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A dictionary of Englisii etymology^

3 1924 031 471 711


olin.anx
:

A DICTIONARY

OF

ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY

BY

HENSLEIGH WEDGWOOD,
LATE FELLOW OF CHE. COLL. CAM.

THOROUGHLY REVISED AND ENLARGED ;

WITH AN INTRODUCTION ON THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGK,

LONDON
TRUBNER & CO., 8 & 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.
1872.

[All Sights reserved.']


INTRODUCTION.

ON THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE.

It requires only a superficial acquaintance with the principal languages of


Europe to recognise their division into four or five main classes, each comprising
a number of subordinate dialects, which have so much in common in their stock
of words and in their grammatical structure, as irresistibly to impress us with the
conviction that the peoples by whom they are spoken, are the progeny, with
more or less mixture of foreign elements, of a common ancestry. If we compare
German and Dutch, for instance, or Danish and Swedish, it is impossible in either
case to doubt that the people speaking the pair of languages are a cognate racej
that therewas a time more or less remote when the ancestors of the Swabians
and the Hollanders, or of the Danes and Swedes, were comprised among a people
speaking a common language. The relation between Danish and Swedish is of
the closest kind, that between Dutch and German a more distant one, and we
cannot fail to recognise a similar relationship, though of more remote an origin,
between the Scandinavian dialects, on the one hand, and the Teutonic, on the
other, —
the two together forming what is called the Germanic class of Languages.
A like gradation of resemblance is found in the other classes. The Welsh,
Cornish, and Breton, like the Danish and Swedish, have the appearance of descent
from a common parentage at no very distant period, and the same is true of
Gaelic and Manx. On the other hand, there is a greater diiFerence between
Gaelic and Welsh than there is between any of the branches of the Germanic
class; while, at the same time, there are peculiarities of grammatical structure

common to both, and so much identity traceable in the roots of the language, as
to leave no hesitation in classing them as branches of a common Celtic stock. And
so in the Slavonic class, Polish and Czech or Bohemian, as Russian and Servian,
are sister languages, while the difierence between Russian and Polish is so great
as to argue a much longer separation of the national life.
vi THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY.
In the case of the Romance languages we know historically tliat the countries
where French, Spanish, &c., are spoken, were thoroughly col-
Italian, Proven5al,

onised by the Romans, and were for centuries under subjection to the empire.
We accordingly regard the foregoing class of languages as descended from Latin,
the language of the Imperial Government, and we account for their divergences,
not so much from the comparative length of their separate duration, as from
mixture with the speech of the subject nations who formed the body of the
people in the different provinces.
With Umbrian and Oscan, of which
Latin and the other Italic languages,
slight remains have coime down to must be reckoned Greek and Albanian,
us,
as members of a family ranking with the Germanic, the Celtic, and Slavonic

stocks, although there has not been occasion to designate the group by a collect-
ive name. When we extend our survey to Sanscrit and Zend, the ancient
languages of India and Persia, we find the same evidences of relationship in the
fundamental part of the words, as well as the grammatical structure of the
language, which led us to regard the great families of European speech as de-
scendants of a common stock.
Throughout the whole of tliis vast circle the names of the numerals unmis
takeably graduate into each other; however startling the dissimilarity may be in

particular cases, where the name of a number in one language is compared with
the cori-espoiiding form in another, as when we compare five and quinque, four
and tessera, seven and hepta. The names of the simjplest blood relations, s.s father,
mother, brother, sister, are equally universal. Many of the pronouns, the prepo-
sitions and particles of abstract signification, as well as words designating the
most familiar objects and actions of ordinary life, are part of the common
property.
Thus step by step has been attained the conviction that the principal races of
Europe and of India are all descended from a single people, who had already
attained a considerable degree of clvihsation, and spoke a language of grammatical
structure similar to that of their descendants. From this primeval tribe it is

supposed that colonies branched off in different directions, and becoming isolated
in their new settlements, grtew up into separate peoples, speaking dialects assum-

ing more and more distinctly their own peculiar features, until they gradually
developed in the form of Zend and Sanscrit and the different classes of European
speech.
The light which is thus thrown on the pedigree and relationship of races be-
yond the reach of history is however only an incidental result of linguistic study.
For language, the machinery and vehicle of thought, and indispensable con-
dition of all mental progress, holds out to the rational inquirer a subject of as
high an intrinsic interest as that which Geology finds in the structure of the

Globe, or Astronomy in the movements of the heavenly bodies.


Etymology embraces every question concerning the structure of words. It
resolves them into their constituent elements, traces their growth and relation-
ships, examines the changes they undergo in their use by successive generations of
LIMIT OF ANALYSIS. vii

men, or in the mixture of speech brought about by the vicissitudes of war or of


peaceful intercourse, and seeks in every way to elucidate the course by which the
words of a language have come to signify the meaning which they suggest to a
native ear.
The first step that must be taken in the analysis of a word, is to distinguish the

part which contains the fiindamental significance, from the grammatical ele-
ments used to modify that significance in a regular way, such as the inflections of
verbs and of nouns, the terminations which give an abstract or an adjectival or
diminutival sense to the word, or any similar contrivances in habitual use in the
language. It will be convenient to lay aside for separate consideration these

grammatical adjuncts, and to confine our attention, in the first place, to the radical
portion of the word. If we take the word Enmity, for example, we recognise
the termination ty as the sign of an abstract noun, and we understand the word
as signifying the state or condition of an enemy, which is felt as the immediate
parent of the English word. Now we know that enemy comes to us through the
French ennemi from Latin inimicus, which may itself be regularly resolved into
the prefix in (equivalent to our un), implying negation or opposition, and amicus,
a friend. In amicus, again, we distinguish the syllable -us as the sign of a noun in

the nominative case ; -ic- as an element equivalent to the German -ig or English -y

in windy, hairy, &c., as an adjective termination indicating poissession or connec-


tion with finally the radical element am, signifying love, which is presented
; and
in the simplest form in the verb amo, I love.
Here our power of analysis is brought to a close, nor would it advance our
knowledge of the structure of language by a single step, if it could be shown that
the syllable am was a Sanscrit root as well as a Latin one. It would merely be

one more proof of a primitive connection between the Latin and the Indian
races, but the same problem would remain in either case, how the syllable am
could be connected with the thought of love. Thus sooner or -later the Etymol-
ogist brought to the question of the origin of Language. The scientific ac-
is

count of any particular word will only be complete when it is understood how
the root to which the word has been traced could have acquired its proper signi-
ficance among the founders of Language. The speech of man in his mother
tongue is not, among children of the present day, a spontaneous growth of nature.

The expression itself of mother-tongue shows the immediate source from whence
the language of each of us is derived. The child learns to speak from the inter-

course of those in whose care he is placed. If an English infant were removed


from its parents and committed to the charge of a Greek or a Turkish home, he
would be troubled by no instinctive smatterings of English, but would grow up in
the same command of Greek or of Turkish as his foster brothers.
Thus language, like writing, is an art handed down from one generation to
another, and when we would trace upwards to its origin the pedigree of this grand
distinction between man and the brute creation, we must either suppose that the
line of tradition has been absolutely endless, that there never was a period at
which the family of man was not to be found on earth, speaking a language be-
viii FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM OF LANGUAGE.
queathed to him by his ancestors, or we must at last arrive at a generation which
was not taught their language by their parents. The question then arises, how
did the generation, in which language was originally developed, attain so valuable
an art ? Must we suppose that our first parents were supernaturaUy endowed
with the power of speaking and understanding a definite language, which was
transmitted in natural course to their descendants, and was variously modified in
different lines of descent through countless ages, during which the race of man
spread over the earth in separate families of people, until languages were pro-
duced between which, as at present, no cognisable relation can be traced ?

Or is it possible, among the principles recognised as having contributed ele-


ments more or less abundant in every known language, to indicate a sufficient
cause for the entire origination of language in a generation of men who had not
yet acquired the command of that great instrument of thought, though, in
every natural capacity the same as ourselves ?

When the question is brought to this definite stage, the same step will be
gained in the science of Ismguage which was made in geology, when it was re-
cognised that the phenomena of the science must be explained by the action of
powers, such as are known to be active at the present day in working changes on
the structure of the earth. The investigator of speech must accept as his start-

ing-ground the existence of man as yet without knowledge of language, but en-
dowed with intellectual powers and command of his bodily frame, such as we
ourselves are conscious of possessing, in the same way that the geologist takes his
stand on the fact of a globe composed of lands and seas subjected, as at the pre-
sent day, to the influence of rains and tides, tempests, fi-osts, earthquakes, and sub-
terranean fires.

A preliminary objection to the supposition of any natural origin of language


has been raised by the modern German school of philosophers, whose theory
leads them to deny the possibility of man having ever existed in a state of mutism.
' Man is only man by speech,' says W. v. Humboldt, '
but in order to discover
speech he must already be man.' And Professor Max Miiller, who cites the
epigram, adopts the opinion it expresses. ' Philosophers,' he says (Lectures on
the Science of Language, p. 347), 'who imagine that the first man, though left
to himself, would gradually have emerged from a state of mutism, and have in-
vented words for every new conception that arose in his mind, forget that man
could not by his own power have acquired which is the
the faculty of speech,
distinctive character of mankind, unattained and unattainable by the mute crea-

tion.' The supposed difficulty is altogether a fallacy arising from a confusion


between the faculty of speech and the actual knowledge of language.
The possession of the faculty of speech means only that man is rendered ca-
pable of speech by the original constitution of his mind and physical frame, as a
bird of flying by the possession of wings j but inasmuch as man does not learn to
speak, as a bird to fly, by the instinctive exercise of the proper organ, it. becomes
a legitimate object of inquiry how the skilled use of the. tongue was orio-inally
acquired.
DOCTRINE OF MAX MULLER. ix

It is surprising that any one should have stuck at the German paradox, in the
face of the patent fact that we all are born in a state of mutism, and gradually
acquire the use of language from intercourse with those around us, while those
who are cut off by congenital deafness from all opportunity of hearing the speech
of others, remain permanently dumb, unless they have the good fortune to meet
with instructors, by whom they may be taught not only to express their thoughts
by manual signs, but also to speak intelligibly notwithstanding the disadvantage
of not hearing their own voice.
Since then it is matter of fact that individuals are found by no means wantmg
in intelligence who only attain the use of speech in mature life, and others who
never attain it at all, it is plain that there can be no metaphysical objection to the
supposition that the family of man was in existence at a period when the use of
language was wholly unknown. How man in so imperfect a state could manage
to support himself, and maintain his ground against the wild beasts, is a question
which need not concern us.

The high reputation of Professor Max Miiller as a linguist, and the great
popularity of his Lectures on Language, have given
which to the doctrine
he there expounds, an importance not deserved either by the clearness of
the doctrine itself, or by any light which it throws on the fundamental problems
of Language. He asserts (p. 369) that the 400 or 500 roots to which the
languages of different famihes may be reduced, are
neither inteijections nor
imitations, but 'phonetic types produced by a power inherent in human
nature. Man in his primitive and perfect state had instincts of which no traces
remain at the present day, the instinct being lost when the purpose for which it

was required was fulfilled, as the senses become weaker when, as in the case of
become useless.' By such an
scent, they instinct the primitive Man was en-
dowed with the faculty of giving articulate expression to the rational conceptions
of his mind. He was * irresistibly impelled to accompany every conception of
his mind by an exertion of the voice, articulately modulated in correspondence
with the thought v?^hich called it forth, in a manner analogous to that in which a
body, struck by a hammer, answers with a different ring according as com-
it is

posed of metal, stone, or wood.f <

At the same time it must be supposedwhich gave rise to the


that the instinct
expression of thought by articulate sound, would enable those who heard such
sounds to understand what was passing in the mind of the person who uttered
them. At the beginning the number of these phonetic types must have been
almost infinite, and it would only be by a process of natural elimination that
clusters of roots, more or less synonymous, would gradually be reduced to one
definite type (p. 371). Thus a stock of significant sounds would be produced
from whence all the languages on earth were developed, and when ' the creative
faculty, which gave to each conception as it thrilled the first time through the

* It was an instinct, an instinct of the mind as in-esistible as any other instinct. — p. 370.
+ The faculty peculiar to man in his primitive state by which every impression from without
received its vocal expression from within must be accepted as a fact. — p. 370, n.
X NO FOUNDATION IN EX;PERIENCE.

brain a phonetic expression,' had its object ftilfilled in the establishment of lan-
guage, the instinct faded away, leaving the infants of subsequent generations to learn
their language of their parents, and those who should be born deaf to do as well

as they could without any oral means of communicating their thoughts or


desires.

By other writers of the same philosophical school the instinct is retained in


permanence, in order to account for the vitality of words during the vast period
of time, from the first branching off of the pristine Arian stock into different
families, down to the present day. It is practically such an instinct which
Curtius demands as the basis of any theory of language, in the very valuable in-
troduction to his Grunziige der Griech. Etym., p. 91.
In all the languages of the Indo-European family, he says ' from the Ganges to

the Atlantic the same cotnbination sta designates the phenomenon of standing,
while the conception of flowing is as widely associated with the utterance plu
or slightly modified forms. This cannot be accidental. The same conception
can only have been united with the same vocal utterance for so many thousand
years, because in the consciousness (geflihl) of the people there was an inward
bond between the two, that is, because there was for them a persistent tendency
to express that conception by precisely those sounds. The Philosophy of Speech
niust lay down the postulate of a physiologic potency of sounds (einer physiolo-
gischen geltung der laute), and it can no otherwise elucidate the origin of words,
than by the assumption of a relation of their sounds to the impression which the
things signified by them produce on the soul of the speaker. The signification
thus dwells like a soul in the vocal utterance : the conception, says W. v. Hum-
boldt, is as little able to cast itself loose from the word as man can divest himself
of his personal aspect.'
It is a fatal objection to speculations like the foregoing that they appeal to
principles of which we have no distinct experience. If it were true that there is

in the constitution of man a physiologic connection between the sounds sta and
plu and the notion of standing and flowing respectively, it^must be felt by all

mankind alike, and it should have led to the universal use of those roots for the
expression of the same ideas in other languages as well as those of the Indo-
-European stock. But in my own case I have no consciousness of any such con-
nection. I do not find that the sound sta of itself calls up any idea in my mind,
and to an unlearned English ear it is as closely connected with the ideas of
stabbing, of stamping, and of starting, as it is with that of standing. We know
that our children do not speak instinctively at the present day, and to say that
speech came in that way to primitive Man is simply to avow our inability to
give a rational account of its acquisition. A rational theory of language should

indicate a process supported at every step by the evidence of actual experience,


by which a being, in every other respect like ourselves, might have been led fi-om
a state of mutism to the use of Speech. Nor are the elements of a rational answer
to the problem far to seek, if we are content to look for small beginnings, and do
not regard the invention of language as the work of some mute genius of the
GESTURE NATURAL TO MAN. xi

ancient -vVorM, forecasting the benefits of oral communication and elaborating of


himself a system of vocal signs.
' If in the present state of the wdrld,' says Charma, ' some philosopher were to
wonder how man ever began these houses, palaces, andvessels which we see
around us, we should answer that these were not the things that man began with.
The savage who first tied ihe branches of shrubs to niake himself a shelter was
not an architect, and he who first floated on the trunlc of a tree was not the
creator of navigation.' A like allowance must be made for the rudeness of the
first steps in the process when we are required to explain the origin of the com-
plicated languages of civilised life.

If language was the work of human intfelligence we may be sure that it was
accomplished by exceedingly slow degrees, and when mode of procedure
the true
is we must not be surprised if we meet with the same appa-
finally pointed out,

between the grandeur of the structure and the homeliness of


rent disproportion
the mechanism by which it was reared, which was foUnd so great a stumbling-
block in geology when the modern doctrines of that science began to prevail.
The first step is the great difficulty in the problem. If once we can imagine
a man like ourselves, only altogether ignorant of language, placed in circum-
stances under which he- will be instinctively led to make use of his voice, for the
purpose of leading others to think of something beyond the reach of actual
apprehension, we shall have an adequate explanation of the first act of speech.
Now man in his pristine condition had the same instincts with ourselves he
if

would doubtless, before he attained the command of language, have Expressed


his needsby means of gestures or signs addressed to the eye, as a traveller at the
present day,thrown among people whose language was altogether strange to him,
would signify his hunger by pointing to his mouth and making seihblance of eat-
ing. Nor is there, in all probability, a tribe of savages so stupid as not to under-
stand gestures of such a nature. ' Tell me,' says Socrates in the Cratylus, ' if
we had neither tongue nor voice and wished to call attention to something,
should we not imitate it as well as we could with gestures ? Thus if we wanted
to describe anything either lofty or light, we should indicate it by raising the

hands to heaven ; iif we wished to describe a horse or other animal, we should


represent it by as near an approach as we could make to an imitation in our own
person.'
The tendency to make use of significant gestures was cleai-ly shown
instinctive

in the case of Laura Bridgman, who being born blind and deaf aflforded a singu-
lar opportunity for studying the spontaneous promptings of Nature. Now after
Laura bad learned to speak on her fingers she would accompany this artificial

mode of communitlating her thoughts with the imitative or symbolical gestures


which were taught her by Nature. ' When Laura once spoke to me of her own
crying when a little child,' says Lieber (Smithsonian contributions to Knowledge,
vol. 2), 'she accompanied her words with a long face, drawing her fingers down
the face, indicating the copious flow of tears.' She would also accompany her
yes and no with the ordinary nod and shake of the head which are the natural

^" MAN NATuKALLY VOCAL.
expression of acceptance and aversion,* and which in her case were certainly not
learned from observation of others.
To Man would spontaneously make use of gestures
suppose then that primitive
to signify whatever was urgently needful for him to make known to others, is
it

merely to give him credit for the same instinctive tendencies of which we are
conscious in ourselves. But strong emotion naturally exhales itself in vocal
utterance as well as in muscular action. Man shouts as he jumps for joy. And
this tendency is felt equally by the deaf and dumb, whose utterances are com-

monly harsh and disagreeable in consequence of not hearing their own voice. It
was accordingly necessary to check poor Laura when inclined to indulge in this
mode of giving vent to her feelings. She pleaded that ' God had given her much
voice,' and would occasionally retire to enjoy the gift in her own way in private.
Man then is a vocal animal, and when an occasion arose on which the sign-
making instinct was called forth by the necessities of the case, he would as readily
be led to imitate sound by the voice as shape and action by bodily gestures.
When it happened of communication, that some sound formed
in the infancy
a prominent feature of the matter which it was important to make known, the
same instinct which prompted the use of significant gestures, where the matter
admitted of being so represented, would give rise to the use of the voice in imi-
tation of the sound by which the subject of communication was now characterised.
A person by a bull would find it convenient to make known the
terrified

object of his alarmby imitating at once the movements of the animal with his head,
and the bellowing with his voice. A cock would be represented by an attempt
at the sound of crowing, while the arms were beat against the sides in imitation
of the flapping of the bird's wings. It is by signs like these that Hood describes

his raw Englishman as making known his wants in France.

Moo ! I cried for milk


If I wanted bread
My jaws I set agoing,
And asked for new-laid eggs
By clapping hands and crowing.
Hood's Own.

There would be neither sense nor fun in the caricature if it had not a basis of
truth in human nature, cognisable by the large and unspeculative class for whom
the author wrote. .

A jest must be addressed to the most superficial capacities of apprehension, and


therefore may often aflFord better evidence of a fact of consciousness than a train
of abstruse reasoning. It is on that account that so apt an illustration of the
only comprehensible origin of language has been found in the old story of the
Englishman at a Chinese banquet, who being curious as to the composition of a
dish he was eating, turned round to his native servant with an interrogative
Quack, quack ? The servant answered. Bowwow ! intimating as clearly as if he

* Me tumetli thet neb blithelich touward to thinge thet me lovelh, and frommard to thinge
thet me hateth. —Ancren Riwle, 254.
NURSERY IMITATIONS. xiii

spoke in English that it was dog and not duck that his master was eating. The
communication that passed between them was essentially languagej comprehen-
sible to every onewho was acquainted with the animals in question, language
therefore which might have been used by the first family of man as well as by
persons of different tongues at the present day.
The imitations of sound made by primitiveMan, in aid of his endeavours to
signify his needs by bodily gestures, would be very similar to those which are
heard in our nurseries at the present day, when we represent to our children
the lowing of the cow, the baaing of the sheep, or the crowing of the
cock. The peculiar character of the imitation is given at first by the tone of
voice and more or less abrupt mode of utterance, without the aid of distinct con-
sonantal articulation, and in such a manner we have no difficulty in making imita-
tions that are easily recognisedby any child acquainted with the cry of the animal.
The lowing of the cow is imitated by the prolonged utterance of the vowel sound
oo-ooh ! or, with an initial m or I, which are naturally produced by the opening
lips, mooh! or J)ooh! In the same way the cry of the sheep is sounded in our nur-

series by a broken baa-aa-ah ! in Scotland liae ! or mae ! By degrees the imitative

colouring is dropped, and the syllables moo or baa pronounced in an ordinary


tone of voice are understood by the child as signifying the cry of the cow or the
sheep, and, thus being associated with the animals in question in the mind of the
child, might be employed to lead his thoughts to the animal itself instead of the
cry which it utters, or, in other words, might be used as the name of the animal.
It so happens that the English nurse adds the names cow and lamb, by which
she herself knows the animals, to the syllables which are significant to the child,
who thus learns to designate the animals as moo-cow and baa-lamb, but nothing
of this kind could take place at the commencement of language, when neither
party was as yet in possession of a name for the object to be designated, and in
some cases the same syllables by which the nurse imitates the cry are used with-
out addition as the name of a dog is represented
of the animal itself. The bark
in our nurseries bow-wow, and the child is first taught to know
by the syllables
the dog as a bowwow. The syllables moo (mu, muK) and mae (rfie, rnah) in the
South of Germany represent the voice of the cow and the sheep or goat, and with
Swabian children muh and mdh are the names of the cow and sheep or goat
(Schmid). In parts of England the imitative moo is lengthened out into mully,
in the sense of lowing or suppressed bellowing; and mully or mully cow is the
children'sname of the cow. The Northamptonshire dairymaid calls her cows to
. milking, come Moolls, come Moolls (Mrs Baker). On the same principle among
!

Swabian children the name of Molle, Molli, or Mollein, is given to a cow or calf.
It is true that the names we have cited are appropriated to the use of children,
but it makes no difference in the essential nature of the contrivance, by whom the
sign is to be understood; and where we are seeking, in language of the present
day, for analogies with the first instinctive endeavours to induce thought in others

by the exercise of the voice, the more undeveloped the understanding of the per-
son to whom the communication is addressed, the closer we shall approach to the
'

xiy ACTUAL FORMATION OF A WORD.


conditions under which language must have sprang up in the infancy of Man.
Where then can the principle which first gave it significance be sought for with
so much reason, as in the forms of speech adapted to the da^vning intellect of our
own children, and in the process by which it is made comprehensible to them ?

Dr Lieber, in his paper on the vocal sounds of Laura Bridgman above cited, gives
an instructive account of the birth of a word under his own eyes.
' A member of my own family,' he says, ' showed in early infancy a pecu-
liar tendency to form new words, partly from sounds which the child caught,
as to woh for to sfop, from the woh! used by wagoners when
interjection
they wish to stop their horses ;
from symphenomenal
partly emission of sounds.
Thus when the boy was a little above a year old he had made and established in
the nursery the word niw, for everything fit to eat. I had watched the growth
of this word. First, he expressed his satisfaction at seeing his meal, when hungry,

by the natural humming sound, which all of us are apt to produce when approving
or pleased with things of a comnion character, and which we might express thus,
hm. Gradually, as his organs of speech became more skilful and repetition made
the sound more familiar and clearer, it changed to the more articulate wn and
im. Finally an n was placed before it, nim being much easier to pronounce than
im when the mouth has been clpsed. But soon the growing mind began to
generalise, and nim came to signify everything edible; so that the boy would
add the words good or bad which he learned in the mean time. He would now
say good, nim, had nim, his nurse adopting the word with him. On one occasion
he said^e nim, for bad, repulsive to eat. There is no doubt that a verb to nim
for to eat would have developed itself, had not the ripening mind adopted the
vernacular language which was offered to it ready made. We have, then, here
the origin and history of a word which commenced in a symphenomenal sound,
and gradually became articulate in sound and general in its meaning, as the organs
of speech, as well as the mind of the utterer, became more perfect. And is not
the history of this word a representation of many thousands in every language
now settled and acknowledged as a legitimate tongue ?
' Dr Lieber does not seem to have been aware how fi-equent a phenomenon it
is which he describes, nor how numerous the forms in
actual speech connected
with the notion of eating which may be traced to this particular imitation. A
near relation of my own in early childhood habitually used mum or mummum
for
food or eating, analogous to Magyar mammogni, Gr.
fiafifi&v (Hesych.), in chil-
dren's language, to eat. Heinicke, an eminent teacher of the deaf-and-dumb
cited by Tylor (Early Hist., p.
72), says: 'All mutes discover words for them-
selves for different things. Among over fifty whom I have partially instracted
or been acquainted with, there was not one
who had not uttered at least a few
spoken names which he had discovered for himself,
and some were very clear and
distinct. I had under my instruction a born deaf-mute,
nineteen years old, who
had previously invented many writeable words for things. For instance, he called
to eat, mumm, to drink, schipp, &c.' In ordinary speech we have the verb to
mump, to move the lips with the mouth closed, to work over
with the mouth,
ONOMATOPCEIA. xv

as to mump food (Webster) to mumliley to chew with toothless gums Swedish


; j

mummsa, to mump, mumble, chew with difficulty (Oehrlauder) Bavarian mem- ;

meln, memmexen, mumpfen, mumpfeln, to move the lips in continued chewing;


mampfen, to eat with a full mouth on. mujnpa, to fill the mouth, to eat
j

greedily (Haldorsen). With a different development of the initial sound we have


Galla djam djeda, djamdjamgoda (to say djam, make djamdjam), to smack in eat-
ing ; South Jutland hiamsk, voracious, greedy ; at hiamske i sig, to eat in a greedy
swinish manner (Molbech) ; Swedish dialect gamsa, jamsa (yamsa), jammla,
jumla, to chew laboriously, to mumble^ leading to the Yorkshire yam, to eat;
yamming, eating, or more particularly the audibility of the rnasticating process
(Whitby GL). To yam is a slang term for eating among sailors. In the Negro
Dutch of Surinam nyam is to eat ; nyam nyam, food (Tylor, Primitive Culture, i.
1 86). The Chinese child uses nam for eat, agreeing with Ein. nama (in chil-

dren's language), Sw. namnam, Wolof nahenahe, delicacies, tidbits ; Zooloo nam-
smack the lips after eating or tasting, and thence to be tasteful, to be plea-
lita, to

sant to the mind ; Soosoo (W. Africa) nimnim, to taste ; Vei (W. Africa) nimi,
palatable, savory, sweet (Koelle). And as picking forbidden food would afford
the earliest and most natural type of appropriating or stealing, it is probable that
we have here the origin of the slang word nim, to take or steal (indicated in the
name of Corporal Nym), as well as the Sw. dial, nvrnma, Gothic niman, to take.
Nimm'd up, taken up hastily on the sly, stolen, snatched (Whitby Gl.). ' Mother-
well, the Scotch poet,' says the author of Modern Slang, thought the old word '

nim (to snatch or pick up) was derived from nam, nam, the tiny words or cries
of an infant when eating anything which pleases its little palate. A negro pro-
verb has the word : Buckra man nam crab, crab nam buckra man. Or, in the
buckra man's language : White man eat [or steal] the crab, and the crab eats
the white man.' — p. i8o.
The traces of imitation as a living principle giving significance to words have
been recognised from the earliest period, and as it was the only prinr'plc on
which the possibility of coining words came home to the comprehension of every
one, it was called Onomatopoeia, or word-making, while the remaining stock of
language was vaguely regarded as having come by inheritance fi-om the first
establishers of speech. '
'Oyo/mTOTrotla quidem,' says Quintilian, ' id est, fictio no-
,minis, Graecis inter maximas habita virtutes, nobis vix permittitur. Et sunt plurima
ita posita ab iis qui sermonem primi fecerunt, aptantes adfectibus vocem. Nam
mugitus et sibilus et murmur inde venerunt.' And Diomedes, '
'OvofiaToiroda est
ad imitandam vocis confusae significationem, ut tinnitus aeris,
dictio configurata

clangorqae tubarum. Item quum dicimus valvos stridere, oves lalare, aves tin-
nire.' — Lersch, Sprach-philosophie der Alten, iii. 130-1. Quintilian instances the
words used by Homer for the twanging of the bow (Xi'ySs j3tos), and the fizzing
of the fiery stake (tff/f e) in the eye of Polyphemus.
The principle is admitted in a grudging way by Max Miiller (and Series, p.
298) :
'
There are in many languages words, if we can call them so, consisting of
mere imitations of the cries of animals or the sounds of nature, and some of them
xvi OBJECTION OF MAX MULLER.
have been carried along by the stream of language into the current of nouns and
verbs.' And elsevs^here (p. 89) with less hesitation, 'That sounds can be rendered
in language by sounds, and that each language possesses a large stock of words
'

imitating the sounds given out by certain things, who would deny ?

We could not have a clearer admission of the imitative principle as a vera


causa in the origination of language. Yet in general he revolts against so simple

a solution of the problem.


'I doubt,' he says, speaking of words formed on the bowwow principle,
'
whether it deserves the name of language.' ' If the principle of onomatopoeia
is applicable anywhere it would be in the formation of the names of animals.
Yet we listen in vain for any similarity between goose and cackling, hen and cluck-
ing, duck and quacking, sparrow and chirping, dove and cooing, hog and gruntingj
cat and mewing, between dog and harking, yelping, snarling, und growling. We
do not speak of a bowwow, but of a dog. We speak of a cow, not of a moo ; of
a lamb, not of a baa.' — Lect. p. ^6^.
We answer the objection by showing that the name of the animal in
shall

the greater part of the instances specified by Miiller is a plain onomatopoeia in

one language or another j that we do speak of a Moo and of a Baa in some other
language if not in Enghsh, and that this plan of designation is widely spread over
every region of the world, and applied to every kind of animal which utters a
notable sound. As far as the cry itself is concerned it would hardly occur to
any one to doubt that the word used to designate the utterance of a particular
animal would be taken from imitation of the sound. When once it is admitted
that there is an instinctive tendency to imitation in Man, it seems self-evident
that he would make use of that means of representing any particular sound that
he was desirous of bringing to the notice of his fellow. And it is only on this
principle that we can account for the great variety of the terms by wiiich the
criesof different animals are expressed. Indeed, we still for the most part recog-
nise"the imitative intent of such words as the clucking of hens, cackling or
gaggling of geese, gobbling of a turkey-cock, quacking of ducks or fi-ogs, cawing
or quawking of rooks, croaking of frogs or ravens, cooing or crooing of doves,
hooting of owls, bumping of bitterns, chirping of sparrows or crickets, twittering
of swallows, chattering of pies or monkeys, neighing or whinnying of horses,
purring or mewing of cats, yelping, howling, barking, snarling of dogs, grunting
or squealing of hogs, bellowing of bulls, lowing of oxen, bleating of sheep, baaing
or maeing of lambs.
While ewes shall bleat and little lambkins tiuu Ramsay.

But the cry of an animal can hardly be brought to mind without drawing with it
the thoughts of the animal itself. Thus the imitative utterance, intended in the
first instance to represent the cry, might be used, when circumstances required,
for the purpose of bringing the animal, or anything connected with it, before the
thoughts of our hearer, or, in other words, might be used as the designation of
the animal or of anvthing associated with it. If I take refuge in an African
IMITATIVE NAMES. xvii

village and imitate the roaring of a lion while I anxiously point to a neighbour-
ing thicket, I shall intimate pretty clearly to the natives that a lion is lurking in
that direction. Here the imitation of the roar will be practically used as the
name of a lion. The gestures with which I point will signify that an object of
terror is in the thicket, and the sound of my voice will specify that object as a
lion.

The signification is carried on fi-om the cow to the milk which it produces, when
Hood makes his Englishman ask for milk by an imitative moo. In the same way
the representation of the clucking of a hen by the syllables cock ! cock ! gack !

gack ! (preserved in It. coccolare, Bav. gackem, to cluck) gives rise to the forms
coco, kuho, and gaggele or gagkelein, which are used as the designation of an egg
in the nursery language of France, Hungary, and Bavaria respectively. In
Basque, koioratz represents the clucking of a hen, and koko (in children's speech)
the egg which it announces (Salaberry). It is among birds that the imitative
nature of the name is seen with the clearest evidence, and is most universally ad-
mitted. We all are familiar with the voice of the cuckoo, which we hail as the
harbinger of spring. We imitate the sound with a modulated. Aoo-Aoo, harden-
ing into a more conventional cook-coo, and we call the bird cuckoo with a continued
consciousness of the intrinsic significance of the name. The voice of the bird is

so singularly distinct that there is hardly any variation in the syllables used to re-
present the sound in different languages. In Lat. it is cuculus (coo-coo-l-us), in
Gr. KOKKvi,, in g. kuckuch {cook-cook) or guckguck. In Sanscrit the cry is written
kuhii, and the bird is called kuMka, kuhii-rava (rava, sound), whose sound is

kuhii — (Pictet, Origines Indo-Europeennes). We represent the cry of birds of


the crow kind by the syllable caw or quawk, which is unmistakeably the source
of the name in the most distant dialects, as Du. kauwe, kae, Picard cau, a daw,
Sauscr. kdka, Arabic kdk, ghak, Georgian quaki, Malay gdgak, Barabra koka,
Manchu kaha, a crow (Pictet). British Columbia kahkah, a crow. Long-
fellow in his Hiawatha ^ves kahkahgee as the Algonquin name of the raven.
The imitative nature of such names as these have been recognised from the
earliest times, and a Sanscrit writer of at least the 4th century before Christ is

quoted by Miiller (Lect. i. 380, 4th ed.). 'Kdka, crow, is an imitation of the
sound (Mku kdka, according to Durga), and this is very common among. birds.'
But already Philosophy was beginning to get the better of common sense, and
the author continues :
' Aupamanyava however maintains that imitation of the
sound does never take place. He therefore derives kdka, crow, fi-om apakd-
layitavya ; i. e. a bird that is to be driven away.' Another Sanscrit name for
the crow is kdrava (whose voice is kd), obviously formed on the same plan with
kuhurava (whose voice is kuM) for the cuckoo. Yet the word is cited by Mul-
ler as an example of the fallacious derivations of the onomatopoeists. Kdrava, he
says, is supposed to show some similarity to the cry of the raven. But as soon as
we analyse the word we find that it is of a different structure from cuckoo or
cock. It is derived fi-om a root ru or kru, having a general predicative power,
and means a shouter, a caller, a crier (p. 349, ist ed.). Sometimes the hoarse
i
xviii IMITATIVE NAMES.

sound of the cry of this kind of bird introduces an r into the imitative syllablei
and we use the verb to croak to designate their cry, while crouk, in the North of
England, is the name for a crow. So we have Polish krukac, to croak, kruk, a
crow ; Lith. kraukti, to croak, krauklys, a crow ; Du. kraeyen, to caw or croak,

kraeye, 6. krahe, a crow. The corresponding verbal forms in German and Eng-
lish krahen, to crow, have been appropriated by arbitrary custom to the cry of the
cock, but the word is not less truly imitative because it is adapted to represent
different cries of somewhat similar sound. In South America a crowlike bird is
called caracara.
The crowing of a cock is represented by the syllables kikeriki in g., coqueri-
cot in Fr., cacaracd in Languedoc, leaving no doubt of the imitative origin of
lUyrian kukurekati, Malay kukuk, to crow, as well as of Sanscr. kukhuta. Fin.
kukko, Esthonian kikkas, Yoruba koklo, Ibo akoka, Zulu kuku, and e. cock.
The cooing or crooing (as it was formerly called) of a dove is signified in g.
by the verbs gurren or girren. Da. kurre, girre, Du. korren, kirren, koeren. To a
Latin ear it must have sounded tur, tur, giving turtur (and thence It. tbrtora,
tortbla, Sp. tbrtola, and e. turtle) as the Lat. name of the bird, the imitative
nature of which has been universally recognised from its reduplicate form. Alba-
nian tourre, Heb. tor, a dove. In Peru turtuli is one kind of dove ; cuculi
another. Hindi, ghughu, Pers. kuku, gugu, wood-pigeon.
The is with no less certainty represented in the
plaintive cry of the peewit
names by which the bird is known in different European dialects, in which we
recognise a fundamental resemblance in sound, with a great variety in the par-
ticular consonants used in the construction of the word : English peewit, Scotch
peeweip, teewhoop, tuquheit, Dutch kievit, German kielitz, Lettish kiekuts, Magy.
lilits, libufs, Swedish kowipa, French dishuit, Arabic tdtwit. The consonants t,

p, k, produce a nearly similar effect in the imitation of inarticulate sounds, and


when an interchange of these consonants is found in parallel forms (that is,
synonymous forms of similar structure), either in the same or in related dialects,
it may commonly be taken as evidence that the imitative force of the word has'

been felt at no distant period.


The hooting of the owl is a note that peculiarly invites imitation, and accord-
ingly it has given rise to a names the imitative character of which
great variety of
cannot be mistaken. Thus Latin ulula may be compared with ululare, or Gr.
oKokv^uv, to cry loudly. In French we have hulotte fi-om huller, to howl or
yell, as "Welsh hwan from hwa, to hoot. Lat. lulo, Fr. hibou, It. gufo, German
luhu, uhu, Mod.Gr. coucouva, coccovaec, Walachian coucouveike, Algonquin kos
kos-koo-o, are all direct imitations of tlie repeated cry.

'The cry of the owl,' says Stier in Kuhn's Zeitschrift, xi. p. 219, ' ku-ku-
ku-va-i is in the south (of Albania) the frequent origin of the name, in which
sometimes the first, sometimes the second part, and sometimes both together,
are represented.'
Mr Farrar in his Chapters on Language (p. 24) observes that if the vocabu-
lary of almost any savage nation is examined, the name of an animal will gen-
IMITATIVE NAMES. xix

erally be found to be an onomatopoeia, and he cites from Threlkeld's Australian


Grammar kong-ko-rong, the emu ;
pip-pi-ta, a small hawk ; kong-kong, frogs j
all expressly mentioned by the author as taking their names from their cry. No
one will doubt that the name of the pelican karong-karong formed in the same is

manner. Mr Bates gives us several examples from the Amazons. ' Sometimes
one of these httle bands [of Toucans] is seen perched for hours together among
the topmost branches of high trees giving vent to their remarkably loud, shrill,

and yelping cry. These cries have a vague resemblance to the syllables tocano,

tocano, and hence the Indian name of this genus of birds.' Naturalist on the —
Amazons, i. 337. Speaking of a cricket he says, 'The natives call it tanand, in
allusion to its music, which is a sharp resonant stridulation resembling the sylla-
bles ta-na-nd, ta-na-nd, succeeding each other with little intermission.' — i. ajo.
We may compare the Parmesan tananai, loud noise, rumour; Arabic tantanat,
sound, resounding of musical instruments. — Catafogo.
The name of the cricket indeed, of which there are infinite varieties, may
commonly be traced to representations of the sharp chirp of the insect. Thus
E. cricket is from crick, representing a short sharp sound, as , 6. schrecke,
(Jieuschrecke) , schrickel, from schrick, a sharp sound as of a glass cracking
(Schmeller). g. schirke. Fin. sirkka, may be compared with g. zirken, oE. chirk,

to chirp J
Lith. swirplys with 6. schwirren, to chirp ; Lat. grylhis, g. grille, with
Fr. grillen, to creak ; Bret, skril with n. skryle, Sc. skirl, to shrill or sound
sharp. The Arabic sarsor, Corean sirsor, Albanian tsentsir, Basque quirquirra
carry their imitative character on their face.
The designation of insects from the humming, booming, buzzing, droning ,

noises which they make in their flight is very common. We may cite Gr.
PofijivXwg, the humble- or bumble-bee, or a gnat ; Sanscr. bambhara, bee, bamba,
fly, ' words imitative of humming '
— Pictet ; Australian bumberoo, a fly (Tylor) ;
Galla bombi, a beetle German hummel, the drone or non-working bee ; Sanscr.
;

druna, a bee, Lithuanian tranas, German drohne, a drone, to be compared with


Sanscr. dhran, to sound, German dronen, to hum, resound, Danish dron, din,
peal, hollow noise, Gaelic dranndan, humming, buzzing, growling. The drone
of a bagpipe is the open pipe which keeps up a monotonous humming while the
tune is playing. The cockchafer is known by the name of the buzzard in the
North of England.
'And I eer'd un a bumming 3.vf3.y

Like a buzsard-dock o'er my eead.' —Tennyson, Northern Farmer.


Basque burrumba, n muttering noise as of distant thunder;' a cockchafer
(Salaberri). The Welsh chwyrnu, to buzz (corresponding to Swedish hurra and
E. whirr), gives rise to chwymores, a hornet, and probably indicates that g.
horniss and e. hornet are from the buzzing flight of the animal, and not from its

sting considered as a horn. The. name of the gnat may be explained from
Norse gnetta, knetta, to rustle, give a faint sound, Danish gnaddre, to grumble.
Coming names of domestic animals we have seen that the lowing of
to the
the ox is represented by the syllables boo and moo. In the N. of England it is
b 2
XX NAMES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
called booing, and a Spanish proverb cited by Tylor (Prim. Cult. i88) shows
that the same mode of representing the sound is familiar in Spain. 'Habld el
buey e dijd bu/' The ox spoke and said ioo/ From this mode of representing the
sound are formed Lith. lulauti (to hoo-loo), to bellow like a bull, Zulu lulula,
to low, and (as we apply the terra bellowing to the loud shouting of men) Gr.

lioao), to shout, Lat. boo, to shout, to make a loud deep sound. From the same
imitative syllable are Lith. bubenti, to grumble as distant thunder ;
biibnas, a

drum ; btibleti, to bump as a bittern ; Illyr. bubati, to beat hard, to make a noise;

Galla boa, to boohoo, to weep.


In barbarous languages the notion of action is frequently expressed, and a
verbal form given to the word by the addition of elements signifying make or
say. ~
Thus from mamook, make, the traders' jargon of Columbia has
mamook-poo, to make poo, to shoot ; mamoo-heeheek, to make laugh, to
amuse. —^Tylor. The Galla uses goda, to make, and djeda, to say, in the
same way, and from lilbil, imitation of a ringing sound, it has bilbilgoda,
to ring, to sound. The same office is performed in an advanced stage of language
in a more compendious way by the addition of an I, k or g, or a z to the im- a.

itative syllable. Thus from miau, representing the mew of a cat, the Fr. forms
miau-l-er, as the Illyr. (with a subsidiary k), maukati, to mew. From baa, or
bae, are formed Lat. ba-L-are, Fr. be-l-er, to baa or bleat j from bau, represent-
ing the bark of a dog, Piedmontese fi bau, or bau-l-i, to make bow, to bow-
wow or bark. The Piedm. verb is evidently identical with our own bawl, to
shout, or with on. baula, to low or bellow, whence baula, a cow, bauli, bolt,
w. bwla, a bull. In Swiss the verb takes the form of bullen, agreeing exactly
with Lith. bullus and e. bull. On the same principle, from the imitative moo
instead of boo, the Northampton dairymaid calls her cows moolls.
The formation of the verb by a subsidiary h ov g gives Gr. fivKaofiai, Illyr.
muJiati, bukati, Lat. mugire, OFr. mugler, bugler. Da. loge, to low ; and thence
Lat. buculus, a bullock, bucula, a heifer, Fr. bugle, a buffalo, bullock, a name
preserved in our bugle-horn. With these analogies, and those which will presently
be found in the designations of the sheep or goat and their cries, it is truly sur-
prising to meet with linguistic scholars who deny that the imitative boo can be
the origin of forms like Gr. (iove, Lat. bos, bovis. It. bue, ox, Norse bu, cattle, w.
bu, Gael, bo, Manx booa, Hottentot bou (Dapper), Cochin Chinese bo (Tylor), a
cow. Yet
Geiger, in his Ursprung der menschlichen Sprache [1868], p. 167,
plainly asserts that the supposition of such an origin. is inadmissible. His analysis
leads him to the conclusion that the words (iovg and cow may be traced to a
common origin in the root guav, and therefore cannot be taken from the cry of
the animal. But when I find that the ox is widely called Boo among different
families of men from Connemara to Cochin China, it seems to me far more cer-
tain that the name is taken from the booing of the animal than any dogmas can
be that are laid down concerning such abstractions as the Sanscrit roots.
The cry of the sheep or goat is universally imitated by the syllables baa, bae,
mah, mae, as that of the cow by boo, or moo, and in Hottentot baa was the
NAMES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. xxi

name of a sheep, as lou of an ox. In the Vei of W. Africa laa, in Wolof


bae, a goat.
With a subsidiary ^ or ^ the imitative syllable produces Swiss laggen, hadg-
gen, Magy. lek-eg-ni, leg-et-ni, Illyr. leknuti, to bleat, and thus explains the origin
of forms like Sw. Idgge (Rietz), a sheep or ewe, Gr. /3^k»), (iriKov (Hesych.), a
sheep or goat, Illyr. lekavica, a sheep. It. lecco, a goat. From the imitative mae,
we have Sanscr. menAda (ndda, sound, cry), a goat ; and with the subsidiary k or
g, Gr. /xijeao/iat, firixal^ta, Illyr. meketati, mecati, G. meckern, Magy. mekegni, Gael.

meigeal, Vorarlberg maggila (corresponding to Fr. meugler, for the voice of the
ox), to bleat ; Gr. /xj/caScj, goats, lambs.
The same radical with a subsidiary / gives Gael, meil, Manx meilee, to bleat,
showing the origin of Scotch Mailie, as the proper name of a tame sheep, and of
Gr. firjXov (maelon), a sheep or a goat, and Circassian maylley, a sheep (Lowe).
The name of the hog is another instance where Miiller implicitly denies all

resemblance with the characteristic noises of the ani mal. And it is true there is

no between hog and grunt, but the snorting sounds emitted by a pig
similarity
may be imitated at least as well by the syllables hoch, hoc'h (giving to c'h the
guttural sound of Welsh and Breton), as by grunt. In evidence of the aptness of
this imitation, we may cite the cry used in Suffolk in driving pigs, remembering
that the cries addressed to animals are commonly taken from noises made by
themselves. '
In driving, or in any way we have
persuading, this obstinate race,
no other imperative than hooe hooe in a deep nasal, guttural tone, appropri-
! !

ately compounded of a groan and a grunt.' —


Moor's Suffolk words, in v. sus-sus.
Hence Breton hoc ha, to grunt, and hoc'h, houch, ^. hwch, a hog, leaving little
doubt as to the imitative origin of the e. name. In like manner we find Lap-
pish snorkeset, to grunt, undoubtedly imitative, and snorke, a pig Fin. naskia, to ;

smack and naski, a pig. If Curtius had been aware of the


like a pig in eating,
Sc. grumpf, a grunt, and grumphie, a sow, he would hardly- have connected
Hasychius' ypo/j^ae, a sow, with the root ypaipm, applied to the rooting of the ani-
mal with its snout. Moreover, although the imitation embodied in Lat. grun-
nire, Fr. grogner, and e. grunt, does not produce a name of the animal itself,

it gives rise to It. grugno, Fr. groin,


grunny, the snout of a pig, and thence
e.

groin, the snout-shaped projections running out into the sea, by which the shingle
of our southern coast is protected. And obviously it is equally damaging to
MUller's line of argument whether the onomatopoeia supplies a name of the ani-
mal or only of his snout.
Among the designations of a dog the term cur, signifying a snarling, ill-brej
dog, may with tolerable certainty be traced to an imitative source in on. karra,
to snarl, growl, grumble, 6. kurren, to rumble, grumble. Kurren und murren,
ill-natured jangling ; Sc. curmurring, grumbhng, rumbling. The g. kurre, oe.
curre-fish Da. knurfisk, from knurre, to growl, mutter, purr), is applied to
(as
the gurnard on account of the grumbling sounds which that fish is said to utter.
Itis probable also that e. hound, a. hund, a dog, may be identical
with Esthon.
hunt (gen. hundi), a wolf, from hundama, to howl, corresponding to ohg. hunon.
. ;

xxii MULLER ANSWERED,


to yelp, Sc. hiine, to whine. So Sanscr. Mrava (whose cry is M), a jackal
(Benfey)
The nursery names of a horse are commonly taken from the cries used in the
management of the animal, which serve the pRrpose as well as the cries of the
animal since all that is wanted is the representation of a sound associated in
itself,

a lively manner with the thought of the creature to be named.


In England the cry to make a horse go on is gee, and the nursery name for a
horse is geegee. In Germany hott is the cry to make a horse turn to the right
ho, to the left, and the horse is with children called hotte-pdrd (Danneil), hutt-
jenho-peerd (Holstein Idiot.). In Switzerland the nursery name is hottihuh, as
in Yorkshire highly (Craven Gloss.), from the cry halt, to turn a horse to the
right. In Finland, humma, the cry to stop or back a horse, is used in nursery
language as the name of the
The cry to back a horse in Westerwald is
animal.
huff whence houfe, to go backwards. The same cry in Devonshire takes the
foriaof haap / haap back/ Provincial Da. Aoj6j6e c!i^ / back From the cry thus !

used in stopping a horse the animal in nursery language is called hoppe in Frisian
(Outzen), houpy in Craven, while hiipp-peerdken in Holstein is a hobby horse or
child's wooden horse. Thus we are led to the Fr. hobin, e. hobby, a little am-
bling horse, g. hoppe, a mare, Esthonian hoibo, hobben, a horse.
In the face of so many examples it is in vain for Miiller to speak of onomato-
pceia as an exceptional principle giving rise to a few insignificant names, but ex-
ercising no appreciable influence in the formation of real language. '
The ono-
matopoeic theory goes very smoothly as long as it deals with cackling hens and
quacking ducks, but round that poultry-yard there is a dead wall, and we soon
find thatit is behind that wall that language really begins.' 2nd Series, p. 91. —
'There are of course some names, such as cuckoo, which are clearly formed by an
imitation of sound. But words of this kind are, like artificial flowers, without a
root. They are 'sterile and unfit to express anything beyond the one object which
. they imitate.' ' As the word cuckoo predicates nothing but
tlie sound of a par-

ticular bird, it could never be applied for expressing any general quality in which
other animals might share, and the only derivations to which it might give rise
are words expressive of a metaphorical likeness with the bird.' — ist Series, p. ^6<,.
The author has been run away witla by his own metaphorical language. An
onomatopoeia can only be said to have no root because it is itself a livino- root, as
well adapted to send forth a train of derivations as if itwas an offshoot from
some anterior stock. If a certain character is strongly marked in an animal, the
name of the animal is equally likely to be used in the metaphorical designation
of the character in question, whether was taken from the cry of the animal or
it

from some other peculiarity. The ground of


the metaphor lies in tlie nature of
the animal, and can in no degree be affected by the principle on which the name of
the species is formed. Thus the comparison with artificial flowers becomes a
transparent fallacy which the author ought at once to have erased, when he found
himself in the same page indicating derivatives like cuckold, coquette,
cockade,
coquelicot, as springing from his types of a lifeless stock. If onomatopoeias can
IMITATIONS OFTEN UNLIKE EACH OTHER. xxiii

be used in giving names to things that bear a metaphorical likeness to the ori-
ginal object,what is there to limit their efficiency in the formation of language?
And how can the indication of such derivatives as the foregoing, be reconciled

with the assertion that there is a sharp line of demarcation between the region of
onomatopoeia and the '
real ' commencement of language ? The important ques-

tion is not what number of words can be traced to an imitative source, but

whether there is any difference in kind between them and other words.
The no degree be impugned by bringing forwards
imitative principle will in

any number of names which cannot be shown to have sprung from direct imita-
tion, for no rational onomatopoeist ever supposed that all names were formed on
that principle. It is only at the very beginning of language that the name would

necessarily be taken from representations of sounds connected with the animal.


As soon as a little command of language was attained, a more obvious means of
designation would frequently be found in something connected with the appear-
ance or habits of the animal, and it is a self-evident fact that many of the animals
with which we are familiar are named on this principle. The redbreast, white-
throat, redpole, lapwing, wagtail, goatsucker, woodpecker, swift, diver, creeper,
speak for themselves, and a little research enables us to explain the name in in-

numerable other cases on a similar plan. Nor will there be any presumption
against an imitative origin even in cases where the meaning of the name remains
wholly unknown. When once the name is fully conventionalised all conscious-

ness of resemblance with sound is easily lost, and it will depend upon accident
whether extrinsic evidence of such a connection is preserved. There is nothing
in the e. name of the turtle or turtle-dove to put us in mind of the cooing of the
animal, and if all knowledge of the Lat. turtur and its derivatives had been lost,

there would have been no grounds for suspicion of the imitative origin of the
word. It is not unlikely that the on. hross, e. horse, may have sprung from a
form corresponding to Sanscr. hresh, to neigh, but as we are ignorant of any
Indian name corresponding
to horse, or any Western equivalent of the Sanscr.
hresh, would be rash to regard the connection of the two as more than a pos-
it

sibility. Even in case of designations appropriated to the cries of particular


animals or certain kinds of sound, it is commonly more from the consciousness of
a natural tendency to represent sound in this manner, and indeed from the con-
viction that it is the only possible way of doing so, that we regard the words as
intentionally imitative, than from discerning in them any intrinsic resemblance
to the sounds represented. The neighing of a horse is signified by words strik-
ingly unlike even in closely related tongues ; Fr. hennir. It. nitrire, Sp. rinchar,
relinchar, Sw. wrena, wrenska, g. frenschen, wiehern, Du. runniken, ginniken,
Irieschen, Sanscr. hresh, Bohem. fehtati, Lettish sweegt. Yet we cannot doubt
that they all take their rise in vocal imitations of the sound of neighing or whin-
nying.
With the designations of animal cries may be classed those of various inar-
ticulate noises of our own, as sigh, sol, moan, groan, cough, laugh (originally pro-
nounced with a guttural), titter, giggle, hickup (Sanscr. hikkd, Pl.D. hukkup.
xxiv IMITATIONS OF SOUND.
snukkup), snore, snort, wheeze, shriek, scream, the imitative nature of which will
be generally admitted.
The sound of a sneeze is peculiarly open to imitation. It is represented in e.
by the forms a-kishoo ! or a-atcha I of which the first is nearly identical with the
Sanscr. root kshu, or the w. tisio (tisho), to sneeze. From the other mode of
representing the sound a child of my acquaintance gave to his sister the name of
Atchoo, on account of her sneezing ; and among American tribes it gives rise to
several striking onomatopoeias cited by Tylor ; haitshu, atchini, atchian,
aritischane, &c.
It is certain that where in the infancy of Speech the need was felt of bringing
a sound of any kind to the thoughts of another, an attempt would be made to
imitate it by the voice. And even at the present day it is extremely common to
give life to a narration by the introductionof intentionally imitative words, whose
only office it is to bring before the mind of the hearer certain sounds which
accompany the action described, and bring it home to the imagination with the
nearest approach to actual experience.
'
Bang, bang, bang went the cannon, and the smoke rolled over the
!

trenches.' Hoo, hoo, hoo ping ping, ping came the bullets about their ears.'
' ! !

'Haw, haw, haw roared a soldier from the other side of the valley.' 'And at
!

it both sides went, ding, dong till the guns were too hot to be worked.'
! Read, —
White Lies, 1865.
To fall plump into the water is to fall so suddenly as to make the sound
'plamp.' 'Plump! da fiel he in das wasser.' So imac,^ represents the sound of a
sharp blow, and to cut a thing smack off is to cut it off at a blow. Ding-
dong, for the sound of a large bell, ting-ting, for a small one; tick-tack,
for the beat of a clock ;
pit-a-pat, for the beating of the heart or the
light step of a child ; thwick-thwack, for the sound of blows, are familiar
to every one. The words used in such a manner in German are especially
numerous. Klapp, klatsch, for the sound of a blow. '
He kreeg enen an de
oren : klapp I segde dat ' : he caught it on the ear, clap ! it cried —Brem. Wtb.
A smack on the chops is represented also by pratx, plitsch-platsch. — Sanders.
Puff, pump, lumm, for the sound of a fall; knack, for that of breaking;
knarr, for the creaking of a wheel, fitsche-falsche, for blows with a rod, stripp-
strapp-stroll, for the sound of milking.
When once a syllable is recognised as representing sound of a certain kind it
may be used to signify anything that produces such a sound, or tliat is accom-
panied by it. Few words are more expressive than the e. hang, familiarly used
to represent the sound of a gun and other loud toneless noises. Of a like forma-
tion are Lettish lunga, adrum ; debhes-lungotais (deifies, heaven), the God of
thunder ; Zulu bongo, for the report of a musket (Colenso) ; Australian bung-
bung ween, thunder (Tylor) ; Mei gbengben, a kind of drum. To bang is then to
do anything that makes a noise of the above description, to beat, to throw
violently down, &c. Let. bangas, the dashing of the sea ; Vei gbangba, to ham-
mer, to drive in a nail ; on. banga, to hammer ; Da. banke, to knock, beat, tlirob.
FANCIFUL PRINCIPLES OF SIGNIFICANCE, xxv

The sharp cry of a chicken or a young child is represented by the syllables


pi, pu.

We sail gar chekinnis cheip and gaisliiigis pew. —Lyndsay.


In Austria pi/ pi/ is used as a call to chickens (Tylor). Fr. piou, piou,
peep, peep, the voice of chickens (Cot.) ;
piailler, piauler, e. pule, to cry like

a chick, a whelp, or a young child ; Gr. imrli^u), Lat. pipilo, pipio, Mantuan
far pipi, to cry pi, pi, to cheep like a bird or a young child. It. pipiare,
pipare, to pip like a chicken or pule like a hawk ;
pigolare, pigiolare, to squeak,
pip as a chicken. — Florio. Magyar pip, cry of young birds ;
pipegni, pipelni,
to peep or cheep; pipe, a chicken or gosling; Lat. pipio, a young bird;
It. pippione, pigione, piccione, a (young) pigeon. The syllable representing a

sharp sound is then used to designate a pipe, as the simplest implement for pro-
ducing the sound. Fr. pipe, a fowler's bird call ; G. pfeife, a fife or musical pipe.
At last all reference to sound is lost, and the term is generalised in the sense of any
hollow trunk or cylinder.
In cases such as these, where we have clear imitations of sound to rest on, it is

easy to follow out the secondary applications, but where without such a clue we
take the problem up at the other end and seek to divine the imitative origin of a
word, we must beware of fanciful speculations like those of De Brosses, who finds
a power of expressing fixity and firmness in an initial st; excavation and hollow
in.sc; mobility and fluid in ^, and so forth. It seems to him that the teeth
being the most fixed element of the organ of voice, the dental letter, t, has been un-
consciously (machinalement) employed to designate fixity, as k, the letter proceed-
ing from the hollow of the throat, to designate cavity and hollow. S, which he
calls added to intensify the expression. Here he abandons
the nasal articulation, is

the vera causa of the imitation of sound, and assumes a wholly imaginary principle
of expression. What consciousness has the child, or the uneducated man, of the
part of the mouth by which the different consonants are formed ?

But even the question as to the adaptation of certain articulations to represent


particular sounds will be judged very differently by different ears. To one the
imitative intention of a word will appear while another will be self-evident,
wholly unable to discern in the word any resemblance to the sound which it is
supposed to represent. The writer of a critique on Wilson's Prehistoric Man
can find no adaptation to sound iii the words, laugh, scream, bleat, cry, and
whimper. He asks, 'Whatis there in whimper which is mimetic ? and ii simper

had been used instead, would there have been less onomatopceia ? Is rire like
laugh ? Yet to a Frenchman, doubtless, rire seems the more expressive of the
two.'
In language, as in other subjects of study, the judgment must be educated by a
wide survey of the phenomena, and their relations, and few who are so prepared
will doubt the imitative nature of the word in any of the instances above cited
from Wilson.
Evidence of an imitative origin may be found in various circumstances, not-
;

xxvi EVIDENCES OF IMITATION.


ably in what is called a reduplicate form of the word, where the significant
• syllable is repeated with or without some small variation, either in the vowel or
consonantal sound, as in Lat. murmur (by the side of g. murren, to grumble),
turtur, susurrus (for sur-sur-us) ; tintinno, tintino, along with tinnio, to ring
pipio, to cry pi, pi ; It. rattle, rumble (Fl.)
tontonare, tonare, to thunder,
gorgogHare {to Mod.Gr. yapyapii^to (to make gargar),
vaake gorgor) , to gurgle;
to gargle ; Poppopvi^to, It. ioriogliare (to make borbor), to rattle, rumble, bubble,

along with Du. borrelen, to bubble; Zulu raraza, to fizz like fat in frying;
Hindoo tomtom, a drum W. Indian chack-chack, a rattle made of hard seeds in
;

a tight-blown bladder (Kingsley), to be compared with Sc. chack, to clack, to


make a clinking noise, or with Manchu kiakseme {seme, sound), sound of dry
wood breaking.
If laugh were written as it is pronounced, laqfF, there would be nothing in

the word itself to put us in mind of the thing signified. The imitation begins
to be
felt in the guttural ack of g. lachen, and is clearly indicated in the redupli-

cateform of the Du. lachachen, to hawhaw or laugh loud, preserved by Kilian.


The same principle of expression is carried still further in the Dayak kakakkaka,
to go on laughing loud ; Manchu kaka-kiki, or kaka-faka. Pacific aka-aka, loud
laughter. Mr Tylor illustrates the Australian wiiti, to laugh, by quoting from
the 'Tournament of Tottenham,'

We te he ! quoth Tyb, and lugh.

In other cases the imitative intention is witnessed by a variation of the vowel


corresponding to changes in the character of the sound represented. Thus crack
signifies a loud hard noise ; cricli, a sharp short one, like the noise of a glass
breaking ; creak, a prolonged sharp sound. Clack expresses such a sound as that
of two hard pieces of wood striking against each other j click, a short sharp
sound, as the click of a latch or a trigger; cluck, a closed or obscure sound.
Hindustani karak is rendered, crash, crack, thunder ; kuruk, the clucking of a
hen ; karkarana, to crackle like oil in boiling ; kirkirdnd, to gnash the teeth j

kurkurSnO., to cluck, to grumble. To craunch implies the exertion of greater


force thanwhen we speak of crunching such a substance as frozen snow or a
biscuit. The change through the three vowels, i, a, u, in German, is very com-
mon. The Bremisch Dictionary describes knaks, kniks, knuks, as representing
the sound made when something breaks; knaks, of a loud strong sound; kniks,
of something fine and thin, like a glass or the chain in a watch knuks, when it ;

gives a dull sound like a joint dislocated or springing back. In the same \^'ay

we have knarren, to creak ; knirren, to grate the teeth ; knurren, to growl,


grumble; garren, girren, gurren, to jar, coo, rumble, &c. Sometimes the ex-
is modified by a change of the consonant instead of the vowel.
pression Thus
in Zulu the sonants b and g are exchanged for the lighter sound of the spirants

p and k in order to strengthen the force of a word. Pefuxela, to pant ; bejii-

zela, to pant violently (Colenso). But perhaps the expressive power of a word
is brought home to us in the most striking manner when the same significa-
SIMILAR FORMS IN REMOTE TONGUES. xxvii

tion is rendered by identical or closely similar forms in widely distant languages.


The noise of pieces of metal striking together, or of bells ringing, is represented
in Manchu by the syllables kiling-kiling, kiling-kalang, to be compared with g.
kl'mg-kling, the tingling sound of a Utde bell (Ludwig) ; Ming-Hang, the sound of
a stringed instrument, the clink of glasses j Lat. clango, e. clank, clink. Manchu
kalar-kilir, for the clinking of keys or tinkling of bells, is identical with g. klirren,

the gingling of glasses, chinking of coin, clash of arms. Manchu tang-tang,


Chinese tsiang-tsiang, for the ringing of bells, correspond to e. ding-dong, and
illustrate the imitative nature of tivgle, jingle, jangle. Manchu <juar-guar, for the
croaking of frogs, agrees with g. quarren, to croak ; Manchu hak for the sound of
coughing or clearing the throat, witli our expression of hawking or of a hacking ,

cough. Manchu pour-pour represents the sound of boihng water, or the bubbling
up of a spring, corresponding in e. to the purling of a brook, or to Du. borrelen,
to bubble up. Manchu kaka, as Fr. caca and Finnish adkkd, are applied to the
excrements of children, while cacd / is used in e. nurseries as an exclamation of
disgust or reprobation, indicating the origin of Gr. KaKog, bad. Manchu tchout-
chou-tchatcha, for the sound of privy whispering, brings us to Fr. chuchoter, for
chut-chiit-er, to say chut, chut, to whisper. The whispering of the wind is repre-
sented in Chinese by the syllables siao-siao (Miiller, I. 368), answering to the
Scotch sough or sooch. The imitative syllable which represents the purling of a
spring of water in thename of the Arabian well Zemzem, expresses the sound of
water beginning to boil in e. simmer. The syllables lil-bil, which represent a
ringing sound in Galla lilbil-goda (to make UlUV), to ring or jingle, and bilhila,
a bell, are applied to the notes of a singing bird or a pipe in Albanian billil, a
nightingale, a boy's whistle, Turk, bulbiil, a nightingale. The sound of champ-
ing with the jaws in eating is imitated by nearly the same syllables in Galla
djamdjamgoda (to make djamdjam), Magyar csamm-ogni, csam-csogni,and e. champ.
The Turcoman Newman), has its analogues in
halaidlac'h, uproar, disturbance (F.
E. hullabaloo and Sanscr. hala-hald-faMa (falda, sound), shout, tumult, noise.
The E. pitapat may be compared with Australian pitapitata, to knock, to pelt as
rain, Mantchu patapata, Hindustani bhadbhad for the sound of fruits pattering
down from trees, Fr. patatras for the clash of falling things, Maori pata, drops of
rain (Tylor, Prim. Calt. i. 192). Tiie Galla gigiteka, to giggle, is based on the
same imitation as the e. word, and the same may be said of Zulu kala, cry, wail,
sing as a bird, sound,compared with Gr. koXiw, and e. call; as of Tamil muro-
muro and murmur. The Australian represents the thud of a spear ora bullet strik-
e.

ing the object by the syllable toop, corresponding to which we have Galla tub-
djeda (to say tub), for a box on the ear ; Sanscr. tup, tubh, and Gr. rvir (in tvittio,
tTviror), to strike. The same kind of sound by a nasal intonation
imitation of the
gives the name of the Indian tomtom, and Gr. rifiirayov, a drum ; Galla tuma, to
beat, fumtu, a workman, especially one who beats, a smith. The Chinook jar-
gon uses the same imitative syllable in tumtum,* the heart; tumwata, awater-
* ' Mme P. bent her head, and her heart went thump, thump, at an accelerated note.'
Member for Paris, 1871.
;

xxviii ADMITTED IMITATIONS.


fallj and it is also found w. tymmesll, disturbance, in e. thump,
in Lat. tum-ultus,

AS. tumbian (to beat the ground), to dance, and Fr. tomber, to fall.
The list of such agreements might be lengthened to any extent. But although
the resemblance of synonymous words in unrelated languages affords a strong pre-
sumption in favour of an imitative origin, it must not be supposed that the most
striking dissimilarity is any argument vi^hatever to the contrary. The beating of
a drum is represented in e. by rubadub, answering to g. brumberum, Fr. rataplan
or rantanplan. It. tarapatan, parapatapan. We represent the sound of knocking
at a door by rat-tat-tat-tat, forwhich the Germans have poch-poch or puk-puk
(Sanders). We use bang, the Germans puff, and the French pouf, for the
report of a gun. Mr
Tylor indeed denies that the syllable puff here imitates the
actual sound or bang of the gun, but he has perhaps overlooked the constant
tendency of language to signify the sound of a sudden puff of wind and of the
collision of solid bodies by the same syllables. The It. buffetto signifies as well a
buffet or cuff, as a puff with the mouth or a pair of bellows. So in Fr. we have
souffler, to blow, and box on the ear or a pair of bellows, while e.
soufflet, a

blow is wind as to a stroke with a solid body.


applied as well to the force of the
The use of g. puff, to represent the sound of a blow or of an explosion is uni-
versally recognised by the dictionaries. ' Der puff, the sound of a blow or shock
bang, blow, thump.' — Nohden.
No
doubt the comparison of vocal utterances with natural sounds is slippery
}
ground, and too many cases may be adduced where an imitative origin has been
/ maintained on such fanciful grounds as to throw ridicule on the general theory,
or has been claimed for words which can historically be traced to antecedent ele-
ments. Nevertheless, it is easy in every language to make out numerous lists of
words to the imitative character of which there will in nine cases out of ten be
an all but universal agreement. Such are bump, thump, plump, thwack, whack,
smack, crack, clack, clap, flap, flop, pop, snap, rap, tap, 'pat, clash, crash, smash,
swash, splash, slash, lash, dash, craunch, crunch, douse, souse, whizz, fizz, hiss,

whirr, hum, boom, whine, din, ring, bang, twang, clang, clank, clink, chink,
jingle, tingle, tinkle, creak, squeak, squeal, squall, rattle, clatter, chatter, patter,
mutter, murmur, gargle, gurgle, guggle, sputter, splutter, paddle, dabble, bubble,
blubber, rumble.
Notwithstanding the evidence of forms like these, the derivation of words
from direct imitation, without the intervention of orthodox roots, is revolting to
the feelings of Professor Miiller, who denounces the lawlessness of doctrines that
• would undo all the work that has been doneby Bopp, Humboldt, and Grimm,
and others during the last fifty years — and throw etymology back into a state of
chronic anarchy.' 'If it is once admitted that all words must be traced back to
definite roots, according to the strictest phonetic rules, it matters little whether
those roots are called phonetic types, more or less preserved in the innumerable
impressions taken from them, or v^hether we call them onomatopoeic and inter-
jectional. As long we
have definite forms between ourselves and chaos, we
as

may build our science like an arch of a bridge, that rests on the firm piles fixed
INTERJECTIONS OF FEELING. xxix

in the rushing waters. If, on the contrary, the roots of language are mere ab-
stractions, and there is nothing to separate language from cries and interjections,

then we may play with language as children play with the sands of the sea, but
we must not complain if every fresh tide wipes out the little castles we had built
on the beach.' —2nd Series, p. 94.

If Grimm and Bopp had established an immovable barrier between us and


chaos, might save some trouble of thought, but the name of no master of the
it

Art will now guarantee the sohdity of the ground on which we build ; we must
take it at our own risk though Aristotle himself had said it. The work of every
man has to stand the brunt of water and of fire, and if wood, hay, or stubble is

found in the building of Grimm or Bopp, or of any meaner name, it is well that
it be burnt up.
We come now to the personal interjections, exclamations intended to make
known affections of the mind, by imitation of the sounds naturally uttered under
the influence of the affection indicated by the interjection. Thus ah!, the inteij.
of grief, is an imitation of a sigh ; ugh .', the interj. of horror, of an utterance at
the moment of shuddering.
At the first beginning of life, every little pain, or any unsatisfied want, in the
infant, are made known by an instinctive cry. But the infant speedily finds that
his cry brings his mother to his side, that he has only to raise his voice in order
to get taken up and soothed or fed. He now cries no longer on the simple im-
pulsion of instinct, but with inteUigence of the consolation which follows, and
it is practically found that the child of the unoccupied mother, who has time to
attend to every want of her nurseling, cries more than that of the hard-
little

working woman whose needs compel her to leave her children a good deal to
themselves. In the former case the infant gives expression in the natural way to
aU his wants and feelings of discomfort, and wilfuUy enforces the utterance as a
call for the consolation he desires. But when the infant petulantly cries as a

call for his mother, he makes no nearer approach to speech than the dog or the
cat which comes whining to its master to get the door opened for it. The pur-
pose of the cry, in the case of the animal or of the infant, is simply to call the
attention of the mother or the master, without a thought of symbolising to them,
by the nature of the cry, the kind of action that is desired of them. It is not
until the child becomes dimly conscious of the thoughts of his mother, and cries
for the purpose of making her suppose that he is in pain, that he has taken the
first step in rational speech. The utterance of a cry with such a purpose may
be taken as the earliest type of interjectional expression, the principle of which is

clearly enounced by Lieber in his account of Laura Bridgman, formerly cited.


' Crying, wringing the hands, and uttering plaintive sounds, are the sponta-
neous symphenomena of despair. He in whom they appear does not intention-
ally produce them. He
however who beholds them, knows them, because they
are spontaneous, and because he is endowed with the same nature and organisa-
tion ; and thus they become signs of despair. Henceforth rational beings may
intentionally produce them when they desire to convey the idea of despair.'
XXX PRINCIPLE or INTERJECTIONS.
The principle which gives rise to interjections is precisely the same as that

which has been so largely illustrated in the naming of animals. If I wish to


make a person of an unknown language think of a cow, I imitate the lowing of
the animal ;, and in the same way when I wish him to know that I am in pain, or
to think of me as suffering pain, I imitate the cry which is the natural expression
of suffering. And as the utterance used in the designation of animals speedily
passes from the imitative to the conventional stage, so it is with the interjec-
tions used to express varieties of human passion, which are frequently so toned
down in assuming an articulate form as to make us wholly lose sight of the in-
stinctive action which they represent, and from whence they draw their signifi-

cance.
The nature of interjections has been greatly misunderstood by MUUer, who
treats them as spontaneous utterances, and accordingly misses their importance
in illustrating the origin of language. He says, '
Two theories have been started
to solve the problem [of the ultimate nature of roots], which for shortness' sake
I shall call the Bowwow theory and the Poohpooh theory. According to the
first, roots are imitations of sounds j according to the second, they are involuntary
interjections.' — ist Series, p. 344. And again, ' There are no doubt in every
language interjections, and some of them may become traditional, and enter into
the composition of words. But these interjections are only the outskirts of real
language. Language begins where interjections end. There is as much differ-
ence between a real word such as to laugh, and the interjection ha ha as there ! !

isbetween the involuntary act and noise of sneezing and the verb to sneeze.' 'As
in the case of onomatopoeia, it cannot be denied that with interjections too some
kind of language might have been formed ; but not a language like that which
we find in numerous varieties among all the races of men. One short interjec-
tion may be more powerful, more to the point, more eloquent than a long speech.
In fact, interjections, together with gestures^ the movements of the muscles, of

the mouth, and the eye, would be quite sufficient for all purposes which language
answers with the majority of mankind. Yet we must not forget that hum!
ugh ! pooh are as little to be called words as the expressive gestures which
tut ! !

usually accompany these exclamations.' p. ^6g 371. —


And to the same effect—
he cites from Home Tooke. ' The dominion of speech is founded on the down-
fall of interjections. Without the artful intervention of language mankind would
have had nothing but interjections with which to communicate orally any of their
feelings. The
neighing of a horse, the lowing of a cow, the barking of a dog
the purring of a cat, sneezing, coughing, groaning, shrieking, and every other in-
voluntary convulsion with oral sound, have almost as good a title to be called

parts of speech as interjections have.


Voluntary interjections are only employed
where the suddenness and vehemence of some affection or passion return men to
their natural state and make tliem forget the use of speech, or when fi-om some
circumstance the shortness of time will not permit them to exercise it.' Diver-
sions of Purley, p. 32. 'When the words of Tooke are cited in opposition to the
claims of interjections to be considered as parts of speech, it should be remem-
PRINCIPLE OF INTERJECTIONS. xxxi

bered, that to say that the cries of beasts have almost 'as good a title to the name
of language as interjections, is practically to recognise that some additional &nc-
tion is performed by and the difference thus hazily recognised by
interjections,

Tooke is, in truth, the fundamental distinction between instinctive utterance and
rational speech.
The essence of rational speech lies in the intention of the speaker to impress
something beyond the mere sound of the utterance on the mind of the hearer.
And it is precisely this vchich distinguishes interjections from instinctive cries. It
isnot speaking when a groan of agony is wrung from me, but when I imitate a
groan by the inteijection ah 1 for the purpose of obtaining the sympathy of my
hearer, then speech begins. So, when I arp humming and hawing, I am not
speaking, but when I cry hm ! am at a loss what to say, it is not
to signify that I

the less language because my


meaning is expressed by a single syllable. It is
purely accident that the syllables haha, by which we interjectionally represent the
sound of laughter, have not been retained in the sense of laugh in the grammatic-
al part of our language, as is actually the case in some of the North American

dialects, for example, in the name of Longfellow's heroine Minnehaha, explained

as signifying the laughing water. The same imitation may be clearly discerned
in Magy. hahota, loud laughter, in Fin. hahottaa, hohottaa, and somewhat veiled
in Arab, kahkahah, Gr. Koxafw, Kayxa^u), Lat. cachinno, to hawhaw or laugh
loud and unrestrainedly.
Miiller admits that some of our words sprang from imitation of the cries of
animals and other natural sounds, and others from interjections, and thus, he says,
some kind of language might have been formed, which would be quite sufficient
for all the purposes which language serves with the majority of men, yet not a
language like that actually spoken among men. But he does not explain in what
fondamental character a language so formed would differ from our own, nor can
he pretend to say that the words which originate in interjections are to be dis-
tinguished from others.
To admit the mechanism as adequate for the production of language, and yet
to protest that it could not have given rise to such languages as our own, because
comparatively few of the words of our languages have been accounted for on this
principle, is to act as many of us may remember to have done when Scrope and
Lyell began to explain the modern doctrines of Geology. We could not deny
the reality of the agencies, which those authors pointed out as in constant opera-
tion at the present day on the frame-work of the earth, demolishing here, and
there re-arranging, over areas more or less limited ; but we laughed at the suppo-
sition that these were the agencies by which the entire crust of the earth was
actually moulded into its present form. Yet these prejudices gradually gave way
under patient illustrations of the doctrine, and it came to be seen by every one that
if the powers indicated by Lyell and his fellow-workers could have produced the
effects attributed to them, by continued operation through unlimited periods of
time, it would be unreasonable to seek for the cause of tlie phenomena in
miracle or in convulsions of a kind of which we have no experience in the history
xxxii LANGUAGE OF GESTURE.
of the world. And so in the case of language, when once a rational origin of

words has been established on the principle of imitation, the critical question
should be, whether the words explained on this principle are a fair specimen of
the entire stock, whether there is any cognisable difference between them and
the rest of language ; and not, what is tlie numerical proportion of the two
classes, whether the number of words traced to an imitative origin embraces a
fiftieth or a fifth of the roots of language.
There can be no better key to the condition of mihd in which the use of
speech would first have begun, than the language of gesture in use among the
deaf-and-dumb, which has been carefully studied by Mr Tylor, and admirably de-
scribed in his ' Early History of Mankind.' ' The Gesture-language and Picture-
writing,' he says, ' insignificaat as they are in practice in comparison with speech
and phonetic writing, have this great claim to consideration, that we can really
understand them as thoroughly as perhaps we can understand anything, and by
them we can realise to ourselves in some measure a condition of the
studying
human mind which underlies anything which has as yet been traced in even the
lowest dialect of language, if taken as a whole. Though, with the exception of
words which are evidently imitative, like peewit and cuckoo, we cannot at present
tell by what steps man came to express himself by words, we can at least see how
he still does come to express himself by signs and pictures, and so get some idea
of the nature of this great movement, which no lower animal is known to have
made or shown the least sign of making.' 'The Gesture-language is in great
part a system of representing objects and ideas by a rude outline-gesture, imitat-
ing their most striking features. said by a deaf-and-dumb
It is, as has been well
man, a Picture-language. Here at once its essential difiference from speech be-
comes evident. Why the words stand and go mean what they do is a question to
which we cannot as yet give the shadow of an answer, and if we had been taught
to say stand where we now say go, and go where we now say stand, it would be
practically all the same to us. No doubt there was a sufficient reason for these
words receiving the meanings they now bear, but so far as we are concerned there
might as well have been none, for we have quite lost sight of the coimection be-
tween the word and idea. But in the Gesture-language the relation between idea
and sign not only always exists, but is scarcely lost sight of for a moment. "When
a deaf-and-dumb child holds his two first fingers forked like a pair of legs, and
makes them stand and walk upon the table, we want no teaching to tell us what
this means nor why it is done. The mother-tongue (so to speak) of the deaf-and-
dumb is the language of signs. The evidence of the best observers tends to prove
that they are capable of developing the Gesture-language out of their own minds
without the aid of speaking men. The educated deaf-mutes can tell us from
own experience how Gesture-signs originate.
their
The following account is given by Kruse, a deaf-mute himself, and a well-
known teacher of deaf-mutes, and author of several works of no small abiUty :

'Thus the deaf-and-dumb must have a language without which no thought can be
brought to pass. But here nature soon conies to his help. What strikes him
GESTURE SIGNS. xxxiii

most, or what makes a distinction to him between one thing and another, such
distinctive signs of objects are at once signs by which he knows these objects, and
knows them again j they become tokens of things. And whilst he silently
elaborates the signs he has found for single objects, that is, whilst he describes
their forms for himself in the air, or imitates them in thought with hands,
fingers, and gestures, he developes for himself suitable signs to represent ideas,
which serve him as a means of fixing ideas of different kinds in his mind, and
recalling them to his memory. And thus he makes himself a language, the so-
called Gesture-language, and with these few scanty and imperfect signs a way for
thought is already broken, and with his thought, as it now opens out, the lan-
guage cultivates itself, and forms further and further.'

Mr Tylor proceeds to describe some of the signs used in the Deaf-and-Dumb


Institution at Berlin :

To express the pronouns I, thou, he, I push my fore-finger against the pit
'

of my stomach for /, push it towards the person addressed for thou, point with
my thumb over my right shoulder for he. When I hold my right hand flat
with the palm down at the level of my waist, and raise it towards the level of
my shoulder, that signifies great ; but if I depress it instead, it means little. The
sign for man is taking off the hat ; for child, the right elbow is dandled upon the
left hand. The adverb hither and the verb to come have the same sign, beckon-
ing with the finger towards oneself. To hold the first two fingers apart, like a
letter V, and dart the finger tips out from the eyes is to see. To touch the ear
and tongue with the forefinger is to hear, and to taste. To speak is to move
the lips as in speaking, and to move the lips thus while pointing with the fore-
finger out from the mouthto name, as though one should define it to
is name, or
point out ly speaking. To
up a pinch of flesh from the back of one's hand
pull
is flesh or meat. Make the steam curling up from it with the forefinger, and it
becomes roast meat. Make a bird's bill with two fingers in front of one's lips
and flap with the arms, and that means goose j put the first sign and these to-
gether, and we have roast goose. To seize the most striking outline of an object,
the principal movement of an action, is the whole secret, and this is what the
rudest savage can do untaught, nay, what is more, can do better and more easily
than the educated man.'
In the Institutions, signs are taught for many abstract terms, such as when or
yet, or the verb to be, but these, it seems, are essentially foreign to the nature of
the Gesture-language, and are never used by the children among themselves.
The Gesture-language has no grammar, properly so called. The same sign stands
for the agent, his action, and the act itself, for walk, walkest, walked, walker, the
particular sense in which the sign is to be understood having to be gathered
from the circumstances of the case. ' A look of inquiry converts an assertion
into a question, and make the difference between The master is
fully serves to
come, and Is the master come ? The interrogative pronouns who ? what ? are
made by looking or pointing about in an inquiring manner in fact, by a num- j

ber of unsuccessful attempts to say, he, that. The deaf-and-dumb child's way of
xxxiv VOCAL SIGNS ANTERIOR TO GRAMMAR.
asking, Who has beaten you ? would be. You beaten ; who was it
?
' Where
the inquiryof a more general nature, a number of alternatives are suggested.
is

'The deaf-and-dumb child does not ask. What did you have for dinner yester-
day ? but. Did you have soup ? did you have porridge ? and so forth. —What is

expressed by a genitive case or a corresponding preposition may have a distinct


sign of holding in the Gesture-language. The three signs to express the gar-
dener's knife, might be the and the action of grasping the
knife, the garden,
knife, putting it into his pocket, or something of the kind. But the mere
putting together of the possessor and possessed may answer the purpose.'
The vocal signs used at the first commencement of speech would differ from
the gestures which they supplemented or replaced only in being addressed to the
ear instead of the eye. Each separate utterance would be designed to lead the
hearer to the thought of some scene of existence or sensible image associated with
the sound which the utterance is intended to represent, and it might be used to
signify a substantive object, or a quality, or action, according to the circumstances
of the case. . The deaf-mute touches his lip to signify either the lip itself or the
colour red, and the word lip might equally have been used in both these senses,

as, in fact, the term pink is applied indifferently to a particular flower and a mix-
ture of white and red, or orange to a certain fruit and its peculiar colour. An
imitation of the sound -of champing with the jaws might with equal propriety
signify either something to eat or the act of eating, and on this principle we have
above explained the origin of words like mum or nim, which may occasionally be
heard in our nurseries expressing indifferently the senses of eat or offood. Nor is

this comprehensiveness of signification confined to the self-developed language of


children. In ordinary English the same word may often be used in such a con-
struction as to make it either verb or noun, substantive or adjective, or sometimes
interjection or adverb also. When I speak of going to hunt or to Jish, gram-
marians would call the word a verb. When I speak of joining the hunt or catching
zjish, it is a substantive. In the expression of a hunt-ball or Jish-dinner the prior
element is used to qualify the meaning of the following noun, and thus performs
the part of an adjective. The syllable bang represents a loud dull sound, and when
it is uttered simply for the purpose of giving rise to the thought of such a sound,
as when I say. Bang ! went the gun, it is called an interjection. But when it is

meant to indicate the action of a certain person, as when I say. Do not bang the
door, it is a verb. When it expresses the subject or the object of action, as in die
sentence. He gave tlie door a bang, it is a noun. When I say. He ran bang up
against the wall, bang qualifies the meaning of the verb ran, and so is an adverb.
But these grammatical distinctions depend entirely upon the use, in other instances
or in other languages, of appropriate modifications of the significant syllable,
whether by additions or otherwise, in expressing such relations as those indicated
above. The office of all words at the beginning of speech, like that of the Inter-
jections at the present day, would be simply to bring to mind a certain object of
thought, and it would make no difference in the nature of the word whether that

object was an agent, or an act, or a passive scene of existence. The same word
NATURE OF INTERJECTIONS. xxxv

moo would serve to designate the lowing of the cow or the cow itself. It is only
when a word, signifying an attribute of this person or of that, coalesces with the
personal pronouns, or with elements expressing relations of time, that the verb
will begin to emerge as a separate kind of word from the rest of speech. In the
same way the coalescence with elements indicating that the thing signified is the
subject or the object of action, or expressing the direction of motion to or from
the thing, or some relation between it and another object, will give rise to the
class of nouns. We have in Chinese an example of a language in which neither
verb nor noun has yet been developed, but every syllable presents an independent
image to the mind, the relations of which are ouly marked by the construction of
the sentence, so that the same word may signify under different circumstances
what would be expressed by a verb, a noun, or an adjective in an inflectional
language. The syllable ta conveys the idea of something great, and may be used
in the sense of great, greatness, and to be great. Thus tafu signifies a great man;

Jii ta, the man is great.^ — Miiller I. 255. The sense of in a place is expressed in
Chinese by adding such words as cung, middle, or nei, inside, as kuo cung, in the
empire. The is indicated by the syllable y, which is an old
instrumental relation
word meaning use y ting (use stick), with a stick. It is universally supposed
; as

that the case-endings of nouns in Greek, Latin, and Sanscrit have arisen from the
coalescence of some such elements as the above, as in the case of our own com-
pounds, whereto, whereof, wherefore, wherehy, wherewith, the subsidiary element
being slurred over in pronunciation, and gradually worn' down until all clue to its

original form and signification has been wholly lost. It is otherwise with the
personal inflections of the verbs, whose descent from the personal pronouns is in
many cases clear enough.
Interjections are of the same simple significance as the words in Chinese, or
as all words must have been at the first commencement of speech. Their mean-
ing is complete in itself, not implying a relation to any other conception. The
purpose of the interjection simply to present a certain object to the imagina-
is

tion of the hearer, leaving him to connect it with the ideas suggested by any
preceding or following words, as if successive scenes of visible representation were
brought before his eyes. The term is chiefly applied to exclamations intended
to express a variety of mental or bodily affections, pain, grie^ horror, contempt,
wonder, &c., by imitating some audible accompaniment of the affection in ques-
tion. Thus the notion of pain or grief is conveyed by an imitation of a sigh or
a groan ; the idea of dislike and rejection by an imitation of the sound of spit-
ting. The interjection will be completely accounted for in an etymological
point of view, when it is traced to a recognised symphenomenon (as Lieber calls
it) of the affection, that is, to some outward display of the affection, that admits
of audible representation. Why the affection should display itself in such a
manner is a question beyond the bounds of etymological inquiry, but is often
self-evident, as in the case of spitting as a sign of dislike.

The interjections which occupy the most prominent place in the class are
perhaps those which represent a cry of pain, a groan, a sigh of oppression and
;;

xxxvi DEVELOPMENT OF VERBS AND NOUNS.


grief. Such are g. ach, Gael, ach, och, ochan, w. och, e. ah, oh, It. ai, ahi, ohi,

Gr. o'i, &, Lat. ah, oh, oi, hei, Illyr. jao, jaoh. A widespread form, representing
probably a deeper groan, is seen in Gr. oval, Lat. vce. It. guai, w. gwae, Illyr.

vaj, Goth, wai, ohg. ui, w^wa, as. wd, wAwa, e. woe, on. j;ez.

The representation of a sigh or groan by the syllable ah ah assumes the ! !

shape of a substantive or a verb in w. och, ochan, g. ach, a groan or lamentation


vir. ocAJ, ochain, 6. achen, dchzen, to groan, Gr. axofiai, to bewail oneself, ctica-

X'fw (to cry ach ! ach !) dx£<Jj "-X^^hh '° grieve, to rriourn. It passes on to

signify the cause of the groaning in as. ace, cece, e. ache, pain, suffering, and in

Gr. a-xoe, pain, grief. The form corresponding to Lat. vce, however, has more
generally been used in the construction of words signifying pain, grief, misery.
6. weh, pain, grief] affliction; die wehen, the pangs of childbirth; kopfweh,
zahnweh, headache, toothache wehen (Schmeller), to ache, to hurt Let. wai-
; ;

idt, to injure; Illyrian vaj, w. gwae; It. guajo, misfortune, woe.

