
virtue. —
Rayn. The origin seems to be ON. prjon, Sc.
But reference being commonly made preen,prin, a pin or knitting-needle, from
to the quality as exhibited in men, Fr. the notion of picking or arranging nicely
prouesse. It. prodezza (with an intrusive with a pointed implement.
d to prevent hiatus, as in Lat. prodest, He kembeth him, heproineth him and piketh.
prodesse), Tioy.proheza, is,, prowess, came Merch. Tale.
in general to signify valour or valorous
Fr. eschargotter, to pruine a tree, to pick
deeds.
Prasfatus heros posi mfmtas proiUates.
any thing round also
about. Cot. So —
Sc. prink, signifying to prick, is also used
Orderic. Vit. in Due. Prinked (Ex-
in the sense of decking.
* To Prowl. —
ProU. The derivation moor), well-dressed, fine, neat. Grose. —
from a supposed Fr. proieler, to seek They who frink and pamper the body, and neg-
one's prey, is extremely doubtful. The lect the soul. —Howell in Todd.
older way of spelling is proll, and even To pick, to dress out finely. —
Hal. Prick-
purl, in Pr. Pm. I prolle, I go here and medainty, one who dresses in a finical
there to seke a thynge, je tracasse.
Palsgr.
manner.
On
—Jam.
the same principle Du. priem, a
Though y^ prolle aye, ye shall it never find. pin or bodkin, seems to be the origin of
Chaucer. prime, to prune or dress trees. To prime,
Proximate. X^-iX.. prope, near; comp. to trim up young trees. —
Forby. Prim-
propior ; superl. proximus (for propsi- ing-iron, as pruning-iron, a knife for
mus), nearest. —
pruning. MinsheUi A
person carefully
Proxy. haX. procurator, an advocate dressed is said to be tird d. quatre ipin-
or attorney, was cut down in Sc. to pro- gles.
cutor, and in E. to prokeior, proctorj and Prurient. Lat. prurio, to itch, to feel
procuratio, Du. prokuratie, an authority strong desire.
or warrant of attorney, was curtailed in To Pry. To peep. I pike or prie, je .
in the one case, and subsequent to both and stout in the belly (Hal.); Sc. pud, a
in the other. See Pish. fat child N.-E. pniddly, fat (Craven Gl.) ;
—
Puberty. Pubescence. Lat. pubes, Northampton
;
publicus (from popiilus, people), belong- Piedm. bodero, bodila, a paunchy, thick-
ing to the people publico, Fr. publier,
; set man Lang, boudougna, boudifla, to
;
—
to bag, to pucker. Fl. — ders.
Pudder. — Podder. — Pother. Dis- Puddle, a plash of standing water left
turbance, confusion, confused noise ; to by rain, a mixture of clay and water.
pudder, pother, to confound, perplex. Formed like /a^^/i? from a representation
The image immediately suggested by of the sound of dabbling in the wet. Du.
the word is a thickness of the air imped- poedele, to dabble in water. Overyssel —
ing the sightanddaraping the vital powers, Aim. Fr. dial, patouiller, to paddle ;
from whence the signification is extended patouille, puddle, dirty water, liquid mud,
to the confusion of the hearing and under- slops of water. Jaubert. In these imi- —
standing by the conflict of sounds. tative forms an initial or pi are used p
—
^such a smoke with great indifference. Pl.D. pladdem,
As ready was them all to choke, to paddle or dabble in the water ; Dan.
So grievous was Has pother. Drayton. — pluddre, to work up peat and water to-
They were able enough to lay the dust and gether, to puddle. The derivation of
pudder in antiquity which he and his are apt to Lat. palud', marsh, from the same root, is
raise. —
Milton. somewhat obscured by the insertion of a
The resemblance to powder is merely vowel between the p and /.
accidental, and pudder is probably a pa- Pudgy. Soft like mire ; then, as soft
rallel form with Da-pludre, %. puddle, to materials fall back upon themselves and
work up clay and water together ; pluther, are ill-adapted for a slender structure,
mire (Whitby GL), or with E. blunder, to short and thickset. Pudge or podge, a
stir and puddle water, to make it thick puddle. ' The horse-road stood m. pudges,
and muddy. Hal. —Compare also to and the path was har41y dry.' Clare. —
muddle, to dabble like ducks in the dirt, '
And littered straw on all the pudgy
also to confuse, perplex. Da. dSsS.. pulse, sloughs.'' — lb. Banff, pudge, punch, a
to stir up water puis, pudder or thick- thickset person or animal, anything short
;
ness of the air or water from smoke, dust, and stout of its kind. Northampton
fog, &c. See Puzzle. pudgell, gudgell, a puddle gudgy, short ;
If the radical sense of the word be a and thick.Podge, to stir and mix to-
confusing noise we may comp. G. poltern, gether porridge, a cesspool.^Hal. Sw.
;
to make anoise, in Bav. to disturb, trou- puss (Da. puds), a puddle pussig, fat, ;
ble. '
Sie wollten frey und ungepoltert bloated. Litet pussigt och lett barn, a
von andern leuten seyn.' XiVCi^ pudgy child. Bav. bdtzen, to dabble
* Pudding. Fr. boudin, Piedm. bodin, in something soft batzen, botzen, a lump
;
Pl.D. budden, pudden (Schiitze), pudde- of soft materials batzig, sloppy, soft,
;
wurst (Brem. Wtb.), properly the gut of clammy; Hesse, batsch, wet, dirty weather.
32 *
—; ;
ing or tramping in the wet batsch, mud, fist iriiyiiii, Lat. pugnus, the fist
; ; pugio, ;
dirt, puddle. G. putsch ! represents the a dagger. From the element shown in
sound of a blow with the flat hand, or of a pungo, pupugi, to stick, prick.
fall upon the soft earth or in the water, or Pug-mill. A mill for working up clay
the plashing sound of water. Pitsch, for bricks. Dan. ptikke, to pound ore be-
patsch geht das ruder, splash goes the fore melting. E. dial, to pug, to strike ;
oar ;
pitschpatschnass, thoroughly wet. pug, a thrust to puggle, to poke the fire.
;
"Er patschte ihm das wasser ins gesicht. —Hal. VaVpuk ! the noise of a blow ;
Sanders. Hence patsch, the soft pudgy puk, knock, rap, tap.
hand of a child ; also mud, mire, puddle. Pugnacious. Lat. pugno, to fight.
Puerile. Lat. puer, a child. See Pugilist.
Puerperal. Lat. puerpera, a woman Puisne. Puny. —
Fr. puisn^, since
that has just brought forth puer, a child, born, younger brother. Puisne, and in an
;
pario, to bring forth, produce. Anglicised form /««y, were formerly used
To Puff. To blow in an intermittent in the general sense of junior, but with
way, thence to swell. It. buffare, to puff, the exception of puisne, or junior judge,
blow hard, bluster Fr. bouffer, to puff, to the use is now confined to the metaphori-
;
swell. A puff, a blast of wind, anything cal sense of ill-grown, poor of its kind.
of a swollen airy texture. Du. poffen, to If any shall usurp a motherhood of the rest,
blow, fill the cheeks, swell, brag. and make them but daughters and punies to her,
The sound of blowing is very generally she shall be guilty of a high an-ogance and pre-
represented by the syllable pu, usually sumption. — Bp Hall in R.
with a terminal consonant. ON. pua, to Puissant. Fr. puissant, powerful
breathe upon, to blow Sw. pusta, to formed as if from a participle possens,
;
breathe, blow, pant, to take breath Lith. from Lat. posse, to be able.
;
to blow
Malay auler, to mewl, to make the cry repre-
;
Now mon they work and labour, pec'h and pant. To Pull. parallel form with pii/,A
signifying originallyto pick. Pl.D.puien,
Magy. pihegni, to breathe hard, pant to pick, nip, pluck. To puU garlick, to
;
pihelni, to breathe ; pihes, panting. peel or pill it. The sounds of i and u
* Pug. —
Puck. o'E.pouke, devil. often interchange. Glasgow man pro- A
The heved fleighe fram the bouke nounces which, whuchj pin, pun. In
The soule nam the helle-fouke. other parts to put is pronounced ^zV, and
Arthur and Merhn. on the same principle Du. put, a well,
Sw. corresponds to E. pit. In OE. we had
O^. puki, goblin ; d^<i^.puJ:e, devil,
goblin, scarecrow ; Ir. puca, goblin ; Sw. rug and rig, the back hulle and hill;
;
spdke, ghost, goblin, scarecrow. cuth and kith, acquaintance luther and
;
Essentially the same with bug, W. bwg, lither, bad, &c. From the present root
an object of terror, ghost, hobgoblin. Russ. we must explain Tin. puele, pole. It. pula,
pugaf, to terrify ; piigalo, a scarecrow. the husks or hulls, the strippings of corn,
Then, as an ugly mask is used for the and perhaps Lat. polire, It. ptilire, to
purpose of terrifying children, the term clean or polish, properly to pick clean.
pug was applied to a monkey as resem- The slang expression of polishing off a
bling a caricature of the human face. bone shows the natural connection of the
Sw. boogg, bogh, a frightful mask, ugly two ideas. Pl.D. up>p den knaken piilkefi,
face. The Ptg. term coco, a bugbear, hob- to pick a bone. With an initial s, Lat.
goblin, was applied to the cocoa-nut from spoliare, to strip spolium, what is strip-
;
the resemblance to a monkey's face at ped off, as the skin of an animal, the
the base of the fruit, k. pug-dog is a dog arms of an enemy overcome in battle.
with a short monkey-like face. See To Pill.
Pugilist. Lat. pugil, Gr. vvi\>.n.xoi. Pullet. See Poultry.
;
Pulley. Fr. poulie, It. poltga, OE. Pulmonary. Lat. pulmo, -onis, the
polive, poliff, polein. lungs.
Ther may no man out of the place it Pulp. Lat. pulpa, the fleshy part of
drive,
For non engine of windas oi f olive. meat, pith of wood. Ga.&\.plub, sound of
Squire's Tale. a stone falling into water as a verb, to ;
—
Poleyne, troclea. Pr. Pm. Sc. puUisee, plump, plunge into water ; a soft lump ;
pulliskee —
Jam., Cat. politxa (politsha), plubaiche, lumpishness.
pulley ; Du. paleye, a frame for torture, a Pulpit. Lat. pulpitum, a scaffold,
pulley. stage, desk.
The names of the goat and the horse -puis-. See -pel. Repulse, Impul-
were very generally applied to designate sion, &c.
mechanical contrivances of different kinds * Pulse. Grain contained in a shell
for supporting, raising, or hurling weights, or pod, as peas and beans. Pulls, the
or for exerting a powerful strain. Thus chaff of peas.— Hal. Probably the pi.
G. bock, a goat, is used for a trestle, saw- of Du. puele, pole, pelle, peule, peascod,
ing-block, fire-dogs, rack for torture, shell. Kil.— Peul, peascod peulvrucht, ;
poutre, a beam ;Fr. poulain (colt), a in which a plunger is driven up and down
sledge for moving heavy weights, a dray- in an upright vessel like the piston in a
man's slide for letting down casks into a pump. 'Ba.TiS. plump-kirn, the common
cellar, or other contrivance for that pur- churn. Pl.D. pump, pumpel, a pestle ;
pose ; the rope wherewith wine is let pumpeln, to pound.
down into a cellar, a pulley-rope Cot.; — Pumpkin. See Pompion.
giving rise to OE. poleyn, above-mention- Pun. A
play upon words, possibly,
ed. Sp. polin, a wooden roller for moving as Nares suggests, from oe. pun, to
heavy weights on ship-board. The Prov. pound, as if hammering on the word.
poli, Lang, pouli, a colt, agree with Fr. —
Punch. Puncheon, i Punch, a short, .
poulie, while Piedm./>o//, a colt, coincides thick fellow, a stage puppet. B. Banff. —
with Sp. polea, Ptg. poU, a pulley. In pudge, punch, a thickset person or animal,
like manner Yr.poliche or pouliche, a filly, anything short and stout of its kind.
explains Cat. politxa, and Sc. pullishee, Northampt. puddy pudgy, pzmchy, short
a pulley, as well as Lang, poulejho, the and thickset. Mrs B. — ,
wipe of a well. It. poliga must be re- I did hear them call their fat child ^KKir,^, which
garded as an analogous form, from which pleased me mightily, that word having become a
we pass to OE. polive, as from It. doga to word of common use for everything that is thick
Fr. douve, a pipe-stave. and short. Pepys. —
The figure of a colt is so commonly Bb.y. punzen, a short thick person or
used to express a support of one kind or thing punzet, thick and short. From
;
another, that It.poltra, a conch, poltrona, signifying something short and thick it
an easy-chair, may perhaps be identified seems to have been applied to a barrel or
with poltra, a filly, instead of being de- cask, and thence to the belly. ^SN.panz,
rived from G. polster, as commonly ex- ponz, punz, -en, a cask bantzen, panzl, ;
principle as in the case of Pudgy. But it gium quo amnes trajiciuntur loco pon-
—
may be from the connection which causes tium. Kil. Fr. ponton, a. ferry-boat,
so many words signifying a blow to be pontoon.
used also in the sense of a lump or knob, Puny. See Puisne.
as in the case of bunch. Pupil. Lat. pupa, a young girl, a doll,
The fact XhiX punch already signified a whence the dim. pupilla, an orphan fe-
short thick man probably led to the con- male child, the apple of the eye pupus, ;
Goa, with which the English on this coast malce de chenilles, bunches of caterpillars. Du-.
that enervating liquor called pounche (which is pop, a puppet, doll, young
baby. The"
Hindostan for five), from five ingredients.
radical meaning, as in the case of doll,
Fryer, New Account of E. I. and Persia, 1697.
seems simply a bunch of clouts. Du.
The drink certainly seems to have been pop, popje, cocoon or nest of caterpillars ;
introduced from India. pop aan een schermdegen, the button on
Or to drink falepuntz (at Goa), which is a a foil ; brand-pop, a bunch of tow dipped
kind of drinlt consisting of aqua vitse, rosewater, in pitch to set a house on fire. Magy.
juice of citrons, and sugar. —
Olearius, Travels to bub, a bunch or tuft buba, a. doll. ;
bunggen, to give blows, especially with the gether ; puursteken blind, altogether
foot or the elbow. '&diV.pumsen,p7imbsen, blind ; puur willens, with hearty good
to sound hollow, strike so that it resounds. will. Sw. dial, purblind, totally blind.
Dan. dial, pundse, to butt like a ram. Comp. G. rein, pure, clean ; rein-blind,
2. It. punzacchiare, punzellare, to -taub, -toll, -voll, totally blind, deaf, &c.
punch, push, shove, justle, prick forward, — Dief. in v. ragitu The sense of par-
goad punzone, a sharp-pointed thing,
;
tiallyblind is a softening down in a man-
bodkin, pouncer or pounce, ox-goad ner similar to that in which we say, Oh, '
— —
to prick, sting, punch punzon, a punch,
;
for, to procure. Fl. See Chase.
puncheon, a pointed instrument used by Purfle. Purl. Ornamental work
artists. Lang, pounchar, to prick, to about the edge of a garment. It. porfilo.
—
the profile or outline of a person's face, a (Cot.), investir, envelopper, usurper, oc-
border in armoury, the surface or super- cuper. — Roquef.
ficies of anything, any kind of purfling Quand je vis la ^\s.ce porprendre,
lace porfilare, to overcast with gold or Lui et sa gent de toutes parts.
;
been part of the royal forest has been modern ionts poulsif, poussif, should be
severed from it by perambulation {pour- truer to the origin, t.zX.pulsare, Yr.poul-
alUe, OYr. purale'e) granted by the Crown. ser, pousser, to beat or thrust. There is
The preamble of 33 E. I. c. 5 runs so much analogy between the action of
Cume aucune gentz que sount mys hors de
'
the lungs and the pulse of the heart that'
forest —
par la puraUe aient requis a cest parle- we need not be surprised at finding Prov.
ment qu'ils soient quites —
des choses que les polsar used in the sense of breathe or
foresters tour demandent.' pant. — Raym. Hence Fr. pousse (in
In the course of the statute mention is horses), broken wind,
in choke-damp
made of terres et tenements deaforestds mines poussif, short-winded. It. pul-
;
par la pneraU. These would constitute sivo, panting, also pursy, short or broken-
the purlieu. -K purlieu ox purlie-man is winded piilsare, to pant, to beat. Fl. ; —
a man owning land within the purlieu Lang, paulsa, to take breath Du. bul- ;
licensed to hunt on his own land. sen, pulsare et tussire. Kil. Swiss biilze, —
To Purloin. To make away with. to cough. Idiot. Bern. —
Purlongyn or put far away, prolongo, Purtenance. See Appurtenance.
alieno. —
Pr. Pm. Purloigner, to prolong Purulent. Pus. Suppurate. Lat. — —
(a truce). —
Lib. Custom, 166. Fr. loin, far. pus,puris, Gr. ttvov, Sa.nscr.piiya;piij/ana,
Purport. OFr. pourporter, declarer, discharge from a sore, matter. Doubtless,
faire savoir. —
-Roquef The simple por- like putris, from the foul smell. See
ter, to carry, is used in a similar sense. Putrid.
Les lettres d'aujourd'hui portent que, Purvey. Fr. pourveoir, to purvey or
&c., bring news, announce that, &c. The provide. Lat. prrovidere.
import of a deed is what it signifies or Purview. The provisions of an act of
carries in it. Parliament. Yr. pourvu, provided.
Purpose. OFr. pourpenser, to be- To Push. Yr.poulser,pousser, to push,
think oneself, a word afterwards sup- thrust; Lai. pulso, to push, strike, beat;
planted by proposer, to purpose, design, It. bussare, to knock.
intend, also to propose, propound. Cot. —
Pusillanimous. Lat. pusus, a little
For all Ms purpose, as I gesse; boy pusillus, little, insignificant ; ani-
;
Pourpos, design, resolution. ^Roquef. —p/uchze?i, to spit like a cat. Serv. pis !
Purpresture. An encroachment or cry to drive away, Alban./zjj ./ to call a
enclosure out of the common property, a cat pisso, puss, cat in nursery language.
;
taking part of it into one's own possession. Lith. puz, puiz {z Fr. j), cry to call a =
Fr. pourprendre, -pris, to possess wholly cat ; puize, pussi I
;
; — ;
dial, to pote, poit, to poke. In OE. there spoltij, as potde d'^mdri, also mud from
is frequently an intrusive /, pult, as in the grindstone. Mason's putty is a pasty
jolt compared with 70/. material used for filling cavities. The '
-pute. — Putative. Lat. puto, to cast interior of the bed was filled with fine
in one's mind, to reckon, think. Hence 7naso7i's putty, consisting of lime and
computo, to reckon together, to sum up stonedust.' —Report on Holborn Viaduct,
dispute, to cast one's thoughts in oppo- Dec. 17, 1869.
sition to another; imputo, to reckon to To Puzzle. To confuse, bewilder.
one ; reputo, to consider, to think and A figure taken from the puddling or
think again. Putativus, supposed. troubling of water, the sound of dd and
Putrid. —
Putrefy. Lat. puteo, to zz before / easily interchanging, as in
stink ; putidus, stinking ; thence puter fuddle and fuzzle, muddle and muzzy.
or piitris, piitridus, rotten, corrupt. Gr. Puzzle-headed and muddle-headed are
KvOoi, iri(7w, to rot. Sanscr. p^, stinking synonymous.
ptiti, pAtika, putrid, stinking ; puy, to Something sure of state,
putrefy, to stink. Lett./^/, to rot. —
Kath fuddled his clear spirit. Othello.
The interjection pu or fu ! repre- ! In the same way blunder, signifying
sents the exspiration with closed nose originally to trouble water, is used meta-
by which we reject an offensive smell. phorically in the sense of confound.
Sp. pu / exclamation of disgust at a bad To shuffle and digress so as by any means
smell ; excrements of children. Neum. — whatsoever to blunder an adversary. —
Ditton
Pl.D./«.'' apu! interj. by which child- in R.
ren express their disgust at anything Pygmy. Gr. Trvyitalog, from iruyfLrj, a
stinking or nasty. Dat is apu, that is measure of length, from the elbow to the
nasty. Kapz/k, wie stank der
alte mist ! knuckles.
— Sanders. Russ. /ti ! fie ftikaty, to ! Pjrramid. Gr. irwpapic, from the form
detest, to huff (i. e. blow) at draughts. taken by the flame of a fire sriip, fire.
;
Lett. pAst, to puff, to blow. See Fie ! Pyre. Gr. vrwpii, a funeral pile.
Faugh ! —
Pyrites. Pyro-. Gr. irCp, -oq, fire
Puttock. A kite. It. bozzago, a buz- TTvpiriiQ (XOos, stone), a stone which
zard. strikes fire.
Q
Q,uack. —
ftuaoksalver. The salving the noisy outcry with which the quack-
of wounds was so generally taken as a salver or mountebank (G. marktschreier)
type of the healing art, that no reason- vaunts his wares.
able doubt can be entertained of the Seek out for plants with signatures
meaning of the latter element in G. quack- —
To quack o^universal cures. Hudibras.
salber, Du. kwakzalver, kwakzalfster, E. Du. kwak, a jest, or story. De kwak-
quacksalver. The import of the element zalver vertelde aardige kwakken, the
guak is not so clear. It has usually mountebank told them funny stories.
been explained as having reference to P. Marin. But when we .look to the
;
unskilful management f. en sag, sin hel- being witnessed by Sc. souch {ch gutt.),
;
bred, to bungle a business, to spoil one's sou/, to draw a deep breath as in sleep-
health by quackery. N. kvakla, to bungle, ing, Fr. souffler, to breatlje, and G. saufen,
botch. Sw. quackla, quacksalwa, to drug, to drink deep soff, a draught, or gulp.
to physic ; q. med sig, to take too many Q,uag. — Quagmire.
;
Provincially gog
slops, to take a great deal of physic to and gog7m're. Quaggle, a tremulous mo-
little purpose —
Widegren quacklande, • tion. —
Hal. See Quake.
too much medicine, quackery, charlatan- Quail. Du. quackel. It. quaglia, Gri-
ery.— Nordforss. sons quacra, a quail, from the note of
The original meaning of quacksalver the bird. Coturnices, quacoles. Gl. de —
would thus be a dabbler in medicine, an Reichenau. Du. quacken, to cry as a
idea expressed also (although from a dif- quail Pl.D. quackeln, to tattle. Mid. ;
ferent metaphor) by the Du. synonym Lat. quaquila, Prov. quisquila, a quail ;
lapzalver, a bungler in medicine, pro- quilar, Sw. quillra, to pipe, to twitter.
perly a cobbler of the body, from lappen, Zulu quehle, expressive of a ringing
to patch, to botch, or mend clumsily. sound, partridge quali, the small wild
;
We may compare also Bav. batzig, soft, red pheasant, so called from its noise.
clammy, sloppy batzen, to handle ma-
; Dohne. —
terials of such a nature batzeln, to dab- ; To Quail. I To curdle as milk. B. . —
ble in medicines, to doctor oneself. Du. In s. s. It. quagliare, cagliare, Ptg. coal-
kladden, to dawb, dabble klad-salver, har, Fr. cailler, w. ceulo.
; It. quaglio,
a quack. gaglio, Du. quaghel, W. caul, Lat. coagu-
To Quack. To make a noise like a lum, rennet, the infusion used to curdle
duck or frog. Aristophanes represents milk. Of these the Lat. coagulum, ren-
the croaking of a frog by the syllables net, or curdled milk, derived from con and
KoaJ, Kodl. Lat. coaxare J G. quacken, agere, to drive together, is commonly
guacksen, to croak like a frog Lith. supposed to be the original.
; But the
kwakSti, kwakseti, to croak, quack, cluck, word admits of a perfect explanation from
gaggle. the Germanic root shown in E. dial, quag-
Quadr-. Q,uadri-. ftuadru-. In gle, a tremulous motion (Hal.), G. quac-
Lat. compounds, like quadrangle, quad- keln, to waver, on the same principle on
—
ing butter and cheese, the Latins seem to accontare, to acquaint or meet with.
have learned dairy operations from the Notwithstanding the singular agree-
Germanic races, and coagulum may be mentwith La.t. comptus, trimmed, adorned,
an accommodation of the form quagel to the word must be derived either from Lat.
a Latin derivation, in the same way that cognitus (as Diez supposes), or from G.
the G. butter vi3.% made to bear a refer- kund, kundig, known, acquainted with, a
!
ence to the animal from whence it was sense in which Fr. coint was formerly
produced, when adopted in Greek under used. Dunt il ja Men fut cointe : of
the form of ^irrvpov, as if from /3o5e, an which he was already informed. Alexis —
ox. in Diez. The transference to the later
2. To quail, as when we speak of one's signification arises from the amenities
courage quailing, is probably a special which grow out of civilised intercourse.
application of quail, in the sense of cur- So from the equivalent AS. cuth, known,
dle. The bodily effect of fear or horror we have Sc. couth, couthy, familiar, agree-
being very similar to that of great cold, able in conversation, pleasant, loving,
these mental emotions are represented as affectionate, giving satisfaction. Jam. —
causing the blood to congeal or curdle. A mankie gown of our own kintra growth
Yet I express to thee a mother's care : Did make them very braw and unco couth.
God's mercy, maiden, does it curd thy blood
To say I am thy mother? ON. kunnliga, comiter, familiariter. Un-
To-day a mighty hero comes, to warm couth is the opposite of quaint; awkward,
"Your curdling blood, and bid you Britons arm. revolting, displeasing.
Garth. To ftuake. Quag'. Forms repre-
The guilty man felt his- heart curdle with terror. senting broken sound are very frequently
— Love's Sacrifice,
.
t 266. used to signify broken movements, such
Mi il sangue per
s'agghiaccib la paura, as the agitation of liquids or the quaver-
my blood congealed with fear. So also ing or shaking of things more or less soft
It. cagliare, Piedm. quajd, to curdle as or loose. Thus Du. gagelen, to gaggle,
milk, to begin to be afraid of one's adver- or make the harsh broken sounds of a
sary, to quail in one's courage. — Fl. The goose, Bret, jfrt^/z, to stutter, lead to Swiss
metaphor carried still further in It.
is gageln, to joggle, gagen, to rock E. gog- ;
cagliare, to hold one's peace ; Sp. callar, gle, to roll to and fro ; gogmire, a quag-
to keep silence, to abate, become calm. mire or shaking bog. A
slight modifica-
When somer took in hand the winter to assaile tion of the radical syllable gives Du.
With force of might, and vertue great, his stormy quacken, to cry like a goose, frog, or quail
blasts to quaile. —
Surry in R. (Kil.) ; ON. quaka, quackla, to twitter as
We are apt to be distracted from the fore- birds ; E. dial, quaggle, quackle, to make
going explanation by Du. quelen, to pine choking sounds in the throat (Nail, Dial,
away, to languish, to fade. ''T gewas of E. Anglia), from which we pass to G.
queelt op het veld, the herb fades in the quackeln, to joggle, waggle, totter, E.
field. De hoochste van het volck des quaggle, a tremulous motion (Hal.), and
lants quelen : sink, are overcome.
in Weiland.
—
Bible quake, to shake. Du. waggelen, G. wac-
keln, to jog, totter, shake, E. waggle, wag,
Devonshire queal, to faint
away squeal, infirm, weak. But the re-
;
are essentially the same words with the
semblance is purely accidental, the latter initial qu softened down to a simple w.
forms being from the pipy tones of a sick —
Qualify. Quality. Lat. qualitas,
person. Pol. kwilii, to pule, wail, whine, whatlike-ness, from quails, whatlike, of
lament, Du. quelen, quenen, gemere, lan- what sort. See Which.
guere, languore tabescere. Kil.— Qualm. A
feeling of sickness, fig. a
duaint. Fr. coiiit, neat, fine, daintv, distressing thought suddenly coming over
trim.— Cot. Bret, koant, pretty. It. con- us.
tezza, information, advertisement, know- They sayed, our soul is qualmyshe over thys
—
Of honger and of vuele (evil) geres. R. G. — ON. kurr, complaint, murmur Fin. ku-
rista, to speak in a high thin tone, to
;
— Overyssel Almanach. Da. quoppe, Aye, but 't was at the querre.
Not at the mount hke mine :
quobbe, to give a hollow sound like a blow
on an inflated body or a horse trotting. i. e. at the distrilxition of the reward,
Quarantine. Yx.quarantaine, a period which was made at the close of the
offorty days; quarante, Lat. quadraginta, chase. In the same sense must be ex-
forty. plained a passage of HoUinshed, which
Quarrel. i. Fr. querelle, quarrel, has been misunderstood by Nares. The '
broil, altercation. Lat. querela, com- vii of Auguste was made a generall hunt-
plaint ;
queri, to complain. The repre- yng with a toyle raised of foure or five
sentation of the high tones of complaint miles in lengthe, so that many a deere
:'
or anger by a root similar to that which was that day brought to the quarrie
;
was the practical object of the chase, and casciare, to squash or crush flat; accas-
thus came to be applied to the game ciare, accastiare, to squash, to dash or
killed. Defendre la curde was to keep bruise together. G. quetschen, to quash,
the dogs from the game till it was pro- crush, bruise. Imitative. See Cashier.
perly prepared for them. And meta- To Quaver. See Quap.
phorically soldiers are said to be en curde Quay. See Key, 2.
when they have seized their quarry, or —
Queacli. Queachy. Queach is used
are making valuable plunder. Trevoux. — in two senses, the connection between
—
Quart. Quarto. Lat. quatuor, four which is not very obvious, though imme-
qtiartus, fourth ; whence quart, the diately derived from a common root.
fourth part of a gallon quarto, a. sheet ;
The term is commonly applied by Dray-
of paper folded in four quarter, a fourth;
ton to boggy unstable ground.
part, &c. Whereas the anvil's weight and hammer's dread-
Quarter. The conformation of our ful sound
bodily frame naturally leads us to divide Even rent the hollow woods and shook the
the horizon into four quarters, fore and queachy ground.
aft, right and left. Hence quarter is Here the. word is identical with the ele-
taken as the type of position, or division ; ment quick in quickmire, a quagmire
as when we ask a person what quarter he (Hal.), quicksilver, ON. quikr,mohi\is, tre-
is come from, or speak of a certain quar- mens, and with the verb to quiche, queach,
ter or division of a city.
In a more confined sense, quarters, in
quinch, to stir, to move slightly. Hal. —
In the second sense, a queach is a plot
military language, is the special residence of land left unplotighed because full of
appointed to particular army corps, or
even individuals.
bushes or roots of trees. Forby. —
All sylvan copses and the fortresses
Again, from signifying a definite posi- —
Of thorniest queackes. Chapman.
tion the word is extended to the notion Here the radical idea is the spontaneous
of limitation, conditions. To keep quar- growth of bushes and thorns by which
ter is to keep within certain bounds, the land is infested, and the word is
limits, or terms.
identical with the name quickgrass, quitch
They do best who if they cannot but admit or squitch, the troublesome grass that
Love, yet malce it keep quarter, and sever it
wholly from their serious affairs. Bacon in — spreads over our corn-fields. Du. queyck-
Todd. en, quicken, to breed ; Pl.D. queken, to
Friends all but now propagate, quek, Du. queek, Ditmarsh
In quarter and in terms, like bride and groom quitsch, squitch. G. queck is extended to
Divesting them for bed, and then but now weeds in general. —
Sanders. E. dial.
Swords out and tilting one at other's breast,
Mr Wharton, who detected some hundred of
quickwood, thorns. Hal. —
'
Queer. It is singular that two cant to wane, to decrease. The final c, ch, of
words, rTim and queer, signifying good AS. cwencan, E. quench, indicates a fre-
and bad respectively, have both come to quentative form answering to ON. queinka,
be used in the sense of curious, out of to keep complaining E. dial, whinnock,;
the common way, odd. Bene, good intensitive of whinny, to whimper like a
quier, nought ; ken, a house ; quyerkyn, child —Forby ; Bav. quenken, quenkeln,
a prison-house ; to cutte quyre whyddes, to whimper ; G. quengeln, to speak in a
to geve evell wordes. — Harman, Caveat, whining tone of voice.
A.D. 1567. The verb signifying extinction of life
To Quell. The primitive meaning of is subsequently applied to a flame from
the word is shown
in Dan. qucele, to the analogy between the subjects with
choke, strangle, suffocate ; fig. to quell or which we are so familiar. Thcet fyr
suppress. Quellyn or querkyn, suffoco. acquan wees, the fire was quenched.
— Pr. Pm. Sw. qudlja, to oppress the —
To Querken. Wherken. To choke.
stomach, cause sickness. Det qudljer Chekened or querkened. Pr. Pm. Noid, —
mig, I feel sick, qualmish. Fig. to tor- drowned, whirkened. Cot. —
From the
ment, distress ; qudlja samwetet, to wring guttural sounds made by a person chok-
the conscience ; ndgons rati, to violate ing. Lith. quarkti, G. quarken, to croak
the rights of one. Qudljas, to suffer, be like a frog. E. dial, to querk, to grunt, to
ailing, languish. AS. cwellan, acquellan, moan. Hal. — Querking, the deep slow
OE. quell, to kill ; AS. cwellere, a killer, breathing of a person in pain, a tendency
manslayer, tormentor. In the same way to —
groaning. Exmoor Scolding. Fris.
N. querka, to strangle, choke, to slay, quarke, to breathe hard, to catch the
kill ; Sw. quafwa, to suffocate, strangle, breath ; querke, to throttle querk, the ;
Perhaps from the whirring sound of the ckwip, a quick flirt or turn. See Quip,
stone in turning. Du. quirren, to creak, Quirk.
G. kirren, to make a shrill tremulous Quick. The analogy between sound
sound W. chwyrii, whizz, snarl, whirl
; ;
and movement
is nowhere better illus-
OHG. quirtian, MHG. zwirnen, to whirl. trated than in the origin of quick, and the
.Sia.nscr.jima, tritus ; jri, to grind. numerous connected forms. The radical
Guerpo. Sp. cuerpa (Lat. corpus), image is a quivering sound, the represent-
body, and specially the trunk of the body. ation of which is used to signify a quiver-
En cuerpo de cainisa, in his shirt-sleeves, ing movement, and thence applied to
half dressed. En cuerpo, in his doublet, express the idea of life as the principle of
without the cloak necessary to complete movement. G. quiek ! quick 1 quiek ! are
the out-door attire. Hence in querpo used interjectionally to represent a sharp
was used by our writers of the 17th cen- shrill sound, as the squeak of a pig or a
tury for in undress. mouse, the grating of a wheel ; gequieke,
Boy, my cloak and rapier, it fits not a gentle- gequieks, gequietsch, squeaking, twitter.
man of my rank to walk the streets in querfo, ' —
Quieksen wie junge Eule.' '
Ferkel
B. & F. in Nares. quietschen so.' ' Den quitschenden tbnen
cuigeal. Lap. k&kkel, Pol. kadziel, Boh. Many positions seem quodlibetically constitu-
kuzel, distaff kuzelaty, conical ; kuielka, ted, and like a Delphian blade will cut on both
a skittle.
;
and his chips, to be compared with Du. quinten which is a crossbar turning upo,
zijne spillen pakken (e. spill, splinter, a pole having a broad board at the on
chip), or, as we say, to pick up his orts end and a bag full of sand at the other.
(or droppings), to take himself off. It. Now he that ran at it with the lance, if
squillo was formerly used in the sense of he hit not the board, was laughed to
—
sometimes beat them off their horses.' tium ego venditor a te emptore meo et —
Essex Champion (1690), in Nares. The ' finitum pretium testor apud me habere,
speciality of the sport was to see how ita tamen ut omnibus temporibus securus
sum for his slakness had a good bob et quietus maneas.' '
Libera et quieta in
with the bag, and sum for his haste to perpetuam eleemosynam tenenda.'
toppl doun right, and cum tumbling to Hence It. quieto, queto, a discharge
—
the post.' Kenilworth Illustrated, in N. from legal claims quetare, to discharge,
;
Sc. coit, as Fr. cottir, to butt or strike The sound of dabbling in the wet is
with the horns. represented in G. by the syllables quatsch,
or 7natsch. Qiiatsch-nass, so wet as to
If thou dost not use these grape-spillers as thou
give a sound, like water in the shoes, for
dost their pottle pots, quoit them down-stairs three
— instance. In dem dreck henim quatschen,
or four at a time. WiUcins in R.
to tramp through the dirt. Quatscheln,
/ play with a coyting-stone.
coyte, I to dabble. —
Westerwald. Matsch und
Palsgr. The
radical sense of tossing or quatsch, slush, soft mud, also senseless
hurUng through the air seems preserved chatter. Das ist lauter quitsch quatsch
in Fin. kuutta, a quoit ; kuutilo, a shut- was du sagst. Qiiatschen, to chatter..
tlecock ; kuutilo-kiwi {kiwi, stone), a With slight variation, Pl.D. quaddern,Xa
white pebble, a chuckie-stane. dabble —
Brem. Wtb., Dan. quadder, soft
Quorum. A selection from enumer- mud, the quacking of ducks, or their
ated persons whose presence is required snubbling in the wet, and according to
to authorise the proceedings. From the Diefenbach, chatter, tattle. In Harzge-
form of the appointment in Law Latin :
birg and Saterland, quaddern,to chatter
A E
F, &c., of whom (quorum) foolishly ; Brunsw. koddern, to tattle, to
B, CD,
AB, CD, &c., shall always be one. Or, talk ; Cimbr. koden, koden, to speak or
of whom at least such a number shall say. We
arrive at the same 'end from
always be present, &c. forms representing the chirping or chat-
—
Quota. Quotient. Lat. quot, how
tering of birds. Westerwald quitschern,
Sw. quittre, Dan. quiddre, Du. quedelen,
many quotiens, quoties, how often.
;
to twitter, warble
To Quote. To cite or note with chap- chirp, warble, prattle. The connection
—
Kil., quetteren, to
ter and verse. Lat. quot, how many between the piping of birds and the high
quotus, what in number. tones of complaint or song lead to Sw.
Quoth. The terms significative of quida, to lament, to cry ; qucsda, to
much or idle talking are commonly taken sing OSax. quithean, to lament
; ON. ;
from the sound of dabbling in water, or queda, to sing, to recite, to say, to re-
from the chattering or cackling of birds. sound AS. cwathan, Goth, quitha, to
;
Then, as the image from which a desig- say ; w. chwedlai, gossip, tattle chwedlf ;
of the thing ultimately signified, the term to chatter, to talk, or discourse. Thieves'
which originally signified much talking is cant, whids, words to whiddle, to tell
;
R
Rabbit. Rabet, young cony. Pr. Pm. — plane. In the same way, from Du. hob-
CentralFr. rabotte. Wall, robett, Du. belen, to stutter, to jog,and thence hob-
robbe, robbeken, a rabbit. Fr. rabouil- belig, rough, uneven, we are led to G.
lire, a rabbit burrow, a hole. hobeln, to plane. From Du. rouw, rough
To Rabbit. To channel boards. To het taken rouwen, to take away the
rebate, to channel, chamfer. —
B. Rabat, roughness from cloth, to comb cloth.
an yron for a carpentar, rabot. Rabet- The expression of the idea of roughness
tyng of hordes, rabetture. I plane as a from the figure of a rattling sound is
joiner dothe with a plane or rabatte. — shown in Du. rampelen, to rumble, rattle,
Palsgr. Fr. rabot, a plane. The radical rompelig, rough, uneven.
image is a broken, rattling sound, repre- Rabble. Du. rabbelen, to gabble, gar-
sented by Fr. rabalter, rabaster, rabdter rire, blaterare, precipitare sive confun-
Qaubert), to rumble, rattle, clatter, whence —
dere verba Kil. ; rabbel-taal, gibberish,
raboteux, rugged, rough, uneven, and ra- jargon. Swiss rdbeln, to clatter, make a
boter, to remove the unevennesses, to disturbance ; rdblete, grdbel, an uproar,
33
. —
out (to strike out), rayer, effacer. Cot. — in OE. race, a dash or stroke with the pen,
the simplest type of a line. Sp. raza is
G. reissen, to rage, to tear, to snatch.
not only race, but a ray or line of light.
Der wind reisst, tobet, brauset, rages,
roars ; reisst die ziegel von den ddchem,
A Race of ginger is OFr. raiz, root.
It is written rasyn of ginger in Pr. Pm.
hurlsdown the tiles from the roofs. Je-
Fr. racine de gengimbre.
manden nieder reissen, to dash one to the
ground sich reissen, to rush, move along
To Kack. I. To rack wines is to de-
;
cant, to draw them off the lees. Lang.
with a swift force, to tear along. Ein
araca le bi, transvaser le vin. From
reissender strain, a violent current. Riss,
drdco or rdco, dregs, the husks and solid
a cut or blow with a stick, a rent, a
remnants after pressing wine or oil. So
draught, sketch. Pol. raz, a stroke, blow,
cut Fin. raasia, to scratch, to tear ; AS.
from Venet. morga, lees of oil morgante, ;
;
move with a noise, to rush, to fall AS. dirt, mire vifi raqu^, small or coarse
;
;
current of events.
2. To strain, to stretch. Du. rehkcn,
Bot gif yee weigh the mater Weill and consider
G. rechcii, to stretch. To rack one's brains
strain them ; rack
the race of the history. —
Bruce in Jam.
is to
strained to the uttermost.
rent is rent
;louds.
—
cus deliciosus. Schm. OHG. rdzer win,
Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun, racy wine. Swiss rdss, sharp,- cutting,
Not separated by the racking clouds. H. VI. — astringent ; rdsses messer, rdsser wind,
sometimes confounded with reek, a mist, rdsse lauge.
)r vapour. Kadiant. Radiate. — Lat. radio, to
They must needs conceit that death reduces us send out rays or beams of light. See
o a pitiful thin pittance of being, that our sub- Ray.
tance is in a manner lost, and nothing but a Radical. Lat. radix, the root.
enuious reek remains. —
Mores Immortality of Radish. Fr. radis, Walach. radike,
he Soul.
It. radice, G. rettig, from Lat. radix, root.
—
Back. Eackel. Rack, in the expres- Raffle. It. raffio, a hook, or drag ;
ions gone to rack, rack and ruin, is to raffolare, to rake, drag, scrape together
)e understood in the sense of crash, by hook or crook, to rifle for. Fl, Raf- —
33 *
;
Kaft.— Kafter. A raft is a float made Swab, rapplen, to speak in a quick and
;
Rag. The primary meaning is proba- rails or bars. Fr. rayaux [sing. rayal\
bly a jag or projecting piece, the word bars, or long and narrow pieces of metal.
being formed on precisely the same prin-
ciple as jag or shag. Sw. ragg, long
— Cot. The Cat. form is ralla, a line,
whence passar ralla, to cancel, to be com-
coarse hair, like that of goats raggig, ; pared with Lat. cancelli, rails. Rouchi
shaggy ; Dan. rage, project ; Lith.
to roie, line, furrow roile, line, window- or
;
ragas, horn, projecting corner, tooth of a chimney-shelf Norm, railer, to score,
wheel. The radical image seems to be a
to draw lines ; railette, the division of the
harsh broken sound, the representation hair ; roile du dos, the backbone. See
of which is applied in a secondary sense
Ray.
to signify an abrupt, reciprocating move-
Fr. rasle, rdle, Fin. rddkkd, W. cre-
2.
ment, the path traced out during such a
genyryd, the rail or corncrake, a bird of
movement, or finally, a single element of peculiar harsh note, represented by the
that path, an abrupt projection.
foregoing names. It. ragliare, to bray
My voice is ragged, I know I cannot please you. like an ass ; Ptg. ralhar, to grate Dan. ;
And far away amid their rakehell bands rame^ when he continues to cry for the:
They spied a lady left all succourless. F. Q. — same thing, or to repeat the same sound.
In record whereof I scorn and spew out the
rakehelly rout of our ragged rhymers. Spenser — — Jam. Fr. ramas, a heap, medley, min-
glemangle, probably belongs to this head,
inR. signifying originaUy a confused noise.
The confusion is increased by the re- Cette histoire n'est qu'un ramas d'impos-
semblance in sound and meaning of the tures. Fr. ramage, the song of birds,
Oe. rakel, rackyl, impetuous, unbridled, chatter of children, is another shoot from
passionate. the same stock. Quel ramage font ces
The jolly woes, the hateless short debate, enfans la ! Rabdcher, to make a tedious
The rakehell\\le, that longs to love's disport. repetition.
Siurey in R. To Ramble, i. The syllables ram,
See Rack, Rackle. rom, rum, are used in a numerous class
To Bally. i. Fr. railler.
•
See Rail. of words framed to represent continued
Fr. rallier (Lat. religare), to re-as-
2. multifarious noise, clatter, and then ap-
semble, re-unite, gather dispersed things plied to the sense of noisy, riotous, ex-
together. Cot. —Rouchi raloier, to put cited action. We
may cite E. dial, rame,
together the bits of a broken thing. to cry aloud ; Lat. rumor, murmur, noise,
Eftsoones she thus resolved confused sound ; It. rombare, rombaz-
Before they could new counsels realize. — F. Q. zare, rombeggiare, rombolare, to rumble,
Ham. Du. ram,Bav. ramm, rammer, clash, clatter ; G. rumor, a noise, bustle,
G. ramm, ram-men, rammel, the male clamour, tumult, commotion; Westerwald
sheep. Commonly derived from the rafnmoren, Austrian romotten, Hamburgh.
strong smell of the animal. E. dial, ram, ramenteii, to make a clatter, make a dis-
acrid, fetid Dan. ram, rank in smell or
; turbance E. dial, rammaking, behaving
;
cover the female, said of sheep, hares, with money. Ramincleti is then applied
rabbits, cats, &c. rammler, the male of
; to tumultuous, noisy action perstrepere,
such kind of animals mhg. rammelcere, ; tumultuari. — Kil. Mit
sich im
;
jilngen mdgden
a ram rammelcsrin, dissoluta virgo.