It Is very common in an early stage of speech to form verbs by the addition

of elements signifying ^02/ or make to an imitative syllable. Thus in the lan-


guage of the Gallas the sound of a crack is represented by the syllables cacaA
(where c stands for a click with the tongue) the chirping of birds by the syllable
;

tirr or trrr; champing of the jaws by djamdjam ; and cacak djeda (to say
the
cacak) is to crack; tirr-djeda, to chirp; djamdjam goda (goda, to make), to
smack or make a noise as swine in eating. A similar formation is frequent in
Sanscrit, and is found in g. weh schreien, weh klagen, to crywoe to lament !

wehthun, to do woe, to cause pain, to ache. A more artificial way of express-


ing action is to replace the elements signifying say or make by the sound of an
I, n, or r, in Gr. mostly a %, at the close of the radical syllable. Thus the Latin
has la.-l-are, to cry laa ! the Piedmontese, Jar lau-lau, and more artificially
lau-l-e, to make bow-wow, to bark ; Fr. miau-l-er, to cry miau ! Albanian
miau-l-is, miau-n-is, I mew; Gr. aiai^to, to cry at, al, to lament, oi/iiifoj, to cry
oi[iot, ah me ! yapyapi^a), to sound yapyap, to gargle. In this way from the
root guai, wai, representing a cry of pain, are formed e. wai-l. It. guaj-ire, guaj-

ol-ire, to yell or cry out pitifully, to lament, Bret, gwe-l-a, to weep, n. vei-a, on.
vei-n-a (to cry vei .'), to yell, howl, lament, g. weinen, to weep.
We get a glimpse of the original formation of verbs in the way in which the
interjection sometimes coalesces with the personal pronoun. The utterance of
the interjection alone would naturally express the pain or grief of the speaker
himself, but when joined with the mention of another person, the exclamation
would refer with equal clearness to the suffering of the person designated. Fee
till! Fee victis / Woe unto thee Woe unto them Accordingly, when the
! !

speaker wishes emphatically to indicate himself as tlie sufferer, he adds the pro-
noun of the first person. Hei mihi / Ah me ! Aye me ! Sp. Ay di me I Gr.
o'i^oi. It. ohimi ! oim'el Illyr. vaj me t Let. waiman I woe
me. And so com-
is

plete is the coalescence of the interjection and the pronoun in some of these
cases, as to give rise to the formation of verbs like a simple root. Thus from
oifioi springs otjucifw, to wail, lament ; from oimi, oimare, to wail or cry alas
— ! ;' !

EXPRESSION OF HORROR. xxxvii

(Florio) ; from Let. waiman I waimanas, lamentation, waimandt, to lament,


showing the formation of the oe. waiment, of the same signification. Now if

we examine the purport of the utterance ohimi ! ah me ! we shall see that it is

intended to let the hearer know that the speaker is in pain or grief, and thus has
essentially thesame meaning -with the Or. ayoyiai I bemoan myself, I cry ach
I am in pain. And no one doubts that the fiai of ax"/'"' '^ the pronoun of the
first person joined on to an element signifying lamentation or pain, a notion

which is expressed in the clearest manner by a syllable like ctx or ach, represent-
hig a cry of pain.
The interjection in Italian coalesces also with the pronoun of the second and
third person : ohitu, ! alas for thee, ohisS ! alas for him (Florio), suffering to thee,
to him, corresponding to Gr. dxeaai, ax^rai, although in these last the identity
of the verbal terminations with the personal pronoun is not so clearly marked as
in the case of the first person of the verb.

UGH !

The effects of cold and fear on the human frame closely resertible each other.
They check the action of the heart and depress the vital powers, producing a con-
vulsive shudder, under which the sufferer cowers together with his arms pressed
against his chest, and utters a deep guttural cry, the vocal representation of which
will afford a convenient designation of the attitude, mental or bodily, with which
it is associated. Hence, in the first place, the interjection ugh! (in German uh!
hu ! in French ouf !) expressive of cold or horror, and commonly pronounced
with a conscious imitation of the sound which accompanies a shudder. Then
losing its imitative character the representative syllable appears under the form of
ug or hug, as the root of verbs and adjectives indicating shuddering and horror.
Kilian has huggheren, to shudder or shiver. The oe. ug or houge was used in the
sense of shudder at, feel abhorrence at.

The rattling drum and trumpet's tout


Delight young swankies that are stout
What his kind frighted mother ugs
Is niusick to the sodger's lugs. —Jamieson, Sc. Diet.

In a passage of Hardyng cited by Jamieson it is related how the Abbess of Cold-


inghame, having cut off her own nose and lips for the purpose of striking the
Danish ravishers with horror,
' Counselled al her systers to do the same
To make their foes to houge so with the sight.
And so they did, afore the enemies came
Eche-on their nose and overlip full right
Cut off anon, which was an hougly sight.

Here, as Jamieson observes, the passage clearly points out the origin of the word
ugly as signifying what causes dread or abhorrence, or (carrying the derivation to
its original source) what makes us shudder and cry ugh
Ugh! the odious ugly fellow. — Countess of St Albans.
xxxviii ASTONISHMENT.
It may be observed that we familiarly use frightful, or dreadfully ugly, for the

extreme of ugliness. The radical syllable is compounded with a different termin-

ation in Scotch ugsome, what causes horror.

The uffsomeness and silence of the nycht


In every place my sprete made sore aghast. —Douglas, Virgil.

From the same root are on. ugga, to fear, to have apprehension of j uggr, fright,
apprehension; uggligr, frightful, threatening; uggsamr, timorous. Then as
things of extraordinary size have a tendency to strike us with awe and terror, to

make us houge at them (in the language of Hardyng), the term huge is used to
signify excessive size, a fearful size. The connection of the cry with a certain
bodily attitude comes next into play, and the word hug is applied to the act of
pressing the arms against the breast, which forms a prominent feature in the
shudder of cold or horror, and is done in a voluntary way in a close embrace or

the like.

GR. fia^ai ! LAT. BABjE ! VA.YM \

The manifestation of astonishment or absorption in intent observation, by the


instinctive opening of the mouth, is familiar to every one.

I saw a smith stand with his hammer — thus,


The whilst his iron did on his anvil cool,
With open mouth swallowing a tailor's news.— K. John.
The physical cause of the phenomenon appears to be, that the least exertion
in breathing interferes with the power of catching any very slight sounds for
which we are listening ; and as we breathe with greater ease with the mouth open,
when we are intently engaged in the observation of an object of apprehension or
wonder, listening for every sound that may proceed from it, the mouth instinct-
ively opens in order to calm down the fimction of breathing, and to give the fairest

play to the sense of hearing. Now the exertion of the voice at the moment of
opening the lips produces the syllable ha, which is found as the root of words in
the most distant languages signifying wonder, intently observe, watch, expect,
wait, remain, endure, or (passing from the mental to the bodily phenomenon)
gape or open the mouth, and thence open in general. The repetition of the syl-
wonder in Greek and Latin, jSa/3at babae!
lable ha, ha, gives the interjection of !

papae The exclamation ba ! is used in the North of France in a similar manner,


!

according to Hecart (Diet. Rouchi),-and the same author explains hahaie as one
who stares with open mouth, a gaping hoohy. "Walloon hawi, to gaze with open
mouth (Grandgagnage) ; eshawi. Old English ahaw, Fr. ehahir, ahauhir, to cause
to cry ha ! to set agape, to astonish.

In himself was all his state

More solemn than the tedious pomp which waits


On princes, wlien tlieir rich retinue long
Of horses led and grooms besmeared with gold,
Dazzles the crowd, and sets them all agape. Milton. —
In the remote Zulu we find hahaxa, to astonish. The significant syllable is
;!

ATTENTION, SILENCE. xxxix

strengthened by a final d in several of the Romance dialects (' the d being in an-

cient Latin the regular stopgap of the hiatus.' —Quart. Rev. No. 148), as in It.

ladare, to be intent upon, to watch, to loiter, tarry, stay ; stare a lada, to observe,
to watch, to wait ; sladigliare, Proven9al badalhar, to yawn ; hadar, to open the
mouth, gola hadada, with open mouth ; pouerto ladiero, an open door ; Fr. lader,

toopen (Vocab. de Berri), badault (badaud), a gaping hoyden, a fool (Cot.)


Catalan badia, Portuguese hahia, an opening where the sea runs up into the land,
a bay ; Breton badalein, to yawn ; bada, badaoui, to be stupified, dazzled, aston-
ished. In, France the simpler form of the root, without the addition of the final
d, gives Old Fr. baer, baier, beer, to be intent upon, to hanker after, to gape
bouche beante, a gueule bee, with open mouth ; bailler, to gape or yawn. Abaier
is explained by Lacombe, ' ^couter avec etonnement, bouche beante, inhiare lo-
quenti.' The adoption of Fr. abaier gave rise to e. abeyance, expectation, sus-
pense, and OE. able, to remain, abide, endure.

At sight of her they sudden all arose


In great amaze, ne wist which way to chuse.
But Jove all fearless forced them to abie. —F. Queen.
The same transition from the sense of earnest observation to that of expecta-

tion or mere endurance until a certain end, is seen in Latin attendere, to observe,
to direct the mind to, and Fr. attendre, to expect, to wait ; and again in Italian
guatare, to look, to watch, compared with e. wait, which is radically identical

and was itself originally used in the sense of look.

Beryn clepyd a maryner, and bad hym sty on lofl:,

And wejiie aftir our four shippis aflir us doith dryve.

As the vowel of the root is thinned down from a to j in the series baer, baier,

abaier, aby, or in Gr. (x""^) X""''*^' xaoKw, compared with Lat. Mo, to gape, we
learn to recognise a similar series in It. badare, Gofhic beidan, to look out for, to
expect, await, and E. bide, abide, to wait.

HUSH ! HIST !

A representation of a whispering or rusthng sound by the utterance of a pro-


longed sh or ss, or of different combinations of s with h, p, or t, is widely used for
the purpose ofdemanding silence or cessation of noise, or of warning one to listen.
Hence the interjections of silence, hush 1 hist I whist I pist ! (Hal.), Sc. whish
whisht ! G. ps ! psch 1 pst I husch ! tusch ! Da. tys ! Sw. tyst I Lat. st I It. zitto,
Piedm. cito I ciuto I Fr. chut I Turk, silsd, I Ossetic ss 1 sos 1 silence! Fernandian
sial listen! tush! Yoruba .sfo ! pshaw! (Tylor, Prim. Cult. I. 178.)
The interjection seems in all cases to arise from a representation of a low
whispering sound, but the principle on which it acts as a demand of silence may
be explained in two ways. In the first place it may be understood as an exhort-
ation to lower the voice to a whisper, or more urgently, not to let even a whisper
or a rustle be heard ; but more generally perhaps it is to be understood as an in-
xl LISTENING.

timation to be on the watch for the least whisper that can be heard, for which
purpose it is necessary that the hearer should keep perfectly still. Thus we have
Sc. whish, whush, a rushing or whizzing sound, a whisper. — Jam.
Lat her yelp on, be you as calm's a mouse.
Nor lat your whisht be heard into the house.
The It. %itto is used exactly in the same way ; non fare zitfo, not to make the

least sound ; non sentirse un zitto, not a breath to be heard ; stare zitto, to be

silent. Pissipissi, pst, hsht, still ; also a low whispering ; pissipissare, to psh, to

hsht ; also to buzz or whisper very low. — Fl. To pister or whister are provincially
used in the sense of whisper.— Hal. The w. hust (pronounced hist), a buzzing
noise, hush (Rhys), husting, whisper, speak low, correspond to e. hist ! silence !

listen In the same way answering to g. tusch ! Da. tys I hush the g. has tus-
! !

chen, tuscheln, to whisper j zischen, zischeln, ziischeln, to hiss, whizz, fizz, whisper.
6. husch! represents any slight rustling sound, the sound of moving quickly through
the air. '
Husch / sau^&a v/'n husch / Amch. rusch und durchbusch.' ' Husch t
was rauscht dort in den gebiischen.' In this last example it will be seen that the
interjection may be understood either as a representation of the rustling sound that
is heard in the bushes, or as an intimation to listen to it. The Gr. ai'Ci^, to give

the sound ai, to hiss, signifies also, to cry hush ! to command silence, showing
that the syllable ai, like the Fernandian sia ! was used in the sense of hush.
Hence must be explained Lat. sileo, Goth, silan (formed on the plan of Lat. la-
l-o, to cry haa), to be hushed or silent. In Gr. o-tyaw, to be silent, criya^w, to put
to silence, the root has the form of e. sigh, representing the sound of a deep-drawn
breath, or the whispering of the wind. In like manner the Sc. souch, sugh,
swouch, souf, OE. swough, Magy. sug-, suh-, representing the sound of the wind, or
of heavy breathing, lead to Sc. souch, silent, calm. To keep a calm souch ; to


keep souch, to keep silent. Jam. Hence as. suwian, swugan, swigan, 6. schwei-
gen, to be silent. The syllable representing a whispering sound is sometimes
varied by the introduction of an I after the initial w, f, or h. Thus firom forms
like whisper (g. wispern, wispeln), whister, pister, whist! hist I we pass to as.
wlisp (speaking with a whispering sound), lisping, G.Jiispern,flustem, to whisper,
ON. hlusta, to listen, as. hlyst, gehlyst, the sense of hearing. The primitive mute
then falls away, leaving the initial / alone remaining, as in g. lispeln, to whisper,
also to lisp ; Du. luysteren, to whisper, as well as to listen (Kil.) ; E. list I synon-
ymous with hist ! hark, and thence the verb to listen.

The notion of a suppressed utterance of the voice is very generally conveyed


by modifications of the syllable.ma, representing the sound made with the closing
lips; rmi, mum, mut, muk, mus, to which are often added a rhyming accompani-

ment on the plan of such expressions as hugger-mugger, hubble-bubble, heller-skelter.


^
Thus we have Gr. fivZuv ^irirc ypv^tii', to say neither mu nor gru, not to utter a
syllable J Lat. muttio or mutio, as e. mutter, to say Triut, to utter low indistinct
sounds; non muttire, non. dicere muttum, to keep silence. Equivalent phrases are
Fr. ne sonner mot ; It. non fare ne motto ne totto (Altieri) ; Sp. no decir mus ne
chus, ni rnistar ni chislar ; Du. noch mikhen noch kikken; g. nicht miicken, nicht
SILENCE, CONCEALMENT. xli

mix noch kix sagen; Swiss nichtmutz thun. The form mum may perhaps be from
a repetition of the imitative syllable mu mu, as in Vei mumu, dumb. It is used by
the author of Pierce Plowman in the sense of the least utterance, where, speaking
of the avarice of the monks, he says that you may sooner
mete the mist on Malvern hills
Than get a mum of their mouths ere money be them shewed.
Hence, by ellipse of the negative, mum ! silence ! Fr. Mom ! ne parlez plus
— Palsgr. In the same way the Fr. uses mot, as, ne sonnex mot / not a syllable !

—Trevoux.
With every step of the track leading up to the Lat. mutus, speechless, so clearly
marked out, it is impossible to hesitate between the formation of the word in the
manner indicated above, and the derivation from Sanscr. toz2, to bind, maintained
by Miiller, and from so glaring an example we may take courage not always to
regard the question as conclusively settled by the most confident production of
a Sanscrit root. Fr. uses both mom / and mot ! as an injunction of
As the
mum. or mute when not a muTn or a mut comes from
silence, so a person stands

his mouth. Moreover, the sense of speechlessness is expressed on the same


principle in the most distant tongues. Thus from Magy. kuk, a slight sound,
is formed kukkanni (identical with the Da. kitten in the expression noch mikken

noch kikken), to mutter, and kuka, dumb. jmimu, Mpongwe imamu, The Vei
dumb, are essentially identical with ourwhence mummers, actors in mum, silent,

durabshow. Mr Tylor quotes also Zulu momata, to move the mouth or lips;
Tahitian omumo, to murmur mamu, to be silent Fiji nomonomo, Chilian nom/t,
; ;

to be silent Quiche mem, mute; Quichua amu, silent, dumb.


; Prim. Cult. I. —
185.
The ideas of silence and secresy or concealment are so closely connected, that
from juufo) we readily pass to fivarrjpwv, the secret rites of Greek worship, whence
E. mystery, something hidden from the comprehension. In the same way from
the representative mus (Sp. no decir mus ui chus) we have Lat. musso, to mutter,
to be silent, and thence Fr. musser, to hide ; musse, a private hoard. '
Cil que
musce les furmens, est escoramenge es gens : qui abscondit frumenta maledicetur
in populis.' Cotgrave calls hide-and-seek the game of musse. So also from the
parallel form muk must probably be explained the familiar hugger mugger, applied
to what is done in secret, and mucker, to lay up a (secret) store. Exmoor mug-
gard (muttering), sullen, displeased. — Halliwell. Gr. jxvyfioe, a muttering.

The interj. hem / ahem I hm t hum / represent the sound made in clearing
the throat in order to call the attention of the hearer to the speaker. In Latin it

lias frequently the force of the interj. en ! (which may be merely another mode
of representing the same utterance) when the speaker points to something, or
does something to which he wishes to call attention. Hem! Davum tibi : Here!
(pointing) there is Davus for you. Oves scabrae sunt, tam glabrae, hem, quam
haec est manus : — as smooth, see here ! as this hand. When addressed to a person
xlii THE PRONOUN ME.
going away it has the effect of stopping him or calling him back. Thus Du. hem
is explained by Weiland an eKclamation to make a person stand hem 1 hoor
still:

hier, haWol hark Tylor notices an analogous exclamation Tnma / 'hallo,


there. Mr
stop," in the language of Fernando Po. Then, as the notion of bringing to a stand
naturally leads to that of stopping a person in something that he is
doing, thfc

interj. ham ! is used in Hesse as a prohibition to children.


Ham I ham ! Don't
touch that, leave that alone. Hum 1 Hummel an interj. of prohibition.— Brem.

Wtb. Hence hamm holln, to keep one in check, to restrain. Du sast mi


wbll hamm holln, you shall attend to my hamm ! shall stay where I chuse, do

as I direct (Danneil). The conversion of the interj. into a verb gives Du. hemmen,
hammen, to call back by crying hem I (Weiland), and g. hemmen, to restrain, keep
back, to stop or hinder a proceeding; together with thcE. Aem, to confine. 'They
hem me in on every side.' A
hem* is the doubling down which confines the threads
of a garment and hinders them from ravelling out.

The point of greatest interest about the interj. hem is that it offers a possible,

and as it seems to me a far from improbable, origin of the pronoun me, Gr. emo-,
as shown in the cases ijiov, ifioi, ifii. We have seen that the primary purpose
of the interj. is to call the attention of the hearer to the presence of the person
who utters the exclamation, and this, it must be observed, is precisely the office of

the pronoun me, which signifies the person of the speaker. Ifem is often used

in Latin when the speaker turns his thoughts upon himself. Hem ! misera

occidi ! Ah wretched me ! I am lost. Hem ! scio jam quid vis dicere. Let me
see — I know what you would say. In the line .

Me, Me, adsum qui feci, in me convertite tela,

we might read the passage without alteration of the meaning.

Hem Hem ! ! adsum qui feci.

The use of articulations consisting- mainly of the sound of m or n to signify the


speaker himself, is so widely spread in every family of man, that this mode of

designation must be based on some very obvious principle of significance.


In an interesting paper on the pronouns of the first and second person by Dr
Lottner, in the Philological Trans, of 1859, ^^ shows that in upwards of seventy
Negro languages the pronoun of the first person is ma, me, mi, man, na, ne, nge,

ngi, ni, in, with m and n as personal prefixes. And the word is formed on the same
plan in almost all families of language. In the Finnic family we have Ostiac ma,
Vogul am. Lap. mon ; in Turkish -m as possessive affix, as in laba-m, my father.
Then again Burmese nga, Chinese ngo, Corean nai, Australian ngai, Kassia 7tga,
Kol ing, aing, Tamul nan, Basque ni, Georgian me, and among the languages of
N. and S. America, ni, ne, vo, na, miye, in, ane, aid, &c. The Bushmen of the Cape,

* Mr Tylor cites the derivation of G. hemmen, '


to stop, check, restrain,' from the interj.

hem ! signifying stop ! as an obvious extravagance. Tliere is however so close a connection


in meaning between the interjection and the verb, that it is not easy to understand the grounds
of the censure from the mouth of one who fully admits the legitimacy of derivation from inter-

jections.
THE PRONOUN ME. xliii

whoSe pronoun of the first person is written mm. by Lichtenstein, probably retain
the purest type of the expression, the principle of which appears to be the confine-
ment of the voice within the person of the speaker, by the closure of the lips or
teeth in the utterance of the sounds m, n, ng. It is certain that something of this
kind is felt when we sound the voice through the nose iu an inarticulate way
with closed lips, in order to intimate that we are keeping our thoughts to ourselves,
and are not prepared, or do not choose, to give them forth in speech. The sound

which we utter on such an occasion appears in writing in the shape of the inter].
hm ! and as it marks the absorption of the speaker in his own thoughts, it might
naturally be used to designate himself in the early lispings of language before the
development of the personal pronouns : in other words, it might serve as the basis
of the pronoun me. Nor is the formation of the pronoun on such a plan by any
means a new suggestion.
The Grammarian Nigidius (as quoted by A. Gellius, 1. x. c. 4) asserts that in
pronouncing the pronoun of the first person {ego, mihi, nos), we hem in, as it

were, the breath within ourselves (spiritum quasi intra nosmetipsos coercemus),
and hence he conceives that the word is naturally adapted to the meaning it ex-
presses. He probably felt the truth of the principle in the case of me, and blun-
deringly extended it to ego, in the pronunciation of which there is certainly no
hemming in of the voice. It is of the nasals m, n, ng only that this character

can properly be aflSrmed, and these, as we have seen, seem to be indifferently


employed as the basis of me and its correlatives all over the globe. Plato in the
Cratylus speaks of the letter n as keeping the sound within the speaker, and on
that principle implicitly explains the meaning of the preposition iv, in, which is

the mere articulation of the consonantal sound in question.


The application of an inteij. signifying see here I to the sense of me, would
be strictly parallel to the use of It. n and vi, properly signifying here and there, in
the sense of us and you. Other instances of a like nature are given by W. v.
Humboldt in his essay on the connection between the adverbs of place and the
personal pronouns. Thus in the language of Tonga, mei signifies hither, motion
towards the speaker ; atu, motion from the speaker to the person spoken to, and
these particles are used in construction (like It. d and vi) for me or us and you.
'Bea behe mei he tunga fafine'^wlien spoke hither the several women, i. e.

when several women spoke to me or us. So tdla, to tell ; tdla mei, to tell

hither, to tell me or us ; tdla tu, to tell thither, to tell you. Here we seem to
have the veiy forms of the Lat. pronouns me and fu, for which it is remarkable
that the Tonga has totally different words, au and coy. In Armenian there is a
suffix s, which originally means this or here, but takes the meaning of / and my.
Thus hair-s, this father, I a father, my father. In American slang a man speaks
of himself as this child.

Another consequence of the closing of the mouth in the utterance of the

sound of m or n may explain the use of those articulations in expressing rejec-


tion, refusal, negation. The earliest type of rejection is the closing of the
mouth, and the aversion of the head from the proffered breast, and the inherent
;;

xliv NEGATION. ENJOYMENT.


propriety of the symbolism is obvious. De Brosses observes that the articulations
n and s, both of which he considers as nasal sounds, are naturally adapted to sig-

nify negation or contrariety, giving as examples the words infinity and It. sfor-

tunato. He overlooks the fact, however, that this It. .s is merely the remnant of
a Lat. dis, and gives no other example of the supposed negative power of the
letter. Moreover, the reason he suggests for attributing such a significance to
the nasals is simply absurd. Of the two channels, he says (ch. xiv. § 29), by which
the voice is emitted, the nose is the least used, and it changes the sound of the
vowel, which adapts it for the interjection of doubt, and for the expression of
the privative idea. The expression of negation by means of nasals is exemplified
in Goth, nl, Lat. ne, in (in composition), Gr. ju?;, Masai (E. Africa) emme, erne, m-
Vei ma ; Haussa n, n, representing a sound of which it is impossible to convey a
correct idea by visible signs.- — Schou. Mr Tylor Botocudo yna (making
cites

the loudness of the sound indicate the strength of the negation) ; Tupi aan, aani;

GuatOTwcM; Miranha rzaw j ; Quichua a7/7a, 777a7;i2« {sNhence manamni, to deny);

Quiche ma, man, mana ; Galla hn, kin, km ; Coptic an, emmen, en, mmn
Fernandian 'nt, all signifying not.

ENJOYMENT AND DISGUST.


The most universal and direct source of pleasure in animal life is the appe-
tite for food, and it is accordingly from this source that are taken the types used
in expressing the ideas of gratification or dislike. The savage expresses his ad-
miration and pleasure by smacking his lips or rubbing his belly, as if relishing

food or rejoicing in a hearty meal; he indicates distaste and rejection by signs of


spitting out a nauseous mouthful. Thus Petherick, speaking of a tribe of negroes
on the Upper Nile, says, '
The astonishment and delight of these people at our
display of beads was
and was expressed by laughter and a general rubbing
great,

of their bellies.' Egypt and the Nile, p. 448. And similar evidence is adduced
by Leichardt from the remoter savages in Australia. They very much admired '

our horses and bullocks, and particularly our kangaroo-dog. They expressed
their admiration by a peculiar smacking or clacking with their mouth and lips.'
— Australia, p. ^2^.
The syllable smack, by which we represent the sound made by the lips or

tongue in kissing or tasting, is used in English, Swedish, German, Polish, &c., in

the sense of taste. Du. smaeck, taste ; smaecklic, sweet, palatable, agreeable to
the taste. In the Finnish languages, which do not admit of a double consonant
at the beginning of words, the
loss of the initial 5 gives Esthonian maggo, makko,
ta-ite; maggus, makke. Fin. makia, sweet, well-tasting; maiskia, to smack the
lips ; maisto, taste ; maiskis, a smack, a kiss, also relishing food, delicacies. The
initial .s is lost also in Fris. macke, to kiss. The initial consonant is somewhat
varied without impairing the imitative effect in Bohemian mlaskati, to smack in
eating ; mlaskanina, delicacies ; and in Fin. naskia, g. knatschen, to smack \^'ith
the mouth in eating, showing the origin of Lettish nnschkeht, g. naschen, to be
nice in eating, to love delicacies ; ndscherei, dainties.
ENJOYMENT. DISGUST. xlv

Again, we have seen that Leichardt employs the syllables smack and clack as

equally appropriate to represent the sound made by the tongue and palate in the
enjoyment of tasty food, and in French, claquer de la langue is employed for the

same purpose. We spsak of a click with the tongue, though we do not happen
to apply it to the smack in tasting. The Welsh has gwefusglec (gwefus, lip), a
smack with the lips, a kiss. From this source then we may derive Gr. yXvKvg,
sweet, analogous to Du. smaecklic, Fin. mak'ia, from the imitative smack. The
sound of an initial cl or gl is readily confounded with that of tl or dl, as some
people pronounce glove, dlove, and formerly tlick was used where we now say
click.Thus Cotgrave renders Fr. niquet, a tnicke, tlick, snap with the fingers.
The same combination is found in Boh. tlaskati, to smack in eating, tleskati, to
clap hands ; and Lat. stloppus, parallel with sclopus, a pcip or click with the
mouth. From the sound of a smack represented by the form tlick or dlick I

would explain Lat. delicits, anything one takes pleasure in, delight, darling ; to-
gether with the cognate delicatus, what one smacks one's chops at, dainty, nice,
agreeable, as corruptions of an earlier form, dlicice, dlicatus. And as we have
supposed Gr. yXwKuc (glykys) to be derived from the form click or glick, so from
tlick or dlick would be formed dlykis or dlukis (diucis), and ultimately dulcis,

sweet, the radical identity or rather parallelism of which with yXvKve has been
recognised on the principle of such an inversion. When the sound of an initial
tl or dl became distasteful to Latin ears, it would be slurred over in different
ways, and diucis would pass into dulcis by inverting the places of the liquid and
vowel, while the insertion of an e in dlicice, dlicatus, as in the vulgar umberella
for umbrella, would produce delicice, delicatus. It is true that an intrusive
vowel in such cases as the foregoing is commonly (though not universally) short,
but the long e in these words may have arisen from their being erroneously re-
garded as compounds with the preposition de.

The attitude of dislike and rejection is typified by signs of spitting


out an
unsavoury morsel, as clearly as the feelings of admiration and pleasure by signs
of the relishing of food. Thus Gawaine Douglas expresses his disgust at the way
in which the harmonious lines of Virgil were mangled by incompetent trans-

lators.

His ornate goldin verses mare than gilt,


I sfittefor disspite to
see thame spylte
By sic ane wicht. 5. 44. —
' Would God therefore that we were come to such a detestation and loathing
to
of lying that we would even spattle at it, and cry fy upon it and all that use it.' -

Dent's Pathway in Halliwell. The Swedish j!/)o« signifies spittle, and also derision,
contempt, insult. The traveller Leichardt met with the same mode of expression
among the savages of Australia; 'The men commenced talking to them, but
occasionally interrupted their speeches by spitting and uttering a noise like pooh !
pooh! apparently expressive of their disgust.' — p. 189. It is probable that this
! —

xlvi OFFENCE.

Australian interjection was, in fact, identical with our own pooh 1 and like it, in-

tended to represent the sound of spitting, for which purpose Burton in his African

travels uses the native tooht 'To-o-h! Tuh ! exclaims the Muzunga, spitting

with disgust upon the ground.' —Lake Regions of Africa, a. 346.


The sound of spitting is represented indifferently with an initial p, as in Maori
puhwa, to spit out ; Lat. spuere, to spit ; respuere (to spit back), to reject with dis-
dain ; despuere, to express disgust or disdain ; or with an initial t, as in Sanscr.

t'hiit'M, the sound of spitting ; Pers. thu kerdan, Chinook mamook took, Chilian

tuvcutun (to make tliu, tooJi, tuv), to spitj Arabic tufl, spittle; Galla twu / re-
presenting the sound of spitting ; tufa, to spit ; tufada, to spit, to despise, scorn,
disdain ; with which may bs joined English tuff, to spit Hke a cat. In Greek
iTTVd) the imitation is rendered more vivid by the union of both the initial sounds.

BLURT ! PET ! TROTZ


The feelings of one dwelling on his own merits and angry at the short-
comings of another are marked by a frowning brow, a set jaw, and inflated cheeks,
while the breath is drawn in deep inspirations and sent out in puffs through the
nostril and passive lips. Hence the expressions of breathing vengeance, fuming with
anger, swelling with pride.
Sharp breaths of anger puffed
Her fairy nostrils out. —Tennyson.
The sound qf hard breathing or blowing is represented by the syllables puff, Tiuff,

whiff, whence a huff is a fit of ill-temper ; to huff, to swell with indignation or


pride, to bluster, to storm. — Johnson. The It. luffa is explained in Thomas'
Italian Dictionary 'the despising blast of the mouth which we call shirping.'
Brescian lofa, to breathe hard, to puff, especially with anger. —-Melchiori. Then,
as ill-will vents itself in derision, luffa, leffa, a jest, a trick; heffare, to trick or
cheat ; heffarsi, to laugh at ; luffone, a jester, a buffoon.
"When the puff of anger or disdain is uttered with exaggerated feeling it pro-
duces an explosive sound with the lips, represented by the syllable Hurt, which
was formerly used as an interjection of defiance. ' Bbirt I master constable,' a
fig for the constable. Florio speaks of '
a Hurt with one's mouth in scorn or de-
rision.' To Hurt a thing out is to bring it out with a sudden explosion as if spit-
ting something out of the mouth. A Uirt of greeting in Scotch is a burst of
crying.
A contemptuous whiff or blurt is otherwise represented by the sounds ft, pt,
prt, tt, trt. Thus w. wfft I is explained by Davis, vox abhorrentis et exprobrantis.
Wfft, a scorn or slight, a fie ; wfftio, to cry shame or fie, to push away with dis-

approbation. — Lewis. Sanscr. phut, phut, imitative sound of blowing ; expression


of disregard, indignation, anger.— Benfey. The It. petto, a blurt, petteggiare,
pettacchiare, to blurt with the mouth or lips (Fl.), Fr. pktarade, a noise made with
the mouth in contempt (Sadler), explain the interjections on. putt! Da. pytt ! Sw.
pyt I pshaw ! tut ! nonsense ! Norman pet! pour imposer un silence absolu.
Decorde.
;

OFFENCE. CONTEMPT. xlvii

From the latter form of the mterjection we have e. pet, a fit of ill-humour or
of anger ; to take pet, to take huff, to take oiFence ;
pettish, passionate, ill-hu-
moured. To pet a child is to indulge it in ill-humour, and thence o pet, a darling,
an indulged child or animal. Then as a child gives vent to his ill-humour by
thrusting out his lips and making a snout, or making a lip, as it is called in nursery
language, a hanging lip is called a pet lip in the N. of England. To pout, in De-
vonshire to poutch or poutle, Illyriau pufitise, Mzgyavpittyesxtni (pitty, a blurt
with the mouth), Geuevese faire la potte, signify to show ill-will by thrusting
out the lips. Hence Genevese potlu, pouting, sulky; Magy. piltyasx, having

projecting lips; Genevese pottes, Prov. potz, lips; Languedoc pot, pout, a hp;
poutet, a kiss ;
poutouno, a darling. Again, as in the case of It. hvffa, heffa,

above-mentioned, we pass from the expression of ill-will to the notion of a dis-


agreeable turn in Da. puds, Sw. puts (to be compared with Devon. poutcK\, g.
posse, a trick.

The E. tut I (an exclamation used for checking or rebuking —Webster) seems
to represent an explosion from the tongue instead of the lips, and gives rise to the
provincial tutty, ill-tempered, sullen (Hal.), and probably tut-mouthed, having a
projecting underjaw; on. tota, snout ; Sw. tut, Da. tud, a spout, compared to
the projecting lips of a sulky child.
A more forcible representation of the explosive sound is given by the intro-
duction of an r, as in on. prutta d hesta, to sound with the lips to a horse in
order to make him go on ; Sw. pnista, to snort, to sneeze ; Magy. prussz,
ptriissz, as well as iiissz, triissz, sneeze. The resemblance of a .sneeze to a blurt
of contempt is witnessed by the expression of a thing not to be sneezed at, not to
be scorned. Thus the Magy. forms afford a good illustration of the oe. in-
terjections of scorn. Prut! Ptrot ! Tprot I e. Tut I Fr. Trut! and g. Trotz !

The Manuel des Pecch^s, treating of the sin of Pride, takes as first example
the man
— that is unbuxome all

Ayens his fader spirital,.


And seyth Prut ! for thy cursyng, prest. — I. 3016.

Hence are formed the oe. prute, prout, now written proud, and the Northern
E. prutten, to hold up the head with pride and disdain (Halliwell), which in the
West of E. (with inversion of the liquid and vowel) takes the form of purt, to
pout, to be sulky or sullen, g. protzen, Dvl. pratten, to sulk; protzig, prat,
surly, proud, arrogant. Then, as before, passing from the figure of a contemptu-
ous gesture to a piece of contemptuous treatment we have on. pretta, to play a
trick ;
prettr, a trick. And as from the form pet I putt I was derived Swiss
Romance potte, a lip, so from prut I may be explained ohg. prort, a lip, and
figuratively a margin or border.
The imitation of the explosive sound with an initial tr, as in Magy. trussxen-
ni, to sneeze, gives It. truscare, to blurt or pop with one's lip or mouth (Fl.)
triiscio di lahbra, Fr. true, a blurting or popping with the lips or tongue to en-
xlviii DEFIANCE. DISGUST.

courage a horse ; on. trutta, to make a noise of such a description in driving


animals : vox est instigantis vel agentis equos aut armenta. — Gudmund. Hence
Fr. trut/ (an interj. importing indignation), tush, tut, fy man (Cot.); from
which we pass to Sw. dialect truta, to pout with the lips, make a snout ;
trutas,

to be out of temper; trut, a snout, muzzle, spout. From the same source is the

6. trutz, trolz, tratz, expressing ill-will, scorn, defiance. Trutz nit ! do not sulk.
— Kladderadatsch. Trotz Ueten, bid defiance to ; trotzen, to defy, to be forward
or pout or
obstinate, to be proud sulk, to of; trotzig, haughty, insolent, perverse,
— Griebe. Du.
peevish, sulky. <rofien,7o»-ien, to irritate, insult; Valencian trotar,

to deride, to make a jest of. Sc. dort, pet, sullen humour ; to take the dorts, to

be in a pet ; dorty, pettish, saucy, dainty.


A special application of the exclamation of impatience and displeasure is to

send an inferior packing from one's presence. Thus from true, representing a

blurt with the mouth, is to be explained It. truccare, to send, to trudge or pack
away nimbly (Fl.) ; trucca via ! be off with you. Venetian troxare, to send
away. The exclamation in Gaejic takes the form of truis ! be oiF, said to a dog,
or a person in contempt (Macalpine). In oe. truss I was used in the same
way.
Lyere — was nowher welcome, for his manye tales
Over al yhonted, and yhote, trusse. — Piers PI. Vis. v. 1316.

To hete truss is an exact equivalent of g. trotz bieten. In Modern E. the expres-


sion survives in the shape of trudge.

This tale once told none other speech prevailed,


But pack and trudge .'
all leysare was to long.— Gascoigne.

FAUGH ! FIE !

There is a strong analogy between the senses of taste and smell, as between
sight and hearing. When we are sensible of an odour which pleases us we snuff
up the air through the nostrils, as we eagerly swallow food that is agreeable
to the palate ; and as we spit out a disagreeable morsel, so we reject an offens-
ive odour by stopping the nose and driving out the infected air through the
protruded with a noise of which various representations are exhibited in the
lips,

interjections of disgust. 'PifF! PhewIPhit!' excraims a popular writer, 'they —


have all the significance of those exclamatory whiffs which we propel from our
lips when we are compelled to hold our noses.' Punch, Sept. a, 1863. —
The sound of blowing is imitated all over the world by syllables like u'hew,fu,
pu. The interj. whew/ represents a forcible expiration through the protruded
lips, '
a sound like that of a half-formed whistle, expressing astonishment, scorn, or
dislike' (Webster). NB.whew, expresses the sound made by a body
Sc. quliew,
passing rapidly through the To wTiew, Maori whio, to whistle wldu, a stroke
air. ;

with a whip kowMuwhm, to blow, to winnow.


;

The derivatives from the form pu orfu are extremely numerous, on. pua, g.
pusen, pfausen,pusten, Gr. (pvaau, Vith. pusu, puttu, pusti, Gael, puth (pronounced
puh), Illyr. puhati, Fin. puhhata, piihkia, Hawaii puhi, Maori ptihipiiJii, pupi'iJii,
OFFENSIVE SMELL. xlix

CLmchnaptiJiuni (Tylor), Zulupupuza, Malay puput.topviff or blow. TheSanscrit


put, phut, imitative sound of blowing (Benfey), with may be puphma, the lungs,
compared with Maori pu^a, to pant, and puka-puka, the lungs. Again, we have
lAa^.Juni,*fuvm, Galla lufa, afufa, Qxiichkpula (Tylor), Sc. faff. It. luffare,
E. puff, to blow.
From forms like the foregoing we pass to the interjections expressing disgust
at a bad smell. Sanders in his excellent g. dictionary explains pu/ as an interj.
representing the sound made by blowing through the barely opened lips, and
thence expressing the rejection of anything nasty. '
Ha puh I wie stank der alte
mist.' The sense of disgust at a bad smell is expressed iii manner by Lat.
like
phui I phu I fa ! fi ! Venetian puh ! fi !
(Forcell.), (Patriarchi), Fr. pouak !
fi !
Bret._/bei/_/ec'A / I phew I Russ.ya/ tfal
-b.. faugh ! fah
It is obvious that the utterance of these interjections of disgust has the effect
of announcing, in the most direct manner, the presence of a bad smell, and if the
utterance accompanied by gestures pointing out a particular object it will be
is

equivalent to an assertion that the thing stinks or is rotten. It will then be


necessary only to clothe the significant syllable in grammatical forms in order to
get verbs or nouns expressing ideas connected with the notion of offensive smell.
Accordingly we have Sanscr. pu, pMka, stinking ;
puti, putrid, stinking matter,
civet ;
pity, to stink, to putrefy ; Gr. vvQw, to rot ; Lat. puteo, putor, putidus,
puter, putresco, pus ; Fr. puer, to stink ; OFr. pulant, stinking. The Zulu says
that the 'meat says pu,' meaning that it stinks. Timorese poop, putrid; Quiche
pohir, to rot; puz, rottenness; Tupi puoA, nasty (Tylor). At the same time
from a form corresponding to Bret.^oei.' and t,. faugh/ the Lat. \iasfceteo and
fietidus, fetid, alongside of puteo and putidus. From the iovtnfa! are Old Norse
fuinn, rotten ; faki, stench or anything stinking fa,ll, stinking, rotten ; fyla,
;

stench. In the Gothic Testament the disciple speaking of the body of Lazarus
says Jahfals ist : by this time he stinketh. Modern Norse ^5*/, disgusting, of bad
taste or smell, troublesome, vexatious, angry, bitter. Han va fal aat os, he was
enraged with us. The e. equivalent is foul, properly ill smelling, then anything
opposed to our taste or requirements, loathsome, ugly in look, dirty, turbid (of

water), rainy and stormy (of the weather), unfair, underhand in the transactions of
life. ON. Fulyrdi, foul words ; falmenni, a scoundrel. From the adjective again
are derived the verb to Jile or d^le, to make foul ; and Jllth, that which makes
foul.

The disagreeable impressions of smell produce a much more vivid repugnance


than those of taste, and being besides sensible to all around, they afford the most
convenient type of moral reprobation and displeasure. And probably the earliest

expression of these feelings would occur in teaching cleanliness to the infant.

• This representation of the sound of blowing or breathing may not improbably be the
origin of the taoifu, Sanscrit bhu, of the verb to be. The negro who is without the verb to be
in his own language supplies its place by live. He says,Your hat no lib that place you put him
in. —Farrar, Chap. Lang. p. 54. Orig. Lang. p. 105. A child of my acquaintance would say,
Where it live ?where is it ? Now the breath is universally taken as the type of life.
d
1 REPROBATION. HATE.
The interjection fy ! expresses in the first instance the speaker's sense of a bad
smell, but it is used to the child in such a manner as to signify, That is dirty ; do
not touch that jand then generally, You haVe done something
do not do that ;

displeasing to me, something of which you ought to be ashamed. Laura Bridge-


man, who was born deaf and blind, used to utter the sound ff ox Ji when dis-
pleased at being touched by strangers.
When used in a figurative sense to express moral reprobation the inteij. often
assumes a slightly different form from that which expresses disgust at a bad smell.
Thus in -e,. faugh I ovfoh / express disgust, ^e / reprobation.
In 6. perhaps pfu !
or pfui I are chiefly employed
moral sense ; fui I oxfi I with respect to smell.
in a
P/ai dich an ! pfu die menschen an! shame on them. But the line cannot be
very distinctly drawn, and in Piatt Deutsch the expression is fu dik an ! as in
Grisons fudi I shame on you. Yx.f, I commonly expresses reprobation, but it is

also used with respect to smell. Fi t qu'il sent mauvais. Faire f, d'une chose, to
turn up one's nose at it, to despise it.

When we consider that shame is the pain felt at the reprobation of those to
whom we look with reverence, including our own conscience, and when we
observe the equivalence of expressions like pfu, dich I fie on you, and shame on
you, we shall easily believe that pu ! as an expression of reprehension, is the
source of Lat. pudet, it shames me, it cries pu ! on me ; pudeo, I lie under pu !
I am ashamed. In like manner repudio is to be explained as I pooh back, I
throw back with disdain; and probably refuto, to reject, disdain, disapprove, is
derived in the same way from the other form of the interj. fu ! being thus
analogous to g. pfuien, anpfuien, ^.fyne, to cry fie ! on, to express displeasure :

ein fynte hund, a scolded dog. The


expression then passes on to signify the feel-
ingswhich prompt the utterance of the inteij. ; disgust, abhorrence, hate. Thus
from Russ./k/ is formed yi/to (properly to cry fa!), to abhor, to loathe; from
^ ffi I fie ! ffiaidd, loathsome ^^etrftZio, to loathe, to detest; and so doubtless
;

from the same form of the inteij. is to be explained the Goth, fijan, os.fjd, as.
and thence Goth. ^j/'aHc?, g. feind, an enemy, and oN.^andi, pro-
fian, to hate,
perly anenemy, then, as e. fiend, the great enemy of the human race. From
the same source are E.foe {oN.fidi i) and feud, enmity or deadly quarrel.
The aptness of the figure by which the natural disgust at stench is made the
type of the feelings of hatred, is witnessed by the expression of '
stinking in the
nostrils '
said of anything that is peculiarly hateful to us.
Professor Miiller objects to the foregoing derivations that they
confound to-
gether the Sanscrit roots piiy, to decay, the source of puteo, and
M.foul, and piy,
to hate, corresponding to fijan and fiend (II. But he does no't explain
g^).
where he supposes the conftision to take place, and there is in truth
no inconsist-
ency between the doctrine in the text and the distinct recognition
of the roots in
question. We are familiar in actual speech with two forms of the interjection
of disgust; the one comprising g. puh ! Fr. pouah ! e.
faugh! foh! addressed
especially to smells; the other answering to g.
pfui! Fr.// E.fie! and express-
ing aversion in a more general way. From the first of these we derive puteo and
;

NURSERY WORDS.
foul; from the second, yS/a/i i^nA fiend. If we suppose the analogous forms pu !
and pi/ to have been used in a similar way by the Sanscrit-speaking people, it
would give arational account Of the roots pliy and piy, which MUUer is content
to leaveuntouched as ultimate elements, but we ought not to be charged with
confounding them together because we trace them both to a common principle.

PAPA, MAMMA.
^ A small class of words is found in all languages analogous to, and many of
them identical with, the e. forms, mamma, papa, mammy, daddy, lahy, babe, pap
(in the sense of breast, as well as of soft food for children), expressing ideas jnost
needed for communication with children at the earliest period of their life. A
long list of the names of father and mother was published by Prof. I. C. E. Busch-
man in the Trans, of the Berlin Acad, der Wiss. for i8ja, a translation of which
Is given in the Proceedings of the Philolog. Soc. vol. vi. It appears that words of
the foregoing class are universally formed from the easiest articulations, ba, pa, ma,
da, ta, na, or db, ap, am, at, an. We find m,a, me, mi, mu, mam, mama, meme,
moma, mother, and less frequently nearly all the same forms in the sense of father j
pa, ba, pap, bap, bab, papa, baba, paba, fqfe, fabe, father ; ba, baba, bama, fa,
fafa,fawa, be, b'l, bo, bill, mother; ta,da, tat, tata, tad, dad, dada, dade, tati, titi,

father ; de, tai, mother nna, nan, nanna, ninna, nang, nape, father;
dm, deda, tite, ;

na, mna, nan, nana, nene, neni, nine, nama, mother. In the same way the changes
are rung on ab, aba, abba, avva, appa, epe, ipa, obo, abob, ubaba, dbban, father
amba, abai, aapu, ibu, ewa, mother ; at, oat, ata, atta, otta, aita, atya, father ; hada,
etta, ate, mother ; anneh, ina, una, father ; ana, anna, enna, eenah, ina, onny, inan,

unina, ananak, mother. La Condamine mentions abba or bala, or papa and mama,
as common to a great number of American languages differing widely from each
other, and he adverts to a rational explanation of the origin of these designations.
'If we regard these words as the first that children can articulate, and consequently
thosewhich must in every country have been adopted by the parents who heard
them spoken, in order to make them serve as signs for the ideas of father and
mother.' —De Brosses, i. 215.
The speech of the mother may perhaps unconsciously give something of an
articulate form to the meaningless cooings and mutterings of the infant, as the song
of the mother-bird influences that of her young. At any rate these infantile
utterances are represented in speech by the syllables ba, fa, ma, ta, giving rise to
forms like e. babble, mqffle,fqffle,famble, tattle, to speak imperfectly like a child,

to talk unmeaningly ; oe. mamelen, babelen, to babble, mutter ; mammer, to mut-


ter; Gr. pa^aia, to say ba, ba, to speak inarticulately (whence jSa^w, to speak)
Mod.Gr. fia/iovKi^ia, to mumble, mutter, &c. Accordingly the joyful or eager
utterances of the child when taken up by the mother, or when offered the breast,
would sound to her as if the infant greeted her by the name of mama, &c., or as

if it called for the breast by that name, and she would adopt these names herself
and teach her child the intelligent use of them. Thus Lat. mamma, the infantile
term for mother, has remained, with the dim. mamilla, as name of the breast,
the
d 2
m NURSERY WORDS.
and the same is the case with Fin. mamma, Du. mamme, mother, nurse, breast ;

mammen, to give suck. When one of the imitative syllables as ma had thus been
taken up to designate the mother, a different one, as la, pa, or ta, would be ap-
propriated by analogy as the designation of the father.
Besides the forms corresponding to Lat. mamma, mamilla, papilla, e. pap, for
names strongly resembling each other are found all over the
the breast, a class of
world, which seem to be taken from a direct imitation of the sound of sucking.
Thus we have Sanscr. cJiush, to suck ; chuchi, the breast ; chuchuka, the nipple-j
Tarahumara (Am.) tschitschi, to suck; Japan, tschitscki, tsifsi, the breast, milk ;
Maiichu tchetchen, Magy. tsets, Tung, tyoen, tygen (Castren), Samoiede ssuso (to
be compared with Fr. sucer, to suck), ssudo, Kowrarega susu, Malay soosoo, Gudang
tyutyu, Chippeway totosJi, Mandingo siso, Bambarra sing, Kurdish ciciek. It. (in
nursery language) cioccia, Albanian sissa, g. zitze, e. (nursery) diddy, titty, teat,
Malay dada, Hebrew dad, g. dialects didi, titti, the breast or nipple ; Goth, dadd-
jan, to suck (Pott. Dopp. ^i).
The name of the laly himself also is formed on the same imitative principle
which gives their designation to so many animals, viz. from the syllables la, la,
representing the utterance of the infant. The same principle applies to others of
these infantile words. The nurse imitates the wrangling or drowsy tones of the
infant, as she jogs it to sleep upon her knee, by the syllables na, na, la, la. To
the first of these forms belongs the Italian lullaby, ninna nanna ; far la ninna
nanna, to lull a child ; ninnare, ninnellare, to rock, and in children's language
nanna, bed, sleep. Far la nanna, andare a nanna, to sleep, to go to bed, go to
sleep. In the Mpongwe of W. Africa nana, and in the Swahili of the Eastern
coast lala, has the sense of sleep. In Malabar, nin, sleep (Pott). The imitation
gives a designation to the infant himself in It. ninna, a little girl; Milanese nan,
nanin, a caressing term for an infant. Caro el mi nan, my darling baby. Sp.
nino, a child. In Lat. nanus, a dwarf, the designation is transferred to a person
of childish stature, as in Mod.Gr. vivlov, a young child, a simpleton, and in e.
ninny it is transferred to a person of childish understanding. From the imi-
tative /a, la, are g. lallen, to speak imperfectly like a child, from whence, as in
other cases, the sense is extended to speaking in general in Gr. XaXito, to chatter,

babble, talk. From the same source are Lat. lallo, and e. /a//, primarily to sing

a child to sleep, then to calm, to soothe. In Servian the nurses' song sounds /yu,
lyu, whence lyulyiiti, to rock ; lyulyashka, a cradle.

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PARTICLE.


Another important element of speech, of which a rational explanation may
perhaps be found in infantile the demonstrative particle ta or da, the very
life, is

name of which shows that it corresponds to the act of pointing out the object to
which we wish to direct attention. In the language of the deaf-and-dumb, point-
ing to an object signifies that, and serves the purpose of verbal mention, as is
seen at every turn in an account of the making of the will of a dumb man
quoted by Tylor. The testator points to himself, then to the will, then touches
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PARTICLE. liii

his trowsers' pocket, ' the usual sign by which he referred to his money,' then
points to his wife, and so on. But, indeed, we do not need the experience of
the deaf-and-dumb to show that pointing to an object is the natural way of call-

ing attention to it. Now in our nurseries the child uses the syllable ta for vari-
ous purposes, as to express. Please, Thank you. Good-bye j mostly supplement-
ing the utterance by pointing or stretching out the hand towards the object to
which it has reference. A child of my acquaintance would ask in this way for
what it desired. ' Ta I cheese (pointing towards it), give me that cheese.
'

Ta / in a different tone returns thanks for something the child has accepted, and
may be rendered, that is it, that gratifies me. When it says ta-ta I on being
carried out of the room it accompanies the farewell by waving the hand towards
those whom it is quitting, implying the direction of its good will towards them,
as it might by blowing a kiss to them. Sanders (Germ. Diet.) describes dada as
a word of many applications in g. nurseries, as, for instance, with reference to
something pretty which the child desires to have. The Fr. child, according to
Menage, says da-da-da, when he wants something, or wants to name something.

The child,' says Lottner in the paper on the personal pronouns above quoted,
' sees an object, and says ta! (and at the same time points to it with his finger,
'

I add) ; we may translate this by there (it is), or that it is, or carry me thither,
'

or give me it, and by a variety of expressions besides, but the truth is, that every
one of these interpretations is wrong, because it replaces the teeming fulness of
the infantile word by a clearer but less rich expression of our more abstract lan-
guage. Yet if a choice betvi^een the different translations must be made, I trust
that few of my readers will refuse me their consent, when saying : there the ad-
verb is by far the most adequate.' — Phil. Trans. 1859. We may carry the
matter further and say that the infantile ta or da simply represents the act of
pointing, all the incidental meanings being supplied by the circumstances of the
case. It is preserved in mature language in g. da, the fundamental signification
of which is to signify the presence of an object. ' Dd / nehmen Sie !
' '
Dd I
Ihr piusent.' Dieser da (as Lat. is-te), this here. Bav. der da-ige, a specified
person, as it were by pointing him out. A doubling of the utterance gives Gr.
ToSe (or in Attic more emphatically roSj)j this here ; as well as Goth, thata (ta-ta),
E. that. The primitive import of the utterance is completely lost sight of in Lat.
da, give; properly (give) that, to be compared with the nursery da-da, by
which a g. child indicates or asks for an object of desire. In the expression Da,
nehmen Sie, with which something is handed over to another, the word da repre-
sents the holding out the object or the act of giving. In the language of Tonga,
as Dr Lottner observes, the verb to give is almost invariably replaced by the ad-
verbs signifying hither or thither, 'nay, seems to have been lost altogether.'

Mei ia giate au = hither this to me — give me this. Shall I thither this to thee =
shall I give you this.

When we seek for a natural connection of the utterance ta ! witli the act of
pointing,* we shall find it, I believe, in the inarticulate stammerings of the infant
* Lottner's explanation is not satisfactory. He adopts in the main the view of Schwartze,
' •

liv ANALOGY.

when he sprawls with arms and legs in the mere enjoyment of life. The utter-

ance so associated with the muscular action of the child sounds in the ear of the
parent like the syllables da-da-da, which thus become symbolical of muscular
exertion, whether in the more energetic form of beating, or of simply stretching
out the handj as in giving or pointing.
The syllable da is used to represent inarticulate utterance in Swiss dadem,
dodem, to chatter, stutter, tattle, and this also seems the primitive sense of Fr.
dadee, childish toying, speech, or dalliance. — Cot. Dada in German nurseries

has the sense of smacks or blows. Das kind hat dada bekommen. The same
sense is seen in Galla dadada-goda (to make dadada), to beat, to knock, and in
Yoruha da, strike, beat, pay.

The greater part of our thoughts seem at the first glance so void of any re-

ference to sound as to throw great difficulty in the way of a practical belief in


the imitative origin of language. ' That sounds can be rendered in language by
sounds,' says Muller, '
and that each language possesses a large stock of words
imitating the sounds given out by certain things,who would deny ? And who
would deny some words originally expressive of sound only might be trans-
that
ferred to other things which have some analogy with sound ? But how are
things which do not appeal to the sense of hearing how are the ideas of going,—
moving, standing, sinking, tasting, thinking, to be expressed ? and Series, p. '

89. The answer to the query is already given in the former part of the passage :

by analogy, or metaphor, which is the transference of a word from one significa-

tion to another; the conveyance of a meaning by mention of something which


serves to put us in mind of But in several of the in-
the thing to be signified.
stances specified by Miiller it is not difficult to show a direct connection with
sound. Thus we have seen that the conceptions of taste are expressed by re-
ference to the smacking of the lips and tongue in the enjoyment of food. The
idea of going is common to a hundred modes of progression that occur in actual
existence, of which any one may, and one in particular must, in every mode of
expressing the idea, have been the type from which the name was originally
taken. In the case of the word go itself, for which Johnson gives seventy
meanings, the original is that which he places first, to walk, to move step by step,
a sense which lends itself in the piost obvious manner to imitative expression, by
a representation of the sound of the footfall. The connection between thought
and speech is so obvious that we need be at no loss for the means of expressing
the idea of thinking. Thus Gr. (ppil^to is to say (jipal^ofiai, to say to oneself, to
;

speaking of the demonstrative in his Coptic Grammar: — 'Every object is to the child a living
palpable thing. When it cannot reach anyv^here with its hand, then instinctively it utters a
cry, in order to cause to approach that which has awakened its interest.^ '
I add,' says Lottner : —
'
When the soul, becoming aware of the ciy issuing forth from its own interior, takes it up as
a sign for the indefinite outward which is the object of
reality, its desire, and shapes it into an
articulate sound, then we have a pronoun demonstrative.
TRANSFER FROM SOUND TO SIGHT. Iv

think, while \6yoe signifies both speech and thought. In some of the languages
of the Pacific thinking is said to be called speaking in tlie belly. Maori mea and
ki both signify to speak as well as to think.
The connection between the senses of taste and smell is so close that expres-
sions originally taken from the exercise of the one faculty are constantly transferred
to the other. The 6. schmecken, to smack or taste, is used in Bavaria in the sense
of smell, and schmecker, in popular language, signifies the nose. So firom Lat.
sapere (which may
probably spring from another representation of the sound of
smacking) comes sapor, taste, and thence e. savour, which is applied to impres-
sions of smell as well as to those of the palate, while sapere itself, properly to' dis-

tinguish by taste, is extended to the exercise of the understanding, to have dis-

cernment, to be wise. Sapiens, a man of nice taste, also wise, discreet, judicious.

In the same way the Goth, snutrs, as. snotor, wise, prudent, may be explained
firom the Gael, snot, to snilF, snuff the air, smell, and figuratively, suspect ; Bav.
sniiten, to sniff, smell, search ; on. snudra, to sniff out. Here it will be seen the
expression of the idea of wisdom is traced by no distant course to an undoubted
onomatopceia.
The same sort of analogy as that which is feltbetween the senses of smell and
taste, unites in like manner the senses of sight and hearing, and thus terms ex-
pressing conceptions belonging to the sense of hearing are figuratively applied to
analogous phenomena of the visible world. In the case of sparkle, for example,
which is same imitative root with Sw. spraka, Lith. sprageti,
a modification of the
to crackle, rattle, the rapid flashing of a small bright light upon the eye is signi-
fied by the figure of a similar repetition of short sharp impressions on the ear.

Fr. pStiller is an imitative form signifying in the first place to crackle, then to
sparkle, and, in the domain of movement, to quiver. Du. tintelen, to tinkle, then
to twinkle, to glitter.
Again, iclat (in Old Fr. esclat), properly a clap or explosion, is used in the
sense of brightness, splendour, brilliancy. The word bright had a similar origin.

It is the equivalent of g. pracht, splendour, magnificence, which in ohg. signified

a clear sound, outcry, tumult. Bavarian bracht, clang, noise. In as. we have
beorhtian, to resound, and beorht, bright. In the old poem of the Owl and the
Nightingale bright is applied to the clear notes of a bird.
Heo —song so schille and so iriAte

That far and ner me hit iherde. — 1. 1654.

Du. scTiateren, scheteren, to make a loud noise, to shriek with laughter ; schiteren,

to shine, to glisten ; Dan. knistre, knittre, gnittre, to crackle ;


gnistre, to sparkle.

Many striking examples of the same transference of signification may be quoted


from the Finnish, as kilind, a ringing sound, a brilliant light ; kilid, tinkling, gUt-

tering ; wilistd, to ring as a glass ; willata, unlella, wilahtaa, to flash, to glitter ;

kimistd, to sound clear (parallel with e. chime), kimmaltaa, kiimottaa, to shine, to

ghtter, &c. In Galla, bilbila, a ringing noise as of a bell 5 bilbilgoda (to make
bilbil), to ring, to glitter, beam, ghsten, Sanscr. wamara, a rustling sound ; Gr.

fiapfiaipw, to glitter.
Ivi VIEWS OF THE ANCIENTS.
The language of painters is full of musical metaphor. It speaks of harmoni-
ous or discordant colouring, discusses the tone of a picture. So in modern slang,
which mainly consists in the use of new and violent metaphors (though perhaps,
in truth, not more violent than those in which the terms of ordinary language
had their origin), we hear of screaming colours, of dressing loud. The specula-
tions of the Ancients respecting the analogies of sound and signification were
extremely loose, as may be seen where Socrates is made to explain
in the Cratylus,
the expressive power of the letter r, he says, from the mo-
letter-sounds. The
bility of the tongue in pronouncing it, seemed to him who settled names an ap-

propriate instrument for the imitation of movement. He accordingly used it for


that purpose in piiv and poij, flow and flux, then in rpd/xoe, Tpa)(yg, Kpovtiv,
BpavEiv, ipuKuv, Kep^arl'ieiv, pvfi^Civ, tremour, rough, strike, break, rend, shatter,
whirl. Observing that the tongue chiefly slides in pronouncing I, he used it in
forming the imitative words XtTof, smooth, \nrap6e, oily, KoWiiSije, gluey,
6\tadaveii', to slide. And observing that n kept the voice within, he framed the
words ivSov, kvTOQ, within, inside, fitting the letters to the sense.

Much of the same kind is found in an interesting passage of Augustine, which


has been often quoted.
' The Stoics,' he says, 'hold that there is no word of which a clear account
cannot be given. *And because in this way you might say that it would be an
infinite task if you had always to seek for the origin of the words in which you
explained the origin of the former one, it was easy to suggest the limitation :

Until you come to the point where there is direct resemblance between the
sound of the word and the thing signified, as when we speak of the tinkling (tin-
nitum) of brass, the neighing of horses, the bleating of sheep, the clang (clango-

rem) of trumpets, the clank (stridorem) of chains, for you perceive that these
words sound like the things which are signified by them. But because there are
things which do not sound, with these the similitude of touch comes into play, so
that if the things are soft or rough to the touch, they are fitted with names that
by the nature of the letters are felt as sofl; or rough to the ear. Thus the word
lene, soft, itself sounds soft to the ear ; and who does not feel also that the word
asperitas, roughness, is rough like the thing which it signifies ? Voluptas, pleasure
is soft to the ear ; crux, the cross, rough. The things themselves affect our feel-
ings in accordance with the sound of the words. As honey is sweet to the taste,
so thename, mel, is felt as soft by the ear. Acre, sharp, is rough in both ways.
Lana, wool, and vepres, briars, affect the ear in
accordance with the way in which
the things signified are by touch. felt

It was believed that the first germs of language were to be found in the

words where there was actual resemblance between the sound of the word and

* Et quia hoc modo suggerere facile fuit, si diceres hoc infinitum esse quibus verbis alterius
verbi originera interpretaris, coram rursus a te originem quaerendam esse, donee perveniatur
eo ut res cum sono verbi aliqua similitudine conclnnat, &c. — Principia Dialecticse c. v. in
vol. 1. of his works.
ANALOGY OF SOUND AND MOVEMENT. Ivii

the thing which it signified that from thence the invention of names proceeded
:

to take hold of the resemblance of things between themselves ; as when, for ex-
ample, the cross is called crux because the rough sound of the word agrees with
the roughness of the pain which is suffered on the crossj while the legsare called
crura, not on account of the roughness of pain, but because in length and
hardness they are like wood in comparison with the other members of tlie
body.'
It is obvious that analogies like the foregoing are far too general to afford any
of the words for which they are supposed to account. If
satisfactory explanation

any word that sounded rough might signify anything that was either rough or
rigid or painful it would apply to such an infinite variety of objects, and the limits
of the signification would be so vague, that the utterance would not afford the
smallest guidance towards the meaning of the speaker. Still it is plain that there
must be some analogy between sound and movement, 'and consequently form, in
virtue of which we apply the terms rough and smooth to the three conceptions.
The connection seems to lie in the degree of effort or resistance of which we
are conscious in the utterance of a rough sound, or in the apprehension
of a rough surface. We regard the sound of r as rough compared with
that of I, because the tongue is driven into vibration in the utterance
of r, making us sensible of an effort which answers to the resistance felt

in the apprehension of a rough surface, while in I the sound issues without re-

action on the vocal organs, like the hand passing over a smooth surface. A greater
degree of roughness is when the inequalities of the surface are separately felt, or in
sound, when the vibratory whir passes into a rattle. In a still higher degree of
roughness the movement becomes a succession of jogs, corresponding to the ine-
qualities of a rugged surface or a jigged outline, or, in the case of the voice, to the
abrupt impulses of a harshly broken utterance. Again, we are conscious of miM-
cular effort when we raise the tone of the voice by an actual rise of the vocal ap-
paratus in the throat, and precisely this rise and fall of the bodily apparatus
it is

in the utterance of a high or low note, that makes us consider the nstes as high
or low. There are thus analogies between sound and bodily -movement which
enable us, by utterances of the voice without direct imitation of sound, to signify
varieties of movement, together with corresponding modifications of figured sur-

face and outline. The word twitter represents in the first instance a repetition of
a short sharp sound, but it is applied by analogy to a vibratory movement that is

wholly unaccompanied by sound. The feeling of abruptness in sound is given by


a syllable ending with one of the mutes, or checks as they are called by Muller,
consisting of the letters b, d, g, p, t, k, the pecuharity of which in pronunciation
is that 'for a time they stop the emission of breath altogether '
(Lect. ii. p. 138).
Hence in pronouncing a syllable ending in a mute or check we are conscious
of an abrupt termination of the vocal effort, and we employ a wide range of syl-

lables constructed on that principle to signify a movement abruptly checked, as

shag, shog, jag, jog, jig, dag, dig, stag (in stagger, to reel abruptly from side to
side), joli, jih, stab, rug, tug; Fr. sag-oter, to jogj sac-cade, a rough and sudden
Iviii FROM MOVEMENT TO SUBSTANCE.
jerk, motion, or check. The syllable suk is used in Bremen to represent a jog in

riding or gomg.'lDat geit jummer suk I suk! of a rough horse. Ene olde suksuk,
an old worthless horse or carriage, a rattletrap. Sukkeln, g. schuckeln, schockeln, to
jog. On the same principle we have g. zack, used interjectionally to represent a
sharp sudden movement zacke, a jag or sharp projection zickzack, e. zigzag,
j ;

applied to movement by impulses abruptly changing in direction, or the figure


traced out by such a movement the opposition in the direction of successive im-
;

pulses being marked by the change of vowel from i to a. The production of


sound, however, is so frequent a consequence of movement, that we never can be
sure, in cases like the foregoing, that the word does not originally spring from
direct imitation. Such seems certainly the case with the syllables tick, tack, tock,
representing sharp short sounds of different kinds, and analogous movements.
Thus we have B. tick-tack for the beat of a clock ; Parmesan tic-toe for the beat
of the heart or the pulse, or the ticking of a watch j Bolognese tec-tac, a cracker;
It. tech-tech, toch-toch, tecche-tocche, for the sound of knocking at a door.

Hence tick or tock for any light sharp movement. To tick a thing off, to mark
it with a touch of the pen ; to take a thing on tick, to have it ticked or marked

on the score ; to tickle, to incite by light touches. Bolognese tocc, Brescian toch,
the blow of the clapper on a bell or knocker on a door, lead to Spanish tocar, to
knock, to ring a bell, to beat or play on a musical instrument, and also (with the
meaning softened down) to Italian toccare, French toucher, to touch. The Mi-
lanese toch, like English tick, is a stroke with a pen or pencil, then, figuratively, a
certain space, so much as is traversed at a stroke ; on bell tocch di strada, a good
piece of road ; then, as Italian tocco, a piece or bit of anything.
The same transference of the expression from phenomena of sound to those of
bodily substance takes place with the syllables muk, mik, mot, tot, kuk, kik, &c.,
which were formerly mentioned asbeing used (generally with a negative) to ex-
press the least appreciable sound. The closeness of the connection between such
a meaning and the least appreciable movement is witnessed by the use of the same

word still to express alike the absence of sound or motion. Accordingly the g.
muck, representing in the first instance a sound barely audible, is made to signify
a slight movement. Mucken, to mutter, to say a word ; also to stir, to make the
least movement.
The representative syllable takes the form of mick or kick in the Dutch phrase
noch micken noch kicken, not to utter a syllable. Then, passing to the
significa-
tion of motion, it produces Dutch micken, Illyrian migati, to
winkj micati
Lat. micare, to glitter, to move rapidly to and fro. The analogy
(mitsati), to stir;

isthen carried a step further, and the sense of a slight movement is


made a step-
ping-stone to the signification of a material atom, a small bodily object.
Hence
Lat. and It. mica, S-panish miga, Fr. mie, a crum, a little bit. The train of thought
runs through the same course in Dutch kicken, to utter a slight sound ; Fr. chicoter,
to sprawl like an infant Welsh cicio, and e. kick, to strike with the
;
foot. Then
in the sense of any least portion of bodily substance, It. cica, Fr. chic, chiquet, a
little bit chique, a quid of tobacco, a playiug-marble, properly a
;
small lump'of
MODIFICATION BY CHANGE OF VOWEL. lix

clay ; Sp. chico, little. In the same way from the representation of a slight sound
by the syllable mot, mut, as in e. mutter, or in the Italian phrase nonfare ne motto
ne lotto, not to utter a syllable, we pass to the Yorkshire phrase, neither moit nor
doit, not an atom ; e. mote, an atom, and mite, the least visible insect; Du. mot,
dust, fragments ; It. motta, Fr. motte, a lump of earth.
The use of a syllable like tot to represent a short indistinct sound is shown in

the Italian phrase above quoted ; in o.n. taut, n. tot, a whisper, murmur, mutter j
E. totle, to whisper (Pr. Pm.) ; titter, to laugh in a subdued manner. The ex-
pression passes on to the idea of movement in e. tot, to jot down or note with a
slight movement of the pen ; totter, tottle, to move slightly to and fro, to toddle
like a child ; titter, to tremble, to seesaw (Halliwell) ; Lat. titilh, to tickle (pro-
vincially tittle), to excite by slight touches or movenjents. Then, passing from the
sense of a slight movement to that of a small bodily object, we have e. tot,

anything small ; totty, little (Halliwell) ; Da. tot. So. fait, a bunch or flock of
flax, wool, or the like j It. tozzo, a bit, a morsel ; e. tit, a bit, a morsel, anything
small of its kind, a small horse, a little girl ; titty, tiny, small ; titlark, a small
kind of lark; titmouse (Du. mossche, a sparrow), a small bird; tittle,- a jot or little
tit. It. citto, zitio, a lad citta, zitella, a girl. The passage from the sense of a
;

light movement to that of a small portion is seen also in pat, a light quick blow,
and a small lump of something; to dot, to touch lightly with a pen, to make a
slight mark; and dot, a small lump or pat. Halliwell. To jot, to touch, to jog, —
to note a thing hastily on paper ;
jot, a small quantity.
The change of the vowel from o or o toi, or the converse, in such expressions
as zigzag, ticktack, seesaw, belongs to a principle which is extensively applied in
the development of language, when an expression having already been found for
a certain conception, it is wished to signify something of the same fundamental
kind, but difFeriug in degree or in some subordinate character. This end is com-
monly attained by a change, often entirely arbitrary, either in the vowel or the
initial consonant of the significant syllable. The vowel changes from i to a in
tick-tack, for the beating of a clock, not because the pendulum makes a different
sound in swinging to the right or to the left, but simply in order to symbolise the
change of direction. A similar instance of distinction by arbitrary difference is

noticed by Mr Tylor in the language of gesture, where a wise man being symbol-
ised by touching the tip of the nose with the forefinger, the same organ is touched
with the little finger to signify a foolish man. In a similar way the relations of
place, here, there, and out there, corresponding to the personal pronouns, I, you,

and he, are frequently distinguished by what appears to be an arbitrary change of


the vowel sound. Pott (Doppelung p. 48) cites from the African Tumale, gni,
gno, gnu, for the three personal pronouns, where the vowels follow in regular scale
(i, e, a, 0, u) according to the proximity of the object indicated. But the same
language has re this, ri that, where the order is inverted. The following table is

from Tylor (Prim. Cult. i. 199).


Javan. iki, this ; ika, that ; iku, that, further off; Malagasy to, here (close
at hand); eo, there (further of!) ; ao, there '(at a short distance).
;

Ix INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE.

Japan ko, here j ka, there.

Canarese ivanu, this j fi;araM, that (intermediate) j wana, that.

Tamul i, this ; ^, that.

Dhimas isho, ita, here ; usho, uta, there.

Abchasian aSn, this ; ulri, that.

Ossetic am, here ; Mm, there.

Magyar ez, this ; az, that.

Zulu ajoa, here 5 ojOo, there; /e«, this ; /wo, that; /mya, that in the distance.

Yoruba na, this ; ni, that.

Fernandian olo, this ; ole, that.

Sahaptin (America) kina, here ; feraa, there.

Mutsun ne, here ; km, there.


Tarahumara ibe, here j abe, there.
Guarani nde, ne, thou ; ndi, ni, he.

Botocudo ati, I ; ofj, thou, you, to.

Carib ne, thou ; ni, he.

Chilian tva, this ; <t;e^, that.

Here, as Mr Tylor remarks, no constant rule is observed, but sometimes i and


sometimes a is used to denote the nearer object.
Of a similar nature is the distinction of sex by a change of vowel, as in Italian
for the male, and a for the female. Fin. ukko, an old man ; akha, an old woman
Mangu chacha, mas ; cheche, femina ; ama, father ; erne, mother. Carib lala,
father; biii, mother. Ibu (Afr.) nna, father; nne, mother. It is probably
to a like principle of distinction that the k, k (tt), qu, w, which form the initial

element of the interrogative in Sanscr., Gr., Lat., and 6. respectively, owe their
origin. The interrogative pronouns who ? or what f are expressed in gesture

by looking or pointing about in* an inquiring manner, in fact (says Tylor), by a


number of unsuccessful attempts to say he, that. Then, as the act of pointing was
represented in speech by the particle ta, it seems that the interrogative signification
was given hy the arbitrary change from ta to ka, from whence may be explained the
various initials of the interrogative in the different members of the Indo-Germanic
family.
On the other hand, there is often an innate fitness in the change of vowel to
the modification of meaning which to denote. The vowels a and o it is made
are pronounced with open throat and sound of the voice, while we compress full

the voice through a narrower opening and utter a less volume of sound in the
pronunciation of i or Hence we unconsciously pass to the use of the vowel i
e.

A young relation of mine adopted


in expressing diminution of action or of size.
the use of baby as a diminutival prefix.* Baby-Thomas was his designation for
the smaller of two servants of that name. But when he wishes to carry the di-
minution further, he narrows the sound of the word to bee-bee, and at last it be-
comes a beebee-beebee thing. In the same way seems to be formed Acra (Aft-.)
bi, child, young one; tiiio, little, small (Pott. loo). It seems to me probable that
• Vei (fen, child, also little.
:

EXPRESSION OF VOWEL SOUNDS. Ixi

this sense of the thinness of the sound of i or ee is simply embodied in the


diminutival wee. '
A little wee face with a little yellow beard.' — Merrv Wives.
A further development of the significant sound gives the nursery weeny* surviv-
ing in regular speech in g. wenig, few j Sc. wean, a child. And perhaps
little,

the E. tiny may be attained through the rhyming tiny-winy or teeny-weeny,


analogous to winy-piny, fretful, speaking in a pipy tone of voice. It will be ob-

served that we express extreme diminution by dwelling on the narrow vowel



a little tee - -ny thing,' making the voice as small as possible.

The consciousness of forcing the voice through a narrow opening in the pro-
nunciation of the sound ee leads to the use of syllables like peep, keeh, teet, to sig-

nify a thingmaking its way through a narrow opening, just beginning to appear,
looking through between obstacles. Da. at pippe frem is to spring forth, to make
its way through the bursting envelope, whence Fr. pepin, the pip or pippin, the

germ from whence the plant is to spring. The Sw. has tittafrem, to peep through,
to begin to appear ; titta, to peep, in old e. to teet.

The rois knoppis tetand furth thare hed


Gan chyp and kythe thare vemale lippis red. — Douglas Virgil, 401. 8.

The peep of dawn is when the curtain of darkness begins to lift and the first streaks
of light to push through the opening.
The sound of the footfall is represented in German by the syllables trapp-trapp-
trapp ; from whence Du. trap, a step, trappen, to tread, Sw. trappa, stairs. The
change to the short compressed i in trip adapts the syllable to signify a light quick
step : Du. trippen, trippelen, to leap, to dance (Kil.) ; Fr. trSpigner, to beat the
ground with the feet. Clank represents the sound of something large, as chains 5

clinJi, or chink, of smaller things, as money. To sup up, is to take up liquids by


large spoonfiils j to sip, to sup up by little and little, with lips barely open. Top,
nab, knob, signify an extremity of a broad round shape j tip, nil, nipple, a similar
object of a smaller size and pointed shape.
Where a sound is kept up by the continued repetition of distinct impulses on
the ear, the simplest mode of representing the continued sound is by the repetition
of a syllable resembling the elementary impulse, as ding-dong, g. lim-lam. It.

din-din, don-don, for the sound of bells ; murmur, for a continuance of low and
indistinct sounds j
pit-a-pat, for a succession of light blows low-wow, for the ;

barking of a dog, &c. In barbarous languages the formation of words on this


principle is very common, and in the Pacific dialects, for instance, they form a con-
siderable proportion of the vocabulary. From cases like the foregoing, where an
imitative syllable is repeated for the purpose of signifying the continued repetition
of a certain phenomenon, the principle of reduplication, as it is called, is extended
to express simple continuance of action, or even, by a fiirther advance in abstrac-
tion, the idea of action in general, while the special nature of the action intended
is indicated by the repeated syllable. In some African languages repetition is
habitually used to qualify the meaning of the verb. Thus we have Wolof sopa,
* '
A little weeny thing.' I have known Weeny kept as a pet-name by one who had been
puny in childhood.
Ixii REPETITION. FREQUENTATIVE ELEMENTS.
to love, sopasopa, to love constantly ; Mpongwe kamha, to speak, kamha-gamla,
random ; kenda,
to talk at to walk, kendagenda, to vi^alk about for amusement.
Again, from Maori muka, flax, muka-muka (to use a bunch of flax), to wipe
or rub; mawhiti, to skip, mawhitiwhiti, a grasshopper; puka, to pant, puka-
puka, the lungs, the agent in panting ; Malay ayun, to rock, ayunayunan, a
cradle. That the principle is not wholly lifeless fn English is witnessed by the
verb pooh-pooh, to say pooh ! to, to treat with contempt.
obvious that the same device which expresses continuance in time may
It is

be applied to continuance or extension in space. Thus in the Pacific loa, loloa,


signify long; lololoa, very long (Pott. 97). And generally, repetition or contin-
uance of the significant sound expresses excess in degree of the quality signified.
Mandingo ding, child ; if very young, ding-ding; Susa di, child ; didi, little child
(p. 99). Madagascar ratsi or ratchi, bad ; ratsi-ratsi, or rdtchi, very bad. ' In the
Gaboon the strength with which such a word asmpolu is uttered, serves to show
whether it is great, very great, or very very great, and in this way, as Mr Wilson re-
marks in his Mpongwe grammar, the comparative degrees of greatness, smallness,
hardness, rapidity and strength, &c., may be conveyed with more accuracy than
could readily be conceived.'
— ^Tylor, Prim. Cult. 196. The same principle of
i.

expression is in familiar use with ourselves, although not recognised in written


language; as when we speak of an e-n^--rOTOMS appetite, or a little tee--ny thing.
The use of reduplicate forms is condernned by the taste of more cultivated
languages, and the sense of continuance is artificial way by
expressed in a more
the frequentative form of the verb, as it is where the effect of repetition is
called,

given by the addition of an intrinsically unmeaning element, such as the syllable


et, er, or el, acting as a sort of echo to the fundamental syllable of the word.
Thus in E. racket, a clattering noise, or in Fr. cliqu-et-is, clash of weapons, the
imitative syllables, rackand clique, are echoed by the rudimentary et, instead of
being actually repeated, and the words express a continued sound of rack, rack, or
click, click.

It is true that such a syllable as et or it could only, properly speaking, be used


as an echo to hard sounds, but many devices of expression are extended by analogy
far beyond their original aim, and thus et or it are employed in Lat. and Fr. to
express repetition or continuance in a general way, without reference to the par-
ticular nature of the repeated phenomenon. So from clamo, to call, clamito, to
keep calling, to call frequently ; from Fr. tache, a spot, tach-et-er, to cover with
spots. The elements usually employed in e. for the same purpose are composed of
an obscure vowel with the consonants I or r, on which the voice can dwell for a
length of time with a more or less sensible vibration, representing the effect on
the ear when a confiased succession of beats has merged in a continuous murmur.
Thus in the pattering of rain or expressing the
fall of a rapid succession of
hail,

drops on a hard surface, the syllable pat imitates the sound of a single drop, while
the vibration of the r in the second syllable represents the murmuring sound of
the shower when the attention is not directed to the individual taps of which it is

composed. In like manner to clatter is to do anything accompanied by a sue-


FREQUENTATIVE ELEMENTS. Ixiii

cession of noises that might be represented by the syllable clat ; to crackle, to


make a succession of cracks ; to rattle, dabble, bubble, guggle, to make a succes-
sion of noises that might be represented individually by the syllables rat, dab, bub,
gug. The contrivance is then extended to signify continued action unconnected
with any particular noise, as grapple, to make a succession of grabs ; shuffle, to

make a succession of shoves; draggle, waggle, joggle, to continue dragging, wag-


ging, jogging. The final el or er is frequently replaced by a simple I, which, as

Ihre remarks under gncella, has something ringing (aliquid tinnuli) in it. Thus
to mewl and pule, in Fr. miauler andpiauler, are to cry mew and pew ; to wail
is woe ; Piedmontese bau-l-S, or fi bau, to make bau-bau, to bark like
to cry
a dog.
By a fiirther extension the frequentative element is made to signify the simple

employment of an object in a way which has to be understood from the circum-


stances of the case. Thus to knee-l is to rest on the bent knee ; to hand-le, to em-
ploy the hand in dealing with an object. In cases like these, where the frequejit-
ative element is added to a word already existing in the language, the effect of
the addition is simply to give a verbal signification to the compound, an end which
might equally be attained by the addition of verbal inflections of person and tense,
without the intervention of the frequentative element.
It seems accordingly to be a matter of chance whether the terminal I is added
or omitted. The Fr. miauler and beler correspond to E. mew and baa ; the G.
knie-en to E. kneel. In e. itself, to hand, in some applications, as to handle, in
others, is used for dealing with an object by the hand.
The application of the frequentative el or er to signify the agent or the in-
strument of action (as in as. rynel, a runner, or in e. rubber, he who rubs, or what
is used in rubbing) is analogous to the attainment of the same end by repetition
of the significant syllable, as shown above in the case of Malay ayunayunan, a

cradle or rocker from ayun, to rock, or Maori puka-puka, the lungs (the puffers of
the body), from puka, to puff.
The same element is found in the construction of adjectives, as mAS.Jicol, fickle,
to becompared with g. Jickfacken, to move to and fro, and in as. wancol, g.
wankel, wavering, by the side of wanken, wankeln, to rock or wag.
When we come to sum up the evidence of the imitative origin of language,
we find that words are to be found in every dialect that are used with a con-
scious intention of directly imitating sound, such asjlap, crack, smack, or the in-
terjections ah ! ugh ! But sometimes the signification is carried on, either by a
figurative mode of expression, or by association, to something quite distinct from
the sound originally represented, although the connection between the two may
be so close be rarely absent from the mind in the use of the word. Thus
as to

the word Jlap originally imitates the sound made by the blow of a flat surface,
as the wing of a bird or the corner of a sail. It then passes on to signify the

movement to and fro of a flat surface, and is thence applied to the moveable
leaf of a table, the part that moves on a hinge up and down, where all direct

connection with sound is lost. In like manner crack imitates the sound made
Ixiv ORIGIN OF METAPHOR EASILY OBSCURED.

by a hard body breaking, and is applied in a secondary way to the effects of. the
breach, to the separation between the broken parts, or to a narrow separation
between adjoining edges, such as might have arisen from a breach between them.
But when we speak of looking through the crack of a door we have no thought
of the sound made by a body breaking, although it is not difficult, on a moment's
reflection, to trace the connection between such a sound and the narrow open-
ing which is our real meaning. It is probable that smack is often used in the

sense of taste without a thought of the smacking sound of the tongue in the
enjoyment of food, which is the origin of the word.
When an imitative word is used in a secondary sense, it is obviously a mere
chance how long, or how generally, the connection with the sound it vf'as
originally intended to represent, will continue to be felt in daily speech. Some-
times the connecting links are to be found only in a foreign language, or in
forms that have become obsolete in our own, when the unlettered man can only
regard the word he is using as an arbitrary symbol. A gull or a dupe is a person
easily deceived. The words same sense, but what is
are used in precisely the
the proportion of educated Englishmen who use them with any consciousness of
the metaphors which give them their meaning ? Most of us probably would be
inclined to connect the first of the two with guile, deceit, and comparatively few
are aware that it is still provincially used in the sense of an unfledged bird.
When which a young bird is taken as
several other instances are pointed out in
the type of helpless simplicity, no doubt that this is the way in which
it leaves
the word gull has acquired its ordinary meaning. Dupe comes to us from the
French, in which language it signifies also a hoopoe, a bird with which we have
so little acquaintance at the present day, that we are apt at first to regard the
double signification as an accidental coincidence. But when we find that the
names by which the hoopoe is known in Italian, Polish, Breton, as well as in
French (all radically distinct), are also used in the sense of a simpleton or dupe,
we are sure that there must be something in the habits of the bird, which, at
a time when it was more familiarly known, made it an appropriate type of the
character its name in so many instances is used to designate. We should
hardly have connected ugly with the interjection ugh/ if we had not been
aware of the obsolete verb ug, to cry ugh at, and it is only the
! or feel horror
accidental preservation of occasional passageswhere the verb is written houge,
that gives us the clue by which huge and hug are traced to the same source.
Thus tlie imitative power of words is gradually obscured by figurative use
and the loss of intermediate forms, until all suspicion of the original principle of
their signification has faded away in the minds of all but the few who have made
the subject their special study. There is, moreover, no sort of difference either
in outward appearance, or in mode of use, or in aptness to combine with other
elements, between words which we are anyhow able to trace to an imitative
source, and others of whose significance the grounds are wholly unknown. It
would be impossible for a person who knew nothing of the origin of the words
huge and vast, to guess from the nature of the words which of the two was
de-
INSUFFICIENT OBJECTIONS. Ixv

rived from the imitation of sound; and when he was informed that huge had
been explained on this principle, it would be difficult to avoid the inference that
a similar origin might possibly be found for vast also. Nor can we doubt that a
wider acquaintance with the forms through which our language has past would
make manifest the imitative origin of numerous words whose signification now
appears to be wholly arbitrary. And why should it be assumed that any words
whatever are beyond the reach of such an explanation ?
If onomatopoeia is a vera causa as far as it goes; if it affords an adequate

account of the origin of words signifying things not themselves apprehensible by


the ear, it behoves the objectors to the theory to explain what are the limits of
its reach, to specify the kind of thought for which it is inadequate to find ex-
pression, and the grounds of its shortcomings. And as the difficulty certainly

does not lie in the capacity of the voice to represent any kind of sound, it can
only be found in the limited powers of metaphor, that is, in the capacity of one
thing to put us in mind of another. It will be necessary then to show that
there are thoughts so essentially differing in kind from any of those that have
been shown to be capable of expression on the principle of imitation, as to escape
the inference in favour of the general possibility of that mode of expression.
Hitl^erto, however, no one has ventured to bring the contest to such an issue.

The arguments of objectors have been taken almost exclusively from cases where
the explanations offered by the supporters of the theory are either ridiculous on
the face of them, or are founded in manifest blunder, or are too far-fetched to

afford satisfaction ; while the positive evidence of the vahdity of the principle,
arising from cases where it is impossible to resist the evidence of an imitative
origin, is slurred over, as if the number of such cases was too inconsiderable to
merit attention in a comprehensive survey of language.
That the words of imitative origin are neither inconsiderable in number, nor
restricted in signification to any limited class of ideas, is sufficientlyshown by
the examples given in the foregoing pages. We cannot open a dictionary with-
out meeting with them, and in any piece of descriptive writing they are found
in abundance.
No doubt the number of words which remain unexplained on this principle

would constitute much the larger portion of the dictionary, but this
is no more

than should be expected by any reasonable believer in the theory. As long as


the imitative power of a word is felt in speech it will be kept pretty close to the
original form. But when the signification is diverted from the object of imita-
tion, and the word is used in a secondary sense, it immediately becomes liable to

corruption from various causes, and the imitative character is rapidly obscured.
The imitative force of the interjections ah I or ach I and ugh I mainly depends
upon the aspiration, but when the vocable is no longer used directly to represent
the cry of pain or of shuddering, the sound of the aspirate is changed to that of

a hard guttural, as in ache (ake) and vgly, and the consciousness of imitation is
wholly lost.

In savage life, when the communities are small and ideas few, language
is
Ixvi CORRUPTION OF LANGUAGE.
liable to rapid change. To this effect we may cite the testimony of a thoughtful
traveller who had unusual opportunities of observation. 'There are certain
peculiarities in Indian habits which lead to a quick corruption of language and
segregation of dialects. When Indians are conversing among themselves they
seem to have pleasure in inventing new modes of pronunciation and in distort-
ing words. It is amusing to notice how the whole party will laugh when the
wit of the circle perpetrates a new slang term, and these words are very often
retained. I have noticed this during long voyages made with Indian crews.