; rammlen, to sport with girls ;
his head, to thrust in. So Dan. bukke, to laufen und rammelu.'—^Sanders. Next
ram, from buk, a buck or he-goat, an from the excited action of animals pairing,
animal equally prone with a ram to but- G. rammeln is specially applied to the
ting with the head. At rammepcele ned, pairing of animals, as hares, rabbits, cats,
at bukke pale, to drive in piles. Raynbuk, sheep. The wild conduct of hares under
a rammer. Lat. aries, a battering-ram. this influence is witnessed by the proverb,
Ramage. Fr. espervier ramage, a as mad as a March hare.'
' Wenn die '
brancher, a ramage hawk, Cot. From — hasen rammeln, so jagen sie einander
— — —
rambler also is vulgarly used. Sc. ram- — Huloet. 'Rubble, as mortar and broken
mis, to go about in a state approaching to —
stones of old buildings.' Baret.
frenzy under the impulse of any powerful On the same principle Rubbish (com-
appetite ; to rammis about like a cat, to monly explained as what comes off by
be rammising with hunger. —Jam. rubbing) is from Fr. rabascher, rabaster,
The sense of wandering up and down rdbalter, to rumble, rattle rabaschement,
;
is derived from the notion of noisy move- a rumbling or terrible rattling. Cot. So —
ment, disturbance, agitation. Du. ram- from the form rabaster, Lang, rabastos,
melen, rommelen, strepere, turbare ; rom- silk rubbish, remnants of silk spinning.
melen (inquit Becanus) robust^ et cele- Comp. Pl.D. rabakkeii, to rattle een ;
riter sursum deorsum, ultro citroque se oold rabak, an old ruinous house or fur-
movere. Kil. — niturej a rattle trap. Pl.D. rabusch (pro-
—
In his sieve he had a silver teine, nounced as Fr. rabouge), confusion.
Heslily tokeit out this cursid heine,
And in the pannes bottom he it lafte,
To Ramp. —Romp. —Rampage. It
isshown under Ramble that the element
And in the water rambled to and fro, ram or rom is used to represent noise in
And wonder privily toke up also
a long series of words signifying noisy,
—
The copper teine. Canon Yeoman's Tale.
riotous, excited action. The radical sense
The people cried and romhled up and doun.
is shown in It. rombare, rombazzare, rom-
Monk's Tale.
beggiare, to rumble, clash, clatter Du. ;
The same train of thought is shown in N.
rammelen, to rattle, clash, clink, then in
rangla, to rumble, tinkle, to revel, riot, to a further developed sense, perstrepere,
ramble, wander about ; Dan. ralde, to
rattle ; N. ralla, to tattle ; of beasts, to
tumultuari. Kil. — G. raminelen, to rout
about, to sport in an excited manner, to
rut, to be on heat, also to ramble or gad
caterwaul. The It. rombazzare, rombeg-
about. giare, may be identified with MHG. ram-
2.
lirious,
To ramble,
talking in
in the sense of
an incoherent way,
being de-
is
biieze, spring widely about —
Zarncke, and
with E. rampage, to be riotous, to scour
probably not from the figure of wandering up and down, rampadgeon, a furious,
in speech, but from the primitive sense of
rattling, clattering Sw. ramla, to clatter,
boisterous, or quarrelsome fellow Hal., —
;
while Hamburgh ramenten, to make a
to tattle, analogous to Sc. clash applied to clatter, corresponds to Lincolnsh. ram-
idle talkDu. rammelen, to talk idly, pantous, overbearing ; and It. rampegare,
;
Comp. ralleii, rellen, strepere, garrire, tonly. Hal. From the syllable ram or
blaterare, deliramenta loqui. — Kil.
—
ramp, which lies at tlie root of all these
Ramify. Lat. ramus, a bough or forms, springs the verb to ramp or romp,
branch. signifying unrestrained bodily action,
Bammel. —Rubble. —Rubbish. Ram- throwing about the limbs, scrambling,
mel, rubbish, especially bricklayer's rub- jumping about, pawing.
bish, stony fragments.
And that any neighebour of mine
if
To rammel or moulder in pieces, as sometimes Wol not in chirche to my wife incline,
mud walls or great masses of stones will do of Or be so hardy to hire to trespace.
themselves. — Florio in Hal. Whan she cometh home she rampeth in my face,
Sw. rammel, rattle, clatter; rammel af And ciyeth, False coward wreke thy wife.
Chaucer, Monk's Prologue.
stenar som falla ur muren, rattle of stones
Yet is this an act of a vile and servile mind, to
falling out of the wall ; ramla, to rattle,
honour a man while —
he lived and now that
to fall with a crash. Stenar ramlade af another had slain him, to be in such an exceed-
berget, stones rattled down from the moun- ing jollity withal- as to ramp in manner with
tain. Ramla omkull som en mur, to both their feet upon the dead, and to sing songs
tumble down as a wall. e. dial, rames, —
of victory, &c. North, Plut. in R.
noise, with rullion, a coarse masculine ranger, to arrange, dispose, set in order ;
woman. ^Jam. — —
Kampart. Rampire.
rangde, a rank, row ; Prov. rengar, arren-
remedy, a rampier, fence, covert, place of in succession. The folks are rainging '
rancura, rancour, rage, spite ; rancorare, range over the country, to stretch over
to rancour, fester, rage, rankle. Fl. —
Fr, the country in extensive sweeps.
rand, musty, tainted, unsavoury, ill smell- The Britons rcnged about the field.
ing rancmur, rancour, hatred, rankling
; R. Brunne, 194.
despight. — Cot. CentralFr. rancmur, dis-
And in two renges fayre they hem dresse.
gust; ^afaitrancceur. 'Du..ransi,ranstig, Knight's Tale.
G. ransig, rancid.
Random. —Randon. The radical Diez' explanation from 7-ing, a circle of
listeners, is very unsatisfactory. In a
meaning is impetus, violence, force. Ran-
circle there is no priority, which is the
doun, the swift course, flight, or motion
ruling idea in rank. It is far more pro-
of a thing. Jam.— bable that the origin is to be found in a
He rod to him with gret randoum. nasalised form of Du. recken, Sw. rdcka,
Beves of Hampton.
to stretch, to reach to. Du. recke, Sw.
Then rode he este with grate randawne.
rdcka, rank, line. /"
en rdcka, at a stretch,
MS. in Hal.
in a continued line. The range of a gun
The adverb at random is to be explained is as far as the gun will reach. A range
as left to its own force, without external of mountains is a stretch or line of moun-
guidance. tains, and a reach of a river is an analo-
The gentle lady loose at randon left gous expression, so far as it extends in
The greenwood long did walk. — F. Q. one direction.
Fr. randon, force, violence de randon, ;
Range. 2. mhg. viur-ram, a fire-
impetuously. —
Roquef. Aller k grand grate, kitchen range ; G. rahmen, a
randon, to go very fast ; sang respandu frame.
a gros randons,\s\QioA spilt in great gushes. Ranger of a Forest. So called be-
— Cot. Prov. randa, randon, effort, vio- cause it his duty to range up and down
is
lence. Faitz es lo vers a randa, the verse in the forest [ad perambulanduiji quotidie
is made at one effort, at a blow.
regnas romp a un randon, he breaks
Las per terras deafforestatas Manwood] to —
see to the game, and the duty of the
the reins at a blow. Cant ac nadat un keepers in their several walks. Minsheu. —
RAiNK 521
The guardians of the forest are termed These bitter blasts never gin to assuage ?
regardatores, inspectors, in the Charta de Shepherd's Cal.
Foresta, 9 H. III., rendered rangers in Of many iron hammers beating rank. — F. Q.
the old translation of the Statutes, while From the last quotation we readily pass
facere regardum is rendered, to make to the sense of frequent, closely set, As '
range, or make his range. Now to make rank as motes i' t' sun.' — Craven GI. And
range is not an English expression, and generally the image of vigorous action
certainly is not a translation oifacere re- supplies the senses of strong in body,
gardum, to make inspection. It is ob- luxuriant in growth, fully developed, ex-
viously framed to correspond with the cessive in any quality, strong in taste or
name of the Ranger (by which the officer smell, harsh in voice, &c.
was known in the time of the translation) in In the mene tyme certane wycht and
'
the same way that the phrase facere re- rank men [viribus validiores] take hym
gardum corresponds to regardator in the —
be the myddill.' Bellenden, Boeth. in
original, and therefore cannot be used in Jam. Seven ears came up on one stalk,
'
probability is, as it seems to me, that the 'Rank idolatry.' The rank vocit swanys.'
'
ramagium, from ramus, branch. ' Ego ro7iim hildr, a sharp fight r. ast, vehe- ;
Audiernus dedi B. ramagiutn per omnes ment love ; ramr reykr, a sharp smoke ;
buscos meos in curte de M. ad hoc andramr, oi rank breath. In N. of E.
ut homines de C. accipiant ad omnes ram, fetid. He is as ram as a fox.'
'
necessitates suas.' —
Chart, a.d. 1104 in Strong-tasted butter is said to be ram-
Due. Hence OFr. ramagetir, an officer mish. —
Craven Gl. N. ram, strong in
whose duty it was to look after the woods taste as old cheese, bold in speech, tho-
and to receive the payments on account rough in respect of a. bad quality. Ein
of ramage. Pasturages communs sanz
' ram kjuv, Sw. ram tjuf, a rank thief
en riens payer au ramagetir.' Chart. — Sw. ram lukt, rank smeU ram. bonde, as ;
A.D. 1378 in Carp. The corruption from Fr. un franc paysan, a mere boor. Dan.
ramageur to ranger will cause little diffi- vor ramme alvor, in good earnest at ;
culty if we compare the Fr. raim, rain, tale ram Jydsk, as we should say, to talk
rains, rainche, a branch or stick, derived rank Cockney.
from ram.us. Cut brushwood is still called When frank Mess John came first into the camp,
rangewood, or ringewood, in Northamp- With his fierce flaming sword none was so ramp.
Ranke, ranken, a branch, tendril, twining And all is thorow thy negligence and rape.
sprigs of vines or hops. Kiittn.— Chaucer to his scrivener.
To Kansack. on. rannsaka, Sw, ran- To rap out oaths is to utter them with
saka, to search thoroughly, to search for violence and haste like a volley of blows.
stolen goods. Gael, rannsaich, Manx Lat. rapere, to seize with violence rapi^ ;
ronnsee, search, rummage. Ihre explains dus, occupying a short space of time like
the first syllable from Goth, razns, on. a blow, quick. Rapt with joy, rapt in
rann, a house, comparing the word with admiration, signify carried away with the
Lomisard salisuchen {sal, a dwelling), G. emotion. Bav. rappen, to snatch. I
The elision of th between vowels is very AS. rascian, stridere, vibrare ; Sc. rasch,
common, as in whe'r for whether, smore dash, collision.
from smother, or (G. oder) from other, &c. —
Enee and Turnus samyn in fere
Rascal. The meaning of rascal is the Hurllis togiddir with thare scheildis Strang-,
scrapings and refuse of anything. Ras- That for grate raschis al the heuinnis rang.
caly or refuse, whereof it be, caducum. D. V.
Pr. Pm. Rascall, refuse beasts. — Palsgr.
To rash, to do anything with hurry or
N. raska, to scrape ; rask, offal, remnants
violence, to tear or throw down, to snatch,
of fish or the like. Sp. rascar, raspar, It.
to rush.
rascare, to scrape.
In like manner from Bret, raka, Fr. There Marinell great deeds of arms did shew
racier, r&per, Du. raepen, to scrape, are
Rushing off helms and riving plates asunder.
F.Q.
derived Fr. racaille, the rascality, or base
and rascal sort, the scum, dregs, offals, missed my purpose in his arm, rasht his
I
doublet sleeve, ran him close by the left cheek.
outcasts [scrapings] of any company
B. Jonson in R.
Cot., Du. racalie, raepalie, the dregs of
the people. — Bigl. Kil. Yorkshire rag- To rash through a darg, to hurry through
galy, villanous. — Hal. Da. rage to rake, —
a day's work. Jam. I rasshe a thing
scrape ; rageri, trumpery, trash. from one, I take it from hym hastily, Je
The imitative character of the words arache. —
Palsgr. See Race.
signifying scraping is shown by their ap- A rash is an eruption or breaking out
phcation to the act of hawking or clearing of the skin,i. e. the breaking out of an
the throat, in which a similar sound is humour, according to the old doctrine.
produced. It. raschiare, rastiare, ras- Rasher. A rasher of bacon is a slice
care, rassare, to scrape, also to keck hard of broiled bacon.
for to cough or fetch up phlegm from the The syllable rash represents the sound
lungs.— Fl. ON. rcBskia, screare cum of broiling or frizzling. Bav. rdschpfann,
sonitu. Sp. raspar, to scrape, may be a frying-pan ; gerdsch, a fritter ; reschen,
compared with G. rduspern, to hawk ; It. to fry. —
Schm. E. dial, rash, to burn in
recere, to retch, with G. rechen, to rake ; cooking.
ON. hrcekia, to hawk, with E. rake ; Dan. The term rash is provincially applied
harke, to hawk, with Du. harcken, to to things that rustle in moving, as corn
rake ; Ptg. escarrar, to hawk, with G. in the straw which is so dry that it easily
scharren, to scrape. falls out in handling. —
Hal. Bav. rbsch,
Rase. rase. Lat. rado, rasum, to resch, crackling, crisp, like fresh pastry,
scrape. dry hay, straw, frozen snow.
Rash. G. rasch, quick, impetuous, To Rasp. The harsh sound of scraping
spirited. Rasches pferd,^. spirited horse isrepresented by various similar syllables,
rascher wind, fresh wind ; rasches feuer, rasp, rask, rastj Sp. raspar, rascar, to
brisk fire. Bav. rosch, resch. Swab, raisch, rake, scrape It. rascare, raschiare, ras-
;
fresh, lively, quick ; on. roskr, acer, stre- tiare, to scrape, to hawk or spit up phlegm
nuus, validus. A rasch carle, a man with a harsh noise. The same two mean-
—
vigorous beyond his years. Jam.
rask, risk, quick, brisk ; Sw. en ung ras-
Pl.D. ings are united in E. rasp and G. rduspern,
to hawk. Bav. raspen, to scrape upon a
kerkerl, a brisk young fellow ; Pol. rseski, fiddle, to scrape together; raspeln, to
brisk, smart, lively. rattle, to scrape together. Schm. —
The word is formed on the same prin- From the root rast, Lat. rastnim, a
ciple as the adj. rank above explained, harrow, rastellum; Bret, rastel, Fr. rd-
from a representation of the sound ac- teau, a rake ; ratelier, a hay-rack.
companying any violent action, for which Raspberry. Formerly raspise or rasp-
purpose the Germans in common life ise-berry. It. raspo, a bunch or cluster
make use, according to Adelung, of the of any berries, namely, of grapes, also the
exclamations rr/ hurr t ritsch/ raisch.' —
berry that we call raspise. Fl. Doubt-
Hence many verbal forms approaching less from rasp, signifying in the first in-
each other more or less closely. G. rau- stance scrape, then pluck or gather. It.
schen, to rustle, roar, to rush, or move raspolare, to glean. grapes after the vint-
swiftly with noise and bustle. ON. raska. age. Bav. abreispen, to pluck off, espe-
— —;; : —
Kat. G. ratze, It. ratto, Fr. rat, Gael. Battle. G. rasseln, Pl.D. rastern, Du.
ratelen, to make a collection of sounds
Katohet-wlieel. A cog-wheel having such as might individually be represented
teeth like those of a saw, against which a by the syllable ras or ratj Pl.D. rat-
spring works, allowing the wheel to move tern, to speak quick and indistinct, to
in one direction and not in the other. It rattle on. —
Danneil. Gr. spoTof, tte sound
appears to be named from the resem- of striking; KpoTiai, to knock, clap, clat-
blance to a watchman's rattle, where the ter, rattle, chatter, prate KpdraXov, a
;
Lat. ratifico, to make firm, to ratify. li jaians par tel ravine le fiert,' the giant
To Kate. To assess, to appoint one strikes him with such violence. —Rom. de
his due portion of something to be done la Violette. In E. ravenous the sense is
or paid. Hence to impute or lay some- confined to greediness or eagerness in
thing to one's charge, to reprove or chide. eating.
And God was in Crist rRcounceilinge to him Puis menjue de grant ravine
the world, not rettynge [reputansj to hem her Des plus belles qu'il eslut
giltis.—WicUf in R.
eats with great violence. —
Fab. et Contes,-
•
By the same figure we speak of taxing i-97-
. . . ^
a man with an offence, or taking him to In a different application, ravine deau
task on account of it. Tax and task are isa great flood, a ravine or inundation of
synonymous with rate. I sette one to' water which overwhelmeth all things that
his taske, what he shall do or what he —
come in its way. Cot. Thence in a se-
shall pay —
Je taxe.' Palsgr. In like
;
condary sense, E. ravine is the water-
manner from It. tansa, a taxing tansare, ; course of such a flood, a narrow steep
rateably to sess a man for any payment hollow cut by floods out of the side of a
also to tax a man with some imputation, hill.
to chide, rebuke, or check with words. To Bave. The syllable rab is used as
Fl. well as ram (as explained under ramble),
Bathe.—Bather. Rathe, soon, early in the construction of words representing
rather, sooner. I had rather die, I would a confused noise. Piedm. rabadan, ra-
sooner die. When used to signify a slight madan, crash, uproar, busde, disturb-
degree of a quality it must be understood ance. Fr. rabalter, rabaster, rabascher,
as asserting that the subject approaches to rumble, rattle, or make a terrible noise,
nearer the quality in question than the as they say spirits do in some houses.
opposite. Rather deaf, sooner deaf than Cot.
not, further advanced in the direction of O esprit done, bon feroit, ce me semble,
deafness than the opposite. Avecques toy rahbater toute nuict. Marot. —
ON. hradr, quick hrada, to hasten ;
; Prov. rabasta, chiding, quarrel, dispute.
N. rad, quick, hasty, ready, straight ; Champ, rabache, tapage ; rabacher, ra-
radt (adv.), quick, readily, straight for- doter, to dote, to rave, and with the b
wards. Du. rad, Picard rode, nimble, passing into a v, ravacher, ravasser, ra-
quick. vauder, radoter ; ravater, gronder, mal-
Batio. —Bational. From Lat. rear, traiter —
raver, vagabonder. Tarbes. Fr.
;
ratus sum, to think, is ratio, account. ravacher, ravasser, to rave, talk idly,—
—;; ;
revel Kil., to romp, play in a wild man- raw It. ruvido, rough, rugged, rude
;
ner.— Bomhoff. The same radical syl- Lat. rudis, rough, unwrought, undressed,
lable gives also Du. rabbelen, to rattle, raw crudus, raw, rough, unpolished, un-
;
gabble ; Pl.D. rdbeln, to rave, to be de- ripe. Bret, criz, w. crai, cri, unprepared,
lirious. —
Danneil. It. rabiUare, to rab- raw ; Fin. raaca, ra'an, unripe, uncooked,
ble, to huddle, to prattle, or scold. Fl. — untilled, rude G. roh, raw, undressed, un-
;
talk, coarse tiresome language ; Fr. ra- streak, row, spoke of a wheel. Prov. rai,
bacher, to keep repeating in a tiresome raig, rait, rach, rah, ray, line, current ;
way. rega, streak, furrow ; raia, ray. It. radio,
See Revel, Riot, Ribald, Rove. raggio, razzo, a ray ; Sp. rayo, a ray,
To Ravel. Of thread, to become con- beam of light, straight line, radius of
fused and entangled. It. ravagliare, Fr. circle, spoke of a wheel ; raya, stroke,
raveler, Du. ravelen, rafelen, uitrafelen, dash of a pen, streak, line ; rayado,
to ravel out rafeling, unravelled linen,
; streaky. Rayar, to streak, to rifle, to
lint. I fasyll out as sylke or velvet, Je draw lines, to expunge or strike out ; raza,
rauele. — Palsgr. The primary image is ray, beam of light. Piedm. riga, a line,
confused and rapid speech, from whence stroke, strip of wood ; rz^^^, striped. We
the expression is applied to a confused see a masc. and fem. form running
and entangled texture. Du. rabbelen, to through the Romance languages, of which
rattle, gabble, precipitare sive confundere the m. is doubtless from Lat. radius, but
verba. Kil. —
Rabbelschrift, scrawl, con- the f. has probably come from a Gothic
fused writing. Pl.D. rabbi, bustle, dis- influence. G. reihe, Pl.D. riege, E. row,
order, confusion of head. Du. ravelen, line, order, rank.
revelen, to wander in mind, talk con- To Raze. To lay even with the ground.
fusedly, rave, dote. — B. Fr. ras, shaven, cut close by the
The same passage from the figure of ground, cut close away. Couper tout ras,
confused speech is seen in Gael, mabair, to cut clean off', sweep clean away. Cot. —
a stammerer ; mabach, stammering, en- Lat. radere, rasum, to shave. Fr. rez,
tangled, confused, ravelled and in Du. ; ground, floor, bottom ; rez de chaus-
level,
hatteren, hutteren, to stammer, falter with the pavement, ground floor.
s^e, level
Sc. hatter, to speak thick and confusedly Mettre rez pied rez terre, to raze, makfe
Pl.D. verhadderen, to entangle, ravel. even with the ground. Cot. —
Ravelin. Fr. ravelin. It. ravellino, To rase, in the sense of scratching out
rivellino, a ravelin, a wicket or postern a word in writing,, is singularly con-
gate used also for the utmost bounds of founded with race, to obliterate by a
;
the walls of a castle ; also a sconce with- stroke of the pen. / race, I stryke out a
out the walls. Fl. — word or a lyne with a pen, Je arraye. /
Raven, on. hrafn. From Du. raven, race a writynge, I take out a word with
to croak. Pl.D. nagt-rave, the night-jar a pomyes or penknife. Je efface des
or goat-sucker, from the croaking noise mots. I rase, je defface ; 1 rase or stryke
it makes at night. Fin. rddwyn, the out with the pen, j'arraye. Palsgr. In —
526 RE- REAR
the same way erase,to scrape out, is con- straight, clear, ready, pre-
rede, plain,
founded with arace, to strike out. / arace, pared. Rede sohi, -penge, ready money; —
I scrape out a word or a blot, je efface. en rede sag, a clear case. Rede, to pre-
— Palsgr. pare, to deal with. At rede en seng, to
Probably this is one of the numeroiis make a bed; —for sig, to acquit oneself;
cases in which ultimate unity of origin —
sit haar, to comb one's hair ; sig iid —
shows itself in close resemblance between av, to extricate oneself At giore rede
remote descendants, and Lat. radere, for, to give account of a matter. Redskab,
rasum, to scratch or scrape, belongs to tool, implement, with which anything is
the same class with G. reissen, to tear ; done. Sw. reda, to prepare, to set to
OE. rash, to dash, to tear ; Fr. arracher, rights, to dress, to fit out, to arrange ;
E. arace, race. reda, order redig, clear, regular, orderly.
;
Ee-. Ked-. Lat. re, again, back. N. reiug (for reidug), ready. ON. reida,
To Reach,. G. reichen, to extend to ; to deal with, drive, set forth, prepare.
r^ci'f//, to draw out, to stretch; Dxi.reiken, Reida sverdit, to wield a sword ; —fram
to reach Pl.D. raken, reken, to reach, to mat, to set out food ; —feit,
; and, to —ut
touch ; It. recare, to reach unto, bring pay money. Reida, apparatus, prepara-
unto. Gr. dpkyiiv, Lat. porrig-ere, to reach tion ; til reidu, in readiness. Reidi,
forward dirigere, to direct, &c.
;
harness, rigging of a ship. Sc. to red,
A reach ofa river is so far as it to disentangle, to clear, make way, put
stretches in one direction. in order.
* To B.ead. as. radan, to advise, Beaks. To revel it, to play reaks.—
counsel, direct, appoint, govern, to in- Cot. in v. degonder. See Rig.
terpret, read.
to Swa swa Josue him Beal. Lat. realis, of the nature of a
rcidde, as Joshua directed him. Swefn thing what is in deed and not merely in
;
'
The gude king gaif the gest to God for Bealm. O Fr. realme, reaulme, reaume,
:
to rede gave up his spirit to God to
'
Prov. reyalme. It. reame, kingdom. Ac-
—
dispose of. Jam. on. rada, to direct or cording to Diez through a form regali-
dispose of, to take counsel, to interpret, men, from regalis.
to read. Ef ek md
radaj if I may de- * Beam. Du. riem, Fr. rame. It.
cide. At rada draum, runar, stafi, rit,
risina, risima, resima, Sp. r^jwa, a bundle
skrd, to explain a dream, to read runes,
of twenty quires of paper. From Arab.
letters, writing. Vpprada bref, to read rizma, a bale, packet, bundle, especially
aloud a letter. Sw. rdda, to counsel, to a ream of paper. Rizma itself is from
direct, to have one's way. Rd sig sjelf, razama, to pack together. As paper
to be one's own master. Da. raade, to
seems to have been first received from
advise, sway, rule, to divine, unriddle ;
the Arabs, it was natural that the terms
raade bod paa, to devise a remedy for. relating to it should have come from the
Goth, garedan, to provide \fauragaredan, same quarter. The acts of the Caliph
to foreappoint. ON. rceda, G. reden, Sc.
Haroun Alraschid are written on paper
rede, to speak, to discourse, seem deriva-
of cotton, while the earliest Western
tive forms.
documents are of the eleventh century.—
It is difficult to speak with any con-
Dozy.
fidence as to the fundamental meaning
of the word. Perhaps the most plausible
To Beap. Sc. rep, reip, ne. reap, AS.
7-ipa, ripe, a handful of corn in the ear
suggestion is that it signifies to lay in ;
to direct, govern, manage Boh. rad, Swab, raspen, to pluck, to gather, G. rcispe,
;
lUyr. red, rank, order Boh. raditi, lUyr. rispe, an ear of corn mhg. respe, a bun-
;
;
icon grown rancid by keeping, now It. buffa, a puff, blurt with the
mouth
;nerally pronounced rusty from an ac- made at one in scorn, also a brabble
or
immodation of the name to the rusty brawling contention ; rabbicffare, ribuf-
How of bacon
in that condition. Fr. fare, to check, rebuke, chide.
lant, musty, fusty, resty, reasy, dankish,
Fl. OFr. —
rebouffer, to repulse, drive away with con-
isavoury. Cot. —
/ reast, I waxe ill of tempt. Roquef —
ste, as bacon. —
Palsgr. p. 688. Caro Rebuke. It is difficult to make up our
ncidus, rest flesh. —
Eng. Vocab. in Nat. mind as to the Fr. form from which the
It. The radical meaning seems to be word is taken. The closest resemblance
lie or over-kept bacon, as chars restez is to Rouchi rebuquer, to give one blows.
;mnants, brolcen meat) is glossed in
belesworth by resty flees (resty flesh),
n s'ras ben rebuqu^, you will catch it.
soap, for tanning leather, &c. reckoning, number, account. Pol. rach-
The word is sometimes spelt recipe, owaif, to count, reckon rachunek, ac-
;
from that word being placed at the head count, reckoning, bill rachunki (pi.),
;
Recent. Lat. recens, fresh, new. matter, affair, thing. Esthon. rdkima,
Reciprocal. Lat. reciprocus, working rddkma, to speak ; radklema, to reckon.
to and fro. Fin. rdkista, to speak, speak loudly, lo-
To Reck. —Reckless.
AS. r^can, rec- quens strepo ; rdkind, sermocinatio.
can, pr. Pl.D. rocken, Du. roecken,
ro-hte, Recluse. Fr. reclus, Lat. recludo, re-
rochten, OHG. rohjan, ruachen, OSax. clusuni. The
classical sense of the Lat.
rokean, ruokean, to reck, regard, care, word is to set open the E. &Fr. words
;
my business. ON. rok, events, things ; Recreant. Mid. Lat. recredere. It. ri-
OHG. racha, rahha, thing, cause Pol. ; credere, OFr. recroire, are not to be ex-
rzecz, speech, subject, fact, affair, thing. plained as originally signifying to change
See Reckon. one's belief, but to give up, give back the
To Reckon, as. recan, reccean, to subject of dispute, to give in, to yield, to
say, recite, tell, number, reckon. Ic mag fail. '
Cum Blancha comitissa Campaniae
reccan, I can relate. Bigspell reccan, to cepisset et captum teneret dilectum et
tell a parable. Areccan of Ladene on fidelem meum H, ipsa per preces et re-
Englisc, to translate from Latin into quisitionem meam ilium mihi recredidit
English. Gereccean thankas, to give [delivered him up to me] tali pacto quod
thanks. JRacce, narration, account, speech. ego cepi super me et eidem dominas mese
OHG. rahha, res, ratio, causa, fabula ; concessi, sicut homo suus ligius, quod
rahhon, rachon, rechen, gerechen, to say, infra quindenam quam ab ips4 inde fuero
tell, interpret ; Goth, rahnjan, to count,
requisitus prasdictum H
illi reddam in
account, reckon ; faura-rahnjan, to pre-
fer,- Pl.D. reken, rekenen, g. rechnen, to
sua captione Pruvinum.' Docu-
apud —
ment A.D. 121 1 in Carp. L'evesque de
'
dere vel recredere is to give actual pos- of; porrigo, to stretch forward ; corrigo,
session, or to give security for delivery in to straighten, to bring to agree with a
due season. Cognoscentesque rei veri-
'
pattern, &c. See Reach, Regal.
tatem atque comprobationem statim se Recumbent. Lat. recumbo; cumbo;
recrediderunt,' they gave in. Tassilo '
cubo, to lie down. Gr. kvtttui, to stoop.
venit per semetipsum tradensque se in Red. Goth, rauds, on. raudr, w.
manus domini regis Caroli in vassaticum, rhwdd, Lat. rutilus, Gr. IpuBpoe.
et recredidit se in omnibus se peccasse —
Redan. Redeat. In fortification, an
[he gave himself up as having been alto- indented work with salient and re-enter-
gether in the wrong] et mala egisse, ing angles. B. —
denuo renovans sacramenta.' Annales — Redeem. ^Redemption. Lat. redi-
Francorum A.D. 787 in Due. mo, redemptum J re, again or back, emoj.
Quando i vescovi del tempio viddero
'
to buy.
che '1 re si ricredea d'andare a adorare i Redolent. Lat. redoleo, to give out a
loro Iddeisi ebbero grande paura: when ' smell i
oleo, to smell.
the priests saw that the king gave up Redoubt. Fr. reduite. It. ridotto, Sp.
worshipping their gods. I Fiorentini '
reducto, reduto, a blockhouse, or little
ordinarino di fare armata in mare per fort, within which soldiers may retire on
fare ricredenti i Pisani della loro arro- occasion. It riducere, ridurre, Fr. re- .
spit of sand. Sw. ref, reef of rocks, sand- refusar, rehusar, Fr. refuser. The word
bank. is explained by Diez as arising from a
2. Areef, Du. reef, rif, is a row of short mixture of Lat. recusare and refutare, but
ropes stretching across a sail for the pur- it can hardly be necessary to resort to so
pose of tying the strip of sail above the reef doubtful a plan of origination. haveWe
up to the yard, and so diminishing the size Prov. refutz, refut, refui (Fr. refus), re-
of the sail. When loose they hang against fusal, contempt, disdain ; refudar, refuy-
the sail Uke the teeth of a comb, from dar, refusar, Piedm. rifude, to refuse ;
whence apparently the name. Rif or Castrais rafut, rafus, refusal rafuda,
;
rift inbinden, to take in a reef. Kil. — rafusa, to refuse. ' Refused his wife,' di-
To Reek. To smoke, to steam. AS.
'
—
vorced her. Capgrave Chron. 245. See
ric, ON. reykr, G. rauch, Du. rook, smoke. -fute.
To Eeel. To move unsteadily like a Regal. — Regent. — Reign. — Royal.
drunken man, to turn round Sc. reile, to ; Lat. rego, to govern, gives rex, regis, and
roll the eyes. The formation of the woi'd thence It. re, OFr. rei, Fr. roi, a king
may be explained by Swiss riegeln, to regnum, Fr. regne, a kingdom, reign ;
rattle, then to wriggle, swarm ; Bav. regner, to reign. Sanscr. rdg, to govern ;
rigeln, to set in motion, to shake, stir; rdgan, a king ; rajni (Lat. regind), a
rogel, roglet, loose, shaky N. rigga, ; queen ; rdjatd, royalty. The radical sense
rugga, to shake, rock; rigla, rugla, to of the word, to guide or direct, appears in
be loose, to waver, totter Sw. ragla, to ; the Lat. compounds. See Rect-.
reel, stagger, move in zigzags. In like To Regale. Sp. regular, to make
correspondence to E. wriggle we have good cheer, to make much of, to gratify,
Sc. wreil, to turn about. caress, entertain ; regalarse, to fare sump-
tuously, to take pleasure in, also to melt.
Quha is attaichit unto ane stalk we se Pluinbuin regalatum
explained by Pa-is
May go no forther, but wreil ahout that tre.
not easy to under-
pias liquefactum. It is
D.V. 8.27.
stand why Diez should separate the word
The Scotch reel is a dance in which three from It. gala, good cheer Fr. galler, to ;
or four dancers in a row twist in and out entertain with sport, game, or glee Cot., —
round each other. It is known in Nor- galer, se rejouir. Roquef. It has already —
way and Denmark under the same name been shown that the latter fonns spring
of ril or riel, Gael, righil. from the image of floating or swimming
To reel silk or thread is to wind it in delight. It. galare, to float, might be
round an appropriate implement, so as used to explain Sp. regalar, as signifying
to make a skein of it. Gael, ruidhil, to cause to float or swim, then to melt.
ruidhle, ruidhlichean, a reel, probably The connection between the ideas of
from the E. melting and of enjoyment may be illus-
The designation of a broken or con- trated by a quotation from Spenser given
fused motion is commonly taken from under Gala.
the representation of a sound of like cha- lL.ong thus he lived slumbring in sweet delight,
racter, and it may be that reel is not so Bathing in liquid joys his melted sprite.
much a contraction of forms like the fore- Regard. It. riguardare, Fr. regarder.
going as a parallel form, originally, like It. guardare, to look. See Guard.
them, a direct representation of sound. Regatta. It. regata, regatta, a boat
Sc. reiling, a loud clattering noise, con- race much used at Venice. Vanzoni. —
fusion, bustle ; reil, a confused motion. Sunt et alia spectacula k pluribus seecuUs
— Jam. Supp. Pl.D. rallen, to make a usitata Florentiae, Senae, Venetiis, vide-
noise as children at play Dan. dial. licet, il gioco del calcio, le regatte, &c.
;
raale, role, to cry Dan. vraale, to bawl, Murat. Diss. 29, 853. It. rigatta, any
;
fect, governor Du. graef, greeve, G. graf victory, to wrangle or shift for, to cog and
;
count. —
In composition, shire-reeve, or lie craftily. Fl. Brescian regata, strife,
sheriff, port-reeve, borough-reeve. scramble fare a regata, fare a ruffa
;
REGIMEN RELAY S3I
raffa, to —
scramble foranything. Melchiori. to haggle, to huckster. Wall, halcoter, to
Venet. regetare, fare a gara. —
Patriarchi. joggle) to haggle.— Grandg. Sp. regatear
Sp. regate, a quick turn to avoid a blow ; is also to riggle or move sideways, to
regatear, to wriggle, to shuffle, to haggle. shuffle in business. See Regatta.
Sw. dial, ragata, to be noisy, to make a Regret. Properly to lament, then to
disturbance. grieve for. I mone as a chylde doth for
Kegimen. — Begiment. Lat. regi- the wanting of his nourse,/^ regrete. —
men, regimentum, government. Medical Palsgr. Regreter was also to scold.
regimen is the government of one's diet,
Que Madame m'a fait regret
&c., under medical directions. regi- A Que j'ai affaitie mon chiennet.
ment, a body of men under one command. ,
Fab. et Contes, 4. 319.
See Regal.
Region. Lat. regio, -nis, a tract of
Grate, —
reprimande. Pat. de Champ, on.
grdtr, weeping, lamentation Sc. greet,
country. From rego.
to cry.
;
commonly taken for him who buys and — it is not fitting to go over the ground
sells any wares or victuals at the same again, to make the king repeat his charge.
market, or within five miles thereof B. — The same met. is seen in ON. hrifa, a
Fr. regrat, sale of salt by retail ; mar- rake, also iteration. Hann kalladi upp i
chandises de regrat, trumpery goods hrifu, clamitabat. To rake, to repeat a
bought to sell again ; regratter, to haggle, tale.- -Hal. Gael, ric, rake, rehearse, re-
to sell salt in small quantities. C'est un peat. —
Arm strong.
homme qui regratte sur tout, who haggles Reign. See Regal.
at the most trifling article ; regrattier, a Rein. Fr. resne, reine, the reigne of a
huckster, broker. Regratier de sel, de bridle. —
Cot. OFr. regne, Prov. regns,
vivres, &c. regiia. It. redina, Ptg. redea, rein, bridle.
Commonly explained from Fr. gratter, According to Diez from retinere, to hold
to scratch, through its supposed com- in.
pound regrater, to dress, mend, scour, Bret, ren, direction, government ; r^a,
furbish, trim or trick up an old thing for to direct, govern, guide ; ranjen, renjen,
sale.— Cot. The difficulty is that it is reini
hardly possible to separate Fr. regratier Reins. —Renal. Lat. ren, rents, the
from It. rigatiere, a huckster, retailer, re- kidneys.
grater, or such a one as at a cheap rate Relative. Lat. relativus, from refero,
engrosseth commodities and then sells relatum, to bring back, refer.
—
them very dear. Fl. Rigatiere also, like Relay. A
relay of dogs or horses is a
Fr. regratier, signifies a broker or fur- supply of fresh animals posted to relieve
bisher up of old things for sale. Sp. re- and take the place of a tired set. The
gatero, regatdn, a huckster, a retailer. explanation of the word is not to be found
The two forms, with and without the r, in the notion of laying on the fresh
are found side by side in Limousin regro- animals, but in the release or dismissal of
taire, recotaire, a corn badger, or one who the old. It. rilasciare, to release, to ac-
buys corn at a cheap market to sell it at quit or discharge ; rilascio, rilasso, a re-
—
one worse supplied. Beronie. Fr. Flan- lease or discharging. Cani di rilasso,
ders haricotier (Vermesse, Hdcart), a fresh hounds laid for a supply set upon a
huckster, broker, seems to be another deer already hunted by other dogs. Fl. —
form of the same word, corresponding to Fr. chevaux de relais, horses layed in cer-
Bayonne haricoter, to haggle, as Sp. re- tain places on the highway yor the ease of
gatero to regatear, recatear, Ptg. regatar, those one hath already rid hard on, A
34 *
— ;;
Lat. relaxare, to slacken ; It. rilasciar-e, or grieve one. An old English treatise
to relax, release, relinquish ; Fr. relaisser, on the Remorse of Conscience is called
to relinquish, forego again. See Lease. the Againbite of Inwit.
Relent. Fr. ralentir. It. rallentare, Remote. Lat. rejiiotus, from removeo,
Lat. reUntesco, to grow soft and hmber ; to move back, away.
lentus, supple, pliable. Remtmerate. Lat. munus, -eris, a
Relevant. Tending to support the gift, recompense.
cause, important to the matter in question. To Rend. on. rdiz, rapine ; rajta, to
Lat. relevo, to lift up again. seize by
violence, plunder. E. dial, ran,
Relic. —
Relict. —
Relinquish. Lat. force, violence. —
Hal. The radical image
linqiio, to leave ; relinqtio, relictum, to is the sound accompanying violent action,
leave behind ; reliqnia:, Fr. relique, relick, produced by giving way of opposition
remains. Lith. lykus, overplus, remain- iDefore it. Examples of the representation
der ; likti, to remain over. See Eleven. of such a noise by the syllable ra« are
Relief. —
To Relieve. Lat. relevare, to given under Random. We may add
lighten, to raise or lift up, to relieve from Gael. ra«, roar, shriek, make a noise It. ;
a burden, render more tolerable, refresh. ratito, the noise made in the throat by
It. rilevare, rilievare, to raise, lift up difficult breathing rantolare, rantacare,
;
also the duty paid by the heir to his lord raqiier, to spit and by
Bret, strak, noise,
;
on taking up the inheritance of a deceased crack, crash ; Gael, srac (for strak), tear,
ancestor. rend, rob, spoil ; It. stracciare, to tear,
Religion. Lat. religio. compared with Grisons scracchiar, Sicil.
Relinquish.. See Relic. scraccair, to spit.
Relish. Savour, enjoyment of food. To Render.—Rent. Lat. reddere {re-
CentralFr. relicher, to lick; se relicher, dare). It. reiidere, Fr. rendre, to give up, to
to show enjoyment by licking one's chaps yield. It. rendita della terra, the fruits
again. II a trouvd ce plat si bon qu'il of the earth what it annually yields
; ;
s'en reliche. —
Jaubert. The Academy rendita, rendite (Fr. rente), revenues, in-
uses the expression ^e7i Ucher les babines. comes, yearly rents, land profits.— FI.
Reluctant. Lat. lucta, a wrestling Renegade. It. rinnegato, Sp. rene-
reludor, to struggle against. gado, one who renounces his faith, an
To Rely. To rest or repose upon apostate, a wicked, perverse person rene- ;
R., properly to look to for rest or repose gare (Lat. fiegare), to deny, disown, then
not from E. to lie, but Fr. relayer, to ease to blaspheme, to curse. See Runagate.
another by an undertaking of his task Rennet. —Runnet. The membrane
se relayatis I'lm Vautre, easing one an- of a calf's stomach for curdling milk. G.
other by turns. —
Cot. To rely on one gerinnen, Du. renneti, riimen, runnen
then is to look to him for a relay. (Kil.),to run together, to coagulate, curdle;
To Remain. Lat. maneo, to wait, rensal, rinsal, runsal (Kil.), OE. renlys or
stay, stick ; rcinaneo, to continue, to be rendlys [renels, P.) for mylke, coagulum.
left after. — Pr. Pm.
Remedy. See Medicine. Renown. Fr. renom, renommie, re-
Remember. Lat. rememoror, to call nown, fame. Sp. renombre, surname,
to memory. See Memory. epithet added to the name of a person,
Reminiscence. Lat. reminiscor, me- renown, reputation ; renombrar, to give
mini, to remember. Gr. fii;uv^(jKOfiai, a name, to render famous. The nasal
— ;
sound of the final m and n in Fr. being Christ suffered many reprevynges
tleton.
—
unknown in E. was represented indiffer- for us. Mandeville in Hall. Reprevyn,
ently by m or n. Thus Fr. nom, a name, reprehendo, redargue. Pr. Pm. —
The re-
became E. noun, a substantive, and the prieve of a criminal must be an elliptical
word was written in the same way in our expression for the disallowing of the sen-
Norman Fr. Les nouns de lour nief, tence.
barge, balengere, &c. the names of their
: Reprimand. Fr. reprimande, Sp. re-
ship, &c.— Stat. H. v. c. 6. On the other primenda. Explained from Lat.. repri-
hand, renown was often written with niere, to repress, snub, or keep under
an m. (Litt.), analogous to Fr. offrande, an offer-
rise to E. repair, to resort to, to return as him, to twit him with them.
to one's den. But repropiare, to bring near, is far
Kepartee. Fr. repartie, an answering from having the force of G. vorwerfen, to
blow in fencing, &c., and thence, a return cast before one. And though no doubt a
of or answer in speech, a reply. —
Cot. difficult step remains to be supplied, it
Partir, to set out, start with impetuosity, seems more probable that the origin is to
to go off as a gun ; partir d'un dclat de be found in It. brobbio, from opprobriuvi,
rire, to burst out laughing. Thus repar- reproach, disgrace. Mi disse mille brob-
tee is a prompt reply. bii, he covered me with abuse. Rimbrob-
Bepast. Lat. pascor, to feed ; pasius, biare, r-ijnbroggiare, or rimproppiare,
food. rimprocciare. The intermediate form
To Repeal. Fr. rappeler (Lat. re-ap- rimbroccio is vouched by Florio. The
pellare, to call back), to revoke or make change from bbi to ggi is exemplified in
void. abbia, aggia, may have, while that from
Kepeat. Repetition. Lat. repeto, ggi to cci is seen in staggia, staccia, a
repetitum, to ask back, go over again. lath.— Fl.