When such alterations occur amongst a family or horde which often live many
years without comnlunication with the rest of their tribe, the local corruption of
language becomes perpetuated. Single hordes belonging to the same tribe and
inhabiting the banks of the same river thus become, in the course of many years'

isolation, unintelligible to other hordes, as happens with the Collinas on the


Jurua. I think it very probable, therefore, that the disposition to invent new
words and new modes of pronunciation, added to the small population and habits
of isolation of hordes and tribes, are the causes of the wonderfiil diversity of lan-
guages in South America.' —
Bates, Naturalist on the Amazons, i. 330.
But even in civilised life, where the habitual use of writing has so strong a
tendency to fix the forms of language, words are continually changing in pro-
nunciation and in application fi'om one generation to another j and in no very
long period, compared with the duration of man, the speech of the ancestors be-
comes unintelligible to tlieir descendants. In such cases it is only the art of
writing that preserves the pedigree of the altered forms. If English, French, and
Italian were barbarous unwritten languages no one Would dream of any re-
lation bishop, evique, and vescovo, all immediate descendants of the Latin
between
episcopus. Who, without knowledge of the intermediate diumus and giomo,
would suspect that such a word as jour could be derived from dies ? or without
written evidence would have thought of resolving Goodbye into God be with you
(God b' w' ye), or topsyturvy into topside the other way (top si' t' o'er way) ?
Suppose that in any of these cases the word had been mimetic in its earlier form,
how vain it would have been to look for any traces of imitation in the later ! If
we allow the influences which have produced such changes as the above to
operate through that vast lapse of time required to mould out of a common stock
such languages as English, Welsh, and 'Russian, we shall wonder rather at the
large than the small number of cases, in which traces of tlie original imitation
are still to be made out.
The letters of the alphabet have a strong analogy with the case of language.
The letters are signs which represent articulate sounds through the sense of sight,
aswords are signs which represent every subject of thought through the sense of
hearing. Now the significance of tlie names by which the letters are known in
Hebrew and Greek affords a strong presumption that they were originally pic-
torial imitations of material things, and the presumption is converted into moral
certainty by the accidental preservation in one or two cases of the original
por-
traiture. The zigzag line which represents the wavy surface of water when used
COMPARISON WITH LETTERS. Ixvii

as the symbol of Aqyarius among the signs of the zodiac is found in Egyptian
{lieroglyphigs with the force of the letter n* If we cut the symbol down to the
three last strokes of the zigzag we shall have the n of the early Greek in-
scriptions, which does not materially difter from the capital N of the present
day.
But no one from the mere form of the letter could have suspected an inten-
tion of representing water. Nor is there one of the letters, the actual form of
which would afford us the least assistance in guessing at the object it was meant
to represent. Why then should it be made a difficulty in admitting the imitat-
ive origin of the oral signs, that the aim at imitation can be detected in only a
third or a fifth, or whatever the proportion may be, of the radical elements of
our speech ? Nevertheless, a low estimate of the number of forms so traceable
to an intelligible source often weighs unduly against the acceptance of a rational
theory of language.
Mr Tylor fully admits the principle of onomatopoeia, but thinks that the
evidence adduced does not justify '
the setting up of what is called the Inter-
jectional and Imitative theory as a complete solution of the problem of original
language. itself within limits, it would be incautious
Valid as this theory proves
to accept a hypothesis which can perhaps account for a twentieth of the crude
forms in any language, as a certain and absolute explanation of the nineteen
twentieths which remain. A key must unlock more doors than this, to be taken
as the master key (Prim. Cijlt. i. ao8).
' The objection does not exactly meet
the position held by prudent supporters of the theory in question. We do not
assert that every device by which language has been modified and enlarged

The evidence for the derivation of the letter N from the symbol repiresenting water (in
Coptic noun) cannot be duly appreciated unless taken in conjunction with the case of the
letter M. The combination of the symbols I and 2, as shown in the subjoined illustration,
occurs very frequently in hieroglyphics with the force of MN. The lower symbol is used for
«, and thus combination the upper symbol undoubtedly has the force of m, although it
in this
is said to be never used independently for that letter.

1 h^LLUj i Ly3
2AAAA/\ j V\^

9 N 10 V\ iil/| l-^ia

J^ n
Now if the two symbols be epitomised by cutting them down to their extremity, as a lioi>
is represented (fig. 13) by his head and fore-legs, it will leave figures 3 and 4, which are idenr

tical with the M N and of the early Phoenician and Greek. Figures 5, 6, 7, are forms of
Phoenician M from Gesenius ; 8, ancient Greek M ; 9, Greek N from Gesenius ; 10 and 11
from Inscriptions in the British Museum.
e 2
Ixviii INDUCTION OF RATIONAL ORIGIN SUFFICIENT."
as, for instance, the use of a change of vowel in many languages to express com-
parative nearness or distance of position) has had its origin in imitation of sound.
Our doctrine is not exclusive. If new 'modes of phonetic expression, un-
known to us as yet,' should be discovered, we shall be only in the position of the
fathers of modern Geology when the prodigious extent of glacial action in former
ages began to be discovered, and we shall be the first to recognise the efficiency of
the new machinery. Our fundamental tenet is that the same principle which
enables Man to make known his wants or to convey intelligence by means of
bodily gesture, would prompt him to the use of vocal signs for the same purpose,
leading him to utterances, which either by direct resemblance of sound, or by
analogies felt in the effort of utterance, might be associated with the notiqu to

be conveyed. The formation of words in this way in all languages has been
universally recognised, and it has been established in a wide range of examples,
differing so greatly in the nature of the signification and in the degree of
abstraction of the idea, or its remoteness from the direct perceptions of sense, as

to satisfy us that the principles employed are adequate to the expression of every
kind of thought. And this is sufficient for the rational theorist of language. If
man can anyhow have stumbled into speech under the guidance of his ordinary

intelligence, it will be absurd to suppose that he was helped over the first steps

of his progress by some supernatural go-cart, in the shape either of direct in-
spiration, or, what comes to the same thing, of an instinct unknown to us at the
present day, but lent for a while to Primitive Man in order to enable him to
communicate with his fellows, and then withdrawn when its purpose was accom-
plished.
Perhaps after all it will be found that the principal obstacle to belief in the
rational origin of Language, is an excusable repugnance to think of Man as
having ever been in so brutish a condition of life as is implied in the want of speech.
Imagination has always delighted to place the cradle of our race in a golden age
of innocent enjoyment, and the more rational views of what the course of life

must have been before the race had acquired the use of significant speech, or
had elaborated for themselves the most necessary arts of subsistence, are felt by
unreflecting piety as derogatory to the dignity of Man and the character of a
beneficent Creator. But this is a dangerous line of thought, and the only safe
rule in speculating on the possible dispensations of Providence (as has been well
pointed out by Mr Farrar) is the observation of the various conditions in which
it is actually allotted to Man (without any choice of his own) to carry on his

life. What is actually allowed to happen to any family of Man cannot be in-
compatible either with the goodness of God or with His views of the dignity of
the human race. And God no respecter of persons or of races. However
is

hard or degrading the life of the Fuegian or the Bushman may appear to us, it can
be no impeachment of the Divine love to suppose that our own progenitors were
exposed to a similar struggle.
We have only the choice of two alternatives. We must either suppose that
Man was created in a civilised state, ready instructed in the arts necessary for
COMPLETION OF MAN. Ixix

the conduct oflife, and was permitted to fall back into the degraded condition

which we witness among savage tribes ; or else, that he started from the lowest
grade, and rose towards a higher state of being, by the accumulated acquisitions
in arts and knowledge of generation after generation, and by the advantage
constantly given to superior capacity in the struggle for life. Of these alterna-
tives, that which embodies the notion of continued progress is most in accord-
ance with all our experience of the general course of events, notwithstanding
the apparent stagnation of particular races, and the barbarism and misery occa-
sionally caused by violence and warfare. We have witnessed a notable advance
in the conveniences of life in our own time, and when we look back as far as
history will reach, we find our ancestors in the condition of rude barbarians.
Beyond the reach of any written records we have evidence that the country was
inhabited by a race of hunters (whether our progenitors or not) who sheltered
in caves, and carried on their warfare with the wild beasts with the rudest wea-
pons of chipped flint. Whether the owners of these earliest relics of the human
race were speaking men or not, who shall say ? It is certain only that Language
is not the innate inheritance of our race ; that it must have begun to be acquired

by some definite generation in the pedigree of Man ; and as many intelligent and
highly social kinds of animals, as elephants, for instance, or beavers, live in har-
mony without the aid of this great convenience of social life, there is no ap-
parent reason why our own race should not have led their life on earth for an in-

definite period before they acquired the use of speech; whether before that epoch
the progenitors of the race ought to be called by the name of Man, or not.
Geologists however universally look back when the earth was peo-
to a period

pled only by animal races, without a trace of human existence and the mere ;

absence of Man among an animal population of the world is felt by no one as

repugnant to a thorough belief in the providential rule of the Creator. Why


then should such a feeling be roused by the complementary theory which bridges
over the interval to the appearance of Man, and supposes that one of the races of
the purely animal period was gradually raised in the scale of intelligence, by the
laws of variation affecting all procreative kinds of being, until the progeny, in
the course of generations, attained to so enlarged an understanding as to become
capable ot appreciating each other's motives ; of being moved to admiration and
love by the exhibition of loving courage, or to indignation and hate by malignant
conduct of finding enjoyment or pain in the applause or reprobation of their
;

fellows, or of their own reflected thoughts ; and sooner or later, of using imitative

signs for the purpose of bringing absent things to the thoughts of anodier mind ?
TABLE OF CONTRACTIONS.

AS. Anglo-Saxon. Fl.


^Ifr. Gr. Elfric's Grammar
at the
end of Somner's Diet.
B. Baile/sEngl. Diet., 1737.
Bav. Bavarian.
Bigl. Biglotton seu Diet.
Teutonico-Lat. 1654.
Boh. Bohemian or Czech.
Brem. Wtb. Bremisch- Nieder- Saeh-
siches Worterbueh,
1768.
Bret. Bas-Breton or Celtic of
Brittany.
Carp. Carpentier, Supplement to
Dueange, 1766.
Castr. Couzinid, Diet, de la
langue Romano - Cas-
traise, 1850.
Cat. Catalan.
Cimbr. Cimbrisch, dialect of the
Sette Commune.
Cot. Cotgrave, Fr.-Eng. Diet.
Da. or Dan. Danish.
dial. Provincial dialect.
Dief. Diefeiibach, Vergleiehen-
des Worterbueh der
Gothischen Sprache,
1851.
Dief. Sup. Diefenbaeh, Supplement
to Dueange, 1857.
Dn. Dutch.
Due. Dueange, Glossarium Me-
diae et Infimse Latini-
tatis.
D.V. Douglas' Virgil.
E. English.
Esth. Esthonian.
Fin. Finnish.
TABLE OF CONTRACTIONS.
Mid.Lat.
5

ERRATA.

Lines with * affixed are counted from the bottom.

a"^
CM S
xy 2 for Oehrlauderr. Oehrlander
XX 13 mamoo-heeheek r. iiia-
mookheehee
xxvii 2* note r. rate
xlvii 7 puiiti r. puHti
3 I 25 i5^//2 r. i5^/i'«

14 I
35 sadalen r. sadelen
21 I 2* alieni ;>. alicui
26 2 6 sveritet r. sverdit
28 I 6* Asknace r. Askance
30 I 1 woud r. word
12 allagerr. alUger
33 I 39 ahaverie r. haverie
37 I 4* crtOT r. cti;;?

43 2 24 baltresac r. baltresca
55 I 10* nokkutomax.nokkutama
59 I 22* willekem, r. willekom
72 I 45 Blab r. Blob
n I 22* plowied r. plowied
85 I 23 budowaer. budowad
14 & 21 for ^i?/- read ^i?;"

100 3* kilistaa r. kilistaa


III 13* bugiie r. buque
118 10* brodiquin r. brodequin
134 8* katowai r. katowai
141 10* perairrantr.percurrunt
146 I* kimista^x. Mmista
147 2 kumisia r. kumista
5 komista r. komista
7 yi[iaioa r. yjnaifia

159 2 7 comelia r. comelid


178 I 28 head ^. hand
186 I 2 /r»& r, treetle
'
192 I 13* £3&&
34 curccio r. cruccio
195 21* deyrie, woman r. deyrie-
•woman
203 1 ^iji^a r. tf'i'ii'<2

29 ^i?^i2! r. i^oy«

16 (/ijtf r. ^i>>
DICTIONARY

ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.

An asterisk (*) is prefixed to words where the etymology of the first edition has been
materially altered.

ABANDON
A,as a prefix to nouns, is commonly remaining with us in the restricted ap-
:he remnant of the AS. on, in, on, among, plication to Banns of Marriage. Passing
is aback, as. on-bsec ; away, AS. on- into the Romance
tongues, this word be-
ftrseg ; alike, as. on-lic. came bando and Spanish, an
in Italian
In the obsolete adown it represents the edict or proclamation, bandon in French,
vs. o/j of or from AS. of-dune, literally,
;
in the same sense, and secondarily in
"rom a height, downwards. that of command, orders, dominion,
As a prefix to verbs it corresponds to power :

;he Goth, us, out of; OHG. ur, ar, er, ir; Than Wallace said, Thou spelds of mychty
J. er, implying a completion of the thing,
iction. Fra worthi Bruce had resavit his crown,
I thoucht have maid Ingland at his dandown^
Thus G. erwachen, to awake, is to wake
So wttrely it suld beyn at his will.
ip from a state of sleep ; to abide, is to What plesyt him, to sauff the king or spill.
N3S.t until the event looked for takes Wallace.
jlace ; to arise, to get up from a recum- Hence to embandon or abandon is to
Dent posture. bring under the absolute command or
Ab-, Abs-, A-In Lat. compounds, entire control of any one, to subdue, rule,
iway, away from, off. To abuse is to use have entire dominion over.
in a manner other than it should be ab- ;
And he that thryll (thrall) is is nocht his.
lution, a washing off to abstain, to hold
; All that he has emhandownyt is
iway from. Lat. a, ab, abs, from. Unto his Lord, whatever he be. —Bruce,
i. 244.

Abaft. AS. a/tan, be-ceftan, baftan, He


that dredeth God wol do diligence to plese
ifter, behind. Hence on-bceftan, abaft. God by his werkes and abandon himself with all
The word seems very early to have ac- his might well for to do. —
Parson's Tale.
juired the nautical use in which alone
Thus we see that the elliptical expres-
sion of 'an abandoned character,' to
t survives at the present day.
which the accident of language has at-
Jvery man shewid his connyng tofore the ship tached the notion of one enslaved to vice,
and baft. — Chaucer, Beryn. 843.
might in itself with equal propriety have
Abandon. Immediately from Fr. been used to signify devotion to good.
ibandonner, and that from the noun Again, as that which is placed at the
'andon (also adopted in English, but now absolute command of one party must by
)bsolete), command, orders, dominion. the same act be entirely given up by the
The word Ban is common to all the lan- original possessor, it was an easy step
guages of the Teutonic stock in the from the sense of conferring the com-
ense of proclamation, announcement, mand of a thing upon some, particular
K .
1
— — ; — — ;

2 ABASH ABBOT
person, to that of renouncing all claim to In the original
authority over the subject matter, without Moult m'esbahis de la merveille.
particular reference to the party into Yield you madame en hicht can Schir Lust say,
whose hands it might come ; and thus in A word scho could not speik scho was so abaid.
K. Hart in Jamieson.
modern times the word has come to be
used almost exclusively in the sense of Custom, which has rendered obsolete
renunciation or desertion. Dedicio'
betrash and obeish, has exercised her
abaundunem-ent,' the surrender of a authority in like manner over abay or
castle. — Neccham. abaw, burny, astony.
The adverbial expressions at abandon, The origin of esbahir itself is to be
bandonly, abandonly, so common in the found in the OFr. baer, beer, to gape,
'Bruce' and 'Wallace' like the OFr. d, an onomatopoeia from the sound Ba,
son bandon, A. bandon, may be explained, most naturally uttered in the opening of
at his own will and pleasure, at his own the lips. Hence Lat. Baba ! Mod.
impulse, uncontroUedly, impetuously, de- Prov. Bah ! the interjection of wonder ;

terminedly. 'Ainsi s'avancerent de and the verb esbahir, in the active form,
grand volonU tous chevaliers et ecuyers to set agape, confound, astonish, to strike
et prirent terre.' —
Froiss. vol. iv. c. 1 1 8. with feelings the natural tendency of
To Abash. Originally, to put to con- which is to manifest itself by an involun-
fusion from any strong emotion, whether tary opening of the mouth. Castrais,y^J
of fear, of wonder, shame, or admiration, baba, to excite admiration.
but restricted in modern times to the Zulu babaza, to astonish, to strike with

Cousinid

effect of shame. Abash is an adoption wonder or surprise.


of the Fr. esbahir, as sounded in the
In himself was all bis state
greater number of the inflections, esba- More solemn than the tedious pomp which waits
hissons, esbahissais, esbahissant. In or- On princes, when their rich retinue long
der to convert the word thus inflected Of horses led, and grooms besmeared with gold.
into English it was natural to curtail Dazzles the crowd, and sets them all agape.
Milton.
merely the terminations ons, ais, ant, by
which the inflections differed from each Wall, bawi, to look at with open mouth
other, and the verb was written in Eng- esbawi, to abaw or astonish. Grandg.—
lish to abaisse orabaish, as ravish, polish, See Abide.
furnish, from ravir,polir,fournir. To Abate. Fr. abbattre, to beat
Many English verbs of a similar deriv- down, to ruin, overthrow, cast to the
ation were formerly written indifferently ground, Cotgr. Wall, abate, faire tomber,
with or without a final sh, where custom (Grandg.) ; It. abbatere, to overthrow, to
has rendered one or other of the two pull down, to make lower, depress,
modes of spelling obsolete. Thus obey weaken, to diminish the force of any-
was written obeisse or obeyshe j betray, thing abbatere le vela, to strike sail ;
;

betrash. abbatere dal prezzo, to bate something


Speaking of Narcissus stooping to of the price abbatersi, to light upon, to
;

drink, Chaucer writes :


hit, to happen, to meet with abbatersi
;

in una terra, to take possession of an


In the water anon was sene
His nose, his mouth, his eyen shene, estate. Hence the OE. law term abate-
And he thereof was all abashed. ment, which is the act of one who in-
His owne shadow had him betrashed trudes into the possessioil of lands void
For well he wened the forme to see by the death of the former possessor,
Of a ohilde of full grete beauti.— R. R. 1520. and not yet taken up by the lawful heir ;

In the original and the party who thus pounces upon


Et il maintenant s'ibahit the inheritance is called an abator. See
Car son umbre si le irahit Beat, Bate.
Car il cuida voir la figure Abbot, Abbey, Abbess. More cor-
D'ung enfant bel a demesure. rectly written abbat, from Lat. abbas,
On the other hand, burny was formerly abbatis, and that from Syrian abba,
in use as well as burnish ; abay or abaw father. The word was occasionally writ-
as well as abaisse or abaish :
ten abba in Latin. It was a title of re-
spect formerly given to monks in general,
I saw the rose when I was nigh, and must have been during the time
it
It was thereon a goodly sight
For such another as I gesse that had this extended signification
it

that it gave rise to the Lat. abbatia,


Aforne ne was, ne more vermeille, an
I was abawid for merveille. —
R. R. 364s. abbey, or society of abbots or monks.
; —

ABELE ABIDE 3

baier, bder, with the frequentative


baWer,
Epiphanius, speaking of the Holy places,
to open the mouth, to gape ;
gueiile b^e,
says, ex" ^' ') "i^V dfiaSts xiKiovQ icai xl^'c
KsXAia, it contains a thousand monks and bouche b^ante, as gola badadoi bocca ba-

a thousand cells. Ducange. In process data above mentioned.
of time we meet with protestations from Quant voit le serpent, qui iaaille,
St Jerome and others against the arro- Corant sens lui, geule baie. —Raynouard.
gance of assuming the title of Father, Both forms of the verb are then figur-
cha-
and either from feelings of such a nature, atively applied to signify afifections
or possibly from the analogy between a racterized by
involuntary opening of the
community of monks and a private mouth, intent observation, or absorption
watching, listening, expect-
family, the name of Abbot or Father was in an object,
endurance, delay, suffer-
ultimately confined to the head of the ation, waiting,
It. badare, to attend to, to mind,
to
house, while the monks under his control ing.
were called Brothers. take notice, take care, to desire, covet,
Abele. The white poplar. Pol. bialo- aspire to, to stay, to tarry, to abide ;
drze-w, literally white tree, from Halo,
abbadare, to stay, to attend on ; bada,
white.
delay, lingering, tarrying ; tenere a bada,
OFr. to de- to keep in suspense. Corresponding
* To Abet. abetter,
ceive, also to incite ; inciter, animer, forms with the d effaced are OFr. baer,
baier, b^er, to be intent upon, attendre
exciter.— Roquef. Prov. abet, deceit, trick
abetar, to deceive, beguile.
avec en^pressement, aspirer, regarder,
songer, desirer (Roquef.) abayer, ^couter;

Lui ne peut-il mie guiler,


— avec dtonnement, bouche bdante, inhiare
Ni engigner ni abiter. Fabl. II. 366.
loquenti (Lacombe).
Both senses of the word may be ex- I saw a smith stand with his hammer —thus
plained from Norm, abet, Guernsey beth, The whilst his iron did on the anvil cool,
a bait for fish ; beter, Norm, abeter, to With open mouth swallowing a tailor's news.
bait the H
hook.— ^richer, Gloss. Norm. K. John.
From the sense of baiting springs that Here we have a good illustration of the
of alluring, tempting, inciting, on the one connection between the figure of opening
hand, and alluring to his own destruc- the mouth and the ideas of rapt attention,
tion, deceiving, beguiling on the other. waiting, suspense, delay. The verb at-
See Bait. tend, which m
E. signifies the direction of
Abeyance. OFr. abiiance; droit en the mind to an object, in Fr. attendre
abSiance, a right in suspense ; abeyance, signifies to suspend action, to wait. In
expectation, desire. —
Gloss, de Champ. other cases the notion of passive waiting
From abahier, abaier, abayer, to be in- is expressed by the figure of looking or
tent upon, to desire earnestly, to expect, watching. Thus G. warten,to wait, is iden-
wait, watch, listen. See Abide. tical with It. guardare, to look, and E. wait
To Abide, Abie. Goth, beidan, us- was formerly used in the sense of look.
beidan, to expect gabeidan, to endure
; The passage which in our translation is
;

usbeisns, expectation; usbeisnei, endur- Art thou he that should come, or do we


'

ance, forbearance. AS. bidan, abidan, to


look for another,' is in AS. we sceolon '

expect, wait, bide ON. bida, to wait, othres abidan' The effacement
;
of the d
endure, suffer b. bana, to suffer death
;
in Du. beijen, in Dan. bie compared with
;

Dan. bie, Du. beijden, beijen, verbeijen Sw. bida, and in E. abie, compared
with
(Bosworth), to wait. We
have seen abide, is precisely analogous to that
in
under Abash that the involuntary open- Fr. bhr, baier compared with
It. badare,
ing of the mouth under the influence of
abadare, or in Fr. crier compared with
astonishment was represented by the It.
gridare.
syllable ba, from whence in the Romance
Certes (quoth she) that is that these wicked
diplects are formed two series of verbs,
shrewes be more blissful that ahkn the torments
one with and one without the addition of that they have deserved than if no pain of
Justice
a terminal d to the radical syllable. ne chastised them.— Chaucer, Boethius.
Thus we have It. badare, badigliare, to At sight of her they suddaine all arose
gape, to yawn. Cat. and Prov. badar, to In great amaze, ne wist what way to chuse.
open the mouth, to open bader, ouvrir But Jove all feareless forced them to aby. F. Q.
;

(Vocab. de Berri) Prov. gola badada,
; It is hardly possible to doubt the iden-
it. bocca badata, with open mouth ; Cat. tity of E. abie, to remain or endure, with
badia, a bay or opening in the coast. the verb of abeyance, expectation or sus-
Without the tenninal d we have baer. pense, which is certainly related to It.
1 •

4 ABIE ABOLISH
badare, as E. abie to Goth, beidan, AS. Thus abie for abuy and abie from
bidan. Thus the derivation of badare abide are in certain cases confounded
above explained is brought home to e. together, and the confusion sometimes
bide, abide, abie. extends to the use of abide in the sense
Abie, 2. Fundamentally distinct from of abuying or paying the penalty.
abie in the sense above explained, al- If it be found so some will dear abide it.

though sometimes confounded with it, is Jul. Cassar.

the verb abie, properly abuy, and spelt How dearly I abide that boast so vain.
Milton, P. L.
indifferently in the older authors abegge,
abeye, abigg, abidge, from AS. abicgan, Disparage not the faith t"hou dost not know.
Lest to thy peril thou abide it dear.
abycgan, to redeem, to pay the purchase- Mids. N. Dr.
money, to pay the penalty, suffer the
Able. Lat. habilis (from habeo, to
consequences of anything ; and the sim-
have ; have-like, at hand), convenient,
ple buy, or bie, was often used in the
'

fit, adapted ; Fr. habile, able, strong,


same sense.
powerful, expert, sufficient, fit for any-
Sithe Richesse hath me failed here, thing he undertakes or is put unto.
She shall abie that trespass dere. R. R. — Cotgr. It. abilej Prov. abilh.
Algate this selie maide is slaine alas !

Alas to dere abought she her beaute.


!
It will be remarked on looking at a
Doctor's Tale. series of quotations that in the earher
Thou slough my brother Morgap instances the sense of the Lat. habilis is
At the mete full right closely preserved, while in later examples
As I .am a doughti man the meaning is confined to the case of
His death thou bist (buyest) tonight.
fitness by possession of sufficient active
Sir Tristrem.
power.
For whoso hardy hand on her doth lay
It derely shall abie, and death for handsel pay.
God tokeneth and assigneth the times, atling
Spenser, F. Q. —
hem to her proper offices. Chaucer, Boeth-
And when he fond he was yhurt, the Pardoner In the original,
he gan to threte. Signat tempora propriis
And swore by St Amyas that he should abigg Aftans officiis Deus.
With strokes hard and sore even upon the rigg. That if God
willing to schewe his wrathe.^and
Prol. Merch. 2nd Tale. to make his power knowne, hath suflferid in
Ac for the lesynge that thou Lucifer lowe til Eve grete pacience vessels of wrathe able unto death,
Thou shalt abygge bitter quoth God, and bond &c. —
Wickliff in Richardson.
him with che.ynes. — P. P, To enable a person to do a thing or to
To buy dear, seems to have been
it disable him, is to render him fit or unfit
used as a sort of proverbial expression for doing it.
for suffering loss, without special refer-
Divers persons in the House of Commons
ence to the notion of retribution. were attainted, and therefore not legal nor^
The thingis fellin as they done of werre habilitate to serve in Parliament, being disabled
Betwixtinhem of Troie and Grekis ofte,
For some day boughiin they of Troie it dere
in the highest degree. —Bacon in R.
And efte the Grekis foundin nothing softe The Fr. habiller is to qualify for any
The folke of Troie. Tr. and Cr. purpose, as habiller du chanvre, de la
It will be seen from the foregoing ex- volatile, to dress hemp, to draw fowls, to
amples how naturally the sense of buying render them fit for use whence habili- ;

or paying the purohase-money of a thing ments are whatever is required to qualify


passes into that of simply suffering, in for any special purpose, as habiliments
which the word is used in the following of war ; and the most general of all
passages. qualifications for occupation of any kind
O God, forbid for mother's fault being simply clothing, the Fr. habille-
The children should abye. —Boucher. ment has become appropriated to that
If he come into the hands of the Holy Inquisi- special signification.
tion, —
he must abye for it. Boucher, Aboard. For on board, within the
i. e. must suffer for it. walls of a ship. ON. bord, a board, the
The connection between the ideas of side of a ship. Innan bords, within the
remaining or continuance in time and ship, on board ; at kasta fyri bord, to
continuance under suffering or pain is throw overboard.
apparent from the use of the word en- Abolish. Fr. abolir, from Lat. aboleo,
durance in both applications. In this to erase or annul. The neuter form
way both abide and its degraded form abolesco, to wear away, to grow out of
abie come to signify suffer. use, to perish, when compared with
;

ABOMINABLE ABROACH s
adolesco, to grow up, coalesco, to grow Ethiopia Land
together, shows that the force of the Beligeth titan. —Casdmon.
radical syllable ol, al is growth, vital for ligeth butan, it compasseth the whole
progress. PI. D. af-oleii, af-oolden, to land of Ethiopia.
become worthless through age. De manji Above. AS. ufan, be-ufan, bufan,
olet gam af, the man dwindles away. abufan, Du. boven, OE. abowen,
Sc.
The primitive idea seems that of beget- aboon, above, on high. In Barbour's
ting or giving birth to, kindling. OSw. Bruce we find both abowyne and abow,
ala, to beget or give birth to children, as withotityn and without.
and also, as AS. alan, to light a fire the; —
Abraid. Abray. To abray or abraid,
analogy between life and the progress of now obsolete, is common in our older
ignition being one of constant occur- writers in the sense of starting out of
rence. So in Lat. alere capillos, to let sleep, awaking, breaking out in language.
the hair grow, and alere flammain, to AS. abrcBgdan, abredan, to awake, snatch
feed the flame. In English we speak of away, draw out. The radical idea is to
the vital spark, and the verb to kindle is do anything with a quick and sudden
used both in the sense of lighting a fire, motion, to start, to snatch, to turn, to
and of giving birth to a litter of young. break out. See To Bray.
The application of the root to the notion To Abridge,— Abbreviate, to short-
of fire is exemplified in Lat. adolere, en, or cut short. Of these synonymous
adolescere, to burn up {adolescu7tt ignibus terms the former, from Fr. abrdger, seems
aras. Virg.) ; while the sense of beget- the older form, the identity of which with
ting, giving birth to, explains soboles Lat. abbreviare not being at once ap-
(for sub-ol-es), progeny, and in-d-oles, parent, abbreviate was subsequently form-
that which is born in a man, natural ed direct from the latter language.
disposition. Then, as the duty of nour- Abrdger itself, notwithstanding the
ishing and supporting is inseparably con- plausible quotation from Chaucer given
nected with the procreation of offspring, below, is not from G. abbrechen, AS.
the OSw. ala is made to signify to rear, abracan, but from Lat. abbreviare, by the
to bring up, to feed, to fatten, showing change of the v and i into u and j respect-
that the Latin alere, to nourish, is a ively. The Provencal has breu for
shoot from the same root. In the same brevis ; breugetdt for brevitas abbreujar, ;

way Sw.foda signifies to beget, and also to abridge, leading immediately to Fr.
to rear, to bring up, to feed, to main- abrSgerj and other cases may be pointed
tain. Gael alaich, to produce, bring out of similar change in passing from Lat,
forth, nourish, nurse ;d.1, brood, or young to the Romance languages. Lat. levis
of any kind ; oil, Goth, alan, ol, to rear, becomes leu in Prov., while the verb alle-
educate, nurse. The root el, signifying viare is preserved in the double form of
life, is extant in all the languages of the alleviar and alleujar, whence the Fr.
Finnish stock. alUger, which passed into English under
Abominable. — Abominate. Lat. the form a&^^, common in Chaucer and
abominor (from ab and omen, a portent), his contemporaries, so that here also we
to deprecate the omen, to recognize a had the double form allegge and alleviate,
disastrous portent in some passing oc- precisely corresponding to abridge and
currence, and to do something to avert abbreviate. In like manner from Lat.
the threatened evil. Quod abominor, gravis, Prov. greu, heavy, hard, Severe
which may God avert. Thence to regard greugetat, gravity, agreujar, Fr. aggrd-
with feelings of detestation and abhor- ger, OE. agredge, to aggravate. Things '

rence. that greatly agredge their sin.' Parson's—


To Abound. Abundant. See -und-. Tale.
About. AS. titan, outward, without, No doubt if we had not so complete a
be-utan, butan,ymbutan, onbutan, abutan, pedigree from brevis, the idea of breaking
about ; literally, around on the out- off would suggest a very plausible deriva-
side. tion from G. abbrechen, to break off;
Sometimes the two parts of the word kurz abbrechen, to cut short. Kiittner. —
are divided by the subject to which it ' And when this olde man wende to en-
relates, or the particle be is separated force his tale by resons, all at once be-
from the preposition and joined to the gonne thei to rise for to breken his tale
preceding verb. and bidden him full ofte his words for to
Ymb hancred utan, about cockcrow. abregge.' — Chaucer, Melibaeus.
Thonne sec seftre Abroach. For on broach, from Fr.
— — ;

6 ABROAD ACCOUTRE
brocher, to pierce. To set a tun abroach In the same way the G. stossen, to
is to pierce it, and so to place it in con- thrust, butt, push with the horns, &c., is

dition to draw off the contents. also applied to the abutting of lands.
Right as who set a tonne ahroche Ihre lander stossen an ei?iander, their
He perced the hard roche. lands abut on each other. So in Swedish
Gower m
Richardson. stota, tostrike, to thrust, to butt as a
Wall, abroki, mettre in perce. Grandg. — goat stota tilsainmans, to meet together,
;

See Broach. to abut.


Abroad. On broad, spread over the Abyss. Gr. ajivaaoc, unfathomable,
surface, far and wide, and hence arbitra- from a and j3v(j<Tbc or /3u86c,
depth.
rily applied in the expression of going Academy. Gr. aKaSruwa, a garden
abroad to going beyond the limits of one's in the suburbs of Athens where Plato
own country. taught.

But it (the rose) ne was so sprede on irede.


Accede. —Access. —Accessory. Lat.
— accedere, accessU7n, to go or come to, to
That men within might know the sede. R. R.
arrive at, approach. To support, to be of
Abscess. Lat. abscessus, Fr. abscez, the party or side of any one, to assent to,
a course of ill humours running out of to approve of. Hence accessory, an aider
their veinsand natural places into the or abetter in a crime. See Cede.
empty spaces between the muscles. Fr. acces from accessus, a fit or sudden
Cotgr. From abscedere, to retire, with- attack of a disorder, became in OE. axesse,
draw, draw to a head. See -cess. pi. axes, still preserved in the provincial
To Abscond. To withdraw for the axes, the ague. Halliwell.
purpose of concealment Lat. abscondo, to

hide away condo, to put by.
;
;

A charm
Tlie which can helin thee of thine axesse.
To Absorb. Lat. ab and sorbeo, to Tro. and Cress. 2, 1315.
suck up. See Sherbet.

To Abstain, Abstemious. Lat. ab- Accent. Lat. accentus, modulation of
the voice, difference in tone, from accino,
siineo, to hold back from an object of de-
accentum, to sing to an instrument, to ac-
sire, whence abstemious, having a habit
of abstaining from. Vini abstemius, Pliny,
cord. See Chant.
abstaining from wine. So Fr. etamer, to
Accomplice. Fr. complice, Lat. com-
plex, bound up with, united with one in
tin, from ^iain.
Absurd. Not agreeable to reason a project, but always in a bad sense.
or common sense. Lat. absurdus. The Accomplish. Fr. accomplir, Lat. com-
plere, to fill up, fulfil, complete.
figure of deafness is frequently used to
Accord. Fr. accorder, to agree. Form-
express the failure of something to serve
the purpose expected from things of its
ed in analogy to the Lat. concordare, dis-
cordare, from concors, discors, and con-
kind. Thus on. daufr, deaf ; daufr litr,
a dull colour ; a deaf nut, one without a sequently from cor, the heart, and not
chorda, the string of a musical instrument.
kernel Fr. lanterne sourde, a dark lan-
;

tern. So Lat. surdus, deaf ; surdus locus,



Diez. The Swiss Romance has cor-
dere, cordre, synonymous with G. gonnen,
a place ill adapted for hearing; surda
to consent heartily with what falls to
vota, unheard prayers. Absurdum, what
another Wall, keure, voir de bon grd
is not agreeable to the ears, and fig. to
;

qu'un ^vfinement arrive a quelqu'un,


the understanding.
qu'une chose ait lieu ; meskeure, missgon-
Est hoc auribus, animisque hominum absurdum.
Cic.
nen. —Grandg.
To Accost. Lat. casta, a rib, a side
To Abut. Fr. bottt, end aboutir, to
:
Fr. coste, a rib, cosU, now cdti, a side
meet end to end, to abut. But bout itself
coste-d-coste, side by side. Hence accoster,
is from OFr. boter, hotter, boutir, to
to join side to side, approach, and thence
strike, corresponding to E. butt, to strike
to greet.
with the head, as a goat or ram. It is
Accoutre. From the Fr. accoutrer,
clear that the full force of the metaphor
formerly accoustrer, to equip with the
is felt by Shakespeare when he speaks of
habiliments of some special office or oc-
France and England as

cupation, an act of which in Catholic
two mighty monarchies. countries the frequent change of vest-
Whose high upreared and abutting ffonts ments at appointed periods of the church
The narrow perilous ocean parts asunder.
service would afford a striking and fami-
Abuttals or boundaries are translated liar example.
capita in mid. Lat., and abut, capitare. Now the person who had charge of the
— ;; ;

ACCRUE AD 7
vestments in a Catholic church, was the Goth, akran, notwithstanding Grimm's
sacristan in Lat. custos sacrarii or ec-
; quotation of Cajus,
clesice (barbarously rendered custrix,
Glandis appellatione omnis fructus continetur.
when the office was filled by woman), in
OFr. cousteur or coustre, coutre; Ger. Grimm himself inclined to explain
is
kiister, the sacristan, or vestry-keeper. akran, as the produce of the akr, or
fruit,
Ludwig. corn-field, but a more satisfactory deriva-
Ad custodem
sacrarii pertinet cura vel custo- tion may probably be found in OHG.
dium —
templi vela vestesque sacrts, ac vasa sacro- wuocher, increase, whence G. wucher, on.

rum. St Isidore in Ducange. okr, interest, usury, from the same root
The original meaning of
accoutrer with Lat. augere, Goth, aukan, to in-
would thus be to perform the office of crease erde-wucher, the increase of the
;

sacristan to a priest, to invest him with field, fruits of the earth. —


Notker. The
the habiliments of his office afterwards ; ON. okran, fceneratio, is formally identical
to invest with the proper habiliments of with Goth, akran.
any other occupation. Acoustic. Gr. aKovsTiKog, connected
Accrue. Fr. accroitre, accru, from with hearing agovu), to hear.
;

Lat. crescere, to grow. Thence accrue, a To Acquaint. OFr. accointer, Prov.


growth, increase, Cotgr., and E. accrue, accoindar, to make known; OFr. coint,
to be in the condition of a growth, to be informed of a thing, having- it known,
added to something as what naturally from Lat. cognitus, according to Diez;
grows out of it. but this seems one of the cases in which
Ace. Fr. as. It. asso, the face marked it must be doubtful whether the Romance
with the number one on cards or dice, word comes from a Lat. original, or from
from Lat. as, assis, which signifies a single a corresponding Teutonic root. The G.
one. —
Diez. has kund (from ketmen, to know), known,
Achromatic. Producing an image manifest ; kund machen, to make known,
free from iridescent colours. Gr. a, priva- same sense with the Prov.
in precisely the
tive, and xp'^M") colour. coindar, the d of which seems better to
Ache. A
bodily pain, from Ach ! the agree with the G. word than with the Lat.
natural expression of pain. So from G. cognitus; G. kundig, having knowledge
ach ! alas the term is applied to woe,
! of a thing.
grief. Mein ach ist deine freude, my woe To Acquit. From Lat. quiehts, at
is your joy. — Kilttn. Achen, to utter rest, was formed Fr. quitte, whence ac-
cries of grief. The Gr. axog, pain, grief, quitier, to set at rest with respect to some
is formed on the same principle. impending claim or accusation. See
To Achieve. Prov. cap, Fr. chef, head, Quit, Quite.
and thence the end of everything; de Acre. Gr. dypoj; Lat. ager; Goth.
chief en chief, from end to end ; venir d akrs, cultivated land, corn-land. G. acker,
chef, to gain one's end, to accomplish a field of cultivated land ; thence a mea-
Prov. acabar, Fr. achever, to bring to a sure of land, so much as may be ploughed
head, to accomplish, achieve. in a day.
— —
Acid. Acrid. Acerhity. Lat. aceo, Acrostic. —A
poem in which the first
to be sharp or sour ; acor, sourness letters of the verses compose one or more
acidus, sour, tart ; acetum, vinegar, sour words, from Gr. uKpov, tip, on'xuE, a verse.
wine. From the same root acer, acris, —
Act. Active. Actor. See Agent. —
sharp, biting, eager; acredo, acrimonia, Acute. The syllable ac is the founda-
sharpness ; acerbus, sharp, bitter, sour tion of many words connected with the
like an unripe fruit. See Acute. idea of sharpness both in Lat. and Gr.,
Acme. Gr. aKfir\, a point the highest as uKr], Lat. acies, a point or edge, anig,
:

degree of any quality. See Acute. -iSoQ, a pointed instrument, a sting Lat. ;

Acolyte. Gr. aKoKov^oq, an attendant, acus, a needle, properly a prick, as shown


a/coXoiiSlw, to follow, attend. by the dim. acuiezts, a prickle or sting
Acorn, as. cecern, ceceren, accernj acuo, to give a point or edge to, to sharp-
ON. akarn; Dan. agern; Du. akerj G. en; acutus, sharpened, sharp. Words
ecker, eichelj Goth, akran, fruit. The from the same source signifying sharp-
last of the AS. spellings shows us an early ness of a figurative kind are seen
under
accommodation to the notion of oak-corn, Acid.
a.derivation hardly compatible with the Ad-, in composition. Lat. ad, to. In
other Teutonic and Scandinavian forms, combination with words beginning v/itli
or with the more general signification of c,f, g, I, n, p, V, the d of ad is assimilated
;:

8 ADAGE ADJUST
to the following consonant, as in affero W. neidrj Goth, nadrsj ON. nadraj OHG
for adfero, apparo for adparo, &c. natra, nadraj G, 7tattcrj AS. ncedre, ned-
Adage. Lat. adagium, a proverb. der; OE. neddre.
To Adaw. Two words of distinct Robert of Gloucester, speaking of Ire-
meaning and origin are here confounded land, says,
1st, from AS. dagian, dcsgian, to become Selde me schal in the lond any foule wormys se
day, to dawn, OE. to daw, to dawn, adaw, For nedres ne other wormes ne mow ther be
noght.—p. 43.
or adawn, to wake out of sleep or out of
a swoon. I adawe or adawne as the day
' Instead of neddre Wicklifif uses eddre,
doth in the morning when the sonne as Mandeville ewte for
what we now call
draweth towards his rising.' I adawe newt, or the modern apron for OE. na-
'

one out of a swounde,' to dawe from pron. In the same way Bret, aer, a ser-
'

swouning, —to or get life in one pent, corresponds to Gael, nathair, pro-
dawne
that is fallen in a swoune.'— Palsgrave in nounced naer. It seems mere accident
Halliwell.
which of the two forms is preserved.
The forms with an initial n are com-
A man that waketh of his slepe monly referred to a root signifying to
He may not sodenly wel talcen kepe
Upon a thing, ne seen it parfitly pierce or cut, the origin of Goth, nethla,
Til that he be adawed veraily. Chaucer. — OHG. nddal, Bret, nadoz, E. needle, and
are connected with w. naddu, and with
So Da. dial, morgne sig, to rouse one-
G. sckneiden, to cut. Perhaps the ON.
self from sleep, from morgen, morning.
notra, to shiver, to lacerate, whence
2nd, to reduce to silence, to still or
nbtru-gras, a nettle, may be a more pro-
subdue, from Goth, thahan, MHG. dagen,
bable origin. There is little doubt that
gedagen, to be silent, still ON. thagga, to
;
the ON. eitr, AS. atter, venom, matter, is
silence, lull, hush.
from OHG. eiten, to burn.
As the bright sun what time his fiery train To Addle. To earn, to thrive.
Towards the western brim begins to draw,
Gins to abate the brightness of his beame With goodmen's hogs or com or hay
And fervour of his flames somewhat adawe. I addle my ninepence every day. — Hal.
F. Q. V. ch. 9. Where ivy embraceth the tree very sore
So spake the bold brere with great disdain, Kill ivy, or tree will addle no more.
Little him answered the oak again. Tusser in Hal.
But yielded with shame and grief adawed. ON. oSlask, to get, also, naturaliter pro-
That of a weed he was overcrawed. cedere, to run course, to grow, in-
its
Shep. Cal.
crease. Henni odladist sottin : the sick-
Hessian dachen, tAgen, to allay, to still ness increased. Sw. odla, to till, to cul-
pain, a storm, &c. '
Der schmerz dacht tivate the soil, the sciences, the memory.
sich nach und nach.' Dachen, to quell To earn is to get by cultivation or labour.
the luxuriance of over-forward wheat by ON. odli, edit, adal, nature, origin; AS.
cutting the leaves. Gedaeg, cowed, sub- ethel, native place, country.
missive. '
Der ist ganz gedaeg gewor- Addle. Liquid filth, a swelling with
den he is quite cowed, adawed. Com-
:
' —
matter in it. Hal. Rotten, as an addle
pare Sp. callar to be silent, to abate, egg. An addle-pool, a pool that receives
become calm. the draining of a dunghill. Sw. dial.
To Add. Lat. addere, to put to or ko-adel, the urine of cows ; adla or ala,
unite with, the signification of dare in mingere, of cows, as in E. to stale, of
composition being in general to dispose horses. W. hadlu, to decay, to rot.
of an object. Thus reddere, to put back Adept. Lat. adipiscor, adeptus, to ob-
subdere, to put under cmidere, to put by.
; tain. Alchymists who have obtained the
Adder. A
poisonous snake, as. cettr, grand elixir, or philosopher's stone, which
attern; PI. D. adder; Bav. atter, ader, gave thein the power of transmuting
adern. ON. eitr-ornt, literally poison metals to gold, were called adepti, of
snake, from eitr, AS. atter, venom (see whom there were said to be twelve always
Atter-cop). The foregoing explanation in being.--Bailey. Hence an adept, a
would be perfectly satisfactory, were it proficient in any art.
not that a name differing only by an To Adjourn. Fr. jour, a day; ad-
initial n (which is added or lost with equal journer, to cite one to appear on a cer-
facility), with a derivation of its own, is tain day, to appoint a day for continuing
still more widely current, with which how- a business, to put off to another day.
ever Diefenbach maintains the foregoing To Adjust. Fr. adjuster, to make to
to be wholly unconnected. Gael, nathairj meet, and thence to bring to agreement.
— —

ADJUTANT ADVOCATE 9
Dte sont dessevr&s
icel jor
Advantage, something
Qu' unc puis ne furent adjosUes that puts one

Les osz. Chron. Norm. 2, 10260. forwards, gain, profit.
Adventure.—Advent. Lat. advenire,
The bones were severed, which were
to come up to, to arrive, to happen ad-
never afterwards united. See Joust. ;

ventus, arrival E. advent, the coming of


Adjutant. One of the officers who our Lord upon
;

assists the commander in keeping the ac-


earth. OFr. advenir,
happen, and thence averiture, a hap-
to
counts of a regiment. Lat. adjutare, fre-
pening, chance, accident, a sense pre-
quentative from adjuvare, to assist It. ;
served in E. per adventure, perhaps. The
aiutante, an assistant aiutante de campo,
;
>vord was specially applied to events as
an aidecamp. made the subject of poetical or romantic
Admiral. Ultimately from Arab, amir,
narration, and so passed into the Teu-
a lord, but probably introduced into the
tonic and Scandinavian languages, giving
Western languages from the early Byzan- rise to
G. abenteuer, ON. <2fintyr, Sw.
tine forms diiripag, a/itipaioQ, the last of
afwentyr, OE. aunter, a daring feat,
which, as Mr Marsh observes, would
hazardous enterprise, or the relation of
readily pass into Mid.Lat. amiralius such, a romantic
story. ' The Aunters of
(with a euphonic /), admiraldus. The Arthur at Tarnwathelan,' is the title
of
initial a/ of Sp. ahnirante, O Cat', ahni-
an old E. romance.
rall is probably the Arab, article, and the
To Advise.— Advice. The 1.3.t.visum,
titlewas often written alamir in the early from gave rise to It. visa, OFr.
videri,
Spanish diplomacy. Thus, the address vis. Visum mihi fuit, it seemed to me,
of letters of credence given by K. James
would be rendered in Olt. fu viso a me,
II. of Aragon in 1301, quoted by Marsh
from Capmany, ran, —
Al muy honorado
OFr. ce m'est vis. Diez. In the Ro- —
'
man de la Rose, advis is used in the
e muy noble alamir Don Mahomat Aben- same sense, advis m'estoit, it seemed to
na^ar rey de Granada e de Malaga, y me vous fust advis, it seemed to you.
;
Amiramu9lemin,' and in the same pass- Hence advis. It. avviso, OE. avise, view,
age the King calls himself Almirante and sentiment, opinion. Advisedly, avisedly,
Captain-general of the Holy Roman with full consideration.
Church.
The erchbishope of Walys seide ys avyse,
In eo conflicto (i. e. the battle of Antioch in ' he seide, gef ther is any mon so wys
Sire,' '

the first crusade) occisus est Cassiani magni regis That beste red can thereof rede, MerHn that
Antiochiae fihus et duodecim Admiraldi regis
Babilonia5, q^ios cum suis exercitibus miserat ad
is.' —
R. G. 144.

ferenda auxilia regi Antiochise et quos Admiral- ;


To beavised or advised of a thing
dos vocant, reges sunt qui provinciis regionum wouM thus be, to have notice of it, to be
prsesunt. —
Ducange. informed of it.
So that aslayne and adreynt twelve princes were Of werre and of bataile he was full avise.
ded R. Brunne.
That me clupeth amyrayls. — R. G. 402. Whence advice in the mercantile serise,
Adroit. Fr. adroit, handsome, nimble, notice, news.
ready, apt or fit for anything, favourable, To advise, in the most usual accepta-
prosperous, —
Cotgr. saison adroite, con-
; tion of the term at the present day, is to

venient season. Diet. Rom. From droit, communicate our views to another, to
right, as opposed to left, as is shown by give him our opinion for the purpose of
the synonymous adextre, adestre, from guiding his conduct, and advice is the
dexter, explained by Cotgr. in the same opinion so given.
terms. We
also use dexterous and adroit In OFr. adviser, like It. avvisare,
as equivalent terms. See Direct. was used in the sense of viewing, per-
Adulation. Lat. adulari, to fawn, to ceiving, taking note.
flatter. Si vy ung songe en mon dormant
Adult. from adolesce, to
Lat. adultus, —
Qui moult fut bel k adviser. R. R. 25.
grow, grow up. See Abolish. Avise is frequently found in the same
Adultery. Lat. adulter, a paramour, sense in our eHer authors.
originally probably only a young man, He looked back and her avizing well
from adultus, grown up, as Swiss bub, a Weened as he said that by her outward grace
son, boy, paramour or fornicator. That fairest Florimel was present there in place.
Deutsch. Mundart. 2, 370. F.Q.

To Advance. Advantage. Yr.avan- Advocate. Lat. advocare, to call on
cer, to push forwards, from Fr. avant. It. or summon one to a place, especially for
avanti, before, forwards; Lat. ab ante. some definite object, as counsel, aid, &c.,
lo ADVOWSON AJFRAY
Affable.—Affability.
call for help, to Lat. affabilis,
to call to one's aid, to
avail oneself of the aid of some one in a that may be spoken to,
easy of access or
cause. Hence advocatus, one called on approach. Fari, to speak.
to aid in a suit as witness, adviser, legal To Affeer. From Lat. ^r«W2, a mar-
assistant, but not originally the person ket, Fr. feur, market-price, fixed rate,
who pleaded the cause of another, who whence afferer, or affeurer, to value at
was c?i}ii^6. patromis. a certain rate, to set a price upon. From
Advowson. From
the verb advocare the latter of these forms the OE. expres-
(corrupted to advoare), in the sense ex- sion to affere an amerciament, to fix the—
plained under Advocate, was formed ad- amount of a fine left uncertain by the
•vocatio {advoatio), OFr. advoeson, the court by which it was imposed, the
patronage or right of presentation to an affeerers being the persons deputed to
ecclesiastical benefice. Due.— determine the amount according to the
'Et quod
As the clergy were prohibited from ap- circumstances of the case.
pearing before the lay tribunals, and even amerciamenta prasdictorum tenentium
from taking oaths, which were always re- afferentur et taxentur per sacramentum
quired from the parties in a suit, it would —
parium suorum.' Chart. A.D. 1316, in
seem that ecclesiastical persons must Due.
always have required the service of an Affiance. —Affidavit. From_/?ifi?j, was
advocate in the conduct of their legal formed M. Lat. pledge one's
affidare, to
business, and we find from the authorities faith. Hence affidavit, a certificate of
cited by Ducange, that positive enact- some one having pledged his faith a ;

ment was repeatedly made by councils written oath subscribed by the party,
and princes, that bishops, abbots, and from the form of the document, 'Affidavit •

churches should have good advocates or A. B., &c.' The loss of the d, so common
defenders for the purpose of looking after in like cases, gave Fr. affier, to affie, to
their temporal interests, defending their pawn his faith and credit on. Cotgr. In —
property from rapine and imposition, and like manner, from Lat. confidere, Fr. con-
representing them in courts of law. In fier; from It. disjidare, Fr. defter, to defy.
the decline of the empire, when defence To Affile, OE. Fr. affiler, It. affilare,
from violence was more necessary than to sharpen, to bring to an edge, from Fr.
legal skill, these advocates were natur- fil, an edge, haX.ft/um, a thread.
ally selected among the rich and power- Affinity. Lat. affinis, bordering on,
ful, who alone could give efficient pro- related to. Finis, end, bound.
tection, and Charlemagne himself is the To Afford. Formed froih the adv.
advocatus of the Roman Church. ' Quem forth, as to utter from out, signifying to
postea Romani elegerunt sibi advocatum put forth, bring forwards, offer. l/orde '

Sancti Petri contra leges Langobardo- as a man dothe his chaffer, je vends, and

rum.' Vita Car. Mag. j'offers a vendre. 1 C3.nforde it no better
The protection of the Church naturally cheape. What do you forde it him for ?
drew with it certain rights and emolu- Pour combien le lui offrez vous a ven-
ments on the part of the protector, in- dre ? —
'
Palsgr.
cluding the right of presentation to the And thereof was Piers proud,
benefice itself; and the advocatio, or And puttehem to werke,
office of advocate, instead of being an And yaf hem mete as he myghte aforthe,
elective trust, became a heritable pro- And —
mesurable hyre. P. P. 4193.
perty. Advocatus became in OFr. ad- For thei hadden possessions wher of
voui, whence in the old Law language thei myghten miche more avorthi into
of England, advowee, the person entitled almes than thei that hadden litil. Pe- —
to the presentation of a benefice. As it cock. Repressor 377, in Marsh.
was part of the duty of the guardian or For thon moni mon hit walde him for-
protector to act as patronus, or to plead jeven half other thridde lot thenne he
the cause of the Church in suits at law, ise^e that he ne mahte na mare -^efor-
\\\^ advowee ^zs, also czSS&A patron of the thian : when he sees that he cannot afllbrd,
living, the name which has finally pre- —
cannot produce more. Morris, O.E. Ho-
vailed at the present day. milies, p. 31. Do thine elmesse of thon
Adze. AS. adesa, ascia. AS. Vocab. thet thu maht iforthien : do thy alms of
in Nat. Ant. that thou can afford. —
Ibid. p. 37.
wSisthetios. The science of taste. Gr. Afiftay. — —
Afraid. Fray. Yt.effraycr,
perception by sense, ahOijTiKbe,
oiT0i)mc, to scare, appal, dismay, affright; effroi,
endued with sense or perception. terror, astonishment, amazement fray-
;
; —

AFFRONT AGHAST n
eur, fright, terror, scaring, hofror.— gean-cyme, an encounter; to-geanes,
to-
Cotgr. wards, against. OSw. geij, igen, op-
The radical meaning of effrayer is to posite, again; gena, to meet; genom,
startle or alarm by a sudden noise, from through;. Bret, gin, opposite;
ann tu
OFr. effroi, noise, outcry; faire effroi, gin, the other side, wrong side; gin-
to make an outcry. 'Toutefois ne fit ouch-gin, directly opposite, showing the
oncques effroi jusqu'a ce que tons les origin of the G. reduphcative gegen,
siens eussent gagn^ la muraille, puis against.
s'dcrie horriblement.' —
Rabelais. '
Sail- Agate. Lat. achates. According to
lirent de leurs chambres sans faire effroi Pliny, from the river Achates in Sicily

ou bruit.' Cent. Nouv. Nouv. Hence E. where agates where found.
fray or affray in the sense of a noisy dis- Age. From Lat. etat-em the Prov. has
turbance, a hurlyburly. etat, edatj- OFr. eded, edage, eage, aage,
In the Flower and the Leaf, Chaucer Age.
calls the sudden storm of wind, rain, and
hail, which drenched the partisans of the
H^ly esteit de grant eded. Kings 2. 22.—
Ki durerat a trestut ton edage.
Leaf to the skin, an affray : Chanson de Roland in Diez.
And when the stomi was clene away passed, Ae, life, age.
Tho white
in the under
that stode the tree
They felt nothing of all the great affray, The form edage seems constructed by
That they in grene without had in ybe. the addition of the regular termination
The radical meaning is well preserved age, to ed, erroneously taken as the radi-
in Chaucer's use of afray to signify rous- cal syllable of eded, or it may be a subse-
ing out of sleep, out of a swoon, which quent corruption of eage, eaige (from
could not be explained on Diez' theory of ae-tas by the addition of tlie termination

a derivation from 'Lai. frigidas. age to the true radical ctj, by the inorganic
Me met thus in my bed all naked insertion of a ^, a modification rendered
And looked forthe, for I was waked in this case the more easy by the resem-
With small foules a grete hepe, blance of the parallel forms edat, eded.
That had afraide me out of my sleepe, * Agee. Awry, askew. Yrorajee / an
Through noise and swetenese of her song. exclamation to horses to make them move
Chaucer, Dreame.
on one side, fee, to turn or move to one
I was out of my swowne affraide
Whereof I sigh my wittes straide
side; crooked; awry. Hal. —To jee, to
And gan to clepe them home again. move, to stir. ' He wad \\a.jee.' To move
Gower in Rich. to one side. In this sense it is used with
respect to horses or cattle in draught.
The ultimate derivation is the imitative
root, frag, representing a crash, whence
Jam.
Lat. fragor, and Fr. fracas, a crash of

Agent. Agile. Agitate. — Act. —
Actual. Lat. ago, actum (in comp. -igo),
things breaking, disturbance, affray.
to drive, to move or stir, to manage, to
Thence effrayer, to produce the effect of
do ; agito, to drive, to stir up, to move to
a sudden crash upon one, to terrify,
alarm. Flagor (for fragor), ekiso (dread,
and fro. Actio, the doing of a thing;
horror). —Gloss. Kero in Diez.
actus,--iis, an act, deed, doing.
* To Ag:g. To provoke, dispute. Hal. —
To AflBront. Fr. affronter (from Lat. Apparently from nag in the sense of
frons,frontis, the forehead), to meet face
gnaw, by the loss of the initial n. Nag-
to face, to encounter, insult. See Front.
ging-pain, a gnawing pain, a slight but
After. Goth. Afar, after, behind;
constant pain; naggy, knaggy, touchy,
aftcCr, aftaro, behind; aftana, from be-
hind aftuma, aftumist, last, hindmost.
;
irritable, ill-tempered. Hal. Knagging, —
finding fault peevishly and irritably.
AS. aft, (Eftan, cefter, afterwards, again.
Mrs B. Sw. dial, nagga, to gnaw, bite,
ON. aptan, aftan, behind; aptan dags,
to irritate; agga, to irritate, disturb.
the latter part of the day, evening aftar,;
ON. nagga, gnaw, to grumble, wrangle.
to
aftast, hinder, hindmost. According to
•AgHast. Formerly spelt agazed, in
Grimm, the final tar is the comparative consequence of an erroneous impression
termination, and the root is simply af
that the fundamental meaning of the word
the equivalent of Gr. imo, of, from. Com-
was set a-gazing on an object of astonish-
pare after with Goth, afarj AS. ofer-non,
ment and horror.
with after-noon.
Again. AS. ongean, ongen, agen, op- The French exclaimed the devil was in arms,

posite, towards, against, again ; gean, op-


All the whole army stood agazed on him H..
— vi.

posite, against ; gean-bceran, to oppose Probably the word may be explained


. — ;

12 AGISTMENT AIM
from Fris. guwysje, Dan. gyse, Sw. dial. —Baker.
In the same way in Sc. one is
gysa, gasa sig, to shudder at ; gase,gust, said to be fidging fain, nervously eager,
horror, fear, revulsion. From the last of unable to keep still. See Goggle.
these forms we pass to Sc. gousty, gous- Agony. Gr. 'Ayiiv, as ayopa, an as-
trous, applied to what impresses the mind sembly, place of assembly, esp. an as-
with feelings of indefinite horror waste, sembly met to see games; thence the
;

desolate, awful, full of the preternatural, contest for a prize on such an occasion
frightful. a struggle, toil, hardship. ' Ayoivia, a con-
test, gymnastic exercise, agony; ayiavi-
Cald, mirk, and gousUe is the night,
Loud roars the blast ayont the hight. —Jamieson. ZoiAai, to contend with, whence antagonist,
He observed one of the black man's feet to be one who contends against.
cloven, and that the black man's voice was hough To Agree. From Lat. gratus, pleas-
and ^OKj^zs.—Glanville in Jam. ing, acceptable, are formed It. grado,

The word now becomes confounded Prov. grat, OFr. gret, Fr. grd, will,
pleasure, favour and thence It. agradire,
with ghostly, the association with which
;

to receive kindly, to please, Prov. agreiar,


has probably led to the insertion of the h
Fr. agrier, to receive with favour, to give
in ghastly itself as well as aghast.
Agistment. From Lat. jacere the one's consent to, to agree. Prov. ag?ad-
Fr. had ghir, to lie ; whence giste, a
able, agreeable. See Grant.
lodging, place to lie down in giste liune ;
Ague. A fever
coming in periodical
fits or sharp attacks, from Fr. aigu, sharp,
hivre, the form of a hare. Hence agister,
to give lodging to, to take in cattle to
fiivre aigue, acute fever.
It is a remarkable fact that the Lepchas, when
feed and the law term agistment, the
;
suffering from protracted cold, take fever and
profit of cattle pasturing on the land.
Aglet. The tag of a point, i. e. of the

ague in sharp attacks. Hooker, Himalayan
Journal.
lace or string by which different parts
Se non febre aguda
of dress were formerly tied up or fastened Vos destrenha costats.
'1

together. Hence any small object hang- Si non qu'une fiivre aigue vous presse les cotds.
ing loose, as a spangle, the anthers of a Raynouard.
tulip or of grass, the catkins of a hazel, The confinement to periodical fever is

&c. Junius. Fr. aiguillette, diminutive
of aiguille, a needle, properly the point
a modern restriction, from the tendency
of language constantly to become more
fastened on the end of a lace for drawing specific in its application.
it through the eyelet holes ; then, like E.
For Richard lay so sore seke.
point, applied to the lace itself.
On knees prayden the Ciystene host-
'Agnail, Angnail. A
swelled gland. Through hys grace and hys vertue
It. ghiandole, agnels, glandules, wartles He turnyd out of his agu,
or kernels in the flesh or throat, in the R. Coer de Lion, 3045.

groin or armpits. Fl. Fr. agassin, a Aid. Lat. adjuvare, adjutum; adju-
corne or agnele in the foot. Cot. — A tare, to help. Prov. adjudar, ajudar,
false etymology seem%to have caused the aidar, Fr. aider, to help.
name to be applied also to a sore between Aidecamp. Fr. aide du camp. It. aju-
the finger and nail. The real origin is It. tante di campo, an officer appointed to
anguinaglia (Lat. inguem), the groin, assist the general in military service.
also a botch or blain in that place ; Fr. To Ail. AS. eglian, to pain, to grieve,
angonailles, botches or sores.
— Cot. — to trouble, perhaps from the notion of
Ago. Agone. Here the initial a pricking; egle, egla, festuca, arista, car-
stands for the OE. y, G. ge, the augment
of the past participle ago, agone, forygo,
;

duus Lye, whence ails, the beard of
corn (Essex), as. egle, troublesome,
ygone, gone away, passed by ; long ago, Goth, agio, affliction, tribulation, aglus,
Jong gone by. shameful
difficult, agls,
For in swiche cas wimmen have swiche somve ToA!im. Lat. astiinare, to consider,
Whan that hir husbonds ben from hem ago to reckon, to fix at a certain point or
Knight's Tale.
rate Prov. estimar, to reckon ; adesti-
;

Agog. Excited with expectation, jig- mar, adesmar, azesmar, aesmar, to calcu-
ging with excitement, ready to start in ate, to prepare ; A
son colp azesmat,' he
'

pursuit of an object of desire. Literally has calculated or aimed his blow well
on the jog, or on the start, {rom gog, sy- Diez; esmar, OFr. esmer, to calculate,
nonymous with jog or shogj gog-mire, a to reckon—' Li chevaliers de s'ost a treis
quagmire. — Hal. ' He is all agog to go.' mille esma.' He reckons the knights of
! ;

AIR ALERT 13


his host at 3000 Rom. de Rou ; esmer, tions. Las.! Ai las! Helas ! Ah wretched
to purpose, determine, to offer to strike, me ! Alas
to aim or level at. —Cotgr. M'aviatz gran gaug donat
Air. Lat. aer, Gr. a.r\p, doubtless con- Ai lassa! can pane m'a durat. —Raynouard,
tracted from Lat. cether, the heavens, Gr. You have given me great joy, ah wretched me I

atS'np, the sky, or sometimes air. Gael. how Uttle ithas lasted.
aethar, athar, pronounced ayar, aar, the Las I tant en ai puis soupir^,
air, sky, w. awyr. Et doit estre tasse clam^e
Aisle. The side divisions of a church, Quant ele aime sans estre am^e. —R. R.
like wings on either side of the higher Alchemy. The
science of converting
nave. Fr. aisle, aile, a wing, from Lat. base metals into gold. Mid. Gr. lipxiM'" 5
axilla, ala. xr]\uia. —Suidas. Arab, al-ktmtd, without
By a like analogy, Ics ailes du nez, the native root in that language. Diez. —
nostrils Us ailes d'une/orit, the skirts of
; Alcohol. Arabic, al kohl, the impal-
a forest. Cotgr.— pable powder of antimony with which
Ait. A
small flat island in a river, for the Orientals adorn their eyelids, any-
eyot, from eye, an island. thing reduced to an impalpable powder,
Ajar. 0« cAar, on the turn, half open, the pure substance of anything separated
from AS. ceorran, to turn. from the more gross, a pure well-refined
Like as ane bull dois rummesing and rare spirit, spirits of wine. To alcoholise, to
When he eschapis hurt one the altare, reduce to an impalpable powder, or to
And charris by the ax with his neck wycht
Gif one the forehede the dynt hittis not richt.
rectify volatile spirit. B. —
Alcove. Sp. alcoba, a place in a room
D. V. 46, 15.
railed off to hold a bed of state ; hence a
Swiss ackar, Du. aeti karre, akerre,
hollow recess in a wall to hold a bed,
ajar.
side-board, &c. Arab, cobba, a closet
;

Ende vonden de dore akerre staende. (Lane) alcobba, a cabinet or small cham-
;

See Char, Chare.


Wallewein, 9368.
ber. — Engelberg. Cabrera thinks Sp.
alcoba a native word Arabized by the
Akimbo. Moors. AS. bed-cofa, vel bur, cubicu-

The host set his hond in kenebowe — —
lum. ^If Gl. ON. kofi, Da. kove, a hut,
Wenist thow, seid he to Beryn, for to skome me ?
Beryn, 1105.
a small compartment.
Alder, as. air; E. dial, aller, owler;
It. schembare, sghembare, to go aside
G. eller, erlej Du. els; Sw. al; Pol.
from schimbiccio, a crankling or crooked
;
olsza, olszyna; Lat. alnus.
winding in and out ; sedere a schimbiccio, Alderman, as. eald, old; ealdor, an
to sit crooked upon one's legs, as tailors
elder, a parent, hence a chief, a ruler.
do asghembo,aschembo,aschencio,3.s\o^e, Hundredes ealdor, a ruler of a hundred,
;


askance. Fl. Du. schampen, to slip, to
a centurion ; ealdor-biscop, an archbishop
graze, to glance aside.
ealdor-man, a magistrate.
. Alacrity. Lat. alacer, ^-cris, eager,
Ale. AS. eale, eala, ealu, aloth; ON.
brisk It. allegro, sprightly, merry.
;
ol; Lith. alus, from an equivalent of
Alarm. —
Alarum. It. all' anne, to
Gael, dl, to drink as Bohem. piwo, beer,
;

arms the call to defence on being sur- from piti, to drink.


!

prised by an enemy. Alembic— Lembic. A


still. It. lam-
This said, he runs down with as great a noise bicco, lembicco, Sp. alambique, Arab, al-
and shouting as he could, crying al'arme, help, anbiq it
; does not appear, however, that
help, citizens, the castle is taken by the enemy,
come away to defence. Holland's PUny in the word admits of radical explanation in

Richardson. the latter language. Diez. — ^
Alert. Lat. erigere, erectus, It. ergere,
Hence, E. alarum, a rousing signal of
to raise up ; erta, the steep ascent of a
martial music, a surprise Fr. allarmer,
;
hill; erto, straight, erect; star erto, to
to give an alarum unto; to rouse or
stand up; star a I'erta, allerta, to be
affright by an alarum — Cotgr. ; and gen-
upon one's guard, literally, to stand upon
erally, to alarm, to excite apprehension.
an eminence. Hence alert, on one's
The alarum, or larum of a clock is a loud guard, brisk, lively, nimble.
ringing suddenly let off for the purpose
In this place the prince finding his rutters
of rousing one out of sleep. G. Idrm, up-
[routiers] alert (as the Italians say), with the ad-
roar, alarm. vice of his valiant brother, he sent his trumpets
Alas. From Lat. lassus, Prov. las, to the Duke of Parma. Sir Roger Williams, a= —
wearied, wretched. Hence the exclama- 1618, in Rich.
;

14 ALGATES ALLAY
Algates. From the ne. gates, ways som a gull saei.' The aurox horn was as
ON. gata, a path, Sw. gata, way, street. fair as if it were all gold. So ce-lius, all-
All ways, at all events, in one way or bright; a-tid, modern Sw. all-tid, all
another. time. AS. ale, each, is probably ce-Uc,
Algates by sleight or by violence ever-like, implying the application of a
Fro' year to year I win all my dispence. predicate to all the members of a series.
Friar's Tale. In every, formerly evereche, everilk, for
Always used in the N. of Eng-
itself is cefre-celc, there is a repetition of the element
land in the sense of however, neverthe- signifying continuance. But every and
less. - Brocket. Swagaies, in such a all express fundamentally the same idea.
manner Every one indicates all the individuals
Algebra. From Arab, eljahr, putting of a series every man and all men are
;

together. The complete designation was the same thing.


el jabr wa el mogdbala, the putting to- To Allay, formerly written allegge, as
gether of parts and equation. From a to say was formerly to segge. dis- Two
corruption of these words algebraic cal- tinct words are confounded in the modern
culation is called the game of Algebra allay, the first of which should properly
and Almucgrabala in a poem of the 13th be written with a single /, from AS. alec-
century cited by Demorgan in N. Q. & gan, to lay down, to put down, suppress,
Sed quia de ludis fiebat sermo, quid iUo tranquillise. Speaking of Wm. Rufus, the
Pulcrior esse potest exercitio numerorum, Sax. Chron. says,
Quo divinantur numeri plerique per unum
Eallan folce behet eallan tha unrihte to aleg-
Ignoti notum, sicut ludunt apud Indos,
genne, the on his brother timan wseran
Ludum dicentes Algebrce almucgrabaUBque. ;

De Vetuia. translated in R. of Gloucester,


He behet God and that folc an beheste that was
Mogdbala, opposition, comparison, equal- this,
ity. — Catafogo. To alegge all luther lawes that yholde were be-
Alien. Lat.belonging to
alienus, fore
another, due to another source ; thence, And bettermake than were suththe he was ybore.
foreign. The joyous time now nigheth fast
To Alight. Dan. lette, Du. ligten That shall alegge this bitter blast,
And slake the winter sorrowe.
(from lei, ligt, light), signify to lift,to
Shepherd's Calendar.
make light or raise into the air. At lette
In the same way the Swed. has wddret
noget fra jorden, to lift something from
Idgger sigj wdrken Idgger sig, the wind
the ground. At lette een af sadalen ; Du.
is laid the pain abates. So in Virgil,
jemand uit den zadel ligten, to lift one ;

venti posu^re, the winds were laid.


from the saddle. To alight indicates
If by your art, my dearest father, you have
the completion of the action thus de-
Put the wild waters in this roar, alay them.
scribed to be brought by lifting down to
;
Tempest.
the ground to lift oneself down from the
;
So to allay thirst, grief, &c.
saddle, from out of the air. The other form, confounded with alegge
Aliment. Alimony.— Lat. alimen- from alecgan in the modern allay, is the
tum, alimonium, nourishment, victuals, old allegge, from Fi". aMger, It. alleg-
from alo, 1 nourish, support. giare, Lat. alleviare, to lighten, mitigate,
Alkali. Arab. al-grali,the salt of ashes. tranquillise, thus coming round so exactly
— Diez. In modern chemistry general- to the sense of cday from alecgan,
that it
ised to express all those salts that neutra- is impossible
sometimes to say to which
lise acids.
of the two origins the word should be re-
All. Goth, alls; ON. allrs AS. eall. ferred.
Notwithstanding the double /, I have Lat. levis, light, easy, gentle, becomes
long been inclined to suspect that it is a in Prov. leu;
whence leviar, leujar, to
derivative from the root d, ce, e, ei, aye, assuage;
alleviar, alleujar, OFr. alUger,
ever. Certainly the significations of ever to lighten, to assuage, precisely in the
and all are closely related, the one im-
same way that from brevis, abbreviare,
plying continuance in time, the other are formed Prov. brcu, abreujar, Fr. ab-
continuance throughout an extended briger, OE. abrcgge, to abridge.
series, or the parts of a multifarious
Que m'dones joi e m'leujes ma dolor.
object. The sense of the original <x, how- Quelle me donn&t joie et niallege&t ma dou-
ever, is not always confined to continu- leur.^—Rayn.
ance in time, as is distinctly pointed out Per Dieu ahujatz m'aquest fays !

by Hire. ' Urar-hornet war swa fagurt For God's salie lighten me this burden.
; ;

ALLEDGE ALLOW 15
would have brought my hfe ag^in,
It century under the forms alodis, alodtis,
For certes evenly t dare well saine alodium, alaudum, and in Fr. a,leu, aleu
The sight only and the savour
AUggid much of my —R. franc, fratic-aloud, franc-aloi, franc-
languor. R.
aleuf. The general sense is that of an
In the original,
estate held in absolute possession. Mete '

I.fi voir sans plus, et I'oudeur


prsedium possessionis hereditarias, hoc
Si maligeoienf ma douleur.
est, alodum nostrum qui est in pago An-
So in Italian, degavensi.'— Charta an. 839, in Due.
Fate limosina et dir messi accio che s'alleggino ' Alaudum meum
i sive hsereditatem quam
nostri martiri. dedit mihi pater meus in die nuptiarum
that our torments may be assuaged, or al- mearum.' Paternse haereditati, quam
'

layed.
nostrates alodium vel patrimonium vo-
To Alledge. Yx.Allegiier^ to alledge, cant, sese contulit.' It is often opposed
to produce reasons, evidence, or author-
ity for the proof of —
Cotg.
to a fief Hasc autem fuerunt ea quse
'

de allodiis sive pra2diis in feudum com-



Lat. legare, to intrust or assign unto mutavit Adela.' It is taken for an
allegare, to depute or commission one, estate free of duties. '
Habemus vinese
to send a message, to solicit by message. agripenum unum allodialiter immunem,
'
Petit a me Rabonius et amicos allegat.' hoc est ab omni census et vicarias red-
Rabonius asks of me and sends friends hibitione liberum.' ' Reddit ea terra 2
(to support his petition). Hence it came den. census cum ante semper alodium
to signify, to adduce reasons or witnesses fuisset.' A.D. 1708.
in support of an argument. From the It can hardly be wholly distinct from
language of lawyers probably the word ON. odal, which is used in much the same
came into general use in England and sense, allodium, prasdium hereditarium
France. octals-jord, prasdium hereditarium <?'&/- ;

Thei woU a leggen also and by the godspell pre- borinti, natus ad heredium avitum, scilicet
oven it, recti linea a primo occupante; ddals-
NoUte judicare quenquam. P. P. — matr, dominus allodialis, strict^ primus
Here we find alledge, from Lat. allegare, —
occupans. H aldorsen.
spelt and pronounced in the same man- Dan. Sw. odel, a patrimonial estate.
ner as allegge (the modern allay), from The landed proprietors of the Shetland
AS. alecgan, and there is so little differ- Isles are still called udallers, according to
ence in meaning between laying down Sir Waher Scott. The ON. 6dal is also
and bringing forward reasons, that the used in the sense of abandoned goods, at
Latin and Saxon derivatives were some- leggia fyrer odal, to abandon a thing, to
times confounded. leave it to be taken by the first occupier.
And eke this noble duke aleyde If Mid. Lat. alodis, alodum, is identical
Full many another skill, and seide with the ON. word, it exhibits a singular

She had well deserved wrecke. Gower in Rich. transposition of syllables. Ihre would
Here aleyde is plainly to be understood account for allodium from the compound
in the sense of the Lat. allegare. '
alldha odhol,' mentioned in the Gothic
Allegory. Gr. dXAijyopia, a figure of
speech involving a sense different from
laws, —an ancient inheritance, from alldr,
Eetas, antiquitas, and
ddal, inheritance, as
the apparent one ; aWof, other, and ayop«inu, allda-vinr, an ancient friend, alder-hafd,
to speak. a possession of long standing. See Ihre
Alley. Fr. alUe, a walk, path, passage, in V. Od.
from aller, to go. To Allow.
words seem here Two
Alligator. The American crocodile, from Lat. laudare, to
confounded ; i.

from the Sp. lagarto, a praise, and 2. from locare, to place, to let.
lizard ; Lat. la-
certa. In Hawkins' voyage he speaks of From the Lat. laus, laudis, was formed
these under the name of alagartoes. La- Prov. laus, lau, praise, approval, advice.
garto das Indias, the cayman or South Hence lauzar, alauzar, OFr. loer, louer,
American alligator. Neumann. — alouer, to praise, to approve, to recom-
Allodial. Allodium, in Mid. Lat., mend. In like manner the Lat. laudo
was an estate held in absolute possession was used for approbation and advice.
without a feudal superior. Blackstone. — Laudo igitur ut ab eo suam filiam
'

The derivation has been much disputed, primogenitam petatis duci nostro con-

and little light has been thrown upon it jugem,' I recommend. ' Et vos illuc
by the various guesses of antiquarians. tendere penitus dislaudamus^ we dis- —
The word appears as early as the ninth suade you. Ducange. 'Et leur de- —

i6 ALLOT ALMS
manda que looient k faire, et li loeretit
il week was 750 cargos of clean ore, aver-
tous que il descendist.' 'Et il li dirent age ley from nine to ten marks per
que je li avois lod bon conseil.' Join-
ville in Raynouard. In the same way in
— monton, with an increased proportion of
gold.' —
Times, Jan. 2, 1857.
English : From signifying the proportion of base
This is the sum of what I would have ye weigh,
metal in the coin, the term alloy was
First whether ye allow my whole devise, applied to the base metal itself.
And think it good for me, for them, for you, Alluvial. Lat. alluo {ad and lavo, to
And if ye lilce it and allow it well wash), to wash against ; alluvies, mud
Ferrex and Porrex in Richardson.
brought down by the overflowing of a
Especially laus was applied to the ap- river ; alluvius (of land), produced by
probation given by a feudal lord to the the mud of such overflowing.
alienation of a fee depending upon him, To Ally. Fr. allier. Lat. ligare, to
and to the fine he received for permission tie ; alligare, to tie to, to unite.
to alienate. Hoc donum laudavit AAa-xa
' Almanack. The word seems origin-
Maringotus, de cujus feodo erat' Due. — ally tohave been applied to a plan of
From signifying consent to a grant, the movements of the heavenly bodies.
the word came to be applied to the grant '
Sed hae tabulse vocantur Almanack vel
itself. Comes concessit iis et laudavit
' TaUignum, in quibus sunt omnes motus
terras et feuda eorum ad suam fidelitatem coelorum certificati &, principio mundi
et servitium.' Facta est hsec laus sive
'

usque in finem ut homo posset inspicere
concessio in claustro S. Marii.' Due. — omnia quae in ccelo. sunt omni die, sicut
Here we come very near the applica- nos in calendario inspicimus omnia festa
tion of allowance to express an assign- —
Sanctorum.' Roger Bacon, Opus Ter-
ment of a certain amount of money or tium, p. 36.
goods to a particular person or for a In the Arab, of Syria al manakh is
special purpose. climate or temperature.
'
And his allowance was a continual Almond. Gr. a)tvyiaXr\, Lat. amyg-
allowance given by the king, a daily rate dala, Wallach. migddle, mandule j Sp.
for every day all his life.' 2 Kings. — almendra, Prov. amandola, Fr. amande.
In this sense, however, to allow is It. mandola, mandorla, Langued. amen-
from the Lat. locare, to place, allocare, lou, amello.
to appoint to a certain place or purpose ; Alms. — Almonry. — Aumry. Gr.
It. allogare, to place, to fix ; Prov. alogar, properly compassionateness,
i\iriiio(Tvvri,
Fr. louer, allouer, to assign, to putout to then relief given to the poor. This,
hire. being an ecclesiastical expression, passed
'
Le seigneur peut saisir pour sa rente les direct into the Teutonic languages under
bestes pasturantes sur son fonds encore qu'elles the form of G. alinosen, AS. celmesse,
n'appartiennent i son vassal, ains 4 ceux qui ont celmes, OE. almesse, almose, Sc. awm.ous,
allott/es\es distes bestes.' — Coutume de Norman- alms J and into the Romance under the
die in Raynouard.
form of Prov. almosna, Fr. aumosiie,
To allow in rekeninge alloco. Al- — anmone. Hence the Fr. azimoiiier, E.
lowance —
allocacio. Pr. Pm. —
Wall. almoner, awmnere, an officer whose duty
alouwer, depenser. Grandg. — it is to dispense alms, and almonry,
Again, as the senses of Lat. laudare aumry, the place where the alms are
and allocare coalesced in Fr. allouer and given, from the last of which again it
E. allow, the confusion seems to have seems that the old form awjnbrere, an
been carried back into the contemporary almoner, must have been derived. Pr. —
Latin, where allocare is used in the sense Pm. When aumry is used with refer-
of approve or admit ; essonium allocabile, ence to the distribution of alms, doubt-
an admissible excuse. less two distinct words are confounded,
Alloy. The proportion of base metal almonry and ammary or ambry, from
mixed with gold or silver in coinage. Fr. armoire, Lat. armaria, almaria, a
From Lat. lex, the law or rule by which cupboard. This latter word in English
the composition of the money is go- was specially applied to a cupboard for
verned, It. lega, Fr. loi, aloi. Unus- '
keeping cold and broken victuals.—
quisque denarius cudatur et fiat ad legem Bailey, in v. Ambre, Ammery, Aumiy.
undecim denariorum.' Due. —
In the Ambry, a pantry.— Hal. Then as an
mining language of Spain the term is aumry or receptacle for broken victuals
applied to the proportion of silver found would occupy an important place in the
in the ore. The extraction for the
'
office where the daily dole of charity was
— —

ALOFT AMAY 17

dispensed, the association seems to have fices were made to the gods. Lat. altare,
led to the use of auniry or ambry, as if it which Ihre would explain from ON. eldr,
were a contraction of almonry, from fire, and ar, or am, a hearth or perhaps ;

which, as far as sound is concerned, it AS. em, cem, a place ; as Lat. lucerua,
might very well have arisen. And vice laterna, a lantern, from luc-em, leohtern,
versi, almonry was sometimes used in the place of a light.
the sense of armarium, almarium, a To Alter. To make something ot'vr
cupboard. Almonarimn, almorietum, than what Lat. alterare, from alter,
it is ;

almeriola, a cupboard or safe to set up the other. So G. dndem, to change, from


broken victuals to be distributed as alms ander, the other ; and the Lat. muto finds
to the poor. B. —See Ambry. an origin of like nature in Esthon. //i//,
Aloft. On loft, up in the air. G. another, whence inuduma, muudma, to
luft, ON. lopt, loft, OE. lift, the air, the change.
sky. N. aa on high.
loft, aloft, Al'ways. AS. eallne wceg, ealle wcega,
* Along. AS. andlang, G. entlang, the whole way, altogether, throughout.
entlangs, langs. It. lungo, Fr. le long de, The Servians use piit, way, for the num-
through the length of. AS. and langne ber of times a thing happens jeddH put, ;

doeg, throughout the length of the day. once dva put, twice, &c. Dan. een-
;

The term is also used figuratively to gang, one going, once tre-gange, three ;

express dependance, accordance. times. So from Du. reyse, a journey,


1 cannot tell whereon it was alonge — een, twee, dry, reyseti, semel, ter, bis.
Some said it was long on the fire maldng, Kil.
Some said it was long on the blowing. Am-, Amb-. Gr. dfii^i, about, around,
Canon Yeoman's Tale.
properly on both sides a/u^w, ambo, both. ;

This mode of expression is very gen- Amalgam. pasty mixture of mer- A


eral. cury and other metal, from Gr. fiiXayfia,
Trop fesoient miex cortoisie an emollient, probably a poultice, and
A toute gent lonj: cc que erent..
Fab. et Contes, i, i6o.
that from /iaXdaam, to soften. Diez. —
Amanuensis. Lat. from the habit of
They did better courtesy to each according to the scribe or secretary signing the docu-
what they were, according to their condition.
ments he wrote (as we' see in St Paul's
Hence selonc, selon, according to, the Epistles) ' manu A
,' from the hand

initial element of which is the particle si, of so and so. Hence a manu servus was
se, ce, so, here, this. a slave employed as secretary.
In the same way Pol. wedlug, accord- To Anaate. To confound, stupefy,
ing to, from w, -we, indicating relation of quell.
place, and dlugo, long. Upon the walls the Pagans old and young
^ MX.
The AS. form was gelang. the Stood hushed and still, amafed and amazed.
is ure lyf gelang^ our life is along of Fairfax in Boucher.
' Hii sohton
thee, is dependent on thee. OFr. amater, mater, mattir, to abate,
on hwom that gelang wcere.' They in- mortify, make fade, from inat, G. matt,
quired along of whom that happened dull, spiritless, faint. It. matto, mad,
Lye. Walach. langa, juxta, secundum, foolish Sp. malar, to quench, to slay.
;

penes, pone, propter. But when I came out of swooning


Aloof. To loof or luff in nautical And had my wit and my feeling,
language is to turn the vessel up into the I was all mate and wende full wele
Of blode to have lost a full grete dele.
wind. Aloof, then, is to the windward R. R 1737.
of one, and as a vessel to the windward
has it in her choice either to sail away In the original
Derived
—Je fus moult vain.
by Diez from the expression
or to bear down upon the leeward vessel,
check-mate, at chess.
aloof la.3iS come to signify out of danger,
in safety from, out of reach of.
Amative, Amity. From Lat. atno, to
amour, love amatus,
love, are a?nor, Fr.
Nor do we find him forward to be sounded
;
;

But with a crafty madness keeps aloof, loved ; amabilis; amicus, a loving one, a
When we would bring him on to some confession friend and from each of these numerous
;


Of his true state. Hamlet. secondary derivatives amorous, amative, ;

Alpine. Of the nature of things found amateur, amiable, amicable. Lat. amici-
in lofty mountains ; from the Alps, the tia, Fr. amitie, E. amity, &c
highest mountains in Europe. Gael. To Amay. It. smagare, to discourage,

Alp, a. height, an eminence, a mountain. dispirit ; Sp. desmayar, to discourage,


Altar. The fire-place on which sacri- despond ; desmayar se, to faint ; OPort.
2
i8 AMBASSADOR AMERCEMENT
amago, fright; Prov. esmagar, esmaiar, dmer, Fr. ambre, Sp. Ptg. ambar, alam-
to trouble, to frighten, to grieve ; Fr. bar, alambre. The Ar. anbar seems to
s'esmaier, to be sad, pensive, astonied, have signified in the first instance amber-
careful, to take thought. Cotgr. Esmay, — gris or grey amber, an odoriferous ex-
cretion of certain fish, cast up by the
thought, care, cark. Hence E. amay,
dismay, or simply may. waves, like the yellow amber, on the
Beryn was at counsell, his heart was full woo,
shore. Hence the name was transferred
And his menye (attendants) soiy, distrakt, and to the latter substance.
all —
amayide. Chaucer, Beryn, 2645. —
Ambient. ^Ambition. Lat. ambio, to
So for ought that Beiyn coud ethir spake or pray go round, to environ ; also to go about
He myght in no wyse pass, full sore he gan to hunting for favour or collecting votes,

may. Ibid. 1685. whence ambitio, a soliciting of or eager
The Romance forms are, according to desire for posts of honour, &c.
Diez, derived from the Goth, magan, to Amble. Fr. ambler, Sp. amblar. It.
have power, to be strong, with the ne- ambiare, from Lat. ambulo, to walk, go a,
gative particle dis. Compare Dan. af- foot's pace.
magt, a swoon. Am.bry, Aum.bry, Aumber. A side-
Ambassador. Goth. Andbahts, a serv- board or cupboard-top on which plate
ant, andbahti, service, ministry OHG. ; —
was displayed Skinner in whose time
;

ambaht, a. minister or ministry j ampah- the word was becoming obsolete.


tan, to minister; G. ampt, employment, Fr. armoire, a cupboard. Sp. armaria,
office. almario, G. aimer, a cupboard. Mid.
In Middle Lat. ambascia, ambaxia, or Lat. armaria, almaria, a chest or cup-
ambactia, was used for business, and board, especially for keeping books,
particularly applied to the business of whence armarius, the monk in charge of
another person, or message committed the books of a monastery. Purpuram '

to another, and hence the modern sense optimam de almarid toUens


'
thesaurum '

of e?nbassy, It. ambasciata, as the message et almariuiii cum ejus pertinentiis, vide-
sent by a ruling power to the government licet libris ecclesicB.' Due. '
Biblio- —
of another state ambassador, the person theca, sive armarium vel archivum, boc-
;

who carries such a message. Castrais, hord.'— Gloss. ^Ifr.


e'mbessa, to employ. The word was very variously written
Quicunque asinum alienum extra do- in English. 'Almoriolum an almery,'
'

mini voluntatem praesumpserit, aut per —
Pictorial Vocab. in National Antiqui-
unum diem aut per duos in ambascia ties. And as the term was often applied
— —
sua' in his own business. Lex Bur- to a cupboard used for keeping broken
gund. in Due. Si in dominica ambascia meat, of which alms Avould mainly con-
'

fuerit occupatus.' —
Lex Sal. In another sist, it seems to have contracted a fal-
editioh, ' Si in jussione Regis fuerit oc- lacious reference to the word alms, and
cupatuS.' thus to become confounded with almonry,
Ambfisciari, to convey a message. the office where alms were distributed.
'
Et ambasciari ex illorum parte quod The original meaning, according to
mihi jussum fuerat.' Hincmar. in Due. —Diez, is a chest in which arms were kept,

The word ambacius is said by Festus armarium, repositorium ai-morum.' '

to be Gallic ambactus apud Ennium Gloss. Lindenbr.


:
'

lingui Gallic^ servus appellatur and Ambush. From It. bosco, Prov. base,
; '

Csesar, speaking of the equites in Gaul, a bush, wood, thicket It. imboscarsi, :

says, circum se ambactos, clientesque Prov, cmboscar, Fr. embuscher, to go into


'

habent.' Hence Grimm explains the a wood, get into a thicket for shelter,
word from bah, as backers, supporters, then to lie in wait, set an ambush.
persons standing at one's back, as hench- Amenable. Easy to be led or ruled,
man, a person standing at one's haunch from Fr. amener, to bring or lead unto,
or side, mener, to lead, to conduct. See Demean.
The notion of manual labour is pre- Amercement. Amerciament. — A
served in Du. ambagt, a handicraft am- pecuniary penalty imposed upon offend-
;

bagts-mann, an artis_an. ON. ambatt, a ers at the mercy of the court it differs :

female slave. It. ambasciare (perhaps from a fine, which is a punishment cer-
originally to oppress with work), to tain, and determined by some statute.—
trouble, to grieve ambascia, anguish, B.
; In Law 'Lxs.Wn, poni in miscricordiA
distress, shortness of breath. was thus to be placed at the mercy of
Amber, Ambergris, mho. amber. the court lire mis i\ merci, or etre amer- ;
AMNESTY AN 19

cU, to be amerced, and misericordia was First, an


for atid.
used for any arbitrary exaction. He sone come bysyde hys fone echon,
Concedimus etiam eisdem abbati et monachis An bylevede hym there al nygt, and al hys ost
et eonim successoribus quod sint quieti de omni- also,

bus misericordiis in perpetuum. Charter Edw. An thogte anon amorwe strong batayle do.
R. G. 319.
I. in Due. Et inde coram eo placitabuntur, et
de omnibus misericordiis et emendationibus de- Secondly, and for if or an.

bemus habere ii solidos. Duo. Me reweth sore I am unto hire teyde,
When a party was thus placed at the For and 1 should rekene every vice
Which that she hath, ywis I were to nice.
mercy of the court, it was the business of Squire's Prologue.
affeerors appointed for that purpose to And I were so apt to quarrel as thou art, any
fix the amount of the amercement. See man should buy the fee simple of my life for an
Affeer. hour and a half.
Amnesty. Gr. aiivijirTHa {a priv. & We find aji (/"and and if or simply an
fivao/iai, remember), a banishing from
I for if
remembrance of former misdeeds. — I pray thee, Launce, and if thou seest my
Amount. From mont, hill, and val, boy bid him make haste.
valley, the French formed amont and But and if tha^ wicked sei-vant say in his
aval, upwards and downwards respect- heart, &c.
ively, whence monter, to moimt, to rise Nay, an thou dalliest, then I am thy foe.
up, and avaler, to send down^o swallow. Ben Jonson in R.
Hence amount is the sum total to which In the same sense the OS wed. cen,
a number of charges rise up when added while om, cEn corresponds exactly to our
together. an if, om, formerly of, being the exact
Ample. Lat. amplus, large, spacious. representative of E. if. The Sw. cEn is
Amputate. Lat. amputo, to cut off, also used in the sense of and, still, yet. —
to prune puto, to cleanse, and thence to Ihre.
;

cut off useless branches, to prune ; putiis, It is extremely difficult to guess at the
pure, clean, bright. sensible image which the root of
lies at
Amulet. Lat. amuletum, a ball or the obscure significations expressed by
anything worn about the person as a the particles and conjunctions, the most
preservative or charm against evil. From time-worn relics of language ; but in the
Arab, hamala, to carry. present instance it seems that both sense
To Amuse. To give one something and form might well be taken from the E.
to muse on, to occupy the thoughts, to even, in the sense of continuous, unbroken,
entertain, give cheerful occupation. For- level.
merly also used as the simple muse, to The
poetical contraction of even into
contemplate, earnestly fix the thoughts on. e'en shows how such
a root might give
Here I put my pen into the inkhorn and fell ON. enn, OS wed.
rise to such forms as
into a strong and deep amusement, revolving in an, Dan. end. With respect to meaning,
my mind with great perplexity the amazing we still use even as a conjunction in cases

change of our affairs. Fleetwood in Richardson. closely corresponding to the Swed. cen,
An. The indefinite article, the purport and Dan. end. Thus we have Swed.
of which is simply to indicate individ- cen-mi, translated by Ihre, etiamnum,
uality. It is the same word with the even now, i. e. without a sensible break
numeral one, AS. an, and the difference between the event in question and now ;
in pronunciation has arisen from a cendock, quamvis, even though, or al-
lighter accent being laid upon the word though cen, yet, still, continuously ;
;

when used as an article than when as a 'he is still there,' he continues there.
definite numeral. So in Breton, the in- —
So in Danish, om dette end skulde ske,
definite article has become eun, while the even if that should happen end ikke, ne ;

numeral is unan. Dan. een, one, en, a, an. quidem, not even then end nu, even
;


An. And. There is no radical dis- now. When one proposition is made
tinction between an and and, which are conditional on another, the two are prac-
tically put upon the same level, and thus
accidental modifications of spelling ulti-
mately appropriated to special applica- the conditionality may fairly be expressed
tions of the particle. by even contracted into ce?i or an. Ana-
In our older writers it was not unfre- lysing in this point of view the sentence
quent to make use of ait in the sense in above quoted.
which we now employ and, and vice Nay, an thou dalliest, then I am thy foe,
versi and in the sense of an or if. it must be interpreted. Nay, understand
2 *
;

20 ANA ANGER
these propositions as equally certain, turn wend-ijser, brand-ijser, crateule-
;

thou dalliest here, I am thy foe. It de- — rium, ferrum in quo veru vertitur, Kil., —
pends upon you whether the first is to i. e. the rack in front of the kitchen-dogs

prove a fact or no, but the second pro- in which the spit turns. Lander, Gall, '

position has the same value which you landier, Lat. verutentum; item haec an-
choose to give to the former. dena.' —
Catholicon Arm. in Due. Andena
It will subsequently be shown probable seems a mere latinisation of OE. aundyre
that the conjunction if is another relic of for andiron, as brondyr for broiidiron,
the same word. On the other hand, gredyre ior gridiron. 'Afidena, aundyre.'
placing two things side by side, or on a '
Trepos, brandyr.' Craticula, gredyre.'
'

level with each other, may be used to — National Antiq. 178. In modern Eng-
express that they are to be taken together, lish the term has been transferred to
to be treated in the same manner, to the moveable fire-irons.
form a single whole and thus it is that
; To Aneal, Anele. To give the last
the same word, which implies condition- unction. I aneele a sick man, J'enhidlle.
ality when circumstances show the un- — Palsgr. Fr. huille, oil.
certainty of the first clause, may become Anecdote. Gr. avinhoToq, not pub-
a copulative when the circumstances of lished, from ticSiduiJii, to give out, to put
the sentence indicate such a signification. forth.
Ana- Gr. ava, up, on, back. Anent.— Anenst. In face of, respect-
Anatomy. Gr. a.vari\iivu>, to cut up. ing. ongean, opposite
AS. foran on- ;

See Atom. gean,foran g'cn (Thorpe's Dipl. p. 341),


Ancestor. Fr. ancestre, ancetre, from over against, opposite, in front, Sc.foi-e-
Lat. antecessor, one that goes before. anent. The word ane7it, however, does
See Cede. not seem to come directly from the AS.
Anchor. Lat. aiichora, Gr. aym^a. ongean. It shows at least a northern
There can be no doubt that it is from the influence from the ON. giegnt, Sw. gent,
root signifying hook, which gives rise to opposite, gent ofwer, over against. Hence
the Gr. dyKvXos, curved, crooked dyKuv, ; on gent, anent, and with the s, so com-
an elbow, recess, corner oyici), oyiavoQ, a
; monly added to prepositions (comp. ante,
hook Lat. angulus, an angle, uncus, a before, Prov. antes, AS. togeanes, &c.j,
;

hook, crooked. anentis. Anentis men, it is impossible,'

Unco alliget anckora morsu, Virg. —


but not anentis God.' Wicliff. Hence —
Anchoret. A hermit. Gr. avaxi>s- Anenst, as alongst from along, whilst
n^m, one who has retired from the world from while, against from again.
from avaxapiui, to retire. AngeL Lat. a?igelus, from Gr.'AyyeXof,
Anchovy. Fr. anchois. It. ancioe, a messenger, one sent dyykX\u>, to send ;

Gr. d^vi), Lat. apua, aphya iapyd) ; tidings.


whence might arise. It. iapj-ugd) acciuga, Anger. Formerly used in the sense
Pied. Sicil. anciova, Genoes. anciua. — of trouble, torment, grievance.
Diez. He that ay has le%'yt fre
Ancient. Lat. ante, Prov. antes, It. May not know well the propyrt^,
anzi, before, whence anziano, Fr. ancien, The angyr na the wrechyt dome
ancient, belonging to former times. That is cowplyt to foule thyrldome.
Ancle. AS. ancleow, G. enkel. Bruce, i. 235.
Pro-
bably a parallel formation with Gr. Shame
ayicvXri, a loop, the bend of the arm; and
From whom fele angirs I have had. — R. R.
from the same root, ayKoiw, the elbow, or In the original,
bending of the arm It. anca, the haunch,
;
Par qui je fus puis moult gr^v^.
or bending of the hip OHG. ancha, Bav.
; From the sense of oppression, or injury,
anke (genick), the bending of the neck. the expression was transferred to the
And. See An. feelings of resentment naturally aroused
Andiron. Originally the iron bars in the mind of the person aggrieved. In
which supported the two ends of the logs the same way, the word harm signifies
on a wood fire. as. brand-isen, brand- injury, damage, in English, and resent-
iron, could never have been corrupted ment, anger, vexation, in Swedish.
into andiron.The Mid. Lat. has andena, The idea of injury is very often ex-
andela, andeda, andena. Fr. landicr, pressed by the image of pressure, as in
grand chenet de cuisine. Diet. Wallon.
The Flemish wend-ijser probably ex-
— the word oppress, or the Fr. grever, to
bear heavy on one. Now the root ang
hibits the true origin, from wenden, to is very widely spread in the sense of
— ;
; ;

ANGLE ANTHEM 21

compression, tightness. G. eng, com- Sp. enojo, ofi'ence, injury, anger; enojar,
pressed, strait, narrow; Lat. angere, to molest, trouble, vex; It. noia, trouble,
to strain, strangle, vex, torment;angus- weariness, vexation, disquiet recarsi a ;

tus, narrow; angina, oppression of the noja, to be tired of something; nojare,


breast angor, anguish, sorrow, vexation
; venire a noja, to weary, to be tedious to.
Gr. ayx", to compress, strain, strangle, Diez cites OYe.net. plu te sont a inodio
whence ayx' (s-S 'it.pressd), near; a-^xtaiai, as exactly equivalent to It. piu ti sono a
to be grieved ; dyx""")) what causes pain noja. Recarsi a noia, e aversi a noia,'
'

or grief. says Vanzoni,'vagliono recarsi in fastidio,


Both physical and metaphorical senses in recrescimento, in odio, odiare, odium
are well developed in the ON. angr, aliquem concipere.' So in Languedoc,
in
narrow, a nook or corner, grief, pain, aver en odi, to hate
odi, hate, disgust ;

sorrow angra, to torment, to trouble


; la car me ven en odi, meat is distasteful
krabba-angar, crabs' pincers. to me me venes en odi, vous m'ennuyez,
;

To Angle. To fish with a rod and you are tedious to me. From in odio
line, from AS. angel, a fish-hook. Du. arose OFr. enuy, envi (commonly re-
anghel-snoer, anghel-roede, a fishing-line, ferred to Lat. invitus), d, envi or d. envis,
fishing-rod angheUn, to angle. Chaucer unwillingly, with regret, as hiii from
;

has angle-hook, showing that the proper hodie.


'
And from enuy was formed
meaning of the word angle was then lost, ennuyer, to weary, to annoy.
and by a further confusion it was sub- From the same source must be ex-
sequently applied to the rod. plained Du. noode, noeye, unwilling,

A fisher next his trembling angle bears. Pope. with regret or displeasure noode iet doen, ;

Angmsh.. Lat. angustia, a strait,


gravat^ aliquid facere; noode hebben,
whence It. angoscia (as poscia, from asgri ferre ; noeyen, noyen, officere, nocere,
postea), Fr. angoisse, E. anguish. See molestum esse. Kil. —
Noode, nooyelick, '

Anger. k ennuy, k regret, invitus, coactus, ingra-


tus, vel asgrd, molest^ jet noode doen,
Anile. Lat. anilis, from anus, an ;

faire quelque chose enuy ; noode jet


aged woman.
Animal. Animate. — Lat. animus, horen,
audire.'
ouyr enuy quelque chose, graviter

Thesaurus Theut. Ling. 1573.
the spirit, living principle, mind, properly
Anodyne. Gr. avwSvvoc (a priv. and
the breath, as the ruling function of life
oSvvrt,pain), without sense of pain,
in man, analogous to spirit, from spiro,
wind; aw, aij/Ji, capable of dispelling pain.
to breathe. Gr. avt\ioq,
Anomalous. Gr. dvdifioKoe (a priv.
to blow.
To Anneal. To
glass in order to
fire
and i/iaXbg, level, fair), irregular, devi-
ating from an even surface.
melt and fix the vitreous colours with
Anon. AS. on an, in one, jugiter, con-
which it is painted.
And a picture shone in glass annealed.
tinuo, sine intermissione Lye; at one —
lilce
time, in a moment ; ever and anon, con-
Dryden in Worcester.
tinually.
I aneel a potte of erthe or suche like with Answer. AS. andswarian, from and,
a coloure, Je plomme. Palsgr. Also to— and swerian, Goth, svaran,
in opposition,
temper glass or metals in a gradually to swear.ON. svara, to answer, to
decreasing heat, \t.focare, to fire or set engage for. It is remarkable that the
on fire, also to Meal metals. Fl. — Latin expression for answer is formed in
From AS. iz/an, oncelan, to set on fire, exactly the same way from a verb spon-
burn, bake. The expression cocti lateris dere, signifying to engage for, to assure.
of the Vulgate, Is. xvi. 7, II, is rendered The simpler idea of speaking in return is
anelid tyil in the earlier Wickliffite directly expressed by Goth, anda-vaurd,
version, and bakun tijl in the later. G. ant-wort, AS. aiidwyrd, current side
Marsh. by side with the synonymous andswar.
* To Annoy. It. annoiare, OFr. Ant. The well-known insect, con-
anoier, anueir, anider, Fr. ennuyer, to tracted from emmet ; like aunt, a parent's
annoy, vex, trouble, grieve, afflict, weary, sister, from Lat. amita.
irke, importune overmuch. Cot. The — Ante- Lat. ante, before.
origin of the word has been well explained Ant- Anti- Gr. avn, against. What
by Diez from the Lat. phrase esse in odio, is inface of one or before one is in one
It. esserin odio,to be hateful or repugnant point of view opposite or against one.
to one. Esse alieni in odio ; apud aliquem Anthem. A
divine song sung by two
in odio esse.— Cic. Hence was formed opposite choirs or choruses. B. Lat. —
— ;

23 ANTICK APHORISM
anti^hona; Gr. avri^ava, from avTiipoiuia), To dance is explained by
the anticks
to sound in answer. Prov. antifena; Bailey to dance after an odd and ridicu-
AS. antefn, whence anthem, as from as. lous manner, or in a ridiculous dress, like
stcfn, E. stem. The Fr: form antienne a jack-pudding. To go antiquely, in
shows a similar corruption to that of Shakespear, to go in strange disguises.
Estienne, from Stephanus. In modern language antic is applied to
Antick. —
Antique. Lat. anticus, extravagant gestures, such as those
from ante, before, as posticus, from, post, adopted by persons representing the
behind. characters called antics in ancient
At the revival of art in the 14th and masques. Mannequin, a puppet or an
-

i;th centuries the recognised models of antic. Cot. —


imitation were chiefly the remains of Antidote. Gr. Ilvtwotov, something
ancient sculpture, left as the .legacy of given against, a preventative ; Jorioc, what
Roman civilisation. Hence the applica- is to be given.
tion of the term antique to work of sculp- Antler. Fr. andouillers, the branches
tured ornamentation, while individual of a stag's horns but properly andouiller ;

figures wrought in imitation or supposed is the first branch or brow-antler, sur-


imitation of the ancient models, were andouiller the second. As the brow-
called antiques, as the originals are at the antler projects forward the word has been
present day. derived from a7ite, before, but the ex-
At the entering of the palays before the gate planation has not been satisfactorily
was builded a fountain of embowed work en- made out.
grayled with afjiicke workes, —
the old God of Anvil. Formerly written anvilt or
wine called Bacchus birling the wine, which by anvild; AS.
anfilts Pl.D. amboltj Du.
the conduits in the earth ran to the people
aenbeld, ambeld, a block to hammer on.
plenteously with red, white, and claret wine.
Hall's Chron. Percutere, villan —
Gloss. Pezron fiUist,

Again from the same author :


verberas. Otfried. —
So Lat. incus, in-
;

cudis, from in and cudere, to strike G. ;

At the nether end were two broad arches upon ambossj OHG. anapoz, from an and
three antike pillers, all of gold, burnished, bossen, to strike.
swaged, and graven full of gargills and serpentes
— and above the arches were made sundry Anxious. Lat. anxius, from ango,
antikes and devices. anxi, to strain, press, strangle, choke,
vex, trouble.
But as it is easier to produce a certain
Any. AS. cenig, from an, one, and ig,
effect by monstrous and caricature re- a termination equivalent to Goth, eigs,
presentations than by aiming at the
from eigan, to have. Thus from gabe, a
beautiful in art, the sculptures by which
gift, wealth, gabeigs, one having wealth,
our medieval buildings were adorned,
rich. In like manner, any is that which
executed by such stone-masons as were
partakes of the nature of one, a small
to be had, were chiefly of the former
quantity, a few, some one, one at the
class, and an antick came to signify a
least.
grotesque figure such as we see on the
Apanage. Lat. panis, bread, whence
spouts or pinnacles of our cathedrals.
Prov. panar, apatiar, to nourish, to sup-
Some fetch the origin of this proverb (he looks port; Fr. apanage, a provision for a
as the devil over Lincoln) from a stone picture
younger child.
of the Devil which doth or lately did overlook
Lincoln College. Surely the architect intended Apart. —
Apartment. Fr. d. part,
it no further than for an ordinary anticke.
ler in R.
Ful-—
aside, separate. Apartment, something
set aside, a suite of rooms set aside for a
Now for the inside here grows another doubt, separate purpose, finally applied to a
whether grotesca, as the Italians, or antique single chamber.
work, as we call it, should be received. Re-
liquias Wottonianse in R.

Ape. Originally a monkey in general
latterly applied to the tailless species.
The term was next transferred to the To ape, to imitate gestures, from the imi-
grotesque characters, such as savages, tative habits of monkeys. But is it not
fauns, and devils, which were favourite possible that the name of the ape may be
subjects of imitation in masques and from imitating or taking off the actions
revels. of another ? Goth., on. af, G. ab, of, from.
That roome with pure gold it all was overlaid
Aperient.—Aperture. Lat. aperio,
Wrought with wild aniickes which their follies apertum, to open, to display pario, to
;

playde bring forth. See Cover.


In the riche metal as they living were. —Spencer. Aphorism. Gr. d<popi(xnbs, a definite
— ;

APO APRICOT 23
sentence ; a'^opi'Jw, to mark off, to define good time, in good season prendre son ;

opoQ, a bound, landmark. d. poind, to take his fittest opportunity


Apo- Gr. d-n-o, corresp. to Lat. ai, of, for ;
quand it /At d. poind, when the
off, from, away. proper time came. Hence appoind, fit-
Apoplexy. From Gr. diroTrXriaatii, ness, opportunity, a thing for one's pur-
to strike down, to disable —
oftat, to lose
; pose, after his mind ; and appoinder (to
one's senses, become dizzy ; lAfiaam, 5w, find fitting, pronounce fitting), to deter-
to strike. mine, order, decree, to finish a contro-
Apostle. —
Epistle. Gr. oVooroXof, versy, to accord, agree, make a composi-
one sent out, from aTroorlXXu, to send off, tion between parties, to assign or grant
despatch on some service. In the same over unto. —
Cotgr.
way from ETriirrEXXw, to send to, to an- To Appraise. 'L-zX. pretium, Yr.prix,
nounce, iwKjToKri, an epistle or letter. a price, value apprdder, to rate, esteem,
;

Apotliecary. Gr. diroBrjKr}, a store or prize, set a price on. Cotgr. —


I prise
keeping-place ; dirondtfiu, to store or put ware, I sette a pryce of a thynge what it
3wa}'. is worthe —
je aptise. Palsgr. The PI.
:

Appal. Wholly unconnected with/a/^, D. laven is used both as E. praise, to


to which it is often referred. To cause to commend, and also as appraise, to set a
pall (see Pall), to deaden, to take away price on. To praise, in fact, is only to
or lose the vital powers, whether through exalt the price or value of a thing, to
age or sudden teiTor, horror, or the like. speak in commendation.
An old appalled wight, in Chaucer, is a Apprehend.—Apprentice. — Apprise.
man who has lost his vigour through age. prehendere, to catch hold of; appre-
'Lz.t.

And among other of his famous deeds, he re- hendere, to seize, and metaphorically to
vived and quickened again the faith of Christ, take the meaning, to understand, to
that in some places of his kingdom was sore learn. Fr. apprendre, appris, to learn,
appalled. —
Fabian in R. whence the e. apprise, to make a thing
Apparel. From Lat. par, equal, like, known. Fr. apprentis, a learner, one
the MLat. diminutive pariculus, gave taken for the purpose of learning a trade.
rise to \t.parecchio, S^.parejo, Yr.pareil, Approach. From Lat. prope (comp.
like. Hence It. apparecchiare, Sp. apar- propius), near, were formed appropiare
ejar, Prov. aparelhar, Fr. appareiller, (cited by Diez from a late author).
properly to join like to like, to fit, to suit. Walach. apropid, Prov. apropchar. It.
Appareil, outfit, preparation, habiliments. approcdare, Fr. approcher, to come near,
—Diez. to approach.
— —
And whanne sum men seiden of the Temple Approbation. Approve. Ap-
that it was aparelid with good stones. — Wiclif prover.
Lat. prohts, good, probare, ap-
in R. Eke if he apparaille his mete more deli- probare, to deem good, pronounce good.
ciously than nede is. —
Parson's Tale.
Fr. approver, to approve, allow, find
Then like Fr. habilUr, or E. dress, the good, consent unto. Cotgr. —
word was specially applied to clothing, Hence an Approver in law is one who
as the necessary preparation for every has been privy and consenting to a crime,
kind of action. but receives pardon in consideration of
To Appeal. Lat. appellare, Fr. ap- his giving evidence against his principal.
peler, to call, to call on one for a special This false thefe this sompnour, quoth the frere,
purpose, to call for judgment, to call on Had alway bandis redy to his hond,
one for his defence, i. e. to accuse him of That tellith him all the secre they knew.
a crime. For their acquaintance was not come of new ;
To Appear. —^Apparent. OFr. ap- They werin his approvirs privily. Friar's Tale. —
paroirj pareo, to be open to view.
'LaX. Appurtenance. Fr. appartenir, to
Appease. Fr. appaiser, from paix, pertain or belong to.
peace. * Apricot. Formerly apricock, agree-
Apple. AS. cepl, ON. apal, w. apal, ing with "LtA. pragigua or prixcoda. Mod.
Ir. avail, Lith. obolys, ^wss. jabloko. Gr. irpaiKOKiaov. They were considered
To Appoint. The Fr. point was used by the Romans a kind of peach, and
in the sense of condition, manner, ar- were supposed to take their name from

rangement the order, trim, array, plight, their ripening earlier than the ordinary
case, taking, one is in. Cotgr. —
En peach.
piteux poind, in piteous case habiller Maturescunt asstate prmcocia intra triginta
;

en ce poind, to dress in this fashion. annos reperta et primo denariis singulis venun-
Cent Nouv. Nouv. poind, A
aptly, in data. Pliny, N. H. xv. 11. —
; — ;

24 APRON ARBOUR
It may be doubted, however, whether some shape
or other. Thus in Latin
the sense of an
the Lat. pracoqua was not an adapt- sors, a lot, is taken in
is a soothsayer,
ation. It is certain that the apricot oracle, and sortilegus
answers ques-
was introduced from Armenia, and the one who gives oracles, or
fruit is still called barkuk in Persian. It tions by the casting of lots and this ;

is far more likely that the name should doubtless is the origin of E. sorcerer,
have been imported with the fruit into sorcery. Albanian, short, a lot, shortdr,
Italy than that the Persians should have a soothsayer. Now one of the points
adopted the Latin name of a native upon which the cunning man of the
fruit. —
Marsh. present day is most frequently consulted
Apron. A cloth worn in front for the is the finding of lost property, and a
protection of the clothes, by corruption dispute upon such a subject among a
for napron. barbarous people would naturally be re-
ferred to one who was supposed to have
—And therewith to wepe
She made, and with her nafron feir and white supernatural means of knowing the
truth.
ywash Thus the lots-man or soothsayer would
She wyped soft her eyen for teris that she outlash. naturally be called in as arbiter ax dooms-
Chaucer, Beryn. Prol. 31. man. Now we find in Fin. arpa, a lot,
Still called napfern [pronounced nap- symbol, divining rod, or any instrument
pron in Cleveland. J. C. A.] in the N. of of divination arpa-mies, {mies ^=ia3.o,)
;

— —
E. Hall. Naprun, or barm-cloth. Pr. sortium ductor, arbiter, hariolus arpelen, ;

Pm. From OFr. naperon, properly the arwella, to decide by lot, to divine ar- ;

intensitive of nape, a cloth, as napkin is wata, conjicio, auguror, aestimo, arbitror


ihe diminutive. Naperon, grande nappe. arwaaja, arbiter in re censendS. ; arwelo,
— Roquefort. Naperon is explained by arbitrium, opinio, conjectura arwaus,
;

Hdcart, a small cloth put upon the table- conjec^ra, sestimatio arbitraria. It will
cloth during dinner, to preserve it from be observed in how large a proportion of
stains, and taken away before dessert, a these cases the Lat. arbiter and its de-
purpose precisely analogous to that for rivatives are used in explanation of the
which an apron is used. Un beau '
Fin. words derived from arpa.
service de damass^ de Sildsie ; la nappe, Arbour. From OE. herbere, originally
le naperon et 24 —About. Ma-
serviettes.' signifying a place for the cultivation of
delon. The loss or addition of an initial herbs, a pleasure-ground, garden, sub-
n to words very common, and fre-
is sequently applied to the bower or rustic
quently we are unable to say whether the shelter which commonly occupied the
consonant has been lost or added. most conspicuous situation in the garden ;
Thus we have natiger and auger, newt and thus the etymological reference to
and ewte, or eft, nawl and awl, nompire herbs being no longer apparent, the spell-
and umpire, and the same phenomenon ing was probably accommodated to the
is common in other European languages. notion of being sheltered by trees or
Apt. Lat. aptus, fastened close, con- shrubs {arbor).
nected, and thence fit, suitable, proper. This path

Aqueous. Aquatic. Lat. aqua, San- I foUowid till it me brought
scr. ap, Gr. aa, Alban. ughe, water To a right plesaunt herbir wel ywrought.
Goth, ahva, OHG. aha, a river. Which that benchid was, and with turfis new
Freshly turnid
Arable. Lat. aro, OE. ear, to plough.

Arbiter. Arbitrate. The primary
The hegge also that yedin in compas
And closid in all the grene hcrberc^
sense of Lat. arbiter is commonly given With Sycamor was set and Eglatere,
as an eye-witness, from whence that of And shapin was this herbir, rofe and all,
an umpire or judge is supposed to be As is a pretty parlour.
derived, as a witness specially called in Chaucer, Flower and Leaf.
for the purpose of determining the ques- It growyth in a gardyn, quod he,

tion under trial.


That God made hymselve,
But there is no recog- Amyddes mannes body,
nised derivation in Latin which would The more (root) is of that stokke,
account for either of these significations. Herte highte the herter
A rational explanation may, however, be That it inne groweth. P. P. 2. 331. —
found in Fin. The word is still used in its ancient
There is a common tendency in an un- meaning at Shrewsbury, where the differ-
informed state of society to seek for the ent guilds have separate little pleasure-
resolution of doubtful questions of suffi- gardens with their summer-houses each
cient interest by the casting of lots in within its own fence, in the midst of
an
ARCH ARMS 25
open field outside the town, and over the we fall the more readily into this appli-
gate of one of these gardens is written cation from the fact that our version of
' Shoemakers'
Arbour.' the Gr. particle is identical with arch
This lady walked outright till he might see her applied on other grounds to pre-eminence
enter into a fine close arbor : it was of trees whose in evil.
branches so interlaced each other that it could Architect. Gr. apxtrkicTiiiv (apxV! ^'^d
resist the strongest violence of eye-sight. Ar- — TiKToiv, a builder, worker, from nixa, to
cadia in R.
construct, fabricate), a chief builder.
Arch. A
curved line, part of a circle Arcliives. Gr. apxtlov, the court of
anything of a bowed form, as the arch of
a magistrate, receptacle where the public
a bridge. Lat. arcus, a bow, which has acts were kept. The term would thus
been referred to W. gwyrek, curved, appear to be connected with dpx<iv, a
Uo^a^. gwyro to bend.
,
ruler, apxri, government, rule (princi-
* ArchjAiTaxit. i. .4 rir/; and its equiv-
patus), and not with apx;aioj, ancient.
alents in the other branches of Teutonic
From apxeiov was formed Lat. archivum
are used with great latitude of meaning.
(as Argive from 'Apytiot), a repository for
.In E. it signifies roguish, mischievous,
records or public documents, and hence
sly, and must be identified with Dan.
in modern languages the term archives
arrig, ill-tempered, troublesome, G. arg,
is applied to the records themselves.
bad of its kind, morally bad, mischievous,
wanton, Du. erg, sly, malicious. G. ein
— —
Ardent. Ardour. Arson. Lat. ar-
deo, arsum, Fr. ardre, ars, to be on fire,
arger knabe, Du. een erg kind, an arch
to burn ; ardor, burning heat. Fr. arson,
boy, un malin enfant, un petit rusd. The
earliestmeaning that we can trace is that
a burning or setting on fire. Cot. —
Arduous. Lat. arduus, high, lofty,
of ON. argr, AS. earg, earh, faint-hearted,
difficult to reach.
sluggish, timid, and in that sense among
Area. Lat. area, a threshing-floor, a
the Lombards it was the most offensive
bare plot of ground, a court yard, an ex-
term of abuse that could be employed.
tent of flat surface. Applied in modern
'
Memento Dux Ferdulfe quod me esse E. to the narrow yard between the under-
inertem et inutilem dixeris, et vulgari
ground part of a house and the ground in
verbo, arga, vocaveris.' Paul Warne- — front.
frid. Si quis alium argam per furorem
'

clamaverit.' —
Lex. Langobard. in Due.

Argue. ^Argument. Lat. arguo, to
demonstrate, make clear or prove.
Then from the contempt felt for any- Arid. Lat. aridus, from areo, to dry.
thing like timidity in those rough and
Aristocracy. Gr. apiaTOKpartia {apiaroc,
warlike times the word acquired the
the best, bravest, a noble, and Kpurka, to
sense of worthless, bad, exaggerated in
rule, exercise lordship), ruling by the
degree when appHed to a bad quality.
nobles, whence the body of the nobles
ON. argvitugr, taxed with cowardice,
collectively.
contemptible, bad. Dan. det arrigste Arm. earm, Lat.
Sax. annus, the
snavs, the most arrant trash, wretched
shoulder-joint, especially of a brute,
stuff. OE. arwe, fainthearted.
though sometimes applied to man. Con-
Now thou seist he is the beste knygt,
nected with ramus, a branch, by Russ.
And thou as arwe coward. ramo (pi. ramend), shoulder Boh. rame, ;
Alisaunder, 3340.
forearm ; raineno, arm, shoulder, branch.
There can be no doubt that E. arrant Arms.— Army. Lat. arma, W. aj-f,
is essentially the same word, the termina- Gael, arm, a. weapon. As the arm itself
tion of which is probably from the mas- is the natural weapon of offence, it is pos-
culine inflection en of the PI. D. adjective. sible that the word arm in the sense of

Een argen drag, an arrant rogue. Brem. weapon may be simply an application of
Wtb. the same word as the designation of the
2. Arch in composition. Gr. apxh, bodily limb.
beginning, apx^iv, to be first, kpxi- in From the verb armare, to arm, are
comp. signifies chief or principal, as in formed the participial nouns. It. armata,
apxtipfve, opx^YT*^"?? chief priest, arch- Sp. armada, Fr. arm'ee, of which the two
angel. This particle takes the form of former are confined by custom to a naval
arcz in It., erz in G., arcA in e. ; ard- expedition, while the Fr. armee, and our
vescovo, erz-bischof, arch-bishop. In G. army, which is derived from it, are ap-
as in E. it is also applied to pre-eminence plied only to an armed body of land
in evil ; ers-betriiger, an arch-deceiver ; forces, though formerly also used in the
erz-wticherer, an arrant usurer. Perhaps sense of a naval expedition.
; —
;;

26 AROMATIC ARSENAL
At Leyes was he and at Satalie dispose, set in prepare, fit out.
order,
Whanne they *ere wonne, and in the grete see The simple verb not extant in Italian,
is
In many a noble armie had he be. but is preserved to us in the ON. reida,
Prol. Knight's Tale.
the fundamental meaning of which seems
Aromatic. Gr. apiaixariKbg, from apufia,
to be to push forwards, to lay out. At
sweetness of odours, a sweet smell. reida sverdet, to wield a sword; at r.
Arquebuss. It. archibuso affords an fram mat, to bring forth food at r.feit, ;

example of a foreign word altered in order to pay down money ; at r. til rumit, to
to square with a supposed etymology. It
prepare the bed at r. hey a hestinom, to
;

is commonly derived from arco, a bow, as carry hay on a horse. Sw. reda, to pre-
the only implement of analogous effect pare, to set in order, to arrange reda ett ;

before the invention of fire-arms, and skepp, to equip a vessel reda til mid-
;

buso, pierced, hollow. But Diez has well dagen, to prepare dinner. The same
observed how incongruous an expression word is preserved in the Scotch, to red,
a hollow bow or pierced bow would be, to red up, to put in order, to dress to ;

and the true derivation is the Du. haeck- red the road, to clear the way am. .^
buyse, haeck-busse, properly a gun fired The meaning of the 'Lzt.paro,parattis,
from a rest, from haeck, the hook or seems to have been developed on an
forked rest on which it is supported, and analogous plan. The fundamental mean-
busse, G. buchse, a fire-arm. From ing of the simple paro seems to be to
haecke-busse it became harquebuss,_ and lay out, to push forwards. Thus separo
in It. archibuso or arcobugia, as if from comparo
is to lay things by themselves ;

arco, a bow. In Scotch it was called a


hagbut ofcroche; Fr. arquebus d croc. — to place them side by side ; preparo, to
lay them out beforehand; and the It.
Jamieson. parare, to ward off.
Arrack. Ptg. araca,
orraca, rak.
To Arrest. Lat. restare, to remain
From Arab. a7-ac, sweat 'arac at-tamr,
;
behind, to stand still. It. arrestare, Fr.
sweat (juice) of the date. The name of
arrester, to bring one to stand, to seize
'arac or 'aragui was first applied to the
his person.
spirit distilled from the juice of the date-
To Arrive. Mid. Lat. adripare, to
tree, and extended by the Arabs to dis-
come to shore, from ripa, bank, shore
tilled spirit in general, being applied by
then generalised,- It. arrivare, Sp. ar-
us to the rice spirit brought from the East
Indies. — Dozy
ribar, Fr. arriver, to arrive. Diez. —
Arrogant. Lat. ad and rogo, to ask.
To Arraign. In the Latin of the Sibi aliquid arrogare, to ascribe some-
Middle Ages, rationes was the term for
thing to oneself; arrogans, claiming
the pleadings in a suit rationes exercere,
;
more than one's due.
or ad rationes stare, to plead ; mittere or
Arrow, on. or, gen. orvar, an arrow
ponere ad rationes, or arrationare (whence
or-vamar, missiles, probably from their
in OFr. arraisonner, aresner, aregnier,
whirring through the air; orvarnar ^
arraigner), to arraign, i. e. to call one to
Hugo hvinandi yfir haufut theim,' the
account, to require him to plead, to
arrows flew whizzing over their heads.
place him under accusation.
Thos sal ilk man at his endyng
Saga Sverris. p. aiS. On the same prin-
Be putted til an hard rekenyng, ciple freccia, an arrow, may be com-
It.

And be aresoncd, als right es pared with Fr. frissement d'un trait, the
Of alle his mysdedys, mare and les. whizzing sound of an arrow. Cot. Sw.—
Pricke of Conscience, 2460. hurra, to whirl, hurl.
In like manner was formed derationare, Arsenal. It. arzana, darseua, taj'zana,
to clear one of the accusation, to deraigii, a dock-yard, place of naval stores and
to justify, to refute. outfit, dock. Sp. atarazana, atarazanal,
Arrant. Pre-eminent in something a dock, covered shed over a rope-walk.
bad, as an arrant fool, thief, knave. An ' From Arab, ddr cin&'a, ddr-ag-cind'a,
erraunt usurer.'— Pr. Pm. See Arch. ddr-ag-gaii'a or ddr-gatia, a place of con-
To Array. It. arredare, to prepare struction or work. It is applied by
or dispose beforehand, to get ready. Edrisi to a manufacture of Morocco
Arredare una casa, to furnish a house leather. Ibn-Khaldoun quotes an order
uno vascello,to equip a ship. Arredo, of the Caliph Abdalmelic to build at
household furniture, rigging of a ship, Tunis a ddr-cind'a for the construction
'

and in the plural arredi, apparel, raiment, of everything necessary for the equip-
as clothing is the equipment universally ment and armament of vessels.' Pedro
necessary. OFr. array er, arrier, to de Alcala translates atarazana by the
: — — :

ARSON AS 27
Arab, ddr a cind'a.
Dozy.
—Engelmann and thence the modern Fr. atelier, a work-
shop:
Oportet ad illius (navigii) conservationem in
Quod eligantur duo
legates homines qui
locum pertrahi coopertum, qui locus, ubi dictum cum
vadant ad visitandum omnes ar-
officiali
conservatur navigium, Aisena vulgariter appel-
latur. —
Sanutus in Due.
tiliarias exercentes artem pannorum.- Stat. —
A. D. 1360, in Due.
Arson. See Ardent. Artilleinent, artillerie, is given by
Art. The exercise of skill or invention Roquefort in the sense of implement,
in the production ofsome material object furniture, equipment, as well as instru-
or intellectual effect; the rules and ment of war, and the word is used by
method of well doing a thing skill, con- Rymer in the more general sense
; :

trivance, cunning.
Decern et octo discos argenti, unum calicem
Art and part, when a person is both argenteum, unum parvum tintinnabulum pro
the contriver of a crime and takes part missa, &c., et omnes alias artillarias sibi com-
in the execution, but commonly in the petentes.
negative, neither art nor part. From A Statute of Edward II. shows what
the Lat. nee artifex nee particeps, neither was understood by artillery in that day
contriver nor partaker.
Item ordinatumest quod sit unus artillator
Artery. Gr. dpTtjpia, an air-receptacle qui faciat balistas, carellos, arcos, sagittas,
(supposed from a'ljp, and Ttipkm, to keep, lanceas, spiculas, et alia arma necessaria pro
preserve), the windpipe, and thence any gamizionibus eastrorum.
pulsating blood-channel. So, in the Book
of Samuel, speaking
Artichoke. Venet. articioco; Sp. al- bow and
of arrows, it is said, And '

caehofaj Arab, al-charscliufaj It. ear- Jonathan gave his artillery to the lad,
ciofa. —
Diez. and said. Go carry them to the city.'
Article. Lat. artieuhis, diminutive As. The comparison of the G. dialects
of artiis, a joint, a separate element or shows that aj is a contraction from ail-
member of anything, an instant of time, so; AS. eallswa; G. also, als, as (Schiilze,
a single member of a sentence, formerly Schmeller), OFris. alsa, alse, als, asa,
applied to any part of speech, as turn,
ase, as (Richthofen). ' als auch wir verge-
est, quisque (Forcellini), but ultimately
ben unsern schuldigern,' as we also for-
confined to the particles the and an, the

give our debtors. Schmeller. Also, sic,
effect of which is to designate one par-
ticular individual of the species men-

omnino, taliter, ita. Kilian. Fris. alsa '

grate bote alsa,' G. ' eben so grosse busse


tioned, or to show that the assertion als,' as great a fine as ; Fris. alsoe graet '

applies to some one individual, and not als,' alsoe graet ende alsoe lytich als,' as
'

to the kind at large.


great and as small as ; alsoe ofte als,' as
'

Artillery. We
find in Middle Latin often as.
the term ars, and the derivative artifi- In OE. we often find als for also.
cium, applied in general to the implement
Schyr Edward that had sic valour
with which anything is done, and specially
Was dede and Jhone Stewart alsua.
;

to the implements of war, on the same And Jhone the Sowllis ah with tha
principle that the Gr. fitixav^, the equi- And othyr als of thar company. Bruce, — xii. 795.
valent of the Lat. ars, gave rise to the Schir Edward that day wald nocht ta
word machina, a machine, and on which His cot armour but Gib Harper,
;

the word engine is derived from the Lat. That men held ah withoutyn per
ingenitim, a contrivance. Thus a statute Oif his estate, had on that day

of the year 1352 enacts


All hale Schir Edwardis array. Bruce, — xii. 782.

Quod nulla persona —


ausa venari in ne-
sit i. e. whom men held as without equal of

moribus consulum sub pcena perdendi artes, his station.
sen instrumenta cum quibus fieret venatio pras- So in German, '
ein soldier, als er
dicta. —Due. —such a one
as he is.— Schmeller. In
ist,'

Cum magnis bombardis et plurimis diversis


expressions like as great as, where two
artificialib-us. —
Due.
as correspond to each other, the Germans
From ars seems to have been formed the render the first by so, the second by alsy
Fr. verb artiller, in the general sense of in OE. the first was commonly written
exercising a handicraft, or performing als, the second as,
skilled work, subsequently applied to the
Thai wer
manufacturing or supplying with muni- To Weris water cummyn als ner
tions of war. In testimony of the more As on othyr halff their fayis wer.
general sense we find artiliaria, and Bnice, xiv. 102.
28 ASCETIC ASSASSIN
.
Of all that grete tresoure that ever he biwan synonymous aj/are/maybe traced through
Als bare was his towere aj Job the powere man. Sc. asklent, askew, to "SN ysglentio, OFr.
.
R. Brunne. esclincher, to slip or slide. En etclenk-
But this is probably only because the se- aunt (esclenchant), obliquando. Nec- —
cond as, having less emphasis upon it cham in Nat. Antiq. Then by the loss of
than the first, bore more contraction, the / on the one hand, askaunt; and of
just as we have seen in the correspondmg the k on the other, Sw. slinta, to slide,
Frisian expressions that the first as and E. aslant. The rudiment of the lost
is

rendered by alsoe, the second by als. In / is seen in the i of It. schiancio, and
other cases the Frisian expression is just wholly obliterated in scanzare. The Du.
the converse of the G. Fris. alsa longi schtdn, N. skjons (pron. shons), oblique,
sa =
G. so lange als, as long as
Fris. ; wry, i skjons, awry, seem to belong to a
asafirsa—G. so weit als, as far as Fris. ; totally different root connected with E.
alsafir sa, in so far as. shun, shunt, to push aside, move aside.
^

Ascetic. Gr. ao-KijnEos {dmsoi, to prac- Askew. ON. skeifr, Dan. skjav, G.
tise, exercise as an art), devoted
to the schief, schdf, schieb, schiebicht, oblique,
practice of sacred duties, meditation, &c. wry ;ON. d skd, askew. Gr. cKamq,
Hence the idea of exercising rigorous Lat. sccevus, properly oblique, then left,
self-discipline. on the left hand ; aKuiov arofia, a wry
Ash. The tree. as. czsc, ON. askr.
I. mouth.
2. Goth, azgo, AS. asca, ON. aska,
Dust. From G. schieben, to shove, as shown
Esthon. ask, refuse, dung. by Du. schuin, obhque, compared with
Ashlar. Hewn stone. OFr. aiseler, E. shun, shunt, to push aside. G. vers-
Sc. aislair.
'
Entur le temple— fud un chieben, to put out of its place, to set
murs de de aiselers qui bien
treiz estruiz awry.
furent polls '— tribus ordinibus lapidum
:
Asperity. Lat. asper, rough.
politorum. —
Livre des Rois. ' A inason —
To Aspire. ^Aspirate. Lat. aspiro,
cannocht hew ain evin aislair without to pant after, to pretend to, from spiro,
directioun of his rewill.' Jam. Fr. — to breathe. The Lat. aspiro is also used
'bouttice, an ashlar or binding-stone in for the strong breathing employed in
building.' —
Cot. pronouncing the letter h, thence called
Fr. aiseler seems to be derived from the aspirate, a term etymologically un-
aisselle (Lat. axilla), the hollow beneath connected with the spiritus asper of the
the arm or between a branch and the Latin grammarians.
stem of a tree, applied to the angle Ass. Lat. asinus, G. esel, Pol. osiol.
between a rafter and the wall on which —
To Assail. Assault. Lat. satire, to •

it rests, or between two members of a leap, to spring Fr. saillir, to sally, to


;

compound beam in centering. Aisselier, leap ; assaillir, to assail, to set upon,


then, or carpentry, is the
esselier, in whence assault, assailing or setting upon.
bracket which supports a beam, or the Assart. A
cleared place in a wood.
quartering-piece which clamps a rafter to Fr. essart, Mid. Lat. exartuin, essartum,
the wall (pifece de bois qu'on assemble assartimi, sartum.
dans un chevron et dans la rainure, pour
cintrer des quartiers (Gattel)
Essarta vulgo dicuntur quando forests, ne-
pour for- mora, vel dumeta quaelibet succiduntur, quibus
;
——
mer les quartiers dans une charpente Ji succisis ct radicitus cvulsis terra subvertitur et
lambris qui sert k former les cintres, ou excolitur. Lib. Scacch. in Due.
;

qui soutient par les bouts les entrans ou Et quicquid in toto territorio Laussiniaco di-
tirans. — Trevoux). From thus serving to mptum et exstirpatum est quod vulgo dicitur

unite the segments of a compound beam exsars. Chart. A. D. 1196, in Due.
the name seems to have been transferred From ex-saritum, gnibbed up. Diez. —
to a binding-stone in masonry, and thence Lat. sarrio, sario, to hoe, to weed.
to any hewn and squared stone mixed Assassin. Hashish is the name of an
with rubblestone in building. intoxicating drug prepared from hemp in
To Ask. AS. acsian, ascian, on. askia, use among the natives of the Eaet. Hence
G. heischen. Arab. Haschischin,' a name given to the
'

* Asknace, Askaunt. OYr.a scancke, members of a sect in Syria who wound



de travers, en lorgnant. Palsgr. 831. It. themselves up by doses of hashish to
schiancio, athwart, across, against the perform at all risk the orders of their
grain ;aschianciare, to go awry scan- Lord, known as the Sheik, or Old Man
;

zare, scansare, to turn aside, slip aside, of the Mountain. As the murder of his
walk by. Fl. — Both askant and the enemies would be the most dreaded of
; ; ;;

ASSAY ASSOIL 29
these behests, the name
of Assassin was to fix a certain amount upon each indi-
given to one commissioned to perform a vidual.
murder assassination, a murder per-
;
Provisum est generaliter quod prasdicta quad-
formed by one lying in wait for that ragesima hoc modo assideat-ur et coUigatur.—
special purpose.— Diez. De Sacy, Mem. Math. Paris, a. d. 1232.
de Et fuit quodlibet feodum militare assessum
I'Institut, 1818.
To Assay. Lat. exigere, to examine,
tunc ad 40 sol. Due. —
Assets, in legal language, are funds
to proveby examination annulis ferreis '
;
for the satisfaction of certain demands.
ad certum pondus exactis pro nummo
utuntur,' iron rings proved of a certain
Commonly derived from Fr. assez, but in
it was commonly written asseth.
weight. —
Ccesar. Hence, exagium, a
OE.
And if it suffice not for asseth. —P. Plowman,
weighing, a trial, standard weight.
p. 94.
'Efayioj/, pensitatio ; i^ayiiiZui, examine, And Pilat willing to make aseeth to the people
perpendo.— Gl. in Due. left to hem Barabbas.—Wiclif, Mark 15.
De ponderibus ampu- And though on heapes that lie him by,
quoque, tit fraus penitus
Yet never s.hall make his richesse
tetur, a nobis agantur exagia (proof specimens)
quae sine fraude debent custodiri. Novell. Th&- — Asseth unto his greediness. R. R. —
odosii in Due. Makeaceeihe (fnakyn seethe— K.), satis-
Habetis aginam (a balance), exagiuin facite,
quemadmodun vultis ponderate. —Zeno, ibid.
— Pr. Pm. Now then, and go
facio. '
rise
forthe and spekyng do aseethe to thy
servauntis —Wicliffe satisfac servis tuis
'
;
From exagium was formed sag- the It.
Therefore I swore to the —Vulgate. '

gio, a proof, trial, sample, taste of any-


hows of Heli that the wickedness of his
thing assaggiare, to prove, try, taste,
;
hows shall not he doon aseeth before with
whence Fr. essayer, to try, and E. assay,
essay. —
Mur. Diss. 27, p. 585.
slain sacrificis and giftis.' Wiclif. In —
Vulgate, expietur. Assyth, sithe, to
To Assemble. The origin of Lat. the make compensation, to satisfy. I have '

simul, together, at once, is probably the


radical sam, very widely spread in the
gotten my heart's site on him.' Lye in —
Junius, v. sythe. Gael, sioth, sith, peace,
sense of same, self. The locative case
quietness, rest from war, reconciliation
of Fin. sama, the same, is samalla, ad-
sithich, calm, pacify, assuage, reconcile ;
verbially used in the sense of at once, to-
gether, which seems to explain the forma-
W. hedd, tranquillity, heddu, to pacify ;
Pol. Bohem. syt, syty, satisfied, full
tion of Lat. simul. From
simul, insimul,
Bohem. sytiti, to satisfy.
were formed It. insieme, Fr. ensemble,
.

The Lat. satis, enough ; ON. scztt, satti,


together assembler, to draw together,
;
reconciliatio, scEttr, reconciliatus, con-
^assembler, to meet or flock together
tentus, consentiens ; sectia, saturare ; G.
whence E. assemble. In the Germanic
branch of language we have Goth, sama,
satt, fuU, satisfied, are doubtless all —
fundamentally related.
the same ; samana (corresponding to Fin. Assiduous. Lat. assiduus, sitting
samalla), Sw. samman, G. zusamm.en, down, seated, constantly present, unre-
AS. te somne, to the same place, together ; mitting.
samnian, somnian, Sw. sammla, Dan. —
Assize. Assizes. From assidere was
samle, G. versammeln, to collect, to assem- formed OFr. assire, to set, whence assis,
ble. The OE. assemble was often used set, seated, settled assise, a set rate, a
;

in the special sense of joining in battle. tax, as assize of bread, the settled rate for
By Carhame assemhlyd thai the sale of bread also a set day, whence
;

Thare was hard fychting as I harde say. cour d' assize, a court to be held on a set
Wyntown in Jam. day, E. assizes.
Ballivos nostros posuimus qui in baliviis suis
And in old Italian we find sembiaglia in singulis mensibus ponent unum diem qui dicitur
the same sense. ' La varatta era fornita. Assisia in quo omnes illi qui clamorero facient
Non poteo a sio patre dare succurso. Non recipient jus suum.— Charta Philip August. A.D.
In the iigo, in Due.
poteo essere a la sembiaglia.'
Latin translation, ' conflictui interesse Assisa in It. is used for a settled pattern
nequibat.'— Hist. Rom. Fragm. in Mu- of dress, and is the origin of E. size, a
ratori. settled cut or make.
To Assess. Assidere, assessum, to sit To Assoil. To acquit. Lat. absol-
down, was used in Middle Lat. in an vere,to loose from; OFr. absolver, ab-
active sense for to set, to impose a tax ;
soiller, assoiler. —
Roquefort. 'To whom
assidere talliamj in Fr. asseoir la taille, spak Sampson, Y
shal purpose to yow a
; ; ;

30 ASSUAGE ATTAINDER
dowtous woud, the which if ye soylen to Atmosphere. Gr. Ar/ioc, smoke, va-
me, &c. ; forsothe if ye mowen not assoyle, pour.
&c. And they mighten not bi thre days Atom. Gr. drofiog (from a privative

soylen the proposicioun.' Wyclif, Judges and that does
Tifiva, to cut), indivisible,
xiv. 12, &c. not admit of cutting or separation.
To Assuage. From Lat. stiavis, sweet, Atone. To bring at one, to reconcile,
agreeable, Prov. suau, sweet, agreeable, and thence to suffer the pains of what-
soft, tranquil, OFr. soef,souef, sweet, soft, ever sacrifice is necessary to bring about
gentle, arise, Prov. assuauzar, assuavar, a reconciliation.
qssuaviar, to appease, to calm, to soften. If gentilmen or other of that contrei
Hence, OFr. assoua^er, to soften, to allay, Were wroth, she wolde bringen Jiem at on.
So wise and wordes hadde she.
ripe
answering to assuaviar, as allager to al- Chaucer in R.
leviare, abreger to abbreviare, agrdger to
One God, one Mediator (that is to say, advo-
aggraviare, soulager to solleviare. cate, intercessor, or an aione-maker) between

Mais moult m' assouagea 1' oingture —R. R. —


God and man. Tyndall in R.
Lod. Is there division twixt my Lord and
translated by Chaucer, Cassio ?

Now softening with the ointment. Des. A most unhappy one ; I would do much
T' attone them for the love I bear to Cassio.
Asthma. Gr. airfl/ia, panting, difficult Othello.
breathing. The idea of reconciliation was expressed
To Astonish. — Astound. — Stony. in the same way in Fr.
Fr. estonner, to astonish, amaze, daunt ; II ot amis et anemis ;

also to sionnie, benumme or dull the Or sont-il tot d. un mis.


senses of. —Cotgr. The form astonish Fab. et Contes. i. i8i.
shows that estonnir must also have OE. to one, to unite, to join in one.
been in use. According to Diez, from David saith the rich folk that embraceden and
Lat. attonare, attonituni (strengthened oneden all hir herte to treasour of this world shall

to extonare), to thunder at, to stun, —


slepe in the sleping of deth. Chaucer in R.
to stupefy. So in E. thunder-struck is Put together and onyd, continuus put
used for a high degree of astonishment. together but not onyd, contiguus. — Pr.
;

But probably the root ton in attonitus is Pm.


used rather as the representative of a loud Precisely the converse of this expres-
overpowering sound in general, than sion is seen in G. entzweyen, to disunite,
specially of thunder. Thus we have din, sew dissension, from enzwey, in two ;

a loud continued noise ; dint, a blow ; to sich entzweyen, to quarrel, fall into vari-
dun, to make an importunate noise ance. —
Kiittn.
dunt, a blow or stroke ; to dunt, to con- Atrocious. Lat. atrox, fierce, barbar-
fuse by noise, to stupefy. —
Halliwell. AS. ous, cruel.
stunian, to strike, to stun, to make stupid —
To Attach.. Attack. These words,
with noise ; stunt, stupefied, foolish ; G. though now distinct, are both derived
erstaunen, to be in the condition of one from the It. attaccare, to fasten, to hang.
stunned. Venet. tacare; Piedm. tachd, to fasten.
Astute. Lat. astus, subtilty, craft. Hence in Fr. the double form, attacker,
Asylum. Lat. asylum, from Gr. to tie, to fasten, to stick, to attach, and
acuKov (a priv., and av\da>, to plunder, in- attaquer, properly to fasten on, to begin
jure), a place inviolable, safe by the force a quarrel. S'attacher is also used in the
of consecration. same sense s'attacher d, to coape, scuffle,
;

At. ON. at, Dan. ad, equivalent to grapple, fight with.— Cotgr. It. attacare
E. to before a verb, at segia, to say ; Lat. un chiodo, to fasten a nail la guer- ;

ad, to ; Sanscr. adhi, upon. ra, to commence war la battaglia;


;

Athletic. Gr. aBKoq, a contest for a to engage in battle fuoco, to set


; il
prize ; (iflXijnJf, a proficient in muscular on fire
; attaccarsi il fuoco, to catch fire
exercises. di parole, to quarrel.
Atlas. Gr. 'AtKuq, the name of one To attach one, in legal language, is to
who was fabled to support on his shoul- lay hold of one, to apprehend him under
ders the entire vault of heaven, the globe ; a charge of criminality.
thence, applied to a book of maps of the —
Attainder. Attaint. Fr. attaindre
countries of the globe which had com-
:

monly a picture of Atlas supporting the


(OFr. attainder —
Roquef.), to reach or
attain unto, hit or strike in reaching, to
globe for a frontispiece. overtake, bring to pass, also to attaint or
— — ;

ATTIRE AUGER 31
convict, also to accuse or charge with. ture ; It. attitudine, promptness, dis-
Cotgr. The institution of a judicial ac- position to act, and also simply posture,
cusation is compared to the pursuit of an attitude.
enemy ; the proceedings are called a suit, Attorney. Mid. Lat. attornatus, one
Fr. poursuite en jugement, and the put in the turn or place of another, one
agency of the plaintiff is expressed by appointed to execute an office on behalf
the \ah prosequi, to pursue. In follow- of another.
ing out the metaphor the conduct of the
Li atorni est cil qui pardevant justice est
suit to a successful issue in the convic- atorni pour aucun en Eschequier ou en Assise
tion of the accused is expressed by the pour poursuivre et pour defendre sa droiture.
verb attingere, Fr. attaindre, which sig- Jus Municipale Normannorum, in Due.
nifies the apprehension of the object of a
chase. Auburn. Now applied to a rich red-
Quern fugientem dictus Raimundus atinxit.
brown colour of but originally it
hair,
probably designated what we now call
Hence the Fr. attainte d'une cause, the
flaxen hair. The meaning of the word
gain of a suit ; attaindre le meffait, to fix
is simply whitish. It. albumo, the white
the charge of a crime upon one, to prove
or sapwood of timber, ' also that whitish

a crime. Carp. Atains du fet, convicted
colour of women's hair called an abtim-
of the fact, caught by it, having it brought

home to one. Roquef.
colour.' —Fl. '[Cometa] splendoris al-
Attire. OFr. atour, attour, a French

burni radium producens.' Due. In the
Walser dialect of the Grisons, alb is used
hood, also any kind of tire or attire for a
in the sense of yellowish brown like the
woman's head. Damoiselle d'atour, the
colour of a brown sheep. Biihler. —
waiting-woman that uses to dress or attire

her mistress Cotgr., —
a tirewoman.
Auction. —Augment. Lat. augeo,
auctum, Gr. aSSw, Goth, aukan, AS. eacan,
Attour^, tired, attired, dressed, trimmed,
to increase, to eke.
adorned. Attourner, to attire, deck,
Audacious. Lat. audax,-acis; audeo,
dress. Attotirneur, one that waits in the
I dare.
chamber to dress his master or his mis-
tress.

Audience. Audit. In the law lan-
guage of the middle ages audire- was
The original sense of attiring was that specially applied to the solemn hearing
of preparing or getting ready for a certain
of a court of justice, whence audientia
purpose, from the notion of turning to-
was frequently used as synonymous with
wards it, by a similar train of thought to
judgment, court of justice, &c., and even
that by which the sense of dress, clothing,
in the sense of suit at law. The Judge
is derived from directing to a certain end,
was termed aztditor, and the term was in
preparing for it, clothing being the most
particular applied to persons commis-
universally necessary of all preparations.
sioned to inquire into any special matter.
He attired him to battle with fole that he had. The term was then applied to the notaries
R. Bninne in R..
or officers appointed to authenticate all
What does the king of France ? atires him good
navie. —Ibid. legal acts, to hear the desires of the
parties, and to take them down in writing
The change from atour to attire is
also to the parties witnessing a deed.
singular, but we find them used with ap-
'Testes sunt hujus rei visores et audi-
parent indifference.
By
tores, &c. Hoc viderunt et audierunt
Men
her atire so bright and shene
might perceve well and sene isti, &c.'—Due.
She was not of Religioun, At the present day the term is confined
Nor n' il I make mencioun to the investigation of accounts, the ex-
Nor of robe, nor of tresour, amination and allowance of which is
Of broche, neither of her rich attour. — R. R. termed the audit, the parties examining,
Riche atyr^ noble vesture, the auditors.
Bele robe ou riche pelure. — Polit. Songs.
Auf. Auff, a fool or silly fellow.— B.
OFr. atirer, attirer, atirier, ajuster, See Oaf
convenir, accorder, orner, decorer, parer, Auger. An implement for drilling
preparer, disposer, regler.— Roquefort. by turning round a centre which is
holes,
I tyer an egg je accoustre I tyer
: :
steadied against the pit of the stomach.
with garments: je habiUe and je ac- Formerly written nauger, Du. evegher,
coustre. —Palsgr. nevegher. In cases like these, which are
Attitude. Posture of body. It. atto, very numerous in language, it is impos-
from Lat. agere, actum, act, action, pos- sible prima facie to say whether an n has
— ; —;;•

32 AUGHT AVER
been added one case or lost in the
in the the time when the
auctum, increase;
other. In the present case the form with increase of the earth is gathered in.
an initial n is undoubtedly the original. Auxiliary. Lat. auxilium, help. See
AS. naf-irnr, naf-ior. Taradros [a gimlet], Auction.
7iapu gerA. —
Gloss. Cassel. The force of To Avail. I. To be of service. Fr.
the former element of the word is ex- valoir, to be worth; Lat. valere, to be
plained from the Finnish napa, a navel, well in health, to be able, to be worth.
and hence, the middle of anything, centre 2. To Avail or Avale, to lower. To
of a circle, axis of a wheel. In com- vail his flag, to lower his flag. Fr. a
position it signifies revolution, as from val, downwards ; a mont et d. val, towards
meren, the sea, meren-napa, a whirlpool the hill and towards the vale, upwards
from rauta, iron, napa-rauta, the iron and downwards. Hence avaler, properly
stem on which the upper millstone rests to let down, to lower, now used in the
and turns maan-napa, the axis of the
; sense of swallowing.
earth. With kaira, a borer, the equiva- Avalanche. A fall of snow sliding
lent of AS. gar, it forms napa-kaira, down from higher ground in the Alps.
exactly corresponding to the common E. Mid. Lat. avalantia, a slope, declivity,
name of the tool, a centre-bit, a piercer descent, from Fr. avaler, to let down.
acting by the revolution of the tool round Carp.
a fixed axis or centre. Lap. nape, navel, Avarice. Lat. avarus, covetous
centre, axle. aveo, to desire, to rejoice.
The other element of the word cor- Avast. A
nautical expression for hold,
responding to the Fin. kaira, AS. gar, is stop, stay. Avast talking.' cease talk-
identical with the E. gore, in the sense of ing ! Old Cant, a waste, away ; bing a
being gored by a bull, i. e. pierced by his —
waste, go you hence. Rogue's Diet, in
horns. AS. gar, a javelin, gara, an an- modern slang. Probably waste has here
gular point of land. the sense of empty ; go into empty space,
Aught or Ought. Something; as avoid thee. In wast, in vain. W. and —
naught or nought, nothing, as. A-wiht, the Werewolf.
OHG. eo-wiht; modern G. ichtj from &, G. They left thair awin schip standand tuaist.
aiv, ever, and wiht, Goth, waihts, a Squyer Meldram, 1. 773.
thing. See Whit.
Avaunt. Begone Fr. avajit, before
Augur. —Augury, See Auspice.
en avant ! forwards
!

!
Aunt. Lat. amita. OFr. ante. Icilz
Avenue. Fr. advenue, avenue, an
oncles avoit la sole ante espousde.
Chron. Du Guesclin. 264. A
similar con-
access, passage, or entry unto a place. —
Cot. Applied in E. to the double row of
traction takes place in emmet, ant.

Auspice. Auspicious. Lat. auspex
trees by which the approach to a house
of distinction was formerly marked. Lat.
for avispex (as auceps, a bird-catcher, for
venire, to come.
aviceps), a diviner by the observation of
(Lat. avis) birds. As the augur drew his
To Aver. Lat. verus, true Fr. avdrer, ;

to maintain as true.
divinations from the same source, the
element gur is probably the equivalent
Aver. A
beast of the plough. The Fr.
avoir (from habere, to have), as well as
of spex in auspex, and reminds us of OE.
Sp. haber, was used in the sense of goods,
gaure, to observe, to stare.
possessions, money. This in Mid. Lat.
Austere. Lat. austerus, from Gr.
av<rTripbg, harsh, severe, rough.
became avera, or averia.
Authentic. Gr. av9kvT7iQ, one who Taxati pactione quod salvis corporibus suis
acts or owns in his own right (der. from et averts et equis et armis cum pace- recederent.

airbc, and 'UaBat, mittere), aiiBevrtKbg, — Chart. A. D. 1166. In istum sanctum locum,
backed by sufficient authority.
venimus cum Averos nostras. Chart. Hisp. — .

A. D, 819. Et in toto quantum Rex Adelfonsus


Author. Lat. auctor {augco, auctum, tenet de rege Navarrse melioret cum sue proprio
to incr^se), a contriver, originator, avere, quantum voluerit et poterit. Hoveden,
maker; attctoritas, the right of the in Due.

maker over the thing made, jurisdiction, Averii, or Averia, was then applied
power. to cattle in general, as the principal pos-
Automaton. Gr. avrSixarot, self- session in early times.
moving, self-acting ; aiiToq, self, and noua
udoiim, I stirmyself, am stirred.
Hoc placitum dilationem non recipit propter
averia,i. e. animalia muta, ne diu detineantur
Autumn. Lat. autumniis. Some- inclusa.— Regiam Majestatem. Si come jeo
times written auctumnus, as if from bayle \ un home mes berbits a campester, ou
;

AVERAGE AVOID 33
Jnes boeufs k arer la terre et il oocist mes avei-s. of the word is
The general meaning
— Littleton. I

damage by accident or
incidental ex-
We then have averia carrucce, beasts- penses incurred by ship or cargo during
of the plough ; and the word avers finally the voyage. Fr. grosses avaries, loss by
came to be confined to the signification tempest, shipwreck, capture, or ransom ;

of cart-horses. menues avaries, expenses incurred on


Average. I.^w^ra^^ is explained as entering or leaving port, harbour duties,
duty work done for the Lord of the manor tonnage, pilotage, &c. In a secondary
with the avers or draught cattle of the sense avarie is applied to the waste or
tenants. Sciendum est quod unumquod- leakage of goods in keeping, the wear and
que averagium aestivale debet fieri inter tear of a machine, &c. Gattel. S'ava- —
Hokday et gulam Augusti.— Spelman in rier, to suffer avarie, to become dam-
Due. But probably the reference to the aged. In the Consulado del Mar of the
avers of the tenant may be a mistaken middle of the 13th century the notary is
accommodation. From Dan. hof, court, authorized to take pledges from every
are formed hovgaard,\.\it manor to which shipper for the value of lo nolit h les
'

a tenant belongs hovarbeide or hoveri, avaries:' the freight and charges. Marsh
;

duty work to which the tenant was bound gives other instances in Spanish and
hovdag, duty days on which he was Catalonian where the word is used in the
bound to service for the Lord, &c. Money sense of government duties and charges.
paid in lieu of this duty work is called Lo receptor de les haueries de les com-
'

hoveri penge, corresponding to the aver- positions que fa la! Regia Cort, y lo re-
/^««yofouroldrecords. Aver-penny,'hoc ceptor dels salaris dels Doctors de la
'

est quietuni esse de diversis denariis pro Real Audiencia,' &c.— Drets de Cata-

aVeragio Domini Regis.' Rastal in Due. lunya,A. D. 1584. In the Genoese annals
2. In the second place average is used of the year 141 3, quoted by Muratori, it
in the sense of a contribution made by is said that the Guelphs enjoyed the
'

all the parties in a sea-adventure accord- honours and benefices of the city, se- '

ing to the interest of each to make good cundum ipsorum numerurh, et illud quod
a specific loss incurred for the benefit of in publicis Solutionibus, quae Averim

all.' Worcester. To average a loss dicuntur, expendunt.'
among shippers of merchandise is to Marsh is inclined to agree with Santa
distribute it among them according to Rosa in deriving the word from the
their interest, and from this mercantile Turkish avania, properly signifying aid,
sense of the term it has come in ordinary help, but used in the sense of a govern-
language to signify a meaji value. In ment exaction, a very frequent word in
seeking the derivation of average, with the Levant. The real origin however is
its continental representatives, Fr. avaris, Arab, "awar, a defect or flaw, which is
avarie, It., Sp. avaria, Du. ahaverie, the technical tei'm corresponding to Fr.
averie, G. haferey, haverey, averey, the avarie, Kazomirski renders it 'vice,
first question will be whether we are to defaut,' and adds an example of its use
look for its origin to the shores of the as applied to marchandise qui a des '

Baltic or the Mediterranean. Now ac- defauts.' The primary meaning of the
cording to Mr Marsh the word does not word would thus be that which is under-
occtir in any of the old Scandinavian or stood by grosses avaries, charges for ac-
Teutonic sea-codes, even in the chapters cidental damage, from whence it might
containing provisions for apportioning easily pass to other charges.
the loss by throwing goods overboard. To Avoid. Properly to vxzk&void or
On the other hand, it is of very old stand- empi.y,to make of none effect. To avoid
ing in the Mediterranean, occurring in a contract, to make it void, and hence to
the Assises de Jerusalem, cxlv. Assises escape from the consequences of it. To
de la Baisse Court. 'Et sachies que confess and avoid, in legal phrase, was to
celui aver qui est gete ne doit estre conte adroit some fact alleged by the adversary,
fors tant com il cousta o toutes ses and then_ to make it of none effect by
averies:' and know that any goods that showing that it does not bear upon the
are thrown overboard shall only be case.
reckoned at what it cost with all charges.
Tell me your fayth, doe you beleeve that
The old Venetian version gives as the is a living God that is mighty to punishthere his
equivalent of avaries, dazii e spese. The enemies ? If you beleeve it, say unto me, can
derivation from ON. haf, the sea, or from you devise for to avoyde hys vengeance ? Barnes —
haven, must then be given up. inR.
3
— —;

34 AVOIR-DU-POISE AWARD
Here the word may be interpreted 1315.— ^until he shall be acknowledged as our
burgess. Recognoscendo SEu profitendo ab iUis
either way Can you devise to make void
:
ea tanquam a superioribus se tenere seu ah ifsis
his vengeance, or to escape his vengeance, 'eadem advocando, prout in quibusdam partibus
showing clearly the transition to the Gallicanis vulgariter dicitur advouer. — Concil.
modern meaning. So in the following Lugdun. A. D. 1274. A personis laicis tanquam
passage from Milton k superioribus ea quse ab Ecclesia tenant advou'
Not diffident of thee do
:

I dissuade

aniesse tenere. A. D. 1315, in Due.
Thy absence from my sight, but to avoid Finally, with some grammatical con-
The attempt itself intended by our foe. fusion, Lat. advocare, and E. avow or
To avoid was also used as Fr. vuider, avouch, came to be used in the sense of
vider la maison, Piedm. voidd na cd., to performing the part of the vouchee or
clear out from a house, to make it empty, person called on to defend the right im-
to quit, to keep away from a place. pugned. Et predict! Vice-comites advo-
Anno H. VII. it was enacted that all Scots cant (maintain) prsedictum attachion-
dwelling within England and Wales should avoid amentum justum, eo quod, &c. Lib. —
the realm within 40 days of proclamation made. Alb. 406. To avow, to justify a thing
—Rastal, in R. already done, to maintain or justify, to
It is singular that we should thus wit- affirm resolutely or boldly, to assert.
ness the development within the E. lan-
guage of a word agreeing so closely in
Bailey.
— — -T could
With barefaced power sweep him from my sight.
sound and meaning with Lat. evitare,
Fr. dviter ; but in cases of this kind it
And my will avouch it. — Macbeth.
bid

will, I believe, often be found that the Avowtery, Avowterer. The very
Latin word only exhibits a previous ex- common change of d into v converted
ample of the same line of development Lat. adulterium into It. avolterio, avol-
from one original root. I cannot but ieria, avoltero. Hence avolteratore,
believe that the radical meaning of Lat. Prov. avoutrador, OE. avowterer, an
vitare is to give a wide berth to, to leave adulterer. A d was sometimes inserted ;

an empty space between oneself and the OFr. avoultre, advoultre, avotre, OE.
object. Fr. viiide, vide, empty, waste, advoutry, adultery.
vast, wide, free from, not cumbered or Award. The primitive sense of ward
troubled with. —Cotgr. To shoot wide of is shown in the It. guardare, Fr. re-
the mark is to miss, to avoid the mark garder, to look.
;
Hence Rouchi es-

OHG. wit, empty witi, vacuitas. Graff. warder (answering in form to E. award),
;

Avoir-du-poise. The ordinary mea- to inspect goods, and, incidentally, to


sure of weight. OFr. avoirs de pots, pronounce them good and marketable
goods that sell by weight and not by eswardeur, an inspector. Hecart. —
measurement. -
An award is accordingly in the first

To Avow. Avouoli. Under the place the taking a matter into considera-
feudal system, when the right of a tenant tion and pronouncing judgment upon it,
was impugned he had to call upon his but in later times the designation has
lord to come forwards and defend his been transferred exclusively to the con-
right. This in the Latin of the time was sequent judgment.
called advocare, Fr. voucher A garantie, In like manner in OE. the verb to look
to vouch or call to warrant. Then as is very often found in the sense of con-
the calling on an individual as lord of sideration, deliberation, determination,
the fee to defend the right of the tenant award, decision. When WiUiam Rufus
involved the admission of all the duties was in difficulties with his brother Robert,
implied in feudal tenancy, it was an act about the partition of the Conqueror's
jealously looked after by the lords, and inheritance, he determined to go to the
advocare, or the equivalent Fr. avoiier, King of France to submit the matter to
to avow, came to signify the admission his award.. He says (in Peter Langtoft,
by a tenant of a certain person as feudal p. 86):
superior.
Therfore am I comen to wite at yow our heued
Nihil ab eo se tenere in feodo aut quoquo The londes that we have nomen to whom they
modo alio advocabat. —
Chron. A. D. 1296. Ita
tamen quod dictus Episcopus et successores sui
shall be leued,
And at your jugement I will stand and do
nos et successores nostros Comites FlandriEe qui With thi that it be ent (ended) the strif bituen us
pro tempore fuerint, si indiguerint auxilio, advo- tuo.
cabit, nee alium dominum secularem poterunt Philip said, blithely, and sent his messengers
advocare.— Charta A. D. 1250. Donee advocatus Tille Inglond to the clergy, erles, barons.'therpers.
fuerit ut burgensis noster.— Stat. Louis le Hutin. And askid if thei wild stand to ther lokyng.
— — ; ;

AWE AWK 35
—where looking used exactly in the
is I reken,counte by cyfers of agrym : je en-
I
chiffre. I shall reken it syxe tymes by aulgorisme,
sense of the modern award.
These senses of look are well exempli- or you can cast it ones by counters. Palsgr. —
fied ina passage from R. G. p. 567. Sp. alguarismo, from Al Khowdresmt,
the surname of the Arabian algebrist, the
To chese six wise men hii lokede there
Three bishops and translation of whose work was the means
three, barons the wisest that
there were of introducing the decimal notation into
And bot hii might accordi, that hii the legate Europe in the 12th century.
took, Awhape. To dismay properly, to
And Sir Heniy of Almaine right and law to look — take away the breath with astonishment,
;

Tho tho king someni age the Tiwesday


let
to stand in breathless astonishment.
Next before All Hallow tide as his council bisai,
Bishops and Abbots and Priors thereto, Ah my dear gossip, answered then the ape.
Erles and Barons and Knightes also, Deeply do your sad words my wits awhape.
That hii were at Northampton to hear and at Mother Hubbard's tale in Boucher.
stonde W, cjiwaff, a gust ; Lith. kmapas,
To the loking of these twelve of the state of the breath ; Goth, afhvapjan, on. kejia, to
londe.
choke, to suffocate ; Goth, afhvaptian,
— to the award or determination of these ON. kafna, to be choked ; Sw. quaf,
twelve. choking, oppressive.
There it was dispeopled the edict I wis —
Awk. Awkward. Perverted, per-
That was the ban of Keningworth, that was lo 1 verse, indirect, left-handed, unskilful. To
this; ring the bells awk is to ring them back-
That there ne should of high men desherited be wards.
none
That had iholde age the King but the Erl of They with awkward judgment put the chief
Leicetre one ;
point of godliness in outward things, as in the
Ac that all the othere had agen all hor lond. choice of meats, and neglect those things that
Other hor heirs that dede were, but that the King —
be of the soul. Udal in R.
in his hand That which we in Greek call dpLcrrspov, that
It hulde to an term that there iloked was, is to say, on the awk or left hand, they say in
Five year some and some four, ever up his Latin sinistrum. —Holland, Pliny in R.
trespas. The word seems formed from ON. a/,
Chatel forfait par agard des viscountes. Lib. — Lat. ai, E. of, signifying deviation,
of,
Albus. I. 119. Si iut .agardi qs Willame, &c. error, the final k being an adjectival
lb. no. termination. Thus, ON. af-gata, iter de-
Conseillez mei, si esgardez
vium, divortium ; af-krokr, diverticulum,
Qu' en serreit al regne honorable.
Benoit. Chron. Norm. 6135. a side way ; ofugr, inversus, sinister ;
ofiig-fleiri, a flat-fish with eyes on the
Awe. Fear, dread, reverence then ;
leftside ; bfug-nefni, a name given from
transferred to the cause of fear, assuming antiphrasis ; ofug-ord, verbum obliquum,
the signification of anger, discipline, chas- impertinens, offensum ; ofga, to change,
tisement. degenerate. Sw. a/wig, inside out, averse,
But her fiers servant (Una's Lion) full of kingly aw disinclined, awkward, unskilful ; afwig-
And high disdaine, whenas his soveraine dame
So rudely handled by her foe he saw, hand, the back of the hand. Dan. avet,
With gaping jaws fiill gredy at him came. crooked, preposterous, perverse.
G. ab in composition indicates the con-
AS. ege, oga, egisa, Goth, agis, fear,
trary or negation ; abgrund, abyss, bot-
dread, ogan, to fear, ogjan, to threaten,
tomless pit ; abgott, false god ; abhold,
terrify, ON. agi, discipline, tegir, terrible
unkind ; ablernen, to unlearn ; aber-
cEgia, to be an object of wonder or fear ;
glaube, false belief; aber-papst, aber-
iner (Bgir, I am amazed, I am terrified ;
konig, false pope, false king. In aben,
ogn, terror Sw. dial, aga, fear agasam)
frightful, awsome
;

Dan. ave, chastise-


;
inside out. —
Schmeller. In Flemish we
;

ment, correction, awe, fear, discipline.


see the passage towards the « or of w
awk ; aue saghe, absurda narratio, sermo
At staae under eens ave, to stand in awe absonus ; aue gaen, aue hanghen, &c. ;
of one ; at holde i strseng ave, to keep a
auer gheloove, perverted belief, supersti-
strict hand over. Gr. ay?;, wonder, ayao-
tion auer-hands, ouer-hands (as Sw.
;
ftai, aydiofiai, to wonder at, to be angry.
afwig-hand), manu aversS,, praeposteri
Awgrim. Decimal arithmetic. aver-recht, over-recht, contrarius recto,
Then satte summe praeposterus, sinister ; auwiis, auer-wiis,
As siphre doth in awgrym,
That notith a place foolish, mad.
And no thing availith. The different G.forms are very numer-
Political Poems, Cam. Soc. p. 414. ous ; OHG. abuh, a(5a^,aversus,perversus,
3 *
— ;

36 AWL BABE
sinister ; d. dial, abich, abech, dbicht, The
primitive image seems to consist
ttbechig, awech, awecki {atUs thilt er in the notion of continuance, duration,
awechi, he does everything awkly), qffig, expressed in Goth, by the root aiv. Aivs,
affik, aft, aftik, and again csbsch, dpisch, time, age, the world us-aivjan, to out- ;

epsch, verkehrt, linkisch, link, and in last ; dii aiva in aivin, for ever ; ni in
Netherlandish, aves, aefs, obliquus aiva, niaiv, never.
;
Lat. CEVmn^ cz-tas
aafsch, aefsch, aafschelyk, aversus, pre- Gr. aid, ati, always ; 6.ii>v, an age. OHG.
posterus, contrarius. Kil. — lo,ioj G.je, ever, always; AS. dva, aj
Awl. ON. air J G. ahle, OHG. alansa, OS wed. CB, all, ever.
alasna, Du. else, Fr. alesne. It. lesina. The passage from the notion of con-
Awn. A
scale or husk of anything, tinuance, endurance, to that of assevera-
the beard of corn. ON. ogn, agnir, chaiff, tion, may be exemplified by the use of
straw, mote ; Dan. avmj Gr. axva, the G. je, ja; je und je, for ever and
Esthon. aggan, chaff. ever vonje her, from all tinie ; wer hat
;

*Awning. Awning (sea term), a sail es je gesehen, who has ever seen it. Das
or tarpawUn hung over any part of a ship. istje wahr, that is certainly true ; es ist
Traced by the Rev. J. Davies to the je nicht recht, it is certainly not right ;
PI. D. havenung, from haven, a place es kann ja einen irren, every one may
where one is sheltered from wind and be mistaken ; thut es doch ja nicht, by
rain, shelter, as in the lee of a building no means do it. In the same way the
or bush. But it should be observed that Italian gia; non gia, certainly not. From
havenung is not used in the sense of this use of the word to imply the un-
awning, and it is rnore probable that it broken and universal application of a
is identical with Pr". auveitt. Mid. Lat. proposition, it became adopted to stand
awvanna, a penthouse of cloth before a by itself as an affirmative answer, equiv-
shop-window, &c. Cot. — alent to, certainly, even so, just so. In
Axe. AS. acase, eax, Goth, aquizi, hke manner the Lat. etia7n had the force
MHG. aches, G. dckes, ax, axt, ON. oxi, of certainly, yes indeed, yes.
Gr. a%ivn, Lat. ascia for acsia. In Frisian, as in English, are two
Axiom. Gr. diiwijia, a proposition,, forms, ae, like aye, coming nearer to the
maxim, from d^iow, to consider worthy, original root aiv, and ea, corresponding
to postulate. to G. je, ja, AS. gea, E. yea. In yes we
Axle. Lat. axis, Gr. a^Mi-, the centre have the remains of an affix, se or si,
on which a wheel turns or drives. Gr. which in AS. was also added to the
ayw, Lat. ago, to urge forwards. negative, giving nese, no, as well as jese,
Aye is used in two senses yes.
:

1. Ever, always, as in the expression Azure. It. azzurro, azzuolo^ Sp.


for ever and aye and ; Port. azul. From Pers. lazur, whence
2. As an affirmative particle, synon- lapis lazuli, the sapphire of the ancients,
ymous with_j'^a and yes. Diez. —

B
To Babble. Fr. babiller, Du. babelen, And sat softly adown
bebelen, confundere verba, blaterare, gar- And seid my byleve
rire; Gr. ^a/Safew.— Kil. From the syl- And so I bablede on my bedes,
They broughte me aslepe
lables ba, ba, representing the movement
On this matere I might
of the lips, with the element el or / repre- Mamelen full long. — P. P.
senting continuation or action. Fris. See Baboon.
bdbeln or bobble is when children make a Babe. The simplest articulations, and
noise with their lips by sounding the those which are readiest caught by the
voice and jerking down the underlip with infant mouth, are the syllables formed by
the finger.— Outzen. The Tower of Babel the vowel a with the primary consonants
was the tower of babblement, of confused of the labial and dental classes, especially
speech. the former ma, ba,pa, na, da, ta. Out
;

On the same principle a verb of the of these, therefore, is very generally


same meaning with babble was formed on formed the limited vocabulary required
the syllable ma. at the earliest period of infant life, com--
: ;;

BABOON BACKET 37
prising the names for father, mother, in- plete when he rode at the head of his re-
fant, breast, food. Thus in the nursery- tainers assembled under his banner,
language of the Norman English papa, which was expressed by the term ' lever
mamma, baba, are the father, mother, bannifere.' So long as he was unable to
and infant respectively, the two latter of take this step, either from insufficient age
which pass into mammy and babby, baby, or poverty, he would be considered only
babe, while the last, with a nasal, forms as an apprentice in chivalry, and was
the It. bam,bino. called a knight bachelor, just as the outer
In Saxon English father is dada, daddy, barrister was only an apprentice at the
dad, answering to the Goth, atta, as papa law, whatever his age might be. The
to Hebrew abba. baccalarii of the south of France and north
Lat. mamma is applied to the breast, of Spain seem quite unconnected. They
the name of which, in E. pap, Lat. pa- were the tenants of a larger kind of farm,
pilla, agrees with the name for father. called baccalaria, were reckoned as rus-
Papa was in Latin the word with which tici, and were bound to certain duty work
infants demanded food, whence E. pap. for their lord. There is no appearance
Baboon. The syllables ba, pa, natur- in the passages cited of their having had
ally uttered in the opening of the lips, are any military character whatever. One
used to signify as well the motion of the would suspect that the word might be of
lips in talking or otherwise, as the lips Basque origin.
themselves, especially large or movable Back, 1. ON. bak; Lith. paka.ld,. The
lips, the lips of a beast. Thus we have part of the body opposite to the face,
G. dial, babbeln, babbern, bappern (San- turned away from the face. The rqot
ders), biiberlen (Schmidt), to babble, talk seems preserved in Bohem. paditi, to
much or imperfectly ; E. baberlipped, twist; Vol. paczyd se, to wz.r^^ (of wood),
having large lips G. dial, bappe, Fris.
;
to bend out of shape wspak, wrong,
;

bdbbe, Mantuan babbi, babbio, the chops, backwards, inside outwards ; pakosd,
mouth, snout, lips Fr. baboyer, babiner,
;
malice, spite, perversity ; opak, the wrong
to move pr pjay with the lips, babine, the way, awry, cross ; opaczny, wrong, per-
lip of a beast ; babion, baboin. It. babr verted ; Russ. opako, naopako, wrong
buino, a baboon, an animal with large paki in composition, equivalerjt to Lat.
ugly lips when compared with those of a re, again ; paki-buitie, regeneration. So
man. in E. to give a thing back is to give it
Bachelor. Apparently from a Celtic again, to give it in the opposite direction
root. W. bachgen, a boy, bachgenes, a to that in which it was formerly given,
young girl, baches, a little darling, bacli- and with us too the word is frequently
igyn, a very little thing, from bach, little. used in the moral sense of perverted,
From the foregoing we pass to the Fr. bad. A back-friend \% a perverted friend,
bacelle, bacelote, bachele, bachelette, a young one who does
injury under the cover of
girl, servant, friendship ; to back-slide, to slide out of
apprentice ; baceller, to
make love, to serve the right path, to fall into error ; Oisf.
as apprentice, to
commence a study ; bacelerie, youth bak-ractudur, ill-counselled
;
Esthon. ;

bachela^e, apprenticeship, art and study pahha-pool, the back side, wrong side
of chivalry. Hence by a secondary form- pahha, bad, ill-disposed Fin. Lap.
paha, ;

ation bacheler, bachelard, bachelier, young bad OHG. abah, abuh, apah, apnh, averr
;

man, aspirant to knighthood, apprentice sus, perversus, sinister abahoh, aversari, ;

tp arms or sciences. A
bachelor of arts abominari Goth, ibuks, backwards.
;

is a young man admitted to the degree of


Back, 2. A
second meaning of Bacji
apprentice or student of arts, but not yet is a brewer's vat, or large open tub for
a master. In ordinary E. it has come to containing beer. The word is widely
signify an unmarried man. Prov. bacalar, spread in the sense of a wide open vessel.
bachalUer, was used of the young student, Bret, bac, a boat Pr. bac, a flat wide;

young young unmarried man. ferry boat Du. back, a trough, bowl,
soldier, ;

Then, as in the case of many other words manger, cistern, basin of a fountain, flat-
signifying boy or youth, it is applied to a bottomed boat, body of a wagon, pit at
servant or one in a subordinate condition. the theatre Dan; bakke, a t^ay. Of this
;

Vos e mi'n fesetzper totz lauzar, the It. bacino is the diminutive, whence
Vos cam senher e mi com bacalar E. basin, bason j It. bacinetto, a bacinet,
^youand I made ourselves praised among all, or bason-shaped helmet.
you as Lord, and I as servant or squire. Backet. In the N. of E. a coal-hod,
The functions of a knight we)-e coni- from back, in the sense pf a wide open
;

38 BACKGAMMON BADGER
vessel Rouchi, bac A carbon.
; —H^cart. Crucem assnmere dicebantur (says
qui ad sacra bella profecturi Crucis symbolum
Ducange)

The Fr. baquet is a tub or pail. palUis suis assuebant et affigebant in signuin
Baokgammon. From Dan. bakke votivae illius expeditionis.—Franci audientes talia
(also bakke-bord), a and gammen, a
tray, eloquia protinus in dextra fecere Graces suere
game, may doubtless be explained the scapula.
game of Back-gammon, which is con- The sign of the cross, then, was in
spicuously a tray-game, a game played the first instance, assumentum,' a patch, '

on a tray-shaped board, although the botch, or bodge ; boetsen, interpolare,


word does not actually appear in the Dan. ornare, ang. botche, bodge. Kil. G. batz,
It is exceedingly likely to

dictionaries. batze, botzen, a dab or lump of something
have come down to us from our Northern soft, a coarse patch Sanders ; Bav. —
ancestors, who devoted much of their patscken, to strike with something flat, as
long winter evenings to games of tables. the hand, to dabble or paddle in the wet.
To make or leave a blot at Backgam- G. batzen, to dabble, to patch. Sanders. —
mon is to uncover one of your men, to The radical notion of patch, badge, will
leave it liable to be taken, an expression thus be something fastened on, as a dab
not explicable by the E. sense of the word of mud thrown against a wall and stick-
blot. But the Sw. blott, Dan. blot, is ing there. Hence we find badged used
naked, exposed ; blotte sig, to expose by Shakespeare in the sense of dabbled.
oneself ; Sw. gora blott, at Backgammon, Their hands and faces were all badged with
to make an exposed point, to make a blot. blood. —Macbeth.
Bacon. OFr. bacon; bacquier, a sty- The Sc. form baugie, however, does not
fed hog ; ODu.
baecke, backe, a pig
well agree with the foregoing deriva-
baecken-vleesch, baeck-vleesch, pork, ba-
tion.
con. The term seems properly to have His schinyng scheild with his baugie (insignc)
been applied to a fatted hog and his flesh —
luke he. D. V. 50. 13.
cured for keeping, ' porcus saginatus,
ustulatus ef salitus, at petaso aut perna.' Badger. This wcfrd is used in two
— Due. in v. Baco. The word may ac- senses, apparently distinct, viz. in that of
a corn-dealer, or carrier, one who bought
cordingly be derived from Bret, paska,
to feed, w. pasg, feeding or fattening, up corn in the market for the purpose of
•pasg-dwrcli, pasg-hwch, a fatted hog. selling it in other places ; and secondly,
The s is lost in Fr. pacage, pasture or as the name of the quadruped so called.
feeding-ground, Mid.Lat. pacata, paga- Now we have Fr. bladier, a corn-dealer
gium, pagnagium (Carp.), pannage or (marchand de grain qui approvisionne
pawnage, duty paid for feeding animals, les marches k dos de mulets H^cart), —
especially hogs, in the Lord's forests. the diminutive of which (according to the
On the other hand, there is a suspici- analogy of bledier, blaier, belonging to
ous resemblance to Du. baggele, bigge, corn, blairie, terre de blairie, com coun-
Ptg. bacoro, a young pig, Piedm. biga, a try) would be blaireau, the actual desig-
sow. nation of the quadruped badger in the
Bad. G. base, Du. boos, malus, pravus, same language, which would thus signify
perversus, malignus. Pers. bud, bad. a corn-dealer, in allusion doubtless
little

Unconnected, I believe, with Goth. to some of the habits of that animal, with
bauths, tasteless, insipid. which the spread of cultivation has made
Badge. A
distinctive mark of office us little familiar.
or service worn conspicuously on the But further, there can be little doubt
dress, often the coat of arms of the prin- that E. badger, whether in the sense of a
cipal under whom the person wearing the corn-dealer or of the quadruped, is di-
badge is placed. Du. busse, stadt-wapen, rectly descended from the Fr. bladier,
spinther, monile quod in humeris tabel- the corrupt pronunciation of which, in
larii et caduceatores ferunt. — Kil. Bage analogy with soldier, solger, sodger,
or bagge of armys—banidium. Pr. Pm. — would be bladger J and though the
omission of the / in such a case is a
Perhaps the earliest introduction of a
badge would be the red cross sewed on somewhat unfamiliar change, yet many
their shoulders by the crusaders as a instances may be given of synonyms
token of their calling. differing only in the preservation (or in-
sertion as the case may be) or omission
But on his breast a bloody cross he wore,
The dear resemblance of his absent Lord, of an /after an initial ^ or/. Thus Du.
For whose sweet sake that glorious badge he baffeji and blaffen, to bark pflveien and
wore. —
F, Q.
;

plaveieu, to pave; pattijn z.nApl(!ttijn, a


— ; ;

BAFFLE BAGGAGE 39
skait or patten ; but^e and blutse, a bmise, man isopenly perjured, and then they malce of
boil ; E. botch, or blotch; baber-lipped, him an image painted reversed with the heels
upward, with his name, wondering, crying and
and blabber-lipped, having large ungainly
blowing out of [on ?] him with horns in the most
lips ; fagged, tired, iromflagged, Fr. be tie despiteful manner they can. In token that he is
and blette, beets Berri, batte de pluie, a to be exiled the company of all good creatures.
;

pelting shower of rain, Sc. a blad o'wttt Again, in the F. Q.