Repertory. Lat. repertoriu7n, an in- —
Reprobate. Reprove. See -prove.
ventory, from reperio, repertum, to find, Repudiate. Lat. repitdium, a putting
meet with. away one's wife. This, like pudor, shame,
To Repine. Properly to feel dissatis- and refuto, to reject, refuse, is probably
faction, then to express it. one of the words derived from the inter-
Then the knyght retoumed again lo them and jection fu! or pu ! expressing in the first
shewed the kynges wordes, the whiche gretly en- instance disgust at a bad smell, then dis-
couraged them, and refoyned [se repentirent] in like and rejection. G, anpfuien, verp-
that they had said to the king as they did.— Ber- fuien, to cry fie upon, to reject. By a
ner's Froissart in R.
similar figure the Lat. has respuo, to spit
From It. repugnere, Fr. repoindre, to back, to refuse.
prick agaiil. Repugnant. Lat. repiignare, to con-
Now when they heard this they were pricked in trary one pugno, to fight. See Pugilist.
;
pair or betake oneself to. Resource, some- regard for any consideration. Fab. et —
thing to apply back to for succour. B. — Contes, 4. 445. ' Mando vobis ut respec-
Fr. resortir, ressortir, to issue, go forth tetisbenedictionem usque ad Pascham :
again, to resort, repair, to appeal from an should delay the blessing until Easter.
inferior to a superior court. dernier En Eadmer. '
Et ainsi fut respoitiez li allers
ressort, finally, without further appeal. a Adrenople a cele fois :
' was put off.^-
Sans nul resort, without delay. Fab. et — Villehardouin.
Contes, II. Bespond. —
^Besponse. Lat. spondeo,
Diez would explain the meaning from to promise, engage for; respondeo, to
It. sortire, to 'obtain or acquire, whence answer.
risortire would signify to get back, to re- Best. Two words are confounded.
cover, and thence to betake oneself to, 1. From Lat. restare,\.o remain, to re-
on the same principle on which ricove- sist, stand firm, hold out; Fr. rester, to
rarsi signifies to have recourse to, to fly remain ; reste, a remainder ; It- res tare,
to for help. But risortire Aoes not appear to remain, abide, or stay still in one place,
ever to have been used in the sense of to cease from, to leave or be left over-
recover, and we have no occasion for this plus.
hypothetical explanation. 2. From G. rast, Du. ruste, raste, ease,
The truth is, that Fr. ressort and res- quiet, repose.
source are parallel forms with the same —
Bestive. Besty. It. restio, restive,
general meaning more or less directly resty, drawing back, loth to go as some
derived from Lat. surgere, to rise. Hence horses,by met. slow, lazy. Fl. Fr. restif, —
It. sorgere, ppl. sorto, Fr. sourdre, ppl. stubborn, drawing backward, that will
sors, sours, to rise, spring, come out of —
not go forward. Cot. From Lat. restare.
se resourdre, to spring up again, recover, Bestore. Lat. restaurare, to repair,
come to one's former estate or vigour | remake. See Store.
resours, raised, recovered, got up again Lat. resulto, to leap back ;
Bestilt.
ressource, a new spring, recovery, up- re and a freq. of salio, to leap.
sulto,
rising, also refuge for succour. Cot. — Besurrection. Lat. resurrectio, from
From the other form of the participle, resurgo, resurrectum, to rise again ; re
sorto, surto, are formed Cat. siiri, a bound and surgo, to rise.
or spring ; Ptg. surto, the spring upwards To Bet. To rait timber, to set it to
of a bird, Fr. essort, essour, essor, source, soak. —
Ray. Hay is raited -whsn it has
spring, fiight ; ressort, spring, elasticity, been much exposed to wet and dry.
the spring which moves a piece of me- Hal. G. rosteii, Pl.D. rothen, Du. rotten
chanism, and thence metaphorically, re- or rooten het vlasch, to ret flax, to steep
source, supply of needful power. II a it in water in order to separate the fibre
fait jouer tous ses ressorts, he has used by incipient rotting. Rettyn' tymber,
all his means, resources.^Tarver. From hempe, ur other lyke, rigo, infundo. Pr. —
the substantive arises a secondary form Pm.
; ;
Royte hamp, skitm, to set hemp or slcins uproar, confusion rdbelkilth, nocturnal
;
to soak in order to loosen the fibre in assembly of young people. Bret, ribla,
the one case and the hair in the other ;
to revel, lead a dissipated life. Champ.
royta, rottenness, long continuance of ribler, to be out at night, lead a debauched
wet weather in which corn is in danger life revel, noise, disturbance, gaiety
;
rakja, to retch, hawk, spit. on. hraki, Revenge. Fr. revanche, requital, re-
spittle ;Du. rachelen, to cough, to hawk venge. See Vengeance.
and spit ; Bret- rodha, roc'hella, to snore, Revenue. Fr. revenir, to come back,
to breathe with difficulty. It. recere Vani- to profit or yield increase revenue, a re- ;
ma, to breathe one's last, expresses the turn or coming again revenue de bois, ;
stertorous breathing of the death-bed. the new springing of wood after it has
The origin is a representation of the been lopped or felled. Cot. In like —
harsh raking noise made in forcing the manner revenue is applied to the yearly
breath through passages encumbered with income from property in general.
viscous secretions. Revere. — Reverend. Lat. vereor,
Reticent. See Tacit. revereor, to stand in awe of.
Reticulate. Lat. reticulatus, made in Reverie. When ideas float in our
the form of a irete) net. mind without any reflection or regard of
Retinue. Fr. retenir, to retain or hold the understanding, it is that which the
land of a superior retenue, a holding, a
; French our language has
call resverie,
train of retainers or persons holding of or scarce a name for it. Locke. Resver, —
dependent upon one. to rave, dote, speak idly resvetir, a. ;
To Retire. Fr. retirer, to draw back dotard or dreamingfop. Cot. See Rave. —
tirer, It. tirare, to draw, pull, strike ;
Revulsion. Lat. revtilsio, a. plucking
tiro, a throw, draught, stroke. Identified back vello, vulsum, to pull or pluck.
;
by Diez with Goth, tairan, to tear, on the Rhapsody. Gr. pa^/ipSid, a portion of
principle on which we use tear for any an epic poem for recitation at one time ;
violent action ; to tear a paper down, to paiTTio, to stitch or link together, and (fSnj,
53'> MB RID
stead of rima, and he more inclined to
is Ribald. OFr. ribault, ribauld. It. ri-
OHG. rim, AS. «'»?, gerim, w. Mz/^ Bret. baldo, a name applied generally to any
ricinm, number. But in Fr., at least, loose character. Fures, exules, fiigitivi,
'
est consoiia paritas syllabarum sub certo or to E. rubadub, ro-wdydow, from the last
—
numero comprehensarum. Reliq. Ant. i. of which is formed the American roii'dy,
30. As consonantia is used throughout a term exactly synonymous with OFr.
in the sense of rhyme, it seems that con- ribauld.
sona in the latter clause must be under- Eibband. Eibbon. Yr.rubdn. From
stood in the sense of rhyming, showing Du. rijghe, rije, a row or line ; riighen,
that in the apprehension of the author to string, to lace ; rijghbaiid, rijghsnoer,
rhyme formed an •
essential element of rijghnestel, a.lace, band, tie. Du. nestel,
rhythm. a lace or strap, is identical with It. nostra,
Rib. Du. ribbe, a rib, beam, lath, a ribbon.
rafter G. rippe, rib ; gerippe, Pl.D. rif,
;
Rich. Prov. ric, noble, powerful, illus-
rift, sceleton. —
Brem. Wtb. AS. /trif,the trious, rich Sp. ricos hombres, magnates,
;
one who carries about fish for sale. bort, rydde af veicn, to clear away. G.
The foregoing supposition would unite reuten, Bav. ricdcn, to clear away, root
w. crib, a comb, cribin, a hay-rake, Bret. out, extirpate ; das ried, geried, rieder,
cribin (as G. ratfe, riffeV), a comb for flax, riddings, place cleared of wood and
with G. krippe, a crib, rack for cattle, any bushes.
framework of rods or beams to be filled Sc. red, to clear away, set in order,
up with earth or stones. Das tifer krip- clearance, removal of obstructions red, ;
reidduz, the ships were borne on the ruffaae, to rifle, to filch or pilfer craftily.
waves. A
ship rides at anchor when she Lombard ruff, sweepings, dirt. See
is borne up and down by the waves with- Raffle.
out changing place. ON. rida, to be Rift. A cleft, chink, crack. — B. From
borne on a horse or in a ship. Rida rive.
kjol, to be carried in a ship. To be borne To Rig.
* I. N. rigga, to rig a ves-
or carried aloft as a standard, a sword, sel. Perhaps a metaphor from harness-
an axe. N. rida, to sway to and fro as a ing a horse. Sw. dial, riggapd, to har-
boat resting on a stone. Du. rijden, to ness a horse. From rygg, the back ?
ride on horseback, to be borne in a car- 2. To rig about, to be wanton, to romp;
riage, to slide on the ice. rig, a wanton, romping girl ; riggish,
Parallel with reida and rida are ON. rampant, ruttish. B. —
leidg., to lead, and lida, to be borne. At The wanton gesticulations of a virgin in a wild
lida i lopti, to be borne through the air. assembly of gallants warmed with wine, could be
Du. lijden, to slide, to pass by. no other than riggish and unmaidenly. Bp —
-ride. -ris-. Ridicule. Lat. rideo, Hall in R.
risum, to laugh ; as in Deride, Derision, Probably from the excited movements
Lat. ridiculus, what moves to laughter. of animals under sexual impulse, as in-
Ridge. AS. hricg, ON. hryggr, Pl.D. dicated under Ramble. N. rugga, rigga,
rugge, Dan. ryg, G. riicken, the back. rugla, rigla, to rock or waver E. wrig- ;
Then anything formed like the back of gle. Manx reagh, ruttish, wanton, merry,
an animal, a long horizontal line from sportive, lecherous riggan, to rut rig-; ;
which the surface slopes down on either gyl, as E. rig, ridgil, ridgeling, a ram
side. imperfectly castrated, and consequently
—
course. —
Hal. There can be little doubt And mad upon this a ragman
With many sells of Lordis, thare
that it is a corruption of ragman-roll, That that tyme at this trett^ ware.— Wyntown.
which was used in a very similar sense.
There preached a pardoner as he a priest were,
—
Tindall hath in the handling of that one mat- Brought forth a bull with many bishops seales ;
ter alone utterly destroyed the foundation of all —
He raughte with his ragman both ringes and
the heresies they have in their whole raggemans
rolle.— Sit T. Moore.
broches. —P. P.
In the play of Juditian, Towneley Mys-
Rill. A
trickling stream, from the
sense of trickling, explained under To
teries, p. 311, Tutivillos, one of the devils
Rail, 2.
who had been employed in catching
people sinning, and comes to make his Aganippe's spring
report, says :
—with softmurmurs gently rilling
Adown the mountains where thy daughters
Here a roUe of ragman of the rownde tabille haunt. — Prior.
Of breffes in my bag, man, of synnes dampnabille.
Pl.D. rille, a little stream or water-
The origin of the term has been made course, such as those which the rain
out by Mr Wright in his Anecdota Litte- makes in running off meadows, or the
raria. The name was originally given to tide retiringfrom mud-banks.
a game consisting in drawing characters Rim. rima, margin, edge. The
AS.
from a roll by strings hanging out from rime of the sea was used for the surface
the end, the amusement arising from the of the sea.
application or misapplication of the cha-
The weeds being so long that riding in fourteen
racters to the persons by whom they were
'
and rimple is used in the same sense. pen, reupen, ruppen, G. raufen, to pluck ;
As gilds the moon the rimpling of the brook. Yr.friper, to rub, to wear fripon, a rag. ;
Pl.D. rumpeln, originally signifying to rip up, to go over again, to repeat. Jeg
rumble, to clatter, is now chiefly used in ei oprippe vil det som jeg for har sagt :
the applied sense of jolting, jogging. I will not repeat what I have said before.
Rumpelgeest, as G. poltergeist, a clatter- Du. Die zaak werd niet gereptj men repte
ing ghost. De bunk rumpelt mi, my belly van die zaak niet they did not make :
nated by the figure of a broken or qua- raker or rasper. Esthon. riipma, to rake.
vering sound. W. crychlais, a quivering See To Rip.
voice crychiad, a shake in music ; crych,
;
Bipple. See Rimple.
a curling, wrinkling, rippling. To Bipple. To pluck off" the heads of
To Bing. ON. hringia, to ring bells ;
flax seeds by drawing the straw through
hringla, to clink, ring, tingle. Hann a fixed iron comb. Walach. grebla,.z.
hringlar gialldi, he chinks his money. comb or rake. Fris. rebbel, Dan. ribbel,
Dan. ringle, klingre, to ring, tinkle. All a frame with iron teeth through which
thrashed straw is drawn and combed to
imitative.
Biot. Fr. rioter, Bret, riota, to chide, save any remnants of the corn. Outzen. —
brawl, jangle ; Gael, raoit, indecent mirth. G. raufen, rupfen, Swiss riipfeln, to pluck ;
multuari, et luxuriari, popinari ; ravot, reffe, raufel, reffel, riffel, the comb used
in that operation. Pl.D. repen, reppen,
revot, caterva nebulonum, et lupanar,
luxus, luxuria.— Kil. Ravotterig, bruit, repeln, to rip, pluck, tear, to ripple flax ;
tintamarre, charivari. -Halma. — repe, a rack for hay ; repe, repel, a ripple.
A
similar word to Fr. rabater, men- Dan. rive, to rake, rive, tear, rasp.
tioned under Ribald. To Bise. ON. risa, to rise ; Goth.
Bip. I. A panier for fish. See Rib. urreisan, AS. arisan, to rise up ; reosan,
2. A name applied to men and boys, to rush, to fall. Du. riisen, opriisen, to
— ; ;
albi, ruinari.— Graff. Regenes tropphen Rite. Ritual. Lat. ritus, a custom,
risente in erda, rain-drops falling on the ceremony, established order of proceed-
earth.— Notker, Ps. 71. 6. Bav. reisen, ing.
_
fall in drops, in little bits. Es riselet, ryvyn' or clyvyn', as men doo woodde,
cadit nivosa grando. Der risel, hail. findo revyn', or be vyolence take awey,
;
down, tumbling down, coming pattering bled cloth. E. Ravelled, entangled. Pa-
down, it was a natural device to desig^nate rallel forms with an a and i in the radical
motion in the opposite direction by the syllable are very common.
same radical with a preposition of oppo- River. OFr. riviere, shore ; from
site signification Du. afriisen, to fall Lat. riparia, derivative from ripa, bank.
:
down ; opriisen, to rise up. In English, It. riviera, coast. Ptg. ribeira, meadow,
where the compound signifying to fall was low land on the bank of rivers, shore,
wanting, the addition of the preposition coast ; ribeiro, a stream.
in the compound expressing the opposite Rivet. From Lat. ripa, shore, bank,
idea would appear superfluous, and thus are formed Lang, ribo, Fr. rive, edge,
it may have been that the simple verb to border, strip along the edge of anything
rise has come to include the signification rivet, Lang, ribe, the welt of a shoe, the
of motion upwards which it originally strip of leather turned in between the
owed to union with a preposition indi- upper leather and the sole, to which they
cating that relation. both are fastened Sp. Ptg. ribete, bor- ;
Risible, -ris-. See -ride. der, seam, binding, the doubling down at
Risk. Fr. risque. It. risico, risco, Sp. the edge of a garment. Welt of a shoe,
riesgo, risk. Bret. 7-iska, riskla, to slip rivet d'un Soulier. Sherwood. —
Hence
or slide riskuz, slippery.
; slippery A Fr. river, Ptg. rebitar (for ribetar), to
path affords a lively image of risk or double back the edge or point of a thing,
danger. So Gael, sgiorr, slip, slide, run to rivet or clench a nail river un lit (in
;
—
running a risk. ^Armstrong. to cock or turn up the brim of the hat ;
Rissoles. Fr. rissoler, to fry meat till nans arrcbitado, a turned-up nose. It.
it is brown. Cot. —
From the rustling ribadire, to clench a nail. In Craven
noise of fr>ing. Dan. risle, to purl, mur- rebbit, Sc. roove, ruiff, to clench, to rivet.
mur Swiss riesen, riesenen, krachen.
; It is not surprising that the word should
RIVULET ROBE S4I
have been referred to a root which would and more generally to roast or toast.
account for the meaning so well as It. Pol. roszt, a grate rossczka, a rod, twig, ;
ribattere, Fr. rebattre, to beat back, turn small branch. A grate is a collection of
back the extremity, but such a derivation parallel or interlaced rods. See Roost.
would destroy the connection between Rob. It. robbo, Fr. rob, Arab, robb,
Fr. river and E. rivet, nor could It. ri- the thickened juice of fruits.
battere have been corrupted to ribadire. To Rob. Goth, biraubon, to strip or
Rivulet. A double dim. from Lat. spoil Prov. raubar, OFr. rober, Sp. ;
at sea (Fr. rade, Du. reede), a place where but the meaning is completely developed
ships may ride at anchor. in the derivatives reubainn, robann, ra-
To Roam. It. romeo, romero, OFr. pine reubair, robair, a robber. ;
romier, a pilgrim, one who makes a pil- MHG. rotiben signifies both to rob and
grimage to Rome. Chiamansi romei in- to rtib, and it is probable that the differ-
quanto vanno a. Roma. —
Dante, Vita ence between these two forms has only
nuova. From romeo is formed It. ronie- arisen from the tendency, which may
are, romiare, to roam or wander about as often be observed in the growth of lan-
—
a palmer. Fl. The verb to roam how- guage, to distinguish variations in the
ever could hardly have come to us direct application of a term by slight changes
from the It., and it does not seem to have in the pronunciation of the word. Thus
had a Fr. equivalent. I am inclined Grisons rapar, to rub, and Du. raepen,
therefore to believe that it is from G. to scrape, will be connected with Lat.
raum, E. room, space, analogous to Lat. rapere, to rob. The senses of rubbing,
spatiari, G. spazieren, to walk abroad, scrubbing, scraping, scratching, tearing,
from spatium. gradually pass into each other, and acts
The usual signification of ON. ryma, G. of this kind being accompanied by a pe-
raiimen, Du. ritimen, is to clear a space, culiar harsh sound, while the effect of
to make or leave room. the action when sufficiently forcible is to
tear away a portion of the body operated
Hii alijte with drawe suerd, with matis mony on,
on, it furnishes language with a conve-
And with many an hard stroc riimcde lier way
anon,
nient type of robbery. Dan. rive and
Vort hii come up to the deis. — R. G. 536. Sw. rifuia are used in all the foregoing
senses, to rasp, scrape, rake, rub, rend.
AS. rym thysum manne setl : give this Rive farver, to grind colours rive noget
;
man place. ^Luc 14, 9. Pl.l3. ?7/«ot of eens haand, to snatch a thing out of
|
hus maken, to vacate a house. The one's hand ; en rivende strain, a rapid
verb was then used in the special sense stream. Sw. rifwa of, to tear away, to
of leaving home, wandering abroad. take by violence. G. raffen, to rake to-
Uuanda andere fogela ritment, sparo ist gether, to take away everything by force
heime when other birds quit the nest,
: —
and violence. Kiittn. Bret, krafa, krava,
the sparrow remains at home. Notker, — j/^r«i5a,J/Jra/a, signify to scrape or scratch,
Ps. loi, 7. Hence OSw. rum, abroad ;
and also to seize, steal, rob.
wara rumme, to be abroad, as opposed Robbins. g. raabanden, small ropes
to wara hemma, to be at home. Ihre. — on board a ship that fasten the sail to
From this application may be explained the yard, from ON. rd, Sw. ra, a sail-yard,
the use of roam in the usual sense of and batid, a tie.
wandering abroad. Robe. It. 7-oba, any robe or long upper
Roan. Fr. rouen, It. roano, Sp. ruano, garment for man or woman, also goods,
roano, the colour of a horse having a stuff, merchandise. — Fl. Fr. I'obe, a gown,
mixture of bay and grey hairs. mantle, coat. Sp. ropa, cloth, clothes.
To Roar. as. raran, Du. reeren, from The name is undoubtedly taken from the
the sound. notion of stripping, whether it be from
Roast. It. rosta, a frying-pan rostire, ; the fact that clothes originally consisted
Fr. rostir, to roast, broil, toast. G. rost, in skins stripped from the backs of ani-
a grate, trellis, a gridiron. Feicerrost, a mals or that they were regarded as what
fire grate ; bratrost, a gridiron helm- ;
might be stripped off the wearer.
rost, the grate of a helmet ; r'dsten, to Prov. ratibar, to rob rauba, garment,
;
dress meat on a gridiron, to broil, fry, spoil. Du. rooven, to spoil roof, spoils,
;
;
pan, cloth, panar, to rob or steal. But it any kind of rocket or squib of wildfire.—
is incompatible with the relations estab- Fl.
lished in the case of the verb to rob. The distaff was commonly made of
Bobin. The most familiar of our wild reed, and with its clothing of flax offered
birds, called Robin-red-breast (from Rob- a familiar resemblance to a barrel-wheel
in, the familiar version of Robert), on the with the cord of the jack round it, or to a
same principle that the pie and the daw quill or bobbin wound round with silk.
are christened Mag (for Margery) and From these the appellation is transferred
Jack. In the same way the parrot takes to a firework contained in a hoUow case
its name from Pierrot, the familiar version or cylinder.
of Pierre, Peter. Rod. Du. roede, G. ruthe, a rod.
Robust. Lat. robustusj robur, vigour, Walach. ruda\ a pole or stick, the pole of
strength. a carriage, a stick of sealing-wax.
Kochet. It. rochetto, a garment of Rodent, -rosion. -rode. Lat. rodo,
plaited lawn worn by bishops. Central rosum, to gnaw. As in Corrosion, Erode.
Fr. rochet, a smock-frock. From G. rock, Rodomontade. A boasting speech
a coat. See Frock. such as those of Rodomonte in Italian
Eock. I. ON. rockr, OHG. rocco. It. Romance.
rocca, a distaff The origin of the term Roe. I. ON. rd, G. reh, a small kind
seems preserved in Fin. and Lap. ruoko, of deer.
a reed, from the distaff having been made 2. ON. hroga, Sw. rog, rom, Du. roghe,
of that material. Thus Legonidec in ex- roghen, the eggs of fish.
plaining Bret, kegel, a distaff, observes -rogate. — Rogation. — Prorogue.
'
ce b^ton est ordinairement un roseau,' Lat. rogo, -as, to ask. Rogare legem, to
and Altieri explains rocca, strumente di propose a law. Hence abrogare, to ab-
'
2. It. rocca, Fr. roc, a rock, crag, cliff, rogo, to withdraw something from sur- ;
small piece of stone for throwing. Fr. What, laye thou still in that stonde.
rocque, lump of earth — Roquef. ; It. And let that losinger go on the roge f
Chester Plays II. 94, in Hal.
rocchio, any round rugged stone, any un-
polished lump or mass of stone or earth, Apparently an equivalent of Fr. roder, to
any mammock or luncheon piece. Roc- roam, wander, vagabondise it, rogue
chino, a piece of an eel or other fish baked abroad (Cot.), from Prov. rodar (Lat. ro-
in a pie. Rocchetio, a bobbin (a short tare), to roll, as N. ralla, to roll, also to
piece of stick ?) to wind silk upon. Cat., trapip about. The Prov. has a secondary
Lim., roc, a stone for throwing ; OFr. form rogar,\D. the same sense, from whence
rocher, to throw stones. E. rogue seems to be descended in the
To Hook. 'Qa.'a.rokke, N. rugga, to rock, same way as Fr. roder from rodar.
shake, vacillate rugla, to waver, go up
; Peyras y rogan molt espes stones roll
:
^Cot. Bret, rouestl, tumult, disturb- vitas sanctorum de Latino vertit in Ro-
ance ; rotiestler, reustler, a disturber. manum. In Provencal we find Latin
Gael, riastair, become turbulent or dis- called letra, the letter or learned language,
orderly. in opposition to Roman, the language of
Perhaps the representative origin of ordinary speech. Aquest peccat es epelat
the word is clearest in Pl.D. rastem, to en letra presomptio, mas en Romans se
clatter, do a thing noisily. In't hus rUmm deu apelar folia esperansa.
rastem, to racket about the house.— From the name of the language were
Danneil. Holstein raastern, to rattle ; formed Ptg. arromangar, Prov. romansar,
raasterer, one who makes an outcry, Fr. romancier, to translate into or to write
speaks with much noise. in the vulgar tongue ; and rotnans, ro-
To KoU. It. rotolare, Venet. rodolare, mance, roman, a writing in that language.
:
Prov. rodolar, rotlar, rollar, Fr. rouler, ' Lo libre que vos ay de Lati romansat
Du^ G. rollen, ON. rulla, Dan. rulle, Bret. the book which I have translated out of
rula, W. rholio, to roll. Latin into (in this case) Provencal. ' Cel
The origin of the word seems to be the 4jue vola romansar la vida Sant' Alban :
rattling sound which is so marked a cha- he who chose to write in the vulgar tongue
racteristic of rolling bodies, and remains the life of St Alban. —
Rayn. The name
as the only meaning of the word when we of Romance was subsequently appropri-
speak of the roll of the drum or of tliun- ated in different countries to different
der. Swiss rollen (of a stream of water), kinds of writings, according to the form
to brawl, to murmur. Dan. ralle, to rat- which the popular literature took in each.
tle ; Da. dial, rallesteen, loose rolling In Spanish it came to signify a ballad.
stones, rubble ; ralde, to rattle along, to In English, where the literature began
roll rattling along. Bret, rula, to roll with translations from the French, the
down, to fall rolling. name was commonly given to the French
;;
transverse pole working at the top of an roop, rope, cord, strip or band, hoop ;
upright support which seems (as v/e have angelreep, a fishing-line.
argued) to have furnished the original The analogy of E. strap. It. stroppa,
type of a gibbet. Du. siroop, a noose or cord G. strippe, ;
Roof. AS. hrof, ODu. roef, Russ. strap, string (Fliigel), in the first instance
krov, krovU, roof Serv. krovnat, thatch- probably a strip or narrow piece of bark
ed krovnaisch, a straw hut.
; stripped from a tree (Du. stroopen, to
Rook. I. AS. hjvc, Du. roek,roekvogel, strip), would lead us to suspect a similar
not (as Kilian supposes) from the sooty origin of the word rope, which may have
colour of the bird (Du. roek, smoke), but served to designate a band ripped from a
from its croaking cry. Gael, roc, cry surface of some stringy material. G. reif,
hoarsely, croak rbcas, a rook, a crow.
; rope, hoop ; ra^ifen, to pluck. The oc-
Lat. raucus, hoarse. currence of parallel forms beginning with
2. It. rocco, Fr. roc, the rook or castle r and scr or str respectively is very com-
at chess, from Pers. rokh, a camel. Diez. — mon. G. reifen and strcifen both signify
Room. Goth, riims, space, place, to groove or channel, properly to stripe
spacious ON. rum, AS. riim, G. raum,
;
or streak. Rie7n, rieiiwn, a tliong, strap,
Lith. rtiimas, space. tie ;sti ieme, a stripe or streak.
Roost. AS. hrost, Du. roest, sedile Ropy. Viscous, stringy.
—
avium, pertica gallinaria. Kil. Plausibly ^'iscous bodies, as pitch, wax, birdlime, cheese
explained by some from Du. rust, G. rast, toasted, will draw forth and roape, —
Bacon in R.
rest. Dan. dial, roste, to rest solrdH, ;
in the Forum at Rome was a pulpit or roont, Mod.Fr. rond, round. From ro-
speaking-stage adorned with the beaks tare, to turn round. See Roll.
of captured ships. To Round or Rowne. To round one
To Eot. ON. 7'otna, to decay, to fall in the ear is to whisper. G. rau7ien, Du.
off. HdriS rotnar, the hair falls off. At roenen, ruenen, to whisper, to whisper in
rota skinn, to strip the hair from skin. the ear. — Kil. Rouchi rotcn ! roun / re-
Du. rot, rotten, rottenness. presents the noise made by a cat purring.
Rota. An arrangement of the mem- Sp. runrun, rumour, report. Lap. rudn^
bers of a court to perform certain duties fame, rumour, speech.
in turn. From Lat. rota, a wheel. The —
Roundel. Roundelay. Fr. rondeau,
Rota at Rome is a high court of appeal rondelet de rime, a rime or sonnet that
which proceeds on this principle. —
ends as it begins. Cot. Of rondelet we
Rotate. Lat. rotarej rota, a wheel. have made roundelay, as if compounded
* Rote. Routine. — with lay, a song.
Rouse. The radical sense of the word
I know and can hy roate the tale that I would is shown in Pl.D. ruse, rusie, noise,
tell. — Surry in R. racket, disturbance G. rauschen, to rustle,
;
Now it lies on you to speak to th' people roar, to bustle, rush, do things with noise
Not by your own instruction, nor by th' matter and bustle. Der bach ra«j(r,4// die wellen
Which your heart prompts you, but with euch
words
rauschen J der wind rauschtm den biischen.
That are but roated in- your tongue. Coriolanus. — Gr. polios, any rushing sound, the whizzing
of an arrow, flapping of wings, &c. The
Fr. route, a track or road, was formerly original sense is preserved in a rousing
written rote, whence rotine, routine, an fire, a roaring or crackling fire a rousing
;
usual course, ordinary way ; par rotine, lie, a cracker, a thundering lie. Fris.
by rote. Cot. —Faire une chose par ruwzjen, to roar as the sea. —Epkema.
routine, only by habit without reflexion. In the same way G. rausch is a flare up, a
Routiner, router, to make one learn by sudden blaze. Einen rausch or raiisch-
routine; routiner quelqu'un h coudre. chen in den ofen machen, to make a quick,
II est routini k ce travail, is thoroughly clear, burning fire in the stove. —
Kiittn.
accustomed to it.— Gattel. See Route. The same word is metaphorically applied
—
Rote. Rut of the sea. to excitation from drink. Sich einen
hear the sea very strong and loud at the
I rausch trinken, to have a flare up, a
North, which is not unusual after violent atmo- drinking bout, to be made tipsy. Im
— ;
somnen, he roused up, started up out of by the rovers also of the sea. Fabyan in R. —
sleep. There is no doubt that in this use of
jEneas rousing as the foe came on, the word it is a simple adoption of Du.
With force collected heaves a mighty stone. roover, a robber, from rooven, to rob ;.
or disturbance which they make in the 7'uga, Fr. rue, a row of houses or' street.
lodging. Cuia eissir de la rota, he thinks- It. riga, a line, streak, ruler Fr. I'aie, a ;
to get out of the tumult. ray, line, stroke, row ; raier, to rew,
From the noise, made by a crowd of streak or skore all over. Cot. On the—
people, OFr. route, G. rotte, E. 7-out, come other hand the word seems related to ON.
. to signify a gang, crowd, troop of people. rod, N. rad, rod, ro, Sw. rad, Pol. rst^, a
'
The rabble rout.' line, row, rank. Lat. 7-adius, a rod, spoke
But nightingales a full great rout of a wheel, beam, ray. Chaucer uses
That flien over his head about. R. R. — row of the rays of light.
To rout together is to meet together in a The rffwis red of Phebus' light.
rout, to consort. See Ray.
On the same principle we have Lat. 2. Row is familiarly used in the sense
turba, tumult, confusion, uproar, then a of noise, disturbance, tumult. The imita-
crowd of persons, animals, things, a com- tive character of the word is shown by
pany of soldiers. Diez' explanation of the term rowdydow, fonned like rubadub
rout in the sense of assemblage, from to represent a continued noise. Swiss
Lat. rupta, as a fraction or division, is rauht, ranwcii, to make a dull, hollow,
quite unsatisfactory. It is however to muttering sound rausen, to run noisily
;
this latter origin that we must refer It. about, to revel ; rausi machen, to make a
rotta, a breach, rout, or overthrow of an row, make merry in a loud and unre-
—
army Fl., Fr. 7-oute,a rout, discomfiture, strained manner Tvscii, ruusse7i, to roar,
;
the breaking of a troop or squadron of buzz, snore russe7i (rumoren),to make a
;
men.— Cot. On the other hand, Fr. de- row. Pl.D. noise, tumult, quarrel.
jiisc,
route, of precisely the same signification,
Swiss riidcu, to bellow, to make a noise
would seem to be from route, a troop. 7i7neruodeii, to rove noisily about. NE.
I parte a rowte or company
of men
'
to 7-ow, to stir about.
asonder. Je desroute.'—Vslsgr. To Row. V)n.rocde,7'oeyc,s.roA,^
1.
Route.—* Rut. Fr.
(formerly route pole. Roedealso an oar, the pole with
is
rote), a rutt, way, path, street,
course, a flat blade by which a boat is propelled
passage trace, tract or footing routes,
; ; in rowing. Plence rocde7i or roeyen het
the footing of ravenous beasts, as the
schip, to row. Roedcii or roeyeTi den
—
2. To row, to dress cloth. Du. roud, of robeux, that was left in the strete after
rouw, rough, raw, unfinished ; rottden, the reparacyone made upon a hous ap-.
rouwen het laecken, to card or dress perteigning unto the same Wardrobe.'
cloth, to dress rough cloth and raise the Robrisshe of stones, platras. Palsgr. —
nap upon it. Rowed or unrowed cloth These words have a similar origin, and-
was what was sold as such after or before are not to be explained as rubbage, or'
the nap had been raised respectively. what comes away in the process of rub-'
Sw. rugg, rough entangled hair ; rugga, bing. The radical image (as in rammel,
to raise the nap on cloth. rubbish, compared with Sw. ramla, tq
Kowdy. A
noisy turbulent fellow, rattle, crash, fall down) is the rattling
from rowdydow, an expression framed to down of fragments from a ruinous struc-
represent continued noise. ture, and the origin of rubbish may be
Deuced handsome fellow that a little too
: found in Fr. rabascher, to rumble, rattle'
—
row-de-dmo for my taste. Aspen Court, i, p. 6. — Cot., while rubble (mortar and broken'
Bowel. Fr. i-ouelle, dim. of roue, a stones of old buildings Baret) may be —
wheel, any small hoop, circle, iring or explained from Du. rabbelen, G. rappeln,'
round thing that is moveable in the place to rattle Fr. rabalter, to rumble, rattle.
;
which it holds. Cot. — Venet. roda, a Pl.D. rabakken, to rattle ; een old rabak,
wheel rodela, the rowel of a spur.
; a rattle-trap, old ruinous piece of goods.
To Eowne. To whisper. See To Bubiound. — Eubrio. — Euby. Lat.
Round. ruber, rubicundus, red; rubrica, a red
Boyal. Fr. royal, OFr. reial, real, pigment.
Lat. regalisj from rex, a king. Buck. A disorderly mass, a crease or
Eoynous. — Roynish. Fr. rogneux, fold in linen, '
Your gown sits all o''
roigneux, scabby, mangy, scurvy ; rogne, rucks' To
ruckle, to rumple or work up'
roigne, Sp. rofla, Bret, rouii. It. rogna, into wrinkles. '
The bandage ruckles up,
the mange ; Wall, rogti, ragn, itch, so it must all come off.' Mrs Baker. —
mange, also moss on a tree. Fin. rohna, ON. hrucka, to wrinkle ; N. rukka, a
scurf, rubbish. crease, a wrinkle. The course of deriva-
To Bub. ON. rubba, to move a thing tion seems to be the same as we have'
from place, to rub ; Sw. rubba, to put
its had occasion to observe in so many other
out of place, to disorder ; Dan. rubbe, to instances, from a tremulous or broken'
rub, scrub, rough-hew. Lap. ruobbet, to sound, to a tremulous or abrupt move-'
rub, to scratch ; aiweb ruobbet, to scratch ment, then to a wavy or broken, uneven
the head. w. rhwbio, Gael, rub, to rub. surface
G. reiben, to grind or rub, seems the Representing broken sound may be"
equivalent of Dan. rive, to grind, grate, cited Sw. rockla, N. rukla, G. 7''6cheln, to'
tear,and not of rtib. rattle in the throat ; Du. ruchelen, to'
From the meaning of the Scandinavian bray like an ass, cough, grunt, mutter ;•
forms it would seem that the radical E. dial, ruggle, a child's rattle ; to rucket,
signification is to jog, to give an abrupt to rattle. Then, in the sense of abrupt
impulse, whence may be explained Pl.D. or broken movement N. rugla, to wag- ;
rubberig, Du. robbelig, rough, uneven, gle, shake, rock E. dial,; roggle, to
pimply. From the sense of jogging, that shake ruggle, to stir about ; ruckle, a
;
'
of moving abruptly to and fro, and of struggle ; Pl.D. ruckeln, rucken, to jog
rubbing, would readily follow. Danneil ; N. rugga, to rock, shake, vacil-
Sc. rug, to tug, and thence to rob, is a late ; Sc. rug, to tug. Roggyn or mevyn,
parallel form, and corresponding to rug agito. — Pr. Pm.
and rub may be noted Du. rucken, rup- Finally from the idea of a jogging or a
pen (Biglotton), to pluck, to rip, snatch jolting movement to that of a rough un-
away G. rucken, to push, pull, remove,
;
even surface is an easy step. The com-
proceed dem tische einen rilck geben,
;
plete transition from sound to shape is
to give the table a shove ; rupfen, to exemplified in N hurkla, to rattle in the
.
gentlewomen oft-times here in England. Fardle — That ruffen was used in the sense of
of Fashion, A.D. 1555. shivering or trembling' is shown by the
But now they rucken in their nests glossaries cited in Dief. Supp. Frigutire,
—
And resten. Gower in Mrs Baicer. zittern vor frost, von kalte ruffen : van
A brooding hen is provincially called a kelden roeffen : schaderende of bevende
rucking hen, probably from her importu- kald lijden. To ruffle is then to throw a
nate clucking at that time. Gael, rbc, to surface into elevations, to disturb, disor-
croak. Dan. skrukke, to cluck skruk- ; der, whether in a physical or figurative
hone, a brooding hen. To ruck then is sense. A breeze ruffles or curls the sur-
properly, as It. chioccare, chiocciare, to face of the water anger ruffles or dis-
;
cluck as a brooding hen, also to cower or turbs the mind. To 7-uffle silk is to tum-
squat down as a hen over her chickens. ble or rumple it. A
ruff is a plaited
Fl. Dan. ruge, to brood, to hatch. collar ; 7-uffles, plaited borders for the
The same transposition of the r that is wrist or in other parts of di-ess. Du.
found in N. rukla, hurkla, to rattle in the ruyffelen, to rumple, wrinkle Ptg. arru-
.
throat, connects E. ruck with Pl.D. hur- farse, to snarl as a dog, to set up his fea-
ken, dual hurken, to squat down ; hurke- thers as a turkey-cock, to curl as the sur-
pott, a pot of embers over which women face of water, to become angry. Cat.
crouch to keep themselves warm. E. dial. arrufar, to wrinkle, crumple ; arrufarse,
io hurkle, to shrug up the back to hurch,
;
to bristle, to set up the hairs or feathers ;
to cuddle. — Hal. arrufar las nas, to turn up the nose, to
Kudder. i. g. ruder, an oar ; steuer- show displeasure. Castrais 7-ufa, to
ruder, the steer-oar or rudder, vessels wrinkle, crumple, crease ; Lang, rufa, a
having originally been steered by an oar wrinkle, crease, rumple ; rufe, rough,
working at the stern. See To Row. rugged.
2. A sieve for separating corn from Kt^fflan. —Rufler. To ruffle is to do
chaff. — B. G, reiter, rader, Du. rede, anything with noise and disturbance, to
reder, a sieve.— Kil. See Riddle. bustle, to swagger.
Buddy. Of a red colour. Fl.T).rood, The night comes on, and the high winds
W. rhudd, AS. read, red ; AS. rudu, red- Do sorely ruffle. —
Shakesp.
ness ; OE. rode, complexion, the red colour The winds a ruffling gale afford. Dryden.
rising —
of the face, and thence ruddy, full colour- Fr. ronfler, Bret, rufla, to snort, snore,
ed. Gr. poJov, the rose, is doubtless the snift. Hence ruffler, a bully. So Ptg.
same word ; Lat. rutilus, red, roncar, to rumble, roar, snore, also to
Kude. Lat. rudis unwrought, un- hector ; roncador, a snorer, a fierce bully,
taught. a noisy fellow. Rufista, a quarreler.
Budiment. Lat. rudimentum, the From the same origin is It. ruffiano, Sp.
first teaching, a principle or beginning.
rufian, E. ruffian, properly a swaggerer,
—
To Kue, Kuth. as. hreo-wan, reo- swasher, a bully, then the companion of
wan, to rue, be sorry for, grieve, lament. a prostitute, and in It. a pimp or pander.
G. reue, OHG. hriuwa, mourning, lamenta-
Sp. arrufianado, quarrelsome, swaggering,
tion ; ON. hryggr, sorrowful ; hrygd, E. insolent.
ruth, pitifulness, sorrow. Rufous. Lat. rufus, reddish.
Eruff. — E.uf3.e.
Another instance of Rugged. —Rug. A
rugged surface is
the kind mentioned under Ruck, where
one broken up into sharp projections, the
from a root representing in the first in- idea of abrupt irregularities of surface
stance a tremulous or vibratory sound are
being expressed by the figure of sharp
developed forms signifying motion of like
abrupt movements, as in the case of
character, then a waving, uneven, irregu-
shagged, shaggy, from shog, or jagged,
lar surface.
In the original sense, E. ruffle, a vibrat-
horn Jog. Roggyn or mevyn, agito. — Pr.
kldde, to raise the nap on cloth. Water- rabaster, to make a clatter or disturbance.
rugs mentioned in Macbeth are shaggy Cot. —
Lang, rabastaire, rambaliaire
water-dogs. A rug is a shaggy garment. (tracassier), a busybody ; Castrais rabas-
See Ruck, Rag. traire, rabastejha, to trouble, importune.
Buln. Lat. ruinaj ruo, to fall head- Euminate. Lat. rumen, the paunch,
long. belly, the cud of beasts nimino, to chew ;
said to be given to the points of the com- (shown in rammoscinare, to rumple, ruffle
pass. Fr. rumb, a roombe, or point of —
Torriano), or with Sc. rummes, ruin-
the compass, a line drawn directly from myss, to bellow, roar rammis, to rage ;
wind to wind in a compass, traversboard, about, and perhaps with Fr. ramage, the
or sea-card. —
Cot. But it is not unlikely' song of birds, chatter of children. Under-
that the word may have been introduced the same head must be classed E. dial.
with the compass itself, which is sup- rummage, lumber, rubbish, probably from
posed to have come through the Arabians. the rattling, shaky condition of old things.
Now Arab, rub" is quarter; rub"-ii-takhta G. rummel, rumble, lumber, old things ;
{takhta, board), a wooden quadrant for rumpeln, to rumble, rattle rumpelkasten, ;
,E. dial, rommle, to speak low or secretly Bumour. Lat. 7-tcmor, a rumbling
rommock, to romp boisterously; ram- sound, a report.
making, behaving riotously and wantonly; Bump. G. rumpf, Du. rompe, trunk,
rumbullion, a great tumult rumbustical, body separate from the extremities. Sw.
;
boisterous ; rtimmage, lumber, rubbish rumpa, the tail, rump. We are led from
;
rumpus, a noise, uproar ; It. rombare, analogous forms to suppose that the pri-
rombazzare, rombeggiare, to make a rum- mitive meaning is projection, then stump,
bling or clattering noise rombolare, to tail, tail-part or rump. Thus we have G.
;
—
Rennet. The maw of a
rumpelt up dem steen wege the carriage calf, used to make milk run or curdle for
:
a clatter Swiss rumpusen, to pull one a bird's tail strunty, docked, short.
;
;
rattle, throw into disorder, do things with From the violent behaviour of the ani-
bustle and haste. mal under sexual excitation. See Ram-
Busset. Fr. roux. It. 7-osso, Lat. rus- ble, Rout. G. ranzen, to make disorderly
sns, red. mbtions united with a loud noise, to rout
Eiust. G.rost;V)M.roesti about, is applied to hogs and all four-
To Rustle. AS. hristlan, Pl.D. russeln, footed beasts of prey when they go to
krusselii, ruscheln, G. rasseln. Pl.D. De rut or to couple. Ratischen, properly to
muus riisselt im stro ; G. die maus rasselt roar or rustle, is also appUed to hogs and
im stroh. Sw. riiskla, to move with a especially sows on heat Swiss riiden,
slight noise, to rustle in moving. Directly to rnake a noise, to bellow umeriiodeji,
;
Sabbath. A Hebrew word signifying away), he hath his passport given him. —
rest. Cot. Den sack sijnen knecht geveti, to
Sable. It. zibellino, G. zobel, Pol. so-
bol, ON. safali ox savali. Jornandes calls
dismiss his servant ignominiously. ^il.
2. Sack (wine), vin d'Espagne, vin sec.
—
the iar pelles saphirincz. —Sherwood, Bishop Percy cites
1650.