Rouchi, basser, Fr. blasser, to foment. First he his beard did shave and foully shent.
To Baffle, 1. To baffle, to foil or Then from him reft his shield, and it r'enverst
render ineffectual the efforts of another, And blotted out his arms with falshood blent.
must be distinguished from Fr. bafouer, And himself baffuld, and his armes unherst,
OE. baffiil, to treat ignominiously. Baffle, And broke his sword in twayn and all his armour
sperst.
in the former sense, is one of a series of
similar forms, baffle, faffle, haffle, maffle, Now the Sc. has bauch, baugh, baach
Jamble, signifying in the first instance ifh guttural), repulsive to the taste, bad,
imperfect speaking, stammering, then sorry, ineffective. A
bauch tradesman, a
imperfect action of other kinds, trifling, sorry tradesman
doing something without settled purpose Without estate
We may c\Xs., faffle,
A youth, though sprung from kings, looks baugh
or decisive effect.
to stutter, stammer, to fumble, saunter,

and blate. Ramsay in Jam.
Beauty but bounty's but bauch. Beauty
trifle ; haffle, to stammer, falter maffle, without
;
goodness is good for nothing.
to stammer, to mumble the term seems
;
To bauchle, bachle, bashle, is then, to
to be applied to any action suffering from

impediments. Hal. To baffle, to speak
distort, to misuse ; to bauchle shoon, to
tread them awry a bauchle, an old shoe,
;
thick and inarticulately, to handle clum-
whatever is treated with contempt or

sily. Forby. Swiss baffeln, maffeln, to
derision.
chatter, talk idly ; Rouchi baflier, to
One who is set up as the butt of a
slobber, stammer, talk idly.
company or a laughing-stock is said to
We pass from the notion of imperfect
be made a bauchle of; to bauchle, to treat
speech to that of imperfect, ineffectual contemptuously, to vilify.
action, when we speak of light baffling
Wallace lay still quhill forty dayis was gayn
winds, changeable winds not serving the And fyve atour, bot perance saw he nayn
purpose of navigation. ' For hours pre- Battaill till haiff, as thair promyss was maid
viously the ill-fated ship was seen baffling He girt display again his baner braid ;

with a gale from the N.W. ' i. e. strug- Rapreiffyt Edward rycht gretlye of this thing,
:


gling ineffectually with it. Times, Feb.
Bawchyllyt his seyll, blew out on that fals king
As a tyrand tumd bak and tuk his gait.
27, i860. '
To what purpose can it be to ;

If this passage be compared with the


juggle and baffle for a time ' to trifle.
:

extract from Hall, it will be seen that the


Barrow.
affront put by Wallace on the king's seal
Finally, in a factitive sense, it signifies
in token of his having broken his word,
to cause another to act in an ineffectual
manner, to foil his efforts. To baffle, to was an example of the practice which
stammer, to change, to vary, to prevent Hall tells us was used in Scotland under

any one from doing a thing. Hal. So the name of baffulling, the guttural ch
being represented in English by an as f
to habble, to stammer, to speak con-
in many other cases. The G. has bafel,
fusedly, and, in a factitive sense, to reduce
bofel, pofel, synonymous with Sc. bauchle,
to a state of perplexity. To be hobbled, to
be perplexed or nonplussed, foiled in any
spoiled goods, refuse, trash —
Kilttn. ;
verbafeln, to make a bafel of, to bauchle.
2.

undertaking. Jam. Sup.
OE. bafful, Fr. bafouer, to hood-
— Sanders.
Bag. Gael, bolg, balg, bag, a leather
wink, deceive, baffle, disgrace, handle
bag, wallet, scrip, the belly, a blister,
basely in terms, give reproachful words
Goth, bdlgs, a skin, a leather
unto. — Cot. The Fr. verb may be actu- bellows
case ;
;

G. balg, the skin of an animal


ally borrowed from the E. bafful, which
stripped off whole Brescian baga, entire
seems to have been applied to a definite ;

skin of an animal for holding oil or wine ;


mode of disgracing a man, indicated by the belly. See Belly, Bulge.
HaE as in use among the Scots. Baggage. by Diez from
Derived
And furthermore the erle bad the herauld to Sp., Cat. baga, a noose, knot, rope by
tie,
say to his master, that if he for his part kept not
which the load is fastened on a beast of
his appointment, then he was content that the
Scots should bafful him, which is a great re- burden. From baga was formed OFr.
proach among the Scots, and is used when a baguer, to truss or tuck up (Cot.), to tie
—— —

40. BAIL BAIT


on, to bind. lis firent trousser et baguer
' half was called a bailiff", bajulius or balr
leur tr^sor et richesses sur chevaulx et livus, from the regent of the empire (as
mules, chameoulx et dromadaires.' ' Apr^s we find in the case of Henry of Flanders :
ce qu'ils eurent bague leurs bagues.'
'
Principes, barones et milites exercitus
Gilion de Trasignie in Marsh. 'Pour me imperii Ballivum elegerunt ') to the
veoir amener le Bdarnois prisonnier en humble bailiff in husbandry who has the

triomphe, lid et bagti^.' Satire Menippde care of a farm, or the officer who executes
the writs of a sheriff.
in Jaubert.
From baguer was formed bagage, the Bail, 2. Bail is also used in the sense
carriage of an army, as it was called, the of post or bar. The bails were the ad-
collective goods carried with an army, or vanced posts set up outside the solid de-
the beasts which carry them. The re- fences of a town. Fr. bailie, barrier,
semblance to bagues, goods, valuables, is advanced gate of a city, palisade, barri-
merely accidental, and as baggage is cade. — Roquefort. It is probabjy the

manifestly taken from the French it can- same wprd as pajing or pale. Fr. balises,
not be explained as signifying the collec- finger-posts, posts stuck up in a river to
tion of bags belonging to an army. mark the passage. Balle, barrifere

Bail. Bailiff. The Lat. bajulus, a Hdcart. Bale, poste, retrachement ;
revenir d ses bales, to return to one's
bearer, was applied in later times to a
nurse, viz. as can-ying the child about. post, at the game of puss in the comer,
Mid. Lat. bajula, It. bdlia. Next it was or cricket. Hence the bails at cricket,
applied to the tutor or governor of the properly the wickets themselves, but now
children, probably in the first instance to the cross sticks at the top.
the foster-father. Bailiwick. The limits withii) which
Alii bajuli, i. e. —
vel nutritores quia
servuli, an executive officer has jurisdiction,
Commonly explained' as the district be-
consueverint nutrire filios et familias dominonim.
— ^Vitalis de Reb. Aragon. in Ducange. longing to a bailiff, Fr. bailli. But the
When the child under the care of the word can hardly be distinct from G.
Bajulus was of royal rank, the tutor weichbild, Pl.D. wikbild, wikbolt, wic-
became a man of great consequence, and bilethe, the district over which the muni-
the fiiyoe /SaiowXos was one of the chief cipal law of a corporate town extended,
officers of state at Constantinople. or the municipal law itself. The word
The name was also applied to the differs from E. bailiwick only in having
tutor of a woman or a minor. Thus the its two elements compoundefi in opposite
husband became the Bajulus. uxoris, order. The element wick is generally
and the name was gradually extended to recognised, as Goth, veihs, AS. wic, Lat.
any one who took care of the rights or vicus, a town, but the meaning of bild
person of another. In this sense is to be remains obscure. Pl.D. tvikmann, a
understood the ordinary E. expression of burgher, citizen or councillor.- Brem. —
giving bail, the person who gives bail Wtb._
being supposed to have the custody of Bait. The senses may all be ex-
him whom he bails. From bajulus was plained from the notion of biting, on.
formed It. bailo, balivo {bajulivus); Fr. beita, Sw. bet, bete, AS. bat (Ettmiiller), a
bail, bailli, E. bail, bailiff. The bail are bait for fish, is what the fish bites at, or
persons who constitute themselves tutors what causes him to bite. ON. beita, AS,
of the person charged, and engage to batan, to bait a hook. Du. bete, a bit, a
produce him when required. mouthful.
Tutores vel bajuli respondeant pro pupillis. ON. bita, to bite, is specially applied to
Usatici Barcinonenses. Et le roi I'a repue en the grazing of cattle, whence beif, Sw.
son hommage due son baron comma bail
et le
bet, bete, pasture, herbage ON. beita, Sw.
d'elle. — Chron.
Flandr. Et mjtto ilium (filium)
beta, to drive to pasture.
;

In English the
et omnem raeam terram et meum lionorem et '

raeos viros quEe Deus inihi dedit in bajulia de word is not confined to the food of cattle.
Deo et de suis Sanctis, &c. Ut sint in bayoliam Bait-poke, a bag to cany provisions in

Dei et de SanctS, IVIaria, &c. Testament. Regis bait, fopd, pasture.— Hal.
;

Arragon. A. D. logg, in Due. Sw. beta, to bait on a journey, is to feed


hand over, is from baju-
Fr. bailler, to the horses, in accordance with Fr, re-
lare, in the sense of making one a bail paitre, to feed, to bait.
or keeper of the thing handed over, ON. beita, Sw. beta, G. beitzen, to hunt
giving it into his bail or control. with hawk or hare, must be understood
Finally, every one to whom power was as signifying to set on the hawk
or hound
intrusted to execute not on his own be- to bite the prey. on. beita einn hundum,
'

BAIZE BALDERDASH 41
to cause one to be worried by dogs, to signified made round and smooth like a
set his dogs on one. To bait a bear or a ball. The root, however, is too widely
bull is to set the dogs on to bite it. spread for such an explanation. Finn.
The ON. beita, Sw.
to harness
beta, Esthon.^a/>aj, naked, bare, bald Lap. ;
oxen to a sledge, or horses to a carriage, puoljas, bare of trees Dan. baldet, un- ;
must probably be explained from as. fledged.
bcete, N. bit, the bit of a bridle taken as Besides signifying void of hair, bald is
the type of harness in general. Ongan used in the sense of having a white mark
tha his esolas batan : he then began to on the face, as in the case of the common
sa4dle his asses. —
Caedm. p. 173. 25. sign of the bald-faced stag, to be com-
Baize. Coarse woollen cloth. For- pared with Fr. cheval belle/ace, a horse
merly 6ay£s. Du. baey, baai, Fr. baye. marked with white on its face. Bald-
' Les bayes seront
composdes de bonne
laine, non de flocon, laneton
faced, white-faced, —
Hal, The bald-coot
. ou autres . . is conspicuous by an excrescence of white
mauvaises ordures.' —
Reglement de la skin above its beak.
draperie in Hdcart. According to this The real identity of the word bald in
author it took its name from its yellow the two senses is witnessed by a wide
colour, given by graines d' Avignon ;
'
range of analogy, Pol. Bohem. lysy, bald,
from baie, berry. marked with a white streak Pol. lysina, ;

To Bake. To dress or cook by dry Bohem. lysyna, a bald pate, and also a
heat ; to cook in an oven, Bohem. pek, white njark on the face. Du. blesse, a
heat ; feku, p^cy, to bake, roast, &c. ;
blaze on the forehead, a bare forehead,
pekar, a baker Pol. piec, a stove ; piei,
; bles, bald. —
Kil. Fin. paljas, bald, Gr.
to bake, to roast, to parch, to burn ; /3aXiof, {pdKiSf, bald-faced, having a white
pieczywo, a batch, an oven-full ; piekarz, streak on the face. Gael, ball, a spot or
a baker. mark Bret, bal, a white mark on an
;

ON. baka, to warm. Kongur bakade animal's face, or the animal itself, whence
sier vid elld, the King warmed himself at the common name Ball for a cart-horse

the fire. Heimskr. E. dial, to beak, beke, in England. The connection seems to
to bask, to warm oneself; Du. zig baker- lie in the shining look of the bald skin.
en, P1,D. bdckern, to warm oneself. G.
His head was hallid and shone as any glass.
bdhen, to heat ; semmeln bdhen, to toast
Chaucer.
bread ; kranke glieder bdhen, to foment a
limb. Holz bdhen, to beath wood, to Lith. ballas, white balti, to become;

heat wood for the purpose of making it white ; balsis, a white animal. Fin,
set in a certain form. Gr. ;3w, calefacere. pallaa, to burn palo, burning.
;
ON.
Lat. baja, warm baths. See Bath. The bdl, a blaze, beacon-fire, funereal pile.
root is common to the Finnish class of Balderdash. Idle, senseless talk to ;

languages. Lap, pak, paka, heat ; paket, balder, to use coarse language. Halli- —
to melt with heat pakestet, to be hot, to
;
well. w. baldorddi, to babble, prate,
bask; paketet, to heat, make hot. or talk idly. Du. balderen, to bawl,
Balance. Lat. lanx, a dish, the scale make an outcry, to roar, said of the roar
of a balance bilanx, the implement for of cannon, cry of an elephant, &c.
; bald- ;

weighing, composed of two dishes or eren, bulderen, blaterare, debacchari,


scales hanging from a beam supported in minari. Kil. —
ON. buldra, blaterare ;
the middle. It. bilancia, Sp. balanza, Dan. buldre, to make a loud noise, as
Prov, balans, balanza, Fr. balance. thunder, the rolling of a waggon, &c. ;

The change from i to a may be through also to scold, to make a disturbance. N.


the influence of the second a, or it may baldra is used of noises of the same kind
be from a false reference to the OFr, in a somewhat higher key. E. dial, to
baler, baloier, Venet. balare, to move up galder, to talk coarsely and noisily to ;

and down, to see-saw. gulder, to speak with loud and dissonant



Balcony. It. balco, balcone, an out- voice. Hal. Da. dial, bialder, foolish
jutting corner of a house, by-window, talk, nonsense bialdre, to tattle. The
;

bulk or stall of a shop palco, palcone, final syllable seems to express a continu-
;

palcora, any stage or scaffold, roof, floor, ation of the phenomenon; Da, 6\2l.dask,
or ceiling palcare, to plank, stage, chatter, talk ; dov-dask, chatter fit to
scaffold. — ;
The radical idea seems to
Fl. deave one. Bav. datsch, noise of a blow
be what is supported on balks or beams. with the open hand ddtschen, to clap, ;

Bald. Formerly written balled, ballid, smack, tattle Gael, ballart, noisy boast-
;

whence Richardson explains it as if it ing, clamour ; ballartaich, balardaich, a


42 BALE BALL
loud noise, shouting, hooting. The same to heap ; balka hopar, balka bunge, to
termination in lilie manner expresses heap up.
continuance of noise in plabartaich, a Twenty thousand men
continued noise of waves gently beating Balked in their blood on Holmedon's plain.

on the shore, unintelligible talk clapar- ;In the sense of a separation G. balken.
taich, a clapping or flapping of wings. Da. dial, balk, E. balk, are applied to a
From the same analogy, which causes so narrow slip of land left unturned in
many words expressive of the plashing ploughing. Baulke of land, separaison.
or motion of water to be applied to rapid Palsgr. A balk, says Ray, ' is a piece
or confused talking, balderdash is used of land which is either casually over-
to signify washy drink, weak liquor. A slipped and not turned up in plowing,
similar connection is seen in Sp. cka- or industriously left untouched by the
puzar, to paddle in water ; chapurrar, to plough for a boundary between lands.'
speak gibberish champurrar, to mix
; Hence to balk is to pass over in plough-
one liquid with another, to speak an un- ing, or figuratively in any other proceed-
connected medley of languages. ing.
Bale. I. Grief, trouble, sorrow. AS. For so well no man halt Ihe plough
lealo, gen. bealwes, torment, destruction, That it ne balketh. other while,
wickedness Goth, balva-vesei, wicked-
; Ne so well can no man afile
ness ; balveins,torment ON. bol, ca-
;
His tonge, that som time in jape
lamity, misery ;Du. bal-daed, malefac- Him may some light word overscape.
tum, maleficium. Pol. bol, ache, pain Gower in R.
;

bole/!, Bohem. boleii, to ail, to ache, to The mad steel about doth fiercely fly
grieve ; bolawy, sick, ill. Not sparing wight, ne leaving any balke,
w. ball, a
But making way for death at large to walke.
plague, a pestilence. Perhaps on. bola, F. Q.
a bubble, blister, a boil, may exhibit the
original development of the signification, Da. dial, at giore en balk, to omit a
a boil or blain being taken as the type of patch of land in sowing. To baulke the
sickness, pain, and evil in general. Russ. beaten road, to avoid it. Sir H. Wotton. —
bolyaf, to be ill, to grieve ; bolyatchka, a, In modern speech to balk is used in a
pustule. See Gall, 3. factitive sense, to cause another to miss
2. A package of goods. Sw. bal; It. the object of his expectation.
bulla J- Fr. balle, bal, a ball or pack, i. e. —
Ball. Balloon. Ballot, —
on. bbllr
goods packed up into a round or compact (gen. ballar), a globe, ball, Sw. boll, ball.
mass. ON. bollr, a ball balla, to pack Da. bold, OHG. pallo, G. ball, It. balla
;

together in the form of a ball. (with the augm. ballone, a great ball, a
To Bale out water. Sw. balja, Dan. balloon, and the dim. ballotta, a ballot),
balle, Du. baalie, Bret, bal, Gael, ballan, palla, Sp. bala, Fr. balle, Gr. TtaKKa
a pail or tub ; G. balge, a washing-tub, (Hesych.), a ball. Fin. pallo, with the
perhaps from balg, a skin, a water-skin dim. pallukka, pallikka, a ball, globule,
being the earliest vessel for holding testicle ; maan pallikka, a clod of earth ;

water. Hence Dan. balle, Du. baalien, palloilla, to roll. From the same root
to empty out water with a bowl or pail, probably Lat. pila, pilula, a ball, a pill,
to bale out. In like manner Fr. bacgtteter, which seem equally related to the fore-
in the same sense, from bacquet, a pail. going and to the series indicated under
* Balk. The primary sense seems to be
Bowl, Boll.
as in G. balken, on. bjdlki, OSw. balker,
Ball.—Ballad.— Ballet. It. ballare,
bolker, Sw. bielke, Sw. dial, balk, a beam. to dance, from the more general notion
Fr. ban, the beam of a ship, the breadth of moving up and down. Mid.Lat. bal-
from side to side ; Rouchi ban, a beam. lare, hue et illuc inclinare, vacillare.
We have then It. palcare, to plank, floor, Ugutio in Due. Venet. balare, to rock,
roof, stage or scaffold; Sw. afbalka, to to see-saw. OFr. baler, baloier, to wave,
separate by beams, to partition off ; Sw. to move, to stir.
dial, balk, a cross beam dividing the Job ne fut cokes (a kex or reed) ne rosiau
stalls in a cow-house, a wooden par- Qui au vent se tourne et baloie.
tition ; on. balkr, bdlkr, a partition, It. ballare, to shake or jog, to dance.
whether of wood or stone, as in a barn Hence, ballo, a dance, a ball. Ballata,
or cow-house, a separate portion, a di- a dance, also a song sung in dancing
vision of the old laws, a clump .of men (perhaps in the interval of dancing), a
;
vcdra bdlkr, N. uveirs bolk, as we say, a ballad. Fr. ballet, a scene acted in
balk of foul weather. Sw. dial, balka. dancmg, the ballet of the theatres.
BALLAST BAN 43
It probably an old Celtic word.
is
Bret. baUa, to walk, baU, the act of
as well as to ballast it. — Cot. Lest, like
Teutonic last, was used
for a load or
walking, or movement of one who walks. definite weight of goods (Roquef.), and
Ballast. Dan. bag-lest, Du. ballast, Mid.Lat. lastagium signified not only
Fr. lest, lestage. It. lastra, Sp. lastre. ballast, but loadage, a duty on goods
The first syllable of this word has given sold in the markets, paid for the right of
a great deal of trouble. It is explained carriage.
back by Adelung, because, as he says, the Balluster. Fr. ballustres, ballisters
ballast is put in the hinder part of the (corruptly bannisters when placed as guard
ship. But the hold is never called the to a staircase;, little round and short
back of the ship. A more likely origin is pillars, ranked on the outside of cloisters,
to be found in Dan. dial, bag-las, the back- terraces, galleries, &c. —
Cotgr. Said to
load, comparatively worthless load
or be from balaustia, the flower of the
one brings back from a place with an pomegranate, the calyx of which has a
empty waggon. When a ship discharges, double curvature similar to that in which
if it fails to obtain a return cargo, it is balusters are commonly made. But such
forced to take in stones or sand, to pre- rows of small pillars were doubtless in
serve equilibrium. This is the back- use before that particular form was given
load, or ballast of a ship, and hence the to them. The Sp. barauste, from bara or
name has been extended to the addition vara, a rod, seems the original form of
of heavy materials placed at the bottom the word, of which balaustre (and thence
of an ordinary cargo to keep the balance. the Fr. ballustre) is a corruption, anal-
The whole amount carried by the canal lines ogous to what is seen in It. bertesca, bal-
in 1854 was less than 25,000 tons, and this was tresac, a battlement ; Lat. urtica, Venet.
chiefly carried as lack-loading, for want of other oltriga, a nettle.
freight. —
Report Pennsylv. R. 1854.
Sp. baranda, railing around altars,
Mr Marsh objects to the foregoing fonts, balconies, &c. ; barandado, series
derivation, in the first place, that home- of balusters, balustrade barandilla, a
;

ward-bound ships do not in general sail small balustrade, small railing.


without cargo or in ballast, more fre- Balm, Balsam. Fr. baume, from Lat.
quently than outward-bound, and there- balsamum, Gr. ^a\Ba\iov, a fragrant gum.
fore that backloading is not an appro- Baltic. The Baltic sea, mare Balticun.
priate designation for the heavy ma- In OSw. called Bait, as two of the en-
terial which is employed to steady sea- trances are still called the Great and
going vessels. But how appropriate Little Belt, The authorities are not
the designation would really be, may agreed as to the grounds on which the
be judged by the following illustration name is given.
from practical life. The object of the '
To Bam. To make fun of a person.
company is to provide the excellent ore A bam, a false tale or jeer. Bret, bamein,
of the southern counties as a return to enchant, deceive, endormir par des
cargo for the colliers of the North. By contes. Bamour, enchanter, sorcerer,
this means the colliers wiU ensure an deceiver.
additional profit by carrying a ballast —
To Bamboozle. To deceive, make
for which they will receive Some freight- fun of a person.
age.' —
Mining Journal, Sept. 1, i860. There are a set of fellows they -call banterers
And Kil. explains ballast, inutilis sarcina, —
and bamboozlers that play such tricks. ^Arbuth-
inutile onus, a useless load. not in R.
Amore serious objection is .that the It. bambolo, bamboccio, bambocciolo, a
word in earlier Danish is always barlast, young babe, by met. an Old dotard or
as it still is in Sweden and Norway. babish gull ; imbambolare, to blear or
But because baglast is not found in the dim one's sight, also with flatteries and
written documents, it by no means fol- blandishments to enveagle and make a
lows that it was not always locally cur- child of one. —Fl. If bambocciolare were
rent. And it is certain that barlast ever used in the same sense it might have
could never have passed into baglast by given rise to bamboozle.
mere corruption, while it would be an Sc. bumbazed, puzzled, astonished.
easy transition from baglast through bal- To Ban. To proclaim, command,
last to barlast. forbid, denounce, curse.
Mr Marsh even calls in question The primitive meaning of the word
whether the last syllable is the Du. last, seems to have been to summons to the
a load. But Fr. tester is to load a ship army. In the commencement of the

44 BAND
Car j'ai de men p&re congi^
feudal times all male inhabitants were in — R,
De faire ami et d'etre aim&. R.
general required to give personal attend-
ance when the king planted his banner Never maiden of high birth had such
in the field, and sent round a notice that power or freedom of loving as I have.
his subjects were summoned to join him Les saiges avait et les fols
against the enemy. Commun^ment d, son bandon. —R. R-
He askyt of the Kyng Translated by Chaucer,
Til have the vaward of his batayl,
Quhatever thai ware wald it assayle, Great loos hath Largesse and great prise,
That he and Ijis suld have always For both the wise folk and unwise
Quhen that the king suld Banare rays. Were wholly to her bandon brought,
Wyntoun, v. 19. 15.
i.e. were brought under her power or
Now this calling out of the public force command.
was called bannire in hostem, bannire in Baud, 1. That with which anything
exercitum, populum. in hostem convocare, is bound. band, Goth, bandi, Fr,
AS.
bannire exercitum, in Fr. banir I'oustj bande, banda.
It. From the verb to
AS. theodscipe ut abannan. In Layamon bifid, Goth, bindan, band, bundun. Spe-
we constantly find the expression, he cially applied to a narrow strip of cloth
bannede his ferde, he assembled his host. or similar material for binding or swath-
The expression seems to arise from baim ing hence a stripe or streak of different
;

in the sense of standard, flag, ensign colour or material. In It. banda the
(see Banner). The raising of the King's term is applied to the strip of anything
banner marked the place of assembly, lying on the edge or shore, a coast, side,
and the primitive meaning of bannh-e region. G. bande, border, margin.
was to call the people to the bann or Band, 2. To Bandy. In the next
standard. The term was then applied place Band is applied to a troop of
to summoning on any other public oc- soldiers, a number of persons associated
casion, and thence to any proclamation, for some common purpose. It. Sp. banda,
whether by way of injunction or for- Fr. bande. There is some doubt how
biddal. this signification has arisen. It seems
Si quis legibus in utilitatem Regis sive in hoste however to have been developed in the
(to the host or army) sive in reliquam utilitatem Romance languages, and cannot be ex-

hannitus fuerit, etc. Leg. Ripuar. Exercitum plained simply as a body of persons
in auxilium Sisenardi de toto regno Burgundise
bound together for a certain end. It has

hannire praecepit Fredegarius. Si quis cum
plausibly been deduced from Mid.Lat.
armis hannitus fuerit et non venerit. Capitul. — bannum or bandum, the standard or
Car. Mag. A. D. 813. avenist que le Roy
Se il

chevauchat a osi iani centre las ennemis de la banner which forms the rallying point of

Croix. Assises de Jerusalem. Fece bandire a company of soldiers.
hoste generale per tutto '1 regno.—John Villani
Bandus, says Muratori, Diss. 26, tunc (in the
in Due.
gth century) nuncupabatur legio a bando, hoc est
In like manner we find bannire adplacita, vexillo.
admolendinum, &c., summoning to serve So in Swiss, fahne, a company, from
at the Lord's courts, to bring corn to be fahne, the ensign or banner. Sp. bandera
ground at his mill, &c. Thus the word is also used in both senses. Fr. eiiseigne,
acquired the sense of proclamation, ex- the colours under which a band or com-i
tant in Sp. and It. bando, and in E. banns pany of footmen serve, also the band or
of marriage. In a special sense the term company itself. Cot. But if this were —
was applied to the public denunciation the true ijerivation it would be a singular
by ecclesiastical authority ; Sw. bann, change to the feminine gender in banda.
excommunication bann-lysa, to excom-
; The real course of development I believe
municate {lysa, to publish) banna, to ; to be as seen in Sp. banda, side, then
reprove, to take one to task, to ctide, to party, faction, those who side together
curse, E. to ban.
In Fr. bandon
(bande, parti, ligue Taboada), Band-—
the signification w;is ear, to form parties, to unite with a band.
somewhat further developed, passing on It. ba?idare, to side or to bandy (Florio),
from proclamation to command, permis- to bandy being explained in the other
sion, power, authority. 'A son bandon, part of the dictionary, to follow a faction.
at his own discretion. OE. bandon was To bandy, tener da alcuno, sostener il
used in the same sense. See Abandon. partito d'alcuno.^ —
Torriano.
Oncques Pucelle de paraige Unnumbered as the sands
N'eut d'aimer tel bandon que j'ai, Of Barca or Gyrene's torrid soil,
: ;

Banditti BANNER 45
Levied to side with wfirring winds, and poise

Their lighter wings. Milton in R.
To Banish. — Bandit. From Mid.
Lat. bannire, bandire, to proclaim, de-
Kings had need beware Aow they side them- nounce, was formed the OFr. compound
selveSt and make themselves as of a faction or
party, for leagues within the state are ever perni-
for-bannir (pannire foras), to publicly
cious to monarchy. —
Bacon in R. order one out of the realm, and the simple
Fr. bander, to join in league with others
bannir was used in the same sense,

against Cotgn, se reunir, s'associer, se
whence E. banish.

joindre. —
Roquefort. It is in this sense
From the same verb the It. participle
bandito signifies one denounced or pro-
that the word is used by Romeo.
claimed, put under the ban of the law,
Draw, Benvoglio, beat down their weapons
Gentlemen, for shame, forbear this outrage, and hence, in the same way that E. out-
Tibalt, Mercutio, the Prince expressly hath lam came to signify a robber. It. banditti
Forbidden bandying in Verona streets. acquired the like signification. Forban-
The prince had forbidden faction fight- nitus is used in the Leg. Ripuar. in the
ing. Sp. bandear, to cabal, to foment —
sense of a pirate. Diez. The word is in
factions, follow a party. E. so much associated with the notion of
The name of bandy is given in English a band of robbers, that we are inclined
to a game in which the players are di- to understand it as signifying persons
vided into two sides, each of which tries banded together.
to drive a wooden ball with bent sticks Banister. See Balluster.
in opposite directions. —
Bank. Benchi. The latter form has
The zodiac is the line : the shooting stars. come to us from AS. bance, the former
Which in an eyebright evening seem to fall. from Fr. banc, a bench, bank, seat ; banc
Are nothing but the balls they lose at bandy. de sable, a sand-bank. G. bank, a bench,
Brewer, Lingua, in R. stool, shoal, bank of river. Bantze, a desk.
Fr. bander, to drive the ball from side —^Vocab. de Vaud. It. banco, panca,z.
to side at tennis. Hence the expression bench, a table, a counter.
of bandying words, retorting in language
But natheless took unto our dame
I
like players sending the ball from side to Your wife at home
the same gold again
side at bandy or tennis. —
Upon your bench. she wot it well certain
Banditti. See Banish. By certain tokens that I can here tell.
Bandog. A
large dog kept for a Shipman's Tale.

guatd, and therefore tied up, g. band-dog. From a desk or counter the significa-
Du. band-hond, canis vinculis assuetus, tion was extended to a merchant's count-
at canis peciiarius, pastoralis. — Kil. ing-house or place of business, whence
To Bandy. See Band, 2. the mod. E. Bank applied to the place of
Bandy. Bandy legs are crooked legs. business of a dealer in money. The
Fr. bander tin arc, to bend a. bow, &c. ; ON. distinguishes bekkr, N. benk, a bench,
bandi, bent as a bow. a long raised seat, and bakki, a bank,
Bane. Goth, banja, a blow, a wound eminence, bank of a river, bank of
OHG. bana, death-blow ; Mid.HG. bane, clouds, back of a knife. Dan. bakke,
destruction ; AS. bana, murderer. ON. banke, bank, eminence. The back is a
bana, to slay, bana-sott, death-sickness, natural type of an elevation or raised ob-
bana-sdr, death-wound, &c. ject. Tllus Lat. dorsum was applied to
Bang. A syllable used to represent a a sand-bank dorsum jugi, the slope of
;

loud dull sound, as of an explosion or a a hill, a rising bank. The ridge of a hill
blow. The child cries bang! fire, when is AS. hricg, the back.
he wishes to represent letting off a gun. Bankrupt. Fr. banqueroute, bank-
To bang the door is to shut it with a loud ruptcy, from banc, bench, counter, in the
noise. sense of place of business, and OFr. roupt,
With many a stiff thwack, many a bang, Lat. ruptus, broken. When a man fails .

Hard crabtree and old iron rang. Hudibras. — to meet his engagements his business is
ON. bang, hammering, beating, disturb- broken up and his goods distributed
ance banga, to beat,^ knock, to work in among his creditors. It. banca rotta,
;

wood. Sw. b'ang, stir, tumult bangas, ;


banca fallita, a bankrupt merchant. Fl. —
banka, to knock, Dan.
Banner. The word Ban or Band was
to make a stir ;

banke, to knock, beat, rap hatike et som


;
used by the Lombards in the sense of
The Susu, a banner, standard.
i, to hammer in a nail.

language of W. Africa, has bang-bang, to Vexillum quod Bandum appellant. — Paulus


drive in a nail. Diaconus in Due.
46 BANNERET BARBAROUS
wrapped. reiflingr, a bantling,
So on.
In the same place is quoted from the
Scohast on Gregory Nazianzen ;
from reifa, to wrap. In a similar manner
KoKoilXiva irapd 'Pai/iai'ous Kul are formed yearling, an animal a year
Td iriyi/a
[3avSa TavTa 6 A'TTLKi'^lav (TUviilj[j.aTa Kul ffjj- old, nestling, a young bird still in the
fjula Ka\u. nest, &c.
bandiera, Fr. banniire, E. ban- Baptise. Gr. jSdirTO), ^oTrriKio, to dip,
Hence It.
ner. to wash.
The origin is in all probability Goth. Bar, A
rod of any rigid substance.
iandvo, bandva, a sign, token, an intima- It. barra, Fr. barre, and with an initial s,
tion made by bending the head or hand. It. sbarra, OHG. sparro, Sw. sparre, E.

ON. benda, to bend, to beckon ; banda, spar, a beam or long pole of wood. The
to make signs banda hendi, manu an-
;
meaning seems in the first instance a
nuere. The original object of a standard branch; Celtic bar, summit, top, then
is to serve as a mark or sign for the branches. Bret, barrou-gwez, branches
troop to rally round, and it was accord- of a tree {gwezen, a tree). Gael, barrack,
ingly very generally known by a name branches, brushwood. Hence Fr. barrer,
having that signification. ON. merki., to bar or stop the way as with a bar, to
Lat. signuin, Gr. arineXov, OHG. heri-pau- hinder; barriire, a barrier or stoppage;
chan, a war-beacon or war-signal; Fr. barreau, the bar at which a criminal
enseigne, a sign or token as well as an appears in a court of justice, and from
ensign or banner Prov. senh, senhal, a which the barrister addresses the court.
;

sign ; senhal, senheira, banner. Barb. i. The barb of an arrow is the


According to Diez the It. bandiera is beard-like jag on the head of an arrow
derived from banda, a band or strip of directed backwards for the purpose of
cloth, and he would seem to derive Goth. hindering the weapon from being drawn
bandva, a. sign, from the same source, out of a wound. Lat. barba, Fr. barbe, a
the ensign of a troop being taken as type beard. Flesche barbeUe, a bearded or
of a sign in general, which is surely in barbed arrow. Cot. —
direct opposition to the natural order of 2. Fr. Barbe, E. Barb, also signified a
the signification. Besides it must be by Barbary horse. G. Barbar, OFr. Bar-
no means assumed that the earliest kind bare. Leduchat. —
of ensign would be a flag or streamer. 3. The term barb was also applied to
It is quite as likely that a sculptured the trappings of a horse, probably cor-
Symbol, such as the Roman Eagle, would rupted from Fr. barde, as no correspond-
first be taken for that purpose. ing term appears in other languages.
Banneret. Fr. banneret. A
knight Bardd, barbed or trapped as a great horse.
banneret was a higher class of knights, —Cot.
inferior to a baron, privileged to raise Barbarous. The original import of
their own banner in the field, either in the Gr. jSa'pjSapoc, Lat. barbarus, is to
virtue of the number of their retinue, or designate one whose language we do not
from having distinguished themselves in understand. Thus Ovid, speaking of
battle. himself in Pontus, says,
Qui tantas erant nobilitatis ut eorum quilibet Barbaras hie ego sum quia non intelligor uUi.
vexilli gauderet insignibus. —Life of Pliilip Au-
gust, in Duo. Gr. Bap;8ap6^o)voe, speaking a foreign
They were called in the Latin of the language. Then as the Greeks and
period vexillarii, milites bannarii, banne- Romans attained a higher pitch of civil-
rarii, bannereti. isation than the rest of the ancient world,
Banquet. It. banchetto, dim. of banco, the word came to signify rude, uncivilised,
a bench or table ; hence a repast, a ban- cruel. The origin of the word is an
quet. imitation of the confused sound of voices
To Banter. To mock or jeer one. by a repetition of the syllable bar, bar,
When wit hath any mixture of raillery, it is but in the same way in which the broken
calling it banter, and the work is done. This
sound of waves, of wind, and even of
polite word of theirs was first borrowed from the voices is represented by a repetition of
bulUes in White Friars, then fell among the foot- the analogous syllable viur, inur. We

men, and at last retired to the pedants but if speak of the murmur of the waves,,
this bantering, as they call it, be so despicable a
or of
a crowd of people talking. It may be
thing, &c.— Swift in R.
remarked, indeed, that the noise of voices
Bantling. A
child in swaddling is constantly represented by the same
clothes, from the bands in which it is word as the sound made by
the move-

BARBEL BARGAIN A7
merit of water. Thus the on. skola, as the great and warlike, and hymns to the
well as thwcEtta, are each used in the gods.
sense both of washing or splashing and
Bardus Gallicd cantafor appellatur qui virorum
of talking. The E. twattle, which was foreium laudes canit. —
Festus in Diet. Etym.
formerly used in the sense of tattle, as
well as the modern twaddle, to talk much
BdpSot fiki/ UfjLurjTal Kai TrotTjxai. —Strabo, lb.
Et Bardi quidem fortia vironim illustrium
and foolishly, seem frequentative forms facta heroicis composita versibus cum dulcibus
of Sw. twcEtta, to wash. g. waschen, to lyrae —
modulis cantitarunt. Lucan, lb.
tattle. It. guaszare, to plash or dabble,
Hence, in poetic language Bard used
guazzolare, to prattle. —Fl. In like for poet.
is

manner the syllable bar or bor is used in 2. Sp. barda, horse armour covering
the formation of words intended to repre- the front, back, and flanks. Applied in
sent the sound made by the movement E. also to the ornamental trappings of
of water or the indistinct noise of talk- horses on occasions of state.
ing. Hindost. barbar, muttering, barbar-
When immediately on the other part came in
kama, to gurgle. The verb borrelen the fore eight knights ready armed, their basses
signifies in Du. to bubble or spring up, and hards of their horses green satin embroidered
and in Flanders to vociferate, to make with fresh devices of bramble bushes of fine gold
an outcry ; Sp. borbotar, borbollar, to boil curiously wrought, powdered all over. Hall —
in R.
or bubble up ; barbulla, a tumultuous as-
sembly; Port, borbulhar, to bubble or Fr. bardes, barbes or trappings for
boil; It. borboglio, a rumbling, uproar, horses of service or of show. Barder, to
quarrel ; barbugliare, to stammer, stutter, barbe or trap horses, also to bind or tie
speak confusedly. Fr. barbeter, to grunt, across. Barde, a long saddle for an ass
mutter, murmur ; barboter, to mumble or or mule, made only of coarse canvas
mutter words, also to wallow like a seeth- stuffed with flocks. Bardeau, a shingle
ing pot. — Cot. The syllable bur seems or small board, such as houses are covered
in the same way to be taken as the with. Bardelle, a bardelle, the quilted
representative of sound conveying no or canvas saddle wherewith colts are
meaning, in Fr. baragouin, gibberish, —
backed. Cotgr. Sp. barda, coping of
jargon, ' any rude gibble-gabble or bar- straw or brushwood for the protection of
barous speech.' Cot. — Mod. Gr. /3£p- a mud wall; albarda, a pack-saddle,
jSepi^w, to stammer; /3opj3opwJu, to rum- broad slice of bacon with which fowls
ble, boil, grumble (Lowndes, Mod. Gr. are covered when they are roasted ; al-
Lex.) ; Port, borborinha, a shouting of bardilla, small pack-saddle, coping,
men. border of a garden bed. The general
Barbel. A river fish having a beard notion seems that of a covering or pro-
at the comers of the mouth. Fr. barbel, tection, and if the word be from a Gothic
barbeau. — Cot. source we should refer it to ON. barS,
Barber. Fr. barbier, one who dresses brim, skirt, border, ala, axilla. Hatt-bard,
the beard. the flap of a hat; skialldar-bard, the
Barberry. A shrub bearing acid edge of a shield hval-barct, the layers of

;

berries. Fr. dial, barbelin. Diet. Etym. whalebone that hang from the roof of a
Barbaryn-frute, barbeum,— tree, barbaris. whale's mouth. But Sp. albarda looks
— Pm.
Pr. like an Arabic derivation; Arab, al-
Barbican. An outwork for the de- barda'ah, saddle-cloth. Diez. —
fence of a gate. It. barbacane, a jetty Bare. Exposed to view, open, un-
or outnook in a building, loophole in a covered, unqualified. G. baar, bar, on.
wall to shoot out at, scouthouse.— Fl. berj G. baares geld, ready money. Russ.
The Pers. bdla-khaneh, upper chamber, bds, Lith. bdsas, bdsiis, bare baskojis, ;

is the name given to an open chamber barefooted Sanscr. bhasad, the naked-
;

over the entrance to a caravanserai. ness of a woman.


Rich. Hence it is not unlikely that the Bargain. OFr. barguigner, to chaf-
name inay have been transferred by re- fer, bargain, or more properly (says
turned crusaders to the barbacan or scout- Cotgr.) to wrangle, haggle, brabble in the
house over a castle gate from whence making of a bargain. The radical idea
arrivals might be inspected and the is the confused sound of wrangling, and

entrance defended. the word was used in OE. and Sc. in the
Bard. i. w. bardd, Bret, barz, the sense of fight, skirmish.
name of the poets of the ancient Celts, And mony tymys ische thai wald
whose office it was to sing the praises of And bargane at the barraiss hald,
; ;

48 BARGE BARON
And wound thair fayis oft and sla. bartig, second syllable Of
barlich, the
Barbour in Jam, which analogous to that of garlick,
is

Wehave seen under Barbarous that hemlock, charlock, and is probably a true
equivalent of the lys in w. barlys. See
the syllable bar was Tised in the con-
struction of words expressing the con- Garlick.
Barm. Yeast, the slimy substance
i.
fused noise of voices sounding indistinct
formed in thebrewing of beer. AS. beornt,
either from the language not being un-
G. berm, Sw. berma. Dan. bcerme, the
derstood, or froTii distance or simultane-
ous utterance. Hence it has acquired dregs of oil, wine, beer.
2. As Goth, barms, a lap, bosom ; ON.
the character of a root signifying con-
fusion, contest, dispute, giving rise to It.
barmr, border, edge, lap, bosom. See
Brim.
baniffa, fray, altercation, dispute ; Prov.
baralha, trouble, dispute ; Port, baralhar,
Barn. as. berem, bcern, commonly
Sp. barajar, to shufSe, entangle, put to
explained from bere, barley, and ern, a
confusion, dispute, quarrel Port, bara- ;
place, a receptacle for barley or corn,
funda, Sp. barahunda, tumult, confusion, as baces-ern, a baking place or oven,
lihtes-ern, a lantern. (Ihre, v. am.)
disorder; Port, barafustar, to strive,
struggle; It. baratta, strife, squabble, But probably ^^rifr» is merely a misspell-
dispute barattare, to rout, to cheat, also ing, and the word, is simply the Bret;
;

to exchange, to chop; E. barretor, one bern, aheap. Acervus, bern. —


Gl. Cornub.
who stirs up strife. Nor is the root con- Zeuss. So ON. hladi, a heap, a stack,
fined to the Romance tongues; Lith. hlaSa, a barn. Du. baerm, berm, a
barii, to scold; barnis, strife, quarrel; —
heap ; berm hoys, meta foeni. Kil. Swab.
ON. baratta, strife, contest,' bardagi, baarn, barn, hay-loft, corn-shed, barn.
battle. Dan. dial, baaring, baaren, baarm, a
From Fr. baragouin, representing the load, so much as a man can bear ox carry
confused sound of people speaking a at once. On the other hand, mhg. barn,
language not understood by the hearer, the rack or manger, prasepe ; houbartij
we pass to the vert) barguigner, to fsnile.
wrangle, chaffer, bargain. Barnacle. A
conical shell fixed to
Barge. —Bark, 1. These words seerti the rocks within the wash of the tide.
mere varieties of pronunciation of a term Named from the cap-like shape of the
common to all the Romanceas well as shell. Manx bayrn, a cap ; bamagh, a.
Teutonic and Scandinavian tongues. limpet, a shell of the same conical shape
Prov. barca, barja, OFr. barge, Du. with barnacles. Gael, baimeach, bar-
barsie, OSw. barsj a boat belonging to a nacles, limpets ; w. brenig, limpets.
larger ship. * Barnacles. Spectacles, also irons
Barca est quse cuncta navis commercia ad put on the noses of horses to make them
littus portat. —
Isidore in Rayn.

Naus en mar
quant a perdu sa barja. Ibid. Sigurdr let taka

stand quiet. Bailey. Of these meanings
the second is probably the original, the
tua sliip-bata er barker ero kalladir. — Ihre.
name being given to spectacles, which
The origin may be ON. barki, the were made to hold ori the nose by a
throat, then the bows or prow of a ship, spring, from comparison to a farrier'S
pectus navis, and hence probably (by a barnacles. The name of barnacles is
metaphor, as in the case of Lat. piippii) given by Joinville to a species of torture
barkr came to be applied to the entire by compression practised by the Sara-
ship. So also ON. kani, a beak, promi- cens, and may therefore be an Eastern
nent part of a thing, also a boat ; skutr, word. Camus, bernac.^Voc^. in Nat.
the fore or after end of a boat ; skuta, a
boat.
Antiq. Bemiques, spectacles. Vocab. —
de Berri.
Bark, 2. The outer rind of a tree ;
Baron. It. barone, Sp. varen, Provj
any hard crust growing over anything. bar (ace. bard), OFr. ber (ace. baron)^
ON. borkr, bark ; at barka, to skin over Fr. baron. Originally man, husband,
barkandi, astringent. then honoured man.
To Bark. as. beorcan, from an imita- Lo bar non es creat per la femna mas la femna
tion of the sound. per lo bar6. ThS man was not created for the
Barley. The Goth. adj. barizeins in- woman, but the woman for the man. Rayn.. —
dicates a noun baris, barley; AS. bere. —
Tarn baronem quam feminam. Leg. Ripuar.-
W. barlys {bara, bread, and llysiaw, Bret. —
Barum vel feminam. Leg. Alam.
louzou, Uzen, herbs, plants), bread-corn, In the Salic Law it signifies free born
barley. The older form in e. was barlic. in the capitularies of Charles the Bald
;

BARONET BARTER 49-

barones are the nobles or vassals of the alquiceles y de otros cosas que de Berberia se
elevaban a Levante.

Baro, gravis et authenticus vir.—John de Gar- On


the other hand, G. barchent, bar-
(Schmeller), calico.
chet Bombicinus,
landiEL.

In our own law it was used for married parchanus,parchanttuech.



^Vocab. A. D.
man, Baron andfemme, man and wife. 1445 in SchmeUer.
'
Ut nuUus scarlatas
vel pretiosos burellos, qui
We have not much light on the pre- aut barracanos
cise formation of the word, which would
Ratisboni fiunt, habeant.' Op. S. Bern., —
barragdn.
seem to be radically the same with Lat. ibid. MHG. bark&n, —
Barratry. ^Barrator. See Barter.
vir, Goth, vair, AS. iver, w. gwr, Gael.
Barrel. It. barile, Sp. barril, barrila,
fear, a man.
a wooden vessel made of
Baronet. The feudal tenants next Fr. barrique,
staves, but whether this be the
below the degree of a baron were called bars or
true derivation may be doubtful.
baronetti, baronuU, baronculi, baroncelli,
Barren. Bret, bredhan; OFr. bre-
but as the same class of tenants were
haigne, baraignej Picard, breinej Du.
also termed bannerets, the two names,
braeck, sterilis, semen non accipiens
from their resemblance, were sometimes
confounded, and in several instances, braeckland, uncultivated, fallow. — Kil.
where baronetti is written in the printed Barricade, Formed from Fr. barre,
copies, Spelman found bannereti in the
a bar; as cavalcade, from cavallo, a
MS. rolls of Parliament. StiU he shows horse; and not from Fr. barrique, a
conclusively, by early examples, that barrel, as if it signified an impromptu
baronettus is not a mere corruption of barrier composed of barrels filled with
earth. It is hard to separate barricade
banneretus, but was used in the sense of
a lesser Baron. from Fr. barri, an obstruction, fortifi-
— —
Bamnculus a baronet. Nominale of the
cation, barrier.
Barrier. See Bar.
15th Cent, in Nat. Antiq.
Barrister. The advocate who pleads
It was not until the time of James I. that
at the Bar of a court of Justice.
the baronets were established as a formal Barrow, 1. Animplement for carry-
order in the state. ing. AS. berewe, from beran, to carry.
Barrack. Fr. barague. It. baracca, It. bara, a. litter, a bier or implement for
Sp. barraca, a. hut, booth, shed. The carrying a dead body. G. bahre, a bar-
Sp. word is explained by Minshew 'a row, todtenbahre, or simply bahre, a bier.
souldiers tent or booth or suchlike thing
This word introduced into Fr. became
made of the sail of a ship or suchlike bidre, perhaps through Prov. bera, whence
stuff. Dicitur proprie casa ilia piscatorum
E. bier, alongside of barrow.
juxta mare.' Barrow, 2. A mound either of stones
The original signification was probably or earth over the graves of warriors and
a hut made of the branches of trees. nobles,
especially those killed in battle,
Gael, barrack, brushwood, branches;
as the barrow at Dunmail-raise in West-
barrachad, a hut or booth. Bargus or
moreland. AS. beorg, beorh, a hiU, mound,
barcus in the Salic laws is the branch of
rampart, heap, tomb, sepulchre, from
a tree to which a man is hanged. beorgan, OE. berwen, to shelter, cover.
Before the gates of Bari he lodged in a miser- Worhton mid stanum anne steapne beorh him
able hut or barrack, composed of dry branches ofer. They
made with stones a steep mound
and thatched with straw.— Gibbon.

over him. Joshua vii. 26.
It should be observed that, whenever Barrow-hog. as. bearg ; Bohem.
soldiers' barracks are mentioned, the braw, a castrated hog
; Russ. borov', a
word is always used in the plural number, boar.
pointing to a time when the soldiers' Barter. Barter or trafficking by ex-
lodgings were a collection of huts. change of goods seems, like bargain, to
* Barragan. Sp. baragan, Fr. bara- have been named from the haggling and
gant, bouracan, a kind of coarse camlet. wrangling with which the bargain is con-
A passage cited by Marsh from the ducted. It is shown under Bargain how
Amante Liberal of Cervantes implies the syllable bar acquires the force of a
that barragans were of Moorish manu- root signifying confused noise, squabble,
facture, and Arabic barkan or barankan tumult. From this root were formed
is the name of a coarse, black woollen words in all the Romance languages,
garment still used in Morocco. signifying, in the first instance, noisy
La mercancia del baxel era de barraganes y contention, strife, dispute, then traffick-
4
— —

so BARTIZAN BASTE
ing for profit, then cheating, over-reach- Bason. bacino, Fr. bassin, the
It.

ing, unrighteous gain. diminutive of the word corresponding to


Al is dai, n' is ther no night E. back, signifying a wide open vessel.
Ther n' is iaret nother strif. Bass. It. basso, the low part of the
Hickes in Rich. scale in music.
They run like Bedlem barreters into the street. Lend me your hands, lift me above Parnassus,
— HoUinshed, ibid. With your loud trebles help my lowly bassus.
OFr.
bareter, to deceive, he, cog, foist Sylvester's Dubartas.
in bargaining, to cheat, beguile, also to Bassoon. ah aiigment-
bassone,
barter, truck, exchange. Cotgr. MHG. — ation of basso j
It.
an instrument of a very
pdrdt, Pl.D. baraet (from Fr.), barter, low note.
deceit. MHG. partieren, to cheat, /«r<f- —
Bast. Bass. Du. bast, bark, peel,
tierer, a deceiver. Sp. baratar, to truck, husk bast van koren, bran, the thin skin
;

exchange; baratear, to bargain; bara- which covers the grain Dan. Swed. ;

teria, fraud, cheating, and especially Ger. bast, the inner bark of the lime-tre6
fraud committed by the master of a ship beaten out and made into a material for
with respect to the goods committed to mats and other coarse fabrics. Dan.
him. bast-maatte, bass-matting; bast-reb, a
Baratry is when the master of a ship cheats bass rope. Du. bast, a halter, rope for
the owners or insurers, by imbezzling their goods
or running away with the ship. Bailey. — hanging, oe. baste.
Bot ye salle take a stalworthe basts
But according to Blackstone barratry
And binde my handes behind me faste,
consists in the offence of stirring up MS. HaUiweU.
quarrels and suits between parties.
Dan. baste, Sw. basta, to bind, commonly
Bartizan. See Brattice.
joined with the word binda, of the same
Barton. A
court-yard, also the de-
sense. Sw. at basta og binda, to bind
mesne lands of a manor, the manor-
housfe itself, fhe outhouses and yards.
hand and foot. Dan. Icegge eeii i baand
Halliwell. AS. beretun, beortun, berewic,
og bast, to put one in fetters and it is ;

remarkable that the same expression is


a court-yard, corn-farm, from bere, barley,
found in Turkish ; besst, a tying, binding,
and tun, inclosure, or wic, dwelling.
besst-u-b£nd&t, to bind. Lap. baste, the
Bosworth.
Base. It. basso, Fr. bas, low, mean ; hoops of a cask.
Bastard. Apparently of Celtic origin,
Sp. baxoj w. and Bret, bds, shallow, low,
flat. The original meaning, according from Gael, baos, lust, fornication. OFr.
to Diez, would be, pressed down, thick.
^Is de bast, fits de bas.
'
Bassus, crassus, piiiguis.' Gl. Isidore. — He was begetin o bast, God it wot.
' BassuS, curtus, humilis.' Papias. ' Ele — Arthur and Merlini.
Sir Richard fiz le rei of wan we spake bevore
a basses hanches et basses jambes.'
Basilisk. Gentilman was inow thei he were a bast ibore.
Gr. PaaiKhms, from /3a-
R. G. 516.
aiKcig, a king. A fabulous serpent, said This man was son to John of Gaunt, descended
to kill those that look upon it.
of an honorable lineage, but born in baste,
There is not one that.looketh upon his eyes, more noble in blood than notable in learning.
but he dreth presently. The like property hath HaU in HaUiwell.
the iasilisk. A white spot or star it carieth on
the head and settith it out like a coronet or So Turk, chasa, fornication, chasa ogli
diadem. If he but hiss no other serpent dare
come — Holland's Pliny
ipgli = son),a bastard. F. Newman. —
near. in Rich. Malay anak-baudrek (child of adultery),
Late sibi submovet omne a bastard.
Vulgus et in vacuSl regnat BasiUscus aren^.
To Baste, i. To stitch, to sew with
Lucan.
long stitches for the purpose of keeping
Probably from reports of the cobra capel, the pieces of a garment in shape while it
which sets up its hood when angry, as is permanently sewn. It. Sp. basta, a
the diadem of the basilisk. long stitch, preparatory stitching, the
To Bask. To heat oneself in the sun stitches of a quilt or mattrass. Sp.
or before a fire. See Bath. bastear, embastir. It. imbastire, Fr. bdtir,
Basket, w. basg, netting, plaiting of to baste, to stitch ; Fris. Sicamb. bestcn,
splinters basged, basgod, a basket masg,
;

a ftiesh, lattice-work. It is mentioned as


; leviter consuere. Kil. —
ohg. bestan, to
patch, as It. imbastire, to baste on a.
a British word by Martial. piece of cloth.
Barbara de pictis venibascauda Brftannis, Nay, mock not, mock not the body of your
;

Sed me jani mavult dicere Roma suam. is sometimes guarded with fragments^
discourse
— ; : —

•BASTINADO BAT SI
and the gviards are but slightly basted on neither. phor from the notion of basting meat.
— Milch Ado aBoiit Nothing. To baste one's hide ; to give him a sound
Derived by Diez from iasi, as if that bastingi
were the substance originally vised in 3. The sense of pouring dripping over
stitching, but this is hardly satisfactory. meat at roast or rubbing the meat with
It seems to me that the sense of stitch- fat toprevent its burning is derived from
ing, as a preparation for the final sewing the notion of beating in the same way
of a garment, may naturally have arisen that the verb to stroke springs from the
from the notion of preparing, contriving, act of striking. Sw. stryk, beating,
settiilg up, which seems to be the general blows; stryka, to rub gently, to stroke,
sense of the verb bastire, iastir, in the to spread bread and butter. Fr. frotter,
Romance languages. to rub, is explained by Cot. also to cudgel,
Thus we have Sp. bastir, disposer, pre- baste or knock soundly.
parer (Taboada) ; It. iinbastire, to lay the Bastinado. Sp. bastonada, a blow
cloth for dinner, to devise or begin, a with a stick, Sp. Fr. baston. Fr. baston-
business (Altieri). Fr. bastir, to build, nade, a. cudgelling, bastonnir, to cudgel.
liiake, frame, erect, raise, set up, also to In English the term is confined to the
compose, contrive, devise. Bastir a beating on the soles of the feet with a
quelqu'un son roulet, to teach one before- stick, a favourite punishment of the Turks

hand what he shall say or do. Cot. and Arabs. For the origin of baston see
Prov. guerra bastir, to set on foot a war Baste, 2.
agait bastiYy to lay an ambush. Rayn. — Bastion. It. bastia, bastida, bastione,
Sp. bastimento, victuals, provisions, a bastion, a sconce, a blockhouse, a bar-
things prepared for future use, also the ricado. Florio.— Fr. bastille, bastilde, a
basting or preparatory stitching of a gar- fortress or castle furnished with towers,
ment, stitching of a quilt or mattrass. To donjon, and ditches bastion, the fortifi-
;

'baste a garment would be to set it up, to cation termed a bastion or cuUion-head.


put it together, and from this particular Cot. — All from bastir, to build, set up,
kind of stitching the signification would contrive.
Seem to have passed on to embrace * Bat. I. Sc. back, bak, bakie-bird ; Sw.
.stitching in general; nattbaka, Dan. aftonbakke, the winged
A silver nedil forth I drowe niammal. It. 'iJipistreUo,.'CaB. night-bat.
And gan this nedill threde anone, — Fl.
Bakke, flyinge best, vespertilio.

,

For out of toune me list to gone^ Pr. Pm.


Mid.Lat. blatta, blacta,
With a threde hasting my slevis. batta lucifuga, vespertilio, vledermus.-^
Chaucer, R. R.
Dieiif. Supp. to Due. Chaufe-soriz is
— Sit^e und beste mir den ermel wider in. glossed a balke (for blake ?) in Bibeles-
Minnesinger in Schmid.
worth (Nat. Antiq. p. 164), and blak
It is probably from the sense of stitch- probably signifies a bat in the following
ing that must be explained the It. basto, passage
Imbasto, a packsaddle, pad for the head
But & that yche breyde
to carrya weight on Fr. bast, ^iS/(whence
;
That she furthe her synne seyde,
the E. military term of a bat-horse), bastine, Come fleyng oute at her mouthe a blak ;
a pad or packsaddle, which was origin- That yche blak y dar wel telle,
ally nothing but a quilted cushion on That hyt was a fende of helle.
Manuel des Pecchds. 11864.
which to rest the load. Thus Baretti
explains Sp. bastear, to pack a saddle It is truethe original has corneille, which
with wool, i. e. to quilt or stitch wool was probably changed in the E. trans-
into it; and Cot; has bastine, a pad, lation to a bat, ag a creattire peculiarly
packsaddle, the quilted saddle with which connected with devilry and witchcraft.
colts are backed. The name seems to be taken from on.
2. To beat or bang soundly.— Bailey. blaka, blakra, blakta, to flap, move to
This word probably preserves the form and fro in the air with a light rapid
from whence is derived the Fr. baston, motion ; whence ledrblaka, the bat ; Sw.
bdion, a stick, ari instruineht for beating, dial; blakka, natt-blakka, the night-jar or
as weU as besteau, the clapper of a bell. goat-sticker, a bird which, like the owl
ON. beysta, to beat, to thrash ; Dan. boste, and the bat, seeks its insect prey on the
to drub, to belabour; Sw. dial, basa, wing in the evening. For the loss of the
baska, basta, to beat, to whip. Perhaps / in back, bat, compared with blakka,
in the use of the E. term there is usually blatta, comp. E. badger, from Fr. bladier.
an erroneous feeling of its being a meta- 2. A
staff, club, or implement for
4 *
— ;

52 BATCH BATTLEMENT
striking. In some parts of England it is basa sig isolen, to bask in the sun. Da.
the ordinary word for a stick at the dial, batte sig, to warm oneself at the
present day. A
Sussex woman speaks fire or in the sun.
of putting a clung bat, or a dry stick, on Perhaps the above may be radically
the fire. In Suffolk batlins are loppings identical with ON. baka, E. bake, to heat,
of trees made up
into faggots. Bret, baz, Slav, pak, heat. Baka sik vid elld, to
a stick Gael, bat, a staff, cudgel, blud-
; warm oneself at the fire. PLD. sich ba-
geon, and as a verb, to beat, to cudgel. kern, e. dial, to beak, to warm oneself.
Mgy. hot, a stick. The origin of the To Batten. To thrive, to feed, to
word is an imitation of the sound of a become fat. Goth, gabatnan, to thrive,
blow by the syllable bat, the root of e. to be profited, ON. batna, to get better, to
beat. It. battere, Fr. battre, w. baeddu. become convalescent. Du. bdt, bet, bet-

Bat, a blow. Hal. The lighter sound ter, more. See Better.
of the p
in pat adapts the latter syllable Batten. In carpenter's language a
to represent a gentle blow, a blow with a scantling of wooden stuff from two to
light instrument. The imitative nature four inches broad, and about an inch
of the root bat is apparent in Sp. bata- —
thick. Bailey. A
batten fence is a fence
cazo, baquetazo, representing the noise made by nailing rods of such a nature
made by one in falling. across uprights. From bat in the sense
Batcii. A batch
of bread is so much of rod ; perhaps first used adjectivally,
as baked zX one time, G. gebdck, gebdcke.
is bat-en, made of bats, as wood-en, made of
Bate. Strife; makebate, a stirrer-up wood.
of strife. Batyn, or make debate. Jurgor, Batter. Eggs, flour, and milk beaten
vel seminare discordias vel discordare. up together.
Pr. Pm. Fr. debat, strife, altercation, —
To Batter. Battery. Battery, a
dispute. — Cot. beating, an arrangement for giving blows,
To Bate. I. Fr. abattre, to fell, beat, is a simple adoption of Fr. batterie, from
or break down, quell, allay ; Sp. batir, to battre, to beat. From battery was pro-
beat, beat down, lessen, remit, abate. bably formed to batter under the con-
, 2. A
term in falconry ; to flutter with sciousness of the root bat in the sense of
the wings. Fr. battre las ailes. blow, whence to batter would be a regular
Bath. — To .Bathe.— To Bask. on. frequentative, signifying to give repeated
bada, G. baden, to bathe. The primary blows, and would thus seem to be the
meaning of the word seems to be to verb from which battery had been formed
w'arm, then to warm by the application of in the internal development of the English
hot water, to foment, to refresh oneself in language.
water whether warm or cold. Sw. dial. —
Battle. Battalion. It. battere, Fr.
basa, bdda, badda, to heat ; solen baddar, battre, to beat se battre, to fight, whence
;

the sun burns ; solbase, the heat of the It. battaglia, Fr. bataille, a battle, also a
sun badfish, fashes basking in the sun
; squadron, a band of armed men arranged
;

basa, badda, bdda vidjor, as E. dial, to for fighting. In OE. also, battle was used
beath wood, to heat it before the fire or in the latter sense.
in steam in order to make it take a
Scaffaldis, Jeddris and covering,
certain bend. Plkkis, howis, and with staffslyng,
Faine in the sonde to tathe her merrily To ilk lord and his bataille
Lieth Pertelotte, and all her sustirs by Wes ordanyt, quhar he suld assaill,
Ayenst the sunne, Chaucer. — Barbour in Jam.
Flem. betten, to foment with hot applica- Hence in the augmentative form It. bat-
tions. G. bdhen, to foment, to warm, tagUone, a battalion, a main battle, a great
seems related to baden as Fr. trahtr to It. squadron. Florio.
tradire. Holz bdhen, to beath wood

Battledoor. The bat with which a
brot bdhen, to toast bread. Hence pro- shuttlecock is struck backwards and for-
bably may be explained the name of wards. Sp. batador, a washing beetle, a
Baiffi, as signifying warm baths, to which flat board with a handle for beating the
that place owed its celebrity. wet linen in washing. Batyldoure or
It can hardly be doubted that bask is washynge betylle.
the reflective form of the foregoing verbs,
Pr. Pm. —
Battlement. From OFr. bastille, a
from ON. badask, to bathe oneself, as E. fortress or castle, was formed bastilU,
busk, to betake oneself, from on. buask made like a fortress, adapted
for defence,
for biia sik. I baske, I bathe in water
'
viz. in the case of a wall, by projections
or in any licoure.' Palsgr. — Sw. dial, at which sheltered tile defenders while they
— — !

BAUBLE BAWSON 53

shot through the indentures. Mur bas- Swiss, bau, dung; baue, to manure the
tille, an embattled wall, a wall with such fields. W. baw, dirt, filth, excrement.
notches and indentures or battlements. To baw, to void the bowels. Hal. Sc. —
Batylment of a wall, propugnaculum.
Pm.
bauch,
From
disgusting, sorry, bad.
Baw
Jam.
! an interjection of disgust,

Pr. .

equivalent to Faugh being a represent- !

Si vey ung vergier grant et I^


Enolos d'un hault mur bastilU. —R. R. ation of the exspiration naturally resorted
to as a defence against a bad smell.
Bauble, i. Originally an implement
consisting of lumps of lead hanging from
Ye law ! quoth a brewere
I woU noght be ruled
the end of a short stick, for the purpose By Jhesu for all your janglynge
of inflicting a blow upon dogs or the like, With Spiritus Justicise. P. P. —
then ornamented burlesquely and used by for they beth as bokes tell us
a Fool as his emblem of office. ' Ba- Above Goddes worlces.

buUe or bable ^librilla, pegma,' ' Librilla *
Ye baw for bokes quod oon '

dicitur instrumentum librandi a bable — Was broken out of Helle.— P. P.

or a dogge malyote.' ' Pegma, baculus The It. oibo ! fie ! fie upon (Altieri), Fr.
cum massa plumbi in summitate pen- bah ! pooh nonsense and Sp. baf
dente.' —
Pr. Pm., and authorities in note. expressive of disgust,
! !

must all be referred


The origin of the word is tab or bob, a to the same origin. '
There is a choler-
lump, and as a verb to move quickly up icke or disdainful interjection used in
and down or backwards and forwards. the Irish language called Boagh ! which
Gael, tab, a tassel or hanging bunch ; E.
bablyn or waveryn, librillo, vacillo. Pr. — is as much in English as Twish
!' Hol- —
linshed, Descript. Irel. c. 8. To this
Pm. exactly corresponds Fr. pouac ! faugh !

Bauble in the sense of a plaything


2. an interjection used when anything filthy
or trifle seems a different word, from Fr. is shown or said, whence pouacre, rotten,
babiole, a. trifle, whimwham, guigaw, or

small toy to play withal. —


Cot. It. bab-
filthy. —
Cot. In like manner Grisons
buah ! buh ! exclamation of astonish-
bolare, to play the babby, to trifle away ment, leads to bua (in children's lan-
the time as children do ; babbole, child- guage), nastiness, filth.
ish baubles, trifles, fooleries or fond To Bawl. Formed from baw, the
toys. —
Fl. Swiss baben, to play with dolls representation of a loud shout, as Fr.
or toys. miauler, E. to me-wl, to make the noise

Baudrick. Baldrick. Prov. baudrat, represented by the syllable miau, mew.
OFr. baudrdj OHG. balderich, a belt.— The sound of a dog barking is repre-
Diez. Baudrick in OE. is used for a sented by bau, bow (as in our nursery
sword-belt, scarf, collar. bow-wow, a dog). Lat. baubare, Piedm.
Bavin. A
brush faggot. OFr. baffe, fe bau, to bark ; bauU, to bark, to talk
faisceau, fagot. —
Lacombe. An analogous noisily, obstrepere. Zalli. Swiss Rom. — —
form with an initial g
instead oi s. b \% bouala, bouaila, to vociferate, to cry.
seen in Fr. javelle, a gavel, or sheaf of Bridel. ON. baula, to low or bellow as
corn, also a bavin or bundle of dry an ox.
sticks. —Cot. The word may perhaps be Bawson. A name of the badger, from
derived from the above-mentioned bab or the streaks of white on his face. It. bal-
bob, a lump or cluster Gael, baban, zano, a horse with white legs.
; Fr. bal-
babhaid, a tassel, cluster; Fr. bobine, a zan, a horse that hath a white leg or foot,
bobbin or cluster of thread. the white of his leg or foot, also more
Bawdekin. Cloth of gold. It. bal- generally a white spot or mark in any
dacchino, s. s., also the canopy carried part of his body. Cotgr. Prov. bausan, —
over the head of distinguished persons in OFr. baugant, a horse marked with
a procession, because made of cloth of white. Beaus^ent, the famous standard
gold. The original meaning of the word of the Templars, was simply a field
is Bagdad stuff, from Baldacca, Bagdad, divided between black and white. E. dial.
because cloth of gold was imported from bawsoned, having a white streak down
Bagdad. the face. From Bret, bal, a white mark
Bawdy. Filthy, lewd ; in OE. dirty. on the face of animals, or the animal so
His overest slop it is not worth a mite marked, whence the E. name of a cart-
It is all bawdy, and to-tore also. —
Chaucer. horse. Ball. Gael, ball, a spot, a plot of
ground, an object. Ball-seirc, a beauty-
'
What doth cleer perle in a hawdy boote. pie-
Lydgate. spot, ballach, spotted, speckled. E.
' ——

54 BAY BE
bald, marked like a pie. Probably con- baier, to open the mouth, to stare, to be
nected with PoL bialo., Russ. Vielp, iiitent on anything.
Bohem. bjly, white. Serv. bijel, white, From the former verb is the It. expresr
bilyega, a mark, bilyejiti, to mark. See sion tenere a bada, to keep one waiting,
Bald. to keep at a bay, to amuse stare a bada, ;

Bay, 1. A hollow in the 'line of coast. a'uno, to stand watching one.


Fr. bate. It. baja, Sp. bahia. Catalan Tal parve Anteo a me, che stava a bada di
hadia, from badar, to open, to gape, vederlo chinare. Such Antaeus seemed to me,
dividere, dehiscere ; badarse, to open as who stood watching him stoop. Non ti terro
a blossom, to split. From Cat. badia to con verso lungo et dubbii discorsi a bada. I will
not keep you waiting with a long story, &c. I
Sp. bahia, the step is the same as from
Pisani si mostrarono di volergli assalire di quella
It. tradire to Fr. trahir, to betray. See parte e comminciarono vi I'assalto ppr tenepe i
At Bay. netnicj a bada*
Bay, S. —Bay-windo'W. The same i. e. in order to keep the enemy in check,
fundamental idea of an opening also
or at bay.
gives rise to the application of the term
Bay (in Architecture) to a space left in ' Ne was there man so strong but he down bore
Ne woman yet so faire but he her brought
a wall for a door, gate, or window ' (in
Fortification), to 'holes in a parapet to
— l/nio /lis bay and captived her thought. —F. Q.
receive the mouth of a cannon.' Bailey. — he brought her to stand listening to him.
A barn of two bays, is one of two di- So well he wopecj her and so well he wrought her
visions or unbroken spaces for stowing With faire entreaty and swpte blandishment
corn, &;c., one on each side of the thresh- That at the length unto a hay he brpught her
So as she to his speeches was content
ing-floor.
Earth
To lend on ear and softly to relent. F. Q. —
By Nature made to till, that by the yearly birth Thestag is said to stand at bay, when,
The large-tayed barn doth fill. Drayton in R. — weary of running, he turns and faces his
In great public hbraries cases may be erected pursuers, and keeps them in check for a
abutting into the apartment from the piers of the
windows, as they do not obstiruct the light or air,
while. As this crisis in the chase is ex-
and afford pleasant bays in which io study in pressed in Fr. by the term rendre les
quiet.—Journal Soc. Arts, Feb. 25, 1859. abpis, the term at bay has been supposed
Abay-window then is a window con- to be derived frorn tlie Fr. aux dehniers
taining in itself a bay, or recess in an abois, at his last gasp, put to his last
apartment in modern times, when the
;
shifts, which however, as may be seen

architectural meaning of the word was from the foregoing examples, would give
not generally understood, corrupted into but a partial explanation of the expres-
Bow-window, as if to signify a window of sion.
curved outline. Fr. bde, a hole, overture, Bayonet. Fr. baionette, a dagger.
or opening in the wall or other paft pf a Cot. Said to have been invented at Bay-
house, &c. Cot. — Swiss beie, baye, win- onne, or to have been first used at the
dow ; bayen-stein, window-sill.— Stalder. siege of Bayonne in 1665. —Diez.
Swab, bay, large window in a handsome Bay-tree. The laurvfs nobilis or true
house .
— Schmid. laurel of the ancients, the laurel-bay, so
called from its bearing bays, or berries.
Bay. Lat. badius, Sp. bayo. It. bajo,
Fr. bai. Gael, buidhe, yellow ; buidhe- The
royal laurel is a very tall and big tree
ruadh, hddhe-dhonn, bay. and the bates or berries (baccas) which it bears
To Bay. To bark as a dog. It. ab- are nothing biting or unpleasant in taste. Hol- —
baiare, babayer, Lat. batibari, Gr.
Fr. land's Pliny in R.
BauSfi)/, Piedm./^ bau, from an imitation A garland of bays is commonly repre-
of the sound. See Bawl. sented with berries between the leaves.
At Bay. It has been shown under The word bay, Fr. baie, a berry, is per-
Abie, Abide, that from ba, representing haps not directly from Lat. bacca, which
the sound made in opening the mouth, itself seems to be from a Celtic root, w,
arose two forms of the verb, one with and bacon, berries. Gael, bagaid, a cluster of
one without the addition of a final d to grapes or nuts. Prov. baca, baga, OSp.
the root, ist. It. badarc, having the baca. Mod. Sp. baya, the cod of peas,
primary signification of opening the husk, berry. It. baccello, the cod or husk
mouth, then of doing whatever is marked of beans or the like, especially beans.
by involuntarily opening the mouth, as * To Be. AS. beonj Gael, beo, alive,
gazing, watching intently, desiring, wait- living beothach, a beast, living thing ;
;

ing ; and zndly, Fr. baher, baer, bdcr, Ir. bioth, life, the world Gr. |8i'os, life.
;
;

BEACH BEAR SI
It isnot until a somewliat advanced court, officer in attendance on the digni-'
stage in the process of abstraction that taries of a university or church. Fr.
the idea of simple being is attained, and bedeau. It. bidello. Probably an equiv-
4 verb with that meaning is wholly want- alent of the modern waiter, an attendant,-
ing in the rudest languages. The negro from AS. bidan, to wait-. It will be ob-
who speaks imperfect English uses in- served that the word attendant has also a
stead the more concrete notion of living. like origin in Fr. atUndre, to wait.
He says, Your hat no lib that place you Home is he brought and laid in sumptuous bed

put him in. Farrar, Chapters on Lang, Where many skilful leeches him abide
To —F. Q
p. 54. A two-year old nephew of mine salve his hurts.

would say. Where it live ? where is it ^ wait upon him.


i. e.

Now the breath is universally taken as * Beagle. A


small kind of hound
the type of life, and the syllable pu ox fu tracking by scent. '
The Frenchmen
is widely used in the most distant lan^ stil hke good begeles following their
guages to express the notion of blowing prey.' Hall's Chron. — Commonly re-
or breathing, and thus may explain the ferred to Fr. beugler, to bellow, which is,
origin of the root^z^ in \jaX.fui,fuis5e, or however, not applied to the yelping of
of Sanscr. bM, be. dogs. Moreover the name, according to '

Beach. The immediate shore of the Menage, was introduced from England
sea, the part overflowed by the tide. into France, and therefore was not likely
Thence applied to the pebbles of which- to have a French origin.
the shore often consists. Beak. A form that has probably de-
scended to us frort} a Celtic qrigin. Gael.
We haled our bark over a bar of beach, or beic. Cui Tolosae nato cognomen in

pebble stones, into a snjall river. Hackluyt in R.
'

pueritia Becco fuerat id valet gallinacei


:

Perhaps a modification of Dan. bakke,


N. bakkje, Sw. backe, a hill, bank, rising

rostrum.' Suetonius in Diez. It. becco,
Fr. bee, Bret, bek, W. pig. It forms a,
ground. In Norfolk bank is commonly branch of a very numerous class of words

used instead of beach. Miss Gurney in clustered round a root pik, signifying a
Philolog. Trans, vol. vii. point, or any action done with a pointed
— —
Beacon. Beck. Beckon, ohg. bau- thing.
han, OSax. bokan, as. beacen, a sign, a
nod OHG. fora-bauhan, a presage, pro-
Beam. Boom. Goth, bagms, on, —
;
badmr, G. baum, Du. boom, a tree. AS,
digy bauhnjan, ON. bdkna, AS. beacnian,
;
bedm, a tree, stock, post, bearti. The
nutu significare, to beckon. The term boom qf a vessel is the beam or pole by
beacon is confined in E. to a fire or some which the sail is stretched, coming to
conspicuous object used as a signal of us, like most nautical terms, fromthe
danger. Netherlands or North Germany.
The origin seems preserved in E. beck, Bean. g. bohnej ON. baun. Gr.
to bow or nod ; Catalan becar, to nod ; Kvavoq, «va\ioQ, Lat. faba, Slavon. bob.
Gael, beic, a curtsey, perhaps from the W. beans, ffaen, a single bean, the
ffci,
image of a bird pecking; Gael, beic, a addition of a final en being the usual
beak. mark of individuality. Bret, fd or faVf
Than peine 1 me to stretchen forth my neck, beans, or the plant which bears them j
And East and West upon the peple I tefke, faen or faven, a single bean, -phxr. fayen^
As doth a dove sitting upon a bem. nou or faeiinou, as well as f& or fav.
Pardoner's Tale. Thus the final en, signifying individuality,'
He (Hardicanute) made a law that every Inglis adheres to the root, and Lat. faba is
man sal bek and discover his lied quhen he met connected through Oberdeutsch bobri
^ne Dane. — Bellenden in Jam. (Schwenck) with G. bohne, E. bean.
Esthon. nokkima, to peck as a bird Bear. The wild beast. G. bar, ON.
tiokkufoma pead, to nod the head.
Be.ad. A
ball of some ornamental To Bear. l^ax. fero,fer-re j Gr. figuv y
material, pierced for hanging on a string, Goth, bairan, to carry, support, and also
and originally used for the purpose of to bear children, to produce young. Thp
helping the memory in reciting a certain latter sense may have been developed
tale of prayers or doxologies. as. bead, through the notion of a tree bearing fruit,
gebed, a prayer. See To Bid. To bid or from the pregnant mother carrying
one's bedes or beads was to say one'^ her young. It is singular, however, that
prayers. the forms corresponding to the two sig-
Beadle, as. bydel, the messenger of a nifications should be sp distinct iif Latin,
S6 BEARD BEDIZEN
fero, to carry,zxApario, to bear children, get J ' He got very angry,' ' He became
produce, bring forth. very angry,' are equivalent expressions,
, From bear in the sense of carrying we implying that he attained the condition
have Goth, baurthei, ON. byrcti, E. bur- of being very angry.
den; from the same in the sense of bear- 2. In a second sense to become is to be
ing children, Goth, gabaurths, birth. The fitting or suitable. G. bequem, convenient,
ON. burdr is used in the sense of a car- fit, proper ; E. comely, pleasing, agreeable.
rying, bearing, and also in that of birth. This meaning is to be explained from
Beard, g. bart, Russ. boroda. Bo- AS. becuman, to come to or upon, to
hem, brada, the beard, chin. Lat. barba, befall, to happen. He becom on sceathan,
W. barf. Perhaps radically identical he fell among thieves. Thcem. godum
with ON. bard, a lip, border, edge. See becymth anfeald yvel, to the good hap-
Halbard. pens unmixed evU. Bosworth. Now the—
Beast. Lat. bestiaj Gael, blast, an notion of being convenient, suitable, fit-
animal, perhaps a living thing, beo, ting, rests on the supposition of a purpose
living w. byw, living, to live.
; to be fulfilled, or a feeling to be gratified.
Beat. AS. beatanj It. battere, Fr. If the accidents or circumstances of the
battrej from a root bat, imitative of the case happen as we would have them, if
sound of a sharp blow, as pat imitates they fall in with what is required to satisfy
that of a more gentle one. See Bat. our taste, judgment, or special purpose,
Beauty. Fr. beauts, from beau, bel. .we call the arrangement becoming, con-
It. bello, Lat. bellus, pretty, handsome, venient, proper, and we shall find that
agreeable. these and similar notions are commonly
Beaver, i. The quadruped, o. biber, expressed by derivatives from verbs sig-
Lat. fiber, Lith. bebrus, Slav, bobr, Fr. nifying to happen. Thus OY.: fall was
biivre. Secondarily applied to a hat, constantly used in the sense of falling or
because made of the fur of the beaver. happening rightly, happening as it ought.
Perhaps from Pol. babrad, to dabble ; Do no favour, I do thee pray,
bobrowai, to wade through the water It fallith nothing to thy name
like a beaver. To make,fair semblant where thou mayest blame.
The moveable part of a helmet,
2. Chaucer, R. R.
which, when up, covered the face, and In darkness of unknowynge they gonge
when down occupied the place of a child's Without light of understandynge
bib or slobbering cloth. Fr. baviire,
Of that ^shsX/alleth to ryghte knowynge.
Prick of Conscience.
from baver, to slobber. It. bava, Sp.
baba, Fr. bave, slobber. The OFr. bave i. e. of that that belongeth to right know-
expressed as well the flow of the saliva ing. So in ON. 'all-vel til Hofdingia
as the babble of the child, whence baveux, fallinn,' every way suited to a prince. G.
bavard, Prov. bavec, talkative. Diez. — gefallen, to please, to fall in with our

Beck, 1. Beckon. A nod or sign. taste, as fall itself was sometimes used
See Beacon. in E.
Beck, 2. ON. behkr, Dan. bcek, G. With shepherd sits not following flying fame.
bach, a brook. As rivus, a. brook, is But feed his flock in fields where /a/Zi him best.
connected with ripa, a bank, while from Shep. Cal.
the latter are derived It. riviera, a bank, On the same principle, AS. limpian, to
shore, or river, and Fr. riviire, formerly a happen, to
appertain, limplice, fitly ; ge-
bank, but now a river only; and on. limpan, to happen,
gelimplic, opportune.
bekkr, signifies both bench (= bank) and AS. timan,getiman,
to happen, G. ziemen,
brook ; it is probable that here also the to become, befit, e.
seemly, suitable,
name applied originally to the bank then proper ; OSw. iida, to happen,
tidig, fit,
to the brook itself. See Bank. decent, decorous, E. tidy, now confined
To Become, i. To attain to a certain to the sense of orderly. In like
manner
condition, to assume a certain form or Turk,
dushmak, to fall, to happen, to fall
mode of being, as. becuman, to attain to the lot of any one, to
be a part of his
to, to arrive at.
duty, to be incumbent upon him.
Thset thu msege becuman to tham gesselthan
the ece thurhwuniath. That thou mayest attain
Bed. A
place to lie down, to sleep on.
Goth, badi, ON. bedr, G. bett.
to those goods which endure for ever. —
Boeth.
Bedizen. To load with ornament, to
G. bekommen, to get, receive, obtain, dress with unbecoming
richness ; and to
acquire.— Kiittner. It will be observed dizen out was used in
the same sense.
that v/e often use indifferently become or Probably fromOE.
dize or dtzen,to clothe
BEDLAM BEETLE 57

a distaff with flax, though the metaphor Hue drone of the been
does not appear a striking one to our ears.
To knyght and skyere.— JI14.1.

I dysyn a dystaffe, I put the flax upon it


Hue fulde the horn of wyne
And dronk to that pelryne.
to spin. — Palsgr. But possibly bedizen K. Horn, 1156.
may be from Fr. badigeonner, to rough-
cast, to colour with lime-wash, erroneously
2. A pillow-beer,
a pillow-case. Dan.
modified in form, by the analogy of be- vaar, a cover, case, pude-vaar, a pil-
daivb, as if it were derived from a simple low case. G. kiissen-biere. Pl.D. biiren,
kiissen-bUren, a cushion-cover ; beds-
verb to dizen, which latter would thus
biiren, a bed-tick. Properly a cover that
be brought into use by false etymology.
The passage from a soft ^ to i' is of fre- may be shpped on and off. Fin. waarin,
quent occurrence, as in It. prigione, Fr. I turn (a garment), Esthon. poordma, to
prisons Venet. cogionare, E. cozen; It. change ;
turn, to twist ;
poorma, to turn, to
cugino, E. cousin.
To plaister or bedawb with ornament padja-poor, a pillow-case
or pillow-beer
is exactly the image represented by be- (paddi, a pad or cushion).
dizen. The same metaphor is seen in * Beestings. The first milk after a
Fr. crespir, to parget or rough-cast ; cow has calved, which is thick and
femme crespie de couleurs, whose face is clotty, and in Northampton called cherry-
all to bedawbed or plaistered over with curds. G. biest-milch, also bienst, briest,
painting. —
Cot. briesch-milch; AS. beost, byst. The mean-
Bedlam. A
madhouse, from the hos- ing of the word is curdled. Fr. calle-
pital of St Mary, Bethlehem, used for boull, curded or beesty, as the milk of a
that purpose in London. woman that is newly delivered. Cot. —
Bedouia. Arab, bedawi, a wandering Prov. sang vermeilh betatz, red curdled

Arab ; an inhabitant of the desert, from blood. Rom. de Fierabras in Diez. The
bedou (in vulgar Arab.), desert. earth was in the Middle Ages supposed
Bed-ridden. Confined to bed. AS. to be surrounded by a sea of so thick a
bedrida, P1.D. bedde-redirj ohg. bet- substance as to render navigation im-
tiriso, from risan, to fall. —
Grimm. Pett- possible. This was called mer b^Ue in
ris, qui de lecto surgere non potest ; Fr. and lebermer in G., the loppered sea,
pettiriso, paralyticus. —
Gl. in Schmeller. from leberen, to curdle or lopper. 'La
So Gr. KXlvoTTiT^e, from jtst-, fall. mars betada, sela que environna la terra.'
Bee. The honey-producing insect, as. In a passage of an Old Fr. translation
beOj- ON. by-flugaj G. biene, Bernese, cited by Diez, 'ausi com ele (la mer) fust
beji. Gael, beach, a bee, a wasp, a stinging bieUe,' the last word corresponds to co-
fly ; beach-each, a horse-fly ; speach, a agulatum in the original Latin. Let.
blow or thrust, also the bite or sting of a bees, thick, close together as teeth in a
venomous creature, a wasp. comb, trees in a forest ; beest, to become
Beech. A
tree. G. buche, on. beyki, thick, to coagulate.
Slav, buk, buka, bukva, Lat. fagus, Gr. Beet. A
garden-herb. Fr. bette or
blettej Lat. beta, bletumj Gr. /SXirov,
Beef. Fr. boeuf, an ox, the meat of spinach.
the ox. It. bove, from Lat. bos, bovis, an 1 Beetle. 1. The general name of in-
ox. sects having a homy wing-cover.
1 Pro-
Beer. i. Originally, doubtless,^ drink, bably named from the destructive quali-
|
T._t
from the root pi, drink, extant in Bohem. ^.jgg ^£ those with which we are most
piti, to drink, imperative pi, whence familiar. AS. bitel, the biter. '
Mordi-
piwo, beer. The Lat. bibere is a re- cz//aj, bitela.'— GL ^Ifr. in Nat. Ant.
duplicated form of the root, which also 2. Beetle, boytle, a wooden hammer for
appears in Gr. ir'm, kivih, to drink, and in driving piles, stakes, wedges, &c.— B.
Lat. poculum, a cup or implement for AS. bytl, a mallet. PI. D. betel, bbtel, a
drink potus, drink. GaeL bior, water.
;
clog for a dog b'oteln, to knock, to flatten
In OE. beer seems to have had the ;

sods with a beater, g. beutel, a mal-


sense of drink, comprehending both wine
let for beating flax. Bav. bossen, to
and ale.
knock, to beat bossel, a washing beetle
;

Rymenild ros of benche or bat for striking the wet linen. Fr.
The beer al for te shenche bate, a paviour's beetle
After mete in sale, batail. It. bat-
;

Bothe -wyn and ale. taglio, a clapper, the knocker of a


door.
An horn hue ber an hond. But besides signifying the instrument
For that was law of lend, of beatmg, beetle also signified the
im-
— ;

58 BEG BEGONE
plement driven by blows, a stone-cutter's go a begging. It. bertola, a wallet, such
chisel, a wedge for cleaving wood. OHG. as poor begging friars use to beg withal ;
steinbosil, lapidicinus. Schm. — G. beis- beriolare, to shift up and down for scraps
sel, beutel, Du. beitel, a chisel, a wedge. —
and victuals. Florio. 'Dz.n.pose, a bag ;
—a grete oke, which he had begonne to cleve, pose-pilte, a beggar-boy. Mod. Gr.
and as men be woned he had smeten two betels Si'Xa/coc, a bag, a scrip euXaiciJoi, to beg.
;
therein, one after that other, in suche wyse that
Fr. Mettre quelq'un a la besace, to re-

the oke was wide open. Caxton'a Reynard the
duce him to beggary.
Fox, chap. viii.
To Begin. AS. aginnan, onginnan,
In the original
be^nnan. Goth, duginnan. In Luc vi.
So had he daer twee heitels ingheslagen.
25, the latter is used as an auxiliary of
&
Q. Nov. 2, 1867.
N.
When
the future, '
Unte gaunon jah gretan
by the help of wedges and beetles an
image is cleft out of the trunk. — duginnid,' for ye shall lament and weep.
Stillingfleet.
In a similar manner gafz or can was fre-
The G. beissel, Du. beitel,3. chisel, is com- quently used in OE. 'Aboutin undern
monly, but probably erroneously, referred gan this Erie alight.'
to the notion of biting.
Clerk of Oxford's —
tale. He did alight, not began to alight,
To Beg. Skinner's derivation from bag, as alighting is a momentary operation.
although appears improbable at first,
it
carries convictionon further examination. The tother seand the dint cum, gan provyde
To
The Flem. beggaert (Delfortrie) probably Thateschew swiftlie, and sone lap on syde
all his force Entellus can apply
exhibits the original form of the word, Into the are D. V. 142. 40.
whence the E. begger, and subsequently Down duschit
the beist, deid on the land can ly
the verb to beg. Beghardus, vir mendi- Spreuland and iiycterand in the dede thrawes.
cans. —
Vocab. 'ex quo.' A.D. 1430, in D. V.
Deutsch. Mundart. iv. Hence the name To Scotland went he then in hy
of Begard given to the devotees of the And all the land gan occupy.
13th & 14th centuries, also called Bigots, Barbour, Bruce.
Lollards, &c. It must be borne in mind
The verb to gin or begin appears to be
that the bag was a universal character-
one of that innumerable series derived
istic of the beggar, at a time when all his
from a root gan, gen, ken, iri all the lanr
alms were given in kind, and a beggar is guages of the Indo-Germanic stock, sig-
hardly ever introduced in our older writers nifying to conceive, to bear young, to
without mention being made of his bag. know, to be able, giving in Gr. yiyvo/uat,
Hit is beggares rihte vorte beren bagge on bac yivofiai, ykvog, ytyvwfT'Kw, yivwajcw, in Lat,

and burgeises forto beren purses. Ancren Riwle,
gigno, genus, in E. can, ken, kind, &c.
168.
Ac beggers with bagges— The fundamental meaning seems
to be
Reccheth never the ryche acquire.
to To produce
attain to, to
Thauh such lorelles sterven.
P. P. —
children is to acquire, to get children ;
Bidderes and beggeres bigitan in Ulphilas is always to find ; ip
Fseste about yede AS. it is both to acquire and to beget, to
With hire belies & here bagges get children.
Of brede full ycrammed. P. P. — To begin may be explained either from
Bagges and begging he bad his folk leven.
the fundamental notion of attaining to,
P. P. Creed.
seizing, taking up, after the analogy of
And yet these bilderes wol beggen a- bag full of
whete the G. anfangen, and Lat. incipere, from
Of a pure poor man. P. P. — G. fangen and Lat. capere, to take; or
And thus gate 1 begge the meaning may have passed through a
Without bagge other hotel similar stage to that of Gr. y/yvo/iat,
But my wombe one. P. P. — yivirai, to be born, to arise, to begin;
That maketh beggers go with bordons and yivsaiQ, yivtrri, origin, beginning.
hags. — Political Songs.
be observed that gel is used as
It will
So from Gael, bag {baigean, a little an auxiliary in a manner \'ery similar to
bag), baigeir, a beggar, which may per- the OE. gan, can, above quoted to get ;
'

haps be an adoption of the E. word, but beaten ON. at geta talad,' to be able
; ' '

in the same language from poc, a bag or to talk ; abouten undern gan this earl
'

poke, is formed pocair, a beggar ; air a alight,' about undern he got down.
phoc, on the tramp, begging, literally, on Begone. Cold-begone, ornamented
the bag. Lith. krapszas, a scrip su with gold, covered with gold D. V.
; —
krapszais aplink eiii, to go a begging. woe-begone, oppressed with woe. Du.
From w. ysgrepan, a scrip, ysgrepanu, to begaan, affected, touched with emotion

;

BEHAVE BEHOVE 59
begaen zijti met eenighe saecke, premi tail, are formed hannassa, behind, han-
curi alicujus rei, laborare, solicitum esse.
— Kil.
nittaa, to follow, hantyri, a follower, and
as the roots of many of our words are
To Behave. The notion of behaviour
preserved in the Finnish languages, it
js generally expressed by means of verbs
is probable that we have in the Finnish
signifying to bear, to carry, to lead.
Ye shall dwell here at your will hanta the origin of our behind, at the
But your bearing be full HI. tail of.
K. Robert in Warton. To Behold. To look steadily upon.
It. portarsi, to behave portarsi da The compound seems here to preserve
;

Paladino, for a man to behave or carry what was the original sense of the simple
hiniself stoutly. — FL
betragen, be-
G.
verb to hold. AS. healdan, to regard,
observe, take heed of, to tend, to feed, to
haviour, from tragen, to carry. In ac-
cordance with these analogies we should keep, to hold. To hold a doctrine for
be inclined to give to the verb have in true is to regard it as true, to look upon
it as true ; to hold it a cruel act is to
behave the sense of the Sw. hafwa, to
lift, to carry, the equivalent of E. heave,
regard it as such. The Lat. servare, to
rather than the vaguer sense of the aux- keep, to hold, is also found in the sense
iliary to have, Sw. hafwa, habere. But, of looking, commonly expressed, as in
the case of E. behold, by the compound
ifl fact, the two verbs seem radically the
same, and their senses intermingle. Sw. observare. Tuus servus servet Venerine
'

faciat an Cupidini.' Let your slave look


hcefwa in seed, to carry corn into the
barn ; hcef tig bort, take yourself off; whether she sacrifices to Venus or to
hafwa bort, to take away, to turn one Cupid. —
Plautus. The verb to look itself
is frequently found in the sense of looking
f
out ; hafwa ram, to bring forwards. AS.
after, seeing to, taking notice or care of
habban, to have, hafjan, to heave; uf-
haban, us-hafjan, to raise. G. gehaben,
(Gloss, to R. G.). The It. guardare, to
look, exhibits the original meaning of
to behave, and (as Fr. se porter) to fare
well or ill. the Fr. garder, to keen or hold, and the
E. ward, keeping.

Mid hym he had a stronge axe So strong and The supposition then that the notion
so gret that an other hit scholde hebte unethe.
R. G. 17. of preserving, keeping, holding is origin-

Behest. —Hest. Command, injunc-


ally derived from that of looking, is sup-
ported by many analogies, while it seems
tion. AS. hces, command; behces, vow; an arbitrary ellipse to explain the sense
behat, gehat, vow, promise ; behatan, ge-
of behold as to keep or hold (sc. the eyes
'

hatan, OE. behete, to vow, to promise;


AS. hatan, to vow, promise, command
fixed upon any object).' —
Richardson.
Beholden in the sense of indebted is
Du. heeten, to command, to name, to the equivalent of Du. gehouden,
G. ge-
call, to be named; heeten willekem, to
halten, bound, obliged. Aan iemand
bid one welcome, on. heita, to call, to
gehouden. zijn, to be obliged to one, to be
be named,to vow, exhort, invoke. Goth. beholden to him. G. zu etwas gehalten
haitan, to call, to command. The seyn, to be obliged to do a thing. Wohl
general meaning seems to be to speak 3Mie\viera. gehalten seyn, to
be well pleased
out, an act which may amount either to a
promise or a command, according as the
with one's conduct. Kiittn.
* To Behove.

To be expedient, to be
subject of the announcement is what the required for the accomplishment
of any
gpeaker undertakes to do himself, or purpose; behoof, what is so
required,
what he wishes another to do ; or the hence advantage, furtherance, use. AS.
object of the speaker may be simply to
behofian, to be fit, right, or necessary, to
indicate a particular individual as the stand in need of;
behefe, advantage, be-
person addressed, when the verb will hoof.
have the sense of calling or naming. The expression seems to be taken from
Eehiad, At the back of The re- the figure of throwing at a mark. To
lations of place are most naturally ex- heave a stone is used in vulgar language
pressed by means of the different mem- for throwing it. N. hevja, to lift, to
bers of the body. Thus in Finnish the heave; hevja, hove, to cast or throw;
name of the head is used to express what hbva, to hit the mark, to meet, adjust,
is on the top of or opposite to, the name adapt, to be suitable or becoming ; hovast,
of the ear to express what is on the side to meet, to fit. Sw. hofwa, the distance
of anything. And so from hania, the within which one can strike an object or at-
;

6o BELAY BELL
tain a certain end, and, met. measure, loven, laven, to believe; Du. loven, to
praise, to promise, orloven, to give leave
bounds, moderation. Det er ofwer er hof-
Dan. lov, praise, reputation, leave ; ON.
wa, cela est audessus de votre portde,
lofa, ley/a, to praise, to give leave; AS.
that is above your capacity where it will
;
leafa, geleafa, belief ; gelyfan, to believe,
be observed that the Fr. employs the same
lyfan,.alyfan, to give leave; G. glauben,
metaphor in the term porUe, range, dis-
to believe, loben, to praise, erlauben, to
tance to which a piece will carry.
permit, verloben, to promise or engage.
In the middle voice hofwas, to be re- -The fundamental notion seems to be
quired for a certain purpose, to befit, to approve, to sanction an arrangement,
behove. Det hofdes en annait til at to deem an object in accordance with a
certain standard of fitness. In this sense
utratta sUkt, it behoved another kind of
man to do such things. ON. hesfa, to hit we have Goth, galaubs, filu-galaubs,
precious, honoured, esteemed ; ungalaub
the mark hafi, aim, reach, fitness, pro-
kas, tie itnfimv nKixioQ, a vessel made for
;

portion. See Gain. 3.


dishonour, for purposes of low estimation ;
To Belay. Du. beleggen, to lay
Pl.D. laven, Du. loven, to fix a price
around, overspread, beset, garnish; be-
legsel, fringe, border, ornament.
upon one's wares, to estimate them at a
certain rate. To believe, then, Goth.
All in a woodman's jacket he was clad
laubjan, galaubjan, is to esteem an as-
Of Lincoln green belayed with golden lace. —F. Q. sertion as good for as much as it lays
Du. De kabel aan de beeting beleggen, claim to ; if a narration, to esteem it true
to lay the cable round the bits, to make or in accordance with the fact it professes
it fast, in nautical language, to belay. to describe ; if a promise, to esteem it as
To Belch.. AS. bealcan, bealcettanj in accordance with the intention of the
OE. to bolk, to boke, to throw up wind promiser.
from the stomach with a sudden noise. The sense of praising may be easily
Doubtless an imitation of the sound. deduced from the same radical notion.
Another application of the same word is To praise is essentially Xo prise, to put a
in Pl.D. and Du. bolken, bulken, to bel- high price or value on, to extol the worth
low, to roar. of anything, to express approval, or high
Beldam. Fair sir and Fair lady, Fr. estimation. Hence to simple approbation,
beau sire and bel dame, were civil terms satisfaction, consent, permission, is an
of address. Then, probably because a easy progress. P1.D. to der swaren lave,
respectful form of address would be more to the approbation or satisfaction of the
frequent towards an elderly than a young sworn inspectors mit erven lave, with
;

person, beldam became appropriated to the consent of the heirs. In Mid.Lat.


signify an old woman, and finally an ugly the consent given by a lord to the alien-
and decrepit old woman. ation of a tenant's fief was expressed by
Belfry. Fr. beffroi, OFr. berfroi, bef- the term laws, and E. allow, which has
froit, a watch tower, from mhG. bercvrit, been shown to be derived from laudare,
bervrit, a tower for defence ; OHG. frid, is used in the sense of approving, esteem-

a tower, turris, locus securitatis Schilter, ing good and valid, giving leave or per-
and bergan, to protect. The word be- mission, and sometimes in a sense closely
came singularly corrupted in foreign lan- analogous to that of believe.
guages, appearing in Mid.Lat. under the The principles which all mankind allcrw for
forms belfredum, bertefredum, battefre- true, are innate ; those that men of right reason
dum. It. bettifredo, a little shed, stand, admit are the principles allowed hy all mankind.
or house, built upon a tower for soldiers — Locke.
to stand centinel in also a blockhouse
; Bell. From AS. bellan, on. belja,
or a sconce. Fl. —In England a false boare, to resound, to sound loudly ; Sw.
etymology has confined the name of b'ola, bellow; Northamptonshire, to
to
belfry, properly belonging to the church
bell, to make
a loud noise, to cry out
tower, to the chamber in the upper part
of the tower in which the bells are hung.
(Sternberg). A
bell, then, on. bialla, is
an implement for making a loud noise.
To Believe. It is not obvious how to
harmonise the senses of believing, prais- Templorum campana boant. — Diicange.
ing, permitting or giving leave, promis- ON. bylja, resonare, and E. peal, are other
ing, which are expressed in the different modifications of the same imitative root,
Teutonic dialects by essentially the same of which the latter is specially applied to
word or slight modifications of it; Pl.D. the sound of bells. The same imita-
;

BELLOWS BERAY 6l
tion is found in Galla, bilbila, bell; bil- to exert force, se bander, to. rise against
bil-goda, to make bilbil, to ring. —
Tut- external force ; bandoir, a spring.
schek. To be?id sails is to stretch them on the
Bellows.— Belly. The word balg, yards of the vessel to bend cloth, to
;

bolg, is used in several Celtic and Teu- stretch it on a frame, G. Tuch an einen
tonic languages to signify any inflated Rahmen spannen. See Bind.
skin or case. Gael, balg, bolg, a leather Beneath. See Nether.
bag, wallet, belly, blister balgan-snamha,
; Benediction. Lat. benedictio {bene^
the swimming bladder balgan-uisge, a
; well, and dico, I say), a speaking well of
water-bubble builge, bags or bellows,
; one. Benedico, taken absolutely, means
seeds of plants. Bret, belch, bolch,polch, to use words of good omen, and with an
the bolls or husks of flax AS. bcelg, a accusative, to hallow, bless;
;

bag, pouch, cod or husk of pulse, wallet


;"

Benefice. —
Benefactor. Benefit. —
blast-bcelg, a bellows ; G. balg, skin, Lat. benefacere, to do good to one ; bene-
husk, pod, the skin of those animals that factor, one who does good; bene/actum,
are stripped off whole blase-balg, a blow- Fr. bienfait, a good deed, a benefit. The
;

ing-skin, bellows. ON. belgr, an inflated Lat. benejicium, a kindness, was in Mid.
skin, leather sack, bellows, belly. Sw. Lat. applied to an estate granted by the
bcelg, a bellows, vulgarly the belly. king or other lord to one for life, because
The original signification is probably it was held by the kindness of the lord.
a water-bubble (stiU preserved by the Villa quam Lupus quondam per bene-
'

Gaelic diminutive balgari), which affords jicium nostrum tenere visus fuit.' ' Simil-
the most obvious type" of inflation. The iter villa quam ex munificenti4 nostr4
application of the term to the belly, the ipsi Caddono concessimus.' Quam fide- '

sack-like case of the intestines, as well as lis noster per nostrum beneficiuni habere
to a bellows or blowing-bag, needs no ex- videtur.' The term had been previously
planation. It seems that bulga was used applied in the Roman law to estates con-
for womb or belly by the Romans, as a ferred by the prince upon soldiers and
fragment of Lucilius has : others. — Ducange. The same name was
given to estates conferred upon clerical
Ita ut quisque nostrum e tulgS, est matris in
persons for life, for the performance of
lucem editus.
ecclesiastical services, and in modern
It probable that Gr. poX^ri, Lat.
is times the name of benefice is appropriated
volva, vulva, the womb, is a kindred to signify a piece of church preferment.
form, from another modification of the —
Benign. Benignant. Lat. benig-
word for bubble, from which is also bul- nus (opposed to malignus), kind, gener-
bus, a round or bubble-shaped root, or a ous, disposed to oblige.
root consisting of concentric skins. Eenison. OFr. beneison, benaigon,
In E. bellows, the word, like trowsers a blessing, from benedictio. Lat. bene-
and other names of things consisting of a dicere, Fr. benir, to bless.
pair of principal members, has assumed Bent. The flower-stalks of grass re-
a plural form. maining uneaten in a pasture. Bav.
To Belong'. Du. langen, to reach, to bimaissen, bimpsen, binssen, G. binsen,
attain belangen, to attain to, to concern,
; rushes. OUG. pino3,pinuz.
to belong, attingere, attinere, pertinere, To Benum. See Numb.
pervenire. —Kil. G. gelangen, to arrive Benzoin. Gum benjamin, Ptg. ben-
at, to become one's property ; zmn Kd- joim, Fr. benjoin, from Arab, loubdn
nigreiche gelangen, to come to the crown djawt, incense of Java. By the Arabs it
belangen, to concern, to touch. Was das is called bakhour djAwi, Javanese per-
belanget, as concerning that. fume, or sometimes louban, by itself, or
To belong is thus to reach up to, to simply djawt. Dozy. —
touch one, expressing the notion of pro- To Bequeath. To direct the dispo-
perty by a similar metaphor to the Lat. sition of property after one's death, as.
attinere, pertinere, to hold to one. becwathan, from cwcsthan, to say. See
Belt. ON. belliJ Lat. balteus ; Gael. Quoth.
ball, border, belt, welt of a shoe ;w. ^To Beray. To dirty. '
I beraye, I
gwald, gwaldas, a border, hem, welt of a fyle with ashes. I araye, or fyle with
shoe. myre, J'emboue. I marre a thyng, I
Bench. See Bank. —
soyle it or araye it.' Palsgr. From OFr.
To Bend. on. bendaj as. bendan. ray, dirt. Hie fimus, fens et hie liraus,
'
;

Fr. bander un arc, to bend a bow ; hence ray.' — Commentary on Neccham in Nat.

62 BEREAVE BETE
Antiq. p. 113. Wall, ariierf to dirty'. The was so new and good as it did
dry- fish
very grftatly bestead us in the whole course of our
Esthon. roe. Fin. roju, dirt, dung ;
roju,
voyage.—^fake.
sweepings, dust rojahtaa,
roisto, rubbish, ;

to rattle down, fall with sound. So ro- the other hand, to be hard bestead
On
in a position which it is
be placed
^akka, mud, dirt ; ropahtaa, to fall with is to
noise. hard to endure.
To Bereave, as. reafian, bereafian, To Bestow, as. stow, a place ; to
to deprive of, to strip. See Reave, Rob. bestow, to be-place, to give a place to, to
Berry. Asmall eatable fruit. AS. lay out, to exercise on a definite object;
beria; Goth, basjaj Du. besje^ Sanscr. To Bet. From abet, in the sense ctf
bhakshya,iooA,irova.bhaksh,X.ot-i.t. Hfence backing, encouraging, supporting
the side
on the one side Lat. bacca, a berry, and on which the wager is laid.
on the other Goth, basya, G. Beere, E.
* To Bete, Beit, Beet. To help, to
berry.— VixHsm, Zeitschr. vol. vi. p. 3. supply, to mend. Jam. To bete his —
* Berth. The proper meaning of the bale, to remedy his misfortune to belt a ;

word is shelter, but it is specially applied mister, to supply a want. To


beet, to

to the place boarded off in a, ship for a make


of ffeed a fire. Gl. Grose, as. —
person to lie in, or the space kept clear betan, to make better, improve,
amend,
for a ship to ride or moor in. It is the restore fyr betan, properly to mend the
;

same word with the provincial barth, a fire, but in practice, to make it. Tha het
shelter for cattle.— Hal. he micel fyr betan, then ordered he a
Devon, barthless, houseless. Warm great fire to be lighted: OSw; eld up-
barth under hedge is a succour to beast. bota, to light the fire ; bal oppbota, to fire
— Tusser. The origin is AS. beorgan, a funeral pile ; botesward, the guardian
E. dial, berwe, bur-we, to defend, pro-
tect ; burrow, sheltered from the wind. of a beacon-fire ;
fyrbotare, one who
The final th in barth may be either the sets fire to, an incendiary. Du. boeten,
termination significative of an abstract to amend, repair, make better ; het vuur
noun, as in growth, from grow, lewth, Boeten, to kindle the fire. The serise of
shelter, from lew, stealth from steal; or, as mending the fire or supplying it with fuel
I think more probable, barth may be for might so easily pass into that of making
barf, a form which the verb takes in or lighting it, that we can hardly doubt
Yorkshire, barfham, compared with that the use of as. betan, Sw. bota, Du.
bargham, berwham, a horse collar, what boeten, in the latter sense is only a special
protects the neck of the horse from the application of the same verbs in the
hames. So too Yorkshire arf, fearful, general sense of repairing or making
from AS. earg, earh, OE. arwe. bfetter, the origin of which is to be found
To Beseech. Formerly beseek- in ON. bdt, reparation, making better,
His heart is hard that will not melie Du. baete, advantage, profit, amendment,
When men of mekeness him beseke. baet, bat, bet, jnore, better, preferably. —
Chaucer, R. R.
Kil.
To seek something from a person, to On the other hand, it seems hard to
entreat, solicit. So Lat. peto, to seek, separate as. betan, Du. boeten, to set
and also to entreat, beseech.
fire ^•n. fyrbotare, from It. buttafuoco,
Besom. AS. besein, besnij Pl.D. bes- ;

Fr. boutefeu, an incendiary, in the two


sen, G. besen. AS. besmas, rods. In
last of which the verbal element must
Devonshire the name bissam or bassam
certainly be It. buttare, to cast, to thrust,
is given to the heath plant, because used
Fr. bouter, to thrust, put, put forth. Bou-
for making besoms, as conversely a besom
ter fell would thus be to set fire to, as
is called broom, from being made of broom-
bouter selle, to put on the saddle. Sw.
twigs. The proper meaning of the word
seems twigs or rods. Du. brem-bessen, bota was also used in the sense of parry-
broom twigs, scopse spartis. — Biglotton. ing or pushing aside a thrust aimed at
one. —
Ihre. The question then arises
Best. See Better.
Bestead, as. stede, place, position. whether both derivations may not bfe
Hence stead is applied to signify the reconciled by supposing that ON. bdt,
influences arising from relative position. reparation, and Du. baete, advantage,
To stand in stead oi another is to perform amendment, may be derived from the
the offices due from him ; to stand one notion of pushing forwards. Goth, hva
in good stead, or to bestead one, is to boteithmannan, what does it boot, what
perform a serviceable office to him. does it better a man, might have been
— ;

BETEfiM BEWRAY 63
translated, what does it advance a man, In the original
what does it forward him. Et 11 maintenant s'ebahit
naught honest, it may not advance
It is Car son umbre si le trahit.
For to have dealing with such base poraille. Her acquaintance is periUous
Chaucer, Friar's Prol. First soft and after noious.
She hath The trashid [trahie] without wene.
The word advantage literally signifies
R. R.
furtherance, the being pushed to the
Probably the unusual addition of the
frbnt, and the same idea is involved in
particle be to a verb imported from the
the word profit, from Lat; proficere, to
Fr. was caused by the accidental resem-
make forwards, advance, progress. To
blance of the word to Du. bedriegen, G.
boot in coursing (i. e. to give something
betriigen, to deceive, to cheat, which are
over and above in an exchange) is trans-
lated by Palsgrave, bouter davantaige.
from a totally different' root. From It.
tradire traditor, Fr. traitre, a traitor;
is
Thus the radical meaning of better would
and from Fr. trahir, trahison, treachery,
be more in advance, and to bete or repair
treason.
Would be to push up to its former place
something that had fallen back.

Better. Best. Goth, batizo, batista;
AS. betera, betest, betst, better, best. Du.
To Beteem, to Teem; To vouchsafe, bat, bet, baet, better, more, OE. bet, better.
deign, afford, deem suitable, find in one's
See To Bete.
heart.
Yet could he not beteem (dignetur)
Between. — Betwixt. The as. has
tweoh, a different form of twa, two, and
The shape of other bird than eagle for to seem.
Golding's Ovid in R. thence twegen, twain. From the former
*Ah, said he, thou hast confessed and be- of these are AS. betwuh, betweoh, betweohs,
wrayed all, I could teem it to rend thee in pieces.' betweox, betwuxt, by two, in the middle

.
Dialogue on Witches, Percy Soc. x. 88. of two, which may be compared as to
In a like sense ON. tima, Pl.D. taemen, form with amid, AS. amiddes, amidst, or
tanie>i, Ober D. zemen. ON. Tinia eigi with again, against. In like manner
at lata eit, not to have the heart to give
from twain is fothied between, in the
up a thing. Pl.D. Ik tame mi dat nig; middle of twain.
I do not allow myself that. He tdmet The He of Man that me clepeth
sik een good glas wien : he allows him-
By twene us and Irlonde. R. G. —
self a good glass of wine. Bav. Mich Bevel. Slant, sloped off, awry. Fr.
zimet, gezimet eines dinges, I approve of beveau, an instrument opening like a
a thing, find it good: Goth, gatiman, G. pair of compasses, for measuring angles.
ziemen, gesiemen, Dii. taemen, betaemen, Buveau, a square-like instrument having
to beseeni, become, be fitting or suitable. moveable and compass branches, or one
The sense of being fitting or suitable branch compass and the other straight.
springs from ON. tima, to happen, to fall Some call it a bevel. Cot. —
to one's lot, in the same way
that schick- Beverage. A drink.
Lat. bibere, It.
iich, suitable, spritigs from schicken, -to bevere, to drink ; whence beveraggio
appoint, order, dispose (whence schicksal, Fr. beuvrage; E. beverage.
fate, lot). On the same principle ON. Bevy. It. beva, a drinking ; a bevy, as
fallinn, fitting, suitable, as one would of pheasants. Fl.— Fr. bevde, a brood,
have it fall, from. /alia, to fall, to happen. tlock, of quails, larks, roebucks, thence
To Betray. Lat. tradere, to deliver applied to a company of ladies especially.
tip, then to deliver up what ought to be To Bewray. Goth, vrohjan, Fris.
kept, to deliver up in breach of trust, to wrogia, ruogia, wreia, G. riigen, to ac-
betray. Hence It. tradire, Fr. trakir, cuse, i. e. to bring an offence to the notice
as envahir, from invadere. The inflec- of the authorities. Sw. roja, to discover,
tions of Fr. verbs in ir with a double ss,
make manifest. Dit tungomal r'ojer dig,
as trahissons, trahissais, are commonly thy speech bewrayeth thee, i. e. makes it
rendered in E. by a final sh. Thus from
manifest that thou art a Galilean. Det
dbahir, Sahissais, E. abash j from polir,
folissais, E; polish, &c. In like manner r'ojer sig sjelft, it bewrays itself, gives
from trahir we formerly had trash and some sign of existence which attracts
betrash, as from obdir, obdissais, obeish. notice. Now the stirring of an object. is
the way in which it generally catches our
In the water anon was seen
His nose, his mouth, his eyen sheen.
attention. Hence G. regen, to stir, is
And he thereof was all abashed used for the last evidence of life. Regt
His owne shadow had him tetrashed. — R. R. kein leben mehrin dir, are there no signs

64 BEZEL BICKER
of life in you ? Die liebe regef sich bei the same sense, though such a change of
ihin, love begins to him, shows the
stir in form would be very unusual.
first signs of life in him. P1.D. wrogen, The true origin is probably from the
rogen (in Altmark rojeri), to stir. Hi- ' notion of sliding or slipping. It. sbiagio,
rannetho handelende nah wroginge Shrer sbiesso,bending, aslope sbisciare, bis-
;

conscientien : herein to deal according dare, sbrisciare, sbrissare, to creep or



'

to the stirring of their conscience. Brem. crawl sideling, aslope, or in and out, as
Wtb. He
rogt un bogt sik nig, he is an eel or a snake, to glide or slip as upon,
ice sbriscio, sbrisso, sbiscio, oblique,
stock still. Uprogen, to stir up ; beregen, ;

sik beregen, to move, to stir. Schiitze. — crooked, winding or crawling in and out,
slippery, sliding; biascio, bias-wise.
The train of thought is then, to stir, to
Bib. Fr. bavon, baviere, baverole, a
give signs of life, make manifest his
make evident, bring under cloth to prevent a child drivelling over
presence, to
accuse. ' Thy its clothes. Saver, to slaver or drivel.
notice, reveal, discover,
tongue bewrayeth thee tongue Du. kwijlen, to slaver ; kwijl-bab, kwijl-
:' thy
it were lap, or kwijl-slab, a slabbering-bib. Fris.
to stir as
makes thy Galilean birth
the mouth; Mantuan, babbi, bab-
before the eyes, le fait sauter aux yeux babbi,
(according to the Fr. metaphor), makes ble, snout,
lips.

it evident to sense, convicts thee of being


To Bib. To Bibble. Lat. bibo, to —
drink, whence Du. biberen,to drink much;
a Galilean.
biberer, Fr. biberon, bibaculus, a bibber,
E. dial, rogge, roggle, Pl.D. wraggeln,
to shake. See Wriggle. one who drinks in excess. Ci^.' bibble,
Bezel. —
Basil. Sp. bisel, the basil Sc. bebble, to sip, to tipple. An excellent '

edge of a plate of looking-glass, which good bibbeler, specially in a bottle.'


were formerly ornamented with a border Gascoigne. He's aye bebbling and '

ground slanting from the general surface drinking.' Jam. —


Dan. dial, bible, to
of the glass. When the edge of a joiner's trickle. Han er saa beskjenket at '

tool is ground away to an angle it is called brandevinet bibler


oven ud av ham ' he :

a basil (Halliwell), in Fr. tailU en biseau. is so drunk that the brandy runs out of
Biseau, a bezle, bezling or skueing. Cot. him. —
Dan. pible, to purl, to well up with
The proper meaning of the word seems small bubbles and a soft sound.
to be a paring, then an edge pared or Bible. Gr. /3i/3Xof a book originally, , ;

sliced off, a sloping edge. an Egyptian plant, the papyrus, of the


bark of which paper was first made.
Tayllet le payn ke est parfe,
Bice. An inferior blue, OE. asure-bice
Les Hseaux (the paringes) i I'amoyne soyt doni.
Bibelsworth in Nat. Ant. 172. (Early E. Misc. Hal. 78); Fr. bes-azur,
the particle bes being often used in com-
Bezoar. A stony concretion in the position to signify perversion, inferiority.
stomach of ruminants to which great Prov. beslei, per\'erted belief; barlume
medical virtues were formerly attached. (for bis-lume) weak light; Piedm. bes-
Pers. pddzahr, from pdd-, expelling or anca, crooked; ber-laita (for bes-laita),
preserving against, and zahr, poison. In Fr. petit-lait, whey Cat. bescompte, mis-
;

Arab, the word became bddizahr, b&zahr. count ; Fr. bestemps, foul weather. Diet.
—Dozy. Wallon.
To Bezzle. To drink hard, to tipple.
Probably, like guzzle, formed from an
To Bicker. —Bickering'. To skirmish,
dispute, wrangle. It is especially applied
imitation of the sound made in greedy in Sc. to a fight with stones, and also sig-
eating and drinking. nifies the constant motion of weapons
Yes, s'foot I wonder how the inside of a taveme and the rapid succession of strokes in a
looks now. Oh when shall I bizzle, Hzzle f
I
— battle or broil, or the noise occasioned by
Deldkar in R.
successive strokes, by throwing of stones,
Bi-. Lat. bis, twice, in two ways for
duis,{ioin dua,two,a.s bellum for duellum.
; or by any rapid motion. Jamieson. The —
origin is probably the representation of
In comp. it becomes (Jz-,as in Biped, two- the sound of a blow with a pointed in-
footed. Bisect, to cut in two. strument by the syllable /zV/&, whence the
Bias. Fr. biais, bihais. Cat. biax, frequentative picker or bicker would re-
Sardin. biascia. It. sbiescio, Piedm. sbias, present a succession of such blows. To
sloped, slanting ; Fr. biaiser, Sard, sbia- bicker in NE. is explained to clatter, Hal-
do something aslant. The It. liwell. Du. bickeler, a stone-hewer .or
sciai, to
from obliquus, has a singular stone-picker; bickelen, bickai, to hew
bieco, sbieco,
resemblance to sbiescio, used in precisely stone ; bickel, bickel-sieenken, a fragment
;

BID BIGOT (y^

of stone, a chip, explaining the Sc. bicker beidan, as. bidan, abidan, to look for. To
in the sense of throwing stones. Bickelen, pray is merely to make known the fact
to start out, as tears from the eyes, from that-we look for or desire the object of our
the way in which a chip flies from the prayers. The 'La.t.peto, qucero, signifying
pick. Hence Sc. to bicker, to move in the first instance to seek or look for, are
quickly. — Jam.
Ynglis archaris that hardy war and wycht
also used in the sense of asking for. The
ON. feVaisused in each sense (Ihrev.Leta),
Amang the Scottis bykarit with all their mycht. and the Sw. has leta, to look for, anleta,
Wallace in Jam. to solicit, just as the two ideas are ex-
The arrows struck upon them like blows pressed in E. by seek and beseech, for be-
from a stone-cutter's pick. seek. The ON. bidill, a suitor, from
It must be observed that the word bidja, to ask, seems essentially the same
pick (equivalent to the modem pitch) word with AS. bidel, an attendant or
was used for the cast of an arrow. beadle, from bidan, to abide or wait on.
I hold you a grote I pycke as farre with an Big.
Swollen, bulky. The original

arowe as you. Palsgrave in Halliwell. spelling seems to be bug, which is stiU.
To Bid. Two verbs are here con- used in the N. of England for swollen,
founded, of distinct form in the other proud, swaggering.
Teutonic languages. But when her circling nearer down doth pull
1. To Bid in the obsolete sense of to Then gins she swell and waxen iug-viith horn.
pray. More in Richardson.

For far lever he hadde wende '


Bug as a Lord.' — Halliwell. ' Big-swol-
And Udde ys mete yf he shulde in a strange lond. len heart.' —
Addison. '
Big - uddered
R. G. ewes.' —
Pope in R.
Bidders and beggars are used as sy- The original form of the root is pro-
nonymous in P. P. bably seen in the ON. bolga, a swelling,
For he that beggeth other biddeth but if he have bolginn, swoln, from belgia, to inflate E. ;

need bulge, to belly, to swell, bilge or bulge, the


He is false and faitour and defraudeth the neede. belly of a ship, related to big or bug, as
In this sense the word is the correla- G. and Gael, balg, an entire skin, to E.
tive of Goth, bidjan, bidan, bath, or bad, bag. The loss of the / gives Dan. bug,
bedun; AS. biddan, bced, gebeden j G. bit- belly, bulge, bow; bugne (answering to
ten, bat ; ON. bidja, or, in a reflective ON. bolgna), to bulge, belly, bend. Com-
form, beidast. pare also Sp." buque with E. bulk. W. bog,
2. To Bid in the sense of offering, swelling, rising up.
bringing forwards, pressing on one's To Big. AS. byggan, ON. byggia, to
notice, and consequently ordering or re- build, to inhabit; OSw. bygga, to pre-
quiring something to be done. Goth. pare, repair, build, inhabit. A
simpler
bjudan in anabjudan, faurbjudan, to and probably a contracted form is seen
command, AS. beodan, bead, ge-
forbid ; in ON. bua, OSw. boa, bo, to arrange,
bodenj G. bieten, to offer, verbieten, to prepare, cultivate, inhabit Du. bouwen,
;

forbid ; Du. bieden, porrigere, offerre, to cultivate, to build G. bauen to culti-


;

praebere, praestare. Kil. — vate, to dwell, to build.


To bid the banns, G. ein paar verlobte Bigamy. From Gr. iiQ, twice, becoming
aufbieten, is to bring forwards the an- in Lat. bis and in comp. bi-, and yajiBui, to
nouncement of a marriage, to offer it to marry.
public notice. Einem einen guten tag Bight or Bought. A
bend of a shore
bieten, to bid one good day, to offer one or of a rope. ON. bugt, a flexure, buga,
the wish of a good day. To bid one to a to bend, to curve. AS. bugan, bigan; G.
dinner is properly the same verb, to pro- biegen, to bend.
pose to one to come to dinner, although Bigot. The beginning of the 13th
it might well be understood in the sense century saw the sudden rise and maturity
of the other form of the verb, to ask, to of the mendicant orders of St Francis and
pray one to dinner. Analogous expres- St Dominic. These admitted into the
sions are G. einen vor Gericht bieten, to ranks of their followers, besides the pro-
summon one before a court of justice fessedmonks and nuns, athird class, called
einen vor sick bieten lassen, to have one the tertiary order, or third order of peni-
called before him. tence, consisting both of men and women,
With respect to logical pedigree, the who, without necessarily quitting their
meaning of bid, in the sense of ask for, secular avocations, bound themselves to
pray, may plausibly be derived from Goth. a strict life and works of charity. The

66 BIGOT
same outburst of religious feeling seems bigardo, G. beghart, signifying bagmen or
to have led other persons, both men and beggars, a term of reproach applied to
women, to adopt a similar course of life. the same class of people. We
find Boni-
They wore a similar dress, and went face VIII., in the quotations of Ducange
about reading the Scriptures and practis- and his continuators, speaking of them
ing Christian life, but as they subjected as ' NonnuUi viri pestiferi qui vulgariter
themselves to no regular orders or vows of Fraticelli seu fratres de paupere vita, aut
obedience, they became highly obnoxious Bizochi sive Bichini vel aliis fucatis no-
to the hierarchy, and underwent much minibus nuncupantur.' Matthew Paris,
obloquy and persecution. They adopted with reference to A.D. 1243, says, 'Eisdem
the grey habit of the Franciscans, and temporibus quidam in Alemannia pra-
were popularly confounded with the third cipue se asserentes religiosos in utroque
order of those friars under the names of sexu, sed maxim^ in muliebri, habitum
Beguini, Beguttce, Bizoccki, Bizzocari religionis sed levem susceperunt, conti-
(in Italian Begkini, Bighini, Bighiotti), nentiam vitse privato voto profitentes,
all apparently derived from Ital. bigio, sub nuUius tamen regula coarctati, nee
Venet. biso, grey. ' Bizocco,' says an adhuc uUo claustro contenti.' They were
author quoted in N. and Q. vol. ix. 560, however by no means confined to Italy.
'sia quasi bigioco e bigiotto, perch^ i
'
Istis ultimis temporibus hypocritalibus
Terziari di S. Francesco si veston di plurimi maximfe in ItaliS. et Alemannii et
bigio.' So in France they were called Provincise provincii, ubi tales Begardi
Us petits frires bis or bisets.— Ducange. et Beguini vocantur, nolentes jugum
From bigio, grey, was formed bigello, the —
subire veras obedientias nee servare re-
dusky hue of a dark-coloured sheep, and gulam aliquam ab Ecclesia approbatam
the coarse cloth made from its undyed sub manu praeceptoris et ducis legitimi,
wool, and this was probably also the vocati Fraticelli, alii de paupere viti, alii
meaning of bighino or beguino, as well as Apostolici, aliqui Begardi, qui ortum in
bizocco.'
E che I'abito bigio ovver beghino —
Alemannia habuerunt.' Alvarus Pela-
era gomune degli nomini di penitenza,' gius in Due. Secta qusedam pestifera
'

where beghino evidently implies a de- illorum qui Beguini vulgariter appellan-
scription of dress of a similar nature to tur qui se fratres pauperes de tertio ordine
that designated liy the term bigio. Bi- S. Francisci communiter appellabant.'
zocco also is mentioned in the fragment Bemardus Guidonis in vita J oh. xx.
of the history of Rome of the 14th century '
Capellamque seu hujusmodi
clusam
in a way which shows that it must have censibus et redditibus pro septem per-
signified coarse, dark-coloured cloth, such sonis religiosis, Beguttis videlicet ordinis
as is used for the dress of the inferior S. Augustini dotarint.' —
Chart. A. D. 15 18.
orders, probably from biso, the other form '
Begharduset Beg7iina et Begutta sunt
of bigio. '
Per te Tribune,' says one of viri et mulieres tertii ordinis.' Brevilo-—
the nobles to Rienzi, fora piu convene-
'
quium in Due.
vole che portassi vestimenta honeste da They are described more at large in
bizuoco che queste' pompose,' translated the Acts of the Council of Treves, A.D.
by Muratori, honesti plebeii amictus.'
'
1 3 10. 'Item cum quidam sint laici in
It must be remarked that bizocco also civitate et provincial Trevirensi qui sub
signifies rude, clownish, rustical, ap- pretextu cujusdam religionis fictse Beg-
parently from the dress of rustics being hardos se appellant, cum tabardis et
composed of bizocco. In the same way Fr. tunicis longis et longis capuciis cum ocio
bureau is the colour of a brown sheep, incedentes, ac labores manuum detest-
and the coarse cloth made from the un- antes, conventicula inter se aliquibus
dyed wool. Hence the OE. borel, coarse temporibus faciunt, seque fingunt coram
woollen cloth, and also unlearned com- simplicibus personis expositores sa-
mon men. In a similar manner from crarum scripturarum, nos vitam eorum
bigello, natural grey or sheep's russet, qui extra religion em approbatam validarn
homespun cloth, bighellone, a dunce, a mendicantes discurrunt, &c.' ' Nonnul-

blockhead. Flor. From bigio would te mulieres sive sorores, Biguttce apud
naturally be formed bigiotto, bighiotto;a.nA yulgares nuncupate, absque votorum re-
as soon as the radical meaning of the ligionis emissione.' —
Chart. A.D. 1499.
word was obscured, corruption would From the foregoing extracts it will

easily creep in, and hence the variations readily be understood how easily the
bigutta, begutta, bigotta, beghino, which name, by which these secular aspirants
must not be confounded with begardo, to superior holiness of life were desig-
—— — ;

BILBERRY BILLOW 67
nated, might be taken to express a hypo- plough-share Du. bille, a stonemason's
;

crite, false pretender to reUgious feeling, pick billen den molen-steen, to pick a
;

Tartuffe. Thus we find in It. bigotto,


bizocco, a devotee, a hypocrite; Pied-
millstone. —Kil. w. bwyell, an axe, a
hatchet. Gael, buail, to strike.
montese bigot, bisoch, Fr. bigot, in the 2. The bill of a bird may very likely
same sense. Sp. bigardo, a name given be radically identical with the foregoing.
to a, person of religion leading a loose The Du. bicken is used both of a bird
life,bigardia, deceit, dissimulation ; G. pecking and of hewing stone with a pick
beghart, gleischner (Frisch), a bigot or bicken or billen den molensteen. AS. bile,
hypocrite, a false pretender to honesty or the bill of a bird, horn of an animal. In
holiness. —
Ludwig. Bigin, bigot, su-
'
the same way are related Pol. dziob, the
perstitious hypocrite.' — Speight
in Rich- beak of a bird, dziobad, to peck, to job,
ardson. and dziobas, an adze ; Bohem. top, a
In English the meaning has received beak, tepati, to strike, topor, an axe.
a further development, and as persons Bill. 3. Billet. A
bill, in the sense
professing extraordinary zeal for religious of a writing, used in legal proceedings, as
views are apt to attribute an overweening a bill of indictment, bill of exchange, bill
importance to their particular tenets', a in parliament, is properly a sealed instru-
bigot has come to signify a person un- ment, from Mid. Lat. bulla, a seal. See
reasonably attached to particular opin- Bull. A
billet is the diminutive of this, a
ions, and not having his mind open to short note, the note which appoints a
any argument in opposition. soldier his quarters. Du. bullet, billet,
Bilberry. The fruit of the vaccinium inscriptum, symbolum, syngraphum
myrtillus, while that of vaccinium uligi- Kil.
nosum is called in the N. of E. bla-berry, Billet. 2. ^Billiard. Fr. billot, a stick
from the dark colour. Dan. blaa, blue ; or log of wood cut for fuel, an ingot of
Sw. blamand, a negro. In Danish the gold or silver. Bille, an ingot, a young
names are reversed, as the fruit of the
stock of a tree to graft on —
Cotgrave a ;

myrtillus is called blaa-bcer, that of the


stick to rest on —
Roquefort. Langued.'
bilio, a stick to tighten the cord of a
uliginosum bblle-bar. Perhaps the name
may be a corruption of bull-berry, in ac- package. Fr. billard or billart, a short
cordance with the general custom of and thick truncheon or cudgel, hence the
naming eatable berries after some animal, cudgel in the play at trap ; and a billard,
or the stick wherewith we touch the baU
as craneberry, crowberry, and the bil-
berry itself was called by the Saxons at billyards. OFr. billard also signified
hart-berry. Aurelles, whortle-berries,
a man who rests on a stick in walking.
bill-berries, bull-berries. — Cot. Roquef. Billette, a billet of wood bil-
leites d'un espieu, the cross bars near the
;

Bilbo. A slang term for a sword, now head of a boarspear to hinder it from
obsolete. A Bilboa blade. running too far into the animal.
Bilboes. Among
mariners, a punish-
ment at sea when
the offender is laid in
The origin of the term is probably from
bole, the trunk of a tree, the o changing
irons or set in a kind of stocks. Du.
boeye, a shackle. Lat. boja, Prov. boia,
to an i to express diminution. A
like

OFr. buie, fetters. Bojce, genus vincu- change takes place in the other sense of
lorum tam ferrese quam ligneae. —
Festus billet from bulla, a seal.
Billow. Sw. b'olja, Dan. biilge, on.
in Diez. This leaves the first syllable
unaccounted for. The proper meaning bylgia, Du. bolghe, bulghe, fluctus maris,

of boja, however, seems to be rather the unda, procella Kil., from OSw. bulgja,
clog to which the fetters are fastened than to swell. Du. belghen, AS. belgan, abel-
the fetter itself. NFris. bui, buoy [i. e. gan, to be angry (i. e. to swell with rage).
a floating log to mark the place of some- The mariner amid the swelling seas

thing sunk], clog to a fetter. Deutsch. Who seeth his back with many a billow beaten.
Mundart. Johansen, p. loi. Gascoigne in R.
Bilge. The belly or swelling side of a
ship. See Bulk. '
Had much ado to prevent one from
To Bilk. To defraud one of expected sinking, the billowe was so great (Hack- '

remuneration a slang term most likely luyt), where we see billow not used in
;

from an affected pronunciation of balk. the sense of an individual wave, but in


Bill. I. An instrument for hewing. that of swell.
G. beil, an axe ; AS. bil, a sword, axe, So in Gr. oJ^/ua edXatrtrije, the swelling
weapon ; Sw. bila, an axe, plog-bill, a of the sea, and in Lat. 'tumidi fluctus,'
5 *
68 BIN BITTACLE
'tumens sequor,' and the like, are com- Bio-. Gr. /Siof, life.
monplaces. See Belly. Birch. AS. bircej Sw. bjork; Lith.

Bin. Bing. The proper meaning is berkas (z=:Fr. j), Sanscr. bhurja.
a heap. Bird. AS. brid, the young of birds ;
Like ants when they do spoile the Ung of corn.
earnes brid, an eagle's young G. brut, a ;

Surrey in R. brood or hatch of young. See Breed.


Then as side boards or walls were
We find the use of the word in this
original sense as late as Shakespeare.
added to confine the heap to a smaller
Being fed by us you used us so
space, the word was transferred to a
As that ungentle gull the cuckoo's bird
receptacle so constructed for storing —
Useth the sparrow. H. IV., v. sc. i.
corn, wine, &c. Sw. binge, a heap, a The proper designation of the feathered
division in a granary, or bin. ON. bunga,
creation is in E. fowl, which in course of
to swell, to bulge, bunki, a heap. Fr.
time was specially applied to the galli-
bigne, a bump or knob.
naceous tribe as the most important kind
The grete bing was upbeilded wele of bird for domestic use, and it was
Of aik trees and fyrren schydis dry. —D. V. perhaps this appropriation of the word
To Bind. —Bine. —
Bindweed. AS. which led to the adoption of the name of
bindan, Goth, bindan, band., bundun. the young animal as the general designa-
This word is I believe derived from the tion of the race. A
similar transfer of
notion of a bunch or lump, expressed by meaning has taken place in the case of
Sw. bunt, Dan. bundt, G. bund, a bunch, pigeon, from \t3\.. pippione, piccione, pro-
truss, bundle, the primary notion of perly a young pigeon, and of Fr. poule,
binding being thus to make a bunch of a gallinaceous bird, E. poultry, from Lat,
a thing, to fasten it together. In like pullus, the young of an animal.
manner from knot, Lat. nodus, a knob, I Birth. AS. beorth, Sw. bord, G. ge-
would derive the verb to knit, to bind burt, from AS. beran, to bear, to bring
together, as when we speak of one's limbs forth. See To Bear.
being firmly knit together. The idea Biscuit. Fr. biscuit. It. biscotto, Lat.
which is expressed in E. by the verb knit bis-coctus {bis and coquo, to cook), twice
or net, i. e. to form a knotted structure, is cooked, or baked.
rendered in ON. by binda, to bind at ; Bishop. Lat. episcopus, from Gr.
binda nat, to knot nets for fish, to net. an overseer, overlooker. When
ETTiTOOTToe,
Lith. pinnu, piiiti, to wreathe, to plait. compared with Fr. evigue, it affords a
It seems more in accordance with the remarkable proof how utterly unlike the
development of the understanding that immediate descendants of the same word
the form with the thinner vowel and ab- in different languages may become. Epis-
stract signification should be derived copus; It. vescovo, Fr. evesgue, evegue.
from that with the broader vowel and Bisson. —
Bisom. Bisen. Bizened.— —
concrete signification, than vice versi. Blind, properly near-sighted. Du. bij
Thus I suppose the Gr. isfiw, to build, to sien, propius videre bij sicndc, bij sien-
;

be derived from Ibfiaq, a house, Lat./«i- igh, lusciosus et myops, qui nisi propius
dere, to hang, from pondus, a weight, admota non videt. — Kil.
the last of these forms being identical Bit. The
part of the bridle which the
with the word which we are treating as horse bites or holds in his mouth. AS.
.

the root of bind, viz. bund, bundt, bunch, bitol. ON. bitill, beitsl. Sw. betsel.
hith. pundas, a truss, bundle, also a stone Bitch. AS. biccej ON. bikkia, a little
weight, a weight of 48 pounds. The dog, a bitch applied also to other
;

original meaning of pondus would thus animals, and especially to a small poor
be simply a lump of some heavy ma- horse. G. beize, or petze, a bitch, in
terial,doubtless a stone. Swabia, a pig petz, a bear. Fr. biclie, a
;

The term bine or bind is applied to hind or female stag. Something of the
the twining stem of climbing plants. same confusion is seen in G. hiindiiin, a
Thus we speak of the hop-bine for the female dog hindinn, a female stag.
;

shoots of hops. The wood-bine desig- Lap. pittjo, a bitch.


nates the honeysuckle in England, while To Bite. Goth, beitan, ON. bita, G.
bind-wood, bin-wood, or ben-wood, is in beisseii.
Scotland applied to ivy. Here we see Bittacle or Binnacle. A frame of
the root in the precise form of the Lith. timber in the steerage of a ship, where
pinnii, pin-ti, to twine.
Binnacle. See Bittacle.
the compass stands. Bailey. —
Fr. habit-
acle, Sp. bitacora. Habitacle, a habit-
;
; ;
.

BITTER BLACK 69
acle, dwelling or abiding place. Cotgr. — signify ' a soft noise, as of a body falling
In Legrand's Fr. and Flemish dictionary into water, or water beating gently on
habitacle is explained a little lodge the beach ; ' plabraich, a fluttering noise,
(logement) near the mizenmast for the a flapping, as of wings ; plabartaich, a
pilot and steersman. '
Nagt huis, 't continued soft sound, as of water gently
huisje, 't kompas huis.' It would thus beating the shore, unintelligible talk
seem to have signified, first, a shelter plabair, a babbler. Ai-mstrong. —
for the steersman, then the mere case in The introduction or omission of an /
which the compass is placed. after the labial in these imitative forms
Bitter. Goth, baitrs, ON. beitr, bitr, makes little difference, as is seen in
apparently from its biting the tongue. sputter and splutter. So Fr. baboyer, to
Peper ser bitter och bitar fast. blabber with the lips. Cot. —
To blabber
Pepper is bitter and bites hard. Hist. — out the tongue, to loll it out. Hal. Blab- —
Alex. Mag., quoted by Ihre. Applied in ber-lip, synonymous with baber-lip, a
ON. to the sharpness of a weapon. Hin ' large coarse lip ; blob, parallel with Fris
bitrasta sverd' — the sharpest sword. babbe, Mantuan babbi, a large lip, mouth,
When an edge is blunt we say it will not chops.
bite.
Wit hung her blob, even humour seemed to
In a similar manner Gael, beuni, bite, mourn. — Collins in Hal.
cut, and beuin, bitter.
Gael, blob, blobach, blubber-lipped. Bav.
Bittern. A
bird of the heron tribe.
bleff, chops, mouth, in contempt. ^-
It. bittore; Fr. butorj OE. bittour. Sp.
Deutsch. Mund. v. 332.
bitor, a rail.
Black, Bleak. The original meaning
Bitts. The the anchor, Fr.
bitts of
of black seems to have been exactly the
bites, Sp. are two strong posts
bitas,
reverse of the present sense, viz. shining,
standing up on the deck, round which
white. It is in fact radically identical
the cable is made fast. on. biti, a beam
with Fr. blanc, white, blank, from which
in a house or ship, a* mast ; Sp. bitones,
it differs only in the absence of the nasal.
pins of the capstern.
ON. blakki, shine, whiteness (candor sine
Bivouac. The lying out of an army
in the open field without shelter. G. bei-
maculS.. —
Hald.). It. biacca, white lead.

Then as white is contrasted with any


wache, an additional watch, from wachen,
special colour the word came to signify
to watch, corrupted in Fr. to bivouac,
pale, faded. AS. blac-hleor ides, the pale-
from whence we have adopted the. term. Se mona mid
cheeked maid. his blacan
But we formerly had the word direct leohte the moon with her pale light.
;
from German in a sense nearer the Du. bleek, Dan. N.
bleg, pale.
G. bleich,
original. ' Biovac, bihovac, a night guard
blakk, pale, faded, discoloured ; gulblakk,
performed by the whole army when there brunblakk, pale yellow, buft", pale brown ;
is apprehension of danger. Bailey. —
Sp.
Sw. black, whitish, yellowish, fallow ; ON.
"uivac, town guard to keep order at night
bleikr, light-coloured, whitish, pale, pale
bivouac, night guard, small guard-house.
yellow ; NE. blake, yellow ; ' as blake as a
—Neumann.
To Blab —Blabber.— Blabber-lip. To paigle (cowslip).'
A fildefare ful eerly tok hir flihte,
blab, to talk much, indistinctly, to chatter
To fore my study sang with his fetheris blake.
then to talk indiscreetly, to let out whai Lydgate, Percy Soc. x, 156.
should have been concealed. I blaber, as
or he can speake, Je Fieldfare, AS. /ealo-/or, iroxafealo, fallow
a childe dothe
gasouille. —Palsgr. fawn-coloured.
Again, as colours fade away the aspect
Why presumest thou so proudly to profecie these
things of the object becomes indistinct and ob-
And wost no more what thou Uaterest than Ba- scure, and thus the idea of discolouration
laam's asse. — Halhwell. merges in that of dim, dusky, dark, on
Dan. blabbre, to babble, gabble. Pl.D. the one side, as in that of pale and white
blabbern, G. plappem, to speak quick, on the other. ON. blackr is translated
confusedly, thoughtlessly ; Bohem. blep- 'glacus seu subalbus,' by Gudmund;
tati, to babble, chatter Lith. blebberis, a
; 'fuscus, obscurus,' by Haldorsen. In like
babbler ; Gael, blabaran, a stammerer, manner E. bleak is used to signify pale
stutterer, blabhdach, babbling, garrulous. or light-coloured as well as livid or dark-
All founded on a representation of the coloured. Fr. blesmer, to wax pale or
sound made by collision of the lips in bleaked. — Hollyband. Fr. ^aj'/^r, to make
rapid talking. The Gz.€i.plab is used to bleak or swart a thing by displaying it in

^o BLACKGUARD BLARE
thehotsun. —
Cot. 5/^a/^ of colour, pallido, blade of a sword, or of an oar G. blatt,
;

leaf of a, tree, sheet of paper, flap of a


livido ; to bleak in the sun, imbrunire.
Torriano. Sw. black, whitish, also tanned coat, &c. Du. blad, a leaf, plate, board.
;

by the sun; mus-blackt,TaaVi%^-&\xxi. When The term is generally applied to anything


the idea of dimness or obscurity is pushed thin and flat. It is commonly connected
to its limit it becomes absolute darkness with _/?«/, It. piatto, Fr. plat, Du. G. plat,
or blackness. There is nothing more Gr. irXariQ, broad. But perhaps a more
variable than the signification of words definite origin may be found in the notion
designating colour. of foam, or a mass of bubbles, which we
Blackguard. A
name originally given have above endeavoured to indicate as
in derision to the lowest class of menials the original signification of Bladder. The
or hangers-on about a court or great old Dutch form of the word is blader, a.
household, as scullions, linkboys, and leaf, bladeren, leaves, branches ; G. blat-
others engaged in dirty work. terig, leafy. And we have in foam a
most complete example of leafy structure.
A slave that within this twenty years rode
Blain. as. blegen, Dan. blegne, Du.
with the Black Guard in the Duke's carriage
(i. e. with the Duke's baggage) mongst
spits and blein, dial, blena, a boil, pimple,
Sw.
dripping-pans. —^Webster. blister. Perhaps from blegen, which
I am degraded from a cook, and I feat that Schwenk and Adelung give as an old
the Devil himself will entertain me but for one Swabian form of the G. blahen, to blow.
of his blackguard, and he shall be sure to have
his meat burnt. —O. Play in Nares.
Blame. —Blaspheme. Gr. pXaatpiiiiHv,
to speak impiously. Lat. blasphemare, to
The word is well explained in a pro- revile, reproach, defame. Hence Ital.
clamation of the Board of Green Cloth biasimare, Fr. biastner, and E. blame.
in 1683, cited in N. and Q., Jan. 7, 1854. Et per consilium eorum ita convenienter tibi
Whereas of late a sort of vicious idle and respondebo quod cum tecum loquar non credo te
masterless boys and rogues, commonly called —
me inde hlasj^ketnaturuTn.. Eadmer, Hist. Novo-
the Black-guard, with divers other lewd and rura, p. 86.
loose fellows, vagabonds, vagrants, and wan- Que quand je parle avec vous je ne crois pas
dering men and women, do follow the Court to que vous ra'en blaraiez.
the great dishonour of the same —We do strictly —
Blank. Blancli. Fr. blanc, white;
charge all those so called the Blackguard as
aforesaid, with all other loose idle masterless men, blanchir, to blanch, to make or become
boys, rogues and wanderers, who have intruded white blanc, blanqne, a blank ticket, a
;

themselves into his Majesty's court and stables, white or unwritten ticket, a ticket that
that within the space of 24 hours they depart.
does not obtain the prize. Hence applied
Bladder, as. bladre, on. blactra, a to an occasion on which the result hoped
bubble, blister, bladder ; Sw. bladdra, a for has not happened. Blank "verse, verse
bubble, G. blatter, a pustule ; Bav. blatter, void of the rhyme to which the ear is ac-
bubble, blister, bladder. The radical customed. To blank, or blafich, to dis-
image is the formation of foam or bubbles appoint, to omit, pass over.
by the dashing of water, and the sense is —
Now, Sir, concerning your travels I suppose
carried on from a bubble to any bubble-

you will not blanch Paris in your way. Reliqu.
Wott. in R. The judges of that time thought
shaped thing, a bladder or pustule. PI. it a dangerous thing to admit if's and an's to
D. pladdern, to dabble in water, and qualify the words of treason, whereby every man
thence to babble, tattle. Dan. pluddre, might express his malice and blanch his danger.
to puddle or mix up turf and water to ;
— Bacon in R.
jabber pludder, mud, slush, mire, also
;
The original root of the word is seen in
jabber, gabble. The primitive sense of the G. blinken, to shine, to glitter, as Lat.
splashing in water is lost in ON. bladra, candidus, white, from candere, to shine,
to jabber, Sc. bladder, blather, blether, to glow. Dan. blank, shining, polished.
chatter, foolish talk, but it may be supplied Blanket. From being made of white
from the constant connection between wooUen cloth. Fr. blanchet, a blanket
words expressing excessive talk, and the for a bed, also white woollen cloth ; blan-
agitation of liquids. Besides the examples chet, whitish. — Cot.
of this connection given above, the ON. To Blare.—Blatter.—Blatant. To
skola and thwatta, and G. waschen, all roar, to bellow. Du. blaeren, probably
signify to wash as well as to tattle, chat- contracted from bladeren, as blader,
ter. Du. borrelen, to bubble, to purl, is blaere, a buible, blister, or as E. smother,
identical with Flanders borlen, to vocifer- smore, Du. madder, moere, mud. The
ate.— Kil. See Blubber. present forms then should be classed with
Blade, on. blad, the leaf of a tree, blether, blather, bladder, the origin of
—; —

BLAST BLAZE 71
which has been explained under Blad- hisvaunt hearken his vertue and worthiness.
der. Golden Book in R.
Gael, blaodhrach, blorach, bawling, Sw. oron-blasare, a whisperer, back-
clamorous, noisy blor, a loud noise, a
; Perhaps the expression of blazing,
biter.
voice Jr. blaodh, a shout.
; or blazening, abroad, was partly derived
A parallel form sounds the radical syl- from the image of blowing a trumpet, as
lable with a t instead of d. Du. blaeteren, when we speak of trumpeting one's vir-
blaeten, blaterare, stultd loqui, proflare tues. Du. 'op een trompet blaazen,' to
fastum ; blast, blatero, ventosus, magnilo- sound a trumpet.
quus. —
Kil. Hence Spenser's blatant 2. To portray armorial bearings in
beast, the noisy, boasting, ill-speaMng their proper colours ; whence Blazonry,
beast. She roade at peace through his heraldry. Fr. blason, a coat of arms, also
'

only pains and excellent endurance, how- the scutcheon or shield wherein arms are
ever envy list to blatter against him.' painted or figured ; also blazon or the blaz-
Spenser. With inversion of the liquid, ing of arms. —
Cot. The origin of this ex-
Sp. baladrar, to bellow, to talk much and pression has given rise to much discussion,
loud ; baladron, OE. blateroon, an empty and two theories are proposed, each of
boaster. much plausibility. First from the E. blaze,
Blast. A gust of wind. AS. blcEsan, blazen, to proclaim, to trumpet forth,
to blow ; blcest, a blast. To blast, to de- whence the Fr. blason, used, among other
stroy, to cut off prematurely, as fruit or senses, in that of praise, commendation ;

vegetables struck by a cold or pestilential blason funebre, a funeral oration ; blason-


blast of air. ner, to extol, to publish the praises, pro-
Blatant. See Blare. claim the virtues of. — Cot. Du. blasoen,
Blaze. I. A strong flame. AS. blase, thraso, gloriosus, magniloquus, also prae-
blczse, blysa, a torch, a lamp blasere, an conium, laudes (Kil.), i. e. the matter
;

incendiary ; ON. blossi, a flame ; blys, trumpeted forth or proclaimed by a herald,


Dan. blus, a torch ; Du. blose, redness ; which would ordinarily consist in the first
Sw. brasa, fire, and, as a verb, to blaze place of the titles and honours of the party
Sp. brasa, Fr. braise, live coal ; embraser, on whose behalf the herald appeared.
to set on fire. A blaze is so intimately Then, as' the purport of armorial bearings
connected with a blast of wind, as to was to typify and represent the honours
render it extremely probable that the and titles of the bearer, and to make him
word blaze, a flame, is radically identical known when otherwise concealed by his
with AS. blcEsan, g. blcesett, to blow. If armour, the term was transferred to the
the fire were named from the roaring armorial bearings themselves, or to the
sound which it produces, it is obvious shield on which they were painted.
that the designation would be equally ap- The other derivation, which Diez treats
propriate for the blast of wind by which as hardly doubtful, is from AS. blcese, a
the conflagration is accompanied and torch, a flame, splendour. The term
kept up, and which, indeed, is the imme- would then be applied to the armorial
diate cause of the roaring sound. bearings painted in bright colours on the
2. Sw. blasa, Dan. blis, G. bldsse, Du. shield or surcoat, in the same way as we
blesse, a blaze or white mark on the face speak of an illuminated MS. a MS. —
of an animal, a white mark on a tree made ornamented with coloured paintings ; Fr.
by stripping off a portion of the bark. Blanches illuminies, coloured prints.
As Kilian, besides blesse, has also blencke, Prov. blezo, a shield, properly a shield
macula emicans, a shining spot, probably with armorial device blez6s cubertz de
:
'

the signification of a white spot on a dark teins e blancs e blaus,' shields covered
ground may arise from the notion of with tints of white and blue. Or the word
shining like a blaze or flame, Sc. bleis, might spring from the same origin by a
bless, bles. — ^Jam. G. blass, pale, light-col- somewhat different train of thought. The
oured. AS. blesse, blase, is used in the sense of
To Blaze. — Elazen. i. To blow manifestatio, declaratio. —
Lye. ON. blaser
abroad, to spread news, to publish. AS. vid, visui patet, it is manifest. —
Gudmund.
bliEsan, Du. blaesen, to blow. Hence the derivative blason, like the
synonymous cognisance in English, might
And sain, that through thy medling is iilcrwe be used to signify the armorial bearings
Your bothe love, ther it was erst not knowe. of an individual, as the device by which
Troilus and Cressida.
he was known or made manifest when
But now, friend Cornelius, sith I have blasened completely cased in armour.
— ' — — —

72 BLEACH BLENCH
To Bleach, on. bleikr, light-coloured, blemysshen or
blenschyn obfusco. 1 —
whitish, pale blaken, N.
; bleikja, Du. blemysshe, I chaunge colour.
blakna, to whiten by exposure to sun and Saw you nat how he ilemysshed at it whan
air ; AS. Mac, pale ; blcecan, to bleach. you asked him whose dagger that was. Palsgr. —
See Black. According to Diez the proper meaning
Bleak. In a secondary sense bleak is of blemir is to bruise or make livid with
used for cold, exposed, from the effect of blows, from on. bldmi, the livid colour of
cold in making the complexion pale and a bruise, livor, sugillatio, color plumbeus ;

livid. See Black. bldma, to become livid. Sw. blema, a


Blear. i. Blear-eyed j having sore boil, wheal, pimple ; Pol. plama, a stain,
inflamed eyes, like one that has long spSt, blot, a blot on one's name or re-
been weeping. P1.D. blarren, to blare putation plami/!, splamii!, to spot ; spla-
;

' He
or roar, to cry or weep. blarrede 7nU sie, to stain one's honour or reputa-
sinen langen tranen,'he cried till the tears tion, to disgrace one's name. So in Sw.
ran down. Hence blarr-oge or bleer-oge,
flack, a spot, blot, stain flack pa ens ;
a crying eye, a red watery eye. goda nainn, a spot, a blemish in one's
2. The term blear, in the expression
reputation.
'
to blear one's eye,' to deceive one, is
totally different from the foregoing, and
Blench. ^Blencher. Blancher. To — —
blench is sometimes used in the sense of
seems identical with blur, a blot or smear blanking one,
to make him feel blank, to
concealing something that had originally
discomfit, confound him. Bejaune, a '

been distinct.
novice, one that's easily blankt and hath
He that doeth wickedly, although he professe nought to say when he should speak.'
God in his wordes, yet he doeth not for all that Cot.
see God truely for he is seen with most purely
:

scowred eyes of faith, which are blurred with the For now if ye so shuld have answered him as I
darkness of vices. —
Udal in Richardson. have shewed you, though ye shuld have some-
what blenched him therwith. Sir J. More in —
In this sense it agrees with 'Qa.v.filerren, Richardson.
a blotch plerr, geplerr, a mist before the
;
At other times it is synonymous with
eyes. Prasstigise, pier vor den augen
' ;
blink, to wink the eye, shrink from a
'
Der Teufel macht ihnen ein eitles plerr dazzling light, boggle at something, start
vor den augen,' the devil makes a vain
blur before their eyes. Schmel. So in — back.
I^oketh that ye ne beon nout iliche the horse
P.P.
that is scheoh (shy) and blencheth uor one
He blessede them with his buUes and blered hure scheaduwe. Ancren Riwle, 242. —
eye. And thus thinkande I stonde still
By a similar metaphor Pol. tutnan is a Without blcnchivge of mine eie.
cloud, as of dust or mist ; tumanid, to
Right as me thought that I seie

cast a mist before the eyes, to humbug.


Of Paradeis the moste joie. Gower in R. —
And now are these but mansbond (i. c. slaves)
To Bleat. An imitative word intended raskaile of refous
to represent the sound made by sheep or For these ne shalle ye blenk. — R. B. 115.
goats. Gr. ^Xiixaoftai, G. bloken, to bleat
as sheep, or to low as oxen.
To blink the question is to shrink
from it, to wink at it, avoid looking it in
Bleb. A
drop of water, blister. See
the face. Fr. guenchir, the formal equi-
Blab.
valent of English wink, is used in a sense
Bleed. See Blood.
exactly synonymous with blench, to start
Blemisli. A stain in a man's reputa-
tion, a spot, a fault, a disgrace. Bailey. — away from.
From the OFr. blesmir, tacher, souiller, And gif thou blenche from ony of tho, (faith or
salir, to spot, to soil. — Roquef The creaunce)
Be war, from the than schal I go.
modern sense of the word bleme or blesme
is pale, wan,
bleak, dead-coloured In the French version
Cotgr. ; blesmissure, blemissemeiit, pale- Et bien saches tu guenchir 4 creanche
]e gueitchirai a toi en tel maniere.
ness, wanness, bleakness. As AS. blac Manuel de Pecch&, p. 419.
includes the notion of pale and dark, and
wan itself not only pale but
signifies From the sense of rapid vibration
livid or dark of hue, it is probable connected with the notion of blinking,
that bleme was applied to the dark colour blench came to be used for a trick, a
of lifeless flesh, and thence to a bruise, a movement executed for the purpose of
spot, or blemish. The Promptorium has engaging attention, while the agent ac-
; ;;

BLEND BLINK 73
complishes a purpose he is desirous of Their burning blades about their heads do tless.

concealing. F.Q.

Gif hundes umeth to him-ward (the fox) Tany, thou knave, I hold thee a grote I shall
He gength wel swithe awaiward make these hands tless thee. —Gamm. Gurt.
And hoketh pathes swithe narewe Needle. III. 3.
And haveth mid hira his blenches yarewe.
Owl and Nightingale, 375. For the same reason a man is said to
bless the world with his heels when he is
To Blend. A numerous class
of words —
hanged. Nares.
may be cited, with or without the nasal, Blight. A hurt done to corn or trees
representing the sound made by the that makes them look as if they were
agitation of liquids. Swab, blotzen, to blasted. — Bailey. Pl.D. verblekken, to
churn, to dash cream up and down with burn up. '
De Sonne het dat Koorn
a plunger ; Du. plotzen, plonsen, to fall verblekket,' or '
Dat Koorn is verblekket,'
into water with a sudden noise, to plunge. from blekken, to shine, to lighten. Per-
To blunge clay, in potters' language, is to haps the notion originally was that it
mix it up with water to a fluid consist- was blasted with lightning. OHG. bleg,
ency. Du. blanssen, to dabble in water. blich-fiur, lightning. —Brera. Wtb. Or it
— Biglotton. Sc. to bluiter, to make a may be from the discoloured faded ap-
rumbling noise, to bluiter up with water, pearance of the blighted .corn. AS. blac,
to dilute too much ; bluiter, liquid filth pale, livid.
to bluther, bludder, to make a noise with Blind. Deprived of sight. Goth.
the mouth in taking any liquid. ^Jam.
To blunder water, to stir or puddle, to
— blinds, ON. blindr, G. blind. Thence ap-
plied to anything which does not fulfil its
make it thick and muddy. HalliwelL — apparent purpose, as a blind entry, an
Of this latter the E. blend, AS. blendian, entry which leads to nothing ; AS. blind-
ON. blatida, to mix, seems the simple netel, a dead nettle, or nettle which does
form, but by no means therefore a pre- not sting G. blinde fenster, thiiren, —
vious one in the order of formation, as — ;

taschen, false windows, doors, pockets.


will be remarked in the observations on A
blind is something employed to blind
the origin of the word Blink. Sw. blanda one or prevent one from seeing, as a
vatn i vin, to dash wine with water. window-blind, to prevent one looking
Afterwards applied to the notion of through the window.
mixing in general, whether the subject The origin of the word must be treated
matter is wet or dry, although in the in the next article.
latter case the consciousness of the imi- Blink. A
wink, a look, a gleam,
tative source of the word is wholly lost. glance, moment. AS. blican, to glitter,

To Bless. Bliss. AS. blithe, joyful, dazzle ; G. blicken, to shine, to glance, to
merry, blithe blis, joy, gladness, bliss
; look ; Du. blicken, to glitter ; blick, a
;

blithsian, blissian, to rejoice, be glad flash, a glance, a wink


;
blick-ooghen, to ;

bletsian, to bless, to consecrate ; blet- wink ; blicksem, lightning. With the


sung, a blessing. OHG. blide, glad, joy- nasal, Du. blincken, to shine, to glitter
ful ; blidu, joy ; Paradises blidnissu, the G.blinken, to twinkle, shine, glitter, and
joys of Paradise bliden, to rejoice.
; A
also to wink, as the result of a sudden
similar development has taken place in glitter.
the Slavonic languages. Russ. blago, The sound of k before an s, as in Du.
well ; blagaya, goods, riches blajennii blicksem, readily passes into a /, giving
;

(Fr. j), blessed, happy ; Serv. blag, good, G. blitz, a flash, glitter, glimpse, lightning
sweet blago, money, riches ; Pol. blogi, blitzen, to flash, glitter, lighten. The in-
;

blissful, sweet, graceful, lovely Bohem. sertion of the nasal, as in the case of
;

blaze, happily, fortunately, well blahy blick and blink, gives blinzen, blinzeln,
;

(obsolete), happy ; blaziti, blahoslaviti to twinkle, wink, blink. Kiittner. Swiss —


(=bene dicere), to make happy, to pro- blinze, to shut the eyes G. blinzler, a ;

nounce happy, to bless ; blazeny, blahos- blinkard ; blinzdugig, blink-eyed, weak-


laveny, blessed, happy ; Blazena Bea- eyed. Sc. blent, a glance Swiss blenden, ;

trix. a. flash of light ; Dan. blende, to dazzle ;

From the action of the hand making Sw. blund, a wink, a. wink of sleep ;
the sign of the cross while blessing one- blunda, to shut the eyes. The term then
self or others, the verb to bless is some- passes on to designate the complete
times found in the singular sense of to privation of sight. Du. blindselen, csecu-
brandish. tire, cascultare, to be blind, to act like a
; —

74 BLISSOM BLOND

blind person. Kil. G. blinzel-maus, or midus, inde humiditate tumidus. Sw.
blinde-kiih, blindman's-buff. blotfisk, fish which is set to soak in water
The origin of blind would thus be the preparatory to cooking, cured fish.
figure of blinking under a strong light, Ihre. Whenunder this name was
fish
and blink itself is sometimes used to imported into England, it was naturally
express absence of vision. To blink the supposed that the signification of the
question is to shut one's eyes to it, to first element of the word had reference
make oneself wilfully blind to it. A to the process by which it was cured,
horse's blinkers are the leather plates and hence to blote has been supposed to
put before his eyes to prevent his seeing. mean to smoke, to cure by smoke.
Nor ought it to startle us to find the have more smoke in my mouth than would
I
simple form of the word derived from a. blote —
a hundred herrings. B. and F. in Nares.
frequentative, as blinzeln, blindsehn. For You stink like so many Moat-herrings newly
this, I believe, is a much more frequent —
taken out of the chimney. B. Jonson, Ibid.
phenomenon than is commonly thought,
and an instance has lately been given in

Blob. Bleb. Blob, a bubble, a blister ;
a small lump of anything thick, viscid, or
the case of blend. Words aiming at the bleb, a drop of water, a bubble, a
dirty ;
direct representation of natural sounds
blister, a blain.— Hal. Blob, blab, a small
are apt to appear in the first Instance in globe or bubble of any liquid, a blister, a
the frequentative form.
To Blissom. Of sheep, to desire the
blot or spot, as a blab of ink, ^Jam. —
Though both his eyes should—drop out like
male. N. blesme, ON. blcesma, to blissom,
from — blobbes or droppes of water, —
Z. Boyd in Jam,
blcsr, a ram. Egillson.
Blister. Du. bluyster; Lat. pustula, From blabber, blobber, blubber, repre-
pusula, a bubble, blister, pimple. Both senting the dashing of water, the radical
syllable is taken to signify a separate
the English and the Latin word are from
the notion of blowing, expressed by cog- element of the complex image, a bubble
nate roots, which differ only in the in- formed or a drop dashed off in the col-
sertion or omission of an / after the lective agitation. So from sputter is
initial b. formed spot, a detached portion of the
The E. blister must be referred to AS. agitated liquid, or the mark which it
blasan, to blow, whence blast, bluster, to makes. And so from squatter, to dash
blow in gusts, to puff and be noisy, Bav. liquid, is formed squad, sloppy dirt, a
blaustem, to breathe hard, while Lat. separate portion. See Blot. Gael, plub,
fiustula, pusula, must be classed with noise of liquor in a half-filled cask, sound
forms like Gr. ^vaaa, to blow, G. bausen, as of a stone falling suddenly in water,
busten, pausten, Svt.pusta, to blow, puff, any soft unwieldy lump plub-cheann, a ;

swell. lumpish head plubach, giving a sound of


;

The /, it must be observed, in imitative the foregoing nature, speaking rapidly


roots is an exceedingly movable element, and inarticulately.
and easily changes its place, or is in- Block. The stem or trunk of a tree.
serted or omitted. Thus we have blab —Bailey. A solid mass of wood, stone,
and babble, bubble and blubber, Langued. or the like. Hence, to block up the way,
blouca and Fr. boucler, to bubble, buckle, to close it with a solid mass. Gael, bloc,
blouquette and bouclette, a buclde, W.
little
round, orbicular. Fr, bloc, blot, a block
blisg,plisg, shells, husks, and pisg, pods, or log en bloc, in bulk, in the lump or
;

blisters. mass, taken altogether. It may be formed


Blithe. Goth, bleiths, mild, merciful like clot, from the
clod, blot, Sc. blad,
ON. blidr, mild, gentle OHG. blide, Du.
;
sound of a small mass of something soft
blijde, as in E. blithe, joyful. See Bless. thrown against the grovmd. See Blot.
To Bloat.—Bloated.—Bloater. To The primary meaning would thus be a
blote, to swell, also to seta smoking or small mass of anything, an unformed
drying by the fire.— Bailey. ON. blautr, mass, as distinguished from things fa-
bricated out of it, the unhewn bole of a
soft, soaked. Sw. blot, Dan. Mod, soft.
tree, any lump or mass of things.
Sw. biota, lagga i blot, to soak, to steep. Blond, Fr. blond, light yellow, straw-
Hence E. bloated, having an unsound coloured, flaxen also (in hawks or stags)
;

swollen look, as if soaked in water.


like manner the
In bright tawny or deer-coloured. Cotgr. —
Fin. kostua, signifying Diez suggests that the word may be a
in the first instance to soak, is also used nasalised form of on. blaud, Dan. blod,
in the sense of swelling ; kostia, subhu- soft, weak, in the sense of a soft tint, a
—; ;

BLOOD BLOW 75
supposition which is apparently supported gush, to fall (of liquids) in abundance, to
by the use of the word blode in Austria dabble in water ; platschern, to patter, to
for a weak, pale tint. —
Schmid. It is fall with a plashing noise ; S-wiss pladern,
probably connected with Pol. blady, pale,
wan. It. biado (of which the evidence plattern, to dabble in water, to splash, to
exists in biadetto, bluish, sbiadare, to dirty, (of cattle) to dung, whence plader,
grow pale), blue, pale biavo, blue, straw- platter, kuh-plader, cow-dung. Dan. dial.
;

coloured (Diaz, Florio). OFr. blois, bloi, blatte, to dash down, fall down ; blat,
blue ; bloi, blond, yellow, blue, white blatte, a small portion of anything wet
(Roquefort). Prov. bloi, blou, fair in en blat vand, skam, a drop of water or
colour, as the skin or hair. It should be of filth blak-blatte, a drop of ink
; ko- ;

remarked that the Du. blond is used in blatt, Sw. kobladde, a cow-dung. Sc. blad,
the sense of the livid colour of a bruise a heavy fall of rain (to be compared with
as well as in that of flaxen, yellowish G. platz-regen, a pelting shower).
; It's '

blond en blaauw slaan, to beat one black bladding on o' weet,' the rain is driving
and blue ; blondheid, couleur livide. on. Blad, a. dirty spot on the cheek, a
Halm a. lump of anything soft to blad, to slap,

Blood. ^Bleed. Du. bloed, G. blut. to strike with something soft or flat.
;

Doubtless named for the same reason as Carinthian ploutschen, to dash down
Du. bloedsd, E. dial, blooth, G. bliithe, a water ploutsche, great leaf of cabbage.
;
flower, from the bright colour which
7'vci. plattata, to slap, to strike with such
these objects exhibit, from G. bliihen, to
a sound as the Germans represent by the
glow. Both blut and bliithe are written
bluat by Otfried, and bliihen is used in syllable klatsch ! Platti, a sound of such
the Swabian dialect in the sense of bleed. a nature, a blot or spot. Dan. plet, a
— Schmid. Erploten, to be red with blot, spot pletter i solen, spots in the
;

rage. —
Schilter. See Blow, 2. sun. E. plot of land is a spot or small
Bloom. The bright-coloured part to portion of land. Sw. plottra, to squander,
plants which prepares the seed, a deli- properly to scatter liquid ; to scribble,
cately-coloured down on fruits, the bright to blot paper plotterwis, in scattered
;

colour of the cheeks. morsels, bit by bit. Wendish blodo,


The sun was brycht and schynand clere,
bloto, mud. — Stalder in v. pladern. Fr.
And armouris that bumyst were blotter, to blot ; blotte, bloutre, a lump, a
Swa blomyt with the sunnys beme
That the land was in a leme. —Barbour.
clod. — Cot. Then as a drop of liquid or
all lump of something soft spreads itself out
on falling to the ground, j^ blottir, to squat
Du. bloemen, to bloom or flower, pro-
or lie close.
])erly to shine with bright colours ;
The form blotch answers to Swiss
bloeme, bloetnsel, ON. bldmi, blomstr, a
which represents the sound of
platschefz,
flower. A parallel form with ON. lidmr,
something broad falling into the water* or
E. leme, gleam.
on the ground, of water dashing in a
Blossom. AS. blosa, blosma, blostma, vessel or splashing over. Ein platsch
Du. blosem, Lat. Jios, a flower. Du. milch, a gush of milk ; platsch-voll,
blosen, to be red, to blush ; blose, redness,
platt-voll, platz-voll, splashing full, fall
the bright colour of the cheeks ; AS.
blase, blysa, ON. bfys, Dan. blus, a torch
to overflowing. —
Stalder. Plots, a blow,
or the sound of it ; bldts, a spot or blot.
blusse, to glow, to blaze, to flame; Pl.D.
bliise, bletister, a blaze, bleustern, bleistern,
— Schwenck. E. Hatch, to spot or blot.
to glisten ; Russ. blistaf, to shine ; Sw. If no man can like to be smutted and Matched
in his face, let us learn more to detest the spots
blust, a flower.
Parallel forms with an initial gl and /

and blots of the soul. Harmar in R.
are ON. glossi, a Usaae, gfyssa, to sparkle; Blotch-paper, blotting-paper. — HaL
^lys, shine ; glasi, splendour ; E. gloss, Blot at Backgammon. See Back-
glister ; Sc. glose, to blaze ; Ir. glus, ON. gammon.
lios, light, E. lustre, brilliancy. See Blow. Apparently from the livid mark
Blow. produced by a blow on the body. Du.
Blot, Blotcli. The G.platschJ patsch! blaeuw, blue, livid ; blaeuwe ooghe, Fris.
platz ! klatsch! represent the sound of en blau ach, a black eye Du. blaeuwen,
;

dashing liquid, of a blow with something blowen, to strike ; blauwel, a beater.^


soft or flat. From similar representa- Kil. PI. D. Wflz<^«,blauschlagen; blawels,
tions of sound are formed G. pladdern, to livid marks. Fris. blodelsa and blawelsa.
— ; — ;

76 BLOW BLUE
wound and bruise. Si quis alium ad
' or guggling, plubair, one who speaks
sanguinis effusionem vel livorem vulgo indistinctly and rapidly; Pl.D. blubbern,
bla-we dictum teserit.' ' Ad livorem et to make bubbles in drinking, to sputter
sanguinem, quod bloot et blawe dicimus.' or speak in an explosive manner; blub-
— Hamburgh Archives, A.D. 1292, in bern, fiubbem, to blurt out. Deutsch. —
Brem. Wtb. '
Nis hir nauder blaw ni Mundart. v. 51.
blodelsa,' there is here neither bruise nor To blubber, in E., is confined to the
vi^ound.— Wiarda. OFr. blau, coup, tache, broken sound made by the internal flow

meurtrissure Roquefort, a blow, a bruise. of tears in crying. Blubbered cheeks are
On the other hand, OHG. bliuwan, MHG. cheeks bedabbled with tears. It is how-
bliuwen, G. blduen, to beat with a mallet, ever provincially used in the original
can hardly be separated from Goth. sense. ' The water blubbers up' (Mrs Ba-
bliggman, to beat. ker), where the word may be compared
To Blow, 1. AS. blawan, to blow, to with Bohem. blubonciti, to bubble up, to
breathe G. blahen, to puff up, to inflate, boil. And, as bubbles are formed by the
;

a parallel form with blasen, to blow. In agitation of water, blubber comes to sig-
like manner Lat. Jla-re, to blow, corre- nify bubble, foam. '
Blober upon water,
sponds with Sw.Jlasa, to puff, to breathe bouteiUis.' — Palsgr.
hard. And at his mouth a blubber stode of fome.
Chaucer.
To Blow, 2. To come
into flower, to
show flower. The primary sense is to In modern speech the noun is chiefly
shine, to exhibit bright colours, to glow. used for the coating of fat by which the
Du. bloeden, bloeyen, bloemen, florere. whale is enveloped, consisting of a net-
Kil. G. bliihen, to shine with bright
work or frothy structure of vessels filled
colours, .to blossom, to flourish. From with oil.

the same root which gives the designa- Itdoes not impair the representative
tion of the blood, the red fluid of the power of the word when the final b in the

body ; and closely allied with Du. blosen, radical syllable of blubber is exchanged
for a. d in Sc. bludder, bluther, to make a
to be red, and the forms mentioned under
Blossom. Swab, bluh, blut, blust, a noise with the mouth in taking liquid to ;

flower ; OHG. bluod, bldt; G. bliithe, disfigure the face with weeping. ^Jam. —
bloom, flower w, blodyn, a flower.
;

Her sweet bloderit face. Chaucer.
Parallel forms with an initial gl are Bav. blodern, plodern, Pl.D. pludern, to
ON. gUd, E. glede, glowing coal ; Du. gabble, jabber, chatter. Plodern, to
gloeden, gloeyen, G. gliihen, to glow. sound like water, to gush. —
Deutsch.
Blowzy. Tumbled, disordered in Mund. -ii. 92. Pludern, to guggle, sound
head-dress. Blowze, a fat, red-faced like water gushing out of a narrow open-
bloted wench, or one whose head is ing ; to flap like loose clothes. —Schmel-

dressed like a slattern. B. P1.D. piusen, ler.
to'disorder, especially with respect to the Blue. OHG. blao, blaw j It. biavo,
hair. Sik piusen is said of fowls when Prov. blau, fem. blava.
they plume themselves with their beak. Notwithstanding the little apparent
Sik upplustem, when the feathers of a resemblance, I have little doubt in identi-
bird are staring from anger or bad health fying the foregoing with w. glas, blue,
blustig, plusig, toused, disordered; plus- green, grey, pale ; Gael, glas, pale, wan.
trig, (of birds) having the feathers star- The interchange of an initial gl, bl, or gr,
ing or disordered; (of men) having a br, is very frequent. Wemay cite for
swollen bloated face or disordered hair. example G. gliihen, bliihen, E. glow, blow;
— Danneil. Gr. y\r)yi»v, |8A)';xo'»', a herb Gr. /idXavoc,
To Blubber. — Bludder. — Bluther. Lat. glansj Ir. glaodh and blaodh, a
;

These are closely aUied forms, marking shout glagaireachd and blagaireachd, a
;

some difference in application from that blast, boasting; Bret, bruk, w. grug,
of blabber, blebber,bladder, by the modi- heath. We
thus identify the Celtic glas
fied vowel. The radical image is the with G. blass, pale OFr. bloes, blois, bloi,
;

sound made by the dashing of water, blue ; blazir, to make blue, and thence,
whence the expression is extended to
,

noises made by the mouth in crying, in


to fade, to spot, to bruise —
Roquef. ;

Langued. blazi, fqded, withered, bruised


rapid or indistinct utterance. The radi- Prov. blezir, to fade, grow pale, dirty.
cal sense is shown in Gael, plubraich, Raynouard. The usual interchange of a
plubartaich, a paddling in wate r, a con- final z and d connects these with Pol.
tinued noise of agitated water, a gurgling blady, pale, wan, bledniai, to fade; It.
— ; — ;•

BLUFF BLUNDERBUSS 77
biado, blue, pale, the evidence of which rnonious preparations ; a shore abruptly
is seen in biadetto, bluish, and sbiadare, rising, or an abrupt manner.
to become pale or wan. Flor. —
Hence In like manner from an imitation of
we pass to Prov. blahir, to become pale the same sound by the sylfable plomp,
or livid, in the same way as from It'. Du. plomp, abrupt, rustic, blunt. See
tradire to Fr. trahir. The change from Blunt.
a medial d to v \% still more familiar. Blunder. The original meaning of
We find accordingly It. sbiavare, as well blunder seems to be to dabble in water,
as sbiadafe, to become pale, and biavo from an imitation of the sound. It is a
(Diez), as well as biado, blue. The nasal form of such words as blother,
Romance blave is moreover, like the blutter, bluiter, all representing the
Celtic glas, applied to green as well as and then generally
agitation of liquids,
blue. Blavoyer, verdoyer, devenir vert idle talk. Dan. pludder, earth and water
blavoie, verdure, herbe. —
Roquefort. mixed together, puddle, idle talk plud- ;

Hence we may explain the origin of the dre, to dabble in the mud, to puddle, mix
It. biada, biava, corn, originally growing up turf and water. Then with the nasal,,
corn, from the brilliant green of the young E. dial, to blunder water, to stir or pud-
corn in the spring, contrasted with the dle, to make water thick and muddy
;
brown tint of the uncultivated country. and metaphorically, blunder, confusion,


'

Altieri. Bladum, blandum, in plur. Palsgr.