Sabre, a sabel, Ital. sciablo, Pol. from an old account-book of the city of
szabla, Magy. szablya, a sword, from Worcester, Anno Eliz. 34. Item for a
'
range of languages, Heb., Arab., Gr., This valour comes of sherris, so that skill in
Lat., G., &c. theweapon is nothing without sack. H. IV.—
Sp. saquear, Fr. saccager, to sack a Minsheu (1625) explains sacke, a wine
town, is from the use of a sack in re- that Cometh out of Spaine, Belgicd Roo-
moving plunder. Du. sacken, to sack, menije [Roomenije, vinum Hispaniense
put up in sacks, thence to rob, to plunder. — Kil.],wijn seek, quasi siccum, propter
Sacken ende packen, convasare omnia, magnam siccandi humores facultatem,
furto omnia colligere. Sackman, a plun- giving the right derivation of the word
derer, robber. —
Kil. In the same way we though he did not understand the mean-
speak of bagging game for bringing it to ing of the term dry applied to wine;
bag. When the proper mea,ning of the name
1 To give the sack is a very general ex- was so early lost in England, it is not
pression for dismissing one from his em- surprising that it should have been ap-
ployment, equivalent to packing him off, plied to other strong white wines coming
sending him off bag and baggage. Fr. from the same quarter, whether sweet or
On lui a donn^ son sac et ses quilles (?aid dry, and we hear of Canary and Malaga
of a servant whom his master 'hath put I sacks. Venner (Via recta ad vitam longani
552 SACRILEGE SAINT
1637 in N.), after discussing medicinally of absorption. The
roof of a house is
the propriety of mixing sugar with sacli, seggit when has sunk a
little inwards.
it
ing sugar with sack must be understood drain, dry up, drink up. Swiss suggen,
of Sheric sack, for to mix sugar with to suck ; siiggern, siickern, G. sickern, to
other wines, that in a common appella- drain away, trickle, ooze. AS. sigan,
tion are called sack, and are sweeter- in pret. sah, to suck in, to sink down, to
taste, makes it unpleasant to the pallat set. Swa swa sigende. sond thonne ren
'
wine, which beareth the name of the rain. G. saugen, pret. sog, to suck, to
islands from whence it is brought, is of absorb moisture ; sogen, to drop, trickle
some termed a sacke with this adjunct, down, to sink, settle. Sw. suga, to suck,
sweet' to soak suga i sig, to absorb, imbibe
; ;
Kilian's sack-wijri, vinum percolatum, suga or siga sig igenom, to soak through,
vulgo saccatum, was a totally different to drip ; signa, to sink, fall gradually. N.
thing, being a wash of the lees of wine siga, to ooze, as water through the earth,
and water strained through a bag. 'Sac- to fall gradually by its own weight, be-
catum, buffet, c'est beuvraige de lie de come gradually lower, sink. on. at lata
vin et d'eau coulee parmy un sac' Ca- — siga undan, to give way. ByrSin sigr at,
tholicum parvum in Due. the load weighs heavy on the horse, sags
Sacrilege. Lat. sacrilegimn, a steal- on him. Bav. ersaigen, to make the sur-
ing of sacred things ; lego, tectum, to face of water sink, to dry up, exhaust,
pick, to gather. waste seigen, to sink. 'Die prawt swaig
;
Sad. The radical meaning is at rest, und saig nider in amacht the bride :
'
steadfast, fixed, serious, sorrowful. was silent and sank down fainting. Du.
Though be absent in bodi, bi spyryt I am
I
seyghen, sijghen, G. seigeii, seihen,
to
with lou joiynge and seynge jour ordre and the strain liquids, to cause them to sag or
sadnesse [in common version steadfastness] of sink down through a strainer. Seiger,
your bileve that is in Christ. —
Wiclif, Coloss. c. an hour-glass, marking time by the sink-
2, in R.
ing of sand. Bav. seig, G. seicht, shallow,
But we saddere [firmiores] men owen to sus- having sunk down or drained away.
teyne the feblenesses of sike men and not plese
Lith. nuseku, nusenku, I flow away, dry
to ussilf. — Id. Romans, c. 15.
up, sink sunkus, heavy.
; N. sakka,
W. sad, firm, wise, sober, discreet 7nerch ; Pl.D. sakken, to sink down. Dat water
sad, a discreet woman. Pl.D. sade, rest, is in't sakken, the water is falling. De
stillness, quiet, from setten, to set, to fix. mudder, de barm is sakket, the sediment '
Sik to sade geven, to be at rest ; saden, is fallen or settled. Af sakken, hen under
sadigen, Lat. sedare, to quiet, to bring to sakken (as Fr. sier en arrifere), to fall
rest. ON. settr, Dan. sat, sedate, steady, with the stream.
staid. Swab, satt, fast, firm, close. Das Sagacious, -sage. Lat. sagax,a^\^
eisen liegt satt an. Satt binden, to bind of apprehension, or of sight or scent or
fast. taste sagio, to smell out, to perceive
;
Most words signifying to dirty have sulpern, to blot, to dabble. Bav. salber,
their origin in the figure of dabbling in one who works slow, on the same princi-
the wet, as shown under Salve, Soil, Sully. ple on which we give the name of a dab-
Under the latter head are indicated a bler to an inefficient workman.
parallel series, Fr. souiller, Pl.D. solgen, Salver. Sp. salva, salvilla, a salver,
sSlen, Flem. solowen, seulewen, &c., to or piece of plate on which glasses, &c.,
dirty,which it is difficult clearly to dis- are served at table. As salva was the
tinguish from those in the present article. tasting of meat at a great man's table,
salvar, to guarantee, to taste or make the
Sally. Fr. saillie, a breaking out
essay of meat served at table, the name
upon, a leap, spring saillir, to leap, go;
of salver is in all probabiUty from the
out, stand out beyond others. Bret, sala,
article having originally been used in
Lat. salire, to leap.
connection with the essay. The Italian
Saloon. Fr. salon, a large hall salle. ;
name of the essay was credetiza, and the
sala, a hall ; OHG. sal, ON. salr, AS.
It.
same term was used for a cupboard or
salo, house, palace, hall. Goth, saljan,
sideboard ; credentiere, credenzere, a
to lodge, to dwell salithvos, lodgings.
;
prince's taster, cup-bearer, butler, or cup-
Salt. — Saline.
Lat. sal, Gael, salann, board-keeper.— Fl. Fr. credeizced' argent,
salt ; water, the sea
sal, salt Gr. dXc, ;
silver plate, or a'cupboard of silver plate.
salt, the sea ; W. halen, salt hallt, salted. ; —Cot.
The word is common also to the whole Same. Goth, sama, same ; Slav. j«;«,
Finnish family. Fin. suold, Wogul sal, Russ. samiii, self; Pol. sam, alone, by
Magy. s6. himself, mere, same, self. Sanscr. sama,
Saltier. Fr. saultoir, properly a stir- like, equal, plane, all, whole.
rup, from sauter, to mount, but in Fin. sama, same, in what is called the
Heraldiy applied to signify St Andrew's adessitive case, becomes samalla, which
Cross. / is used elliptically in the sense
of ' at the
with sop, from the noise of dabbling. from a herb growing in Sardinia, which,
Pl.D. sappen, to sound as wet in motion, if eaten, caused great laughing, but ended
to drip, leak, ooze. De schoe sappet, the in death.
water sounds in one's shoe. Idt is so Sash. I. It. sessa, a Persian turban
vuul up'r straten dat it sappet : it is so [a piece of muslin wrapped round the
dirty in the streets that one hears it splash, cap] —
Fl.
it is .sopping wet. Een sappigen weg, a 2. Fr. cJiAssis, the sliding frame of a
soppy or muddy way. De appel sappet window cli&sse, framework in which cer-
;
tion ascribed to the influence of the suggen, suggeln, to hack, haggle, cut
planet Saturn, as a Jovial disposition ex- with a blunt knife.
presses the tendency to good fellowship 2. Du. saege, a narration, a saying.
induced by the planet Jupiter. ON. saga, a narrative.
Satyr. Lat. Saiyrus, Gr. Sarupog. Saxifrage. Lat. saxifragaj saxum, a
—
Sauce. Saucer. It. salsa, Fr. sauce, stone, and frango, to break, being sup-
properly a mixture of salt, then any relish- posed to be good against stone in the
ing addition to food. Saucer, a little bladder.
dish to hold sauce. To Say. as. secgan, ON. seiga, G. sagen.
Saucy. As sauce is a sharp-tasted Scab. Lat. scabies. It. scabbia, G.
seasoning of food, it is metaphorically schabbe, scab, scurf, itch, from scabere,
applied to sharp speech, short sharp re- Du. schabben, schobben, schrabben, to rub,
plies. Fr. sauce, met, a reprimand. A
scratch, scrape. Bret, skraba, to scratch,
man is said to be bien sauci when he has scrape.
received a sharp reprimand. * Scabbard. Might be plausibly ex-
Wo was his coke but if Ins sauce were plained from being made of scaleboard or
Poinant and sharp, and ready all his gere. thin board, in the same way that a hat
Chaucer, Prol.
If it be so, as fast
was called a beaver. Scaleboard com-
monly pronounced scdbboard. ^Worces- ——
As she answers thee with frowning looks, I'll ter.
sauce
—
Her with bitter words. As You Like It.
— —
The ancients used splints and of them some
are made of tin, others of scabbard and tin, sewed
To Saunter. One of those cases in up in linen cloths. —
Wiseman, Surgery.
which either an / after the initial j has But this explanation is opposed by the
been lost, or parallel forms beginning with OE. forms scawberk {scauberke —
Merlin
.f and si respectively have originally been 514), or scaberge (Rom. of Partenay),
developed, as in Lat. sorbere and G. schliir- scaubert (Miiller). Of these scawberk
fen, E. sop and slop, Pl.D. sabbeln, sdb- may have passed into Fr. escaubert or es-
berii, and E. slobber. cauber, by which vagina is glossed in John
In like correspondence with saunter de Garlandi^ vaginas, escaubers. Hence :
Savour. Fr. saveur, Lat. sapor, taste shiver or splinter of stones, skin of snake
sapio, -ere, to smack, taste or smell, to Fr. escaille, scale of fish. Escailler des
reUsh. Probably the syllable sap repre- noix, to pill or shale walnuts ; escailleures,
sents the smacking of the lips. shards or spalls, small pieces broken or
;;
(TKuXoc, the skin of an animal ; aicuKa, arms to scramble, scratch, touse or tug by the
stripped from a slain enemy, spoils. Gael. hair ; scarmigliato, scrambled, toused,
sgil, sgiol, shell, unhuskj sgiolta, un- scratched, &c.
husked, active, quick ; It. sciolto, loosed, Aparallel form with scramble, in the
active. Da. skille, to separate. Melken same way that we have Du. schabben and
skilles, the milk is turned. E. dial, to schrabben, to scrape or scrub, or E. dial.
sheal milk, to curdle, to separate the parts scaffle and scraffle, to scramble.
—
of it. Ray. It. scagliare, to shiver or Scamp. A
cheat, a swindler. Jam. —
splitter— Fl. ; Fr. mur escailU, a wall full A workman is said to scamp his work
of cracks or chinks. when he does it in a superficial, dishonest
— —
Scale. 2. To Scale. Escalade. Lat. manner. Swab, schampe, liederlicher
scala (from scando, to climb ?), Sp. escala, mensch. Schmid.—
Fr. ichelle, a ladder, thence a scale or Du. schampen, to shave, scrape, slip
graduated measure Sp. escalar, to mount away schampig, slippery schampschoot,
; ; ;
Upon a banke, ere men be ware, cut close ; schaers, close, niggardly, also
Let in the strenie. hardly, scarcely. It. cogliere scarso, to
strike a grazing blow shaving along the
Bret, skarr, crack in a wall, chap in the surface, to strike slanting.
skin ;skarra, to crack, to open. Fr. The root may be traced through a wide
escarre, breach, bursting open, opening extent of variation. Sometimes it is
made with noise and violence. Faire found without the initial s, as in Bret.
grande escarre, to disperse people, to karza, to scrape, cleanse, sweep, to clear
leave a wide space open escarrir, to out dung
; kars, sweepings, ordures ;
•
;
scatter, disperse. —
Trev. ' Le canon a karzpren, kazpren, karpren, a plough-
fait une grande escarre dans ce bataillon, staff, stick for scraping the coulter of
dans la muraille has made a great the plough. The Breton z changes to th
:
'
—
breach in them. Gattel. The foregoing in w. carthu, to scour, cleanse, carry out
must not be confounded with Fr. eschare, dung from stables or cowhouses carth- ;
a thing cracking or bursting. Comp. shrill sound, the sound or act of rending,
;
scare. to scratch.
The idea of frightening is commonly Scarlet. It. scarlato, Fr. Scarlate, o.
expressed by the figure either of the scharlach.
trembling symptomatic of fright, or of a The origin of the word has been much
sudden noise which instinctively startles disputed, and it has been supposed to be
and produces fright. It has been argued borrowed from an Eastern source. But
under Afraid that Fr. effrayer and G. the name of an article of commerce is at
schrecken, to frighten, both have their least as likely to have passed from Europe
origin in forms representing a crash or to the East as vice versa, and the word
crack, and it is probable that scare is admits of a plausible explanation in the
derived from a like source. Fr. escarre, Lat. carii, flesh.
breach, bursting open with noise and It. scarnatino, flesh-coloured, became
violence. —
Trev. Bret, skarr, crack, in Venet. scarlatin, explained hy Patri-
breach. Gael, sgairt, a loud cry or shout. archi as a colour of mixed white and
A similar connection may be observed red. But the mixture of a colour with
between E. scream and Sw. skrama, Xa white is considered as a dilution or weak-
frighten. ening of the colour, and therefore if the
To Scarf. To join timbers with a diluted colour were expressed by a di-
slanting joint. Sw. skar/wa, to join to- minutive, the full colour would be signi-
gether, to piece, eke out. Skar/wa en fied by the primitive form. Thus from
arm, to lengthen a sleeve —
timmer, to
; scarlatin, a whitish red, would be formed
scarf two pieces of timber. Dan. skarre, scarlato, full- red, scarlet. Compare
jsr. skara, skjerve, to scarf timber skarv, ; Shakespeare's incarnadine, to dye with
a bit cut off the end of a plank. Bav. crimson.
scharben, to shred vegetables, to make a Scarp. It. Scarpa, Fr. escarpe, Sp.
notch in a timber to receive a cross- escarpa, the slope of a wall or steep front
piece. Bret, skarfa, to scarf timber or of a fortification. See Scarf
stone. — Lepelletier. —
Scatclies. Skates. Fr. eschasses, stilts
The origin of the term
to be found
is or scatches to go upon. —
Cot. Schaeise, in
in the scraping down or slicing off a Flanders stilts, '
vulgo scacce,' in Holland
piece of each of the timbers in order to skates ;also a carpenter's trestle, the sup-
make the joint. Sp. escarbar, to scrape port on which he saws wood. Kil. Pl.D. —
or scratch the ground like a fowl or skake, shank or leg. It. zanca, shank
beast ; escarpar, to rasp or cleanse works zanchc, stilts. Sp. zanca, shank zan- ;
scarp or steep slope on the inside of a person digas, stilts. The point in which
;
ditch next the rampart. It. scarpello, a stilts and skates agree is that they are
chisel, lancet, tool for slicing or paring. both contri\'ances for increasing the
Scarf. Fr. escharpe, a scarf or bau- length of stride.
drick escharpe d'un pdlerin, the scrip Du. chaetse (from whence E.j-/?^a&) would
—
;
Sw. skingra, to scatter, dissipate. a sheave of thin slice of wood ; Gr. ffxi^ij,
Scavenger. The scavage or shewage a tablet, leaf From ox'?"") 'o split.
was originally a duty paid on the inspec- Scheme. outward form,
Gr. axnv^a,
tion of customable goods brought for sale fashion, appearance, from OGr. nyiu, to
within the city of London, from AS. scea- have, hold.
wian, to view, inspect, look. The sec- Schism.— Schist. Gr. axiafia, a rent,
tion De Scawanga, Liber Albus, p. 223, ffXiffroc, split, from trx'?", tocleave, split,
commences as follows Qi est contenuz
:
' produce fissures.
des queux marchaundises venauntz en Scholiast. Gr. o-xoXiacr);?, from tr^o-
Londres deit estx^e prys Scawenge nostre \iov, a comment. See School.
Seignur le Roy et comebien doit estre
;
—
School. Scholar. Gr. o-^oX^, leisure,
prys de chescun. —
Et fait assavoir que rest, that in which leisure is employed,
Scawenge est dite come demonstfance, discussion, lecture, philosophy, the place
pur ceo qe marchauntz demonstrcnt as where such studies were pursued, a
viscounts marchaundises des queux deit school.
estre pris custume, einz qe rien de ceo Sciatic. Gr.
lax'ov, the hip hxtac, ;
gers were the inspectors to whom the subject to pains in the hips Lat. sciatica, ;
pierre, et suffisantement defensable en- wine out of the cask, the sucker of a
contre peril de feu.' The lab-ourers by pump. It. stone, a pipe, gutter, or quill
whom the cleansing of the streets was to draw water through. Fl. —
Another
actually done were then called rakyers, application of the sense of sucker is seen
or rakers. in Lat. siphon. It. sione, a whirlwind,
waterspout, sucking up the water as it
-scend. -scans-, -scent. Lat. scan-
passes over it. See Sip.
do, scansum, to climb (in comp. -scendo,
Scirrhus. Gr. aKippog, an indurated
-scensuin) ; as in Ascend, Descent, Ascen-
tumor.
sion.
Scissors. Written by Chaucer sisoures.
Scene. — Scenery. Gr. the cover
o-ict)?/)),
It. cesore, a cutter, a tailor ; cesoie, Mo-
or tilt of a waggon, a tent, booth, stage, or Mantuan
denese cesore, zisora, scissors ;
scaffold, the stage on which the actors
Lat. casus, cut.
performed, a scene at a theatre. Scoff. ON. skatip, skauf, skop, derision
Scent. Fr. senttr, to smell. draga skaup at einum, hafa i skaupi, to
Sceptic. Gr. a-Kljrro/joi, to look about, deride. Thad hlaup vard at skaiipi, that
look carefully, consider aKi-il/ig, examina-
;
inroad was in vain. OFlem. jfAo/, schoppe,
tion, inquiry, doubt ;ffKETrriKof, inclined ludibrium; Du. j^r/io^^^, scomma, sarcas-
to reflection ; oKEirriKoi, the Sceptics, a —
mus. Kil. Possibly a shave, a dry wipe.
; ;
laughing. Sw. skalla, to bark like a dog, To Scorch. The Ormulum has scorrc-
to cry out loud, to scold, make use of ned, scorched, of a crusty loaf, or land
abusive language. Alia hans kreditoren shrunk up with drought.
skalla efter honom all his creditors cry
: All the people that the violent wind Nothus
after him. Skalla ut, to decry ; skallsord, scorclith, and bakyth the brennyng sandes by his
abusive language. N. skjella, a clapper, drie heate. Chaucer, Boeth. —
rattle. Du. schroken, PI. D. shroggen, to scorch,
Sconce, i. A small fort. Du. schantse, singe.
a rampart made of trees and branches, The origin seems to lie in the crackling
parapet, outpost ; sc/tanlsen, to defend sound of frizzling or scorching. Boh.
with a rampart schantskorven, gabions. sskwrciti, to crackle or fizz as butter on
;
— Kil. G. schanzen, to make a fence, in- the fire sskwrliti, to scorch, singe ;
;
a screen or shelter, a sconce, abri, ca- number was complete the piece on which
chette, refuge. —
Roquef Guigneville (in they were made was cut off (Fr. taillie),
Carp.) makes man after the fall address and called a tally.
God, Whereas before our forefathers had no other
Fai moi de toi un esconsail, books but the score and the tally, thou hast caused
Un abril [abri] et un ripostail printing to be used. H. VI. —
Ou je me puisse aler bouter. ON. skera {sker, skar, skorii), AS. sceran,
2. A sconse or little lanterne. — Baret. scyran, Du. scheren, to shear or cut ; ON.
1580. Scons to sette a candel in, lanterne skor, Dan. skaar, skure, Du. schore,
&. main. —
Palsgr. Mid.Lat. absconsa, schorre, a notch or score. See Shear.
sconsa (Lat. absconsa candela, a hidden Scoria. Gr. cr/cwp, dung, ordure ; Lat.
light)., originally a dark lanthorn. Ab- scoria, dross or refuse from the smelting
sconsa, abscons, absconse, luchte, lan- or refining of metal.
terne. — Dief Sup. '
Debet Prior cum Scorn. Two closely resembling forms
absconsd accensa per choi-um ire ac videre from totally different figures are found in
quam regulariter sedeant.' Sconsas ' — the Romance languages. First, It. schema,
nunquam Prior vel Abbas habuit nisi Sp. escarnio, Prov. esgue?-n, OFr. eschern,
—
illam qua; omnium communis fuit.' Due. derision, mockery ; It. schernire, OFr.
' Lesquelz
compaignons alumerent la escarnir, eschemir, eschermir, to mock.
chandelle et la mirent dedens une esconse Eschermirs est quant I'en gabe homrae
'
—
ou lanterne.' Lit. Remiss. 145 1 in Carp. seulement de bouche.' Roquef. —
Scoop. Du. schoepe, schuppe, a shovel The foregoing forms are derived from
schoepen, scheppen, to draw water, draw OHG. skern, derision skernSn, to mock ; ;
fen, to draw water, take breath, let in one as dirt, from Dan. skam, ordure, dirt,
water, met. a scoundrel, worthless person. ON.
'Tis as easy with a sieve to scoop the ocean skarnlega, shamefully. E. dial, scam,
As to tame Petrachio.— B. & F dung scarnyhmighs, a dirty drab.
;
— ;
prop, shore, bear up, stay from shaking to fly off quickly, most erroneously ap-
or slipping.— Cot. Lang, acouta, to sup- plied to liquids.'
— ; ;
To
Scowl. Da. skule, to look with
escarapellar, to scratch, to scuffie Sp. ;
downcast eyes, to look privily from fear
escarabajear, to scribble, scrawl, crawl to
or distrust. Pl.D. schulen, Du. schuilen,
Daar schulet wat and fro like insects ; escarabajo, Ptg.
to sculk, lurk, spy.
escaravelho, Lat. scarabceus, a beetle, the
unterj there is something hidden. Pl.D.
scrabbling animal.
schuuloord, Du. schuilhoeck, a lurking-
schuiltoren, specula et insidiae.
On the same principle Sw. skramla,
place
— K.
;
write or draw ill, to make irregular, ill- clap, also a fragment, splinter ; dclater, to
formed scratches. To scrall or stir, burst.
muovere to scrall or scribble, scara-
; To Scrape. Direct from the harsh
bocchiare. —
Torriano. Fr. grouiller, to sound of scraping, scratching, tearing.
rumble, also to move, stir, scrall, to N. skrapa, to make a harsh sound, to
swarm or break out confusedly in great grate, scrape skraapa, skraaba, to cre^k,
;
The two senses may be reconciled if to creak or grate, to rattle as hail, rustle
we observe that to scrawl or scribble is as dry skin. Du. schrabben, to scratch
to scramble about the paper, to move or scrape schraeffen, schrapen, to scrape.
;
of confused, multifarious movement. It. pir, escharpir, to tear to pieces. Cat. es-
scrollare, Piedm. scroU, to shake, to wag. garrapar, Ptg. escarvar,to scratch, scrape.
The present is one of the numerous Scrape in the sense of difficulty, dis-
cases in which the representation of a grace, is perhaps from the metaphorical
rattling, crackling, rumbling sound is sense of Sw. skrapa, to reprimand. Han
applied to movement of fancied analogy. adrog sig en skrapa, he drew down a
Fr. grouiller, above quoted, is applied reprimand on himself, got into a scrape.
both to sound and movement. Devon- It may however be from the figure of a
shire scrowl, to broil or roast (properly narrow exit where you can only scrape
doubtless to make a crackling sound). through, on the same principle on which
Hal. Du. schrollen, to mutter, grumble. we call a narrow escape a close shave.
Da. skraale, to bawl skralde, to rattle
; N. skrapa, to get on with difficulty, to
;
skramla, to clash, clatter, cackle. It. cry out W. ysgarm, outcry, bawling ;
;
scramare, to cry out. See Scrabble. garm, shout, outcry. AS. hryman, to cry
To Scranch. To crash with the teeth, out, call.
36 *
— ;.
skrika, to cry, shriek, scream. It. scric- scharpe, ein sack, stips. —
Graff. From
ciolare, scricciare, to screech. W. ysgrech, this latter gloss it appears that scharpe
a scream. was used in the sense not only of a scrip
Screen. —Shrine. Pol. chronid, schron- or bag, but also of Lat. stips, an alms,
ii,to shelter, to screen ; Bohem. chraniti, contribution, scrap, agreeing with OG.
schraniti, to guard, protect, keep ; schrana, scherf, a mite, the smallest coin. It is
a receptacle, a screen. In the first of probable then that scrip is properly a re-
these senses Boh. schrana corresponds to ceptacle for scraps, a scrap-sack.
Lat. scrinium, G. schrein, Fr. escrain, a On the other hand, Bav. scherben (pro-
chest, casket, shrine ; in the second with perly a potsherd) is used for an earthen
Fr. escran, dcran, a skreen, the one being vessel licht-, tnilch-, nacht-scherben. And
:
an implement to keep something of value as in the East the beggar collects his
in, the other, to keep what is noxious off. alms in a basin, it is possible that an
The final n is exchanged for an m in earthen vessel (G. scherbe, Du. scherf,
Du. schermen, to defend, scherm, a screen ; scherve, a. potsherd) was used for that
G. schirm, anything that affords shelter or purpose among our own ancestors when
protection, a screen It. schermagUa, a
; the term scherbe, scherpe, scrip, took its
fire-screen ; schermire, scremire, Fr. rise, and that the name was inherited by
escrimer, to exercise the art of defence, to the bag or wallet which served the same
fence or fight scientifically with swords purpose in later times. The former ex-
or foils. Skirmish is quite a different planation however appears far the more
word. probable one.
A screen for gravel or com is a grating Scrivener. Bret, skriva, to write ;
which wards off the coarser particles and skrivaner, one who teaches to write, or
prevents them from coming through. who does writing for another. It. scrivano,
Screw. Fr. escroue, G. schraube, Sw. a notary, clerk, scrivener.
skruf. Da. skrue, Pol. szruba. Scrofula. Lat. scrofulcE, diseased
To Scribble, i. To scratch with a glands of the neck, from scrofa, a sow.
pen, write ill. Scribble-scrabble, sorry or Probably a translation of the Gr. name
pitiful writing. —B. Fr. escrivailU, which was or seemed to be de-
)(pign,iti,
scribbled, baldly written. Cot. —
See To rived from %oi^oQ, a pig.
Scrabble. Scroll. Corrupted from scrow. See
2. To scribble wool, to card, scratch or Escrow.
tear it to pieces with a wire comb. Gael To Scrub. Sw. skrubba. Da. skrubbe,
sgrlob, scratch, scrape ; sgrloban, a Pl.D. schrubben, to rub, scrub Du. ;
orderly mass of hair. See Shag. are kept sculier, officer in charge of
;
skulke syg, to sham sick. ' I skowlke, I a brush, also a maukin for an oven. Cot. —
—
hide myself, je me couche.' ^Palsgr. Pl.D. Sp. escoba, Lat. scopuB, a besom, broom,
schulken, to shirk school verschulken,; w. ysgubo, to sweep. In the same way
566 SCULPTURE SCURVY
malkin, mawkin, is used both for a Dan. skorpe, crust ; skorphud, scurf.
kitchen-wench and for the clout which Lancash. scroof, dry scales or scabs.
she plies. The ideas of scratching and of itching,
Sculpture. Lat. sculpo, sculptum, to or the cause of it, a rough, scabby, scurfy
engrave, to carve in stone or wood. Gr. skin, are closely connected. Thus from
ykv^ia, to hollow out, to carve. Lat. Lat. scabere, to scratch, rub, scrape, we
scalpo, to scratch, scrape, grave. have scaber, rough, scabby, scabies, scab,
Scum. ON. shim, G. schaum, OFr. itch, mange. On the same principle, g.
esaime, schiuma, scuma, Gael, sgum,
It. schaben, to scrape, schabe, the itch, scab,
foam, froth, scum. From the humming scurf; kratzen, to scratch, krdtze, the
sound of agitated waters. Pol. szumied, itch ; Sw. kla, to scratch, kldda, the itch.
to rush, roar, bluster as the wind, waves, It is probable that scurf ox the equivalent
&c. szum, rush, roar, bluster, then (as
;
scrur, scroof, has a similar origin in a
foam is produced by the agitation of the form allied to E. scrub, scrape, Du. schrab-
waves), froth, foam. ben, schraeffen,S-p. escarbar, Ptg.escarvar,
* To Scummer. — Soumber. To dung, to scratch, scrape. Pol. skrobcu! sif po
and fig. to dirty. OFr. encumbrer, encom- glowie, to scratch one's head. Another
brier, escunbrier, to emb^-rrass, encum- application of the same radical figure is
ber, dirty. —
Burguy. to express the notion of refuse, worthless,
Scuppers. —Soupperholes. The holes whence E. dial, scroff, scruff, refuse wood
in the side of a ship by which the water or fuel scrawf, refuse.
; —
Hal. So from
runs off from the deck. Commonly de- G. kratzen, krdtze, the waste or clippings
rived from Pl.D. schuppen, to cast with a of metals or minerals. It is a strong con-
scoop or shovel. Dat water uut schuppen, firmation of the foregoing derivation that
to bale out water. But it must be ob- parallel with scurf, or the more original
served that the action by which the water scruff, and related to it as rub and its
runs off through the scuppers is very numerous allied forms are to scrub, are
different from baling, nor are they known found widely spread among the European
by a name similar to the E. term in any languages a series of synonymous forms,
Teutonic or Scandinavian dialect, in all of which perhaps the most instructive is
of which the name is spit-holes, G. spei- Lap. ruobbe, scar, scab, itch, to be com-
gaten. We
are thus reminded of OFr. pared with ruobbet, to rub or scratch ;
escopir, escupir, Sp. escupir, to spit, to aiweb ruobbet, to scratch the head ruob- ;
which however the designation of scuppers bajes, scabby. Fin. rupi, scurf, scab,
in the latter language {embomales) has no itch, small-pox ; G. ruf, rufe, Fr. rouffe.
relation. Walach. scupi, scuipi, Bret. It, ruffia, scurf;
roffia, Milan, ruff,
skopa, to spit. sweepings, rubbish, filth, scurf; Venet.
To Sour.— Skir. To scur, to move rufa, crust, dirt, moss of trees ; Swiss riife,
hastily ; to skir, to graze, skim, or touch riefe, eruption, scab Sc. reif, eruption,
;
gras, from skarfrj a cormorant, the plant beasts. Prov. sagin. Champ, sahin, Sp.
growing on seaside rocks. sain. It. saime, grease or fat.
• Scut. The short tail of a rabbit or Sean. Lat. ^agena, Gr. <7ayrivrj, a drag-
deer. Sw. dial, skati, tip, point, extremity, net.
top of a tree, spit of land, short tail of Sear. —
To Sear. Du. zoor, Pl.D.
animals as of a bear or a goat. soar, dry sooren, AS. searian, to dry,
;
To Scutch. To cleanse flax. Scutched, dry up. Fr. sorer, to dry herrings in the
—
whipped. Pegge. Gael, sguids, switch, smoke Gr. Sijpde, withered, dry.
;
mark). It. sigillo. Pro v. sagel, OFr. sael, many times, often. Sazonar, to ripen, to
seel, Sp. sello, a signet, seal. come to maturity, to satisfy. No fui
Seam. i. on. saumr, a sewing, seam sazonada de, I was never surfeited with,
saum thradr, sewing thread. Du. zoom, satisfied with.— Rayn. Dessazonar, to
a hem, brim, border ; G. saum, Sw. som, trouble, derange, disconcert. Mid.Lat.
hem, seam. saisonare, sadonare, assaxonare, to bring
2. Fr. saim, seam, the tallow, fat or to a proper condition. '
Quod pelles quae
grease of a. hog. —
Cot. Lat. sagina, fat- ex dorsis scuriolorum erant confectas non
Item fumarii debent
tening, fatted animal, fat produced by bene saisonatce.' '
;
the objection to which is that satio does Sedition. Lat. seditio {se itio), a
not appear ever to have been used in the going apart, making a separate cabal or
sense of seed-time, much less of season in mutiny.
general. The second explanation sup- Sedulous. Lat. sedulus, careful, as-
poses the word to be a corruption of It. siduous, sitting at work.
stagione (from Lat. sfatid), a season or See. Properly the seat or throne of a
time of y£ar, Sp. estacion, station, a bishop. OYx. sd,sied2,siez. 'The arch-
place appointed for a certain end, season bishop of Canterbury took him be the
of the year, hour, moment, time. The rite hand and sette him in the Kyngis se.'
loss of the /, which would bring It. Capgrave, 273. — Quant il fu sacre e '
—
stagione to Fr. saison, is no doubt a dif- miz el sd.' Vie St Thomas. ' E sui assis
ficult step, but the senses correspond so al sed xiaX.' —
Livre des Rois. Lat. sedes.
exactly that I am inclined to believe that To See. as. seon, Goth, saikvan, g.
saison has originated in such a manner.
It. zocco, Fr. souche, the stock or stump Seed. AS. sad, G. saat, ON. sdd. w.
of a tree, have a like relation with E. hdd, seed. Lat. satus, sown.
stock. To Seek. Goth, sokjan, ON. scekia,
Seat. See Sit. Sw. sSka, Pl.D. sbken, seken, G. suchen.
Second. Lat. secundus, Fr. second. The most obvious type of pursuit is an
Secret. Lat. secretus j secerno, secre- infant sniffing for the breast, or a dog
tion, to sever, lay separate, put by itself scenting out his prey or sniffing after food.
Sect. Lat. secta, for secuta, a follow- On this principle we have Du. snoffelen,
ing, course of life, course of doctrine, naribus spirare, odorare, indagare canium
union of persons following the same leader. —
more Kil. G. schniiffeln, to search out
;
Divitioris enim sectam plerumque se- Bav. schnurkeln, to snift, also to search
quunttir. — Lucret. Quy hanc sectam, about, ferret out N. snusa, to snuff, sniff,
;
rationemque vitae re magis quam verbis to search, to pry into ; Du. snicken, to
secuti sumus. —
Cic. Hostes omnes draw breath, to sob, sigh, sniff, to scent
judicate qui M. Antonii sectam secuti out E. dial, sneak, snawk, snuck, to
;
sunt. —Cic. Sector, tg follow. Mid.Lat. smell ; snook, snoke, Sw. snoka, to search
secta was used for a suit or uniformity of out, to trace a thing out. Snoka i hvar
dress. '
Quodlibet artificium simul vestiti vrd, to thrust one's nose into Svery corner.
in una secta,' each guild dressed in one Now the sound of sharply drawing
suit of colour. —Knyghtonin Due. 'Libra- breath through the nose as in sobbing or
tam magnam panni unius sectcB,'a. copious sniffing is often represented by parallel
livery of cloth of one suit or of uniform forms beginning with sn and j respectively.
colour and quality. —
Fortescue, ibid. Thus we have E. dial, snob, to sob G. ;
Secta in English Law was also suit or fol- schnauben, to short, schnobern, to sniff, to
lowing. Secta curia, attendance on the scent out, to be compared with E. sob;
court of the Lord secta ad molendinum, and E. snuff, sniff, to be compared with
;
duty of carrying the tenants' corn to a Sc. souff, to breathe deep in sleep, AS.
certain mill. Secta or sequela, the right seofan, to sigh. In the same way Du.
of prosecuting an action at law, the suit snickeft, Pl.D. snucken, to sob, correspond
or action itself. to OE. sike, to sigh, and Sw. sucka, to
-sect. — Section. —
Seg'ment. Lat. sigh or sob. The syllabic suk is used to
seco, sectum, to cut sectio, a cutting; represent the sound of sniffing or snifting
;
Self. ON. sjalfr, Goth, silba, G. selb. Sp. sentar, to seat, as signifying a soldier
Possibly from the reciprocal pronoun, appointed to watch a fixed post in opposi-
Lat. se, G. sich, and leib, body, as OFr. tion to a patrole or from sentire, to
;
The same corruption is found in Prov. played before the door of one's mistress
cepte. '
Vist que lo dit visconte non era by way of compliment. Sereno (of the
eretge ni de lor cepte:' seeing that the weather), open, fair, clear, thence the
said viscount was not heretic nor of their open air as opposed to the confinement
sect. —
Sismondi, Litt. Proveng. 215. of a house ; giacere al sereno, serenare, to
—
Sepulchre. Sepulture. Lat. sepelio, lie in the open air. Sereno is also applied
sepultum, to bury. to the evening dew which only falls in
—
Sequel. Sequence, -sequent. Lat. clear weather.
sequor, secuius sum, to follow ; sequent, Serene. Lat. serenus, clear, bright,
following ; sequentia, sequela, a following. calm.
Sequester. Lat. sequester, an inter- Serg^eant. It. sergente, a Serjeant,
mediary, one who holds a deposit ; se- beadle, also a servant, a groom or squire.
questra, to put into the hands of an — Fl. Fr. sergent, Piedm. servient, a
indifferent person, to lay aside. beadle, officer of a court. Li serganz kil
Seraglio. The palace in which the servoit, the servant who served him. —
women of a Mahometan prince are shut Chanson d'Alexis in Diez. Mid.Lat. ser-
up. It. serragUo, a place shut in, locked vient ad legem, a serjeant at law. The i
or inclosed as a cloister, a park, or a of serviens is converted into a / and the v
paddock ; also used for the great Turk's lost, as in Fr. aireger ixora. abbreviare.
chief court or household. Fl. From — Series. Lat. series, a train, order, row,
serrare, to lock in, to inclose. Probably from sero, to lay in order, to knit.
the application to the sultan's palace was Serious. Lat. serius, grave, earnest.
favoured by the Turkish name saray Sermon. Lat. sermo, a discourse.
(from the Persian), a palace, a mansion. Serpent. Lat. serpens j serpo, to
Sarayli, any person, especially a woman, creep, glide, as snakes do.
who has belonged to the sultan's palace. Serrate. Lat. serra, a saw.
Caravanserai, the place where a caravan Serried. Fr. serrd, closely pressed
ishoused, an Eastern iim. serrer (Lat. sera, a. lock), to shut in, in-
Sere. Several, divers. B. — close, press.
-sert. Sero, sertum, to knit, wreathe,
Befor Persye than jffl>-men brocht war thai.
join ; as in Assert, Insert, Desertion, &c.
Wallace.
To Serve. —
Servile, -serve. Lat.
In seir pards, in several divisions.— Ibid. servus, a. slave ; servio, to be a slave, to
NE. They are gone seer ways, in different serve, to work for another. Hence to de-
by work.
directions. —
Jam. Sw. sdr, apart. Taga
i sdr, to take to pieces. S&rdeles, singu-
serve, to earn a thing
-serve, -serv-. Lat. servo, properly
lar, special ; sarskildt, diverse, different, to look, to take heed, then to take care
particular. of, to keep, preserve, or save. Hence Con-
The origin is ON. sdr, sibi, for or by it- serve, Observe, Preserve, Reserve.
self. Hann var um
mat, he was
sir Session. Lat. sedeo, sessum, to sit
by himself at meat. ' Their foro stun- sessio, an act of sitting.
dum bathir samt, stundum ser hvarr (Sw. — —
To Set. To Sit. Seat. as. settan,
hvar for sig) ' they went sometimes both
: G. setzen, ON. setia, to place, to let down ;
together, sometimes each by himself. — G. sitzen, ON. sitia, to sit, to set oneself
Heimskringla, I. 27. SMegr, singular, down. Lat. sidere, to let oneself down,
morose. SdrrdSr (Dan. selvraadig), self- to alight, to sink, settle, sit down sedere,
;
modo {sin led, his own way), whence pro- Bret, seizen, a string of silk.
bably may be explained Sc. seindle, sel- Settle.—* To Settle. AS. setl, a seat,
dom, rare originally, peculiar.
;
a setting setlgang, setlung, the setting
;
—
Sere. Cere. The yellow between the of the sun. To settle is to seat oneself,
to subside, to become calm. In the sense
beak and eyes of a hawk. From the re-
semblance to yellow wax ? of adjusting a difference, coming to agree-
Serenade. It. serenata, evening music ment upon terms, there is probably a
;
is gone a sew. Sckichiar, silar, siier, to The w. forms are probably borrowed
dry, to wipe. The W. sych, Bret, sec'k, from the English. W. saig, seigen, a dish
dry sycku, sedha, to dry, to wipe, con- or mess of meat
; seigio, to serve up
;
nect the foregoing forms with Lat. siccus, seigiwr, one who serves up dishes, a
and showtliat the latter is (like Gael.^a« sewer.
sil^h, dry) formed on a negation of succus. Sex. Lat. sexus.
; — ;;
Dan. skabe, to It. ciocca, any tuft, bush, lock of hair, silk
scratch skabbig, Dan. skabbed, mangy. or wool, also a thick cluster ; cioccoso,
—
;
—
Outzen. bushy, shaggy, bunchy. Fl. Du. schocke,
: Shack. The shaken grain remaining —
a heap. Kil. E. shock, a pile of sheaves.
on the ground when gleaning is over, the Lap. tuogge, a tangled lock ; Fin. tukka,
fallen mast. —
Forby. Hence to shack, to forelock, hanging lock.
turn pigs or poultry into the stubble-field Parallel with the foregoing is a series
to feed on the scattered grain shack, ;
of similar forms with exchange of the
liberty of winter pasturage, when the cattle final guttural for a labial. Goth, skuft,
are allowed to rove over the tillage land. OHG. scufi, scuff, hair of the head ; MHG.
To go at shack, to rove at large, and met. schoup, bunch, wisp of straw ; G. schopf,
shack, a vagabond ; shackling, idling, Swiss tschuff, fschnp, tuft of feathers,
loitering. Hal. — hair of head, It. ciuffo, a tuft or forelock
In the original sense, shackin, the ague of hair, Fr. touffe, E. tuff, tuftj G. zopf,
shackripe, so ripe that the grain shakes tuft or tress of hair, top of tree ; Pol.
from the husk. —
Craven Gloss. Shack, czub, tuft, crest; Let. tschuppis, tuft of
to shed as over-ripe corn. Mrs Baker. — hair, bunch, cluster, heap ; W. sidb, tuft,
Manx skah, shake, shed. tassel ; sioba, crest of bird.
Shackle, as. scacut, sceacul, a. clog, The radical image is probably a shag,
fetter Du. schaeckel, the link of a chain,
; shog,jog or abrupt movement, leading to
step of a ladder, mesh of a net ; schakelen, the notion of a projection, then a lump,
to link together. It is not easy to see bunch, tuft. ON. skaga, to project, skagi,
any connection of meaning with Sw. a promontory. In the same way Sw.
skakil, Dan. skagle, the shaft of a cart. ^'^Sgj shaggy hair, seems to be connected
Shade. Goth, skadus, shade ufar- ; with Da. rage, to project.
skadrjan, to overshadow gaskadveins, ;
To Shag.— Shog. To jog, move ab-
covering AS. sceado, sceadu, Du. schaede, ruptly to and fro. Shoggle, to shake, to
;
—
waives.' Wiclif. To rock, shake, shog,
shelter, shadow ysgodigo, to be affright-
;
wag up and down. Cot. W. ysgogi, to —
ed (comp. Fr. cheval ombrageux). Gr. wag. A
parallel form with gog (in gog-
o-iMtt, shade BKiaX,ia, to shade
; tymaSiiov, mire),jog,jag, formed on the same prin-
;
reed, rod, pole, arrow, quill, the shaft of a tick as a clock schaggeri (stossen), to jog. ;
ashamed. ON. skomm, shame, dishonour, mouthed. P1.D. skaard, G. scharte, ON.
abuse ; skamma, to dishonour, disfigure, skarS, Da. skaar, a notch, breach, cut.
abuse ; skammask, to be ashamed. OHG. orskardi, lidiscardi, injury to the
Shame is the pain arising from the ears or limbs. Da. skaar, also, as NE.
thought of another person contemplating potscar, a fragment. Fr. escharde, a
something belonging to us with con- splinter.
tempt, indignation, or disgust. It shrinks The corresponding verb is seen in the
from the Ught and instinctively seeks con- forms Du. scheuren, schoren, to rend, tear,
cealment, like Adam when he heard the cut, crack —
KU., Pl.D. scheren, to tear
voice of God in the garden and knew he away, separate, OHG. skerran, Prov.
was naked. Accordingly the word may esquirar, to scratch or tear, 07r.deschirer,
well originate in the idea of shade or con- to tear apart, G. scharren, to scrape,
cealment, and may be illustrated by P1.D. Bret, skarra, to crack, chap, Gael, sgar,
jcA^»j£, shade,shadow; a-verschetnen, to tear asunder, separate, divorce, Fr. es-
overshadow hevenschemig, dark, over-
; carter, to separate, to disperse. All from
cast. See Shimmer. the sound of scraping, scratching, tearing,
—
Shanioy. Shammy. Fr. chamois, a analogous to Gael. rcLc (which uses the
wild goat, and the skin thereof dressed. same consonantal sounds in an opposite
It. camoccia, camozza, the wild goat order), make a' noise as of geese or ducks
camoscio, Fr. satneau, chameau, shammy or of cloth tearing, tear asunder, rake,
or buff leather, leather dressed soft G. harrow. See Scarce.
gemse, chamois ; zetnisch, semisch, Du. 2.A special application of the notion
seem., seemen, seetnsch, PoL zaTnsz, Sw. of separating (closely allied to that seen
samsk, shammy leather. The resemblance in Fr. escharde, a spUnter) gives OE.
to the name of the chamois seems acci- shard, a scale.
dental, as it is not likely that an animal She sigh her thought a dragon tho
so rare as the chamois must always have Whose scherdes shynen as the Sonne. Gower.—
been should give its name to a leather in The sharded beetle.
general use.
—
Cymbeline.
Some explain it as Samogi- scarda, a scale ; scardare, to scale fishes,
It.
Welcome, quoth he, and every good felaw shelter, protection, a shield. So lUyrian
;
Whider ridest thou under this grene shaw ? krilo, a wing, also protection kriliti, to ;
sctig of a brae, of a dyke, the shelter it anything round and flat, the leaf of a
affords. To scug is said of one who is table. Sw. skifwa, a slice of bread, meat,
skulking from the pursuit of the law, and &c., sheave of a pulley. ON. skifa, Dan.
is compared by Jam. with on. skogar- skive, a slice.
madr, skoggangr-matr, an outlaw, one From the notion of shivering or split-
who has taken refuge in the woods. ting to pieces, on. skifa, to split, to
Shawl. Persian, shal. cleave G. schiefern, to scale, to separate
;
Sheaf. Du.
schoof, G. schaub, schob, a in small pieces schiefer, a splinter, slate,
;
bundle of straw, a sheaf OHG. scoub, a a kind of stone which splits in flat layers.;
bundle of straw or the like, Pl.D. schevelsteen, schevel, slate; scheve.
a mop, a troop.
Gael, sguab, Bret, skub, w. ysgub, a sheaf Da.
skicEve, Sw. skdfwa, splinters of
of corn, a besom ; Sp. escoba, Mod.Gr. hemp and flaxstalks that fly off in dress-
oKoirra, a besom, scrubbing brush, w. ing. See Shiver.
siob, sioba, a tuft, crest, tassel. Shed. I. penthouse or shelter of A
It. ciuffo,
tuft or forelock of hair ; Pol. czub, hair of boards. —
B. Du. schutten, to ward off, to
the head ; Let. tchuppis, bunch of hair. hedge, defend, hinder, shut. Schutten
The radical image is probably a projec- den slag, den wind, to parry a blow, to
tion, bunch, bush. See Scuff, Shag. shelter from the wind ; het water met
Sheal. —
Shealing;. A
hut for shep-
dyken schutten, to stop the water with
dykes ; schutberd, paling schut tegen 't ;
herds, fishers, &c., shed for sheltering
vuur, a fire-screen ; schutdack, an open
sheep. To sheal the sheep, to put them
roof for shelter against the weather, a
—
under cover. ^Jam. ON. skjol, shelter,
shed ; Du. schot, a pigsty ; N. shut, a
protection skyla, shade as a verb, to
shed made by the projecting roof of a
; ;
break asunder, crack, burst ; scheure, een, to throw the blame upon one. Du.
schore, a breach, crack, cut, opening, on. schieten, to push forwards, to shoot. Het
skera, to cut, and (as Sc. shear) to reap brood in den oven schieten, to put the
corn, to clip hair. Lith. skirti, to separ- bread into the oven. Hence schot, the
?7
— ; ;;
Entschiitten sich eines dinges, to rid vessel. Lap. skaut, point ; aksjo skaut,
oneself of a thing, to shake it off. Es the point of an axe skautek, angular
;
schiittet, it pours with rain. Gib acht das ON. skaut, corner, lap, corner of a sail.
d'n^t schidst, take care that you do not Suffolk scoot, an angular projection mar-
shed or spill anything. Shedes, pours. ring the form of a field. —
Forby. Goth.
Sir Gawaine in Hal. skauts, the lap of a garment. AS. Pes
Allied with scatter, shatter, shudder, veil, sceat. —
Vocab. nth century in Nat.
and with Gr. okiS {aKiSdvwui, (TKiSdtria), Ant. Gael, sgdd, corner of a garment or
scatter, shatter, sprinkle, shed. XntSiiaai of a sail, sheet of a sail.
alfia, to shed blood
—
aixiirjv, to shatter
;
Sheld. Spotted, particoloured, whence
a spear. Manx shah, shake, shed. sheldapple iiox sheld-alpe ?), the chaffinch,
Sheen. Fair, shining. B. as. scyne,— or pied finch sheldrake, a particoloured
;
scyna, bright, clear, beautiful. Wif curon kind of duck. ON. skioldr, a shield
scyne and fsegere, chose wives beautiful skioldottr. Da. skioldet (of cattle), parti-
—
and fair. Caedm. Engla scynost, bright- coloured ;N. skioldet, spotted ; skiolda
est of angels. G. schon, beautiful. See (of snow), to thaw in patches.
Shine. Shelf. AS. scylfe, a. board, bench,
Sheep. G. schaaf, sheep. The name shelf; Du. schelf, the scaffold on which
has been referred to Pol. shop, Bohem. a mason stands; VXSi.schelfen, upschelfcii,
skopec, a wether or castrated sheep to raise on a scaffold or boarding. Brem. —
(whence skopowina, mutton), from sko- Wtb.
piti, to castrate. It should be observed The primary meaning seems a thin
that the common It.mutton is
word for piece formed by splitting. Gael, sgealb,
castrate, and the original meaning of split, dash to pieces sgealb-chreag, a
;
Mid. Lat. vtulto, Fr. mouton, seems to splintered or shelvy rock. Sc. skdve, to
have been a wether, derived by Diez from separate in lamina. A
stone is said to
Lat. mutilus. skelve when thin layers fall off from it in
Sheer. Altogether, quite, also (of cloth) consequence of friction or exposure to the
thin. —
B. The fundamental signification air.— Jam. Du. schelffe, a shell, husk,
seems to be shining, then clear, bright, scales of a fish schelfferen, to split off,
;
pure, clean. Da. skiar, gleam, glimmer- to scale schelffer, a splinter, fragment
;
rants, almonds, musk, and amber, very dula, a shingle or thin piece of cleft
delicate, called in England Sherbet. — wood; Gr. <!yyc,r\, axi^Vi a- shide or splin-
Fl. There is no doubt that the E. word ter and as these are undoubtedly con-
;
is from Arab, sharbat, a drink or sip, a nected with Lat. scindo, scidi, to cleave,
dose of medicine, sherbet, syrop shur- ; split, cut, Gr. axZ,ia, to cleave, we must, if
bat, a draught of water, from sharb, shirb, we rely on the principle of derivation
shurb, drinking, supping, the exact equi- above explained, suppose that it also
valent of Lat. sorbere, It. sofbire, to sup gave rise to the last-mentioned verbs, but
or suck up liquid the Arab, as well as
; there is- no reason to suppose that these
the Latin root being doubtless, like G. latter were earlier in the order of forma-
schlurfen, a direct representation of the tion than the related substantives.
sound. Lith. srebti, srobti, sraubti, srMti, Shield. G. schild, on. skjbldr. Com-
sruboti, to sup, sip ; sruba, soup, broth. monly referred to ON. skjol, shelter, pro-
Sheriff as. scirgerefa, a shire-reeve, tection, skyla, to cover, protect, as ON.
governor of a county. The origin of the hlif, a shield, hlifa, to protect. Gael.
latter element is unknown. sgail, shade, covering, curtain.
Sherry. Wine of Xeres in Spain, the Shift. The older sense of dividing,
Sp. X often representing the sound of ch distributing, allotting, is now nearly obso-
or sh, as in xague, check, xe/e, chief, lete. Shifting, in Kent, the partition of
xeque, a sheik, xabeque, a kind of vessel land among coheirs. B. —
called a shebeck. —
Baretti. God clepeth folk to him in sondry wise
To Shew. AS. sceawiaii, Du. schouwen, And everich hath of God a propre gift
to look, to show. G. schauen, to look Som this, som that, as that him Irketh shifi.
Sw. skdda, to behold, to view. Du. Chaucer, W. of B. Prol.
schoude, schouwe, an outlook, high place. ON. skipa, to ordain, arrange ; skipta, to
Shide. distribute, share, arrange a succession
And bad shappe him a shup aishides and of among heirs, booty among captors. Gud
bordes.— P.P. skipti meS okkr: let God deal with us
two, let him allot to each what seems
ON. skid, a thin piece of wood, splinter
good to him. Skipta is then, like e. shift,
for burning skidgardr, a fence of laths,
;
to change. N. skipa, to' arrange, appoint;
Du. schieden, to split wood. G. scheit, a
skipta, skifta, Da. skifte, to partition,
splinter, a fragment, a piece of cleft fire-
wood scheitern, to split to pieces OE.
; ;
shift, change. A shift or woman's smock
is not, as Richardson explains it, a gar-
shider, a shiver or fragment to shider or ;
period of work, as (when the day is divided (comp. E. chime) kimaltaa, kiimottaa,
;
into three parts) friih-, tage-, nacht- to glitter, sparkle komista, to sound
;
schicht, the morning, day, and night-shift. deep or hoUow komottaa, to shine as
;
Schicht halten, to take one's turn or shift the moon. Esthon. kum, noise, shine,
of work. In the same sense PI.D. schuft, brilliancy ; kumama, to glow ; kummama,
schuft-tied. Das kann ich in einer schuft to roar, hum, tingle, to shine. Du. scha-
thun I can do that without resting.
: teren, schetteren, to ring, crash, resound ;
Adelung. Du. schoft, schoff, the division schitteren, to glitter, shine. The same
of the day's work into four parts also ; relation holds good between Pol. szemrad
the meals by which they are broken. {sz =E. sh), to murmur, mutter, rustle, or
Schoften, schoffen, to rest or to take meals the equivalent E. simmer (in Suffolk
at the stated hours. Kil.—G. bierschicht, shimper), to make a gentle hissing or
pause when workmen leave their work rustling noise like liquids just beginning
for a draught of beer. Thus schicht, or to boil, and shimmer, to shine unsteadily
the equivalent shift, might be applied to or faintly.
the breaking off of the old strain or the From the frequentative, which in imi-
commencement of a new one, and hence tative words
is usually the original form,
acquires the sense of change. A
shift of are developed OHG. scimo, splendour,
work is properly a bout of work, the brilliancy, ray of light, sciman, to glitter ;
period during which the labourer works ON. skima, splendour, reflection, and, as
at a single stretch, but is subsequently a verb, to glance suspiciously round ; AS.
applied to the change of workmen at the sciman, to glitter, to squinny, still pre-
expiration of the proper time. In the served in the provincial skime, a ray of
same way a shift of linen would properly light, also to look at a person in an un-
be the period during which a shirt would derhand way shim, appearance, white
;
wear without washing, then the entrance streak on the face of a horse.— Hal. N.
on a new shift, or the change of shirt skjoma, to glance, to flicker ; PI.D. scheme,
when the old one was sufficiently worn. reflexion, shade.
It is in this sense of a turn of work Shin. G. sckiene, a splint or thin piece
that the word is used when we speak of of wood, splint for a broken arm, tire of a
making shift, making a thing serve our wheel or strip of iron with which it is
turn. To shift is to do the duty of the bound round. Armschiene, beinschiene,
hour a shifty person, one skilled at turn-
; a piece of armour for the arm or thigh ;
ing his hand to various kinds of work. schienbein, the shinbone, so called from
Shilling. G. schilling, a piece of its sharp edge like a splint of wood. The
to separate, to cut. For tbe ultimate In Lat. scintilla, a spark, the sound of kl
origin, see Shingle. inskinkle is exchanged for tl, in a manner
Shine. Goth, skeinan, ON. skina, G. analogous to the interchange of _^/ and dl
scheimn, to shine. Bret, skina, to spread, in E. shingle and G. schindel, or in N.
to scatter , skin, ray, spoke of a wheel, singra, to jingle, and ON. sindra, to
furrow. sparkle.
The resemblance of the fonns shime Shingle.— Shindle. i. A
lath or cleft
and sAine,however striking, is probably —
wood to cover houses with. B. It. scan-
not to be accounted for on the supposition dole, laths or shindells. Fl. —
G. schindel,
of a confusion between the pronunciation a shingle, a splint for a broken arm. Lat.
of m
and n, but rather from both the scandiila, scindula, a shingle.
foregoing forms having arisen from inde- The idea of breaking to pieces is com-
pendent representations of somewhat simi- monly expressed by reference to the
lar sounds. sound of an explosion, as explained under
In designating the phenomena of sight Shine. Thus OFr. esclat, properly sig-
we are necessarily driven to comparison nifying a clap or crack, is used in the
with sounds which produce an analogous sense of a shiver, splinter, also a small
effect upon our sensitive frame. Thus and thin lath or shingle. Cot.— The
the sudden appearance of a brilliant light origin of shingle, shindle, is shown in
is represented by the sound of an explo- Dan. skingre, to ring, clang, resound,
sion, and a sparkling or broken glitter by leading to Sw. skingra, to disperse, scat-
the sound of crackling. Fr. ^dai, origin- ter. In E. dial, shinder, to shiver to
ally representing a loud smart sound, is pieces, the sound of ng exchanges for nd
applied to a brilliant light Maf de ton-
; as in shingle and shindle, or in N. singra,
nerre, a clap of thunder dclat de lumiire,
; to jingle, and ON. sindra, to sparkle.
a sudden flash of light. Petiller, to The dental is also found in Lat. scindere,
crackle, also to sparkle, twinkle. Du. to split, and in It. schiantare, to rap, split,
schetteren, schateren, to crash, resound ; or burst in sunder, whence schiantolo, a
schitteren, to glitter. At the same time, splinter, shiver [shindle]. Fl. —
the sounds employed as the types of visual Shingle. 2. The pebbles on the sea-
conceptions have their connections also shore, from the jingling noise made by
in the realm of mechanical action. A every wave on a shingly beach. N. singla,
loud and sudden crash suggests the notion singra, to jingle, clink ; singl, gravel,
of explosive action, bursting asunder, shingle.
shivering to pieces, while a crackling Ship. Goth, skip, G. schiff, Fr. esquif.
sound is connected with the idea of vibra- It. schiffo, Lat. scapha, Bret, skaf, ship,
tory or broken movement. S'Maier, to boat. Gr.
aicd(pri, anything scooped or
burst, crash, shiver into splinters ; ^clat, dug a hollow vessel, tub, bason, bowl;
out,
a shiver, splinter, small piece of wood a light boat or skiff (TKawTui, to dig. The
:
to truss or tuck up ; die drmel schiirzen, with Sp. quiebra, crack, fracture ; quebrar,
to tuck up the sleeves. to break.
Shive. See Sheave. ShoaL I. AS. theqfsceol, a gang of
To Shiver. Written cMver, chever, thieves thegnscole, a train of retainers.
;
meant as a representation of the sound. grow together in clods ; zolle delP aria,
Thus the word chitter, originally repre- the clouds. 'A cloud of witnesses.' Mod.
senting confused, broken sound, as the Gr. aicovXa, a mass, lock of wool, flax, &c.
chirping of birds, is applied to trembling Compare flock of wool, flock of sheep, of
movement; Chytteryng, quivering or
'
birds, &c.
—
shakyng for cold.' Huloet in Hal. So 2. Ashallow place in the sea. Perhaps
Du. quetteren, to chirp, corresponds to from Fr. escueil, ecueil. It. scoglio, Sp.
Lat. quatere, to shake. Du. schetteren, escollo, a shelf on the sea, or rock under
to crack, to warble, is also rendered by shallow water, from Lat. scopulus, a rock.
the Lat. tremere, intremere. Schetter- More probably however it corresponds
inghe, sonus vibrans, stridor dispersus, to Sc. schald, schaiil, shallow. The '
modulatio. —
Kil. schaldis of Affirik syrtes D. V. Shawl
:
' — '
On the same principle, Sp. quiebro, a waters maik maist din.' Ramsay, Sc. —
trill or quaver, leads to E. quiver, to Prov.
tremble, Du. kuyveren, kuyven, to shiver, Shock. I. Fr. choquer, Sp. chocar,
tremble, parallel forms with Lat. vibrare. Du. schokken, to jog, jolt, knock against.
The same variation of the initial con- The word is of analogous formation with
sonant which is seen in shake as com- cock, kick, cog, shag, shog, jag, jig, jog,
pared with quake, or in Du. schetteren as &c., from a form in the first instance re-
compared with quettereti, brings quiver presenting an abrupt sound, then used
into parallelism with shiver. Lower Rhine to signify an abrupt movement, a projec-
schoeveren, to tremble. tion, prominence, bunch or tuft.
When a body not altogether rigid is Forms closely bordering on the sylla-
violently shaken, the parts of which it is ble shock are used to represent broken
composed are flung into movement in a sound in Sc. chack, to clack or click e. ;
variety of directions, and seem to be fly- dial, chackle, to chatter Sp. chacolotear, ;
ing apart from each other. Thus the to rattle like a loose shoe Swiss tschdg- ;
senses of shaking and of breaking to gen, to tick like a clock Da. skoggre, ;
pieces are frequently united, and we speak skoggerlee, to roar with laughter. P1.D.
SHOE SHOWER S83
suk! is used to represent the jolt of a short, red-short, &c. In this combination
•
3. A public drain. Erroneously sup- remarked that the proper meaning of shun
posed to be a corruption of sewer. It is is to shove or push, then to avoid.
really from G. scharren, to scrape, Swiss Shovel. G. schaufel, Du. schtiffel,
schoren, to cleanse, sweep out stables, schuyffel, schoepe, schuppe, a shovel or
whence schorete, ausschorete, what is similar implement. The meaning would
scraped or swept out, dung, manure ;
seem be an implement for digging.
to
schorgraben, the drain which receives the Pol. kopai, to dig, scoop, hollow kopnac
;
piece of paper, scrow ; schrooder, a tailor Pl.D. schrell, harsh, sharp in sound or
VXXi.scharden, schraen, to eat, to gnaw as taste, hoarse. Schrell bier, hard, sour
a mouse ; G. schrot, what is cut up into beer de appel het ejien schrellen smakk,
;
fragments, corn coarsely ground, lead cut the apple has a sharp taste. Shriek and
up for shot schroten, to shred, cut up. shrill are related to each other as squeak
;
food; ein schrA maul, a. sharp tongue ; connection between the fact of contraction
ein schrower, a shrewd man, one ready of and the sound by which it is signified is
speech and act. Pl.D. schrae weide, bare, always of precisely the same nature, are
scarce pasture ene schrae tied, a shrewd questions on which it would be rash to
;
skrttmpen, shrivelled, shrunk ; and for the Pliny; where the latter clause may be
series with a terminal k instead of p, N. translated, and marking out beforehand,
rukka, Lat. ruga, a wrinkle ; E. 7-uggeds by the incisions, a track for the future
Sw. rimka, to shake, vacillate ; rynka, furrows.
wrinkle, rumple ; E. crook, crouch, crincle; From the same original source, but
N. skrukka, a wrinkle ; as. scrincan, to doubtless by no direct descent, is Pl.D.
shrink ; Sw. skrynka, wrinkle ; skrynkia, schreve, a line, which is used in the same
to crumple, wrinkle. metaphorical sense as the verbal element
Shrine. AS. serin, G. schrein, Fr. escrin, in p?-ascribere. Na dem schreve hauen :
Lat. scrinium, a cabinet or place to keep to c\it according to the line chalked out.
anything in. See Screen. Aver den schreven gaan to go beyond :
as lether or other thing that shringeth any way enjoined. Edictis, gebennum
together.' — Palsgr. G. eschrecken, to be oththe gescrifum ; ahdictis, /orscri/enum.
alarmed, properly to start at, to shrink
is —
Gl. Cot. in Junius.
from. Du. e?i schrikkig paard, a startlish To shrive then had reference originally
horse. N. skrekka, to shrink as cloth. to the injunctions given by the priest on
—
To Shrive. Shrift. To shrive is ex- hearing confession, and was only a spe-
plained by Bayley, to make confession to cial application of a word which in its
a priest, also to hear a confession, and it is general sense has been lost to the Eng-
generally understood to include the whole lish language.
circumstances of the transaction, the im- To Shrivel. Gael, sgreubh, sgreag,
position of penance and consequent ab- dry, parch, shrivel sgreagan, anything
;
solution. From the latter applications dry, shrunk, or shrivelled. E. dial, shravel,
ON. skript is used in the sense of repri- dry faggot wood. Related to OE. rivel,
mand and of punishment. to wrinkle, as Du. schrompelen to E. rttm-
The word has been explained from ple, or as Sw. skrynka to rynka, to wrin-
Lat. scribere, to write, on different grounds kle.
which hardly bear examination. Ac-
will The word, like so many others con-
cording to Skinner, because the names of nected with the idea of a wrinkled, rug-
persons confessing were taken down in ged surface, may be from the mere repre-
writing ; according to Ihre, because the sentation of a broken sound, but in .the
penance enjoined was given by the priest present case it is probable it has a more
in writing. But the name must have specific origin in a form like ON. skrdfa,
arisen at a period when writing materials N. skraava, to creak or rustle like dry
were too dear, and the knowledge of read- things. ON. skrdthurr, so dry as to make
ing too confined to make it possible that a noise of the foregoing kind. N. skraaen,
the injunction of penance should with dried, shrunk skraana, to dry, shrivel,
;
any generality have been delivered in shrink. Da. dial, skrasle, to rustle ; skras,
writing. The truth appears to be that skraasel, very dry. On the same prin-
there is no direct descent from Lat. scri- ciple, Lith. skrlbeti, to rusde, crackle ;
bere, and in order to explain the relation skrebti, to become dry.
with the Lat. verb we must go back to a Shroud. To shrowd, to cover, shelter.
meaning which it had anterior to that of — B.
writing, viz. the scoring of a line, as shown Give my nakedness
in the covx^awxidi prcescribere, to prescribe Some shrewd to shelter in.— Chapman, Homer.
—!
Molb. in —
:
toddre.
strumpf, a stump or stalk. Straube, To Shuffle. Bav. schufeln, to go along
anything with a rough or uneven surface. scraping the ground with one's feet.
'
Harte und strmibe hinde wie ein reibi- Hesse, schuben, shufeln, to slide, schufel,
sen.' —Schmeller. Bav. strauben, struben, a slide on the ice. See ScufHe.
strupen, to stand up stiff, subrigere, in- To Shun. Properly to shove (in which
horrere strobeln, to be or to make rough,
; sense it is still provincially in use), then
like disordered hair. G. struppig, rugged, to shove on one side, to avoid. Sussex A
standing on end like hair or feathers. A peasant said He kept shtmning me off
:
'
shrub or scrub is a bush with stiff project- the path.' I shonne a danger, I starte
'
shrugging come over her body like the he spared to take of his own flock.
twinkling of the fairest among the fixed Synonymous with shun, and probably
stars.' —
Arcadia in R. Kiittner translates a mere corruption of it, is shunt, a word
den kopf zHcken, to shrink or shrug in which, having become obsolete in culti-
order to ward off a blow. Zucke nicht vated language, has been brought back
don't shrug, don't stir in the least. Shrug again by accidental use in the termino-
corresponds to OHG. scrican, screcchan, logy of railways. A
train is said to shimt
to start, spring, leap, dash. The syllable when it turns aside to allow another to
scrick, like crack or crick, represents in pass.
the first instance a sharp sudden sound, Then I drew me down into a dale whereat the
then a sharp quick movement. Sw. dial. dumb deer
skrdkka, to give a crack, to move by Did shiver for a shower ; but I shunted frotn a
jerks. Bav. schrick, a sudden sound, a freyke,
For I would no wight in the world wist who I
clap of thunder, a crack in a glass vessel.
'VoU der offnen schriick und ritzen.'
were. — Hal.
Schm. Crepuit medium, zerschrick in
' To shunt is also, as G. verschieben {scldcben.
— ; ;
harvest. He schuckt sick nao hus te side, &c. In like manner are related Gr.
gaon : he fears to go to the house. Dat tZ,o\Lm, to seat oneself, sit, and I'Jw, to seat,
part schuckt : the horse shies. — Danneil. place, sit, 'iZvftai, to settle down.
G. schUchtern, shy, timorous. And this I Side. I. ON. sida, G. seite, a side.
believe is the true explanation of the word, 2. Long, as ' my coat is very side.' —
B.
although a different origin would seem to AS. sid, ample, spacious, vast ; ON. sidr,
; —
the sitting down before a town in a hostile strain ; silla, to drip fast G. sickern, ;
Sign. -sign. — Signal. — Signify. swl, a flat place, ground, soil Bret, sol, ;
Signum, a mark, sign ; whence signifo- soil, area, floor of a house foundation, ;
seal, mark, signal. To Oqnsign, Resign, seilddar {daear, earth, ground), a founda-
&c. tion, pile, or prop seilfaen, ;
sylfaen,
To Sile.— Silt. To sile, to drip, to ooze foundation stone seilddor, door-sill,
;
And then syghande he saide with sylande terys. underpin, to prop. Gael, sail, a beam ;
Morte Arthure. sailbhunn {bonn, sole, foundation, base),
Many balde gart he sile the sole, lower beam of a partition.
With the dynt of his spere. —MS. Hal. Sillabub. A
frothy food to be slapped
Sw. sila, to sila sig frain,
strain, filter ; or slubbered up, prepared by milking from
to percolate or ooze through. Pl.D. silen, the cow into a vessel containing wine or
to drain off water. spirits, spice, c&c.
;;
schlapp, a slut), and is the exact equiva- likeness. Goth, sama, same ; sainaleiks,
lent of Pl.D. slabb' tit, Swiss schlabutz, samelike, agreeing together ; samaleiko,
watery food, spoon-meat, explained by Squally, likewise.
Stalder as schlabb mis, from schlappen, To Simmer. Imitative of the gentle
slabben, to slap, lap or sup up food with hissing or murmuring of liquids beginning
a certain noise. Schlabbete, schlappete, to boil. '
I symper as licours on the fyre
weak soup.— Stalder. Mantuan, j-/«//ar, byfore it bygynneth to boyle-' — Palsgr.
to devour. To slap up, to eat quickly, to
lick up food. Hal. —on. slupra. Da.
The crs.2ixaoi simpering xm)ik. — Fl. Comp.
Du. sissen, to fizz as water on hot iron;
slubre, Pl.D. slubbern, to sup up soft
food with a noise represented by the
to simmer. —
Bomhoff. Pol. szemrad, to
murmur, ripple, rustle. Turk, zemzemd,
sound of the word. On the same prin- soft murmur of voices. In the name of
ciple are formed E. dial, slubber, anything the fountain zemzem at Mecca the same
of a gelatinous consistency, the spawn of root represents the purling of water.
toads or frogs slub, wet and loose mud.
; Simony. The crime of Simon Magus,
— Hal. Du. slemp [sillabub], a certain selling spiritual things for money.
drink made of milk, sugar, &c. (Bomhoffj, * To Simper. To smile in a restrained
is derived in like manner from slempen, manner, to put on an
affected air of mo-
Bav. slampen, to lap, sup up, junket. desty.
Silly. AS. salig, g. selig, blessed,
happy. With a made countenance about her mouth
between simpering and smiling, her head bowed
O God (quod she) so worldly selinesse, somewhat down, she seemed to langtiish with
Whiche clerkes callen false felicitie,
Ymedled is with many bittemesse.
overmuch idleness. —Sidney, Arcadia.
Chaucer, Tro. and Cress. Swiss zimpfer thun, to behave in an over-
It is probably from the union in an infant bashful way, to affect propriety, to eat,
of the types of happiness or unalloyed drink in an overdelicate way zimpfer- ;
ing, and thus simpleton or innocent be- bride.' The radical meaning is probably
come synonymous for an idiot or fool. the same as that of E. prim, signifying a
The French say, que vous etes bon enfant, conscious restraint of the lips and mouth,
what an innocent you are N. Fris. as if closing them in the pronunciation of
!
salig, half saved, weak in mind. The the word sipp. Sipp,' says the Brem. ^
same train of thought is seen in Gr. Wtb., 'expresses the gesture of a com-
lufiOije, good-liearted, simple-minded, then pressed mouth, and an affected pronun-
silly, in Fr. bejiH, a simpleton, from bene- ciation with pointed Irps. A woman who
dictiis, blessed, or in Boh. blazen, a fool, makes this sort of megrims is called Miss
from blaziti, to bless. Sipp or Madam van Sippkels. Of such
The primary origin of the word is a one they say. She cannot say Sipp.
probably shown in Manx shilloo, a. herd Den mund sipp trekken, to screw up the
of cattle ; Gael, sealbh, cattle, posses- mouth. De bruut sitt so sipp, the iDride
sions, good fortune sealbhmhor, having sits so prim.' See Prim.
;
Simultaneous. Lat. shmd, together, streek, the torrid zone. Derived by Ade-
all at once. Fin. sa?na, the same in the lung from a representation of the sound
;
adessitive case, samalla, at the same mo- of blazing. ON. sangra, to murmur
ment, together ; satnalla muotoa, in the sangr, having a burnt taste.
same manner. Single. Singular. — Lat. singulus,
Sin. G. siinde, OHG. sunta, ON. synd. singularis.
The radical meaning is probably breach. Sinister. Lat. sinister, on the left
N. sund, synd'e, sundered, injured, broken; hand, unlucky.
i sund, in pieces, asunder ei( sundtglas, ; To Sink. Goth, siggquan, ON. sbkkva,
a broken glass stmde klade, torn
; G. sinken, Sw. sjunka, to fall to the bot-
clothes, N. synd is used not only for sin tom Goth, saggquan, G. sdnken, Sw.
;
or guilt towards God, but breach of right sdnka, to cause to sink. It is not easy to
in general. Hava synd /yr' ein, to re- separate the present form from the series
proach one with his misconduct ;
gjera mentioned under Sag, where the radical
synd paa ein, to deal hardly with one, do notion is the wasting or soaking in of
him injustice syndapeng, money unjustly
; water through the pores and interstices of
e.xtorted. OHG. sunta, peccatum, culpa, the basin in which it is held, then the
noxa, macula aiio sunta, sine macula
; ;
lowering of the surface, the fact of gradu-
suntiga, noxisi (corpora); Lat. sons, sontis, ally lowering or sinking down. Lith. seku,
guilty, hurtful ; insons, OHG. unsuntig, senku, to dry up, drain away, become
innocent. shallow sunkus, heavy
; AS. sigan, to ;
Since, as. sith, late, and as an adv. sink down, fall, set as the sun N. siga, ;
'
A surloyn beeff, vii.d.' Athenjeum, ssest, w. chivech, Heb. schesch, Sanscr.
Deer. 28, 1867. Fr. suiionge, terme de shash, Gael. sd.
boucherie ; superlumbare. Trevoux. — Size. I. From Lat. sedere, to sit, de-
Sirname. Fr. stirnom, It. sopranome, scended It. assidere, Prov. assezer, assire,
additional name. assir, Fr. asseoir, to seat, set, place, fix,
Sirocco. Sp. xirque, Ptg. xaroco, S.E. and thence It. assisa, Prov. asisa, Fr.
wind, from Arab, charqut, adj. of chare, assise, a sitting, setting down, settlement,
the East. arrangement. It. assisa, a settled fashion,
Sirreverence. From salvd reverentid, the arrangement of a tax, and thence the
save your reverence, sa' reverence, an in- tax itself. All' assisa, according to the
troductoiy excuse made when anything fashion. Prov. asiza, state, condition,
indecorous has to be mentioned. manner^ ' Per mostrar noel asiza, so es
Neither would common fame report these noela maniera to show a new assize,
:
'
horrid things of them, not to be uttered without that is, a new manner. Raynouard. E. — .
a preface of honour to the iuarer. Minucius — assize, and corruptly size, was the settle-
Felix by James, 29. ment or arrangement of the plan on which
At which the lawyer taking great offence anything was to be done. The assize of
Said, Sir, you might have used save reverence. bread or of fuel was the ordinance for the
Hartington. sale of bread or of fuel, laying down price,
The beastliest man ; why, what a grief must this weight, length, thickness, &c.
be
'Tis not in thee •
(Sir-reverence of the company) a rank whore-
—
master. Massinger in Nares.
To grudge my pleasures, to cut oif my train,
To bandy hasty words, to scant my sizes. — Lear.
Siserara. Corruption of certiorari,
the name of a legal writ by which a pi-o-
— i. e. to curtail my allowances.
There was a statute for dispersing the standard
ceeding is moved to a higher court. of the exchequer throughout England, thereby to
They cannotso much as pray, but in law, that size [regulate] weights and measures. Bacon, —
their sins may
be removed with a writ of error, H. VII.
and their souls fetched up to heaven with a sasa- The term was then the applied to
—
rara. O. Play in N.
specific dimensions laid the down in
Siskin. A
small singing bird of a regulation, and finally to dimensions of
yellowish hue. Du. siisken, ciisken, G. magnitude in general. The measure de-
zeisig, Pol. czyz, a goldfinch, greenfinch ; scribed by Rastall as an act for the assize
— ; — ;
forms are used in the sense of a couch or ing wedge to stop the wheel of a carriage.
layer of stones or bricks in building, To skid the wheel is then applied to any
while assiette a dorer is gold size. Cot. —
mode of locking the wheel ; skidpan, an
Skate. Lat. sguatus, squatina, ON. iron shoe used for that purpose. The
skata, perhaps from its pointed tail. N. word signifies a shide or billet of wood.
skat, top of a tree, properly point skata, G. scheit, a splinter, fragment, piece of
;
to become smaller at the end, to run to a cleft wood. ON. skidi, a billet of wood,
point. Da skata att, it runs to a point a snow-shoe, consisting of thin boards
behind. Skaten, narrow at the end. fastened to the feet skidgardr, a fence ;
dabble with dirt or mire, to blur or blot, to sever, divide, distinguish, discriminate.
also to delineate the first rough draught Skiel, separation, boundary, discernment.
of any work, as of painting or writing. Han veed inlet skiel til del han siger, he
Schizzata, a spitting, a dashing with dirt, has no grounds, no reason for what he
blurring with ink, any rough draught. says ret og skiel, right and justice
;
drink. Du. schenckeji, to pour out, serve to dash or dabble with dirt or mire, to
with wine, give to drink ; schencker, a blur or blot.
skinker or drawer, one who serves with The same metaphor is seen in E. dial.
drink. G. schenken, to pour out of a slart, to splash with dirt, to taunt by in-
larger vessel into a smaller schenke, a sinuations
; —
Hal. ; ON. sletta, a splash or
place where liquids and even other wares spot, a slur ; sletta, to dash (properly
are retailed. Sw. skdnka, to pour out something liquid), spargere, projicere
wine, &c. ; skdnksven, Fr. ^chanson, a sletta i nasir, to have a skit at one.
cup-bearer. Skittish. Humoursome, fantastical,
Skip. —
To leap. w. dp, a sudden frisking. B. It, schizzinoso, peevish, self-
snatch or effort ; ysgip, a quick snatch. weening, skittish, froward, from schizzare,
Gael, sgiab, start or move suddenly, schizzinare, to frisk or spirt and leap as
snatch at. To skip is to move with a wine doth being poured into a cup, to
sudden start. spin, spirt, gush forth violently. — Fl. The
Thanne shal your soule up into heven skifpe effervescence of youthful spirits is a com-
Swifter than doth an arow of a bow. mon metaphor.
Merchant's Tale. Skull. I Da. skal, shell hierneskal,
. ;
If one read skippingly and by snatches. brain-pan, skull. Sw. skal, shell skalle, ;
Howelin R.
hufwud skalle, skull, pate, noddle. ON.
See Jib. skdl, bowl, scale hiarnskdl, the skull.
;
Skipper. Du. schipper, a sailor Gael. ; If skull be radically identical with ON.
sgioba, ship's company, a company asso- skdl. Da. skaal, Sw. skull, skoll, OE.
ciated for any purpose sgiobair, ship-
; schal, a bowl or drinking-cup, it is not, as
master or pilot. Jamieson suggests, because our barbarous
To Skir. To glide or move quickly. ancestors used the skulls of men for such
B. To graze, skim, or touch lightly. Hal, — a purpose, but from the resemblance of
Send out moe horses, shirre the country round. the skull to a drinking bowl, the earliest
Macbeth. contrivance for which would be a shell of
38
— ; ;
3. A skull of herrings. See Shoal. Make the gruel thick and slab. —Macbeth.
Sky. Properly a cloud, then the
So G. wolke,
* Slab. 2. A slab
or thick unhewn piece
clouds, the vault of heaven.
of wood or stone, must be explained from
a cloud, compared with E. welkin, the sky.
Lang, esclapa, to split wood bos esclapa, ;
And let a certaine winde go split logs esclapo, grand quartier de
;
That blewe so hidously and hie
That it ne lefte not a skie. bois, ^clat de moeUon brut, a slab of
In all the welkin long and brode. wood or stone. Esclapa is a parallel
Chaucer, House of Fame. form with esclata, to crack, Fr. ^clater,
In the same way Sw. sky, a cloud ; skyn to burst, split. 'See Slate.
(in the definite form), the sky, heaven. Slack.— To Slake, on. slak, Flem.
Om skyn fSlle ned, if the sky should fall. slack, G. schlapp, schlaff, Da. slap, not
Ropa til skyn, to call to heaven, to call tight, flapping, loose ; N. slekkja, to
upon God. ON. sky, cloud skylaus, evi- ;
make slack, and figuratively, to slake, to
dent /// skyia, up in the sky.
;
diminish the active force of anything, to
still pain or thirst, to quench the fire, to
Probably the word may be connected
with Sw. skugga, AS. scuma, scua, Du. deaden, to put out. N. slokkjen, exLin-,,
schaede, schaeye, Gr. ff/ci'a, shadow, shade. guished ; slokna, to go out, to faint.
My fader than lukand furth throw the sky (umbra) The sound of the flapping, of a loose
Cryis on me fast, Fie son, fie son in hye. sheet or of dabbling in liquids is repre-
D. V. 63, 12. sented equally well by a final b or as tiy p
Slab. I.— Slabber. Slobber. —The g or k, and hence the sy\\3.h\&s flab, Jlap,
sound of dabbling in the wet, of the flag, flak, slab, slap, slag, slak, with tlie
movement of the air and liquid in a con- usual modifications, are found in innu-
fined space, of supping or drawing up merable instances expressing the idea of
liquid into the mouth, is represented by a wet or loose condition, the absence of
the forms slabber, slobber, slubber, or the tension or inherent strength. Pl.D. slak-
syllables slab, slap, slop. kern (of the weather), to be sloppy, to
We may cite G. schlabbern, to slabber rain continuously, to dabble in the wet
one's clothes, to sputter in speaking, and dirt, to slobber or slop one's food
schlabberig, schlabbig, sloppy, plashy,' about, to wabble or waver slakkerig, ;
dirty ; Swiss schlabbete, schlappete, watery sloppy, wet ; slikk, mud, ooze. Sc. slau-
drink, broth, &c. Pl.D. slabbem (of kie, slaupie, flaccid, flabby, inactive,
ducks), to make a noise with the bill in slovenly. Pol. slaby, faint, weak, feeble.
seeking their food in water, to slobber, to Sc. slack, a depression in the ground
spill liquid food in eating ; Du. slabberen, or a gap between hills, may be explained
slabben, to slap up Uquids, to slobber. E. by N. slakkje, slackness, a slack place in
slabber is sometimes used in the sense of a tissue, where the sarface would swag
splashing only. down.
To Slade. To drag along the ground
Till neare unto the haven where Sandwitch
slade, a sledge or carriage without wheels
stands
We were enclosed in most dangerous sands, for dragging weights along. ON. slada,
There were we so\ised and slabbered, washed to trail ; sladar, the train of a gown.
—
and dashed. Taylor in Hal. slodi, what is sladed or dragged along,
His hosen a brush harrow. Gael, slaod, trail along
Al beslombred in fen as he the plow folwede. the ground.
P. P. 1. 430, Skeat. The idea of dragging along the ground
Pl.D. slabben, to lap like a dog, to make is probably connected with the fi^re of
a noise in supping up liquids (Danneil) ;
a rope which when hanging slack trails
; —— ;
schlamp (Fr. salope), a slut ; schlampam- Slap. A blow with the flat hand, from
pen, to go dawdling about ; schlampere, a direct imitation of the sound. To fall
schlampamp, Hamburgh slammetje, a slap down, is to fall suddenly down so as
slatternly woman. See Slattern. The to make the noise slap ! It. schiaffb, a
meaning seems to vibrate between slack- slap. In Da. slap, G. schlapp, schlajf,
ness or laziness of action, and the ex- slack, loose, the sound represented is the
pression of neglect by the figure of loose, flapping of a loose sheet.
trailing, or flapping clothes. To slap is also to slop or spill liquids,
38*
! ! — ; ;
noise like dogs or pigs. SlabV nich so! schlotterig, loose, flapping; schlotterig
said to children who eat in such an un- gekleidet gehen, to be slovenly or care-
gainly manner. —
Danneil. lessly clad. Du. slodde7-en, to hang and
Thy milk slept up, thy bacon filcht flap ; slodderkleed, loose flapping clothes
;
Gammer Gurton, ii. j.. slodderig, slovenly, negligent slodder, ;
Slash. A
representation of the sound slodderer, a slattern, sloven. PI.D. slod-
of a blow cutting through the air, or derig, loose, wabbhng, lazy, slow, lifeless.
scissors closing sharply. Devonsh. sloudring, clumsy, loutish. —
What's this, a sleeve 'tis like a demi cannon.
!
Hal. Swiss schlodig, negligent in dress.
What, up and down, carved like an appletart From the figure of flapping is derived
Here's snip and nip, and cut and slish and slash. PI.D. slodde, a rag, then a ragged dirty
Taming of the Shrew. man ; Fris. slet, a rag or clout, a ragged
The same form is used to represent the slovenly woman— Epkema; Du. slodde,
dashing of liquids, or the flapping of loose sordida et inculta mulier (Kil.), a slut.
clothes. E. dial, slashy, wet and dirty ; Da. slat, slattet, loose, flabby ; slatte, a
Da. slaske, to dabble, paddle, to hang slut or slattern. But probably in many
loose as flapping clothes; slasket, slovenly. of these cases the idea of flapping or
See Slush. Sw. slaska, to paddle, to be flagging is used in a figurative sense to
sloppy ; slask, puddle, wash. express a dull, spiritless, inactive dis-
To Slat. See Slate. position, and not the actual flapping of
Slatcli. The slack part of a rope which loose and ragged clothing. PI.D. slitd-
hangs down. See Slouch. dern, to flag, to hang loose, to be slow, to
Slate. OE. sclaf, sclaie, fissile stone deal negligently with.
used for roofing. On the other hand, from the same
The puple wenten on the roof and bythe sclattis original imitation of sound with the fore-
thei letten him doun with the bed into the myddil. going, are Bav. schlott, schlutt, mud, dirt,
—Wiclif. sloppy weather schlutt, a puddle, a dirty
;
^Sklat or slai stone.' Pr. Pm. From — person, a slut Swab, schlettern, to slat-
;
Fr. esclat, a shiver, splinter, also a small ter or spill liquids, schlutt, a slut or dirty
and thin lath or shingle; shsclater, to split, woman E. dial, slud, sludge, mud, dirt
;
burst, crash, shiver into splinters. Cot. — slutty, dirty. Bav. schlotzen, to dabble
Lang, esclata, to crack, chap ; esdatos, in the mud, to be negligent and slow;
chaps in the hands. Esclapa, to split schlotz, dirt, mud ; schlotzen, schlutzen,
wood ; esclapo, a chip. an uncleanly woman. See Sleet, Slouch.
The ultimate origin is a representation Slave. Fr. esclave. It. schiavo, G.
of the sound of a blow or of an explosion sclavc. Commonly supposed to be taken
by the syllable sclat, slat, sclap, slap. from the name of the Sclavonian race,
O Fr. esclat de tonnerre, a clap of thunder. the source from which the German slaves
To slat, to slap, to strike, to throw or would be almost exclusively derived, and
cast down violently, to split or crack. it isin favour of this derivation that the
Hal. ODu. had slavven as well as slave, a
And withal such maine blows were dealt to and slave. But possibly the word may be
fro with a.xes that both headpeeces and habergeons formed on the same principle with the
—
were slat and dashed a-pieces. Holland, Am- synonymous drudge, a name derived from
mian in N. dragging heavy weights and doing such
Slattern. — Slut. The act of paddling like laborious work. Da. slcebc, to drag,
in the wet and the flapping of loose tex- trail, toil, drudge slcsbe en seek paa ryg-
;
tures are constantly signified by the same gen, to carry a sack on one's back slabe- ;
words, from the similarity in the sound kiole, gown \^ith a train slcebetoug, a
;
by which the action is characterised in towing line. Sla-b, a drudge. E. dial, slab,
both cases and the idea of a slovenly,
; a drudge, a mason's bo)-. Forby. Fris. —
dirty person may be expressed either by slobbjen, Du. slooven, to toil, to moil, or
reference to his ragged, ill-fitting, neglect- drudge. N. slava, to slave or drudge
ed dress, or by the wet and dirt through slave, a drudge, a slave. G. schleppen,
which he has tramped. The Da. slaske Du. sleypen, to drag or trail sleype, the ;
is to dabble or paddle, and also (of train of a gown. Sw. slap, train of a
clothes) to hang flapping about one, from gown, laborious work.
the last of which senses must probably To Slaver. A variation of slabber,
be explained slasket, slaskevorn, slovenly. slobber, in the same way that the G. has
— ;;
slihhan, G.
slattering weather, a continuance of slight schleichen, to slide.
rain. — Forby.
—
Sledge. 2. AS. slecge. Da. slagge, Sw.
To Slay. Slaughter, as. sleati, sloh, slagga, a large smith's hammer, from AS.
geslagen, to slay, smite, strike, cast. slean (ppl. gestagen), to strike. See Slay.