Biada, tutte le semente ancora in erba.' trouble. Hal. I blonder, je perturbe. —
segetes virentes. —
Dief. Supp. The To shuffle and digress so as by any means
gradual change of colour in the growing whatever to blunder an adversary. Ditton in R. —
plant from a bright green to the yellow ON. glundr, sloppy drink;
glundra, to
tint of the reaped corn (still designated disturb, to confound.
by the term biadd) may perhaps explain Analogous forms are Du. blanssen, in
the singular vacillation in the meaning of
the It. biavo, which is rendered by Florio,
'twater dobbelen, to dabble Biglotton —
E. to blunge clay, to mix it up with water.
pale straw-coloured. It is remarkable —Hal.
however that the E. blake (identical with To blunder is then, for the same rea-
AS. blac, G. bUich, pale) is provincially son as the synonymous dabble, used for
used in the, sense of yeUow. the work of an unskilful performer.
The Du. blond is also applied to the Blunderer or blunt worker, liebefactor.
livid colour of a bruise, as well as the
yellowish colour of the hair. OFr. bloi,
— Pr. Pm.
What blunderer is yonder that playeth diddil,
blond, jaune, bleu et blanc. Roquefort. — He iindeth false measures out of his fond fiddil.
Thus it becomes difficult to separate Mid. Slcelton in R.
Lat. blavus, blue, from the Lat. flav-us, Hence a blunder, an ill-done job, a
yellow, Bohem.//aay, yellowish red, Pol. mistake.
plo-wy, pale yellow, discoloured {plowiee, Like drunlten sots about the street we roam':
to grow yellow, to lose colour, to fade), Well knows the sot he has a certain home,
G. falb, and E. fallow, fawn-coloured, Yet knows not how to find the uncertain place,
reddish yellow. - And blunders on and staggers every pace.
Dryden in R.
Bluff. Du. blaf, planus, asquus et
amplus, superficie plani, non rotunda; The word is here synonymous with
blaf aensight facies plana et ampla, a flounder, the original meaning of which
bluff countenance blaf van voorhooft, is, like Du. flodderen (Weiland), to work
;

fronto, having a bluff forehead, a fore- in mud or water. To blunder out a


head not sloping but rising straight up. speech, to bring it out hastily with a
Kil. So a bluff shore is opposed to a spluttering noise. G. herauspoltem or
sloping shore. Blaffart, a plain coin herausplatzeu, to blurt or blunder out
without image or superscription. —
Kil. something. Kiittner. —
A bluff manner, a plain unornamented See Blurt, Blunt, Bodge.
manner. Blunderbuss. Pl.D. buller-bak, bul-
The word is probably derived in the ler-jaan, Sw. buller-bas, a blustering fel-
first instance from the sound of some- low ; G. polter-hans, one who performs
thing falling flat upon the ground. Du. his business with much noise, bawling,
ploffen, to fall suddenly on the ground, and bustle ; polterer, a blunderbuss,
to plump into the water. Halma. — It blunderhead, a boisterous violent man.
then signifies something done at once, Kiittner. From G. bullern, poltern, to
and not introduced by degrees or cere- make a noise. The Du. has donder-bus.
— ——;

78 BLUNKET BLUNT
a blunderbuss, from the loud report ; bus, A blunt manner is an unpolished, un-

a fire-arm. Halma. ceremonious manner, exactly correspond-
Bluntet. A light blue colour. Pol. ing to the G. plump. Plump mit etwas
hlekit, azure, blue. Probably radically umgehen, to handle a thing bluntly,
identical with E. bleak, pale, wan, as the —
awkwardly, rudely. Kiittner.
senses of paleness and blue colour very It is from this notion of suddenness,
generally run into each other. absence of preparation, that the sense of
Blunt. Before attempting to explain bare, naked, seems to be derived. To
the formation of the word, it will be well speak bluntly is to tell the naked truth,
to point out a sense, so different from Sw. blotta sanningen. The syllables blot,
that in which it is ordinarily used, that it blunt, plump, and the like, represent the
is not easy to discover the connection. sound not only of a thing falling into the
Bare and blunt, naked, void. water, but of something soft thrown on
It chaunst a sort of merchants which were wont the ground, as Sw. plump, a blot, Dan.
To skim those coasts for bondmen there to buy- pludse, to plump down, Dan. dial, blatte,
Arrived in this isle though tare and blunt to fall dovim, fling down ; blat, a portion

To inquire for slaves. F. Q. of something wet, as cow-dung. Mol- —
The large plains bech. Then as a wet lump lies where it
Stude blunt of beistis and of treis bare. —D. V. is thrown, it is taken as the type of every-
A modification of the same root, without thing inactive, dull, heavy, insensible, and
the nasal, appears with the same mean- these qualities are expressed by both
ing in Swiss blutt, naked, bare, unfledged modifications of the root, with or with-
Sw. blott, G. bloss. It. biotto, biosso, naked, out the nasal, as in E. blunt, Sc. blait,
poor Sc. blout, blait.
; duU, sheepish.
Woddis, forestis, with naked bewis llout Then cometh indevotion, through which a man
Stude strippit of thare wede in every hout. —D. V. is so blont, and hath swiche languor in his soul,

the naked body- that he may neither rede ne sing in holy chirche.
The blait body,
Chaucer, in Richardson.
The two senses are also
Jamieson.
We Phenicianis nane sa blait breistis has.—D. V.
united in Gael, maol, bald, without horns, Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Pceni.
blunt, edgeless, pointless, bare, without
Sc. Blaitie-bum, a simpleton, stupid
foliage, fooUsh, silly. Maolaich, to make
fellow, and in the same sense, a bluntie.
bare or blunt.
Du. blutten, homo stolidus, obtusus, ina-
Now the Swiss bluntsch, blunsch, is nis. —
Kil.
used to represent the sound which is A blade reason is used by Piers
'
'
imitated in English and other languages
Plowman for a pointless, ineffectual rea-
by the syllable /&/«/, viz. the sound of a son. Thus we are brought to what is now
round heavy body falling into the water; the most ordinary meaning of the word
bluntschen, to make a noise of such a
blunt, viz. the absence of sharpness, the
nature, to plump into the water. —
Stalder.
natural connection of which with the
A similar sound is represented by the
syllables plotz, plutz —
Kiittner whence ;
qualities above mentioned is shown by
the use of the Latin obtusus in the fore-
T)\i. plotsen, plonsen,plompen,to fall into
the water; G. platz-regen, a pelting
going passages. An active intelligent
lad is said to be sharp, and it is the con-
shower of rain. We
have then the ex-
verse of this metaphor when we speak of
pressions, mit etwas heraus-platzen, or
a knife which will not cut as a blunt
heraus plumpen, to blunt a thing out, to
knife. The word dull, it will be observed,
blurt, blunder, or blab out a thing
is used in both senses, of a knife which
Kiittner ; to bring it suddenly out, like a
will not cut, and an unintelligent, inactive
thing thrown down with a noise, such as
person. Swiss bluntschi, a thick and
that represented by the syllables bluntsch,
plotz, plump J to plump out with it.

plump person. Stalder.
It will be seen that the G. plump, re-
Swab, platzen, to throw a thing violently
specting the origin of which we cannot
down.
doubt, is used in most of the senses for
Peradventure it were good rather to keep in
good silence thyself than blunt forth rudely.
which we have above been attempting
Sir T. More in Richardson. to account. Plump, rough, unwrought,
The term blunt is then applied to things heavy, clumsy, massive, thick, and,
figuratively, clownish, raw, unpolished,
done suddenly, without preparation.
rude, heavy, dull, blockish, awkward.
Won by degrees,
Fathers are
not bluntly as our masters — Kiittner. Plontp, hebes, obtusus, stu-

Or wronged friends are. Ford in R. pidus, plumbeus, ang. blunt. — Kil.

;

BLUR BOB 79
manner from the sound of a
In like Boar. AS. bar, Du. beer. As the as.
lump thrown on the. ground, imitated by has also eafor, and Du. ever-swin, it is
.the syllable bot, is formed Du. bot, botte, probable that iJoarhas no radical identity
a blow ; bot-voet, a club foot ; hot, plump, with G. eber, Lat. aper.
sudden, blunt, dull, stupid, rude, flat. Board. Du. berd, G. brett, a board or
Bot zeggen, to say bluntly. Halma. — plank. AS. bord, an edge, table, margin.
To Blur. To blur, to render indis- Du. boord, a. margin, edge, border. Fr.
tinct, to smear; bhir, a smear, a blot. bord, edge, margin, on. bord, a border,
'Ba.y.plerr, geplerr,a mist before the eyes outward edge, board, table, whence bord-
plerren, a blotch, discoloured spot on the vidr, literally edge-wood, i. e. planks or
skin. boards.
The word is probably a parallel form Med endilongum bsenum var umbuiz k hiisum
with Sp. borrar, to blur, blot, and E. bur, uppi, reistrupp^o?*(^-z^z/2"rautanverdom thaukom
a mistiness, representing in the first in- —
sva sem viggyrdiat vseri. Sverris Saga, c. 156.
stance an indistinct sound, then applied — along the town preparations were made up on
the houses, planks raised up outside the roofs,
to indistinct vision ; but it may arise like the parapets (viggyrdil, war-girdle) raised
from the notion of dabbling in the wet. on board a ship in a naval engagement.
Sc. bludder, bluther, blubber, to make a
* Boast. Explained by Jam. to
noise with the mouth, to disfigure with
threaten, to endeavour to terrify.
crying. E. dial, bluter, to blubber, to
blot, to dirty; to blore, to roar. Hal. — Scho wald nocht tell for bost nor yeit reward.
Wallace.
Swiss blodern, to sound like water boil-
Tumus thare duke reulis the middil oist,
ing, to rumble; 'Ba.v. pfludern, to make a With glaive in hand maid awful fere and ioist.
noise in boiling; pludern, to guggle; D. V. 274. 29.
blodern,plodem, to chatter, gabble. Dan. The radical meaning of the word seems
pluddre, to dabble, to jabber, gabble ; to be a crack or loud sound, and when
Sw. dial, blurra, burra, to talk quick and applied to vaunting language, it implies
indistinctly ; bladdra, blarra, to blurt out, that it is empty sound. To brag and
to chatter. The elision of the d is very to crack, both used in the sense of boast-
common, as in Du. blader, blaere, a blad- ing, primarily signify loud noise. Heard '

der ; ader, acre, an ear of corn, &c. For you the crack that that gave ? ' Sc. pro-
the parallelism of blur and burr comp. E. verb spoken when we hear an empty
blotch and botch, splurt and spirt, Du.
blaffen and baffen, to bark, G. blasen and
boast. —
Kelly. Boost is used for the
crack made by bursting open.
bausen, to blow. See Burr, Slur. And whether be lighter to breke,
To Blurt. To bring out suddenly with And lasse boost mSdth,
an explosive sound of the mouth. Sc. a A beggeris bagge
blirt of greeting, a burst of tears. Jam.
Related to blutter, bludder, as splurt to
— Than an yren bounde cofre ?
P. P. 1. 9396, Wright's ed.

splutter. To splirt, to spurt out. Hal. — From this root are formed Sc. bustuous,
It. boccheggiare, to make mouths, or OE. boistous, violent, strong, large, coarse,
blurt with one's mouth; chicchere, a rude, and boisterous, properly noisy, vio-
flurt with one's fingers, or blurt ^ih one's lent G. pausten,pusten, pustern, to puff.
;


mouth. Fl. Comp. G. puffen, to give a crack, to puff.
Blush. Du. blose, blosken, the red Du. pof, the sound of a blow poffen, to ;

colour of the cheeks Dan. bhis, a torch


;
; puff, to bounce, to brag grande loqui,

;

blusse, to blaze, to glow ; blusse i ansigtet, voce intonare. Kil. See Boisterous.
to blush. Pl.D. a blaze,
bliise, bleuster, Boat. AS. bit, Du. boot. It. batello,
beacon fire. De bakke bleustern, the Fr. bateau, ON. bdtr, w. bdd, Gael. bdta.
cheeks glow. — Brem. Wtb. See Blossom. To Bob.—Bobbin. To move quickly
Bluster. To blow in puffs, blow vio- up and down, or backwards and forwards,
lently, swagger. An augmentative from to dangle; whence bob, a dangling object,
blast. Bav. blaste?i, blaustem, to snuff, a small lump, a short thick body, an end
to be out of temper. —
Schmeller. or stump. Gael, baiag, a tassel, fringe,
Boa. A large snake. It. boa, bora, cluster; baban, a tassel, short pieces of
any filthy mud, mire, puddle, or bog also thread. From the last must be explained
;

a certain venomous serpent that lives in Fr. bobine, E. bobbin, a baU of thread
the mud, and swimmeth very well, and wrapped round a little piece of wood, a
grows to a great bigness. Fl. —
Boa, little knob hanging by a piece of thread.
stellio, lacerta, cocodrUlus; lindwurm. Pull the bobbin, my dear, and the latch
'

Dief. Supp. will fly up.' — Red Riding-hood.


! ; ; ;

So BOB BOGGLE
To Bob, 3. To mock. trunk and G. rump/ sigmiy a hoUow case
So bourdfuUy takyng Goddis byddynge or as well as the body of an animal. We
wordis or werkis is scorning of hym as dyden the speak of the barrel of a horse, meaning
Jewis that hobbiden. Crist. —
Sermon against the round part of his body. The Sp.
Miracle-plays, Reliq Antiq. 2. 43. barriga, the belly, is identical with Fr.
In this sense from the syllables ba ba re- barrique, a cask.
presenting the movement of the lips, The signification of the root bot, of
whence Fr. baboyer, to blabber with the which the E. body and G. bottich are de-
lips faire la babou, to bob, to make a rivatives, is a lump, the thick part of any-
;


mow at. Cot. See Baber-lipped. thing, anything protuberant, swelling,hol-
To Bode. To portend good or bad. low. W. bot, a round body both, the boss ;

AS. bod, gebod, a command, precept, mes- of a buckler, nave of a wheel, bothog,
sage boda, a messenger ; bodian, to de-
; round, rounded; Wall. bodi,rabodi,\\i\c\i-
liver a message, to make. an announce- set, stumpy; bodene, belly, calf of the leg.
ment. See Bid. — Grandg.
To Bodge. To make bad work, to fail. The primary sense of body is then the
With this we charged again but out alas
;
thick round part of the living frame, as
We bodged again, as I have seen a swan distinguished from the limbs or lesser di-
With bootless labour swim against the tide. visions then the whole material frame,
;

And spend her strength with over-matching


as distinguished from the sentient prin-
waves. — H. VI. cipleby which it is animated. In like
The sound of a blow with a wet or flat manner from signifying anything
bol,
body is represented in G. by the syllable spherical or round, arise E. bole, the stem
patsch; whence paUchen, to smack, to of a tree ; ON. bolr, the trunk of the animal
dabble or paddle; patsche, a puddle, body, or stem of a tree, body of a shirt
mire, mud. Now unskilful action is con- Lap. boll, pall, palleg, the body.
stantly represented by the idea of dab-
Bog. The word has probably been
bling j einen patsch thun, to commit a
introduced from Ireland, where bogs form
blunder, to fail, to bodge. Hast scho'
so large a feature in the country. Gael.
wide' patscht f Have you failed again ?
bog (equivalent to E. gog in gog-mire,
Etwas auspatschen, to blurt a thing out.
quagmire), bob, move, agitate; bogadaich,
— Schmel. See To Botch. Shakespear
waving, shaking ; then from the yielding,
has badged with blood, daubed or dab-
unsteady nature of a soft substance, bog,
bled with blood.
soft, moist bogan, anything soft, a quag-
Bodice. A
woman's stays; formerly
mire.
;

Ir. bogadh, to stir, shake, toss;


bodies, from fitting close to the body, as
bogach, a bog or morass.
Fr. corset from corps. '
woman's bo- A * To Boggle. Commonly explained
dies, or a pair of bodies, corset, corpset.'
as if from Sc. bogle, a ghost ; to start
— Sherwood's Diet. back as from a bugbear. ' start and We
Thy bodies bolstred out with bumbast and with boggle at every unusual appearance, and
bagges. —Gascoigne in R.
cannot endure the sight of the bugbear.'
i. thy bodice stuffed out with cotton.
e. — Glanville in Todd. But the radical
Bodkin. Gael, biodag, a dagger; idea in boggling is hesitation or waver-
biodeachan, an awl. Lith. badyti, to ing, and the word is well explained by
stick, thrust with something pointed, as Bailey, to be uncertain what to do, to
a horn, needle, bayonet ; Bohem. bod, a waver, to scruple. It is applied to bodily
prick, stitch; bodak, a prickle, point, vacillation in the Sc. expression hogglin
bayonet; bodnu, busti, to prick. Russ. an bogglin, unsteady, moving backwards
bodetz, a spur, bodilo, a sting ; bodat, to —
and forwards. ^Jam. Supp. ' The grun
butt, strike with the horns. French a' bogglt fin we geed on it.' Bogglie,
bouter, to thrust, and E. butt, to push quakmg, unsteady. Banff. Gl. —
with the horns, exhibit another modifi- The radical image is probably a series
cation of the root. of broken efforts or brokeii movements,
Body. AS. bodig, Gael, bodhag. It as in stammering or staggering, repre-
seems the same word with the G. boftich, sented by the abruptly sounding syl-
a cask, the two being spelt without ma- lables gag, gog, or bag, bog. Thus from
terial difference in the authorities guoted gog or gagwte have Bret, gag, Ptg. gago,
by Schmeller; bottig, potig, potacha, a stuttering; Bret, gagei, gagoula, Ptg.
cask bottich, bodi, the body of a shift
; gaguejar, to stammer, stutter gogmire, ; '£..

potahha, potacha, bodies, corpses pot- a (i\ia.gmh:t, goggle, to roll, to be unsteady


;

tich, bo tich, a body. In like manner E. Gael, gogach, nodding, wavering, fickle ;
— —;; —

BOIL BOLT 81

and in like manner from the parallel forms Sw. bald, proud, haughty, warlike, as.
bag or bog are derived Piedm. bagaji, balder, bealder, hero, prince. Fr. baud,
Fr. b^gayer. Wall, (of Mons) b^guer, OG. bold, insolent baude, merry, cheerful.
;

bochken (titubare, stameln vel bochken. Cot.


— ^Vocab. A.D. 1430 in Deutsch. Mund. Bole. The round stem of a tree. This
iv. 304). Magy. hakogni, to stammer, is probably a modification of boll, a
bakazikni, to stumble; Gael, bog, wag, globular bod)', treated under Bowl. The
bob, shake, E. bog, a quaking mire, and throat-boll is the convexity of the throat.
boggle, to waver or hesitate. He could From the notion of a thick round mass
'

not get on with his speech, he made poor the term is applied to the body of an

boggling work.' Mrs Baker. animal as distinguished from the limbs,
In the same way Sc. tartle, to boggle to the trunk of a tree as distinguished
as a horse, to hesitate from doubt, scruple, from the branches, to the belly as the
or dislike, may be identified with It. tar- rounded part of the body. ON. bulr, bolr,
tagliare, Sp. tartajear, to stammer, stut-
Sw. bal. Da. bul, the body of a man or of
ter, tartalear, to stagger, to be at a loss
in speaking. a shirt, trunk of a tree ; Lap. boll, pall,

To Boil. Boil. Lat. bullire, Fr. bouil- palleg, the body ; w. bol, bola, boly, the
lir, ON. bulla, to boil, properly represent belly. See Bulk.
the sound of water boiling, whence bulla, Boll. The round heads or seed-ves-
Du. bollen (Kil.), to tattle, chatter. Sc. sels of flax, poppy (Bailey), or the like.
buller, the gurgling sound of water rush- Du. bol, bolle, a head ; bolleken, capi-
ing into a cavity. Westerwald bollern, tulum, capitellum. Kil. —
Bret, bolc'h,
to give a hoUow sound. polc'h, belc'hj- w. bul, flax-boU. See
Then as boiling consists in the sending Bowl.
up of bubbles, Lat. bulla, a bubble, boss, * Bolster, ohg. bolstar, as. bolster,
stud, lump of lead on which a seal was a cushion, pillow. The term applies in
impressed ; It. bolla, a bubble, round the first instance to the materials with
glass phial, also a blister, pustule, pimple which the cushion is stuffed. Du. bolster,
ON. bola, a bubble, bhster, boil ; Sw. the husk of nuts, chaff of corn siliqua, ;

bula, a bump, swelling, dint in a metal gluma, folliculus grani, tomentum, fur-
vessel; Du. buile, puile, G. beule, a boil or fures, stramenta. —
Kit. If the primary
swelling Du. biiilen, puilen, to be pro-
; meaning of the word is stuffing, from Du.
minent, to swell. bol, swelling, hollow, we must suppose
* Boisterous. — —
^Boistous. Bustuous. that it was first used with respect to the
Properly noisy, then violent, strong, huge, chaff of corn, the most obvious materials
coarse, rough. for stuffing a cushion, and then applied
In winter whan the weather was out of to other husks, as those of nuts, which
measure boistous and the wyld wind Boreas are not used for a similar purpose. ON.
maketh the wawes of the ocean so to arise. bSlstr, a cushion, a swelling in ice. Swab.
Chaucer, Test. Love.
bolster (aufgeblasen — Schmidt), puffed
Drances tells Latinus that Turnus' boist up.
cows the people from speaking, but that —
Bolt. To Bolter, i. G. bok, bolzen,

he will speak out. E. bolt, is a blunt-headed arrow for a cross-

All thocht with braik and boist or wappinnis he bow, a broad-headed peg to fasten one
Me doth awate, and manace for to de. object to another, a fastening for a door.
Du. bout is explained by Kil., obex, pessu-
He then exhorts the king lus, repagulum; bout, boutpijl, sagitta
lat neuir demyt be
capitata, pilum catapultarium bout van ;
The bustuousness (violentia) of ony man dant
the.— D. V. 374. 45.
het schouderblad, caput scapulse. The
essential meaning of the word would thus
Boystous, styffe or rude ; boystousnesse, appear to be a knob or projection, the

roydeur, impetuosity. Pr. Pm. notes. , bolt of a door being provided with a laiob
For bost or boist in the sense of crack, by which it is moved to and fro. A
noise, see Boast. G. fiausten, pusten, thunderbolt is considered as a fiery mis-
pusteren, to puff, blow. sile hurled in a clap of thunder. G. bolz-
Bold. Daring, courageous. Goth. gerade signifies straight to the mark, as
baltha, OHG. bald, free, confident, bold. the bolt shot by a crossbow but it is also ;

G. bald, quick. ON. balldr, strong, brave, used, as E. bolt upright, in the sense of

handsome ; ballr, strong, courageous. perpendicular. Stalder. Chaucer seems
Dan. bold, intrepid, excellent, beautiful to use bolt upright in the Reve's tale in
6
—; ;

82 BOLT
the sense of right on end, one after the or clump Pl.D.fe/2?,i5a//^«, protuberance,
;

other. small heap, mole-hill, tuft, clump; gras-


Theradical sense of a knob or thick bulten, a clump of turf, a sod (Schiitze).
ending is exemplified in E. polt-foot or
'
Daar ligt idt up enen bulten : ' it lies all
bolt-foot, as Fr. fied bot, a club-foot. Sir of a heap. —
Brem. Wtb. Du. btilt, a
Walter Scott in his autobiography speaks bunch, hump, boss, knob, bulk or quantity
of his ancestor Willy with the bolt-foot. bultig, hump-backed (to be compared
A bolt head is a retort, a round glass with E. bolt-foot, G. bolzauget) Sp. bulio, ;

vessel with narrow opening. The ulti- protuberance, swelling, hulch, bulk.
mate origin of the word may be best 2. In the next place, to bolt or bolter is

illustrated- by forms like G. holier poller, to sift meal by shaking it to and fro
P1.D. hulter de bulter, representing a rat- through a cloth of loose texture. Fr.
tling or crashing noise. ' Holler poller / bulter, bluter, beluter, Mid. Lat. buletare,
ein fiirchterlicher getose ' Ging_ es to bolt buletellum, Fr. buletel, beliitea.u,
! ' ;

hotter und potter dass die wagenrader bluteau, a bolter or implement for bolting.
achzten it went helter-skelter so that
:
' I boulte meale in a boulter, je bulte.

the wheels groaned. —


Sanders. Hence Palsgr. Du. buideln, to bolter. Bomhoff. —
O. pattern, Pl.D. bullern, to do anything Here the radical image is the violent
accompanied by a rattling noise buller- agitation of the meal in the bolter, ex-
;

•wagen, a rattling carriage; die treppe pressed, as above explained, by the repre-
^ivavccA^x poltern, to come rattling down- sentation of a racketing sound, by which
stairs; poltern, to make a knocking, indeed the operation of bolting was com-
hammering, or the like, to throw things monly accompanied in a very marked
about. Then from the analogy between manner. On this account Mid.Lat. tara-
a rattling noise and a jolting motion, Pl.D. tantara, representing a loud broken noise
^bultrig, bulstrig, bultig, jolting, uneven, as of a trumpet, was applied to a bolter
rugged, lumpy. De weg is hultrig un or mill-clack. Bulte-pook or bulstar,
'

bultrig^ the way is rugged and jolting. taratantarum. Pr. Pm. —


Taratantari-

Dan. bultred, uneven, rugged. Schiitze. zare, budeln daz mele ; taratarrum,
From the same source must be explained stablein an der ka auff dem mulstein das
Northampton bolter, properly to jog into der lautet tarr tare the mill-clack or
! ! :

projections, to coagulate, to form lumps, staff which sounds tar, tar. Dief. Supp. —
as snow balling on a horse's foot, or ill- On the same principle, the name of bolter
mixed flour and water. Blood-boltered seems to have been given to the imple-
Banquo signifies clotted with blood. The ment and the operation, from G. poltern,
/ is transposed in Fr. blotttre, a clod, and to crash, hammer, racket gepolter, ge- ;

in S'W plotter, a small portion.


. bolder, a crashing or racketing noise.
For the connection between jolting and The name would probably first be given
collecting in lumps compare Du. kloteren, to the implement which kept up such an
properly to rattle or clatter {kloterspaen importunate racket, and when the radical

crepitaculum Kil.), then to knock, to significance of the term was overlooked,
hammer, also to curdle, to become lumpy. the syllable bolt or poll would be regarded
— Kil. So also we pass from Lat. cro- as the essential element signifying the
talum, a rattle, Prov. crotlar, OFr. crod- nature of the operation.
ler, croler, to shake, to E. cruddle, curdle, From a different representation of a
to collect in lumps. rattling noise may be derived a series of
When we analyse the notion of a rattling forms in which an r seems to take the
or jolting movement or a rugged uneven place of the / in bolt and the related
surface, we see that the one consists of a words.
series of jolts or abrupt impulses, and the Thus from So. brattle, crash, clattering
other of a series of projections or emi- noise {brattle of thunner, a clap of thun-
nences. —
Hence, on the one hand, we der Brocket), we pass to Du. bortelen,
have Lat. pultare, Sw. bulla, to knock, buUire, sestuare, tumultuari, agitari (Kil.)
E. poll, a .thump or blow, MHG. bolzen, Lang, barutela, baruta, to clack, to talk
pulzen, to start out; Bav. bolzaugen, loud and fast, to bolt meal barutel, a mill- ;

poltzet augen, projecting eyes pul- clack, a bolter Prov. barutela, to agitate,
; ;

zen., to spring forth E. bolt, to start with


; palpitate, to bolt meal barutel, Dauphiny
;

a sudden movement, as a rabbit from its baritel, OFr. burclct, Champagne burtcau,
hole, or a racer from the course. abolter. OFr. buretter{CQ\..), It. barutare,
Passing from the sense of movement burattare, to bolt flour burato, bolting ;

to that of form, we have Du. pull, a clod cloth. And as the agitation of cream in

BOMB BONFIRE 83

a chum is closely analogous to that of Bom.bast. —Bombasine. Gr. ^o/j;Su?,


the meal in a bolter, It. banitola (Fl.), the silk-worm, raw silk. It. bombice, a
Castrais barato, Fr. barate, are applied to silk-worm, bombicina, stuff, tiffany, bom-
a churn for butter. basine.^Altieri. The material called by
It must be observed that Diez' deriva- this name, however, has repeatedly varied,
tion of Fr. bulter from It. burato, bolt- and it is now applied to a worsted stuff.
ing-cloth, and that from Fr. biire, bureau, When cotton was introduced it was
coarse, undyed cloth of the wool of brown confounded with silk, and called in Mid.
sheep, accounts only for the sense of bolt- and Mod. Greek iSa/iliaiciov, Mid.Lat.
ing meal and we must suppose that the
;
bambacium. It. bambagioj whence It.
name was extended by analogy to the act bambagino, Fr. bombasin, basin, cotton
of churning and the idea of agitation in stuff. E. bombase, bombast, cotton.
general. But it is extremely unlikely that a Need you any ink and bonibase. HoUybandin R. —
designation having no reference to the re- As cotton was used for padding clothes,
semblance between the operations of bolt- bombast came to signify inflated lan-
ing and churning should have been trans- guage.
ferred from the former operation to the Lette none outlandish tailor take disport
latter, while nothing would be more na- To stuffethy doublet full of such bumbast.
tural than the application of a term sig- Gascoi^e in R.

nifying violent agitation to each of those When the name passed into the lan-
operations, of which it expresses so guages of Northern Europe, the tendency
marked a characteristic. Moreover, the to give meaning to the elements of a
Fr. bureau, OE. borel, signifies the coarse word introduced from abroad, which has
cloth in which peasants were dressed, a given rise to so many false etymologies,
material quite unfit for bolting meal, produced the Pl.D. baum-bast, G. bauni-
which requires stuff of a thin open tex- wolle, as if made from the bast or inner
ture. bark of a tree and Kilian explains it
;

Our derivation, again, is supported by boom-basyn, gossipium, lana lignea, sive


the analogy of G. beuteln, Du. buidelen, de arbore vulgo bombasium, q. d. bopin-
;

builen, to bolt meal, the radical sense of sye, i. e. sericum arboreum, from boom,
which is shown in Bav. beuteln, beil'n, to tree,and sijde, sije, silk.
shake (as to shake the head, to shake Bond. AS. bindan, band, bunden, to
down fruit from a tree, &c.) ; butteln, bind G. band, an implement of binding,
;

iuttern, to shake, to cast to and fro. a string, tie, band pi. bande, bonds, ties.
;

Butterglas, a bottle for shaking up salad ODu. bond, a ligature, tie, agreement.
sauce ; buttel trueb (of liquids), thick from Kil. In legal language, a bond is an in-
shaking. PoUitriduare, butteln. Schm. — strument by which a person biizds himself
From builen, the contracted form of under a penalty to perform some act.
Du. buidelen, to boult meal, must be ex- Bone. G. bein, the leg, bone of the
plained Fr. boulenger, a baker, properly leg, the shank achsel bein, brust-bein,
;

a boulter of meal. the shoulder-bone, breast-bone. Du. been,


E de fine farine (mele) vent la flour, a bone in general, and also the leg. Now
Par la bolenge (bulting-clot) le pestour. the office of a bone is to act as a support
Per bolenger (bultingge) est cev^re to the human frame, and this is especially
La flur, e le furfre (of bren) demor^. the function of the leg bone, to which the
Bibelesworth in Nat. Antiq. 155.
term is appropriated in G. and Du.
Bomb. — Bombard. bombe, It.
Fr. We may therefore fairly identify bone
bomba, an iron shell to be exploded with with the W. bon, a stem or base, a stock,
gunpowder. From an imitation of the stump, or trunk ; and in fact we find the
noise of the explosion. It. rimbombare, word in W. as in G.and Du. assuming the
to resound. In E. we speak of a gun special signification of leg : W. bonog,
booming over the water. Du. bommen, having a stem or stalk, also thick-shank-
to resound, to beat a drum, whence ed; bongam, crook-shanked bondew, ;

bomme, a drum bombammen, to ring


; bonfras, thick-legged, from teu, bras, thick.
bells. Dan. bommer, a thundering noise ;
Bonfire. A large fire lit in the open
bomre, to thunder, to thump W. bwm- ; air on occasion of public rejoicing.
bwr, a hollow sound, bwmbwry mar, the Named from the beacon-fires formerly in
murmuring of the sea. It. bombdra, any use to raise an alarm over a wide extent
riot or hurly-burly with a clamorous of country. Dan. baun, a beacon, a word
noise ; bombarda, any kind of gun or of which we have traces in several Eng-
piece of ordnance. Fl. — lish names, as Banbury, Banstead. Near
6 *

84 BONNET BOOT
the last of these a field is still called the To Boom. To sound loud and dull
Beacon field, and near Banbury is a lofty like a gun. Du. bommen. See Bomb.
hill called Crouch Hill, where a cross (or Boon. A favour, a good turn or re-
crouch) probably served to mark the quest. — Bailey. The latter is the original
place of the former beacon. The origin meaning. AS. ben, bene, petition, prayer.
of the word is probably the W. bd.n., high, Thin ben is gehyred, Luke i. 13. ON.
lofty, tall, whence ban-ffagl, a lofty blaze, beiSne, been, bdn, desire, prayer, petition,
a bonfire. Many lofty hills are called from beida (E. bid), to ask.
Beacons in E. and Ban in w. as the ; Boor. . A peasant, countryman, clown.
Brecknockshire Banns, or Vanns, in w. Du. boer, G. bauer, from Du. bowwen, to
Binau Brychyniog, also called Breck- cultivate, build, G. bauen, to cultivate,
till,

nock Beacons. Perhaps, however, the inhabit, build, ON. bua, to prepare, set
word may signify merely a fire of buns, in order, dress, till, inhabit.
or dry stalks for making a roaring blaze. From the sense of inhabiting we have
Bonnefyre, feu de behourdis. —
Palsgr. neighbour, G. nachbar, one who dwells
Mrs Baker explains bun, the stubble of nigh.
beans, often cut for burning and lighting From the participle present, ON. buandi,
fires. —
Bun, a dry stalk. Hal. boandi, comes bondi, the cultivator, the
Bonnet. Fr. bonnet, Gael, bonaid, a possessor of the farm, master of the
head-dress. The word seems of Scan- house, \ais-band.
dinavian origin. From bo, boa, bua, to See Bown, Busk, Build.
dress, to set in order, bonad, reparation, * Boose. A stall for cattle. Hal. —
dress. Hufwud-bonad, head-dress wai^g- Boos, bose, netis stall. Pr. Pm. AS. bosig,
;

bonad, wall hangings, tapestry. But bosg, bosih, ON. bds, a stall. Perhaps
bonad does not appear to have been used from ow. boutig, literally cow-house. OW.
by itself for head-dress. boutig, stabulum. Ox. Gl. in Phil. Trans. —
Booby. The character of folly is i860, p. 232. w. ty Gael, tigh, house.
generally represented by the image of
But more likely from Sw. dial, bas, which
one gaping and staring about, wondering signifies
not only straw, litter, but stall,
at everything. Thus from the syllable ba,
representing the opening of the mouth, as a lying-place for cattle. Basa, to strew
are formed Fr. baier, b^er, to gape, and with straw, to litter bosu, busu, hu?id-
;

thence Rouchi baia, the mouth, and fig. busa, swinbusa, a lying-place for dogs or
one who stands staring with open mouth swine, dog-kennel, pig-sty. N. bos, rem-
;

babaie, babin, Wall, b&ber, babau, boubair, nants of hay or straw, chaff.
boubi^. It. babb^o, a simpleton, booby, Boot. Fr. botte. Du. bote, boten-shoen,
blockhead. Jr. bobo ! interj. of wonder pero, calceus rusticus e crudo corio.
Sp. bobo, foolish. On the same principle
;
Kil. Swab, bossen, short boots. Schm. —
from badare, to gape, Fr. badaud, a. fool, It would appear that in Kilian's time the

dolt, ass, gaping hoyden — Cot. ; from Du. bote was similar to the Irish brogue
and Indian mocassin, a bag of skin or
gape, E. dial, gaby, a silly fellow, gaping

about with vacant stare Mrs Baker, and leather, enveloping the foot and laced on
the instep. It is commonly explained as
from AS. ganian, to yawn, E. gawney, a.
simpleton. —
Mrs Baker. identical with It. botta, Sp. Prov. bota,
Fr. botte, a hollow skin, a vessel for hold-
Book. AS. boo. Goth, boia, letter,
writing bokos, the scriptures bokareis,
; ;
ing liquids. See Butt.
a scribe G. buch-stab, a letter ; OSlav. To Boot.—Bootless. To boot, to aid,
;

biikui, a letter Russ. bAkva, b'ukvdry,


;
help, succour Bailey. —Boot of bale,
remedy of evil, relief from sorrow. To
the alphabet. Diefenbach suggests that
the origin is buki, signifying beech, the give a thing to boot is to give it into the
name of the letter b, the first consonant bargain, to give it to improve the condi-
of the alphabet, although in the OG. and tions already proposed or agreed on.
Gael, alphabet that letter is named from Clement the cobeler cast offhus cloke
the birch instead of the beech. And to the nywe fayre nempned it to selle ;
Hick the halieneyemaii hitte hus hod after-
. Boom. In nautical language, which There were chapmen ychose the chafTare to preise
is mostly derived from the Low German That he that hadde the hod sholde nat habbe the
and Scandinavian dialects, a boom is a clolce,
beam or pole used in keeping the sails in The betere thing by arbitours sholde bote the
position, or a large beam stretched across werse.^ —P. P.

the mouth of a harbour for defence. i.e. should contribute something to make
Du. boom, a tree, pole, beam, bolt. Kil. — the bargain equal. Bootless, without ad-
;; ;

BOOTH BORE 85:

vantage, not contributing to further the ON. bdra, a wave, N. baara, wave, swell
end we have in view. Du. boete, baete, bara, kvit-bara, to surge, to foam.
aid, remedy, amendment boeten, to ; To Bore, 1.—Burin. G. bohren, ON.
mend, and hence to fine, to expiate ;
bora, Lat. forare, Magy. furni, to bore,
boeten den dorst, to quench one's thirst furd, a borer ; Fin. puras, a. chisel, tere-
boeten het vier, AS. betan fyr, to bete the bra sculptoria purastoa, scalpo, terebro,
;

fire,properly to mend the fire, but used sculpo 05\xiik..por,par, a borer, piercer.
;

in the sense of laying or lighting it, The Fin. purra, to bite, leaves little
struere ignem, admovere titiones. Kil. — doubt as to the primitive image from
ON. bdt, pi, batr, amendment, reparation, whence the expression is taken, the
recovery ; yfirbdt, making good again ; action of gnawing affording the most
bata, to make better, to repair, to patch, obvious analogy from whence to name
to cure Sw. bata, to boot, to profit
;
the operation of a cutting instrument, or
Goth, botjan, to profit, to be of advan- the gradual working a hole in anything.
tage aftragabotjan, to restore, repair.
;
The ON. bit is used to signify the point
See To
Bete. or edge of a knife bitr, sharp, pointed.
;

Booth.. This word is widely spread We speak in E. of an edge that will not
in the sense of a slight erection, a shelter bite, and it is doubtless in the sense of

of branches, boards, &c. Gael, both, ON. bit that the term centre-bit is applied
bothag, bothan, a bothy, cottage, hut, to an instrument for boring. The cor-
tent, bower. Bohem. bauda, budka, a responding forms in Lap. are parret, to
hut, a shop budowati, to build
; ; Pol.
bite, and thence to eat ; and parrets, an
buda, a booth or shed, budowai, to build.
awl, a borer.
ON. bud, a hut or tent, a shed, a shop.
The analogy between the operation of
OSw. scsdes-bod, a granary ; mat-bod, a
a cutting instrument and the act of gnaw-
cupboard. Du. boede, boeye, a hut, cup-
ing or biting leads to the application of
board, barn, cellar.
Fin. puru, Esthon. purro, to anything
Neither G. bauen, to build, nor E. abode,
comminuted by either kind of action, as
afford a satisfactory explanation. In the Fin. puru, chewed food
for infants, sahan
Slavonic languages the word signifying
puru, Esthon. pu purro (saha =: saw ;
to build seems a derivative rather than a
pu =: wood), OHG. uzboro, urboro, saw-
root. See Bower.
Booty. It is admitted that Fr. butin. dust, the gnawings as it were of the saw
or borer.
It. bottino, are derived from G. beute.
Another derivation from Fin. purra, to
The Sw. byte points to the verb byta, to
bite, is purin, dens mordens vel caninus,
exchange or divide, as the origin of the
the equivalent of the It. borino, bolino, a
word, the primary signification of which
graver's small pounce, a sharp chisel for
would thus be the division of the spoil.
Halfva bytning af alt that
cutting stone with —
Flor. ; Fr. and E.
rof. burin, an engraver's chisel, the tool with
A half share of all that spoil. which he bites into his copper plate.
Hist. Alexand. Mag. in Ihre. Compare Manx birrag, a sharp-pointed
Fr. butin is explained by
Palsgr. p. 266, tooth, or anything pointed, Gael, biorag,
schare of a man of a prise in warre time. a tusk, which are probably from the same
And so in ON. the booty taken in war is root. Fin. puras, a chisel, differs only
called grip-deildi and hlut-skipti, from in termination.
deila and skipta, to divide. • To Bore, 3. To bore in the meta-
BoracMo. A
wine-skin, and meta- phorical sense may have acquired its
phorically a drunkard. Sp. borracha, a meaning in the same way
as G. drillen,
leather bag or bottle for wine. Gael. to pierce, also to harass with work or
borracha, a bladder, from borra, to swell. perpetual requests', to importune. But
See Burgeon. probably the E. use of the word would be
Border. Fr. bardure, a border, welt, better explained on the supposition that
hem or gard of a garment, from bord, it was originally bur. It. lappolone, a
edge, margin, on. bord, limbus, ora, great bur, an importunate fellow that
extremitas bordi, fimbria, limbus.
;
will stick as close as a bur to one ; lappa-
Bore. The
flow of the tide in a single lare, to stick unto as a bur. Fl. —
large wave up certain estuaries.
I could not tell how to rid myself better of the
TumbUng from the Gallic coast the victorious troublesome i5k?-, than by getting him into the
tenth wave shall ride like the bore over all the discourse of Hunting.— Return from Parnassus
rest.—Burke in R. inR.
86 BOREAL BOTANY
Waldemar knew the old diplomatist's impor- each man was answerable for his neigh-
tunity and weariness by report, but he had not bour.
yet learned the art of being blandly insolent, and
thus could not shake off the old burr. ^Walde- — '
Ic wille that selc man sy under horge ge bin-
nan burgum ge butan burgum.' I will that
mar Krone (1867),. i. 106.
every man be under bail, both within towns and
Lang, pegou, one who sticks to you like without.— Laws of Edgar in Bosworth.
pitch, a bore, bom. pego, pitch. Hence borhes ealdor,' the chief of the
'

Boreal. Lat. ^o^^flj, the North Wind, '


borh,' or system of bail, cormpted, when
borealis, northern. Russ. borei, the N. that system was forgotten, into bors-
wind burya, tempest, storm.
; holder, borough-holder, or head-borough,
Borough. A word spread over all the as if from the verb to hold, and borough
Teutonic and Romance languages. AS. in the sense of a town.
burg, burh, byrig, a city whence the . ; Bosh. A word lately introduced from
frequent occurrence of the termination our intercourse with the East, signifying
bury in the names of Enghsh towns, nonsense. Turk, bosh, empty, vain, use-
Canterbury, Newbury, &c. Goth, baurgs, less, agreeing in a singular manner with
ON. borg, It. borgo, Fr. bourg. Gr. Sc. boss, hollow, empty, poor.
viipyoc, a tower, is probably radically Boss. I. Fr. basse, a bunch or hump,
connected. Gas' cUum parvum quem bur- any round sweUing, a wen, botch, knob,
'


gum vocant.' Vegetius in Diez. Hence knot, knur. Cot. Du. bosse, busse, the —
must have arisen burgensis, a citizen, boss or knob of a buckler ; bos, bttssel, a
giving rise to It. borgese, Fr. bourgeois, bunch, tuft, bundle.
E. burgess, a citizen. Words signifying a lump or protuber-
The origin seems to be the Goth. ance have commonly also the sense of
bairgan, AS. beorgan, to protect, to keep, striking, knocking, whether from the fact
preserve G. bergen, to save, to conceal, that a blow is apt to produce a swelling
;

withhold Dan. bierge, to save Sw. in the body struck, or because a blow
; ;

berga, to save, to take in, to contain. can only be given by a body of a certain
Solen bergas, the sun sets. The primi- mass, as we speak of a thumping potato,
tive idea seems to bring under cover. a bouncing baby ; or perhaps it may be
See Bury, Borrow. that the protuberance is considered as a
Borrel. A
plain rude fellow, a boor. projection, a pushing or striking out. The
— Bailey. Frequently applied to laymen Gael, cnoc, an eminence, agrees with E.
in contradistinction to the more polished knock; while Gael, cnag signifies both a
clergy. knock and a knob ; cnap, a knob, a boss,
But wele I wot as nice fresche and gay a little blow. E. cob, a blow, and also a
Som of hem ben as borel folkis ben.
And that unsittynge is to here degre.
lump or piece. Hal. —
bump is used in A
both senses of a blow and a protuberance.
Occleve in Halliwell.
Bunch, which now signifies a knob, was
The origin of the term is the OFr. formerly used in the sense of knocking.
borel, burel, coarse cloth made of the Du. butsen, botsen, to strike ; butse, botse,
undyed wool of brown sheep, the ordinary a swelling, bump, botch.
dress of the lower orders, as it still is in The origin of boss may accordingly be
parts of Savoy and Switzerland. See found in Bav. huschen, to strike so as to
Bureau. In like manner It. bizocco (from make a hollow sound, to give a hollow
bizo, grey), primarily signifying coarse sound ; boschen, bossen, Du. bosseu. It.
brown cloth, is used in the sense of bussare, Swiss Rom. boussi, bussi, bussa
coarse, clownish, unpolished, rustic, rude. (Bridel), to knock or strike.
— Altieri. So Du. f graauw, the popu- Then from the peculiar resonance of a
lace, from their grey clothing. blow on a hollow object, or perhaps also
To Borrow. Properly to obtain money from looking at the projection from with-
on security, from AS. borg, borh, a. surety, in instead of without, the Sc. boss, bos,
pledge, loan. '
Gif thu feoh io borh bois is used in the sense of hollow, empty,
gesylle,' if thou give money on loan. G. poor, destitute. boss sound, that which A
——
biirge, a surety, bail biirgen, to become is emitted by a hollow body.
; Jam. Bos
a surety, to give bail or answer for an- bucklers, hollow bucklers. D. V. The
other. AS. beorgan, to protect, secure. boss of the side, the hollow between the
Borsholder. Borowholder. — A
head- ribs and the side. Jam. —
borough or chief constable. By the Botany. Gr. ^ma.vr\, a herb, plant,
Saxon laws there was a general system ^oTowi^w, to pick or cull plants, /3oraMK6f,
of bail throughout the country, by which of or belonging to plants, ij |8oraviKi)

; ;

BOTCH BOTTOM 87
(rs^vri understood), the science or know- brigbotam, i. e. burgi vel pontis refectio-
ledge of plants. —
nem, &c. Leg. Canut. AS. bdt, repara-
Botcli. It seems that 3otc/i is a mere tion. See To Bete.
dialectic variation of ioss, as Fr. iosse be-
— —
Both. Boa two. Ancren Riwle, 212.
comes in the Northern dialects ioc^e. AS. Butu, butwo, bativa; OSax. bethia,
Decorde, H^cart. Bochu, bossu, a hump- bide; ON. bAdtr, gen. beggtaj Goth, ba,
back.^Dec. Du. botsen, butsen, to knock, baiothsj Sanscr. ubhau; Lith. abbu, abbu-
to strike ; botse, butse, a knock, contusion ; duj Lett, abbi, abbi-diwij Slavon. oba,
btitse, a bump or swelling, a plague-boil oba-dwaj Lat. ambo. — Dief. Lith. Mudu,
Kil. ; bots, buts, a boil or swelling Hal- — Wedu, we two, Jtidu, Judwi, you two,
ma. Aboil, pimple, blister, was called a Jidwi, they two.
push; what pushes outwards. Hal. And — * To Bother. To confuse with noise,
so we speak of an eruption, of boils break- ixorapudder, pother, noise, disturbance.
ing out.
With the din of which tube my head you so
Onthe other hand, It. boccia, a bubble, bother
by met. any round ball or bowl to play That I scarce can distinguish my right ear from
withal, the bud of a flower ; any kind of t' other.— Swift in R.

plain round vial or cupping glass Fl. ; — Du. bulderen, to rage, bluster, make a
bozza, a pock, blain, botch, bile, or plague
sore ; any plain round viol glass bozzo,
;
disturbance ; G. poltern, to make a noise,
empty or hollow, as a push or windgaU. to do anything with noise and bustle
— Fl. Dan. bulder, noise, turmoil, hurly-burly.
N. potra, putra, to simmer, whisper, mut-
Here the radical image seems a bubble,
ter.
from the dashing of water. Parmesan
poccia, a slop, mess, puddle. It. pozzo, Bott. • A
belly-worm, especially in
pozzanghera, a plash or slough or pitful horses. Gael, botus, a bott ; boiteag, a

of standing waters. Fl. E. dial, to podge, maggot. Bouds, maggots in barley. —
to stir and mix together ; podge, a pit, a Bailey.
cesspool pass, to dash about ; a water- Bottle. I. It. bottigUa, Fr. bouteille,
;

fall.— Hal. dim. of botta, botte, boute, a vessel for


To Botch. The origin of the word is —
holding liquids. Diez. Gael, buideal, a
somewhat puzzling. On the one hand cask, a bottle. See Butt. Bouteille,
however, is also a bubble, and E. bottle is
we have Swiss batscken, batschen, to provincially used in the same sense. Pl.D.
smack, to give a sounding blow, to fall buddeln, to froth as beer ; buddl, a bottle.
with a sound batsch, a lump of some-
: — Danneil. Prov. botola, a. tumour. A
thing soft batsch, a patch
; batschen,
; bubble is often taken as the type of any-
patschen, to botch or patch, to put on a thing round and hollow.
patch. —
Stalder. 2. From Fr. botte, a bunch, bundle, is
On the other hand, corresponding to the dim. botel, boteau, a wisp, bunch.
ON. bcBta, to make better, to mend, to Bret, botel foenn, a bottle of hay. Gael.
patch, we have OHG. buazen, gipuozan, boiteal, boitean, a bundle of straw or hay.
to mend, scuohbuzere, a botcher of shoes, Du. bot, botte, knock, stroke, blow. Kil. —
a cobbler G. biissen, to mend (kettles,
; See Boss.
shoes, nets, &c.) ; kessel-biisser, a tinker Bottom, AS. botm, the lowest part,
schuhbiisser, schuhbosser, bosser, bdsser, a Fyre to botme,' to the fiery
depth. '

cobbler. abyss. —
Csedm. Du. bodem; G. boden ;
Again, the notion of unskilful work is ON. botn, Dan. bund, Lat. fundus. The
commonly expressed by the figure of Gr. j3i/9os, ^kvBoQ, a depth, and ajSvamg,
dabbling in the wet, and thus to botch in an abyss or bottoniless pit, seem develop-
the sense of clumsy working seems con- ments of the same root, another modifi-
nected with Mantuan poccia, a slop, mess, cation of which may be preserved in
puddle ; pocciar, to dip in liquid (to Gael, bun, a root, stock, stump, bottom,
dabble), to work without order or know- foundation; w. bSn, stem or base, stock,
ledge It. bozza, an imperfect and bun-
; butt end. See Bound.
gling piece of work, the first rough draught 2. A bottom is also used in the sense

of any work. Fl. Podge, a pit, a cess- of a ball of thread, whence the name ol
pool to podge, to stir and mix together. theweaverin Midsummer Night's Dream.

;

Hal. See To Bodge. The word bottom or bothum was also used
Bote. House-bote, fire-bote, signify a in OE. for a bud. Both applications are
supply of wood to repair the house, to from the root bot, both, in the sense of
mend the fire. Si quis burgbotam sive projection, round lump, boss. A bottom
— — —
-

88 BOUGH BOUND
of thread, like bobbin, signifies a sliort gest the notion of the continual knock-
thick mass. The W. has hot, a round ing to which they must have been sub-
body both, boss of a buckler, nave of a
; jected.
wheel bothel, pothel, a blister, pimple
; To Boult. See To Bolt, 2.
Richards bothog, round, botwm, a boss,
; To Bounce. Primarily to strike, then
a button; Fr. bouton, a bud. For the to do anything in a violent starthng way,
connection between the sense of a lump to jump, to spring. Bunche, tnndo,tTudo:
or projection and that of striking or — he buncheth me and beateth me he —
thrusting, see Boss. came home with his face all to-bounced,
Bough. The branch of a tree. AS. contusi. —
Pr. Pm.
bog, boh,from bugan, to bow, bend. The sound of a blow is imitated in
Bough-pot, or Bow-pot, a jar to set Pl.D. by Bujns or Buns; whence buj7isen,
boughs in for ornament, as a nosegay. bamsen, bunsen, to strike against a thing
Take care my house be handsome,
' so as to give a dull sound; an de dor
And the new stools set out, and boughs and bunsen, to knock at the door.
rushes Yet still he bet and bounst upon the dore
And flowers for the windows, and the Turkey And thundered strokes thereon so hideously
carpet."
That all the pece he shaked from the flore
'Why would you venture so fondly on the And filled all the house with fear and great up-
strowings. roar.— F. Q.
There's mighty matter in them, I assure you,
And in the spreading of a bough-pot.' An de dor ankloppen dat idt bunset,
B. and F. Coxcomb, iv. 3. to knock till it sounds again. He fult
Bought. — Bout. — Bight.
The dat et bunsede, he fell so that it sounded.
boughts of a rope are the separate folds Hence bunsk in the sense of the E. bounc-
when coiled in a circle, from AS. bugan, ing, thumping, strapping, a? the vulgar
to bow or bend and as the coils come whapper, bumper, for anything large of
;

round and round in similar circles,>a bout, its kind. Een bunsken appel, jungen,'
'

with a slight difference of spelling, is ap- a bouncing apple, baby. Brem. Wtb. — —
plied to the turns of things that succeed Du. bons, a blow, bonzen, to knock.
one another at certain intervals, as a bout Halma. See Bunch.
of fair or foul weather. So It. volta, a To Bound. Fr. bondir, to spring, to
turn or time, an occasion, from volgere, leap. The original meaning is probably
to turn. simply to strike, as that of E. boujtce,
A bight is merely another pronunciation which frequently used in the same
is

of the same word, signifying in nautical sense with bound. The origin seems an
language a coil of rope, the hollow of a imitation of the sounding blow of an
bay. The Bight of Benin, the bay of elastic body, the verb bondir in OFr. and
Benin. Dan. bugt, bend, turn, winding, Prov., and the equivalent bonir in Cata-
gulf, bay. lan, being used in the sense of resound-
* Boulder. —
Boulderstone. Bowlder, ing.
a large stone rounded by the action of No i ausiratz parlar, ni motz brugir,
water, a large pebble. Webster. — Sw. Ni gacha frestelar, ni cor bondir.
You will not hear talking nor a word murmur.
dial. buUersten, the larger kind of pebbles,
in contrast to klappersten, the smaller Nor a centinel whistle, nor horn sound.
Raynouard.
ones. From Sw. bullra, E. dial, bolder,
to make a loud noise, to thunder. A Langued. bounbounejha, to hum; boun-
thundering big one is a common exag-
dina, to hum, to resound.
geration. But as klappersten for the Bound.— Boundary. Fr. boriie, bone, .

smaller pebbles is undoubtedly from the a bound, limit, mere, march.— Cot. Mid.
rattle they make when thrown together, Lat. bodina, butina, bunda, bonna.
probably buller or bolder may represent
'Multi ibi limites quos illi bonnas vocant,
the deeper sound made by the larger suorum recognoverunt agrorum.' 'Alo-
stones when rolling in a stream. dus sic est circumcinctus et divisus per
bodinas fixas et loca designata.'— Charter
It was an awful sight to see the Visp roaring
of K. Robert to a monastery in Poitou.
under one of the bridges that remained, and to
hear the groans and heavy thuds of the boulders Ducange. Bodinare, debodinare, to set
that were being hurried on and dashed against out by metes and bounds. Probably from

each other by the torrent. Bonny, Alpine Re- the Celtic root bon, bun, a stock, bottom,
gions, p. 136. root (see Bottom). Bret, mcn-bomi, a
Even in the absence of actual e.xperience boundary stone (men =
stone); bonndn,
of such sounds as the foregoing, the to set bounds, to fix limits. The entire
rounded shape of the stones would sug- value of such bounds depends upon their
; ;

BOUND BOW 89
fixedness. Gael, bunaiteach, steady, firm, buzzing of bees. Cot. Sp. bordon, the —
fixed. It is remarkable that we find vary- bass of a stringed instrument, or of an
nearly the same variation in the mode of organ. Gael, burdan, a humming noise,
spelling the word iox bound, as was for- the imitative character of which is sup-
merly shown in the case of bottom, which ported by the use of durdan in the same
was also referred to the same Celtic root. sense durd, to hum as a bee, to mutter.
;

Bound. —
Eown. The meaning of Bourdon. Borden. Fr. bourdon, a. —
bound, when we speak of. a ship bound pilgrim's staff, the big end of a club, a
for New York, is, prepared for, ready to pike or spear ; bourdon d'un moulin k
go to, addressed to. vent, a mill-post. Cot. Prov. bordo, a —
He of adventure happed hire to mete staff, crutch, cudgel, lance; It. bordone,
Amid the toun right in the quikkest strete a staff, a prop.
As she was toun to go the way forth right Bourn, i. limit. A
Fr. ^<7r«i?, a cor-

Toward the garden. Chaucer in R. ruption of bonne, identical with E. bound,
It is the participle past buinn, pre- which see.
pared, ready, of the ON. verb bua, to pre- 2. Sc. burn, a brook; Goth, brunna, a
pare, set out, address. spring, Du. borne, a well, spring, spring-
Bounty. Fr. bontS, Lat. bonitas, from water; Gael, biirn, fresh* water. .See
bonus, good. Burgeon.
Bourd. A
jest, sport, game. Imme- * To Bouse. Du. buizen, Swiss
diately from Fr. bourde in the same sense, bausen, to take deep draughts, drink deep,
and that probably from a Celtic root. to tope. G. bausen, pausen, patesten, to
Bret, bourd, deceit, trick, joke; Gael. swell, puff out. Sw. pusta, to take breath.
burd, burt, mockery, ridicule buirte, a ;
Perhaps the radical meaning of the word
jibe, taunt, repartee. As the Gael, has may be, like quaff, to draw a deep breath.
also buirleadh, language of folly or ridi- So Sc. sotich, souf, to draw a deep breath,
cule, it is probable that the It. burlare, G. saufen, to drink deep.
to banter or laugh at, must be referred to The foregoing derivation seems, on the
the same root, according to the well- whole, more probable than the one for-
known interchange of d and /. merly given from Du. buyse, a. flagon,
The notion of deceiving or making a whence buysen, to drink deep, to indulge
fool of one is often expressed by reference in his cups ; buys, drunken.
to some artifice employed for diverting
his attention, whether by sound or gesti-
We shule preye the hayward honi to our hous^
Drink to him dearly of full good bous.
culation. Thus we speak of humming Man in the Moon.
one for deceiving him, and in the same
Comp. Du. kroes, a cup kroesen, to tope
;
way to bam is to make fun of one ; a
W. pot, a pot, potio, to tipple.
ba7n, a false tale or jeer — Hal. ; from Du.
Bow. G. bug, curvature, bending,
bommen, to hum. Now we shall see in bending of a joint knie-bug, schenkel-
;
the next article that the meaning of the
bug, schulter-bug. When used alone it
root bourd is to hum. Gael, burdan, a
commonly signifies the shoulder-joint,

humming noise Macleod; a sing-song, explaining Sw. bog, Dan. bov, shoulder

a jibe Shaw bururus, warbling, purl-
;
of a quadruped bovblad, shoulder-blade.
;
ing, gurgling. Bav. burreti, brummen,
It isprobably through this latter signifi-
sausen, brausen, to hum, buzz, grumble
cation, and not in the sense of curvature
Sw. purra, to take one in, to trick, to
in general, that ON. bogr, Sw. bog, Dan.
cheat.
Bourdon. —
Burden. Bourdon, the
bov, are applied to the bow of a ship, in
Fr. epaule du vaisseau, the shoulder of
drone of a bagpipe, hence musical ac- the vessel.
companiment, repetition of sounds with or A different modification gives ON. bdgi,
without sense at the end of stated divi-
sions of a song, analogous to Fr. tinton, Sw. bage, Dan. bue, G. bogen, an arch,
the ting of a bell, the burden of a song. bending, bow to shoot with. w. bwa,
—Cot. Gael, bogha, a bow.
Corresponding verbal forms are Goth.
And there in mourning spend their time
biugan, on. buga, beygja, AS. bugan,
-With "wailful tunes, while wolves do howl and
barke beogan, Du. buigen, g. biegen, to bow,
And seem to bear a bourdon to their plaint. bend Sw. btiga, to bow or incline the
;

Spenser in R. head ON. bogna, bugna, Sw. bagna,


;

Fr. bourdon, a drone of a bagpipe, a bugna, Dan. bovne, bugne, to bulge, bend,
drone or dor-bee, also the humming or belly out.
;;

90 BOWELS BOX
would seem that the notion of a a round vessel for drink. Sp. bola, a ball,
It
bent or rounded object must be attained bowl.
antecedent to the more abstract concep- The sense of a globular form is pro-
tion of the act of bending. The foregoing bably taken from the type of a bubble as
forms may accordingly be derived with in other cases. Thus we have Esthon.
much plausibility from the figure of a pul, a bubble Fin. pullo, a drop of ;

bubble, signified by forms like Gael. water pullistaa, to puff up pullakka,


; ;

bolg, Pol. bulka, or, with inversion of the round, swoUei) pulli, a round glass or ;

liquid, Fr. boucle, Sw. dial, bogla, W. bog- flask Lat. bulla, a iDubble, a thing of
;

fyn,\s.ige\y illustrated under Bulk, Buckle. similar shape, a stud, boss, knob It. ;

From the former modification we have bolla, a bubble, blister, round glass phial,
ON. bolgna, to puff up, swell, passing on stud, boss; ON. ^o/a, a bubble bolli,a.cup ;

the one hand by the loss of the g into Pl.D. bol, globular, spherical Du. bol, ;

Dan. bulne, OE. bolne, to swell, and on swollen, puffy, hollow, convex, a ball, a
the other by the loss of the / into ON. globe or spherical body, the head, the
bogna, bugna, to bulge, bow, give in to, crown of a hat, bulb of an onion bolle- ;

yield. From the other form are G. buckel, ken, the boll or round seed-vessel of flax ;

a protuberance, a hump on the back Bav. bollen, globular body, round bead,
;

sich aiifbuckeln (Schm.), to raise the back boll of flax rossbollen, horsedung ; ;

like a cat then by the loss of the /, Bav. mausbollelein, mousedung


;
OHG. bolla, ;

bucken, to bend down, to bow buck, a polla, bulla in aqua, folliculus


; hirni- ;

bending, prominence, hill. G. biicken, polla, MHO.


hirnbolla, the skull or brain-
Sw. bucka, bocka, Dan. bukke, to stoop, pan ; bolle, a bud, a wine-can ; AS. bolla,
bow, make obeisance. Du. zich onder a pot, bowl ; heafod bolla, the head.
jemand buigen, to yield to one, to buckle A similar series of designations from
under to him. G. buckelig gehen, to stoop the image of a bubble may be seen in
in walking ; a bow.
biickling,The / Fin. ku^o, a bubble, boil, tumour ; kup-
appears in a different position in ODu. ula, kuppelo, a ball ; kupu, the crop of a
bulcken, inclinare se (Kil.), as in E. bulk bird, belly, head of a cabbage, wisp of
compared with Sw. buk, Dan. bug, con- straw ; kupukka, anything globular. See
vexity, belly, or in e. bulge, compared Bulk.
with Fr. bouge, belly of a cask. w. bog, Box. A
hollow wooden case, as well
a swelling or rising up. Sanscr. bhuj, as the name of a. shrub whose wood is
to bend, to make crooked ; (in pass .) to peculiarly adapted for turning boxes and
incline oneself ; bhugna, bent, crooked. similar objects. AS. box in both senses.
The same line of derivation seems re- Gr. iri'iaQ, the box-tree, ttuJic, a box Lat. ;

peated in Magy. bugy, representing the buxus, the box-tree and articles made of
sound of bubbling or guggling ; bugyni, it ; G. biichse, a box, the barrel of a gun,
bugyani, to bubble up, stream forth ;
buchsbaum, the box-tree It. bosso, box- ;

bugyogni, to guggle, bubble, spring as tree, bossola, a box, hollow place Fr. ;

water bugya, a boil, tumour, lump ;


; buis, Bret, beuz, Bohem. pusspan, box-
buga, bugyola, a knot, a bundle. tree pusska, a box.
;

* Bowels. budello, buello, OFr.


It. Du. busse, a box, busskai, a little box
boel, gut, bowel Bret, bouzellou, bouellou,
; PLD. biisse, biiske. Hence, witli an in-
bowels. Lat. botulus, a. sausage. version of the s and k, as in AS. acsian, E.
Fr. boudin, a black pudding, the bowel ask, we arrive at the e. box, without the
of an animal stuffed with blood and need of resorting to an immediate deriva-
grits. tion from the Latin.
The word may probably be identical The box of a coach is commonly ex-
with Fris. budel, Du. hiidel, G. beutel, a plained as if it had foiTnerly been an ac-
sack, purse, pocket. See Boil. tual box, containing the implements for
Bower, ne. boor, a parlour. Hal. — keeping the coach in order. It is more
ON. bur, a separate apartment ; utibur, an probably from the G. bock, signifying in
outhouse AS. bur, a chamber swefnbur,
; ; the first instance a buck or he-goat, then
a sleeping-room ; cumena-bur, guest- applied in general to a trestle or support
chamber ; fata-bur, a wardrobe ; Sw. upon which an) thing rests, and to a coach-
honse-bur, a hen-coop ; W. bwr, an in- box in particular. See Crab, Cable. In
closure, intrenchment, bwra, a croft by a like manner the Pol. koziel, a buck, is
house. applied to a coach-box, while the plural

Bowl. Boll. Fr. ^o«/«, a bowl, in both ^o^/y is used in the sense of asawing-
senses, of a wooden ball to play with and block, trestle, painter's easel, &c.
; — — ;;

BOX BRACKET 91
To Box. To fight with the fists. From You may find time in eternity,
the Dan. bask, a sounding blow, baske, Deceit and violence in heavenly justice
Ere stain ot brack in her sweet reputation.
to slap, thwack, flap, by the same in-
B. and F.
version of J and k, as noticed under Box.
G. brechen, to break (sometimes also
It is plainly an imitative word, parallel
used in the sense of failing, as die Augen
with OK. posh, to Swiss batschen,
strike.
brechen ihm, his eyes are failing him),
to smack the hand batschen, to give a
;
gebrechen, to want, to be wanting; want,
loud smack, to fall.with a noise. Heligo-
need, fault, defect Du. braecke, ghebreck, ;
land batsken, to box the ears. Lett.
bauksch represents the sound of a blow ;
breach, want, defect. Kil. AS. brec, —
Pl.D. brek, want, need, fault ; ON. brek,
baukscheht, to give a sounding blow
buksteht, to give a blow with the fists.
defect. On the same principle from the
break, to burst,
Boy. G. bube, Swiss bub, bue. Swab. ON. bresta, to crack, to
is derived brestr, a crack, flaw, defect,
buah, a grown youth Cimbr. pube, boy,;
moral or physical.
youth, unmarried man ; Swiss Rom.
boubo, bouibo, boy bouba, bou^ba, little
;
Brack. Brackish. Water rendered —
unpalatable by a mixture of salt. One
girl. Lat. pupus, a boy pupa, a girl, a
of the numerous cases in which we have
;

doU.
to halt between two derivations.
To Brabble. A
variation of babble,
Gael, bracha, suppuration, putrefaction
representing the confused sound of simul-
brach shuileach, lalear-eyed Prov. brae,
taneous talking. In like manner the It. ;

pus, matter, mud, filth ; el brae e la or-


has bulicame and brulicame, a bubbling
dura del mun, the filth and ordure of the
motion Fr. boussole, Sp. bruxula, a com-
;

pass Fr. boiste, Prov. brostia, a box.


;

world Rayn. It. braco, brago, a bog or ;

brae, braic, bray, mud;


Du. brabbelen, to stammer, jabber,, con- puddle; OFr.
fuse, disturb, quarrel Bohem. breptati, Rouchi
;
breuque, mud, clay. Hdcart. —
to stutter, murmur, babble.
Then as an adj., Prov. brae, bragos, OFr.
Brace. The different meanings of the brageux, foul, dirty. La ville ou y avait '

word brace may all be reduced to the idea eaues et sourses moult
brageuses.' Mon- —
of straining, compressing, confining, bind-
strelet in Rayn. Thus brack, which sig-
nifies in the first instance water contami-
ing together, from a root brak, which has
many representatives in the other Europe- nated by dirt, might easily be applied to
water spoilt for drinking by other means,
an languages. See Brake.
To brace is to draw together, whence a as by a mixture of sea water.
But upon the whole I am inclined to
bracing air, one which draws up the
think that the application to water con-
springs of life ; a pair of braces, the bands
taminated with salt is derived from the
which hold up the trowsers. brace on A
and Du. brack, wnzC/J, refuse, damaged
board a ship, It. braca, is a rope holding G.
dicitur de mercibus quibusdam minus
up a weight or resisting a strain. A brace
is also a pair of things united together in
probis. Kil. —
Brak-goed, merces sub-
mersae, salo sive aqua marinS. corruptse.
the first instancebya physical tie, and then
merely in our mode of considering them.
Kil. —
Pl.D. brakke grund, land spoilt
Bracelet. Bracelet, an ornamental
by an overflow of sea water; Du. brakke
band round the wrist ; bracer, a guard to torf, turf made
offensive by a mixture of
sulphur (where the meaning would well
protect the arm of an archer from the
agree with the sense of the Gael, and
string of his bow. Fr. brasselet, a brace-
let, wristband, or bracer Cot. —
OFr. Prov. root); wrack, brack, acidus, salsus.
Kil.
;
See Broker. —
brassard, Sp. bracil, armour for the arm,
from bras, the arm.
From the sense of water unfit for drink-
Brach, Prov. brae, bracon, braquet, Fr. ing from a mixture of salt, the word
passed on to signify salt water in general,
braque, bracket, Sp. Ptg. braco, It. bracco,
and the diminutive brackish was appro-
a setter, spaniel, beagle, dog that hunts by
scent. MHG. bracke, s. s., dog in general; priated to the original sense.
ON. rakki, dog Sw. rakka, bitch Du.
;
The entrellis eik far in the fludis brake
;
I sal slyng.— D. V. in R.
rakke, whelp as. race, OE. ratch, rack,
;

scenting dog, odorinsecus. Pr. Pm. —


Bracket. A bracket is properly a
Brack. A
breach, flaw, or defect, cramp-iron holding things together ; then
from break. Fr. briche, a brack or breach a stand cramped to a wall." Brackets in
in a wall, &c. Cot. — printing are claws holding together an
Floods drown no fields before theyfind a brack. isolated part of the text. Fr. brague, a
Mirror for Mag. in R, mortise for holding things together
—— ;; . — ;

92 BRAG BRAKE
Cot. Piedm. braga, an iron for holding Hire mouth was sweet as traket or the meth.
or
;

binding anything together. Zalli. — Chaucer.


from
From brake in the sense of constraining. From W. brag, malt, and that
See Brace, Brake. sprouted corn.
bragio, to sprout ; i. e.


To Brag. ^Brave. Primarily to crack, To Braid. See Bray.
Brail. To Brail. —
From Fr. braies,
to make a noise, to thrust oneself on
people's notice by noise, swagger, boast- breeches, drawers, was formed brayele,
ing, or by gaudy dress and show. Fr. brayete, the bridge or part of the breeches
braguer, to flaunt, brave, brag or jet it joining the two legs. slight modifica- A
braguard, gay, gallant, flaunting, also tion of this was brayeul, the feathers
braggard, bragging. Cot. —
ON. braka, about the hawk's fundament, called by our
Dan. brag, crack, crash ON. braka, to falconers the brayle in a short-winged,
;

crash, to crack, also insolenter se gerere and the pannel in a long-winged hawk.
Haldorsen Gael.i5nz^,%,aburst,explosion;
;
Cot. From brayel, or from braie itself, is
bragaireachd, empty pride, vain glory, also derived Fr. dhbrailler, to unbrace or
boasting Bret, braga, se pavaner, let down the breeches, the opposite of
;

marcher d'une maniire fifere, se donner which, brailler (though it does not appear
trop de licence, se parer de beaux habits. in the dictionaries), would be to brace, to
Langued. bragd, to strut, to make osten- tie up. Rouchi brMer, to cord a bale of
tation of his equipage, riches, &c. Swiss goods, to fasten the load of a waggon
Rom. braga, vanter une chose.^Vocab. —
with ropes. Hecart.
de Vaud. Lith. braszketi, to rattle, be Hence E. brails, the thongs of leather
noisy ; Fris. braske, to shout, cry, make a by which the pen-feathers of a hawk's
noise ; Dan. braske, to boast or brag. wing were tied up ; to brail up a sail, to
In like manner to crack is used for tie it up like the wing of a hawk, in order

boasting, noisy ostentation. to prevent its catching the wind.


Brain. AS. braegenj Du. breghe,
But thereof set the miller not a tare
He cracked host and swore it nas nat breghen, breyne.
so.
Chaucer. —
Brake. Bray. The meanings of
brake are very numerous, and the deriva-
Brag was then used in the sense of
tion entangled with influences from differ-
brisk, proud, smart.
Seest thou thilk same hawthorn stud
ent sources. A
brake is,
How iragly it begins to bud.- Shepherd's Cal.— 1 Abit for horses a wooden frame in
;

which the feet of vicious horses are con-


Equivalent forms are Gael, breagh, fine, fined in shoeing an old instrument of
;

well-dressed, splendid, beautiful, Sc. bra!, torture ; an inclosure for cattle ; a car-
braw, Bret, brao, brav, gayly dressed, riage for breaking in horses ; an instru-
handsome, fine. ment for checking the motion of a wheel
Thus we are brought to the OE. brave, a mortar a baker's kneading trough an ; ;

finely dressed, showy bravery, finery. ;


instrument for dressing flax or hemp a
From royal court I lately came (said he) harrow. — Hal. ;

Where all the braverie that eye may see 2. A bushy a bottom overgrown
spot,
Is to be found. —Spenser in R. with thick tangled brushwood.
Thesense of courageous comes imme- 3. The plant y^r«.
diately from the notion of bragging and The meanings included under the first
boasting. Gael, brabhdair, a noisy talk- head are all reducible to the notion of
ative fellow, blusterer, bully ; brabhdadh, constraining, confining, compressing, sub-
idle talk, bravado j Fr. bravache, a roist- duing, and it is very likely that the root
erer, swaggerer, bravacherie, boasting, brak,hy which this idea is con\eyed, is
vaunting, bragging of his own valour. identical with Gael, brae, w. braicli, Lat.
Cot. It. h-avare and Fr. braver, to swag- brachittm, the arm, as the type of exertion
ger, affront, flaunt in fine clothes ; Sp. and strength. It is certain that the word
bravo, bullying, hectoring, brave, valiant for arm is, in numerous dialects, used in
sumptuous, expensive, excellent, fine. Fr. the sense of force, power, strength. Thus
brave, brave, gay, fine, gorgeous, gallant Bret, breach,^ Sp. brazo, Walloon bress,
(in apparel) also proud, stately, brag-
; Wallachian bratsou, Turk bazu are used
gard also valiant, stout, courageous,
; in both senses.
that will carry no coals. Faire le brave, It will be found in the foregoing ex-
to stand upon terms, to boast of his own amples that brake is used almost exactly
worth. Cot. — in the sense of the Lat. subigere, express-
Bragget. Sweet wort i ing any kind of action by which some-
— ;

BRAKE 93

thing is to external force,


subjected el arco, to bend a bow, Fr. braquer un
brought under control, reduced to a con- canon, to bend or direct a cannon. The
dition in which it is serviceable to our same name is given to the handle of a
wants, or the instrument by which the ship's pump, the member by which the
action is exerted. force of the machine is exerted. It. braca;
ON. braka, subigere, to subdue. In a brace on board a ship.
this sense must be explained the expres- Brake. 2. In the sense of a thicket,
sion of breaking ^horses, properly brak- cluster of bushes, bush, there is consider-
ing or subduing them. To the same able difficulty in the derivation. The
head must be referred brake, a horse's equivalent word in the other Teutonic
bit, It. ^raca, a horse's twitch. P&.bracan, dialects is frequently made to signify a
to pound, to knead or mix up in a mortar, marsh or swamp. Du. broeck, Pl.D.
to rub, farinam in mortario subigere; Sp. brook, a fen, marsh, low wet land G. ;

bruch, a marsh, or a wood in a marshy


bregar, to exert force in different ways,
to bend a bow, to row, to stiffen against place ; brook, grassy place in a heath —
difficulties (se raidir centre Taboada), — Overyssel Almanach NE. brog, a swampy
or bushy place Hal. —
;

Mid. Lat. bro-


to knead ; Prov. brega, Corrfeze bredgea, ;

bredza, to rub (as in washing linen gilum, broilium, brolium, nemus, sylva
Beronie), Fr. broyer, to bray in a mortar. aut saltus in quo ferarum venatio exer-
The Fr. broyer is also used for the dress- cetur. — Due. OFr. brogille, bregille,

ing of flax or hemp, passing it through a broil, broillet, breuil, copse-wood, cover
brake or frame consisting of boards loosely for game, brambles, brushwood. G. dial.

locking into each other, by means of gebroge, gebrUche, a brake, thicket.


which the fibre is stripped from the stalk Inquirers have thus been led in two di-
or core, and brought into a serviceable rections, the notion of wetness leading
condition. As there is so much of actual some to connect the word with E. brook,
breaking in the operation, it is not sur- a stream, Gr. iSpsx"; t° moisten, and Lat.
prising that the word has here, as in the riguus, watered, while others have con-
case of horse-breaking, been confounded sidered the fundamental signification to
with the verb break, to fracture. We be broken ground, with the bushes and
have thus Du. braecken het vlasch, fran- tangled growth of such places.

gere linum. Biglotton. Fr. briser, con- The latter supposition has a remark-
able confirmation in the Finnish lan-
casser le \va. So in G. flachs brechen,
while in other dialects the words are kept guages, where from Esthon. tnurdma, to
distinct. Pl.D. braken, Dan. brage, to break, is formed murd, gebiisch, gebroge,
break flax PLD. braeken, Dan. brcekke, to
;
a thicket, brake, bush, pasture, quarry
break or fracture. It is remarkable that from Fin. murran, murtaa, to break,
the term for braking flax in Lith. is
murrokko, sylva ubi arbores sunt vento
diffractae et transversim coUapsae, multi-
braukti, signifying to sweep, to brush, to
strip. The ON. brak is a frame in which tudo arborum vel nemorum diffractorum
skins are worked backwards and forwards et collapsorum. And this probably was
through a small opening, for the purpose the original meaning of G. bruch, ge-
of incorporating them with the grease
brUche, gebroge, e. brog or brake. A
employed as a dressing. Swiss Rom. break of such a kind, or overthrow of
brego, a spinning-wheel. —
Voc. de Vaud. trees by the wind, is most likely to take
place in low wet ground where their
In like manner Lat. subigere is used for
roots have less hold, and when once
any kind of dressing.
thrown down, in northern climates, they
Sive rudem primes lanam glomerabat in usus
stop the flow of water and cause the
Seu digitis subigebat opiis. —Ovid. growth of peat and moss. Thus the
In the case of the ne. brake, Gael. word, which originally designated a
braca,a harrow, Dan. brage, to harrow broken mass of wood, might come to
(Lat. glebas subigere, segetes subigere ara- signify a swamp, as in Du. and G., as
tris),the notion of breaking down the well as in the case of the e. brog above
clods again comes to perplex our deriva- mentioned. A
brake is explained in
tion. Palmer's Devonshire Glossary as a bot- '

In other cases the idea of straining or tom overgrown with thick tangled brush-
exerting force is more distinctly preserved. wood.' It. fratto, broken fratta, any ;

Thus the term brake was applied to the thicket of brakes, brambles, bushes, or
handle of a cross-bow, the lever by which briers. — Fl.
the string was drawn up, as in Sp. bregar Brake. —Bracken. 3. It may be sus-
94 BRAMBLE BRAND
pected that brake, in the sense oi fern, is growth, as AS. broembel-CBppel, the thorn
a secondary application of the word in apple or stramonium, a plant bearing a
the sense last described, that is to say, fruit covered with spiky thorns, and in
that it may be so named as the natural Chaucer it is used of the rose.
growth of brakes and bushy places. It And swete as is the bramble flower
is certain that we find closely-resembling

That beareth the red hepe. Sir Topaz.
forms applied to several kinds of plants AS. Thornas and bremelas, thorns and
the natural growth of waste places and briars. Gen. iii. 1 8.
such as are designated by the term Bran. Bret, brenn, w. bran. It. brenna,
brake, bruch, &c. Thus we have w. brenda, Fr. bran. The fundamental sig-
bruk, heath ON. brok, sedge burkni,
; ; nification seems preserved in Fr. bren,
Dan. bregne, bracken or fern ; Port. excrement, ordure ; Rouchi bren d'orMe,
brejo, sweet broom, heath, or ling, also a ear-wax berneux, snotty ; Russ. bren,
;

marshy low ground or fen ; Grisons mud, dirt ; Bret, brenn hesken, the refuse
bruch, heath. or droppings of the saw, sawdust. Bran
It may be however that the relationship is the draff or excrement of the com,
runs in the opposite direction, and E. what is cast out as worthless.
brake, brog, G. bruch, gebroge, gebriiche, lis ressemblent le buretel
&c., may be so called in analogy with Selonc I'Eoriture Divine
Bret, brugek, a heath, from brug, bruk, Qui giete la blanche farine
heath, or with It. brughera, thick brakes
Fors de lui et retient le bren. —Ducange.
of high-grown ferns (Flor.), as places So Swiss gaggi, chaff, from gaggi,
overgrown with brakes or fern, heath cack. Gael, brein, breun, stink ; breanan,
(Bret, bruk, brug), broom, or other plants a dunghill, w. brwnt, nasty.
of a like nature. The relation of brake Branch. —
Brank. We have seen
to bracken may originally have been that under Brace and Brake many instances
of the Bret, brug, heath, to -brugen, a of the use of the root brak in the sense
single plant of heath. See Brush. of strain, constrain, compress. The na-

Bramble. Broom, as. bretnel, Pl.D. salisation of this root gives a form brank
brummelj Du. braeme, breme j Sw.G. in the same sense. Hence the Sc. brank,
bro7n, bramble Du. brem, brom, broem,
; a bridle or bit ; to brank, to bridle, to
Pl.D. braam, G. brarn, also pfriemkraut, restrain. The witches' branks was an
pfriemen, broom, the leafless plant of iron bit for torture ; Gael, brang, brancas,
which besoms are made. a halter. The same form becomes in It.
It will be found that shrubs, bushes, branca, branchia, the fang or claw of a
brambles, and waste growths, are looked beast brancaglie, all manner of gripings
;

on in the first instance as a collection of and clinchings among masons and car-
;

twigs or shoots, and are commonly de- penters, all sorts of fastening together of
signated from the word signifying a twig. stonework or timber with braces of lead
Thus in Lat. from virga, a rod or twig, or iron. —
Florio. Brancare, to gripe, to
virgultum, a shrub ; from Servian pnit, clutch. Then by comparison with claws
a roA, prufye, a shrub from Bret, brous,
; or arms, Bret, brank, It. branco, Fr.
a bud, and thence a shoot, brouskoad, branche, the branch of a tree.
bruskoad, brushwood, wood composed of Brand, i. A mark made by burning.
twigs. Bav. brass, brosst, a shoot, Serv. G. brandmurk, brandiiialil, from brand,
hrst, young sprouts, Bret, broust, hallier, burning brennen, to burn. 2. As ON.
;

buisson fort epais, a thick bush, ground brandr, G. brand, a burning fragment of
full of briers, thicket of brambles —Cot. ; wood. A
sword is called a ^ra«rf because
Fr. broussaille, a briery plot. In like it when waved about like a flam-
glitters
manner the word bramble is from Swiss ing torch. The Cid's sword on the same
brom, a bud, young twig {brom-beisser, principle was named iizS, from Lat.
the bull-finch, E. bud-biter or bud-bird— titio, a firebrand. Diez. —
Halliwell) ; Grisons brumbcl, a bud It.; The from brenneti, to burn
deri\'ation
bromboli, broccoli, cabbage sprouts —
Fl. ;
would leave nothing to be desired if the
Piedm. bronbo, a vine twig Bav. pfropf,
;
foregoing meanings stood alone. But we
a shoot or twig. find It. brano, brandello, apiece orbit-
The pointed shape of a young shoot brandone, a large piece of anything
a
led to the use of tlie G. pfriem in the torch or firebrand; Fr. brin, a
small
sense of an awl, and the word bramble piece of anything; brin d. brin
(as It
Itself ^vas applied in a much wider sense bmno a brano), bit by bit,
piecemeal
;"

than it is at present to any thorny brindelles, the twigs of a besom •


on
.

BRANDISH ERASE 95
brandr, N. brand, a stick, stake, billet, as Thus was this usurper's faction trangled, then
again by
well as the blade of a sword. Thus the bound up again, and afterward divided
brand in ON. eldibrandr, E. firebrand, Jam.
want of worth in Baliol their head. Hume in —
might signify merely a piece of wood or
billet, and in the sense of a sword-blade
To embrangle, to confuse, perplex, con-
might be explained from its likeness to a found. The sense of a quarrel may be
stick. The corresponding form in Gael, is
derived from the idea of confusion, or in
bntan, a fragment, morsel, splinter, which that sense brangle may be a direct imita-
with an initial s becomes spruan, brush- tion of the noise of persons quarrelling,
wood, fire-wood. So. brane-wood, fire-
as a nasalised form of the Piedm. bragale\
wood, not, as Jamieson explains it, from to vociferate, make an outcry.
AS. bryne, incendium, but from the fore-

Brase. Braser. Brasil. —
To brase
going brano, brin, bruan. meat is to pass it over hot coals a ;

braser, a pan of hot coals. It. bracea,


Quhyn thay had beirit lyk baitit bullis,
And brane-^wod brynt in bailis. bracia, bragia, Fr. braise. Port, braza,
live coals, glowing embers ; brazeiro, a
To Brandish.^Brandle. To brand- pan of coals.
ish, to make shine with shaking, to shake
The word brisil, brasil, was in use
to and fro in the hand. — Bailey. Fr.
before the discovery of America in the
brandir, to hurl with great force, to make
sense of a bright red dye, the colour of
a thing shake by the force it is cast with, braise or hot coals, and the name
of
to shine or glister with a gentle shaking
Brazil was given because a dyewood,
;

brandiller, to brandle, shake, totter, also


supplying a more convenient source of
to glisten or flash. —
Cot.
the colour than hitherto known, was
Commonly explained from the notion found there. ' A
qual agora se chama —
of waving a brand or sword. But this is
do Brasil por caso do pao vermilho que
too confined an origin for so widely-spread
della vem which at present is called
:
'
a word. Manx bransey, to dash, Rouchi
Brasil on account of the red wood which
bra?ier, Bret, bransella, Fr.
branler, to shake.
bransler,
comes from thence. De Goes, Chron. —
de Don Emanuel in Marsh. The name
Brandy. Formerly brandy-wine, Du.
of Santa Cruz having been originally
brand-wijn, brandende wijn, aqua ardens,
given to the country, De Barros considers

vinum ardens. Kil. The inflammable it an eminent triumph _of the devil that
spirit distilled from wine. Du. brandigh,
the name of that holy wood should have
flagrans, urens. — Kil. G. branntweinj
been superseded by the name of a wood
i. e. gebrannter wein, distilled wine, from
used in dyeing cloths.
brennen, to burn, to distil ; weinbrenner,
In the Catalonian tarifs of the 13th
—M
distiller. arsh
century the word is very common in the
Brangle. This word has two senses,
forms brasil, brazil, bresil.
apparently very distinct from each other,
Ija. ai-jou molt garance et waide
though it is not always easy to draw an Et bresil et alun et grains
undoubted line between them, ist, to Dont jou gaaing mes dras et laine.
scold, to quarrel, to bicker —
Bailey, and Michel. Chron. du Roi Guill. d'Angl, in Marsh.
2nd, as Fr. brandiller, to brandle or Diez seems to put the cart before the
brandish. The It. brandolare is ex- horse in deriving the word from ON.
plained by Florio, to brangle, to shake, brasa, to braze or lute, to solder iron. It
to shog, to totter. is more likely derived from the roaring
The tre brangillis, hoisting to the fall, sound of flame. G. brausen, prasseln, to
With top trimbling, and branchis shaiand all.
roar, to crackle ; AS. brastlian, to brustle,
D. V. 59. so.
crackle, bum. Lye. —
Sw. brasca, faire
In this application the word seems fracas, to make display ; Milan, brascct,
direct from the Fr, branler, the spelling to kindle, set on fire. Diez. Gris. brasca, —
with ng (instead of the nd in brandle) sparks. Sw. brasa, to blaze, also as a
being an attempt to represent the nasal noun, a roaring fire. Fr. embraser, to
sound of the Fr. n. In the same way the set on fire ; WaUon. bruzi, braise, hot
Fr. bransle, a round dance, became ashes Pied, brus^. It. bruciare, Fr.
;

brangle or brawl in E. It.