Goth, slahan, to strike afslahan, to slay
;
—
Sleek. Slick. Polished, smooth.
ON. sld, to strike sldtr, slaughter, meat
; Her flesh tender as is a chike,
of slaughtered cattle ; sldtra, to slaughter. With bent browes smooth and slikc.
G. schlagen, to strike, to move with vio- R. R. in R.
lence ; schlacht, battle ; schlachtcn, to slay, Who will our palfries slick with wisps of straw.
is a derivative form from the neuter verb. loose and negligently, to be negligent,
See Slade. especially in dress ; schlummerig, loose,
— — ; — ;;
a lazybones, indolent, sluggish person Lap. slatte, rain and snow together, or
slumrig, indolent, lazy, torpid, negligent. sleet ; N. slatra, to rain and snow toge-
Without the initial s, Swiss liihm, luinm, ther.
soft, gentle, then sleepy, spiritless, yield- Sleeve, as. slyf, Fris. slief, a sleeve,
ing. Das wetter Itiemet, the weather be- what one slips the arm into, from Bav.
comes mild. Du. lome, slow, lazy.— Kil. schlaiffen, to slip (as a bird does its head
Swiss lummern, to lounge, slug, lie lazily under its wing) schlauffen, to slip in or ;
of paddling in the wet and dirt or of the slip on or off ; einschlauf, the whole
dashing of water and wet bodies, is re- dress Swiss schlauf, a muff for slipping
;
presented by the syllables slash, slosh, the hands into. E. dial, slive, to put on
slush, slatter, slotter, shitter, sladder, hastily. '
I'll slive on my gown and gang
slodder, sludder, with such modifica- wi' thee.' — Craven Gl.
tions as are common in the different Where her long-hoarded groat oft brings the
dialects of the Gothic race and with the
;
maid
image of paddling in the wet is con- And secret sliver it in the sibly's fist.— Clare.
stantly joined that of the flapping of loose I slyppe or slyde downe, je coule; / slyve
textures, and the idea of slackness or downe; je coule. Palsgr. —
looseness, passing into that of inactive, On the same principle Du. sloop, Fris.
slow, lazy, slovenly. slupe, a pillow-slip, the washing cover
We use the words slosh and slush that is slipped on and off a pillow ; bes-
with a distinct consciousness of their lopje, to slip a covering over. See Slop.
effect in representing the sound of dash- * Sleeveless. Wanting reasonableness,
ble, paddle, to hang flapping as loose such cobweb compositions. Howell in Todd. —
clothes ; Sw. slaska, to dabble, splash, The
radical sense is, apt to fray or tear,
slop ; slaskwdder, sloppy weather ; sno- from G. schleissen (the equivalent of E.
slask (sloshy snow), sleet. Bav. schlass, slit), to fray, wear out, tear, slit, split.
schloss, loose, slack, flaccid. Swiss schlas- Kiittn. E. dial, sleeze, to separate, come
sem, soft damp snow, slack. apart, applied to cloth when the warp and
With a change of the final sound from woof readily separate from each other
s or sh to d or t, w. yslotian, to dabble, sleezy, disposed to sleeze, badly woven.
paddle ; E. dial, sladdery, sloddery (Mrs — Jennings. Carinthian schleiss'n, to tear
or to fall asunder ; schleissik, worn out,
Baker), slattery, wet, dirty ; to slatter, to
wash in a careless manner, throwing the ready to tear a' schleissige pfdt, a thread-
;
water about ; slattering, rainy weather. bare coat. Cimbr. slaiscg, thin through
Forby. ' It's varra slattery walking.' To wear, worn out. See Slit.
slat, to dash water slat, a spot of dirt.
;
Sleight. See Sly.
— Craven Gl. ON. sletta, to splash ;
— K.
Slender.
The
ODu. slinder, tenuis, exilis.
radical meaning is pliant,
Swab, schlettern, to spill liquids. E. dial.
slotter, to dirty, to spatter with mud, and bending to and fro, thence long and thin,
as a noun, filth, nastiness; BaN.schlottern, from a verb signifying to dangle, to sway
schlotten, schliitten, schlotzen, to dabble ; to and fro, the evidence of which is pre-
;;
spira. •
— Slinger, a pendulum, a
Kil. To slip into a chamber implies escape
sling. — Bomhoff. G. schlingen, to twist from something that might have hindered
schlingeln, to loiter, saunter, ramble. the action. G. schliipfen, Pl.D. slippen,
To Slink. To creep or move secretly, slupen, to slip away, slip or slide into
to slip a foal or calf, i. e. cast it privily Sw. slipprig, G. schlUpfrig, ON. sleipr,
before its time. as. slincan, to creep, OE. slipper, slippery. Swab, sclilappig,
crawl sliticend, a reptile, creeping thing.
; schlapperig, loose, flagging; schlapper,
G. schleichen, Du. sleyken, to sneak, slink, old trodden-down shoes, slippers. To
creep sleyncke, a hole. Das schleichen
; slip on a garment is to throw it loosely
einer schlange, the wriggling of a serpent. over one. So also we may compare G,
Sw. slinka, to dangle. Hdret slinker schlaff, loose, with Bav. schlaiffen, schlauf-
kring dronen, the hair hangs loose about fen, sloufen, to slip in, slip on. Der spar
the ears. Slinka efter quinfolk, to dan- slaifft sein haubt under sein fettig, the
gle after women. Han slank bart, he sparrow slips its head under its wing.
slunk away. Tiden slinker forbi,' time '
Anesloufe, indue.' Einschlauf what is
slips by. N. sle/tja, to dangle, sway to slipped on, dress tirslouf what is slip-
;
and fro, saunter, loiter. Bav. schlanken, ped off, cast clothes, skin, &c. Schleiffen,
schlinkschlanken, schlinkenschlanken, to OHG. slifan, G. schleifen, to slide, glide.
dangle, sway to and fro, loiter about Perhaps we should set out from forms
schldtikeln, to dangle schlenkern, to
; like slabber, slobber, representing the
swing, to sling. Swiss schlenggen, scklen- agitation of liquids or loose textures ; Du.
ken, to sway to and fro. Lith. slinkti, to slobberen, laxum sive flaccidum esse, to
slip, slide, creep. Platikai slenka, the hair flap ; slibbe, slibber, mud, mire ; slibberigh,
falls off. Slankioti, to lounge, saunter, muddy, slippery ; slibberen, to slip, slide.
dawdle. Slinkas, lazy, slow. — Kil. Somerset slopper, loose, unfixed.
The radical idea in creeping or crawl- —Hal.
ing is wriggling onwards, moving onwards To Slit. AS. slitan, to tear, to con-
by alternate movements to the right sume ; G. sclileisscn, to slit, split, fray, wear
and left, and the notion of secrecy seems out ; schleisse, a splint, lint, scraped linen.
to arise from the movement not being Sw. slita, to tear, separate by force. Slita.
directed in a continuous right line to the sig Ids ifrdn, to shake oneself free from ;
object sought for. On this principle it is slita opp ur jordcn, to tear up out of the
argued under Slender, that the primitive earth. Slita ut kldder, to wear out
— — 1
SLIVER SLOUCH 60
clothes ; slita sonder, to tear asunder ; cidum esse, corroborates the derivation
slitning, wear and tear. ON. slita, to tear above given of slip from slapp, loose,
asunder, separate ; slita Jlokk, to dismiss slack. See Sleeve.
an assembly slita thiug-i, to close the
; ToSlope. To hang obliquely down-
court ; sHtr, slitri, a rag, portion. Da. wards like a slack rope, from Du. slap,
slide, to pull, tear, to wear, to toil, slack. —
Skinner. But the immediate
drudge. origin is a verb like ON. sldpa, flaccere,
Sliver. A splinter, slice, slip. — Hal. —
pendere Haldorsen N. slope, to hang
;
Slive, sliver, a large slice. Mrs Baker. — down, to slope or be a little inclined
"Tis broke all ta slivvers.' Moor. — downwards. ON. slapeyrdr, lop-eared,
We'sterwald schliewer, a splinter. AS. having hanging ears.
sKfan, Craven slieve, to cleave, split. Slot. I .—Sleuth. The slot of a deer is
Slyvyn asundyr, findo ; slyvynge of a tre the print of a stag's foot on the ground.
or other lyke, fissula. — Pr. Pm. '
I slyve Sc. sleuth, the track of man or beast as
a gylowflowre from his braunche or known by the scent, whence sleuth-hmmd,
stalke.' — Palsgr. Tusser uses sliver for a bloodhound, dog kept for following the
split logs of firewood. To slive, to slip, track of a fugitive. ON. slod, track, path,
slide. — Mrs B. See Sleeve, Slip. way ; doggslod, the track left by men or
Slobber. See Slabber. animals in the dew ; mark made by
Sloe. Du. sleeuwe, sleepruyme, G. something dragging along when the
schlehe, the small astringent wild plum, ground is covered with dew ; slodi, a
so named from what we call setting the drag-harrow. Cheshire cartslood, cart-
teeth on edge, which in other languages rut. —
Wilbraham. Gael, slaod, trail along
is conceived as blunting them. ^Adelung. — the ground slaodan, the track or rut of
;
when supping liquid. —Teesdale Gl. underpieces which keep the bottom to-
Thy milk slop't np, thy bacon filcht. gether slotes of a ladder or a gate, the
;
pair of slops or loose bagging breeches. wingarna, to hang the ears, drag the
The connection of the latter form with wings. Slokhatt, a slouch hat, hat with
slobberen, to flap or flag, laxum sive flac- hanging flaps slokbj'ork, a weeping birch.
;
602 SLOUGH SLUBBER
Gd och sloka, to go slouching about. ON. also the prepuce, in which sense it is to
slokr, a slouch or dull inactive person. be compared with G. schlauch, the sheath
Da. slukoret, slouch-eared, having hang- of a horse.
ing ears. * Sloven. A
person careless of dress
In the same way without the initial s, and personal cleanliness. Du. slof, sloe/,
w. llac, slack, loose ; llacio, to droop, to an old slipper, and fig. a sloven or slut.
decline ON. Uka, to hang down ; Ukr, Sloef, toga sive tunica rudis, impolita et
;
anything hanging; Idkubyr, a light wind sordidula; sloefhose, tibiale laxum. Kil. —
that lets the sails flap Fr. locker, to See Slop.
shake like a loose wheel logue, a dan-
;
; —
Slow. Sloth. AS. sleaw, slaw, lazy,
gling rag E. dial, louch-eared, having
; slow ; slawian, aslawian, to be lazy,
hanging ears ; G. latschen, to go dragging torpid ; slawth, slewth, sloth. Du. sleeuw,
one's feet, to slouch along. she, blunt, ineffective Bav. schlew, schle-
;
In another set of parallel forms the •wig, feeble, flat, faint, slow, insipid, un-
final k of slack is exchanged for ss, t, salted, lukewarm, blunt ; OHG. slewe,
or tz. Bav. scMottern, to hang dangling, slewechait, torpor —
Schm. ; sleo, sleuuo,
to slouch about (Schmid) schlotzen, to ; dull, faded, lukewarm ; sleuuen, to fade,
dabble in the dirt, to be negligent and waste, become torpid, indifferent, luke-
slow schlotz, a lazy slow person schlass,
; ; warm ; sleuui, languor, dullness ; slewig,
schlatt, flaccid, slack schlattoret, slouch- ; slebig, dull ; Swab, schlaib, unsalted,
eared schlatte, a lazy ill-dressed per-
; watery, thin, empty. ON. sljdr, slcer
son ; schlossigkeit, inactivity ; ON.
Swab, blunt, dull, slow, inactive ; sleeva,
islcBfr),
slota, sluta, to be relaxed, to soften, sljdva, to blunt, dull, slacken ; Da. slov,
to hang down. Vedrinn slotar, the wea- Sw. slo, blunt, dull, slow of apprehension.
ther becomes mild. Lata hattin slota, to Probably Pol. slaby, faint, weak, feeble,
slouch one's hat, let the flap hang down. dull of hearing, Russ. slabuii, slack, re-
Slough. I. A deep muddy place in laxed, weak, faint, feeble, belong to the
which one ingulfed. Du. slacken, to
is same stock. The radical image would
swallow ; slock, gula, fauces, et bara- be the slapping of a slack structure, as a
thrum, vorago, gurges. Kil. Gael, sluig, — rope or the sail of a ship. Related forms
swallow, ingulf; slugpholl, a whirlpool; are Du. slap, G. schlaff, slack, flaggy,
slugaid, a slough or deep miry place. weak, soft, flat. Met slappe handen to
* 2. The cast skin of a snake the ; werk gaan, to work slowly. Du. slof,
skin or husk of a gooseberry or currant slow, negligent, careless.
(Atkinson) the crust of dead matter that
; Slowworm. This name may really
separates from a sore. MHO. sMch, the signify what appears to do, as motion
it
skin of a snake ; G. schlauch, properly, as is veiy difficult to the animal on a bare
balg, the skin of an animal stripped off, surface such as a road, where it is fre-
and made into a vessel for liquids, a quently found, though among herbage it
wineskin, hose for conveying liquids, also is agile enough. But the element slow
the loose skin of a horse's sheath. The is suspiciously like schleich in the G. name
meaning of the word is something slipped blindschleiche, Carinthian schleich, plint-
off, that from which something has slip- schleich, plintschlauch, from schleichen, to
ped, from OHG. slthhan, MHG. slichen, G. slide. In N. it is called sleva, sldge,slde,
schleichen, to slip, slide, slink. Bav. perhaps from its slime ; sieve, slaver,
schlaichen, to slip in or out, to convey drivel.
privily ; einem etwas ztischlaichen, to To Slubber. A
word of like formation
slip or slive it into his hand. Schlich, with slabber, slobber, representing the
the gliding of a brook or of serpents, to sound of supping up liquids into the
be compared with slough, the slime of mouth, dabbling in the wet, &c. ON.
snakes (marking the track where they slupra, Dan. slubre, Pl.D. slubbeni, to
have slid). — Hal. sup up liquids. Hence in Hamburgh
In the same way from the parallel metaphorically, from the notion of hasty
form OHG. sttfan, Bav. schleiffen, e. dial. and greedy eating, slubbern, to slubber
slive, to slide, slip, with the factitive up, to do a thing carelessly and superfi-
schlauffen, sloufen, to make to slip, are cially slubberer, slubberup, a careless,
;
husk or cod of beans, &c. (Sanders) ; Du. Slubber not business for my sake.
sloof, sloove, husk, velum, tegmen, exuvia;; Merch. Venice.
; — ;;
lightly over a matter. In like manner dabble in the dirt. From the same origin
Du. slorpen, slorven, to sup up, serve to is the cry sus! sus! to pigs to come to
explain Sw. slurfwa, to bungle, botch, their wash.
slubber. To Slumber. See Sleep.
To slubber is also to slobber or spill Slump. To fall plumb down into any
liquids in eating, hence to dirty. wet or dirty place.— B. '
In Suffolk we
To slubber the gloss of your new fortunes. should say, I slumped into the ditch up
Shakesp. to the crotch.' Moor. —
Slump, a dull
noise made by anything falling into a hole.
N. slubba, to spill liquids, to dirty.
Sludge. See Slush. —Jam.
Slug. — Sluggard.
Another of the
From representing the
falling
noise of a thing
plump upon
the ground the term
numerous metaphors from the image of a
is applied to chance, accident, what hap-
loose unstrung condition. Pl.D. slukkern,
pens at a single blow or in an unforeseen
slunkem, Westerw. schlockerii schluckern ,
oret, sluk'dret, having flagging ears. To thoughtlessly up'n slump kopen, to buy ;
to be lazy and slothful luck, luggerig, the sound of dabbling in the wet and the
;
wasser hat sich geklusst, has stopped in eating E. dial, sludder, to eat slovenly
;
to throw a mass of water over him. Sw. to flag slodderig, slovenly, negligent
;
slosa, to lavish, squander ; Da. dial, sluse, Pl.D. sludern, sluren, to wabble, to flag
to purl as a brook. Westerw. schlosen, or hang loose, to be lazy, to deal negli-
schlusen, to become sloshy, to thaw. gently with. Aver ene arbeid sluren, to
On the same principle Du. sas, a flood- slur over a piece of work. Slodderig,
— —
loose about him- Du. shore, slorken, zen, a slut ; schlotz, dirt, mud, a lazy per-
sordida ancilla, serva vilis, ignava— Kil. ;
son, sluggard.
slaoren, sleuren, to drag, trail, sweep along Sly.— Sleight. Sleight, dexterity.
the ground as a loose hanging garment, B. ON. slcegr, crafty, cunning ; slagct,
a slack rope ; sloorigh, dirty. Swiss contrivance, cunning slcsgdarbragd, art- ;
trailing or shuffling along; schlargg, a clever, sly, cunning. Sw. slog, dexterous,
slur or spot of dirt geschlargg, nastiness,
;
handy slogd, mechanical art
; handa ;
Pl.D. slarren, slurren, to shuffle, slip the The same connection of ideas is seen
feet along ; slarren, slurren, slippers, old in handicraft compared with crafty, and
shoes i Du. slieren, to stagger, to slide on in a7-tificer compared with artful. And on
—
the ice, to drag Bomhoff ; E. dial, to the same principle ctmning was formerly
slither, to slir, to slide, to slip. — Hal. used in the sense of manual skill. Per-
Pl.D. slieren, to lick (to sup up). — Schiitze. haps the ultimate origin may be found in
Bav. schlieren, to bedaub schlier, mud. ;
the root slag, strike, from the use of the
ON. sUr, uncleanness, slime of fish ;
hammer being taken as the type of a
slorugr, dirty. handicraft. ON. slcegr (applied to a horse)
Slush. Slodder, slotter, sluther, slud, signifies apt to strike with his heels. Sw.
sludge, slutch, slosh, slush, are used pro- slogda, opera fabrilia exercere." Ihre. —
vincially or in familiar language for wet Sldgamens werk, the work of artificers.
mud or dirty liquid, melting snow, &c. Jerem. x. 9.
The origin is a representation of the noise The radical unity of sly and sleight was
made by dabbling or paddling in the wet, formerly more distinctly felt than it is
same root, on the same principle that G. Smack, i . A syllable directly represent-
waschen signifies both to wash or to ing the sound made by the sudden col-
agitate in water and to tattle. lision or separation of two soft surfaces,
Slut. In this word, as in slattern, the as a blow with the flat hand, the sudden
idea of dirt is constantly mixed up with separation of the lips in kissing, or of the
that of lazy negligent work, on the prin- tongue and palate in tasting. Hence
ciple mentioned under Slur. Pl.D. slatte, smack, a slap, a sounding blow, a hit with
sladde, anything that hangs loose and the open hand. Hal. —
flagging, a rag ; slatje, Du. sladde, slodde, Du. smak, noise that one makes in eat-
sletse, slet, Da. slatte, slutte, a slut, a ing. Gy moet zoo niet smakken als gy
negligent, slovenly woman ; Swab. eet you must not smack so in eating.
:
schlatte, a lazy, slovenly man schlutt, a ; Halma. Smak, noise of a fall, [and
slut. Pl.D. slatterig, flaccid, flagging thence] 'smakken, to throw, cast, iling,
G. schlottern, to flag, dangle, wabble. Da.
;
ging ears. Bav. schlott, schlutt, mud, maxillas sive labia inter se claro sono col-
slosh ; schlutt, a puddle schliitten, to ; lidere, manducando sonum edere smack- ;
dabble in the wet and dirt schliitt, an ; tanden, to strike the teeth together in
uncleanly person. E. dial, slutch, mud chewing. Kil. —
Kussen dat het smakt, to
Tim Bobbin slatch, the slack of a rope ;
; give one a smacking kiss. PI. D. smaksen,
—
slatching, untidy Hal. slotch, a sloven; ; G. sch?natzen, Da. smaske, N. smatta, to
slotching, slovenly, untidy. His stockings smack with the tongue and chops in eat-
hang slotchikin about his heels. Mrs — ing. Schmatzen is also applied, as E.
Baker. Slouch, a lazy fellow ; to walk smack, to a loud kiss. E. dial, smouch,
— ; — ;•
schneicke, schneugge, snout, from schneick- whip Da. dial, at sidde snert (of a gar-
;
en, schneuggen, Sw. snoka, to sniff, search ment), to sit close snyrt, neat, pretty,
;
about with the nose like a dog or a pig. smart (smukt), ON. snirta, to smug, adorn,
See Snook. Lith. smikkis, snout, beak. smarten smrtinn, neat, spruce. Fris.
;
Du. snoeck, a pike, from his beaked snout. snar, quick, smart snirre, a stroke with
;
menclature has taken place in the case of into pieces, splinters, fragments. Da.
Du. sneb, a boat with a beak, from S7ieb, smaske, to smack with the lips in eating ;
beak and Pl.D. snau, snanschip, a snow,
; Sw. smiska, to smack, slap smiska sdn- ;
a kind of small seaship, from snau, snout, der, to smash, break to pieces. It. smac-
beak and probably navis may be con- care, to crush, squash, bruise.
Smattering. — Smatch.
;
——
sen, schmatzen, Swiss schmatzern,
G. a stink with the snuff of a candle. Hal.
schmatzeln, n- smatta, to smack with the Smeegy, tainted, ill- smelling. Moor.
tongue in eating. Fris. smeijtsen, to taste, Connected with as. smec, smic, smeoc,
to try. —Epkema. smoke, as G. riechen, to smell, with rauch,
After he had indifferently taught his scollers smoke. Bav. schmecken, to smell, and
the Latine tong and some smackering of the thence schmecker, the nose schmecke,
Greek. —
Primaudaye Fr. Acad, transl. by T. B. schtneckbuschel, a nosegay.
;
There is
C. A.D. 1589, p. 3. however a strong tendency in the Ober
Smatters, in the expression breaking Deutsch dialects, as in the English, to
to smatters, must be explained from use the word in the sense of a bad smell.
G. schmettern, to crash or crack, as a peal Thus the Swiss translation of the Bible,
of thunder, and thence like zerschmettem, speaking of Lazarus in the tomb, says,
to break to pieces. Sw. smattra, to '
Er ist vier tage im grabe gelegen, er
crackle. Tallwed smattrar i elden, deal- schmecket }ezX..' See Smoke.
crackles in the fire. And as the crackhng Smell. The original sense of the word
is the result of the wood splitting to would seem to be dust, smoke, then smell,
pieces, it is natural that the term which as G. riechen, to smell, from rauch, smoke.
represents the crackling should be applied Pl.D. smelen, smellen, to burn slow with
to the splinters. So Fr. &lat signifies a strong-smelling smoke. Dat holt smelet
both crack and fragment. Da. dial, smad- "weg, the wood smoulders away. Hier
der, crack, fragment. Det gav en smad- smelet wat, here is a smell of burning
der saa man kunde hdre det langt borte, smelerig, smelling of burning. — Brem.
;
it gave a crash so that one could hear it Wtb. Du. smeulen, to burn or smoke
a long way off. Det gik i smadder, it in a hidden manner. —
Bomhofif PLD.
went to smatters. Han smaddrede cegget smoPn, a verb applied to thick dust,
mod steenbroen, he smashed the egg on mist, mizzling rain, a smoking fire. — Dan-
the pavement. Gael, smad, a particle, neil. Lith. smalkas, smoke, vapour
jot. smelkti, to smoke, to rise in vapour
To Smear. Du. smeeren, G. schmieren, smilksteti, to smoulder, burn in a hidden
Bav. schmiren, schmirben, to smear, daub, way smilkyti, to perfume ; smilkimas,
;
smekimge, a darling. Gael, sm-ig, smi- nutise, to become dark. Pol. mrok,
gean, Manx smeggyl, Lith. smakras, the darkness, mroczny, murky, dusky ; Serv.
chin, Gael, smig, smigean, also a smile, mrchiti, to blacken ; Boh. smrkatise, to
mirth. In the same way, from Fin leuka, .
become dark. Commonly explained from
the chin, leukailla, to use the chin, to the notion of smearing or daubing.
kiss, sport, smile. So also W. gwen, a To Smirk. See Smile.
smile, gweniaith, flattery, seem connected
with gen, chin, jaw, mouth. The intro-
To Smite. Pl.D. smiten, G. schmeissen,
to strike, to cast. Doubtless from an
duction of the w, at least, need cause no
imitation of the sound of a blow, which is
difficulty, as we have both gwenfa and
represented indifferently by the forms
genfa, a bit, curb, from gen, jaw.
smack, schmatz, smat. N. smatta, to
On the other hand, a smile may be
considered as smothered laughter, and
smack with the tongue Bav. schmatzen,
;
shirt without arms, also a sheath, or what each, snivelling, snuffling, snoring.
one sticks a sword or knife into. In He- Hence must be explained Bav. schmec-
ligoland smock is a woman's shirt. The ken, to sniff, to smell, to detect by smell,
meaning is a garment one creeps into or in the same sense as E. smoke, to find any
slips over one's head. ON. smokka, to one out, to discover anything meant to be
stick in smokka sir in, to creep into ;
;
—
kept secret. Hal. Swiss erschmekkern,
smokka sdr or nete, to slip out of a net to smell out, to discover. AS. smeagan,
smeygia, to slip into, to slip on smjuga,
; smean, to investigate, consider. Bav.
to creep through or into. Lith. smaigti, schmeckst eppes [etwas] ? do you smell
smeigti, to stick into, as a pole into the anything ? do you smoke ? do you twig ?
ground smaigas, a hop-joole.
;
Schmecken, a nosegay schmecker, a nose- ;
Smoke, as. smec, smeoc, G. schmauck, gay, the nose. In schmeckende bach, the
Du. smook, smoke. Gr. aiivx"', to burn in sulphur springs, we see the passage from
a smouldering fire. w. mwg, smoke, the idea of smelling to that of vapour,
fume ysmwcian, a little smoke, mist, fog
;
smoke. Devon, smeech, stench, as of a
mygu, to smoke, smother, stifle. Bret. candle blown out obscurity in the air
;
moug, (originally doubtless smoke, then) arising from smoke, fog, or dust. Hal. —
fire, family, house ; moged, smoke ; mo- Bav. schmecken and the equivalent Ber-
geden, exhalation, vapour ; mouga, to nese, schmoke, are especially applied to
suffocate, extinguish. Gael. 7miig, milch, the disagreeable smell of tainted meat.
smilch, suffocate, smother ; ?niichan, a Das fleisch schmbkt, Bav. 's Jleisch
chimney ; muig, smoke, mist, gloom schmeckt, is schmecked warden, would in
muigeach, smoky, misty, gloomy ; Ir. Suffolk be rendered ' the meat is smeegy.'
milch, smoke ; miichaim, to smother, ex- Bernese, ubel-, wolschmbkig, ill or well
tinguish ; muchna, dark, gloomy. Manx smelling. G. schmauchen, to smoke to-
inoogh, extinguish smoghan, stink; smog-
; bacco, is to be rather understood in the
ham, a suffocating or smouldering fume. original sense of snuffing or inhaling
The ultimate origin is, I believe, to be than in that of making a smoke.
found in a representation of the nasal Sm.ooth. AS. smethe, smooth, even,
sounds made in sniffing an odour or in soft. The radical meaning is, pliable,
gasping for breath. From sniffing an from G, Schmieden, to forge or form by
odour we pass, on the one hand, to the the hammer, leading to geschmeidig,
idea of that which is snuffed up, exhala- malleable, ductile, then soft, pliant, com-
tion, vapour, smoke then, from smoke
; plaisant Pl.D. smidig, S7nodig, Du.
;
being considered as the suffocating agent, smedig, pliant, soft Pl.D. smdden,smodi- ;
—
Smother. Smoor. The radical image
Pl.D. snikken, to gasp for air, to sob, in seems to be dabbling in wet and dirt,
Hamburgh, to be suffocated,- to choke ;
whence follow the ideas of splashing,
versnikken, to draw the last gasp, to die. slobbering, dirtying, spotting, of a spot,
The imitative form preserved in Bav. stain, separate particle of dirt or dust,
pfnechen, to pant, to breathe deep, leads, thickness of air, mist, smoke, and thence
on the one hand, to Gr. irvsw, to breathe ; suffocation, choking, extinction. Pl.D.
TTvoi], a breathing, an exhalation, vapour, smaddern, to dabble, meddle with dirty
odour, and, on the other, to Tri/i-yw, to stifle, things, make blots in writing Danneil —
choke, drown, stew ; Lat. necare, to kill smudden, S7nuddcrn, smuddeln, smulkii,
It. annegare, to drown. Du. smodderen, E. dial, smother, Swiss
The inarticulate sounds made in mut- schmusseln, schmauseln, to dabble, daub,
tering, sobbing, sniffling, were imitated dirty Du. smoddig, smodderig, smodsig,
;
in Gr. by the syllable nv, which must Pl.D. smudderig, smuddelig, smullig, G.
sometimes have been strengthened by a schmottrig, schmutzig, E. smudgy, smutty,
final guttural, shown in iivxjiOQ, groaning, smeared, dirty Pl.D. besmiid'dern, to be-
;
the mucus of the nose, fiMije, snuff of a (stavJoregn), S7mittregn (Schiitze), Da. dial.
lamp. The same imitation gives rise to s?nudskregn, mizzling rain Pl.D. idt ;
schmauseln, iiberschmussetn, to kiss over Kiitner. Da. smuk, pretty ; det smukke
and over, to beslabber, from schmau- kion, the fair sex. G. sich schmiegen, and
seln, schmusseln, to dabble, dirty. Swab. in Bavaria schmucken, to shrink, contract,
schmatz, schtnutz, a hearty kiss. G. make oneself small ; geschmogen, small,
schmatzen, to smack. contracted schmugelich, neat, pretty,
;
2. To smouch, to convey away secretly, pleasing. Neat and tight in dress is the
to steal. opposite of loose, flapping, slatternly.
Swiss mauchen, mucheln, mautschen,
To Smuggle. G. schmuggeln. Da.
tnauscheln, to enjoy delicacies in secret smugle, to smuggle ; Du. smokkelen, to
;
er, to burn with a thick smoke, burn in a press oneself through or forwards with a
39
— ;
closely allied, and similar senses are Bav. in ein'm schnipps, Du. met eenen
signified by PID. pladdem, plasken, G. snap, Sc. in a snap, in a crack, in a mo-
platschen, to dabble, . splash ; platsen, ment ; snaply, quickly ; Da. dial, snap,
Pl.D. plastern, plattern, to soCind like Sw. snabb, quick ; Du. snapreisje, a hasty
a heavy shower ; Sw. plottra, to blot, journey. Asnap is a spring which closes
to scrawl ; Da. plet, a spot, stain, &c. with the sharp sound represented by the
In other cases the same class of pheno- name. G. schnapps, a dram of spirits, so
mena are represented by imitative forms much as is tossed off at a swallow.
in which the/ or pi of the former class Snaflle. A
bit for a horse, an imple-
is replaced by an m. Pl.D. niaddem, ment to confine the snout, on the same
moddern, to dabble, paddle (Danneil), principle on which Bav. schnabel is ap-
and thence Du. modder, mud; bemod- plied to an iron mask fastened on the
deren, to —
bedaub Epkema E. muddle, ; faces of abandoned women, from Pl.D.
Swab, motzen, PLD. matschen,inantschen, snavel, G. schnabel, the snout.
to dabble, plash, daub, and with the sibi- The designations of the words signify-
lant, PI. D. smudden, sniuddern, smuddeln, ing snout are commonly taken from the
Smullen, to dabble, dirty smaddem, to ; sounds made by snuffing through the
dabble, let wet or dirt fall about (Dann.), nose, snorting, or smacking with the
to blot, scribble Sw. smattra, to crackle,
; jaws. Thus we have G. schnaubeit,
sputter. Da. smadder, E. smatter, E. dial. schnaufen, Pl.D. snuven, to snuff; Bav.
smither, N. S7nitter, fragment, atom ; E. snabett, to smack like a pig E. dial.
;
smotter, to spatter, dirty ; Sw. smuts, snabble, to eat greedily, eat with a smack-
spot, splash, dirt, mud G. schmutz, E.
; ing sound snaffle, to speak through the
;
smut, smudge, smitch, dirt, smoke, dust nose, to chatter, talk nonsensically and ;
Du. smetten, Sc. smad, smot, E. smit, to Du. snabbe, snebbe, snavel, snebel, Bav.
mark or stain. W. ys7n.ot, a spot ysmotio, ;
schnufel, Pl.D. snuffe, a snout, beak.
to spot or dapple. See Smother. Snag. Ashort projection, the project-
Snack. —
Snap. —
Snatch.. sharp A ing stump of a broken branch, a tooth
sudden sound like that of the collision or standing alone (Hal.) ; snaggletoothed,
breaking of hard bodies is represented by having the teeth standing out.
forms like knack, knock, knap, snack, The word snag is adapted to signify a
snap, which thence are applied to signify short projection, on the same principle as
any sharp sudden action, or the quality of k7iag, jag, shag, cog, syllables represent-
quickness essential for the production of ing a sound abruptly brought to a con-
the noise in question. clusion, and thence applied to a movement
Sc. snack represents the snapping of a .suddenly cut short, or to the figure traced
dog's jaws, a sudden snap, then quick, out by such a movement, an abrupt pro-
alert, agile. jection. Gael. snag,!L little audible knock,
The swypper tuskaud hound assayis a hiccough, a wood-pecker ; snaglabhair,
And neris fast, ay ready hym to hynt stammer in speaking ; Manx snog, nod ;
Wyth hys wyde chaftis at hym makis ane snak. snig, a fillip, a smart stroke or blow. G.
D. V. 439, 33.
dial, schnacke, schnocke, to jerk the
A snack is familiarly used in the sense head about ; schnicken, to snap, move
of a hasty meal, a mouthful snatched or
snapped up in haste.
quick. — Deutsch. Mund. III. E. dial.
snug, to strike or push as an ox with his
Our kind host would not let us go without horn.
taking a snatch, as they called it, which was, in Snail. AS. sncegel, sncegl, snal; West-
truth, a very good dinner. —
Boswell, Journey. erwald schndgel, sc/uial; G. schnecke, Pl.D.
The knack 1 learned frae an auld auntie snigge, E. dial, snag, snig, snake, ON.
The snackest of a' my kin. Ramsay. — S7iigil, N. snigjel, s/tiel, all apparently
In vulgar slang snack or snap is booty, from Swiss schnaken, schnaaggen, to
share, portion, any articles out of which creep, go on all fours, crawl ; AS. snicalt,
1 ;;
SNAKE SNATCH 61
living ; snap, scanty pasture, begged noise like that of a rattle, or a string jar-
scraps. See Knapsack. ring to cry like a missel-thrush or a
To Snape. —Sneap. To nip with cold,
;
to check, rebuke, properly to cut short. A doth under a door when he sheweth his
step-mother snapes her step-children of teeth. —
Palsgr. Hence, in a secondary
their food. To snaple, to nip as frost application, ON. snara, to whirl, hurl,
does. Du. snippen, to nip. De wind turn, twist. N. snara seg ihop, to snarl
snipt in't angezigt, the wind cuts one's or twist up like thread ; snara eit baand,
face. to twist a rope.
Scharp soppis of sleet and of the snyppandsnsm. With the other vowels we have Pl.D.
D. V. 200. 55. snirren, to whirr like a thing whirling
Da. dial, sneve, snevve, to cut short,
clip, round, to lace, to draw a string tight ;
to cut one's hair, to nip or dwarf with snirre, a lace, a noose. P1.D. snurren,
cold, to give one a reproof. At snyppe or to whirr like a spinning-wheel, buzz like
snevve een of, to cut one short, set him a fly, snore ; Sw. snorra, to whirr, hum,
down. N. snikka, to cut, also to repri- and thence to spin round, to whirl ; snorra,
mand, to put one to shame. In Suffolk a spinning-top. G. schnur, Sw. snore, a
the word is snip. The frost ha' snipt
' string or lace. See next article.
them tahnups.' Also in the sense of To Snarl. The final / is merely an
checking or rebuking. Moor. — element implying continuance of action,
The sense -of cutting short may be as in Fr. miauler, to cry miau ! E. kneel
attained in two ways i. From the sharp
:
from knee, whirl from whirr, &c. To
snap of a pair of scissors, or the blow by snarl like a dog was formerly stiar, as
which the cut is given and, 2. From an mentioned in the last article. The term
;
abrupt movement leading to the notion is then applied in the same way as the
of a projection or point, then to that of simpler form, to the idea of twisting, curl-
removing the point or stump, or reducing ing, entangling. To ruffle or snarl as
to a stump, as explained under Snub. over-twisted thread. —Cot. '
Lay in wait
From Bav. schnauppen, snout or ex- to S7iarl him in his sermons.' — Becon in
tremity, is formed g'schnaupet, nipped by Hal. Snarl, a snare Hal. — ;Sc. sjiorl,
the frost, which seems the true equivalent a snare, difficulty, scrape ; snurl, to ruffle,
of E. sneaped or snaped. Bav. schneppen, wrinkle ; snurlie, knotty.
schnippen, to make a short sudden move- —
Northern blasts the ocean snurl. Ramsay.
ment, gives schuepp, Pl.D. sfiibbe, snippe, Pl.D. sndrk'n, to snarl as thread. Dan- —
beak or point, so that even snip may be neil. Henneberg schnarren, to shrink, to
explained in the sense of cutting off the crumple up. On a similar principle to
point, docking, curtailing. the above. Da. kurre, to coo like a dove
Snare, on. snara, a cord, snare, kurre, a knot, twist, tangle in thread.
springe ; Du. S7iare, a cord, string of a — —
Snast. Snace. Snat. The snuff of
musical instrument ; Fris. snar, a noose. a candle ; snasty, cross, snappish snatted, ;
The designation of cord or string may be snub-nosed. Parallel forms are seen in
taken from the notion of twisting or turn- knast or gnast, the snuff or wick of a
ing, in two ways, viz. either from the twist- candle (emunctorium, lichinus Pr. Pm.) —
ing of the fibres in the formation of the Pol. knota, wick or snuff of a candle ;
string, or from the notion of its use in Lith. knatas, wick Pl.D., Da. knast, a
;
twisting round and entangling, or con- knot in wood. The radical meaning
fining another object. Thus from the should be a knot or tuft of fibrous mate-
verbs to twist, to twine, the name of twist rial used as a wick, then the burnt por-
or twine is given to various kinds of thin tion of the wick that is snuffed off. The
cord. In the same way Sw. sno, to twist, same equivalence of an initial sn and gn
twine, entangle sno, string, twist ; hatsno,
; or kn is seen in snag and knag, snarl and
hat-string. gnarl.
The ultimate origin is the whirring To Snatch. See Snack.
39 •
; ;
of an area sneak, one who pries into areas through the nose. on. hniosa {of cattle),
for what he can pick up. ON. s?iaka, to to sneeze. From a representation of the
sniff about, then to creep or move over sound of air driven through the nose. Da.
the surface like fire. Eldr snakadi iim snuse, to snuff, sniff; sniius, Gael, snaois,
klesSi theira : the fire crept over their Sc. sneeshin, E. dial, snush, snuff.
clothes. Da. snage, to snuff about, rum- Snell. Sc. snell, sharp, severe, pierc-
mage ; snagen, prying, pilfering ; snige, ing ; properly, energetic in action, rapid.
to convey privately ; at snige sine varer Berinus answered snell. Chaucer. —
ind, to smuggle in his wares ; at snige sudden, quick, agile.
G. schnell. It. snello,
sig bort, to sneak off. Tyven sneg sig G. schnall represents the sound of a snap,
ind i huset om natten, the thief sneaked whence schnellen, to move with a snap,
into the house at night ; snigvei, a secret to spring or bound. Bav. schnall, a snap
path ; snigende feber, a slow, creeping with the fingers, a loud sudden noise
fever. dersclniellen, to burst. Schm. Swiss —
In the same way from
schnaufen, to
G. schnall, the snap of a spring or a vicious
snuff, sniff, Westerwald schnaufer, a sly dog itn schnall, in a moment, in a snap;
;
lables knack, knick, knock, snack, snick, to Go look ask about from schmecken,
! !
snock, the final k often changing for a g to sniff, to smell. Du. snicken, e. snucke,
and when the blow is given with a sharp to sniff, scent out like a. dog. Kil. See—
implement, the knock becomes a hack or Snook. ON. sndfa, to sniff, to trace by
chop. scent ; snafadu hedan, pack off, begone.
w. cnic, cnicell, a slight rap, a pecker, To Snip. To nip, snip, clip, are all
anything that smacks. G. schnicken, to formed on the same plan representing the
snap the fingers, to snip Sanders ; Sc. — sharp click of a pair of blades coming to-
sneck, sneg, to cut with a sudden stroke gether in the act of snipping. Du. knip-
of a sharp instrument sneck, sneg, a cut,
;
pen, to snap the fingers, to give a fillip,
notch. N. snicka, to cut, to work with a also, as snippen, to snip or clip. G.
knife. Flem. snoecken, to cut, lop, prune. schnippen, to crackle, to snap the fingers,
E. dial, to snag, snig, to cut off lateral fillip. Bav. in einem schnipps, in a mo-
—
branches. Wilbraham. In Staffordshire ment schnipfen, to snip, to sip, to pilfer.
;
snig is the cut herbage of sedges, and a Snipe. Du. sne-ppe, snephoen, G. schnepfe,
snigbob is a tussock of growing sedge. snipe, a bird distinguished by the length
Sniddle, long coarse grass, stubble. Hal. — of its bill. Pl.D. snippe, snibbe, beak,
Austrian schnegern, to whittle with a also snipe. So Fr. bee, beak, bdcasse, b^-
knife. Gael, snagair, to carve wood. ne. cassine, woodcock, snipe. Bav. schnepp,
snick, a notch, a cut SE. snig, to cut, to
; schneppen, the beak, bill, from schneppen,
chop. —Hal. Snock, a knock, a smart schneppen, to make a short quick move-
blow.—Jennings. SnoUh, a. notcb.. Manx ment; schnipfen, to pick. Ttw. snabben,
snig, a fiUip, a sharp stroke or blow ; sneg, to peck, to snap ; snabbe, snebbe, beak.
a latch.
— —
To Snite.— Snot. Snout. The de-
To Snicker. Snigger. These forms signations of the mucus of the nose and
represent the broken sound of suppressed of the nose itself, the snout or nose and
laughter, of a mare whinnying to her foal, mouth of animals, are commonly taken
of a horse at the approach of his corn. from a representation of the sound made
Sc. snocker, to snort, to breathe high in sniffing or drawing air through the
through the nostrils nicker, nicher, to
; nose impeded by mucus. Thus from-
neigh, to laugh in a loud and ridiculous Pl.D. snurren, snoren, to snore, we have
manner. Jam.
Snickup.
— —Sneckup. i. represent- A
snurre, the nose or snout, and Sw. snor,
mucus of the nose. From G. schnauben,
ation of the sound of the hiccup. A to snuff, E. dial, snob, to sob, we have
charm for the hiccup is 'Hickup, snickup, snob, snot, and G. schnabel, beak, snout
three sups in a cup are good for the hick- from Du. snuyven, snuffen, to snuff or
up.' Then taking the hickup as the type sniff, are derived snuyve, snof, rheuina,
of the least possible malady, to say of a catarrhus, running at the nose, E. snivel,
man that he has got the snickups, means and Du. snavel, Pl.D. snuff, the nose,
rather that he fancies himself ill than that snout. From Pl.D. snorken, to snore,
he is really so. — Forby. Du. hikken, Sw. snorka, to snift, Bav. schnurkeln, to
snikken, to hickup ; snikken, also to sob, draw the air or mucus through the nose
to gasp. P1.D. snikken, snukken, to sob; with a certain sound, to sniff, snore, snuffle,
smikkup, slukkup, the hiccup. Brem. —
Nuremberg schnorgeln, to speak through
the nose (Brem. Wtb. in S7iarren), Lith.
2. Sneckup or snickup is used interject snargloti, to snift, we pass to Lith. snar^
tionally in the sense of begone away glys, snot, Sw. snork (properly snout),
!
with you (Forby), as by Sir Toby Belch extremity. From Du. snicken, Fris. sniicke,
!
to Malvolio when he comes lecturing him to sniff, Sc. snocker, to breathe high
and his companions in their drunken through the nose, to Lith. snukkis, Cimbr.
orgies '
:Give him money, George, and snacko, Swiss schneicke, snout. From Da.
let him go snickup.^ No, Michael, let snuse, to sniff, Lap. snusotet, to snite or
'
—
thy father go snickup.' Knight of Burn- blow the nose, to Pl.D. snuss, the snout.
ing Pestle, B. and F. in N. In the same way we have Pl.D. snot-
The expression may perhaps be eluci- teren, to make a noise in the nose when
dated by Bav. scAmeck's / an interjection impeded with mucus, to snifter E. snot- ;
used in exactly the same way, being ren- ter, to cry, to snivel (Craven Gl.), to
dered by Schmeller, I have no answer for breathe hard through the nose, to snort.
you, that is nothing to me. The force of
the word is sniff find out for yourself
! Close by the fire his easy-chair too stands,
;
die nasen.' —Schm. Swiss schnudern, to to make one smart, to pinch. NE. to
snivel, to snift in crying Bav. schrzauden,
; snerple, to shrivel up. —
Hal. Compare
to draw breath, snort, pant. ON. snudda, also Lat. ringor, to gtin, to be in ill-
snudra, Bav. schniiien, to snifif about, to humour, to wrinkle, shrivel.
search. Gael, snoi, smell, snuff the wind, Snob. In Suffolk a journeyman shoe-
suspect ; snoitean, a pinch of snuff. Lap. maker ; in slangish language used in the
snodkeset, to snift ; snudtjet, to sniff out, sense of a coarse vulgar person. Sc.
to trace by scent. snab, a cobbler's boy. The proper mean-
From these we pass to Bav. schnuder, ing of the word is simply a boy, then,
schnudel, Du. snodder, snot, snut, Pl.D. like G. knappe, a journeyman or work-
snotte. Da. snat, snot, on. snyta, snot, the man, servant. E. dial, snap, a lad or servant,
mucus of the nose, and on. snudr, Bav. generally in an ironical sense. Hal. The—
schnuder, schnud, Pl.D. snute, Tixx.snuite, ultimate meaning of the word seems to
G. schnautze, the snout. G. schnaiitzen, be a lump of a boy. Snap, a small piece
Du. snutten, smitten, Pl.D. snutten, on. of anything (frustulum —
Coles). Hal. —
snyta, to snite, to blow the nose and See Knave.
cleanse it from mucus, and thence to To Snook. — Snoke. To smell, to
snuff a candle, are pretty equally related —
search out, pry into Hal. ; to lie lurk-
both to snout and s?wt, and perhaps may —
ing for a thing. B. ' Halener, to vent,
have been developed simultaneously with snook, wind, smell, or search out.'— Cot.
those forms from the same radical image. Nicto, to snoke as houndes dooth. Ortus —
From Gael, snot, snuff the wind, Bav. in Hal.
sniiten, N. snutra, to sniff, search, may The sound of sharply drawing the
be explained Goth, snutr, as. snotor, breath, as in sobbing, snifting, sniffing,
sagacious, prudent, an exact equivalent is represented by the syllable snik, snuk;
of Lat. sagax, keen at following the and from the figure of sniffing the air is
scent. very generally expressed the idea of
Snivel. Besides the ordinary sense of searching about, especially seeking for
snifting, drawing up the mucus audibly delicacies or eatables, prying curiously
through the nose, especially in crying, into things. Pl.D. snikken, snukken, to
snivel is used in Northamptonshire in sob Du. snicken, to sob, gasp, sniff,
;
which the idea of contraction is expressed tobacco. N. snik, smell ; snikja, to han-
by the drawing up the nose and mouth ker Lap. snuogget, to scent, trace
after.
in the act of grinning, snarling, snifting, by scent a dog, pry into ; Sw. snoka,
like
sniveling. Da. snage, on. snaka, to snuff about,
A kind of cramp when the lips and nostrils are rummage, search. E. dial, snawk, sneak,
puUed and drawne awry like a dog's mouth when snuck, to smell. Fris. sniicke, snoke,
—
he snarreth.- Nomenclature, 1585, in N. snickje, to sniff.
Bav. schnarkeln, to snore ; schnurkeln To Snooze. To slumber, nap. Wor- —
schniirkeln, to draw the air or mucus cester. Snoozing, nestling and dozing,
through the nose with a certain noise, to lying snug and warm. —
Mrs Baker. Lith.
sniff, snore, snift, pry, shrink ; schnurkel, snudau, snusi, snusti, to fall asleep, to
a wrinkled old woman ; G. schnorkel, a doze snausti, to be sleepy
; snudis, a ;
P1.D. sniisseln, to sniff after, to trace by The heads and boughs of trees towards the —
sea are so snubbed by the winds as if the boughj
scent snusselije, niceties, tit-bits ; snuss,
;
—
down the head. Mrs Baker. one who pokes his nose everywhere ;
earth like a dog tracing out the scent, a lickerish tooth, an infant at the breast ;
then looking closely after, seeking greedily schnuckeles waare, lollipops. Bav.
for, leading to the use of snudge in the schnuckeln, to suck, lick, eat with plea-
sense of a miser. ON. 'snugga, snudda. sure ; abschnuckeln einen, to devour with
Da. snuse, to sniff, snuff, search out kisses schnuckes, a darling. Sw. snugga,
;
snugga til eines, to have hope of some- to play the parasite, to sponge ; snugga
thing. N. snuska, snusla, to sniff out, sig til nagot, to get a thing by fawning.
search for something to eat. From the See Snooze.
latter se'hse must be explained the familiar So. Goth, sva, AS. swa, on. sva, svo,
E. nuzzle, nuddle, to creep closely or G. so, Fr. It. si, Lat. sic. Gael, so, this,
snugly, as an infant in the bosom of its these ; an so, here gu so, hither, to this ;
tion of the sound made by drawing soaked with wet. G. and ON. sog, the
breath through the nose. Du. snojfen, sink of a ship, lowest place that receives
snuffen, snuffelen, snnyven, to breathe the drainings of the ship ; soggr, wet G. ;
through the nose, to trace by scent sogen, socken (in salt worKs), to drip, to
inoffen, snuffen, to sob ; snof, scent, drain ; siekern, sickern, in Hesse sockern,
perception by scent ; snoeven, snuyven, to leak, trickle, soak through ; Gael, silg,
to take breath ; snoff, snuff, cold in the suck, imbibe ; silgh, juice, sap, moisture
head, running at the nose — Kil.
; Fr. as a verb, suck in, drink up, drain, dry ;
renifler, nifler, to snifter, snuff up, snivel. nan tonn, as ON. sog, the flux
OE. nevelynge with the nose.— Pr. Pm. G. and reflux of the waves. Manx sooghey
schnauben, schnaufen, scknieben, to snuff, soo, to suck, steep, soak w. swg, a soak ;
snort, huff, puff and blow. Emungere, or imbibing ; swgio, to soak, to become
snuben, snuuen de nasen. — Dief. Supp. soaked soch, E. sough, a sink or drain.
;
Schnuffeln, schnilffeln, to snuffle, speak Soap. Du. zeep, G. seife, Lat. sapoirC),
through the nose schnupfen,Xo snuff up, w. sebon, Gael, siabunn, siopunn, soap.
;
a cold in the head schnuppe, the snuff Bret, soav, soa, sua, tallow ; soavon, suan,
;
fended at a thing, to snuff at it ; sthnup- swyf, scum, foam, yeast, also suet.
pem, to snivel. Pl.D. snuff, snuffe, nose, Soap was regarded by the Latins as a
snout. Celtic invention, and therefore it is rea-
Snug.— Snuggle. To snuggle is to sonable that we should look to the latter
nestle, to lie close, like an infant pressing class of languages for an explanation of
itself to its mother's bosom. the name. Prodest et sapo. Gallorum
'
; — ;
Act A.D. 1335 in Archives du Nord de la Fr. souche, Prov. soc, soca, stump. See
Fr. iii. 35. '
Donna deux petits coups last article.
appelfe soubzbriquets des dois de la main Sod. Pl.D. sode, soe, Du. sode, soede,
—
sous le menton.' Act a.D. 1335, ibid, in Fris. satha, a turf Gael, sod, a turf, a
Hericher Gloss. Norm. In the same way clumsy person sodach, a robust or clumsy
;
soubarbe, the part between the chin and man sodair, a strong-built man ; sodag,
;
swch aradr, swch esgid, snout of a plough Sw. sola, to wallow. Bav. solen sich {pi
(ploughshare), point of a shoe. G. sech, a stag), to cool himself by wallowing in
coulter. The plough turns up the land the water. To take soil, to run into the
like the snout of a pig. For the ultimate water as a deer when close pursued.
origin of the word see Seek. Soccage, a B. Soal, a dirty pond. Hal. —
See next
tenure of land by inferior services in hus- article.
bandry [by plough service] to be per- To Soil.— Sully, i. Fr. souiller, It.
formed to the lord of the fee. B. — sogliare (Fl.), ohg. solagSn, mhg. siiln,
2. Lat. soccus, a kind of shoe ; Du. solgen, Swiss siilchen, Pl.D. solen, siillen,
sacke, a sock, woollen covering for the feet. Du. solowen, seuleiuen, s'dlen,^ ON. sola.
Prov. soc, 3. buskin, a wooden shoe Da. sole, to daub, dirty. Swiss sulch, a
soquier, a maker of sabots or wooden stain of dirt ; G. solung, the wallowing
shoes ; Cat. soch, soc, clog ; Pied, soch, place of swine ; It. sugliardo, filthy. ON.
soca, socola, a clog or shoe with a wooden sulla, to paddle, dabble, mess.
sole ; Ptg. socco, a wooden shoe, also, as The proper meaning of the word is
Fr. socle, the base of a pedestal ; It. zoc- doubtless to dabble in the wet, and the
— . ;
gle out of a narrow-necked bottle ; suit, smul van dranke, ebrius, obrutus vino,
a puddle. thoroughly drunk. — Kil. Smullen, to
The elision of the d is palpably shown soil oneself ; to make good cheer, to gor-
in Bav. sudeln, sul'n, to dirty, to boil (in mandise [and hence to satiate oneself];
a contemptible sense), Pl.D. smuddeln, Ik heb er van gesmuld, I have had my
smullen, to smear, dirty, dabble. In a belly-full of it. —
Bomhoff. Smullbroer, a
similar manner Fr. mouiller, E. moil, boon companion, lickerish fellow. In the
maul, to wet, dabble, dirty, must be re- same way from forms like Sw. sudda, PI.
garded as contracted from forms like D. suddeln, soddeln, soetelen (Brem.
muddle, m,addle, originally imitating the Wtb.), to dabble, we pass to the contract-
sound of dabbling in the wet. ed sblen, used in both senses. Besolen,
For a parallel series of similar origin to bedabble, to dirty, also to swill one-
see Sallow. self with drink ; solig, drunken ; sblbroer
It is not improbable that Lat. solum (as Du. smullbroer), sblgast, a boon com-
belongs to the same stock with the fore- panion. With these last may be compared
going, having originally signified mud, E swillbowl, swilltub, a drunkard to ;
then ground, loM^Sst place, foundation. swill, to wash or rinse, to drink copiously
To Soil. 2. To feed cattle with green swill, hog's wash, swiller (exactly equiva-
food in the stall. In Suffolk it signifies lent to Fr. so.uillard), a scullion. Hal. —
to fatten completely soiling, the last fat-
; Sw. sSla, to wallow, dabble, bedaub also ;
tening food given to fowls when they are to sot, to guttle N. sulla, satiated, drunk.
;
taken up from the baru-door and cooped. It is hard to separate the series here
— Forby. In this sense of high-fed, stall- given from Fr. saoul, soul, sated, drunk.
ed, it is used by Shakespeare. Sotil comme une grive, as drunk as an
owl. But if the forms are truly analogous,
The fitchew nor the sqiled horse goes to 't
we must suppose that the root sat, ap-
With a more ravenous appetite.— Lear.
pearing in Lat. satur, satiari, satullus,
E. dial, soul, to satisfy with food. Hal. — was derived from a form like satullare,
The origin is undoubtedly Fr. saotiler, originally (like Pl.D. suddeln, soddeln, Du.
Prov. sadollar, Lat. satullo, to glut, sa- soetelen, Bav. sottern, suttern) represent-
tiate. Prov. sadol, Fr. soul. It. satollo, ing the agitation of liquid. From this
Lat. satur, satullus, sated, full, fatted. source also would be explained the con-
It is singular that even in this last tracted form shown in Fr. sale, Gael, sal,
sense the word seems ultimately to spring dirty, Fr. salir, to dii-ty, E. sallow, which
from the same physical image of dab- it is so difficult to keep apart from the
bling or wallowing in liquids. When series connected with Fr. souiller and E.
once man had become acquainted with sully.
intoxicating liquors,abundance of drink To Sojourn. Fr. sejoumer; It. sog-
would become the normal type of the giornare; OFr. sorjornier. Chron. Dues —
highest luxury, and hence probably must de Norm. 2. 11607. Ed uimeis od mei
be explained the figures of bathing or surjurneras. — L. des Rois.
swimming in dehght noticed under Gala. Soke. The privilege of holding a court
N. sumla, to paddle, dabble, bathe, swim which the tenants of the lordship are
(Aasen), is inon. applied to Pharaoh bound to attend, or the territory over
and his host overwhelmed by the billows which the duty of attending the court ex-
of the sea. Sutnladisk konungrinn i tends. The soke of a mill is the territory
sidvarins bylgium. Hence stiml, sumbl, over which the tenants are bound to bring
drink, ale, a drinking bout. AS. symbel, their corn to be ground at a certain mill.
a feast, banquet, supper symbelnys, a The word is derived from AST socan, secan,
;
Ivg in Gr. Thus from leir, sight, percep- or ceiling ; solare, a story of any build-
tion, soilleir, bright, clear ; doiUeir, dim, ing, from solare, to sole, to floor, or ceil.
dark, obscure ; solas, comfort, cheerful- — Fl. OFr. solier, sollier, an upper floor,
ness, joy ; dblas, woe, grief, mourning. ground floor, loft.
Solar. Lat. sol, the sun. Du. solder, solier, lacunar, tabulatum,
—
Solder, Sodder. Fr. soulder, souder, contignatio ; solderen, contignare, con-
to soulder, consolidate, close or fasten to- tabulare et in solario sive horreo con-
;
gether. —
Cot. It. saldo, sodo, solid, firm dere.— Kil. Corn, soler, a stage of boards
—
;
saldare, to fix, fasten, to stanch blood, in a mine. Dief. Bret, sol, base, found-
solder metals, starch linen, gum or stiffen ation, beam solier, ceihng, floor, loft.
silks, close or heal up a wound. — Fl.
;
rivation of the first syllable has been ther. Bav. sdmen, to collect, gather. Satn.
much disputed, whether from solus, only, sdmnat, manipulus. Gl. in Schm.
according to the analogy of biennis, from
—
Sonorous, -son-. Lat. somas, a sound
bis, twice, and annus, or from sollo, which, sonorus, sounding. Consonant, Dissonant,
according to Festus, signified all, whole, &c.
in Oscan.
Sool. Sowl. —
Anything eaten with
Solicit. Lat. solicittis, careful, troubled, bread.— B. The butter, cheese, &c.,
busy. eaten with the bread that forms the staple
Solid. Lat. solidus, whole, entire, not of a poor man's meal, is called sowling
;
That he ne broucte bred and sowel. to sing, to lull or dandle children asleep.
Havelok, 767. N. hulla, lulla, sulla, to hum, to lull.
Maria Egyptiaca eet in thyrty wynter It seems to be from some hazy feeling
Bote thre lytel loves, and love was her souel. of the physical origin of the word that it
P.P.
is so frequently used in the sense of calm-
ON. sufl, N. swvl, Sw. sofwel. Da. suul, ing by sound.
anything eaten with bread. Sw. sofia, to There is little doubt but the verse as well as
season. the lyre of David was able to soothe the troubled
The origin of the term is shown in Bret. spirits to repose. — Knox, Ess. in R.
soubinel, the sowling or sauce eaten with Ideal sounds
the brose or porridge that forms the prin- Soft-wafted on the zephyr's fancy'd wing.
cipal part of a peasant's diet. The sou- Steal tuneful soothings on the easy ear.
binel consists of honey, melted butter, &c.,
Thomson.
The godlike man they found
and is commonly put in a hollow in the
Pleased with the solemn harp's harmonious
middle of the porridge, each spoonful of sound :
which is dipped in the soubinel as it is With this he soothes his angry soul. — Pope,IUad.
eaten. From souba, to sop or dip. Le- — Possibly Lat. sedare may have the same
gonidec. Goth, supon, OHG. soffon, ga- origin. See Seethe.
sofon, to season food. Sowling is called To Sop. To dip into or soak in broth,
slppersauce in Cleveland.
&c. Sop, bread soaked in broth, drip-
Soon. Goth, suns, immediately, sunsei,
as soon as ; AS. sona, soon. Du. saen,
ping, wine, or any liquid. —
B. N. sabba,
svabba, subba, to paddle, dabble subben, ;
immediately, soon. soaked, wet. Goth, supon, gasupon, to
Soot. Condensed smoke. Du. soet, season, properly to dip bread in sauce.
Pl.D. sott, sud, Sw. sot, Da. sod, Gael.
Sw. soppa, broth, soup. N. soppa, bread
suith, Lith. sodis.
and milk. Pl.D. sappen, to make a sound
Probably from Du. soetelen, Pl.D. sud- like water in dabbling. Idt is so vuul
deln,Sw. sudda, to dabble, dirty, in the
up'r straten dat idt sappet : it is so dirty
same way as the nearly synonymous smut, in the streets that it splashes audibly. De
from Pl.D. smudden, smuddeln,' in the
schoe sappet : it squashes in one's shoe.
same sense. The idea of staining or Sappig, soppy, plashy.
dirtying is expressed by the figure of
Sophist. Lat. sophista, Gr. aotptarrie,
splashing or daubing with wet, and then
from aoipiZia, to teach wisdom anfoe, ;
the name is given to soot as the most
wise.
staining or dirtying material.
Soporiferous. Lat. sopto, -Hum, to
Sooth. ON. saimr, sadr, true, in ac-
set to sleep ; sopor, sleep.
cordance with the fact. Sanscr. sat (nom.
Soprano. See Sovereign.
sail, ace. santam), being, equivalent to
Sorcerer. Fr. sorcier, a wizard, pro-
Lat. sens, sentis mprcssens; whence asat,
perly one who divines by casting lots
nothing ; satya, true. When the Houyh- ;
sortilege, witchcraft, divination by lot
nyms were driven to express the idea of sort, Lat. sors, a lot.
;
Sorrpwful, oppressive, severe, violent, They soused me over head and ears in water when
hard ; Sc. sary, sad, sorrowful, pitiable, —
a boy. ^Addison.
wretched. Jam.— e. sorry has come —The rabble sous' d them for't
.
pretty generally to be felt as if it was the O'er head and ears in mud and dirt. — Butler in T.
adjective of sorrow, with which, in reality, Swiss sotschen, shoes full of water which
it has no etymological connection. make a sousing or squishing noise at
Sorrel. I. Fr. sorel, the herb sorrel every step.
or sour dock ; sorel du bois, sour trefoil, Sot. A drunkard ; to sot, to drink to
—
wood sour [wood-sorrel]. Cot. n. sure- excess. From drunkenness the meaning
gras, G. sauerampfer, Gr. b^dKi^, from seems to have passed to drunken stupidity,
65us, sharp. folly, misconduct. Fr. sot, sottish, dull,
2. A horse of
a mixed red colour. It. gross, absurd, foolish, vain, lascivious.
sauro, a sorrel colour of a horse. Fr. Bret, sot, sod, stupid, imbecile, coarse.
saur, sorrel of colour ; harenc satir, a red The idea of drinking to excess is in
herring. Saurir les harencs, to redden many cases expressed by the figure of
herrings, to lay them on hurdles in a close paddling or washing, as in E. szvlll,,'v/hich
room and then smoke them with dry from signifying rinsing or washing with
leaves until they have gotten their sorrel water is applied to inordinate drinking.
hue sorer, to reek, to dry or make red as Sw. sdla, to dabble, wallow ; sola och supa,
;
to represent the sound either of a dull But souse the cabbage with a bounteous heart.
blow or of dabbling in the water. To Pope.
souse or soss down is to sit suddenly Fr. saulse, sauce, sauce.
down. To sotise into the water, to plunge Souchy. Du. zootje, Pl.D. soodje;
suddenly in. ' Sossing and possing in the water-soodje, water-souchy, perch served
durt.' —
Gammer Gurton. ' Of any one up in the water in which it has been
that mixes slops or makes a place wet boiled. Zootje, soodje, is the dim. of PI.
and dirty, we say in Kent, he makes a D. sSde, soe, Du. zoo, a boiling, so much
soss.' —
Kennett in Hal. Sossed, saturated; as is boiled or sodden at once. Een sSe
sossle, to make a slop. —
Hal. N. susla, fiske, a dish of fish.
to paddle, dabble. Pigs are called to Sough.. An underground -drain, w.
their wash by the cry of sttss ! suss ! To soch, a sink or drain. ON. sog, the sink
suss, to swill like a hog. It. sozzare, to of a ship, outflow of a lake. See to Soak,
defile, sully. to Sew, Sewer.
!;
by swimming. A'in er &, sundi : the river of the sound of the footfall. Sp. zapatdzo,
must be crossed by swimming. ON. sund, clapping noise of a horse's foot, noise
a sound or straits N. su7id, a ferry ; ON. attending a fall ; zapatear, to beat time
;
sund/ugl, water-fowl ; sundfcerr, what with the sole of the shoe, to strike the
may be swum over. n. symja, to swim ground with the feet, said of rabbits when
;
stomach), the swimming bladder. south. There can be little doubt that
4. G. gesund, Du. zond, gezond, Lat. the meaning of the word is, turned to the
sanus, sound, whole, uninjured. sun. Bav. sunnenhalb, sunnhalb, sunder-
To Sound. Fr. sonder, to measure the halb, turned towards the sun, southward ;
depth with a plummet. Bret, sounn, stiff, sunderwind, the south wind. Swiss sun-
steep, upright, perpendicular. Sounn net-halb (on the sunny side), southwards ;
gand ar riou, stiff with cold. Sounn eo schatten-halb (on the shady side), north-
ar menez, the mountain is steep. Sound- wards.
er, uprightness, perpendicular. Sounna, Sovereign. Fr. souverain. It. sov-
to make or become upright, to stiffen, w. rano, soprano, uppermost, supreme. Lat.
syth, stiff, erect, upright. supra, above.
Soup. — ToSup. Fr. soupe. It. sopa, * Sow. AS. sAgu, Du. soegh, sogh, souwe
broth with bread soaked in it ; also sops (Kil.), Pl.D. soge, G. sau, Sw. sugga,
of bread. Mouill^ comme une soupe. OberD. sucke,'^?iSS.. couche (Sigart), Fin.
NE. soup, to saturate, soak soupy, wet sika, Esthon. sigga. Let. cuka (tsuka),
;
and swampy, on. supa {syp, saup, sopii), Lat. sus, sow ; suada, OberD. suckel, Fr.
to sup up liquids, to drink. OHG. wein- cochon, w. soccyn, a pig.
sawf, wine-sop. Swiss saufen, to sup up, The name seems to be taken from the
eat with a spoon. G. saufen, Sw. supa, cry to call the animal to its food, OberD.
Pl.D. supen, to drink copiously sopen, to suck! Norfolk sugJ (Hal.), Let. cuk
;
give to drink soopje, a sip, a little drink. Wall, couche! U.S. chuk ! (Bartlet).
;
Like sap, sop, sip, from the sound. To Sow. Goth, saian, AS. sawan, Pl.D.
Sour. G. sauer, ON. siirr, w. sHr. saden, saien, OHG. sahan, G. sden, Sw.
Source. Fr. source, from sotirdre, sdda, sa, Bohem. syti, Lith. seti, Lat.
Prov. sorzer. It. sorgere, to rise, spring, serere {sevi, satum, semeti), W. hau, to
bubble up as water. Fr. sourgeon, a sow had, seed ; Bret, hada, to sow.
;
spadelken, spayken, G. spattel, a spattle or The grete schafte that was longe
spatare, to spatter, scatter, squander ;OFr. espalde, Fr. dpaule, Ptg. espalda,
Du. bespatten, to bespatter, bedash. Theespddra, Prov. espatla, Gris. spadla, w.
spattering of liquid by a sudden blow yspawd, shoulder.
would afford a lively image of dashing to The meaning of the word has doubtless
small fragments. reference to the broad shovel- or blade-like
Spall.— Spell.— Spill.— SpoU. Spalls shape of the shoulder-bone. Gr. airndri,
or broken pieces of stone that come off any broad blade, a flat strip of wood used
in hewing. —
Nomencl. in Hal. Shivers, by weavers, a spatula for stirring aTraOri, ;
Hal. Sc. spale, speal, a splinter, lath, Joannes de Janua. hat spatha, a sword .
Spell, spill, a chip of wood for lighting a shoulder-blade. Mid.Lat. spatula, spa-
candle. Swiss spallen, to apply splints. dula, schulder, schulderbein. —
Dief.
Du. spelle (properly a splinter), a pin. It. Supp. Spatulosus, magnas et diffusas
spillo, a Fl. —
N. spile, a
pin, prick, spill. —
habens spatulas. Joan, de Jan.
thin lath, a shaving ; spilekorg, a chip The radical meaning of spatula, as
basket spjeld, a shive, shelf, float of a
; shown under Spade, is a splinter or piece
water-wheel ON. spjall, spjald, a lath,
; of cleft wood, from a form like scatter,
thin board, tablet, back of a book spattle, to scatter abroad, and a similar
steinspjold, the tables of stone on which contraction to that from spatula to It.
the law was written Goth, spilda, a
; spalla is seen in E. spattle, spawl, to spit
tablet AS. speld, a torch, chip for light-
; about. It is probable, then, that the con-
ing ;E. spelt, a splinter. Chippes and traction may have taken place at a very
spelts of wood. —
Nomencl. 1585, in Hal. early stage of language, when the root
Gael, spealt, a splinter ; spealt, cleave, was used in the sense of splashing about,
split, break with force. Sw. spillra, to and thus that E. spall and spill, a splinter,
shiver to pieces ; spillra, a splinter, shiver. may be true equivalents of It. spalla.
P1.D. spellern, spellen, to split. Brem. — Bav. speidel, a splinter, is pronounced
Wtb. in v. spelje. Pl.D. sf alter, a thin spei'l, spa'l. — Schm, The
nasalisation of
piece of wood ; spiller, a smaller splinter, speidel gives G. spindel, while the con-
such as matches are made of; spallrig tracted form is seen in the synonymous
(Swiss spdllig, spellig), easily cleft. spille, a spindle.
Uanneil. E. spelder, a shiver or splinter. It is reasonable, on the same principle,
Spelder of wood, esclat.— Palsgr. to 'suppose that Lat. pala, a shovel, is
; ;
wean ; AS. spana, ON. spene, a teat sprightly, active, large ; spanky, showy,
;
Bav. spinn, spiinn, gespunn, gespunst, spenkem, to run and spring about, to
spun yarn, also mother's milk ; gespunne, gallop a horse. —
Brem. Wtb. Sc. spjink,
the breast.— Schm. a spark, a match or splinter of wood for
As we use the word spin to express the lighting.
springing forth of a thread of liquid from Spar. I. The crystallised minerals of
a small orifice, as blood from a vein, or a metallic vein. as. spceren, sparstan,
milk from the breast, it is probable that gypsum. '
Gypsum, sparchalch, gybss,
the milk springing from the breast was oder j;^fl^.' —Vocab. a.d. 1430, in Deutsch.
compared to the thread of yarn springing Mundart. G. spath, a spaad, spat, spalt
from the flax on the distaff, and from the or spar, a kind of leafy stone Jlusspath,;
flow of milk the name of spunn or spin fusible spath or spar.— Kiittn.
was given to the breast. S;pin, to stream 2. Abar of wood. Du. sperre, sparre,
out in a thread or small current. Todd. — a rod, stake, bar, post, beam. G. sparren,
The blood out of their helmets span. — Drayton. a rafter. It. sbarra, a bar, barrier, palis-
Span-new. See Spick and Span. ade, impediment. Gael, sparr, a joist,
Spangle. The radical meaning seems beam, spar, a hen-roost.
to be to tingle, then to glitter, sparkle, on The radical sense may perhaps be an
the principle by which words representing implement of thrusting. ON. sparri, a
ringing sound are transferred to glittering pin or stick which holds something apart
objects. Lith. spengti, to ring, to sound from another ;
gomsparri, a stick which
spangius, twinkling, squinting. holds the mouth open, a gag sperra, ;
The twinkling spangles, the ornaments of the Da. sparre, a n. sparre, a prop,
rafter,
upper world. — Glanville in R. stake set slanting against a door or a wall,
A vesture—sprinkled here and there a rafter. See next article.
With guttering spangs that did like stars appear. To Spar. i. To shut as a door.— B.
F..Q. AS. sparran, to shut. G. sperren, to set
—
spawl.
way from Pl.D. sputtern,
sputter or t.o
scatter the
in speaking, also to
saliva
* To Spawn.
splash or squirt, Du. bespatten, to bedash,
To sfanyn as fysh. Pr.. Pm.— to spatter, Sw. spott, spittle, we pass to E.
Explained from the analogy between spot, the mark, as it were, of a drop of
the spawning of fish and the spinning of saliva or other wet falling on a body.
milk from the breast. Bav. span, Du. We
call it spitting when the rain falls in
spenne, sponne (Kil.), milk from the breast. small drops.
We would doubtfully suggest It. span- On the same principle Du. sprenckelen,
dere, to shed or spill. to sprinkle, also to speckle, spot ; sprenc-
To Spay. —Spave. To castrate a kel, a spot. G. gesprenkelt, sprenklich,
female animal. Gael, spoth, Bret, spaza, speckled, dappled. From Sw. spruta, G.
,W. dyspaddu, Manx spoiy, to castrate /er ;
spriitzen, E. spirt, spirtle, to scatter liquid,
spoiyt, Lat. spado, Gr. airaiiav, an eunuch. Flem. sprietelen, to sprinkle (Kil.), G.
To Speak, as. spcEcan, sprecan, G. spurzen, spHrzeln, to spit (Diefenbach),
sprechen, Fris. spreka, to speak. Bav. may be explained Du. sproet, sproetel, a
spachten, sprachten, to speak, tattle, freckle Sc. spourtlit, sprutillit, speckled
;
report. Fd spraka af einu, to get wind lor, to watch, contemplate, consider dili-
of a thing. gently. See -spect.
The existence of parallel forms with Speed. AS. spedan, to succeed, prosper,
and without a liquid after the initial mute speed, effect spedig, prosperous, abund-
;
G. spund and Sw. sprund, a bung ; E. means, goods, substance, diligence, haste.
spout and Sw. sprutaj spruthval, the Thurh his mihta sped, by dint of his
spouting whale ; G. sputzen, to spit, might ; thurh his mildsa sped, through
spriltzen, to spirt, sprinkle ; E. speckled virtue of his mercies. Bringe spede us,
and Sw. sprecklot, &c. bring us assistance. On thas woruld-
Speal. A splinter.— B. See Spall. speda, on these worldly goods. Spedmn
Spear, g. speer, w. ysper. See Spar. miclum, with much zeal. Pl.D. spoden,
Species. — Special. —
Specify. Lat. spdden,to haste. OHG. spiion, spuoan, to
species, outward form or figure, appear- succeed ; gaspuon, to happen ; spuat,
ance, particular kind of things. See prosperity, success, quickness ; in spuote,
-spect. in brevi tempore ; gaspuat, substantia
Speck.—Speckle. Lith. spakas, spake- framspuat, prosperitas.
lis, a drop, a speck ; spakas, a starling, Bohem. sp&h, haste, success, fortune ;
from his speckled coat Boh. szpakas, a spechati, spessiti, to haste ; Pol. spieszyi,
;
a splint.Spelt and spelk may originally that ON. skol, skvol, tattle, chatter, skola,
represent the crack of things splitting. to tattle, are from a figurative application
P1.D. spalk, noise, racket Gael, spealg,
; of skola, to rinse or wash, Sw. squal,
spealt, cleave, split, break with violence, splash, gush. There are many other
fall into pieces or splinters. E. dial. cases in which terms signifying in the
spelch, split, as spelched peas. —
Pegge. first place tattle or babble, are subse-
See Spall. quently applied to serious talk.
—
Spell. SpilL The radical meaning 5. A magic spell is commonly explained
of the word, as shown under Spall, is a as equivalent to incantation a form of ;
fresh spell, when the rowers are relieved G. speien,Lith. spjauditi, spjauti, Lat.
with another gang. —
B. The sense, like spuere, Gr. irrvia, to spit.
that oijob, is a portion or separate piece. Sphere. Gr. a^ai^a, Lat. sphcera.
ON. spilda, a piece of anything, as of Spice. Fr. epices. It. spezie, spices.
meat, of land Pl.D. spal, spall, a certain
; Spyce, a kynde, espece. Palsgr. Lat. —
portion of land. species, kinds, was used at a later period
3. To spell, to tell the letters of a word for kinds of goods or produce in general
one by one, pointing them out with a spill species annonarim, agricultural produce.
or splinter of wood. Lang, toco, la touche, Equos quoque ejus, aurum argentumque,
'
buchctte dont les enfans se servent pour sive species quas meliores habebat, pariter
—
toucher les lettres qu'ils dpeUent. Diet. auferentes.' Greg. Turon. in Due.— The
Lang. Butza, petite buchette de bois ou term was then applied to spices as the
de baleine dont I'enfant se sert en dpelant most valuable kinds of merchandise.
—
pour suivre et indiquer les lettres. Gloss. ' Adde et aromaticas species quas mittit
du Pat. de la Suisse Romaine. Festue, Eous.'
to spell with, festeu. —
Palsgr. In York- In the same way Cat. generos, kinds, is
shire it is called to spelder, from spelder applied to kinds of merchandise, wares
or spilder, a splinter. —
HaL Fris. spjeald, generos, mercaderias, mercium genera.-^
a splinter letterspjealding, spelling ; Du. Esteve. Die. Cat.
;
Tabaco, cacao y '
guage. Spellian, Goth, spillon, to an- saw-dust leuchtspdne, matches. The Du.
;
40 *
; ;
;
araign^e.' —
Palsgr. When the sound of And all the others pavement were with ivory spilt.
n and r come together there is a tendency ON. spjald, spil, a. tablet or thin piece of
to replace the n by d, as in ON. maSr for board, applied to the cedar wainscoting
mannr, man dudr for dunr, clang.
; with which Solomon covered the walls of
Spiggot. Spiddock: — A
peg to stop the temple. Spill in the sense of spUnter
the vent-hole of a cask, or the pipe of a or fragment seems to be ultimately identi-
.faucet. It. spigo, a spigot or quill. Fl. — cal with spill, to shed liquid, on the same
w. yspig, a spike, spine pigo, yspigo, to
;
principle that j^^rf itself is connected with
prick yspigod, a spiggot, spindle pigo-
; ; shide, a splinter of wood. The dashing
den, a prickle. Bay. spickel, a wedge, a or spattering of liquids affords a lively
pointed or tapering portion. type of the act of scattering in fragments,
The E. dial, spiddock, Manx spyttog, is and Sw. skSlja, N. skvala, skola, skylja.,
.not to be considered as a corruption of to sound like water in a flask, to wash,
spigot, but as formed in a similar manner gush, dash, may thus indicate the origin
-from the parallel root spid, spit, signifying of It. scagliare, to shiver or splitter, and
splinter. Bav. speidel, a chip, splinter; thence of scaglia, Fr. esqiiaille, esqualle,
also, as speigel, spettel, spittel, a gore or escale, a scale or splinter esguille, a little
—
;
type of anything long and slender, as in spira, to shoot up, to spirt, stream, spring
spindleshanks. To spindle, among gar- forth. Bav. sporl, a pin, leaf of fir.
deners, to put forth a long and slender —
Sporle, acicula.^ Gl. in Schm.
stalk.— B. In G. the name of spindeln is The radical sense is perhaps a splinter,
given to the pointed lime-twigs of the which is frequently taken as a type of
fowler. In spindelbauni, the spindletree anything thin and pointed. It may be a
or prickwood, Euonymus Europeus, a contraction from Sw. spillra, Pl.D. spiller,
shrub of which skewers were made, it has a splinter, whence spillern, to spindle or
the sense of skewer. P1.D. spindel, a spire up, to shoot up into sletfder growth.
knitting-needle. The original sense would then be pre-
The radical meaning of the word is served in Pl.D. sptr, spirkn, a crum or
simply a splinter, and the act of spinning shiver (of bread, cheese, &c.) Danneil. —
seems to take its name from being per- Spirt. See Spurt.
formed by means of a spindle, instead of Spit. Du. spit, spet, a spit ; spief,
vice versi. Spindel is a nasalised form spiesse, spietse, a pike, spear. ON. spita,
of Bav. speidel. Swab, speitel, a splinter, a piece of wood, peg, skewer, &c.
little
analogous to E. shinder, shider, Jlinder, N. spyta, a spit, a thin pointed nail, a
Jliiter, splinter, splitter, all in the sense knitting-needle spita, to become pointed.
;
of shiver, fragment. It is a parallel form Sw. speta, a little rod spets, a point,
;
with G. schindel, a splint, splinter for a extremity. Da. spid, a spit ; spids, point,
broken limb, shingle or cleft plate of wood tip, end pointed, peaked ; spyd, a lance
;
explained by instances like E. spatter and young stag with simple pointed horns.
scatter, Piedm. spatar^, to spill, spatter, The type from whence the designation
scatter, spread, It. scaterare, to scatter was originally taken seems to have been
where the endeavour to represent a rat- a splinter of wood, designated on the
thng sound is equally satisfied with eitherprinciple explained under Spade, an ob-
initial. ject of finer point and narrower shape
—
Spine. Spinacli. Lat. spina, a thorn, being indicated by the thin vowel in spit
prickle ; spinacia, whence It. spinace, the as compared with the broader a in spat-
prickly plant. tle, spade. That there is no distinct line,
-spire. — Spirit. Lat. spirare, to however, to be drawn between the two
breathe, spiritus, breath, the soul or life. conceptions is shown by e. dial, spit, a
Inspire, Conspire, Respiration, &c. spade (Hal.), or spadegraft, the portion
Spire. A steeple that tapers by de- of earth taken up by the spade at once ;
grees and ends in a sharp point ; to spire, Du. spitten, to dig. The It. schidone,
to grow up into an ear as corn does. — B. schidione, a spit, is the augmentative of a
Spire, the sharp seed-leaf of corn that form corresponding to E. shide, G. scheit,
springs from the ground. a splinter or cleft piece of wood, which
Out of this ground must come the spire, that,by constitutes also the latter element in G.
processe of tyme shall in greatnesse sprede to have grabscheit (digging shide), a spade.
—
branches and blossomes. Chaucer. It. spezzare, to break, split, shiver in
Spy re of come, barbe du bled. pieces, must not be considered as formed
I spyer as come dothe whan it begynneth to from dis scrA pezza, pezzo, a piece, but as
waxe rype, je espie. — Palsgr. bearing the same relation to G. platzen, to
Spire, a stake, a young tree, the sharp crack or fly in pieces, which sputter does to
leaves of flags. —
Hal. Sw. spira, a rod, splutter, and must be regarded as a direct
lath, sceptre, yard or spar of a vessel, top, representation of natural sound, along
point, spire or pointed steeple ; also bud, with Fr. patatras, crash of falling objects,
shoot, sprout; Da. spire, germ, sprout, pHiller, to crackle, pdter, to crack or
to germinate, to sprout ; spirekaal, sprouts explode, Piedm. spatar^, to scatter, spat-
from the old stock of a cabbage ; spiir, ter.
boom, spar, spire ; spiiriaarn, a steeple. Spit. Spittle. —
OE. spaftle, spottle,
N. spir, point, top, ray of a crown, spirt spittle AS. spcetan, Sw. spotta, ON. spyta,
;
or little stream of liquid shooting forth ; N. sputta. Da. spytte, G. spiitzen, Lat.
;
—
mer. Kil. ried man or woman, a spouse. See
Probably Lat. spina is a parallel form Sponsor.
with transference of the sense from a Spout. N. sputra, to keep spitting, to
splinter to a thorn. The final n seems to sputter, to spirt, squirt, spout sputr, a ;
first strengthened, and then supplanted spit Du. spuyten, to spit, to spout. From
;
Sw. spdnta, to cleave, to split spint, a spricka, to crack, burst, split, spring,
;
ised forms. Glaset sprang, the glass hay Sw. sprdtta, to sputter like a pen,
;
cracked ; springa lek (to crack to the ex- to scatter abroad, to spread ; spritta, to
tent of becoming leaky), to spring a leak. crackle like salt in the fire, to spirt, spring
Springa i stycken, to fly to pieces. To forth as water N. spretta, to split, to
;
spring a mast is when a mast is only spring asunder, to fly abroad like chips
cracked but not broken. B. — of wood or stone under the axe to spring ;
tree, like Gael, gas, gasan, or gallon, or sprittle, to sprinkle (Mrs Baker) sprotes, ;
our own irnp, all of which signify both a fragments. ' And thei breken here speres
branch and a youth. Thus Cot. trans- so rudely that the tronchouns flew in
lates mon peton, my pretty springall, my sprotes and peces alle aboute the halle.'
gentle imp. The origin is the OFr. es- Maundeville. ' OHG. sprat, a crum or
pringaler, to spring, bound, spurt (Cot.), atom. Du. sprot, a spot or freckle ;
and though espringale is not found in the sprietelen, to sprinkle spriet, the cleft
;
sense in question, yet Roquefort has es- or fork of the body ; sprietwegh, the part-
prinier, a scion, shoot, imp for grafting. ing of two ways ; spriet (properly a piece
2. Fr. espringalle, espringarde, espin- of cleft wood), a javelin, spear, shepherd's
garde, Prov. espringalo, espingalo, was staff, the yard of a sail, bowsprit. AS.
an ancient machine of war for casting eafor spreot, a boar spear ; sprota, a nail
large darts or stones, and the name was or peg.
subsequently applied to a piece of artil- Sprite.—Spright. Contracted from
lery. Sp. espingarda, a musketoon. The analogous to Fr. esprit, Sw. sprit.
spirit,
double form of the word with and without Winsprit, spirits of wine. Sprightly,
an r after the / is found in the original spirited, lively.
verb as well as in the derivative. We Sprout. —
Spurt. Spirt. —
The dis-
have Lang, espinga as well as Fr. esprin- tinctionbetween spurt as applied to the
guer, espringaler, to leap, spring, dance ;
spouting or projection of liquids, and
It.springare, springere, to wince or thrust sprout, to the springing of vegetable life,
forward violently, to fling sprinto, sprin-
; appears to be a late refinement, the two
gato, yerked, winced {Fl.) ; and also, spin- forms being used by Cotgrave indifferently
gare, to jog one's feet (Altieri), spingere, in either sense. ' Rejaillir,
to spurt or
spignere, to drive, to thrust on forwards. sprout (as water) back again.' ' Drageon
Springe. A noose to catch birds with, fourcherain, a shoot that spurteth out
a spring-noo%&. Du. spring-net, a net to between two branches.' In like manner
catch birds with. Bav. sprutzen, to spirt or sprinkle, also
To Sprinkle. The representation of to sprout or spring as a plant. Du. sprui-
a crackling or explosive sound by the ten,to sprout, is identical with Sw.j^^t//^,
syllable sprak (as shown under Spark) to spirt, sprinkle, squirt.
gives rise to Lat. spargere (for spragere), Spurt, sprout, and sputter, are differ-
to scatter in fragments, as well as the ent arrangements of the same consonantal
nasalised E. diaL sprunk, to crack or split sounds representing the noise made by
G. sprengen, OE. sprenge, to spread, scat- a mixture of air and drops of water. N.
ter, sprinkle ; Du. sprenkelen, to sprinkle sputra, spruta, spryta. Da. sprutte,sprude,
sprenkel, a spot, a spark ; G. sprenkeln, G. sprudeln, to spurt, spout, gush, to bub-
to mark with scattered spots, to speckle. ble up ; spruzzare, to sprinkle ; E.
It.
In the latter sense we have (without the dial, spruttled, sprinkled over Sc. spru-
;
nearly synonymous smart, is brisk, lively spuda, a stick for turning cakes the m
in action, then carefully attended to, as oven, a small shovel. W. yspodol, a slice
opposed to dull and slovenly. To spruce to spread salve, a staff ; yspodoh, to
lip, to trim, to dress. Sprack, sprag, quick, cudgel.
lively, active spark, a gay dashing fel- Spunk. Spirit, w. ysponcio, to smack,
—
;
low. Hal. ON. sparkr, brisk, lively. E. to bound sharply ysponc, a jerk, squirt,
;
with an air of business.— Hal. To puddle soft stuffed cushion, a thick fat man or
iron is to stir a melted mass in the oven woman, an unfledged bird or nestling.
with an iron rod till it coheres in a viscous From a representation of the sound
lump. Spud, a pointed staff. made by the fall of a soft lump.
;;
from Sp. escuadra, Fr. escadre. It. squadra, dra, to yelp as dogs, to bawl, make a
a troop or square of soldiers, which is noise Sw. squallra, to tattle
; squdla, ;
from an internal source, and if the Fr. gina va gitar un gran quil^ the queen
escadre or It. squadra had been adopted makes a great cry. Fin. kilid, ringing,
in G. they never would have received the clear sounding ; kilistd, to ring kiljua, ;
Teutonic prefix ge. The origin of G. to cry with a shrill voice, to vociferate.
geschwader is shown
in Du. swadderen, To Squander. A
nasalised form of
to splash, slop, to make a noise,
spill, squatter, signifying, in the first place, to
and thence gheswadder, a noise, disturb- splash or spill liquids, then to disperse,
ance, crowd, a troop of men. Sc. swatter, scatter, waste. Da. squatte, to splash,
to dabble, also a large collection, especi- spirt, and fig. to dissipate ; Sw. squdttra,
ally of small things 'a. swatter of hairns.'
: to squander. E. to squat, to splash ; to
In a similar manner we have charm, a swatter, to spill or throw about water, also
hum, or low murmuring noise ; a charm to scatter, to dissipate. Hal. —
Squan-
of goldfinches, a flock. dered is still used in the sense of dis-
The squad, and perhaps Fr. escouade,
E. persed.
may be derived from the same source by His family are all grown up and squandered about
a different track. The sense of break- the country. — Hal.
ing up a complex body into separate divi- Square. OFr. esquarrd. It. squadro,
sions may naturally be expressed by the Lat. quadratus.
figure of splashing or spilling liquid. To Squash. E. dial, squash, to dab-
Thus from E. squatter, swatter, to dabble, — Moor squish-squash, noise
ble, splash ;
splash, we pass to Sw. squdttra, to waste made by the feet in walking over a
or scatter, and the nasalised E. squander, swampy piece of ground.
provincially used in the sense of disperse, If nought was seen, he heard a squish-squash
scatter. N. squetta, to spirt, splash, to sound,
spread abroad like a flock of cattle As when one's shoes the drenching waters fill.
squett, a small portion of liquid. The Clare.
latter form is the eqiiivalent of Lincolnsh. Pl.D. quatsken, quasken, quassen, express
—
The same transition from the idea of feeling, thick oppressive air, also as G.
spilling liquid to that of lying close to the
qualm, and Du. walm, steam, vapour,
ground is seen in Da. dial, blat. Matte, a
smoke. Da. dial, swalm, oppressively hot,
drop, a blot, koblat, a cow-plat or flat
smoke, choking vapour. E. dial, swalm,
cake of cow-dung, compared with Fr.
swame, pestilence, sickness.
blotir, to squat, skowke or lie close to the
—
ground, to hide or keep close. Cot.
—
That yere litulle shal be of wyne,
—
To Squatter. Squitter. To squatter And swalme among fatte swyne. MS. in Hal.
is a word not generally recognised in pur OE. sweam or swaim, subita aegrotacio.
dictionaries, though fully understood by Gouldm. in Pr. Pm. Sweem, tristicia, mo-
every one. It is a parallel form with lestia,swemyn, molestor, maereo.
maeror ;
look askew. —Cot. To squinny, to look also, as Lat. stipare, to stuff, to cram
with eyes half shut, to squint. To squine, Pl.D. stappen, to step, to go slowly N. ;
to squint. —
Mrs Baker. To squink, to stabba, stabla, to go slowly, to stagger ;
—
wink or squint. Moor. See Wink. Gr. (T7-ti'/3w, to stamp, to tread.
To Sqiiir. To cast away with a jerk It has been shown, under Falter, Halt,
[to hurl], to whirl round. — Hal. To skir, Hamper, that the senses of stammering
to graze or touch lightly, to scour a coun- or stuttering, and staggering, limping,
try ; to scur, to move hastily. — Wright. stumbling, are often expressed by the
From a representation of the whirring same or slightly modified forms, signify-
noise of a body hurled through the air, ing a series of abrupt efforts made in the
with a prefixed J-. Sw. hurra, to whirl. one case with the voice in the attempt to
•Pl.D. swiren, to fly about, to riot, to swing speak, in the other with the legs and body
from side to side. G. scharren, to scrape ; in the attempt to walk. To stammer is
schurren, to slip over the surface with a used in the N. of E. and Scotland in the
scraping sound ; schurrende fusstrittej sense of stumble or stagger. Fr. chan-
Hinweg schurren, to scurry off. celer, to stagger, also to stammer. Cot. —
It. sguirrare is quoted by Adelung as Sw. stappla, to stammer, stutter, also to
equivalent X.o0.schwirren,\.o chirp, warble, stumble. In this latter example the fre-
whirr. ON. svarra, to whizz, roar, rush ; quentative / signifies repetition or con-
N. svirla, E. dial, swir, to whirl ; to swirk, tinuation of action, while the radical
to fly with velocity, to swirl, to whirl. syllable stap corresponds to a- single
Jam. element of which the action is composed,
Squire. See Esquire. viz. an abrupt effort with the voice or
To Squirm. To wriggle like an eel. with the limbs, a thrust, stamp, or stab.
The sound of a whizzing movement, as The same train of thought may be
shown under Squir, is represented by the traced through two similar series in which
syllables whirr, swirr, squir. The roots the final labial of stab, stamp, stammer,
so formed are modified by terminal ele- is exchanged for a corresponding guttural
ments adapted by their nature to repre- and dental.
sent a continuous or a momentary move- Thus in the guttural series, Swiss stag-
ment. Thus swirk signifies a jerk or geln, Rhenish staggsen, to stammer Sc. ;
tinuous movement, analogous to the re- stakra, to totter. Then passing to the
lation between squeak and squeal. The elementary form, Sc. slug, to stab stuggy, ;
final m, though not so common as /, has said of stubble when cut unevenly ; to
a similar effect in the construction of stock, to thrust stok, stog-sword, Fr.
;
arrangements of the consonantal sounds, Du. stooten, to push, thrust, thump, hit
so we are led from squatter, squitter, to stootsteen, a stumbling-block.
squirt; from swatter to FID. swirtjeu, Stable. I. Lat. stabulum, from stare,
E. dial, swirt, to squirt. Esthon. wirt- to stand.
suma, to sprinkle, spirt, splash. N. Stable. 2. Stablish. Lat. stabilis,
squetta, squittra, to spirt, spout, squirt, firm on its basis, from stare, to stand
.splash. OFr. establer, Fr. dtablir, to make stable.
— ' ;
to stagger, ON. stakra, to totter, the sylla- to paw the ground. Swiss staggeln,
ble stak comes to express the sense of jog Rhenish staggsen, N.Fris. staggin (Jo-
or project sharply. ON. stakka, a stump ; hannsen, p. 52), to stammer, stutter.
staksteinar, projecting stones stakkr, a
;
Fr. saggoter, to jolt, rudely to shog or
stack or projecting heap. Gael, stac, a shake. —
Cot.
precipice ; a steep and high cliff; stacach, A
staggering gait is when one moves
rugged, uneven. A stack is a precipitous by a series of abrupt movements, sway-
rock standing separate from a line of ing from side to side, while in stammering
cliffs. See Stagger. or stuttering the broken efforts are made
Staddle. A young tree left standing with the voice instead of the legs. The
when underwood is felled ; a support. syllables dag, jag, jog, shag, shog, stag,
AS. stmthel, stcBthol, a. foundation, that on are all used to represent movement
which a structure stands. ON. stada, abruptly checked. See Stab.
standing ; Da. stade, stand, station. See Stagnate.— Stagnant. Lat. stagnum,
Stead. a standing pool. See Stanch.
StafE ON. stafr, G. stab, Alban. stapi, Staid. Grave, sober, stayed or sup-
a staff. The meaning of the word is an ported, not vacillating. See Stay.
implement of stabbing or thrusting, as —
To Stain. Distain. Fr. desteindre,
shown in Gael, stob, push, stab, thrust ; to distaine, to dead or take away the
stob, a stake, pointed iron or stick, prickle, colour of ; desteinct, distained, pale, wan,
stump ; Lat. stipo, to cram, stuff, pack ; bleak, whose die is decayed or colour lost.
stipes, a stake, stock. In like manner G. —Cot. I stayne a thyng, I marre the
Du. staeck, a stake, stick, post. Lap. Sw. stdlla en hest, to stop a horse. Piedm.
staikes, stable, steady, firm. stali, to stop, to stanch.
Stalactite. —
Stalagmite. Gr. <sTa\- Their [mares] staling is no hindrance to their
aKTiQ, araXayiiOQ, from araXdaau) or araKdl^ut, pace in running their carriere, as it doth the
to fall or distil in drops. horse,
Pliny.
who must needs then stand still. —Holland,
Stale. I Stale was formerly used in
.
slightly varying senses, derived from Du. To Stalk.AS. stalcan, to step ; Da.
ste/te, position, place ; G. stellen, to place, stalke, to go with high
uplifted feet, with
post, set in a certain place. Die game, long steps. N. stauka, to go slowly, to
tine falle stellen, to pitch nets, to set a stump along hke an old man with a stick.
trap. Hence stale, a bait laid to entrap, 'A stalker or goer upon stilts or crutches,
a decoy, a snare. Stale for foules takyng. grallator.' —
Withal. 1608. The proper
— Palsgr. meaning is, to set down the foot with
marked effort, so as to throw the weight
Still as he went he crafty stales
did lay
With cunning him unawares.
trains to entrap of the body on that leg. Gael, stale, dash
F. Q.
—
—
your foot against M'Alpine walk with ;
G. stell-vogel, a decoy bird. Das gestell halting gait JWacleod ; sialic, strike,
derfischer, nets, &c., laid by fishermen. knock against, stamp, set down the foot
Closely allied is the sense of an am- suddenly ; Ir. sialic, stop or impediment
bush, a laying in wait. Late in stale, E. dial, stalk, to poach the ground, the
lay in wait. —
Stanihurst. Descr. Ireland. horse's feet to sink deep into it.
It stalks so as horses can't come on the land
Stale of horsemen in a felde, guecteurs.
—Mrs Baiter.
;
him. Lett, sttga, a stalk ; stigt, to stick stilpu, a column ; stilpare, a. shoot, twig
; ;;
that explained under To Stalk, viz. strik- hobble, to Ump Sc. hamp, to stanmier,
;
ing with the foot, throwing the weight of to halt in walking Du. hompelen, to
;
the body upon one leg as in staggering limp, E. hambyr (Pr. Pm.), hammer, to
or stumbling or stepping with delibera- stammer, to give repeated blows, to do' a
tion, whence the name is transferred to thing by repeated efforts.
anything used as a leg in bearing up a To Stamp. See Step.
weight, a prop, support, stalk. —
To Stanch. Stanch. Fr, estancher,
StaU. ON. stallr, that on which any- to stanch or stop the flow of liquid, to
thing stands or is placed, bench, foot, quench. Sp. estancar, to stop, to pro-
basis ; AS. steal, a stall, place, stead, seat, hibit, to stop a leak estanco, stanch,
;
the place which holds kernels, the core of obstruct ; Prov. estancar, restancar, to
fruit. B.T.V. kerzenstall, a candlestick ; stanch, to stop estanc, firm, stable.
;
stamm, ON. stamr, as. stomm, stamer, thrust into ; Sc. stap, to stop ; Prov.
stomer, stammering ; ON. staina, Sw. estampir, to stop, to close to the latter, :
stamma, OHG. stamen, stammen, stamma- Du. staggelen, to strike the ground with
Idn, stambilSn, G. stammeln, stammern, the foot, to paw like a horse, E. stagger,
stummem, AS. stoinmettan, to stammer, staker, to make abrupt movements right
stutter. Sc. stammer, to stagger. '
The and left instead of moving steadily on-
horse stammers' The broken efforts wards Swiss staggelen, sianggeln, to sttt-
;
made by the voice in stammering, as con- ter, to speak by a series of broken efforts
trasted with the uniform flow of ordinary Bret, stok, a shock or knock ; ON. staka,
speech, are represented by varying forms, to stumble, to strike against an impedi-
of which perhaps Sw. stappla, to stam- ment ;Sc. stock, to thrust G. stocken, to
;
mer or stagger, may be taken as the ori- stop, to cease from motion, to stick or
ginal type. The final p of the root is first stop short in speech Lang, s'estacd, to
;
nasalised and afterwards absorbed, leav- stick at, hesitate, boggle ; estangd, to
ing the nasal as its sole representative, stop, shut, fasten ; Devon slagged, stuck
—; — —
the d is softened down and lost in G. Dicitur a stando standardum, quod stetit illic
Militias probitas, vincere sive mori.
stehen, Lat. stare, Gr. VVrij-/!!, Sanscr.
stM, Boh. sti-H. The final t will be ob- In summitate vero ipsius arboris ^vexilla suspen-
—
served in Lat. status, standing, posture,
—
denmt. Ricardus Hagustald. a.d. iigo.
bly to strike against, to meet with an im- stdnder, eckstdnder, a door-post, corner-
pediment, to come to a stop, from the post In this sense E. standard is a fruit-
representation of an abrupt sound by the tree that stands of itself in opposition to
syllable stad, stat, in a way analogous to one that is supported against a wall.
the course of development illustrated As the standard is the object to which
under Stanch. Gael, stad, impediment, the army looks for direction, the term is
stop, cessation ; stadach, stopping, hesi- met. applied to any fixed mark to which
tating, stammering; Devon stat, stopped certain actions or constructions are to be
— Hal. ; E. stotter, stutter, stut, to speak made to conform the standard of morals, :
in broken tones ; Sc. stot, stoit, stoiter, to standard of weights and measures.
totter, stagger, stumble.
Stang. ON. stong, ohg. stanga. It.
stanga, a bar, staff, pole, properly an in-
Sho stottis at straes, syne stumbillis not at stanes. strument of thrusting, from ON. stanga,
—
To stot, to stop. Jam. Goth, stautan, to thrust, stick, strike with the horns.
Sw. stita. Da. st6de, Du. stooten, to strike Sw. stdnga, to shut, to fence ; stangel, a
against, to jolt, jog, thrust. bar, also, as G. Stengel, a stalk, the part of
Standard. It. stendardo, Prov. estan- a plant that shoots up and supports the
dart, estandard, Sp. estandarte, Fr. hten- flowering branches. Lap. stagget, to
dart, Mid.Lat. standardum, stantarum, shut staggo, a stake or pole.
;
standarum. Two words from different de- Stanza. It. stanza, Fr. stance, a staff
rivations seem to be confounded. Yhe-stan- or stave of verses at the close of which
dard was a lofty pole or mast, either borne there is a pause in the versification. Sp.
in a car or fixed in the ground, marking the estancia, stay, continuance in a place, re-
head-quarters of an army, and commonly sidence, stanza. From estar, to stand.
bearing a flag on which were displayed Walach. stare, a pause, a stanza in verse.
the insignia of the authorities to which it Staple. I. AS. stapel, a prop, support,
estaple, a public storehouse wherein mer- sel. ON, stjomborcK, Da. styrbord; from
chant strangers lodge their commodities stjom, the rudder, Da. sty}-e, to steer, be-
which they mean to vent ; also a certain cause the rudder consisted of an oar on
place whereto the country is enjoined to the right side of the ship, where the steers-
bring in provisions for a marching army man stood.
;
der storren, the stump of a tree; stlaka, straka, to clap stlapa, to dash
—
;
;
The original sense is probably rugged, ert oneself. N. starva (of a sick or wearied
uneven in surface, an idea commonly ex- beast), to go slow and tottering, to shrug
pressed from the figure of a harsh, broken hke cattle in the cold, to go off, fall away,
sound. Bret, straka, strakla, to crack, perish starving, a slow and tottering
;
clap, crackle, rattle; strakel, stragel, the gait. Du. sterven,G. sterben, to die.
clapper of a mill ; Bohem. ssterkati, Compare as. deorfan, to labour, painfully
sstrkati, sstrokotati, to rattle ; Russ. to exert oneself, to perish. Gedurfon heora
sirogaf, strugat', to rake, scrape, plane ;
scipa, their ships perished. Sw. strdfwa,
strog', rigid, hard, austere ; Lith. stregti, to endeavour, to strive ; strdfwan, work,
to stiffen, to freeze. pains. See Strife.
As the sense commonly passes through State. —Station. — Stature. — Statis-
the idea of a broken movement before tic. From Lat. sto, statum, to stand, are
that of a broken surface, we must in all formed a. station or standing-place;
static,
probability refer to the foregoing root statura, stature ; status -ds, the standing,
such forms as E. straggle, struggle, and state or condition of a thing, and thence
G. straucheln, Du. struikelen, to stumble E. statist, one who examines the state of
Bav. storkeln, starkeln^ to stagger ; E. things.
dial, stark, to walk slowly, stump. Stationer. In Mid.Lat. and even in
Starch for stiffening linen is G. stdrke, classical times (according to Muratori,
strength, stiffness, starch. Sw. stdrkelse, Diss. 25), statio was applied to a stall or
Du. stijfsel, starch. shop. It became appropriated to a seller
To Start.—Startle. To start, to do of books and paper, &c., as grocer, which
anything with a sudden spring. At a formerly signified a wholesale dealer, to a
stert, in a moment. —
Chaucer. G. sturz, seller of spices. '
Datia (quod dant mer-
—
a fall, tumble, start, spurt. Kiittn. Sein catores de locis in quo vendunt) staytgeld.'
pferd that einen sturz, his horse started ; — Dief Supp. An ordinance of A.D. 1408
sturzkarren, a tumbril or cart that tilts prescribes, ' quod nuUus libellus sive trac-
up. Sturz is also what projects abruptly, tatus —
amodo legatur in scolis nisi per —
the stump of a tree, dock of a horse's tail, Universitatem Oxonii aut Cantabrigis
handle of a plough. Das ^ierd stiirzt die —
primitus examinetur et universitatis auc-
ohren, the horse pricks his ears. Pol. toritate stationariis tradatur ut copietur
41 *
^
staff, appropriated by custom to certain Du. staeden, stabilire Kil. — ; Sw. stoda,
modifications of the object, as a pole of stodja, to prop or support ; stodja sig, to
some length, or one of the bars of which rest, repose on; n. stod, sto, steady, continu-
a cask is composed, on. stafr, N. stav, a ous ; stoe se, to be steady. To stay, in
stick, pole, stave of a cask. the sense of hinder, prevent, stop, as
2. A stave in psalm-singing is a verse, when one speaks oi staying <ya.€% hand, is
or so much of the psalm as is given out a metaphor of the same kind as when we
at once by the precentor to be repeated use help in the sense of abstain from,
by the congregation. Pl.D. staven, to prevent. ' It cannot be helped.' In the
recite the words of a formula that is to same way from G. steuer, which properly
be repeated by another person, to admin- signifies a stake, prop, support, is formed
ister an oath een staveden eed, an oath steuern, to stop, hinder, stay, keep back,
;
ately set up, so a stave is so much of the eum faciemus. Prov. estar, to stand, to
formula as is separately recited. ON. cease or abstain from action ; OFr. ester
stafa einum eid, to administer to one an esteir, to stand, remain, be.
oath ; SV& st'dfud sok, a matter so con- The essential function of a stay or prop
stituted, so arranged. N. stava, to set up consists in theupward thrust by which it
the staves in a cask, and thence fig. to counteracts the weight of an incumbent
set together the letters of which a written body. Thus the immediate origin of the
word is composed, to spell stavelse, a
; word may be found in G. stossen, Sw.
syllable, a separate element of a spoken stbta, Da. stode, to strike against, jog,
word. It is obviously from this meta- thrust, strike endways, stamp, pound. In
phor also (and not, as commonly sup- the same way from the secondary form G.
posed, from the upright bar forming the stutzen, to dash against, to come to a
body of the letter in the Runic alphabet) stop, we have G. stUtze, Sw. stotta, a prop
that we must explain ON. stafr, AS. staf, or support. A conjecture as to the ulti-
hocstcEf, G. buchstab, a letter. Litera,' mate origin is given under Stilt.
'
the least element in writings, and is in- AS. stede, Da. sted, place, spot, properly
divisible. In the same way the stave is standing ON. standa, stod, stadit, to
;
the ultimate element of a cask or tub. stand. Se stede is halig, this place is
—
to Du. staede, Sw. stdd, prop, stay, sup- dip the pen in ink. N.Fris. stiepen, to
port; ON. adstod, assistance ; stoda, to dip candles, Sw. stdpa, to dip candles, to
avail. cast metals, to steep seed or the like in
From this sense of the word must be water, to soak into, as ink into paper.
explained the expression, to stand one in The sense of soaking is incidental to that
good stead, exactly equivalent to the Du. of dipping into liquid. ON. steypa, to
te staede kommen, in staede staen. Kil. — cast or throw down, to pour out, to cast
See Stay. in metal steypask, to cast oneself down
;
Steak. SHces of meat to fry or broil. or out of, to fall. N. stbypa, to cast down,
'
— B. ON. steikja, Dan. stege, to roast, stupa, to fall. Sw. stupa, to incline, to
broil, fry ; ON. steikari, a cook. N.Fris. lower, to fall. Stupa en tunna, to tilt a
stajcken, to roast in the ashes. As roast cask ; s. omkull, to drop down. Han
seems originally to signify the rod on stupade i slagtningen, he fell in battle.
which the meat was stuck by way of a From the idea of tumbling to that of
spit, so it is probable that stea.k is a modi- steepness or abrupt inclination is an easy
fication of stick or stake. OHG. stekko, step. The Lat. prceceps, headlong, sig-
pole, stake, stick, peg. Da. steg, a stake, nifies also sloping, steep. Sw. stupad, in-
pole, also a roast ; at vende steg, to turn clined, leaning downwards ; stupning, de-
the spit. Sw. stek, roast meat. clivity. N. stup, a steep cliff; stupebratt,
Steal. A handle. See Stale. so abrupt that one may fall down. The
To Steal. Goth, stilan, on. stela. stoop of a hawk is when he falls from a
Steam. as. stem, vapour, smoke, height upon his prey.
smell. Du. stoom, dom, domp, damp Steeple, as. stypel, a tower Sw. ;
(Kil.), steam, vapour. Boh. dym, smoke. siapel, stocks on which a ship is built, a
Bav. daum, vapour, smoke ; doamwint, heap, a pile klockstapel, a steeple or
;
moist warm wind. See Damp, Stew. belfry; N. stupel, clock-tower; Pl.D. stipel,
Steed. AS. steda, a horse or stallion. stiper, a prop, support, pillar. pair of A
Gael, steud, to run, to race ; a race, a thick legs are called een paar gode stipels,
wave steudshruth, a rapid stream steud-
; ; to be compared with G. stapeln, to come
each, steud, a swift horse, racehorse, war striding along. See Staple. ON. stopull,
horse steudach, swift, billowy. support, pillar, tower, steeple.
;
point ; analogous to It. acciaro, Fr. acier, stier, an ox calf Gael, stuir, a male calf
steel, from ofies, point, edge. When steel G. stier, stierchen, a bull stieren, to copu-
;
was first introduced it would be too late, of the bull and the ram. as. styric,
valuable to be used for more than the styrc, Du. stierick, heifer. Gris. stierl,
646 STEM
eleven years. Eall thai the styrath and the keel below, and serves to guide the
leofath: all that moves and lives. —
ON. ship's rake. B. The parts of this timber
styra, to guide, steer, govern, control. that turn upwards before and behind are
OHG. stmran, stiurjan, to direct, move, in Sw. called framstam and bakstam, the
govern, control, also to prop, support, prow and poop respectively. In E. the
lean on. Du. stieren, stueren, to drive name of stem has been retained only in
—
forwards, impel, propel. Bigl. Kilian the case of the former. '
From stem to
renders it, agere, adigere, agere navigium, stern! N. stemm, the stem or prow of a
subigere navem conto, promovere navem. vessel. ODu. sieve, a staff; the handle
Stierboom, contus nauticus, trudes, per- of a plough ; sieve, veursieve, the stem or
tica nautica. The sense here indicated, prow of a ship ; achtersteve, stern.
of poling a boat or pushing it along with To Stem. i. To stop, to put a stop to.
the help of poles would seem to be the B. —To resist, as when we speak of
original meaning of the word, as it re- stemming the flood. ON. stemma, to stop,
conciles several applications, apparently close, bar, dam. At dsi skal d stemma :
unconnected. We have ohg. stiura, a river must be stopped at its source.
baculus, stipes, remus — Graff ; Bav. Stemma siigu fyrir einum. : to bar the
steuer, a prop, support, aid, contribution ; way before one.
ON. staurr, Sw. stdr, a stake or pole From a modification of the root stap,
E. dial, stour, stower, a stake, a boathook ; signifying thrust, endlong blow, the final
•
— Dief Supp. in v. contus. Gr. cravpoq, to stamp, to pound; Sc. stap, to stop,
\
a stake, pole, pale, afterwards the cross obstruct, to cram, to stuff. Prov. desta-
or stake on which a criminal was crucified. par, to unstop. '
Lo bondonel destapa'
The use of a pole for a somewhat he draws the cork. Sp. destapar, to un-
different purpose gives Du. siooren, to stop, uncover. Lith. stabdyti, to stop.
stir up the mud or shallows, to disturb, The nasalised form is seen in E. stamp,
—
impede, to stir up, irritate, excite Kil. ; to strike an endlong blow ; Rouchi stam-
G. siSren, to poke, rake into, stir up, dis- per, to support. Etampe-ti cont' P mur:
turb ; Sw. sidra, to trouble, interrupt, support yourself against the wall. S'itam-
hinder, molest; also to place stakes, to per, to stand upright. When the thrust
support ; Bav. stiiren, to poke, as with a is sufficiently violent, the implement is
stick in the mud, with a finger in the stuck into the obstacle by which it is met,
nose, &c. ; zandstiirer, a toothpick. and the act assumes the aspect of striking
Stem. I. AS. stemn, G. stamm, the or fixing, fastening, stopping. Prov. es-
stem or trunk of a tree. E. dial, stelms, tampir, tampir, to shut, to stop. ' Una
siembles, shoots that grow from an old porta —
que fon barrada et estampida de-
stock; staums, stalks. — Mrs B. Lith. dins ' a door that was barred and shut
:
Ply stemming nightly towards the pole. Milton. stuf, stubbe, a stump ; stubba, stufwa, to
Sw. stdfwa, to direct one's course towards cut short.
a point. N. stemna, course, direction, Stereo-. Gr. arepcbe, firm, solid ; as
appointment, a number of ships coming in Stereotype (fixed type). Stereoscope, &c.
at an appointed time. A colliery is said Sterile, Lat. sterilis.
to have a large stem on when there are a Sterling^. Originally a name of the
number of ships waiting for cargo, n.e. English penny, the standard coin in
Steven, an appointed time ; to set the which it was commonly stipulated that
Steven, to agree upon a time and place of payment should be made it was sub-
;
— —
Hal. Stent, portion, part. -^ Palsgr. gus.' Stat. Edw. I. in Due. ' Moneta
Stente or certeyne of value or dette and nostra, videlicet sterlingi, non deferatur
other lyke, taxatio stentyd, taxatus.
; —
extra regnum.' Stat. David II. Scot. In '
Pr. Pm. The day's work of a collier is this year (135 1) William Edginton made —
called his stent in Staffordshire. Mid.Lat. the kyng to make a new coyne distroy- —
extendere, OFr. estendre, to estimate. ing alle the elde sterlynges which were of
—
Roquef. ' Hsec est extenta terrarum de gretter wight.' Capgr. Chron. 214. 'In
terris et tenementis Prioris de Derhuste centum marcis bonorum novorum et lega-
—
quantum valeant.' Monast. Ang. Par lium sterlingorum- tredecim solid, et 4
'
mesmes les jourours soient les terres es- sterling, pro qualibet marcd computetis.'
tendues k la very value.' Due. — —Chart. H. III. in Due.
Stentorian. Having a voice like The origin of the name is unknown.
Stentor, the crier of the Greeks at Troy. Some suppose it to be from the coin
Step. — Stamp. Du. stap, baculum, having had a star on the obverse, the ob-
gradus, passus ; stappen, to step, to set jection to which is that there is no evi-
down the foot. ON. stappa, to stamp, to dence of any coin in which the star occu-
thrust with a pole or the like. Their sidp- pied a place sufficiently marked to give a
pudu snjdinn med spjdtskSptum sinum : name to the coin. There are indeed
they beat down the snow with their spear- pennies of King John on which there is a
shafts. Stappa fcEtinum. i jordina, to star or sun in the hollow of a crescent
stamp with their feet on the earth. N. with other emblems, but it is a very in-
stampa, to stamp, to tramp in wet or conspicuous object. Others suppose that
mud ; stappa, to pound, to stuff in, cram the name was given to coins struck at
full; stapp, pounded or mashed food. Stirling in Scotland.
G. But the hypothesis
most generally approved is that the coin
stapfen, to step, to tread hard. Gr. artifiia,
to stamp, tread, ram down. Pol. stqpai,is named from the Easterlings or North
to step, stride ; stopa, sole of the foot. Germans, who were the first moneyers in
See Stab. England. Walter de Pinchbeck, a monk
Step-father.- Step-son. The original of Bury in the time of Ed. I., says, Sed '
application of the term is to a step-child, moneta Angliae fertur dicta fuisse a no-
signifying an orphan, a child deprived of minibus opificum, ut Floreni a nominibus
one at least of its parents, and is thence Florentiorum, ita Sterlingi a nominibus
extended to a person marrying a widow Esterlingorum nomina sua contraxerunt,
or widower with children, coming in the qui hujusmodi monetam in Anglia pri-
place of father or mother to orphan chil- mitus componebant.' The assertion how-
dren. Sie beam his astepte, in another ever merits as little credit in the case of
version, syn beam his steopcild, may his the Sterling as of the Florin. do not We
children be orphans. —
Ps. cviii. 9. Ne even know when the name originated.
late ic eow steopcild, ego non vos orbos Stem, I. Sc. stoume, stern.
;
tion and perplexity, I was in a fine stew.' Stauchen einen, to poke one in the ribs ;
'
— Mrs Baker. Goth, stubjus, Pl.D. staff, sich aufs bett hinstauchen, to lean on the
G. statib, dust ; OHG. stoupon, turbare bed. — Schmeller. It. stufare, to glut or
stubbi, Bav. stubb, stupp, dust, powder. satiate, is also from the original sense of
It would seem that dust, smoke, vapour, stuffing or thrusting into.
is originally conceived as the suffocating Steward. ON. stivardr, the person
agent, and is named from stopping the whose business it is to look to the daily
breath, and, in the first instance, from work of an establishment, from stjd, N.
sticking or thrusting into. Thus we have sti, domestic occupation, especially the
Lat. stipare, to cram, press, stuff; It. foddering the cattle ; stia, to be busy
stipare, stivare, to pack, ram in hard, to about the house, especially in taking care
stop chinks ; Du. stuwen, to ram, to of cattle, to bring the cattle to the house.
stow ; E. dial, stive, to push with poles, to ON. stia, sheephouse.
stuff, to choke. road is said to be A To Stick. The radical image is a
stivven up when it is so full of snow as to shock or sharp blow, a thrust with a
be impassable ; to be stived up, to be pointed implement, which is driven into,
stifled up in a warm place ; stiving, close, and remains fixed in, a solid obstacle.
stifling. '
Sweep gently or you will stive Hence the idea of stoppage, cessation.
us.'Hence stive, dust. Mrs Baker. For
[ — When the action is considered with re-
the identity of stive and stew, compare ference to the source from which it pro-
skewer and skiver j E. dive and Du. ceeds, rather than the end to which it is
duwen, douwen. The room was so warm '
directed, we are led to the notion of pro-
I was quite stewed.' Mrs B. Stives, — jection, of something sticking sharply out
stews or brothels. Hal. — of the surrounding surface.
Aseries of parallel forms without the The radical sense is seen in Pol. stuk,
initial s is seen in Du. douwen, duwen, to noise made by striking with something
push, stick into ; It. tuffare, to dip, duck, hard ; make such a noise, to
stiikai, to
plunge in water, to smother ; Sp. tufo, knock Bret, stok, a knock or shock ;
;
choking vapour, Lang, toufo, oppressive steki, to knock; Sc. stock, to thrust. We
heat ; tub6s, fog, mist ; Gr. tv<^oq, smoke, have then Du. steken, g. stecken, to stick
mist, cloud ; ON. dupt, dust ; Da. duft, into, to put a ring on one's finger or
fragrance ; Grisons toffar, tuffar, to stink. money into one's hand, to stick a sword
;
stick or sleke, to stab, to stitch, to fix or nowth over many stitelerys be withinne the plase.
fasten, and thence to close, to shut. To Stifif. G. steif, Dan. sliv. From the
sleek Ihe door, to shut it. ' He sleeked his
same source with slab, staff, stub, Lat.
eyne, his neive :' shut his eyes, his fist.
stipes, &c. ; what projects, stands abruptly
To sleek is also to stop, to choke. out, unbending, unyielding. Swiss slaben,
And Bannokbum betwix the braes geslaben, to be stiff with cold ; gestabet,
Off men, off horss swa stekyt wais Barbour.
.
—
stiff; met. uncultivated; stabi, a clown.
ON, slika, to dam. E. dial, slagged, slog- P1.D.
stdvig, stiff, staff-hke. Lith. stipti,
ged, stuck in the mire. It. stuccare, to
to become stiff with cold, or in death
stanch, stop or close up, to glut or cloy
stiprus, strong. Let. slaibus, strong,
(Fl.), also to stop masonry with a com-
brave. In hke manner Esthon. kang, a
position of lime, to parget. Da. slikke, to bar, lever,
pole ; kange, hard, stiff, strong,
prick, stick, stab, stitch.
great.
Alongside the verb we have G. slock,
The sense of stiffness may however be
sleeken, a staff or stick, an implement for attained from the notion of stuffing or
thrusting; It. slocco, a thrusting sword, thrusting in. Gr. bth^u), to stamp; ari-
also a short truncheon or cudgel, slecco,
^apos, strong, stiff, thick aruftKoQ, arv^\6g,
;
stecca, a stick, lath, splinter ; N. slikka, a
o-r«0pof, aTv<p6Q, close, solid, rugged, harsh;
stick, pin, point, prick.
ariu), to make stiff; ffn^poj, pressed close,
Stickler.— To Stickle. Slicklers were compact, solid, strong <rri0of, anything
;
persons appointed on behalf of each of pressed firm. Lat. slipare, to cram, stuff,
the parties in a combat to see that pack close ; It. slipare, stivare, to ram in
their party had fair play, and to part
hard ; Du. stijven, to stiffen. Dal stijft
the combatants when occasion required. de beurs, that fills the purse, e. sleeve, to
Hence to stickle for, to maintain one's stow cotton by forcing it in with screws,
rights to a thing. '
I slyckyll between
wrastellers or any folkes that prove mas-
to stiffen, to dry. —
Hal. Sc. stive, sleeve,
firm, compact, trusty.
tries to se that none do other wronge, or To Stifle. To stop the breath, on.
I part folke that be redy to fight je me
stiffa, to stop, to dam ; stifla, a stoppage,
:
mets entre deux.' Palsgr. — 'Advanced as of the nose, of water. Fr. eslouper, to
in court, to try his fortune with your stop, to close ; estouffer, to stifle, smother,
prizer, so he have fair play shown him,
choke. E. stuff, to ram, to thrust in. G.
and the liberty to chuse his stickler.' B. — slopfen, to stuff, to stop. Bret, stoufa,
Jon., Cinthia's Revels. stouva, slefia, stevia, to cork, stop a bottle.
The proper reading of the word should Gr. arvipta, to draw together, to compress,
be stightlers, as signifying those who E. dial, sttyi, a suffocating vapour ; slijy,
have the arrangement or disposition of stifling.
the field, from AS. stihtian, OE. sti'ifle, to
govern or dispose. ' Thas the Willelm
Stigma. —
Stigm.atise. Gr. ariyna, a
mark or brand, from ari^iii, to prick in, to
v/eolde and slihte Englelond :' from the brand oriy/iariju, to mark with aTiyitara.
;
time that w. wielded and ruled E. -stil. — Still. Lat. slillare, to drop, fall
Thaje he be a sturn knape in drops ; as in Distil, Instil.
To stiiUl and stad with stave, Stile, AS. sligel, gradus, scala, from
Full well con dryjtyn schape
His servauntej for to save.
stigan, to climb, to mount. A stile is a
Sir Gawaine and the Green Knight, 2136. contrivance for stepping over a fence.
When Gawaine goes to keep his appoint- P1.D. stegel, sliegsel, steps in a wall for
ment with the green knight in the chapel getting over Bav. sligel, a stile. ;
Stimulate. —
Stimulus. Lat. stimu-
hund stellet ein wild, the game stands lus, a prick, goad.
still before the dog ; Eine uhr stellen, to Sting'. ON. stanga, stinga. Da. stikke,
set or regulate a clock ; steller, the regu-' 'Ttinge, OHG. stungan, stingan, to butt,
lator; ON. stilla, to arrange, moderate, stick, thrust, prick. A
nasalised form of
direct, to tune an instrument, to stop a the sameroot with stick.
horse. Da. stille, to place, set,'^ation, to Stingy. '
Pinching, sordid, narrow-
set a watch, to level a gun, also to stop, spirited. I doubt whether it be of ancient
G. sielze and E. stilt. The I is introduced stut::, on a sudden. From the notion of a
; —
jog we pass to that of a projection or alms were put. From this last must be
stump, then of something stumpy or short. explained the Stocks or public funds, re-
Stipend. Lat. stipendium, pay siips, ; ceptacles opened by the state authorities,
small money, contributions, alms. into which the contributions of the public
Stipulate. covenant
Lat. stipulor, to might be poured as into the charity trunk
or engage, probably from a straw {sti- in churches. Stocks or gilliflowers are to
pula) being emblematically used in be explained by Du. stock-violiere, leu-
making the engagement. coion, viola lutea et muraria, q. d. viola
Stirrup. AS; stigerap, G. steigreif, a lignescens sive in baculum crescens
rope or strap for mounting on horseback ;- Kil., stem- or stalk-violets (violet being
stigan, G. steigen, to mount, and rap, rope, taken as the type of a sweet-smelling
G. reif, a ring or hoop, as well as cord or plant), as contrasted with the humble
rope. growth of the true violet. The stockdove
Stitch. A modification of stick, signi- is the wild kind, the stock or stem from
fying a prick, a sharp pain. G. sticken, to whence the tame pigeon is supposed to be
embroider. derived. In the same way, Sc. stockduck,
Stithe. AS. stitk, stithelic, hard, severe, G. stockente, wild duck stockerbse, wild
;
under Stick. Hence arose a verb signify- were then called, upperstocks, or in Fr.
ing to thrust, stab, strike endways, drive haut de chausses, and the netherstocks or
into, fasten and a noun signifying the
; stockings, in Fr. bas de chausses, and then
implement of thrusting or stabbing, for simply bas. In these terms the element
which is required something long, straight, stock is to be understood in the sense of
and rigid, as a stick, the stem of a tree, stump or trunk, the part of a body left
the part that shoots or thrusts upwards. when the limbs are cut off. In the same
The course of development may be way G. strumpf, a stocking, properly sig-
traced through Bret, stok, jog, shock, nifies a stump. Mit strump und wurzel :'
'
knock, blow ; Rouchi dtoquer, to knock with stump and root. Strump, strump-
Hereford stock, to peck Sc. stock, to ; fung, a short length cut off a strip of
thrust Yorksh. stoche, to stab stoach,
; ; land. —Sanders. An r is inserted or left
stolch, to poach, tread into wet land as out in many of these forms without
cattle in winter Fr. estoquer, to thrust
; change of meaning, as in the foregoing
or stab into ; Rouchi estoquer,
to stick strump and e. stumps Pl.D. strumpeln
into a soft material ; E. stoke, to poke the and the synonymous E. stumble; Du.
fire i G. stacker, a poker, picker ; Rouchi strobbe, a shrub or bush, and E. stub; the
stiquer, to poke, to stick. / stique toudi Pl.D. dim. stritddik and E. stud, G. staude,
aufeu; he always poking the fire. We
is a shrub G. strampfen and E. stamp.
;
have then Fr. estoc, a thrust or thrusting Stoic. Gr. aroa, a portico irra'ik-de, of
;
sword, the stock of a tree It. stoccata, a. ; a portico, whence a Stoic, a follower of
thrust in fencing ; G. stock, a stick, staff, Zeno the philosopher, who taught in the
stem of a plant or tree, stump of a felled portico called Paecile at Athens.
tree, a short thick piece or block atmo- ; Stole. Lat. stola, from Gr. btoXii, a
senstock, a trunk in churches in which robe.
; ;
Stone. AS. Stan, ON. sten, G. stein. pole, prop, and thence aid, assistance,
Stook. A shock of corn of 12 sheaves. contribution. Bausteur, brandsteur, con-
From G. stauchen,\.o jog, is formed stauch, tribution towards building n. house, to-
Pl.D. stuke (properly a projection), a wards loss by fire; megsteur, viaticum,
heap or bunch. Stauchen einen, to poke provision for a journey. Schmeller. ohg. —
one in the ribs. Ein stauch Jlachs, a heristiura, expeditio, may be compared
bundle of flax ; ene stuken tor/, a heap of with OFr. estoree, fleet, naval expedition;
turfs set out to dry. Rouchi stoc, estoque, G. aussteuer, marriage portion, with Fr.
a shock or stook. Bohem. stoh, a heap, estor above-mentioned. On the same
a hay-cock. principle may be explained Lat. instauro,
Stool. I. Goth, j/o/j, OHG. j/^^iJ/, Gael. from Gr. aravpog, a Stake.
stbl, w. ystol, a stool, seat. OHG. stuol, Stork. bird remarkable for its A
stol, also a support G. stollen, a prop, Stalking gait and long legs* Dan. storken
;
foot, post; Pl.D. stale, foot of a table, &c.; stalker i mose : the stork stalks in the
Du. voetstal. It. piedestale, a pedestal. fen. N.Fris. staurke, to strut; Dorset.
P..USS. stul, a stool, a block ; Lith. stalas, stark, to walk slowly ; Bav. stSrkeln, to
Pol. stol, a table. Pol. stolek. Boh. stolec, walk with long legs ; storkel, man
stalk,
a seat, throne, bench ; with long legs or long thin body ; a fish-
Serv. stola, seat,
throne, table. See Stall. ing rod sterken, a stalk. ' Der truncken
;
2. Stool, a cluster of stems rising from starckelt auf den iussen ebrius titubat :
forth, grow in many stalks from one root, strike, on the one side, and G. straucheln,
Lat. stolo, -nis, a shoot, sucker. Du. struikelen, to stumble, stagger, on
Stoop. A
drinking vessel. See Stoup. the other, and thence by inversion of the
To Stoop. See To Steep. r to the foregoing forms. See Stalk.
To Stop. The radical idea is stabbing, Storm. Du. storm, rumor, strepitus,
striking endways, thrusting a lengthened tumultus vehemens; impetus, procella,
implement into an orifice which it fills up, nimbus stormen, tumultnare, strepere, ;
or into the substance of a body in which oppugnare, impetum facere. It. stormo,
it sticks fast. N. stappa, to stamp, pound, a storm, a rumbling noise, a blustering
stuff, cram stappa, cramfuU ; Sc. stap, uproar, a confused rout or crue. Fl.
; —
to stuff, to obstruct or stop. The meal- Stormare, to storm, rumble, rumour,
'
kist was bienly stappit.' Stapalis, fasten- noise, to troop together tumultuously, to
ings ; stappil, a stopper Du. stoppen, to make an uproar.
;
theft; Pl.D. stAf, blunt, stumpy, cut clothes. Da. dial, strutte, to stand on
short borne stuven, to lop or cut off the
; end, stick out, like the staring coat of
head of trees. a horse ; Pl.D. strutt, Da. strid, stiff,
As the verb to stow, to thrust or pack rough, hard Bav. strut, Pl.D. strudden,
;
Da. stride, to contend, oppose, struggle emot strdmtken, to swim against the
with. P1.D. striden is also to stride ; be- stream. Bav. verstreten, Devonsh. to
striden, to bestride ; strede, AS. strcede, a strat, to stop, hinder. Da. dial, strede, to
stride ; P1.D. striedschoe, G. schrittschuh, set the feet apart for the purpose of re-
schlittschuh, skates. sistance. At strede med benene. Stred,
There seems so little connection be- Sw. streta, a. shore, support, strut. At
tween the two senses of Pl.D. striden, and staae til stred, to stand leaning against
the interchange of scr and str is so easy stredfast, firm, Pl.D. stridde, a
solid.
(E. scraggle, straggle, scruggle, struggle; trivet ; Da. to straddle.
stritte,
It. scrosciare, strosciare, to crack, clatter ; A closely similar series of forms may
E. scrub, Du. strobbe, shrub), that we are be traced in which the d of straddle is ex-
inclined to regard E. stride as a corruption changed for b, V, or f. OHG. stropalon,
of the form still retained in Somerset, crepitare, strepitum edere; Bav. strabeln,
scride, and in Du. schrijden, G. schreiten. strapeln, to scrabble, struggle, sprawl;
; — ;
;
sich strauben, to resist, make head against; line ; Sw. rand, border, margin, stripe,
Pl.D. streven, to set oneself against, to edge.
strive, also to stride, to make wide steps ; 2. OHG. streno, G. strdhn, strange,
streef, what resists, strong, stiff ; streve, a strdhe, the strand of a rope, one of the
slanting support, also a stride ; to streve strings of which it is twisted, a skein,
staan (as Da. at staae til stred), to sup- tress.
port, to thrust in opposite directions with Strange. OFr. estrange. It. strano,
hands and feet. Sik to streve setten, to Lat. extraneus, from extra, without.
struggle against. Streveledder, a step- —
Strangle. Strangury. Gr. arpayya,
ladder, a ladder with a straddling sup- Lat. stringo, to strain, squeeze, draw tight ;.
of a broken rattling noise. Bret, straka, fen, to draw together, to shrink. Strop- '
G. strecken, to
B. The idea of large size is expressed by
the figure of violent action, such as is
stretch. See Stretch.
accompanied by noise. Thus a large
Strain. Breed, race, hereditary dis-
object of its kind is called bouncing or
position, inborn character, turn, tendency,
thumping, whacking, strapping, the last
manner of speech or action, style or air
of which is to be explained by Bret, strap,
of music. In Scotch the word strynd or
clash, racket, noise, disorder; strapa, to
strain is met. used for the resemblance of
the features of the body. As we say, ' he
make a noise. It. strappare, to tear away
with violence, to break or snap asunder.
has a strynd or strain of his grandfather,'
i.e. resembles him. —Rudd. in Jam.