; branla, a brusler, briiler, to burn. E. brustle, to
French brawl or brangle. Fl. — crackle, to make a noise like straw or
From the sense of shaking probably small wood in burning, to rustle. Halli- —
arose that of throwing into disorder, put- well. Fr. bruire, to murmur, make a
ting to confusion. noise, and bruir, brouir, to burn. —
96 BRASS BRAY
Roquefort. 'E tut son corps arder et rampire on board a ship.^ — Sverris Saga,
bruir.' — Rayn. 275.
Brass. —^Bronze.AS. brces, from being Then as parapets and battlements
used in the brazing or soldering of iron. naturally took the shape of projections on
ON. bras, solder, especially that used in the top of a building, the term bretesche
the working of iron ; at brasa, ferrumi- was applied to projecting turrets or the
nare, to solder. The verb is probably like beyond the face of the wall.
derived from the brase, or glowing coals Un possesseur d'un heritage ne pent faire —
over which the soldering is done ; Fr. ireiesques, boutures, saillies, ni autres choses sur
braser Fargent, le repasser un peu sur la la rue au prejudice de ses voisins. Due. —
braise. —
Cot. The same correspondence Now this precisely the ordinary
is
is seen between It. bronze, burning coals, sense of the E. bartisan; ' the small over-
bronzacchiare, to carbonado, as rashers hanging turrets which project from the
upon quick burning coals, bronzare, to angles or the parapet on the top of a
braze, to copper, and bronzo, brass, pan- tower.' —Hal.
metal. —
Florio. That the town colours be put upon the ber-
—-Jam.
Brat. A
rag, a contemptuous name tisene of the steeple.
for a young child. —
Bailey. AS. brat, a The word also used in the sense of
is
cloak, a clout. W. brat, a rag. Gael. a fence of stone or wood. Jam. Sup. It
brat, a mantle, apron, cloth; bratach, a may accordingly be explained as a cor-
banner. A
brat is commonly used for a ruption oi bratticing,brettysing, bartising,
child's pinafore in many parts of Eng- equivalent to the Du. borderinge, coas-
land. P1.D. slakker-bortchen, a slabber- satio, contignatio. Kil. —
ing-bib. For the application to a^child Brave. See Brag.
compare Bret, trul, pil, a rag ; trulen or Brawl. I. A land of dance. Fr.
pilen (in the feminine form), a contempt- bransle, branle, from branler, to shake.
uous name for a woman, a slut. So also See Brandish, Brangle.
Lap. slibro, a rag ; neita slibro {neita, 2. A dispute or squabble. Certainly
girl),a little girl. from the confused noise, whether con-

Brattice. Bartizan. A
brattice is a tracted from brabble, as scrawl from
fence of boards in a mine or round dan- scrabble, or whether it be from Fr. brailler,
gerous machinery, from Sc. bred, G. brett, frequentative of braire, to cry, as criailler
Du. berd, a plank or board, as lattice, a of crier. Swiss bradle, deblaterare, brad-
frame of laths, from Fr. lat'te, a lath. lete, strepitus linguarum. — Deutsch.
A bretise or bretage is
then a parapet, Mundart. 2. 368. Dan. bralle, to talk
in the first instance of boards, and in a much and high ; at bralle op, to scold
latinised shape it is applied to any boarded and make a disturbance vraale, to ;

structure of defence, a wooden tower, a bawl, squall, Gael, braodhlach,


roar.
parapet, a. testudo or temporary roof to brawhng, noise,
discord; braoilich, a
cover an attack, &c. Sc. brettys, a forti- loud noise. The term brawl is also ap-
fication. —^Jam.propugnaculum.
Betrax of a walle ipre- plied to the noise of broken water, as a
tasce, bretays), — Pr. Pm. brawling brook. See Bray.
It. bertesca, baltresca,a kind of rampart Brawn. The muscular part of the
or fence of war made upon towers a ; body. It. braiio, brandillo, bratidone,

block-house. ^Altieri. Fr. breteque, bre- any piece, cob, luncheon, or coUop of
tesque, bretesche, a portal of defence in the flesh violently pulled away from the
rampire of a town. Cot. — whole.— Fl. OHG. brdto (ace. bratdn), Fris.
Duse testudines quas Gallic^ trutesches appel- braede, braeye, a lump of flesh, flesh of a
lant. —
Math. Paris. A.D. 1224. Circumeunt ci- leg of pork, calf of the leg.— Diez. KiL
vitatem castellis et turribus ligneis et terteschiis.
Prov. bradon, brazen, braon, OFr. braion,
Hist. Pisana in Mur. A.D. 1156.
Lorraine bravon, a lump of flesh, the
A
wooden defence of the foregoing de- buttocks, muscular parts of the body;
scription round the deck of a ship, or on Wall, breyon, a lump, breyon d'chaur,
the top of a wall, was called by the bribe de viande, bas morceau de viande
Norsemen vig-gyrdill, a battle-girdle. fraiche, breyon de gambes, the calf of the
' Med endilongum bsenom var umbuiz a leg.— Remade. Westphal. bran, Cologne
husum uppi, reistr upp bord-viflr a utan- broden, calf of the leg, buttock Sc. bratid ;
verdom thaukom sva sem viggyrdlat calf of the leg; Sp. bmhon for brado7i,
Vffiri.'Along the town things were pre- a
patch of cloth. OFr. esbraotier. It
pared up on the houses, boarding being sbranare, to tear
piecemeal. See Brand'
raised up out on the roofs like the battle To Bray.— Braid. Many kinds of
;

BRAY BREAM 97

loud harsh noise are represented by the On syde he bradis for to eschew the dint.^
D. V. in Jam.
syllable bra, bru, with or without a final
d,g, k,ch,y. ON. bregda, to braid the hair, weave
Fr. braire, to bray like an ass, baiyl, nets, &c. The ON. bragd is also applied
yell, or cry out loudly ; bruire, to rumble, to the gestures by which an individual
is characterised, and hence also to the
rustle, crash, to sound very loud and
very harshly; brugier, to bellow, yell, lineaments of 'his countenance, explain-
roar, and make a hideous noise. Cot. — ing a very obscure application of the E.
braid. Bread, appearance Bailey; to—
Prov. bruzir, to roar or bellow.
Gr. ^p&xia, to crash, roar, rattle, re- braid, to pretend, to resemble. Hal. —
sound ; Ppvxia, to roar. ON. brak, crash, To pretend is to assume the appearance
and manners of another. Ye braid of'

noise ; vapna-brak, the clash of ai-ms


Dan. brage, to crash, crackle ; E. bray, the miller's dog,' you have the manners
applied to loud harsh noises of many of the miller's dog. To braid of one's
father, to have the lineaments of one's
kinds, as the voice of the ass, the sound
father, to resemble him. ON. bragr,
of arms, &c.
gestus, mos; at braga eftir euium, to
Heard ye the din of battle iray ?
imitate or resemble one. N. braa, kind,
With a terminal d we have Prov. soft ; braa, to resemble.
braidir, braidar, to cry Port, bradar, to
;
On the same principle may be explain-
cry out, to bawl, to roar as the sea. OE.
ed a passage of Shakespeare, which has
to braid, abraid, upbraid, to cry out,
given much trouble to commentators.
make a disturbance, to scold. Since Frenchmen are so braid.
Quoth Beryn to the seijauntes, That ye me Marry who will, I'll live and die a maid.
hondith so
Or what have I offendit, or what have I seide ? The meaning is simply, since such are
'

Trewlich quoth the serjauntis it vaylith not to the manners of Frenchmen, &c.'
breide (there is no use crying out) To Bray. 2. To rub or grind down
With us ye must awhile whether ye woll or no. in a mortar. Sp. bregar, to work up
Chaucer.
paste or dough, to knead; Prov. Cat.
Thenas things done on a sudden or bregar, to rub Fr. broyer, Bret, braea, to
;

with violence are accompanied by noise, bray in a mortar. W. breuan, a mill, a


we find the verb to bray or braid used to brake for hemp or flax. See Brake.
express any kind of sudden or violent Breach. AS. brice, Fr. breche, a breach
action, to rush, to start, to snatch. or brack in a wall, &c. Cot. —
From the
Ane blusterand bub out fra the North braying verb to break.
Gan oer the foreschip in the baksail ding. D. V. — Bread, on. brand. G. brot.
Syne stilckis dry to kyndill there about laid is, To Break. Goth, brikan, brak, G.
QuhiU all in iflame the bleis of fyre ufbradis. brechen, Lat. f
rangere, fractus j Gr.
D. V. prjyvvfu, to break, paxog, a rag Fin. riA- ;

i. e. starts crackling up. koa, to break, to tear Bret, regi, rogi, to ;

The cup was uncoverid, the sword was out break, to t,ear rog, a rent. ;


ybrayid. Beryn. The origin is doubtless a representation

A forgyt knyff but baid he bradis out. Wal- of the noise made by a hard thing break-
lace IX. 145. ing. In like manner the word crack is

But when as I did out of slepe abray. F. Q. ,used both to represent the noise of a
The miller is a per'lous man he seide fracture, and to signify the fracture itself,
And if that he out of his slepe abrcide or the permanent effects of it. The same
He might don us both a villany. Chaucer. —relation is seen between Lat. fragor, a
The ON. bragd explained motus loud noise, and frangere, to break Fr.
is ;

quilibet celerior j at bragdi, instantane- fracas, a crash, disturbance, and fracas-


ously, at once, as OE. at a braid. ser, to break. The Lat. crepo and E.
His bow he hadden taken right crash are used to signify both the noise
And at a braid he gun it bende. R. R. —
made in breaking and the fracture itself.
ON. augnabragd, a wink, twinkling of The Swiss has bratschen, to smack or
the eye. Then, as the notion of turning crack, bratsche, a brack, breach, or
is often connected with swiftness of mo- wound.
tion, to braid acquires the sense of bend, Bream. A broad-shaped fresh-water
turn, twist, plait. fish, cyprinus latus. Fr. brame, Du.

And with a traid I tumyt me about. Dunbar braessem. Swiss bratschig, iU-favouredly
in Jam. broad.
7
98 BREAST BREW
Breast, as. breost, Goth, trusts, Du. The origin is the imitation of a rust-
borst. Perhaps the original meaning ling noise, as by the Sc. brissle, properly
may be a chest. Prov. brut, bruc, brusc, to crackle, then to broil, to fry ; Swiss
the bust, body brostia, brustia, a box.
; Rom. brire, to rattle (as hail), simmer,
Breath, as. brcEth, an odour, scent, murmur—Vocab. de Vaud. ; brisoler, bre-
breath. Originally probably the word soler, to roast, to fry I'os qui bresole, the
;

signified steam, vapour, as the G. brodem, singing bone. —


Gl. G^nev. Then from a
brodel, broden. simmering, twittering sound the term is

applied to shivering, trembling, as in the


The caller \vine in cave is sought

Mens broihinghxasXi to cule. Hume in Jam. case of twitter, which signifies in the
first instance a continuous broken sound,
See Broth. and is then used in the sense of tremb-
Breeches. Lat. braca, bracecs ; Bret. We ling. have thus It. brisciare, brez-
bragezj on. brok, brcekur j It. brache; zare, to shiver for cold. Compare OE.
Prov. braga, braia J OFr. bragues, braies. grill, chilly, with It. grillare, to simmer,
The origin is the root brak in the sense Fr. griller, to crackle, broil, Du. grillen,
of straining, binding, fastening ; the ori- to shiver. — Halma.
ginal breeches being (as it must be sup-
posed) a bandage wrapped round the hips,
Breeze. —Briss. — Brist. The ashes
and cinders sold by the London dustmen
and brought beneath between the legs. for brickmaking are known by the name
Hence the Lat. siibligar, subligaculum, of breeze. In other parts of England the
from ligare, to bind. Piedm. braga, term briss or h'ist is in use for dust, rub-
braca, a cramp-iron for holding things bish. Briss and buttons, sheep's drop-
together, a horse's twitch; Fr. braie, pings bruss, the dry spines of furze

;

braies, a twitch for a horse, bandage or broken off. Dev. Gl. Piedm. brossi!, orts,
truss for a rupture, clout for a child, the offal of hay and straw in feeding
drawers. —
Bracha, a girdle. Gl. Isidore cattle Sp. broza, remains of leaves, bark
;

and Tatian. of trees, and other rubbish Fr. bris,


;

The Breech (Prov. braguier, braid) dibris, rubbish; bris de charbon, coal-
may be explained as the part covered by dust; bresilles, bretilles, little bits of wood
the breeches, but more probably the E.
term designates the part on which a boy
— Berri briser, to break, burst, crush,
;

bruise; Bret, bruzun, a crum, morsel; G.


is breeched or flogged, a word formed brosame, a crum Du. brijsen, brijselen,
;

from the sound of a loud smack. Swiss to bray, to crush Gael, bris, brisd, brist,
;

brdtsch, a smack, the sound of a blow to break; Dan. briste, to burst, break,
with the flat hand, or the blow itself; fail. See Brick, Bruise.
brdtschen, to smack; bratscher, an in-
strument for smacking, a fly-flap, &c.
Breeze. —
Brize. G. breme, breinse,
AS. brinisa, briosa, a gadfly, from the
G. dial. QNtsterviald) pritschen,britschen, buzzing or bizzing (as it is pronounced in
to lay one on a bench and strike him the N. of E.) sound with which the gadfly
with a flat board; Du. bridsen, de bridse heralds his attack.
geveii, met de bridse slaan, xyligogio A fierce loud buzzing breeze, their stings draw
castigare. —
Biglotton. PI.D. britze, an blood,
instrument of laths for smacking on the And drive the cattle gadding through the wood.
breech ; einem de britze geven, to strike Dtyden.
one on the breech so that it smacks As AS. brimsa, G. bremse, point to G.
(klatschet). brumtnen, Fris. brimme, to hum, so AS.
In like manner it is not improbable briosa, E. breeze, are related to Prov.
that Fr. /esses, the breech or buttocks, bruzir, to murmur, to resound, Swiss
instead of being derived from 'La.t./ssus, Rom. brison, breson, noise, murmur,
cloven, as commonly explained, may be Russ. briosat', to buzz.
from the wurh fesser, to breech, to scourge To Brew. The origin of the word is
on the buttocks (Cot.), corresponding to shown by the Mid. Lat. forms, brasiare,
G. fitzen, peitschen, and E. to feize or braciarc, bra.vare, Fr. brasser, to brew,
feaze, to whip, forms analogous to E. from brace, brasiuiii, OFr. b}-as, braux,
switch, representing the sound of a blow. brciz, Gael, braich, w. i5r(Z^, sprouted corn,
Breeze. Fr. brise, a cool wind. It. malt. So ON. brugga, Sw. bryi^ga, to
brezza, chillness or shivering, a cold and brew, from AS. briig, malt; briiz, po- '

windy mist or frost ; brezzare, to be lenta.'— Gl. AS. in Schilter.


misty and cold, windy withal, also to The Teutonic verbs, G. braucn, Du.
chill and shiver with cold. broiiwen, E. brew, are in like manner
;;

BREWIS BRIGADE 99
from a forni similar to Wall. brA, brau, to the dead; from the last of which, E.
Walach. brahi, malt. arval, funeral.
dial,
If the foregoing were not so clear, a Bridge. —
as. bricge j G. briicke; OSw.
satisfactory origin might have been found bro, brygga, as so, sugga, a sow, bo, bygga,
in w. berwi, to boil, the equivalent of to prepare, gf2o,gfiugga, to rub. The Sw.
Lat. fervere, whence berw, berwedd, a bro is applied not only to a bridge, but to a
boiling, and berweddu, to Isrew. Gael. paved road, beaten way Dan. bro, bridge, ;

bruith, to boil, and ODu. brieden, to pier, jetty, pavement brolegge, to pave.
;

brew. — Kil. Han last broa twa rastin af Tiwede,' he


'

It is remarkable that the Gr. lipdZu}, made two leagues of road through the
to boil, would correspond in like
jipaaaiii, forest of Tiwede. Ihre. —At Hamburg a
manner to the Fr. brasser, which however paviour is called steen-brygger. Pol. bruk,
is undoubtedly from brace, malt. pavement Lith.
; brukkas, pavement,
Brewis. See Broth. stone-bridge bnikkoti, to pave brukkti,
; ;

Bribe. Fr. bribe de pain, a lump of to press; ibrukkti, to press in, imprint.
bread briber, to beg one's bread, collect
; The original sense thus seems to be to
bits of food. Hence OE. bribour, a beg- ram, to stamp.
gar, a rogue ; It. birbante, birbone, a Bridle. AS. bridelj OHG. brittil,pritil ;
cheat, a rogue, with transposition of Fr. bride. Perhaps this may be one of
the r. the cases in which the derivation of the
A bribe is now only used in the meta- word has been obscured by the insertion
phorical sense of a sop to stop the mouth of an r. ON. bitill, Dan. bidsel, a briole,
of some one, a gift for the purpose of ob- from bit, the part which the horse bites or
taining an undue compliance. holds in his mouth.
The origin of the word is the w. briwo, So It. bretonica, betonica, betony bru- ;

to break; briw, broken, a fragment; licame, bulicame, boiling up brocoliere, ;

bara briw, broken bread. Rouchi brife, E. buckler J ON. bruskr and buskr, a
a lump of bread. Hdcart. — bush; Du. broosekens, E. buskins; E.
Brick. A
piece of burnt clay. —
Thom- groom, AS. guma.
son. The radical meaning is simply a Brief. From Lat. breve or brevis, a
bit, a fragment, being one of the numer- summary or any short writing. Applied
ous words derived from break. Lang. especially to a letter or command, to tlie
brico, or brizo, a crum; bricou, a little king's writs. In the G. brief it has been
bit ; bricounejha, to break to pieces appropriated to the sense of an epistle
bricalio, a crum, httle bit, corresponding or letter. In E. it is applied to the letter
to OE. brocaly, broken victuals. AS. brice, of the Archbishop or similar official
fracture, fragment, hlafes brice, a bit of authorising a collection for any purpose ;
bread. In some parts of France brique to the summary of instructions given to a
is still used in this sense, brique de pain, barrister for the defence of his client.

a lump of bread. Diez. Brique, frag- Dictante legationis suae brevem. Ducange. —
ment of anything broken. Gl. G^n^v. — Brier. AS. brar, brere, but probably
Bricoteau, a quoit of stone. Cot. It.—from the Normans. In the patois of
briccia, any jot or crum, a collop or slice
Normandy the word briere is still prre-
of something. Fl.
— —
Bride. Bridal. Goth, briiths, daugh-
served (Patois de Bray). Fr. bruyere, a
heath, from Bret, brug, bruk, w. grug,
ter-in-law; OHG. brilt, sponsa, conjux, Gael,
fraoch, Grisons bruch, brutg, heath.
nurus G. braut, bride. W. priod, ap- It. brughiera, a heath brughera, thick
;
;

propriate, fit, appropriated,


married, a married man or woman
owned also ;
brakes of high-grown ferns. Flor. Mid. —
Lat. bruarium, a heath, barren land
priodas, a wedding priod-fab, a bride- rough with brambles
groom (mab=:son); priod-ferch, a bride
;
and bushes. Due. —
Brig. A
two-masted vessel. Pro-
(merch=:maid). Priodi, to appropriate; bably contracted from brigantine.
Sp.
priodor, a proprietor. Diefenbach com- bergantino, a brig or
brigantine, two-
pares Lat. privus, one's ovin,privatus, masted vessel. Neumann.
appropriate, peculiar.

Brigade. A
division of an army, from
Bridegroom, AS. bryd-gutna, the newly- Fr. brigade, and that from It. brigata,
a
married man guma, a man. Bridal, company, troop, crew, brood.
;
Trovar-
for bride-ale, AS. bryd-eale, the marriage
si in brigata, to meet together.
feast, then the marriage itself. So in The Prov. has briguer, in the sense of
OSw. fastningar-ol, graf-ol, arf-ol, the Fr. frayer, to circulate, consort with.
feast of espousals, of burial, of succession Mes se a sei-vir als valens homes e a
'

7 *
— ;

loo BRIGAND BRIGHT


brignar ab lor.' He
himself to serve
set general notion of exertion of force. See
men of merit, and to associate with them. Brake. In the same way to strive is, in
The primary meaning of Sp. bregar. It. the first instance, to exert one's force in
brigare, seems to be to exert force bre- ; the attempt to do something, and, second-
gar el area, to bend a bow It. brigare, arily, to contend with another.

;

to strive for, to shift for with care, labour, Bright. Brilliant. Goth, bairhts,
and diligence, briga, necessary business. clear, manifest ON. biartr, AS. beorht,
;

— Florio. Brigata, then, would be a set bright bearhtm, brcEhtin, bryhtm, a glit-
;

of people engaged in a common occupa- tering, twinkling, moment. Bav. bracht,


tion. clang, sound, noise. —
Schmeller. OHG.
Brigand. — Brigantine. — Brigan- praht,pracht, clear sound, outcry, tumult,
dine. It. briga, Mid.Lat. briga,
strife, and, at a later period, splendour. The E.
jurgia, rixa, pugna. — Due. brigare, It. bright itself was formerly applied to
to strive, brawl, combat. Probably then sounds.
it was in the sense of skirmishers that
Heo — song so schille and so brihie
the name oi brigand ^zs given to certain That far and ner me hit iherde.
light-armed foot-soldiers, frequently men- Owl and Nightingale, 1654.
tioned by Froissart and his contempora-
ries. A
Latin glossary quoted by Du-
AS. beorhtian, strepere. — Beowulf,
2315-
cange has 'Veles, brigant, c'est une
Leod waes asungen
mani^re de gens d'armes courant et apert Gleomannes gyd,
k pi^.' Cum 4 millibus peditum arma-
'
Gamen asft sestah
torum, duobus millibus brigantum et Beorktode bene sweg.
ducentis equitibus.' — Chron. A.D. 1351, The lay was sung, the gleeman's song, the
in Due. They were also called brigancii sport grew high, the bench-notes resounded.
or brigantini. '
Briganciis et balestra- In like manner the Q.prahlen signifies
riis Anglicis custodiam castri muniendi
in the first instance to speak with a loud
reservavit.'
voice, to cry, and secondly, to glitter, to
The passage from the sense of a light- shine. Adelung. The origin of both —
armed soldier to that of a man pillaging these words is the imitative root brag,
on his own account, is easily understood.
brak, representing a sudden noise. Swab.
In the time of the bataile (of Agincourt) the bragen, brdgen, briegen, to cry 'Schmid —
hrlgauntis of the Frensch took the kytigis car- OE. bray, braid.
riage and led it away. —Capgrave, 312. The phenomena from whence all repre-
It.brigante, a pirate, rover either by sea sentative words are immediately taken
or land. Flor. — A
similar change has must of course belong to the class which
taken place in the meaning of the It. addresses itself to the ear, and we find
malandrini, in later times a robber or accordingly that the words expressing
highway-man, but classed by Thomas of attributes of light are commonly derived
Walsingham with the Brigands as a from those of sound. So G. hell, clear,
species of horse-soldier. transparent, from hall, a sound, clangour.
Reductus est ergo et coram consilio demon- The Ir. glir, a noise, \oice, speech,
stratus Brigantinorum moresemivestitus gestans glbram, to sound, show the origin of Lat.
sagittas breves qualiter utuntur equites illarum clarus, clear, with respect either to sound
partium qui Malandrini dicuntur. Due. — or colour, and the E. tinkle, that of Fr.
From
brigante, in the sense of a rob- etincelle, a spark. From ON. glamm,
ber. It. brigandare, to rob, to rove, to glamr, tinnitus, glamra, to resound, may
play the pirate or thief at sea, and hence be explained glampi, glitter, splendour,
a brigantine, a small light pinnace pro- glampa, to shine, corresponding to the

per for giving chase or fighting Bailey ; Gr. Xa/iTTii), XafXTTpoQ. Du. schateren,
a vessel employed for the purpose of scheteren, to make a loud noise, to
piracy. shriek with laughter, schiteren, to shine,
A brigandine was a kind of scale to glisten. In Fin. there are many
armour, also called briganders, from examples of the same transfer of sig-
being worn by the light troops called nification from the phenomena of the
Brigands. A
Breton glossary quoted by
one sense to those of the other; kii:'a,
Ducange has ' Brigandinou, Gall, brigan- clare
^tinniens, clare lucens, splendens
dine, Lat. squamma ; inde squammatus, ;

ornd de brigandine.' kilistua, tinnitum clarum movco, splcn-


The sense of strife or combat express- dorem clarum reflecto. Wilista, to ring,
ed by briga is a particular case of the as glass ; willata, wilella, tuilahtaa, to

BRIM BRINDLED lol

flash, to glitter
; kajata, to resound, re- bremel, a border, lap, fringe ; ON. barmr,
echo, also to reflect, shine, appear at a the edge, border, lip of a vessel, lap of a
distance kimista, to sound clear (equiva-
garment ; hence the bosom, originally
;
the lap folding over the breast. E. barm,
lent to the 'E. chime), kimina,ioTiviS acutus, the lap or bosom; barm-cloth or barm-
clangor tinniens, kimmaltaa, kiimottaa, skin, an apron.
to shine, to glitter ; kommata, komista, The E. rym^, which seems identical
to sound deep or hollow; komottaa, to with rim, is used for the surface of the
shine, to shimmer. sea (Hawkins' Voyage). In the same
In like manner in Galla the sound of a way Sw. bryn is used in the sense both
bell is imitated by the word bilbil, whence of border or edge and surface, vattu-
bilbil-goda (literally, to make bilbil), to bryn, the ryme of the water ogne-bryn,
ring, to glitter, beam, glisten. —
Tutschek.
;

the eye-brow. Dan. bryn, brow of a hill,


The meaning of the Fr. briller, to surface of the ocean.
shine, seems to have been attained on a To Brim. Said of swine when in
principle exactly similar. We
must pre- heat.
'
Subo, to brymme as a boore doth
mise that an initial br and gr, as well as
bl and gl, frequently interchange, as in

whan he geteth pigges.' Elyot in Way.
The expression is now confined to the
Langued. brezil, Fr. grdzil, small gravel, sow, as is the case also with Pl.D. brum-
It. brullo, grullo, parched, broiled. men : de soge brummet, the sow is brim-
Flor. We have then in Fr. the verbs —
ming. Brem. Wtb. G. brumft, brunft,
grisser, to creak, crackle ; gresiller, gris- the heat of animals. Closely connected
ler, to make a crackling noise, as of meat is OE. breme, brim, fierce, furious, vigor-
in broiling ; griller, to creak, crackle,
broil ; and corresponding to these, with
ous. —
Hal.
Tancred went his way and Richard wex full brim,
an initial br instead of gr, Sc. brissle, Langtoft, 154.
Swiss Rom. brisoler, bresoler (Gloss. The highest condition of ungratified
G^n^v.), to broil, to parch, identical with passion, whether of desire or anger, finds
the Fr. breziller, briller, to twinkle, glit- its vent in cries and roaring. Thus Lat.
ter, sparkle. Here it cannot be doubted fremo, to roar, is used of raging, excited,
.

that the original meaning of the Sc. or violent action. It. bramire, to roar as
brissle was derived from the crackling a lion, bray as an ass bramire, a long-
;

noise made by meat in broiling, as in ing or earnest desire bramare, earnestly


;

AS. brastlian, to crackle, to burn. In Fr. to wish or covet.


breziller, briller (related to each other as OFr. bramer, to utter cries.
FJ.— Prov. bramar,

gresiller, griller), the meaning is trans-


L' amour, que epoinponne
ferred from the domain of the ear to that Toute creature a s'aimer,
of the eye, from the analogous effect pro- Les fait de rut si fort bramer
duced on the sensitive frame by a crack- Que le bois d'autour en resonne. Rayn. —
ling noise and a sparkling light. So Fr. Sp. bramar, to roar, to storm, to fret ;
pMiller, to crackle, to sparkle, to shake, brama, rut, the heat of animals. Du.
to long for a thing. bremmen, rugire, sonitum edere bremen, ;

Theverb briller itself seems to have ardere desiderio. Kil. —Rugere, rugire
the sense of shaking or trembling in the (cervorum, leonum), brommen, bremmen,
expression briller apris, greedily to covetbrimmen, brummen. Dief. Supp. —
— Cot. properly to tremble with impa-
;
Brimstone. on. brennistein, Sw.
tience. dial, brdnnsten, burning stone. In Ge-
Instead of briller in this application nesis and Exodus, 1. 754, we have brim-
the Swiss Rom. uses bresoler (il bresole fir, and 1. 1 1 64, brinfire, for the burning
d'etre marie ; os qui bresole, the singing of Sodom the brinfire's stinken smoke.'
:
'

bone), strongly confirming the contraction AS. bry7ie, burning. ON. (poet.) brimi,
of briller from breziller, and the cor- fire.
respondence of the pair with griUer, gre- Brindled.— Brinded. Streaked, co-
siller; griller d'impatience. —
Diet. Tre- loured in stripes. ON. brmdottr, s. s. ;
voux. brand-krossottr, cross-barred in colour,
It. brillare, to quaver with the voice. from brandr, a stick, post, bar. A
— Fl. brindled cow is in Normandy called
Brim. — Rim. g. brame, brame, Lith. vache brangde, from bringe, a rod. Hence
bremas, border, margin, edge Pol. brant,
; with an initial s, Sc. spraing, a streak,
border, brim Magy. perent,preni, a bor-
; sprainged, striped or streaked.
der, fringe (Lat. fimbria) Du. breme,
; The identity of ON. brandr and Fr.
;

i:02 BRINE BROCADE


bringe is traced through the It. brano, emotions which produce it, is to erect the
brandello, a bit ; Fr. brin, a morsel, a hair, to birstle, brissle might properly be
slip or sprig of an herb ; Berri, bringue, used in the sense of startling, ruffling,
a crum, a morsel ; bringe, a rod or twig, setting the hair on end, whence may be
brindelles de balai, the twigs of a besom. explained the Sc. expression, to set up
See Brand. one's birse, to put one in a rage ; birssy,
Brine, as. bryne, Du. brijn (Kil.), Sc. hot-tempered, to be compared with the
brim, brime. Liquamen vel garum, fisc- It. ribrezzoso, angry. A cold bleak day
bryne. —
Gl. Alfr., Brym, brim (poet.), the is called a birssy day, because it makes

sea brymflod, a deluge.


; In Dorset sea us shivery and goose-skinned, setting the
sand is called brimsand. Hal. Salte — hair on end ;compare It. brezza, a cold
water, saulmeure, bryme. Palsgr.
or — and windy mist or frost.

The name seems to be taken from the Brittle. Brickie. Formerly written
roaring of the waves ON. brim, the surf,
;
brotil, apt to break, from AS. brytan, ON.
breaking of the waves brim sior, a stormy
;
briota, Ptg. britar, to break. Dan. bryde,
'

sea ; brimhliod, roar of the sea brim- ; to break, brodden, brittle. In the N. of
saltr, very salt brimi, flame. Gr. /3pE^m,
; E. and Sc. brickie, brockle, bruckle, are
Fris. brimme, to roar. See To Brim. Da. used in the sense of brittle, from break.
b.rcendij'i.g, the surf, from brande, to burn, The Pl.D. bros, brittle, is the equivalent
can only come from comparison of the derivative from the Gael, form bris, Fr.
rioise of the breakers to the roar of briser. Bret, bresk, brusk, fragile.
flames. Broacli. — Abroacli. — Brooch. To
. Brisk. Fr. brusque, lively, quick, rash, broach a cask is to pierce it for the pur-
fierce, rude, harsh vin brusque, wine of
; pose of drawing off the liquor, and hence,
a sharp, smart taste. It. brusco, eager, metaphorically, to broach a business, to
sharp, brisk in taste, as unripe fruits, sour, begin upon it, to set it a going. 'V^.procio,
grim, crabbed. to thrust, to stab ; Gael, brog, to goad, to
Brisket. Fr. brichet, the brisket or spur, and, as a noun, an awl. Prov.
breast-piece of meat Norm, britchet,
; broca, Fr. broche, a spit, a stitch brocher,
;

Adam's apple in a man's throat, breast- to spit, stitch, spur; Prov. brocar. It.
bone of birds ; Bret, bruched (Fr. cK) the broccare, brocciare, to stick, to spur. Sp.
breast, chest, craw of a bird. '
Pectus- broca, a brad or tack, a button broche,
;


culum, bruskett.' Nat. Antiq. p. 222. a clasp, a brooch, i. e. an ornamented pin
Russ. briocho, Bohem. brich, bricho (with to hold the parts of dress together.
the diminutives, Russ. brioshko, Boh. Lat. brocchus, bronchus, a projecting
brissko), a belly. tooth ;It. brocco, a stump or dry branch
Bristle, as. byrst; Sw. borst, Du. of a tree so that it prick a bud, a peg
borstel, Sc. birs, birse, NE. brust. thick A sbrocco, sprocco, a skewer, sprout, shoot.
elastic hair, strong enough
to stand up of It is probable that there is a funda-
itself. Corn, bros, aculeus. Zeuss. — mental connectionwith the \erb to break,
Walach. borzos (struppig), bristly ; Swiss the notion of a sharp point being obtain-
borzen, to stand out ; Fr. a rebours, ed either from the image of a broken
against the grain ; rebrousser, to turn up stick {brocco, stecco rotto in modo che
the point of anything. Cot. Mid.Lat. — —
punga Altieri), or from that of a splinter
reburrus, rebursiis, sticking up ; 'In sua or small fragment, which in the case of
primaeva astate habebat capillos crispos wood 01 similar material naturally takes
et rigidos et dicam rebursos ad
ut ita the form of a prick, or finally from the
modum pini ramorum
qui semper ten- pointed form of a bud or shoot, breaking
dunt sursum.'— Vita'abbatum S. Crispin! out into growth. It. brocco, a bud, broc-
in Due. coli, sprouts. Compare also E. prick
The brisciare, brezzare, to shiver
It. with Sw. spricka, to crack, to shoot, to
for cold as in a fit of an ague, has under bud.
Breeze been connected with the Sc. A similar relation may be observed
brissle, birsle, birstle, to broil, to scorch, between Sp. brote, a bud, a fragment,
originally merely to crackle or-^iinmer. Prov. brot, a shoot or sprig, and forms
Hence ribrezzare, to shiver for Sold or like theon. briota. Port, britar, to break.
for fear, to astonish or affright with sud- Broad, as. brddj Goth, braidsj ON.
den fear ribrezzoso, startling, trembling,
; breidr; G. brcit. See Spread.
full of astonishment, humorous, fantas'* Brocade. It. broccata, a soi t of cloth
tical, suddenly angry. wrought with gold and silver. Commonly
• Then as the effect of shivering, or the explained as from Fr. brocher, to stitch,
; — — ;

BROCK BROKER 103

in the sense of embroidered. But Mura- Disturbance, trouble, a falling-


Broil.
tori shows that, though from the same out, a quarrel.— B. The sense has been
fundamental origin, the line of develop- somewhat modified in later times by a
ment has been something different. It. confusion with brawl.
brocco, a peg, stump, or snag, is also But that thou wilt in winter ships prepare
applied to a knot or bunch in silk or And trie the seas in hroih of whirhng windes.
thread, whence broccare, to boss, to stud Surrey in R.
— Fl. broccoso, broccuto, Icnotty, knobby ;
;
The proper sense is that of Fr. brouil-
and broccato was used to signify stuff
ler (from whence it immediately comes),
ornamented with a raised pile, forming
to jumble, trouble, shuffle, confound, to
knots or loops, or stuff embossed with
gold and silver. Ptg. froco, a flock or
make a hurly-burly. Cot. It. broglio. —
Gael, broighlich, noise, bawling, confu-
little tuft of silk or wool, a flake of snow
sion, tumult broighleach, bustling, noisy,
;

frocadura, tufted ornaments, embroidery. From a direct imitation of


Brock. A badger, from the white- tumultuous.
a confused sound. Fr. brouhaha, brou-
streaked face of the animal. Gael, broice,
houx, storms, blusters, hurly-burlies.
a mole, a freckle, brucach, spotted, frec-
See Brawl.
kled breac, speckled, piebald ; broc, a
;
To Broil. To roast upon hot coals.
badger ; brocach, Sc. broukit, brooked,
B. Contracted from Fr. brasiller, to
streaked or speckled in the face. Dan.
roast on the braise, or glowing coals or ;

broged, parti-coloured, broc, a badger.


perhaps we should rather say formed like
W. brecJi,brych, brindled, freckled, bry-
Fr. brasiller, brusler, bruler, or It. bras-
chau, motes, spots, atoms ; Bret, briefh,
ciare, brasciuolare, brasolare, bmsciare,
briz, speckled, parti-coloured, streaked,
brucilare, brusuolare (the last to be ar-
brizen, a freckle. For the same reason
gued from brasciuole, brasuole, brusuole,
the badger is also called Bawson, q. v.
fried or boiled steaks), brullare, to burn,
Brocket. A
hart of two years old.
parch, scorch, broil. Florio. —
Sc. birsle,
Fr. brocart, because the animal at that
brissle, to parch or broil. In all these
age has a single sharp broche or snag to words the imitative character of the de-
his antler. The fallow-deer of the same signation from the crackling sound of
age was termed a pricket. Cot. — flame and burning grease is felt in a
ToBroider. Fr. broder, Sp. bordar,
lively manner. Compare G. prasseln, to
to ornament with needle-work. Here crackle, rustle, and AS. brastlian, to
two distinct images seem to have coal-
crackle, to burn, Grisons brascla, sparks
esced in a common signification. The
E. brustle, to crackle, make a noise like
Bret, brouda, to embroider, to prick, to
spur, and w. brodio, to embroider, to
straw or small wood in burning. Hal. —
darn, point to an origin in Bret, broud, a When he is falle in such a dreme
prick, sting, Gael. b?-od, E. brod, prod, to He routeth with a slepie noyse
prick. On the other hand the Sp. bor- And broustletk as a monkes froyse (pancake)
When it is throwe into the panne. — Gower in R.
dar seems derived from borde, bordo, a
border, because a border of needle-work It. b?-ustolare, to scorch, broil, carbonado.
was the earUest mode of ornamenting a With an initial gr instead
of br the Fr.
garment. Ihre has guU-bord, a border has grisser, to crackle, creak, gresiller,
ornamented with gold, silkes-borda, a to crackle as a shell in the fire, or salted
border ornamented with silk. So from fish on coals, grislement, a crackling
Pol. bram, a border, bramowanie, em- noise as of meat in broiling griller, to ;

broidering. broil, precisely analogous to the Sc.


It may happenhere, as will often be brissle and E. bj'oil. The Italian has
found to be the case in other instances the double form brullo, grullo, parched,
where the derivation seems to halt be- broiled. — Fl.
tween two roots, that these are them- Broker. The custom of employing a
selves modifications of a common original. broker in the purchase of goods arises
Thus brod, a point, and bord or bred, an from the advantage of having a skilled
edge, agree in being the extremity of a intermediary,, capable from long practice
thing. The ON. brydda is both to sharpen of forming a critical judgment of the
or furnish with a point, and also to sew goods in question, of pointing out their
on a border or fringe to a garment. Com- latent defects, and rejecting whatever
pare also AS. brerd, breard, a brim, rinj', falls below the degree of excellence called
margin, with Sc. braird, the shoot of for by the circumstances of the case. To
corn, AS. onbryrdan, to instigate. find fault is accordingly recognised in
— —;;

104 BRONZE BROOD


Piers Plowman as the specific duty of a If we advance another step in the in-
broker : quiry and seek the origin of the term
Among burgeises have I be brack, wrak, in the sense of rejection, we
DwellyngLondon,
at shall probably find the original image in
And gart Backbiting be a brocour, the act of spitting, as the liveliest expres-
To blame mens ware. sion of disgust and contempt for the re-
On tliis principle the G. designation is jected object. G. brechen, Du. brackefi,
indkler, from makel, a blur, stain, fault to vomit ; e. dial, whnake, tussis,
• makeln, to criticise, censure, find fault screatio —
Junfus ; wreak, a cough —
with, [and thence] to foUqw the business Hal. ; ON. hraki, spittle ; hrak, any re-
of a broker, buy and sell by commission. fuse matter. Fr. raquer, racher, cracker,
— Kiittner. For the same reason the to spit ; racaille, refuse ; Prov. raca, an
OFr. term was correcfo^ir, couratier, Lat. old worthless horse, analogous to Bohem.
corrector, correctarius, whence the mo- brakyne, an outcast or rejected sheep.
dern courtier, a broker. Per manus et The Langued. brumo, phlegm, spittle,
mediationem quorundam J. S. et A. G. has exactly the force of G. brack in the •

brocariorum et correctariorum ejusdem expression brumos de boutigo, merchan-


barganei.— Lib. Alb. 396. Vous jurrez dises de rebut G. brack-gut, refuse
;

que vous ne marchandirez dez nullez wares. See Wreak.


marchaundisez queux vous ferez correc- In the sense of blot or stain there is a
tage. —Sacramentum Abrocariorum in singular confusion with brack, a breach
Lib. Alb. To correct an exercise is to or flaw, from break.
point out the faults. Bronze. It. bronzo, Sp. bronce, pan
Now in most of the Teutonic (espe- metal. —Fl. This word shows the same
cially the Pl.D.) and Slavonic dialects is relation to It. bronze, glowing coals,
found the root brak or wrak in the sense which E. brass does to Sp. brasa, embers.
of rejection, refuse, vile, damaged, faulty, Bronzare, to braze, to copper, on. brasa,
giving rise to a verb signifying to inspect, to braze or solder iron with a lute of
make selection, sort, try out, reject, cast brass. It would appear then that the use
out. Lith. brokas, a fault, weak place, of the metal in soldering, an operation
matter of blame ; brokoti, to blame, to performed over hot coals, is the origin of
criticise (makeln). Russ. brak, refuse ;
the designation both of bronze and brass.
brakovat, to pick and choose, to sort It may be compared with It. bronze, Sc.
brakovanie, inspection, rejection Pol. ; brunds, brands, embers to brund, to
;

brak, want, lack, refuse brakowad, to


garble, to pick, to be wanting. In the
;
emit sparks.
brascla,
Jam.— Grisons brinzla,
a spark, sbrinzlar,
to sparkle.
Teutonic class : Du. brack, rejected, The use of the word bronzed in the
damaged; braeck goed, goods damaged sense of tanned, sunburnt, is probably
by sea-water. Kil. —
Pl.D. braken, to not originally derived from comparison
garble, inspect, try ; wraken, to pro- with the colour of the metal bronze, but
nounce unsound, to reject ; Dan. vrage, from the primary sense of the It. bronze,
to reject, find fault with, to sort goods ; embers. Abbronzare, abbronzanchiare, to
slaae vrag paa, to throw blame upon, roast on the embers, to scorch, tan, or
find fault with. G. brack-gut (Sanders), sunburn. — Fl,
Pl.D. wrack-good, refuse goods. Pro v. Brood.— Breed, as. brod, a brood ;

brae, refuse, filth, mud, ordure, and as an brid, the young of any animal ; bredan,
adj. vile, dirty, abject. Fr. bric-a-brac, to nourish, cherish, keep warm. Du.
trumpery, brokers' goods. See Brackish. broeden, to sit on eggs, to hatch G. brut, ;

The name broker seems to have come the spawn of fishes, progeny of birds, in-
to us from the shores of the Baltic, with sects, and fishes ; briiten, to hatch, bring
which much of our early commerce was eggs and spawn into active life. Pl.D.
carried on. In those countries the term brod, brot, fish-spawn broden, broen, to
;

braker, bracker, or wracker is used to hatch, bridde, a chicken. Commonly re-


signify public inspectors, appointed to ferred to the notion of warming, in which
classify goods according to their quality, sense the OHG. bruoton is used by Not-
and to reject the damaged and unsound. ker : also unsih diu uuolla bruotct unde
'

— Adelung. In Petersburgh the price of uuider froste skirmet,' as wool \\'arms us


tallow is quoted with or without brack, and protects us against frost. Bret.
the term brack signifying the official in- broiid, hot, burning, fermenting, w. brwd,
spection of sworn brackers or sorters. hot, warm; brydio, to be hot. ODu.
Tooke's Catherine, i. 38. brieden, to brew. See Broth.
;

BROOK BROWSE 105

Brook. brook w. bntdien,


AS. broca, a ; The diminutive bordeau, bordel, was
the bubbling or springing up of water, a originally used in the innocent sense of
spring, a source Gael, bruich, to boil,
; a little cottage.
seethe, simmer from the murmuring
; Ne en Chartrain ne en Dive bordel,
laissent
noise. Gr. to roar, Ppim, to spring ;
I3pvx(>>, Ne maison en estant qui soit fors du chastel.
Bohem. bruceti, to murmur. The mean- Due.
ing of the word brook in the low G. dia- Domunculum. circuindedit cum familia. So-
lects is very different, signifying low wet rengus vero expergefactus de bordello exiit et

land (Brem. Wtb.) ; a grassy place in a fugiens in vivariam exire voluit. Due. —
heath.— Overyssel Almanack. Brother. A term widely spread through
It is possible that brook in the E. sense the branches of the Indo-Germanic stock.
may be connected with Russ. breg, Gael. Sanscr. bhratrj Zend, brdtaj Gael, bra-
bruach, iVlanx broogh, brink, verge, bank, thairj w. brawdj Slavon. bratrj Lat.
as Fr. riviere, a river. It. riviera, a shore, frater.
from ripa, bank. Brow. The ridge surrounding and
To Brook. To digest, to bear patiently. protecting the eye. AS. braew, bregh;
AS. brucan, to use, eat, enjoy Goth. Pol. brew ; Russ. brov, brow.
; Bohem.
brukjan, to use bruks, useful G. brau- braubiti, to border. Du. brauwe, eye-lid,
; ;

chen, to use. 'Lzt. frui, frucius. eye-brow, and also border, margin, fur
Broom. A —
shrub with leafless pointed edging. Kil. on. brd, eye-lid, eye-lash ;
branches. G. pfriemkraut, awl-plant. brmi, eye-brow, edge, eminence ; Dan.
See Bramble. bryn, eye-brow, brow of a hill, surface of
Broth. It. brodo, Fr. brouet, broth the ocean ; Sw. bryn, edge, border, sur-
;

Du. broeye, brue ; OHG. brad, G. briihe, face, w. bryii, a hill. G. augen-braune,
Pl.D. broi, properly boiling water briihen, eye-brow.
;

broieii, to scald, pour boiling water over. The AS. forms appear related to the
Ir. bruithim, to boil bruithe, sodden, Russ. breg, Bohem. breh, Gael, bruach, a
;

boiled ; bruitheati, heat, warmth bruth- brink, bank, shore ; Serv. breg, a hill,
;

ch'an, broth brothaire, a caldron.


; Gael. bank, shore.
bruich, bruith, to boil, brothas, broth Brown. ; Ger. braun, on. brun. It.
Manx broie, to boil, broit, broth. Bret. bruno, Fr. b7-un, perhaps burnt coloilr,
broud, w. brwd, hot. G. brodem, broden, the colour of things burnt, from Goth.
steam from heated bodies, in which brinnan, G. brennen, to burn.
sense the Sc. broth is sometimes used ; a Browse. Fr. brouter, brouser, brpuster,
person is said to be in a broth of sweat to knap or nibble off the sprigs, buds,
who is steaming with sweat. Du. broem bark, &c. of plants broust, a sprig,
(for brodem), spuma, sordes seu strigmata young branch, or shoot. Cot. Bret.
;


rerum decoctarum. The origin is a re- brons, brous, a bud brous-koad, brush- ;

presentation of the simmering of boiling wood ; brouskaol, broccoli, cabbage


water. Limousin broudi, brudi, to make sprouts brous-gwezen, a shrub broust,
; ;

a confused noise of winds, waves, &c. briar, thick bush brousta, to browse, to ;

Pl.D. bruddeln, to bubble up with noise. grow into a bush. Prov. brotar, to shoot,
The softening down of the consonant bud, grow brossa, OFr. braces, brosses, ;

(which is barely pronounced in Gael. Catalan brossa, Sp. broza, thicket, brush-
brothas) gives the OE. browys, brewis, wood ; brotar, to sprout, bud, break out
brewet, pottage, broth, and Sc. brost. as small-pox, &c. ; Gris. braussa, low
The AS. has briw, infusion, ceales briw, shrubs, as rhododendrons, juniper, &c.
kail brose, cabbage soup ; Sc. broo, bree, Prov. brus, heath. Fr. brogues, brosses,
pottage made by pouring boiling water on brousses, brouches, brouic, bruc, bushes,
meal, infusion the barley bree, juice of briars, heath. Roquef.
; —
Mid. Lat. brus-
malt, ale ; Gael, brlgh, juice of meat, sap, cia, brozia, dumetum. Tam de terrS, '

pith, vigour, strength Ir. bruth, strength,


; bruscosd quam de arabili.' Due." Serv. —
vigour, rage, heat explaining the Prov. brst, sprouts ; brstiti, to browse. OHG. bros,
;

briu, and It. brio, mettle, spirit. sprout. Bav. brass, brosst, a bud, a sprout.
Brothel. Sp. borda, a hut or cottage It. brocco, sprocco, broccola, shoot, sprout.

Fr. borde, a little house or cottage of Here we find throughout the Romance,
timber, hut, hovel, t— Cot. Commonly Teutonic, Celtic, and Slavonic families, a
derived from the boards, of which the variety of forms, broc, bros, brost, sproc,
fabric consists. But the Walach. bor- spross, sprot, signifying twigs, shoots,
deiou is an underground hut as well as a sprouts, or bushes and scrubby growths,
house of ill fame. plants composed of twigs, or broken up
— —

i.o6 BRUISE BRUSH


into a multitude of points. There can be brozar, to cleanse, broza, a brush ; Gael.
little doubt that they are all derived from briiis (in the pi.), shivers, splinters, frag-
the notion of breaking out, which we find ments, bruis (sing.), a brush ; E. bris, brist,
expressed by similar modifications in the dust, rubbish. Piedm. bruscia, brustia, a
termination of the root, brik, bris, brist, horse-brush, wool-card, brustid, to brush,
brit, to break or burst. See next article, Lang, broustia, a flax comb, G. borste,
and also Brush, Broach. biirste,Sw. borste, a brush.
Bruise. AS. brysan, OE. brise, to crush. In E. also the word brush had formerly
And he that schal falle on this stone schall be the sense of dust or flue.
broken, but on whom it schall falle, it schall al
to brisen him. Wicliff. — (Agea) said. Sir by your speche now right well I
here
Fr. briser, to break, crush, bruise ex- That if ye list ye may do the thing that I most
tremely. Cot. —OFr. bruiser. Diez. — desire.
Prov. brisar, desbrisar, to break to bits ; And that is, this your heritage there you liked
best
Gael, bris, brisd, brist j Port, britar, to
That ye might give and ever among, the brush
:

break. away she pikid


A modification of the same root which From her clothes here and there, and sighid
gives the E. break, the interchange of the therewithal. —Chaucer, Beryn.
final consonants being clearly shown in
the derivatives, Prov. brico or brizo, a While cajoling her husband, she kept
crum ; briketo, brizeto, bricalio, a little picking the dust or bits of flue from her
bit ; brizal, dust, fragments brizal de
;
clothes to hide her embarrassment. To
ca7-bo>i, du bris de charbon de terre, coal brush then would be to dust, to clear
dust. See Breeze. away the brush or dust and rubbish.
Bruit. Fr. bruit, It. bruito, Pr. brMt, On the other hand, the derivation is
a noise, a rumbling, Fr. and It. bruire. equally satisfactory from the twigs or
Pr. brugir, bruzir, to make a rumbling. bristles of which the brush is composed.
* Brunt. Brunt, insultus, impetus ;
The Lat. scopa signifies in the first in-
styrtyn' or brunton', or sodenly comyn' stance twigs, and in the second place a
a:^en an enmy, insilio, irruo. Pr. Pm. — besoiB, while the word besom itself pro-
Brunt of a daunger, escousse, effort. perly signifies twigs, rods. The same re-
Palsgr. The brunt of an engagement is lation holds good between G. borste, Sw.
the shock of battle when the two armies borst, a bristle, and
G. borste, biirste, Sw.
actually come in collision. borste, a brush NE. brust, a bristle, and
;

That in all haste he wouli;! join battayle even Piedm. brustia, a brush, wool-card. Bav.
with the bront or brest of the vangarde. Hall in — bross, brosst, a bud or sprout Bret, brous, ;

R. The fore rydars put themselves in presewith a bud, shoot brouskoad, brushwood,
;

their longe lances to win the first brunie of the wood composed of twigs. Prov. bruc,
field. —Fabyan. brus, brusc (Diet. Castr.), heath, quasi
OE. brunt, a blow. twigs, a shrub composed of small twigs
;
Bot baysment gef myn herte a brunt. Lang, brousso, a tuft of heath ; Fr. brosse,
Allit. Poems, E. E. Text Soc. A. 174.
a bush, bushy ground, also a head-brush,
All that was bitten of the beste was at a brunt
wool-card, flax-comb
dede. —
K. Alexander, p. 134.
brossettes, small
heath whereof head-brushes are made.
;

OE. burt, to butt. —


Pr. Pm. Prov. burs, Cot. B?-usske, to make brusshes on,
shock, blow burcar, abroncar, Fr. brott-
; bruyere.— Palsgr. 201. It. brusca, ling or
cher, to strike the foot against an obstacle,
to stumble.

heath for brushes. Fl. ON. bruskr, a
bush of hair, tuft of grass or hay, a brush.
Brush. An implement made of bristles Perhaps the explanation of the double
or elastic twigs for whisking away small origin is to be found in the fact that the
extraneous matters from a surface. It is words signifying mote, dust, rubbish, and
singulai" that the word may be derived those signifying a sprig, twig, bush, are
with equal propriety from the dust or both derived from modifications of the
rubbish it is used to remove, or from the multiform root sigmfying break, appear-
materials of which it is itself composed. mg in Goth, brikan, Gael, bris, brist, Fr.
Cat. brossa, quisquilise, sordes, fasx ; bros- briser. Port, britar. The Bav. bross,
sar, detergere ; Gael, brusg, a crum. It. brosst, Bret, brous, OFr. broust, a
bud,
brusco, bruscolo, a mote, fescue ; brusca, twig, or shoot, seems named from burst-
a brush Swiss bruske, Piedm. brosse,
; mg (on. brista) or breaking out ; or the
remnants of hay or fodder, orts, brossa, a separate twigs or bristles may be con-
brush ; Sp. broza, chips, dust, rubbish, sidered as splinters, as It. brusco, bruscolo.
— ; — ;

BUBBLE BUCK 107


bruschetta, a littlepiece of wood or straw, open lath-work, which is also used in a great
fescue, mote. But see Bristle. portion of the ends and sides of the main building,
Bubble. It. bubbola. From an imita- to allow a free current of air. Illust. News, —
March 28, 1857.
tion of the sound made by the bubbling
liquid. Bohem. bublati, to murmur, bub- Buck. The male goat, also applied
Una, a bubble ; Pol. bifbel, a bubble, a to the male deer, and then to other wild
tumour Lith. bubseti, to bubble, boil
; animals, as a buck rabbit, w. bwch,
bubauti, to bellow as a bull ; bubeuti, to Gael, boc, Fr. bouc. Probably named
thunder gently ; bubiti, to beat ; bubleti, from the tendency of the animal to butt
to bump as a bittern. Sc. bub, a. blast or strike with the forehead. Fin. pukkata,
of wind. to butt ;Esthon. pokka7na, to butt, to
A bubble and a lump or swelling are kick ; Magy. bokni, to stick, to butt. Pol.
very generally designated by the same puk, knock, rap, tap ; Gael, boc, a knock
word, either because a bubble is taken as or blow Fr. buquer, bucquer, to knock
;

the type of anything round and swelling, at a door, to butt or jurr Dan. bukke, to
;

or because the same articulation is used ram down a gun. It. becco is a radically
to represent the j>o/ of a bubble bursting, different form, from bek / bek ! represent-
and the sound of a blow, from which the ing the bleating of a goat.
designation of a knob, hump, or projec- To Buck. Formerly, when soap was
tion is commonly taken. Fr. bube, a push, not so plentiful a commodity, the first
wheal, blister, watery bud, hunch or operation in washing was to set the linen
bump. — Cot. '
Burble in the water to soak in a solution of wood ashes. This

bubette.' Palsgr. Magy. boh, bub, pup, a. was called bucking the linen, and the
bunch, hump, tuft, top, buborek, a bubble. ashes used for that purpose were called
To Bubble. See Dupe. buck-ashes. The word was very generally
Buccanier. Aset of pirates in the spread. In G. it is beuchen, bduclien,
17th century, who resorted to the islands beichen, buchen,buchen,biiken j Svi.byka,
and uninhabited places in the West Dan. byge; Fr. buquer, buerj It. buca-
Indies, and exercised their cruelties prin- tare; Bret. bugd. Sp. bugada, lye. The
cipally on the Spaniards. The name, ac- derivation has been much discussed. The
cording to Olivier Oexmelin, who wrote a more plausible are :

history of adventurers in the Indies, is 1. Dan. bog-aske, the ashes of beech-

derived from the language of the Caribs. wood, chiefly employed in making potash
It was the custom of those savages when but the practice of bucking would have
they took prisoners, to cook their flesh on arisen long before people resorted to any
a kind of grate, called barbacoa (whence particular kind of wood for the supply of
the term barbecue j a barbecued hog, a ashes.
hog dressed whole). The place of such a 2. It. bucata, buck-ashes, supposed to
feast was called boucan (or according to be so called from buca, a hole, because
Cotgrave the wooden gridiron itself), and the ashes are strained through a pierced
this mode of dressing, in which the flesh dish, in the same way that the term is in
was cooked and smoked at the same time, Sp. colada, lye, bucking, the linen at buck,
was called in Fr. boucaner. from colar, to strain, to filter, to buck,
The natives of Florida, says Laudon- lessiver, faire la lessive. But the analogy
nih-e (Hist, de la Floride, Pref A.D. 1586, does not hold, because bucare does not
in Marsh), mangent toutes leurs viandes appear ever to have been used in the
'

rosties surles charbons et boucan^esjc'est sense of straining or filtering.


a dire quasi cuictes a la fumfe.' In Hack- The true derivation is seen in Gael.
luyt's translation dressed in the smooke bog, moist, soft, tender, and as a verb, to
'

which in their language they call bou- steep or soak. Bret, bouk, soft, tender,
caned' Hence those who established them- boukaat, to soften. The ideas of wet and
selves in the islands for the purpose of soft commonly coalesce, as G. erweichen,
smokipg meat were called buccaniers. to soak, from weich, soft ; It. molle, soft,
Diet. Etym. The term bocan is still ap- wet Lat. mollire, to soften, and Fr.
;

plied in the W. I. to a place used for the mouillir, to wet Pol. mokry,-wtt miekki,
; ;

drying of produce. soft ; mieknad, to soak, to soften ; moczyd,


to soak foul linen before washing. Bohem.
Our next illustration represents the Bocan, or
building used for drying and preparing cocoa
mok, a steep for flax. To buck then
and coffee. The building is regularly constructed would originally be to set the linen to
with two floors, the upper for coifee, the lower soak in lye, and as in and b so often in-
for cocoa. They are divided by partitions of terchange (comp. w. maban and baban,

; ;;

io8 BUCK-BEAN BUDGET


a baby), the word is probably identical Buckram. It. bucherame, Fr. bou-
with inok, the root of the Slavonic words gran, boucaran, Mid.Lat. boqueranmis.
above mentioned, and of the Lat. macero, It is explained by Miiller (MHG. Wtb.) as
to soak. In Lat. imbuere, the guttural if the stuff was made of goat's hair. It
termination is lost, as in Fr. buie for is commonly mentioned as a precious
buquSe. In the dialect of the Setti Cem- stuff, and the reference to It. bucherare,
mani, where the G. w in the beginning of to pierce holes, is doubtless fallacious.
words is converted into b, G. weich, soft, Una coltre di bucherame Cipriana bian-
'

becomes boch, boach; and weichen, ein- chissima.' Boccaccio. —


weichen, to 'soak, become bochen, boa- Bucolic. Lat. bucolicus, from Gr.
chen., inboachen, arguing (as Marsh sug- jSouKoXiKog, belonging to the calling of the
gests) an original connection between herdsman jSavicoXog, agreeing with Gael.
;

Gael, bog and G. weich. buachazlle, a cowherd, from bo, cattle,


Buck-bean. A water-plant with leaves and gille, a boy, a servant, w. call, a
like a bean. Dan. bukke-blad,.goa.t-le!L{ fold ceilio, to pen cattle.
;

N. gjeit-klauv, goat's hoof. * Bud. The knob or projection form-


* Bucket. Hardly identical with Fr. ed by the swelling germ of leaves or
baquet (dim. of bac, a trough), a pail or flowers. The entire train of thought is
bucket, a small shallow and open tub. seen in Hesse botz, potz, crack, loud
Cot. NE. bouk is a pail and with the dim. noise ; butzen (Du. botzen, butzen
; K.), to —
bucket is probably an equivalent of It. knock, to butt; butzen, clump, bunch,
bolgia, bolgetta, a budget, also a leather tuft ; Bav. botzen, butzen, lump, knob ;

bucket Fl. Fr. bouge, a wallet, male or botzen, bud
; butzen, turgere buczendig,
;
,
' ;

case of leather ; bougette, a little coffer or turgidus.' Schm. — Swab, butz, stroke,
trunk of wood covered with leather. Mid. blow, prick in a target, rump of fowls ;
Lat. bulga, pulga, OHG. pulga, Bav. bul- anything short of its kind, a dumpy
gin, a leathern sack. See Bulk. child. Du. butze, a bump, swelling,
* Buckle. —
A buckle or fastening for botch. K. Bret, bod, bdden, a tuft,
a leather strap probably takes its name clump, bunch ; explaining Fr. rabodS,
from the convex shape or from the boss short and thick of stature. Fr. bouter,
with which it was ornamented. Prov. to thrust, put, push forwards, to bud or
bocla, bloca, OFr. bode, boss of a shield, put forth as a tree in the spring (Cot.) ;
ornamental stud. Fr. boucler, to swell, bouton, a bud, a pustule bout, the end or ;

rise or bear out in the middle. — Cot. To thrusting part of a long body, a stump ;

buckle up, of a surface, is to shrivel up, to un bout d'homme, a .stumpy man. So


throw itself into prominences andhoUows. W. pwtio, to poke, thrust, butt ; pwt o
Fr. boucle, a curl, a ring. The word is a ddyn, a short thick man. Du. pote,poot,
mere transposition of the elements found 'Dz.n.pode, a shoot, scion, set of a plant
in bulk, and as in the case of the latter Hesse potten, to graft or bud trees, to
word, the radical image seems to be a set plants.
bubble taken as the type of a rounded * Bud, Bus. Behoves. ' I bus goe tyU
prominence. It. boccula, Fr. boucle, Sw. bedde.' And this sacrament bus have
'

dial, bogla, Pol. bulka, a bubble ; It. three thyngis.' Hal. This expression —
boglire, bollire, to boil. w. boglyn, bub- may probably be explained by N. bod, bo,
ble, boss, knob ; dwfr yn boglynu, water message, call bo, need. Du ha inkje
;
'

a bubbling ; bogel, a navel, nave of a bo te gjera da:' you have no need, no


wheel bogeilio, to boss or swell out G. call, no business to do that.
; ;

buckel, protuberance, excrescence, hump, Budge. The dressed fur of lambs, a


boss, bullion, stud, clasp of a book. Dan. material no doubt early supplied by the
bugle, a boss, bump, swelling, dint ; bug- pastoral nations of Slavonic race, with
let, having a boss, dinted. whom it is still much in use. Russ./a.r//',
Buckler. The Fr. boucle, Prov. bocla, fur, skins pushit', to line with fur.
;

bloca, a buckle or protuberance, were To Budge. Bret, boulj, movement


specially applied to the boss of a shield. bouljein, Fr. bouger, to move, stir, budge,
II I'a feru desor I'escu, probably from the notion of bubbling,
Dusqu'en la bock I'a fendu. boiling. Port, bulb; to budge. Nao vos
Partonopeus de Blois in Rayn. bulais daqui, don't stir from hence, don't
Hence bouclier, Prov. bloquier, Sp. bro- budge. Pied, sboge, to stir. ON. bulla,
quel. It. brocchiere, a buclder or shield to boil built, motus creber.
;

with a central boss. So on. bugnir, a Budget. Fr. bougette, dim. of bouge,
shield, from bugr, convexity. a budget, wallet, great pouch, or male of
BUFF BUG 109
leather serving to carry things behind a From thence it has been transferred in

man on horseback. Cot. It. bolgia, E. to the sideboard on which the drink-
bolgetta, a budget, leathern bucket. From ables are placed at meals, and in Fr. to
bulga, a skin. the office in a department where other
Buff. A
buff sound is a toneless sound kind of business is carried on, while in
as of a blow. Magy. bufogni, to give a Sp. it has passed on to signify simply a
dull sound; Pl.D. duff^ dull, of colours, desk or writing-table.
sounds, tastes, smells ; een duffen toon, a Buffoon. Fr. botffon, a jester, from
deadened tone eene dtiffe couletir, a dull
; It. buffa, a puff, a blast or a blurt with
colour. the mouth made at one in scorn ; buffare,
Buff.— Buflae. Buffalo.— Lat. buba- to jest or sport. — Fl.
lus, Russ. buivol, Fr. buffle, the buffe, A puff with the mouth is probably in-
bufHe, bugle, or wild ox, also the skin or dicative of contempt, as emblematically

heck of a buffe. Cot. The term was making light of an object. 'And who
then applied to the skin of the buffalo minds Dick? Dick 's nobody Whoo ! !

dressed soft, buff leather, and then to the He blew a slight contemptuous breath
yellowish colour of leather so dressed. as if he blew himself away.' David Cop- —
It. buffalo, a buffle or a bugle, by meta- perfield. A
Staffordshire artisan giving
phor, a block-headed noddy. Fl. Hence — an account of one who had been slighted
the E. buffle-headed, confused, stupid. said, ' They rether puffed at him.'
The name of the beast seems taken from Bug. —Bugbear. —Boggart. — Bogle.
a representation of his voice. Lith. bu- God's boast seemed to him but iugges, things
benti, to bellow Magy. bufogni, to give
; made to feare children. — Z.Boyd in Jam.
a hollow sound. The meaning of Bug is simply an object
Buff.—Buffet. A blow. From buff! of terror, from the cry Bo ! Boo / Boh !
an imitation of the sound of -a blow. made by a person, often covering his
Pl.D. buffen, to strike E. rebuff, to re-
;
face to represent the unknown, to frighten
pulse ; buffare, Fr. bouffer, to puff, to
It. children. The use of the exclamation
blow ; It. buffetto, a cuff or buffet, also a for this purpose is very widely spread.
blurt or puff with one's mouth. G. puff, Gael, bo ! an interj. to excite terror in
a clap, buffet, cuff ; Lith. bubiti, to beat. children. —
Macleod. w. bw! It. bau !
In other cases, as Diez remarks, the '

Far bau / bau / far paura a' bambini
word for a stroke is connected with a
verb signifying to blow Fr. soufflet, a

coprendosi la volta.' La Crusca. Alter-
;
nately covering the face in this manner
buffet,from souffler, to blow souffleU, ;
to form an object of sportive terror, and
often blown upon, boxed on the ear and ;
then peeping over the covering to relieve
the word blow itself is used in both the infant from his terror, constitutes the
senses. game of Bo-peep, Sc. Teet-bo.
Buffet. Fr. buffet, a side-board. Fr.
The
The two —
children were playing in an oppo-
buffer, bouffer, to puff, to blow. sitecomer, Lillo covering his head with his skirt,
primary have
sense of buffeter seems to and roaring at Ninna to frighten her, then peep-
been to take out the vent peg of a cask, ing out again to see how she bore it. Romola, —
265.
and let in the air necessary for drawing iii.

out liquor, as from Lith. dausa, air, The cry made to excite terror is then
breath, dausinti, to give air to a cask in used, either alone or with various termin-
order to let the beer run. ations, to signify an indefinite object of
terror, such as that conjured up by child-
Si vos chartiers— amenant pour la provision
de vos maisons certain nombre de tonneaux de ren in the dark.
vin les avaient buffeUs et beus 4 demi, le reste L'apparer del giomo
emplissant d'eau, &c. —Rabelais. Che scaccia 1' Ombre, il Bau e le Befane !

Buffeter, to marre a vessel of wine by —the peep of day which scatters spectres, bugs,
often tasting it ; buffets, deadened, as and hobgoblins. — La Crusca.
wine that hath taken wind, or hath been Swiss baui, bauwi, mumming, bugbear,
mingled with water. Cot. —Mid. Lat. scarecrow ; G. baubau, wauwau, Esthon.
btifetarius, Fr. buffeteur, tabernarius, popo, Magy. bubus, Sc. boo, bukow Ikow,
caupo. Bufetarium, the duty paid for a goblin), human, E. dial, boman, Pl.D.
retailing wine in taverns. The verb bumann, Limousin bobal, bobaow, W. bw,
buffeter may thus be translated to tap, bwg, bubach, a bugbear, a hobgoblin.
buffetier, a tapster. Thus buffet would Far barabao is explained in Patriarchi's
signify the tap of a public-house or tavern, Venetian diet, yar^aa./ bau! to cry boh!
the place whence the wine was drawn. and il brutto barabao is interpreted il

;;:

no BUG BUGLE
Tentennino, il brutto Demonio, the black a maggot. It. baco, a silk-worm, also a
bug, the buggaboo w. bwgar, a, bugbear boa-peep or vain bug-bear
; baco-baco, ;

(Spurrell), E. dial, bugar, the Devil. —


Hal. boa-peep. Fl. —
Limousin bobaou, bobal,
w. bw ! is used as an interjection of a bug-bear, is also used as the generic
threatening, and signifies also terror as name of an insect. Bdronie. —
So in Al-
well as the terrific object. Manx boa, boo, banian boube, a bug-bear, and in child's
fear, affright. language any kind of insect. Magy.
The repetition of the radical syllable bubus, bug-bear, Serv. buba, vermin. It.
with more or less modification represents bau, bug-bear, Grisons bau, insect, beetle
the continuance of the terrific sound. bau (Pureiglia, earwig bau da grascha, ;

The final guttural of W. bwg and E. bug dung-beetle. Sw. troll, a goblin, monster,
is found in Ulyrian bukati, Magy. b'dgni, provincially an insect. In Norse applied
to bellow, biignt, to roar Swiss booggen, especially to beetles or winged insects.
;

to bellow like an angry bull when he —


Aasen. Illyr. gad, disgust, insect. Lap.

paws the ground ; boogg, bogk, bok, a rabme, an insect, worm, any disgusting
animal, also a bug-bear, ghost. Sp. coco,
mask or disguise (from being originally
adopted with the intention of striking a worm, also a bug-bear.
terror), a misshapen person. The name Bug. 3. i; Swelling, protuberant. See
Big.
of bugabo was given, according to Coles,
* 2. The word has a totally different
to an 'ugly wide-mouthed picture' carried
about at May games. Lith. bauginti, to origin in the expression bugs words, fierce,
terrify ;bugti, to take fright, to take bug, high-sounding words. Cheval de trom-
'

as it is provincially expressed in England. fette, one whom no big nor bugs words can
— Hal. —
To take buggart or boggart is terrify-' Cot. Parolone, high, big, roar-
used in the same sense, and a boggarty ing, swollen, long, great or bug words.
horse is one apt to start, to take fright. Fl. '
Bug as a lord.' In my time at
With a different termination we have Rugby school bug was the regular term
W. bwgwl, threatening, terrifying Sc.
for conceited, proud. Bogge, bold, for-
bogil, bogle, bogil bo (e. buggabod),. a
;
ward, saucy. Grose. —
spectre, bugbear, scarecrow ; Lesachthal,
In this sense of the word it seems to
rest on the notion of frightening with a
foggile, poggl, a bugbear for children,
and thence an owl from its nightly hoot- loud noise, blustering, threatening, and is
ing. — Deutsch. Mundart. iv. 493. Lett. thus connected with bug, bug-bear. Swiss
baiglis, an object of terror. Russ. pugaf, booggen, to bellow like an angry bull
pujat', to frighten ;
pugalo, pujalo, a boogg, bogk, a proud overbearing man
scarecrow. Stalder bog, larva (a bug-bear, hobgob-
;
In bug-bear or bear-bug, the word is lin)
joined with the name of the beast taken con Bernense.
; bbgge, superbire. —
Schmidt. Idioti-

as an object of dread. Bugle. I. Same as buffle, a buffalo.


The humour of melancholye These are the beasts which ye shall eat of
Causith many a man in slepe to cry,
For fere oi beris or of ^(?/«V blalce,
oxen, shepe and gootes, hert, roo, and bugle. —
Bible, 1551. Deut. xiv.
Or eUis that blake buggys wol him take.
Chaucer. Hence bugle-horn, properly a buffalo
where we find imaginary bulls and bears horn, then a horn for drinking, or on
classed with bugs as objects of nightly which notes are played in hunting.
terror. Janus sits by the fire with double berd
Bug'. 2. The name of bug
given in
is And drinketh of his bugle horn the wine.
a secondary sense to insects considered Chaucer.
as an object of disgust and horror, and in Lat. bucula,3uhtii&:. Mid.Lat. buculus,
modern English is appropriated to the OFr. bugle, buffle, boeuf sauvage. Ro-
noisome inhabitants of our beds, but in quef

America is used as the general appella- Probably, as Buffalo, from the cry of
tion of the beetle tribe. They speak of a the animal Serv. bukati, Magy. bbgni,
;

tumble-bug, rose-bug. A similar applica- Fr. bugler, beugler, to bellow.


tion of the word signifying an object of 2. An ornament of female dress con-
dread, to creeping things, is very common. sisting of fragments of very fine glass
Russ. bukashka, a beetle, is the dim. of pipes sewn on. ' Et dictas domino nunc
biika, a bug-bear. The w. bwcai signifies portant biigolos qui sic nominantur, quos
what produces dread or disgust, and also cooperiunt capillis capitis earum ligatis
— ;

BUILD BULK m
supra dictos bugolos.' — De moribus civi- vessel. Boss^, knobby, bulked or bump-
'

um Placentiae. a.d. 1388. Muratori. ed out.'— Cot.


To Build. From on. bua, OSw. boa, The radical sense is shown in Russ.
bo, G. bauen, to till, cultivate, inhabit, were bulkaf, to bubble up Pol. bulka, a bub- ;

formed bol, a farm, byli, a habitation, ble Gael, balg, bolg, bubble {palgan
;

OSw. bol, bole, byli, domicilium, sedes, tiisge, a water-bubble), Mister, bag, wal-
villa, habitaculum, whence bylja, to raise let, boss of shield, belly, womb, bellows
;

a habitation, to build, or, as it was for- builgean, bubble, bladder, pimple, pouch
merly written in English to bylle. builgeadh, bubbling up, as water begin-
That city took Josue and destroyed it and ning to boil bolg, bulg, belly, anything;

cursed it and alle hem that tyllei. it again. Sir — prominent, a lump or mass, the hold of a
Jno. Mandeville. ship bolg (as verb), blow, swell, puff,
;

Bulb. Lat. bulbus, Gr. (3oX|8oc, a tuber-


blister Manx bolg, bolgan, bubble, blis-
;

ter, belly, boss, knob, globule bolg-lhu- ;


ous or bulbous root ; Lith. bulbe, bulwis,
ingey, the bilge or hold of a ship bolgey, ;
the potato G. bolle, bulle, bulbe, a bulb
; ;
to blow, swell, blister, w. bwlg, a round
Du. bol, bolle, a globe, ball, head ; bol,
bulky body bwlgan, a straw corn-vessel.
;
bollekeiivan loock, the head of an onion. ^
Bulgas Galli sacculos scorteos vocant.'
Gr. PoXj3a, Lat. vulva, the womb.
From the image of a bubble taken as
— Festus.
Passing to the Scandinavian and Teu-
the type of anything round, swollen, hol-
tonic dialects we have Goth, balgs, skin
low. In the representation of natural
bag; G. balg, skin of an animal, husk,
sounds, the position of liquids in the word
pod ON. belgr, skin flayed whole, leather
;
is very variable. In English, as well as
sack, belly; belgja, bolgna, Dan. bulne,
bubble, we have blob or bleb and blubber
to swell, to puff up bolginn, swollen ;
in the same sense. The Walach. has OE. bolnyn, tumeo, turgeo bolnyd, tumi-
;


;
bulbuk, a bubble, and bulbukd, to bubble
dus. Pr. Pm. See how this tode bol- '

up, to spring, swell, be protuberant. See


next article.
neth.' —Palsgr. MHG. bilge, bale, bulgen;
gebolgen, to swell. The addition of a dim.
Bulch. A
bunch or projection, ne. or feminine termination gives Bav. bulgen.

buhe, a bunch. Hal. Bourser, to gather, '
It. bolgia, bolgetta, a leather sack or bud-
jnake bulch, or bear out as a full purse,
get Fr. boulge, bouge, a leathern sack or
to bunt or leave a bunt in a sail.' Cot. — ;

portmanteau, a strouting or standing out


Ptg. bolso, pocket, also the bunt or hollow
in a flat piece of work, boss of a buckler,
of a sail.
belly, outleaning in the middle of a wall
Bulge. See Bulk. (Cot.), bulge or convex part of a cask.
Bulk. I. Bulk, in Sc. and N. of E. Hence e. bulge or bilge, the belly or con-
bouk, the carcase, chest, trunk, body of
vex part of a ship to bulge, to belly out,
an animal, mass, principal portion. '
My to throw out a convexity. With these
;

liver leapt within my bulk! Turberville. — must probably be classed ON. bulki, the
Bav. biilken, the body Du. bulcke, ;
contents of the hold, or cargo of a ship,
thorax buick, beuck, trunk of the body, consisting of a heap of sacks bound down

;

belly ;van de kerche, nave or body of and covered with skins. Bolke or hepe,
the church —
van 't schip, hold or bilge
;
cumulus, acervus. Pr. Pm. ON. at riufa —
of a ship. Kil. —ON. bukr, trunk, body, bulkann, to undo the cargo, to break
belly Sw. buk, Dan. bug, G, bauch, belly
; ; bulk. Lett. ;pulks, Lith. pulkas, a heap,
Cat. buc, the belly, bed of a river, bulk
crowd, herd^ swarm pulkd, in bulk, in ;
or capacity of anything, body of a ship ; mass.
Sp. bugue, the capacity or burden of a 2. A
bulk is a partition of boards, the
ship, hull of a ship. stallor projecting framework for the dis-
The comparison of the Celtic dialects play of goods before a shop.
leads strongly to the conviction that the
Here stand behind this bulk, straight will he
radical image is the boiling or bubbling come :

up of water, whence we pass to the notion Wear thy good rapier bare, and put it home.
of anything swelling or strouting out, of Othello.
an inflated skin, stuffed bag, or of what '
He found a country fellow dead drunk,
is shaped like a bubble, a prominence, snorting on a bulk.' Anat. Melancholy. —
knob, boss, lump. For the latter sense In this latter sense the word is identical
compare Da. bulk, a. projection, lump, with It. balco, balcone, a projection before
unevenness Sw. dial, bullka, a protu-
; a window also the bulk or stall of a
;
'

berance, knot in thread, a dint in a metal shop.' Fl. —


Palco, a stage or scaffold;
; —

112 BULL BULLION


palchetto, a box or boarded inclosure at a As an instance of the arbitrary way in
theatre. The original sense seems to be which words acquire their precise mean-
a framework of balks, beams or boards, ing, it may be observed that a bullet in
as It. assito, a beam or rafter, also a par- E. is applied to the ball of a gun or
tition of deals instead of a wall. Fl. — musket, while the projectile of a cannon
In Fr., on the contrary,
Dan. dial, bulk, bulke, boarded partition is called a ball.

in a barn. Abulk-head is a boarded par- it is boulet de canon, ba.lle de fusil.

tition in a ship. BulUiead. —


Eullrusli. — Bullfrog.
Bull. I. The male of the ox kind. Bullhead is the name of the miller's
W. bwla, Lith. bullus, ON. bolli, bauli, a thumb, a little fish nearly all head, also
bull, baula, a cow, from baula, N.Fris. of the tadpole or young frog. Bullrush
bellow. G. bulle, bullocks, a bull
bolli, to is a large kind of rush. The element bull
Swiss bullen, to bellow. is probably not taken from the quadruped

2. A papal rescript, from Lat. bulla, of that name, but is more probably iden-
the seal affixed to the document. The tical with Sw. bal, bole or trunk of a tree,
primary signification of bulla is a bubble, bulk of a thing, large, coarse, thick, blunt,
from the noise, whence bullire, to bubble,
large of its kind, as geting, a wasp, bal-
to boil. Thence the term was applied to
geting, a hornet. W. pwl, hhint, penbwl,
many protuberant objects, as the orna-
a blockhead, a tadpole ; Gael, pollach,
mental heads of nails, the hollow orna-
lumpish, stupid ; poll-cheannach, lump-
ment of gold hung round the neck of the
headed ; poli-cheannan, a tadpole. The
young nobility of Rome in subsequent
bullfrog, however, is said to make a loud
;

times applied to the seal hanging by a


bellowing noise, which may probably be
band to a legal instrument. It. bolla, a
the origin of the name.
seal, stamp, round glass phial, boss, stud,
BuUiou. This word is used in several
bubble, blister, pimple. See Billet.
Bullace. The wild plum. Bret, bolos
senses, i. A
boss or stud, any embossed
work. Sp. bollar, to emboss ; bollon,
ox polos, w. bwlas. Fr. bellocier, a bul-
lace tree. It. bulloi, bullos, sloes. — Fl.
stud, brass-headed nail ; bollos de relieve,
embossed work. Fr. bouillon, a stud,
Bullbeggar. Terriculamentum, a
scare-bug, a bul-begger, a sight that fray-
any great-headed or studded nail. Cot. —
eth and frighteth. —
Higins in Pr. Pm.
Elyot translates bulla a bullion set on
'

the cover of a book or other thynge.'


And they have so fraid us with bull-beggers,
witches, urchens, elves, &c., and such
'
Bullyon in a woman's girdle clow.'— —
spirits, Palsgr. '
Bullions and ornaments of
other bugs that we are afraid of our own shadows.
plate engraven, a bullion of copper set on
— Scot's Deso. of Witchcr. in N.
bridles or poitrels for an ornament.'
The word is of a class with Pl.D. Baret's Alveary in Hal. Here the notion
bullerbak, a noisy violent
btcllerbrook, of swelling or embossment is derived
fellow, w. bwbach, Du. bullebak, a hob- from the bubbling of boiling water.
goblin, bugbear, scarecrow, where the 2. Bullion is applied to a particular
former element signifies the roaring kind of gold and silver lace, from Fr.
noise made child by the
to terrify the bouillon, explained by Chambaud as
person whorepresents the hobgoblin. being made of a very fine sheet of gold
Pl.D. bullern, Du. bulderen, G. poltern, or silver twisted. Doubtless from bouil-
to make a loud noise Du. bulderghees-
; lon in the sense of a puff or bunch, from
ten, leraures nocturni nigri. —
Kil. G. pol- the puffy texture of this kind of lace.
tergeist, a hobgoblin. The final element 3. Gold or silver uncoined. Consider-
in the forms above cited seems a corrupt able difficulty has been felt in accounting
repetition of the syllable bug, signifying for the word in this sense, from the use of
roaring, and thence terror, as in E. b2ig- the equivalent terms, billoti in Fr. and
gaboo, G. biitzibau, Du. bietebau. The vellon in Sp., in the sense of base metal,
connection between the ideas of loud silver mixed with a large alloy of cop-
noise and terror is well illustrated by the per.
use of Pl.D. buller in addressing children The original meaning of the word bul-
to signify something terrible :
'
Gae du lion, boillon, billon, was the mint or office
nig bi dat buller-water,' do not go by the where the precious metals were reduced
dangerous water, as a mill-dam or the to the proper alloy and converted into
like. See Bug, Bully. stamped money, from the Lat. bulla, a
Bullet. Fr. boulct, dim. of boule, a seal, whence Mod.Gr. /SouWivu, to seal,
bowl. See Bowl. to stamp /SowXXtur^pioj/, the matrix or die
;
;

BULLY BUM-BAILIFF 113


with which coins were stamped. — Diet. bullion istranslated in Torriano's diction-
Etym. ary (a.d. 1687), 'lega, legaggio di me-
In this sense the word appears in our tallo,' and traces of the same application
early statutes. The Stat. 9 E. IIL st. 2, are preserved in the Spanish reckoning
c. 2, provides, that all persons ' puissent in ' reals vellon,' reals of standard cur-
sauvement porter k les eschanges ou rency. From metal of standard fineness
bullion et ne mie ailleurs argent en plate, the signification has naturally passed in
vessel d'argent et toutz maners d'argent modern times to all gold and silver de-
sauve faux monoie et I'esterling counter- signed for the purpose of coinage.
fait,' for the purpose of exchange. —
Bully. ^Bully-rook. A
violent over-
In the English version these words are bearing person. Du. bulderen, bolderen,
erroneously translated 'that all people blaterare, debacchari, intonare, minari
may safely bring to the exchanges bullion verbulderen, perturbare saevis dictis. —
or silver in plate, &c.,' which has led to Kil. G. poltem, to make a noise ; Sw.
the assertion that 'bullion' in the old buller, noise, clamour, bustle, buller-bas,
statutes is used in the modern application a blusterer ; Pl.D. buller-jaan (bully-
of uncoined gold or silver. The 27 Ed. John), buller-bak, buller-brook, a noisy
III. St. 2, c. 14, provides, 'que toutz mar- blustering fellow, from the last of which
chauntz — puissent savement porter — is doubtless our bully-rock or bully-rook,
plate d'argent, billettes d'or et tut autre a hectoring, boisterous fellow. Bailey. —
maner d'or et toutz moneys d'or et d'ar- Bully-rock, un faux brave. —
Miege in
gent a nostre bullione ou a nous es- Hal. The Sw. buller-bas, on the other
changes que nous ferons ordeiner a nous hand, agrees with e. blunder-buss, a,
dites estaples et ailleurs pemant illoeqs clumsy fellow who does things with noise
money de notre coigne convenablement and violence. G. polterer, a blunder-
k la value.' Again, 4 Hen. IV. c. 10, head, blunder-buss, a boisterous, violent,
'que la tierce partie de tout la monoie furious man. — Kiittner. To bully is to
d'argent que sera porte k la boillion sera bluster, to terrify by noise and clamour,
faite es mayles et ferlynges' —
shall be to behave tyrannically or imperiously.
coined into halfpence and farthings. Bulwark. A
defence originally made
In these and other statutes all traffick- of the boles or trunks of trees, then in
ing in coin was forbidden, except at the general a rampart, bastion, or work of
bullion or exchanges of the king ; and defence. Du. bol-werck, block-werck,
similar restrictions were enforced in —
propugnaculum,' agger, vallum. Kil. Fr.
France, where the tampering with the by corruption boulevart, boulevard, pri-
coin was carried to a much greater ex- marily the ramparts of a town, then ap-
tent than in England, insomuch as to plied to the walks and roads on the inside
earn for Philippe le Bel the title of le faux of .the ramparts, and now at Paris to a
monnoyeur. Hence among the French broad street surrounding what was form-
the carrying to the billon their decried erly the body, but now is the central part
money became a familiar operation of of the town. It. baluarte.

daily life, and porter au billon,' ' mettre


' Bum. For bottom. Fris. ^i^/«, ground,
au billon,' are metaphorically appUed to bottom, from boden, bodem, ON. bottn, AS.
things that require remaking. botm. Fris. ierd-boeyme, ierd-beame, the
The decried coin- brought to be melted soil. Hence bom and ban, a floor. D.
up was termed monnaie de billon,' and
' buene, boene, G. biihne, a stage, scaffold.
hence billon and the equivalent Spanish To Bum. — Boom. — Bump. — Bum-
vellon were very early used to signify the ble.To bum, to hum, to make a droning
base mixture of which such coin was sound. — Hal. Du. bomtnen, resonare, to
made, or generally a mixture of copper beat a drum bombam?nen, to ring the
;

and silver. '


Ne quis aurum, argentum bells. bumble or make
Lat. bombilare, to
vel billionein extra regnum nostrum de- a humming noise bombilus, Du. bom-
;

ferre prassumat.' —
Stat. Philip le Bel in mele, honunele, a bumble-, or a humble-
The cry of the bittern, which he is
Due. A.D. 1305. bee.

In England the fortunes of the word supposed to make by fixing his bill in a
have been different, and the Mint being reed or in the mud, is called bumping or
regarded chiefly as the authority which
determined the standard of the coin, the Bum-bailiff. From the notion of a
name of bullion has been given to the humming, droning, or dunning noise the
alloy or composition of the current coin term bum is apphed to dunning a person
permitted by the Bullion or mint. Thus for a debt. To bum, to dun. —
Hal. Hence
! ;;

114 BUMBOAT BUNCH


bum-bailiff, a person employed to dun Bun, S. —Bunny. Bun, a dry stalk
one for a debt, the bailiff employed to bumtel, a dried hemp-stalk. Hal. Kyx — '
;

arrest for debt. The ordinary explana- or bunne, or dry weed {btcn7ie of dry weed,
tion of bound-bailiff is a mere guess. No H.S.P.), calamus.' Pr. Pm. — Bun, the
one ever saw the word in that shape. .
stubble of beans. —
Mrs Baker. Sc. bune
Moreover the bum-bailiff is not the per- or boon, the useless core of flax or hemp
son who gives security to the sheriff, nor from which the fibre is separated. Bune-
would it concern the public if he did. wand, a hemp-stalk.
But his special office is to dun or bum for The word is probably to be explained
debts, and this is the point of view from from Gael, bun, root, stock, stump, bot-
which he would be regarded by the class tom ; bun feoir, hay stubble ; bunan,
who have most occasion to speak of him. stubble Manx bun, stump, stalk, root,
;

Bumboat. A
boat in which provisions foundation w. bon, stem or base, stock,
;

are brought for sale alongside a ship. trunk, butt end. The buns are the dried
Du. bum-boot, a very wide boat used by stalks of various kinds of plants left after
fishers in S. Holland and Flanders, also the foliage has withered away. Gael.
for taking a pilot to a ship. Roding, — bun eich, an old stump of a horse. Bun-
Marine Diet. Probably for bun-boot, a feaman (stump-tail), a tail (Macleod),
boat fitted with a bun or receptacle for should probably be a short tail, explain-
keeping fish alive. ing E. bunny, a rabbit, whose short tail
Bump. Pl.D. bums! an interjection in running is very conspicuous. Bun, a
imitating the sound of a blow. Bums rabbit, the tail of a hare. Hal. Dan. —
getroffen. Bang it's hit.
! Bumsen, bam- bund, bottom, seems to unite Gael, bun
sen, to strike so as to give a dull sound. with ON. botn, E. bottom.
To bam, to ;pummel, to beat. Hal. w. — Bunch.. Bunk. —
Bung^. —
Bunch, a
pwmpio, to thump, to bang. Lang. hump, cluster, round mass of anything.
poumpi, to knock ; poumpido, noise, To bunch was formerly and still is pro-
knocking. Then, as in other cases, the vincially used in the sense of striking.
word representing the sound of the blow Dunchyn or bunchyn, tundo. Pr. Pm. —
is applied to the lump raised by the blow, ' He buncheth me and beateth me, il me
or to the mass by which it is given, and pousse. Thou bunchest me so that I
signifies consequently a mass, protuber- —
cannot sit by thee.' Palsgr. Related on
ance, lump. See Boss. Thus e. bump, the one side to Pl.D. bunsen, bumsen, to
a swelling, w. pwmp, a round mass ; knock. An
de dor bunsen, oder anklop-
'

pwmpl, a knob, a boss Lith. pumpa, a ;


pen dat —
bunset^ to knock at the
idt
button, pumpurras, a bud. Fr. pompette, door till it sounds again. Daal bu7iseti,
a. pumple or pimple on the skin Cot. ; — to bang down, throw down with a bang.
pompon, a pumpion or gourd, a large 'He fult dat et bunsede,' he fell with a
round fruit.
bang. Du. bans, a knock. See Bounce.
Bumpkin. A clumsy, awkward clown. On the other hand bunch is connected
Probably from bump, signifying one who with a series of words founded on forms
does things in a thumping, abrupt man- similar to the ON. banga, Dan. banke,
ner. Pl.D.
buns-wise, inconsiderately, OSw. bunga, to beat, to bang ON. bunki,
from bunsen, to
strike E. dial, bunger-
;
a heap OSw. bmike, a heap, a knob ;
;

some, clumsy, lungeous, awkward. Hal. — ;

and related with ON. bunga, to swell out


Suffolk bonnka, large, strapping, applied E. dial, bung, a heap or cluster, a pocket
to young persons, especially girls. Moor. — Sw. binge, a heap Wall, bonge, bongie,
Manx bonkan, a. clown. ;

a bunch Magy. bunka, a knob, a boil


;
Bun, 1.— Bunnion. Fr. fo^«^, a bump, (punkos bot, a knotty stick) Sw. bunke,
knob rising after a knock ; bignet, bugnet,
a bowl P1.D. bunken, the large promi-
;

;
little round loaves or lumps made of fine nent bones of an animal (as G. knochen,
meal, &c., buns, lenten loaves.^Cot. It. E. knuckles, from knock) It. bugno, bu<r-
;
bugno, bugnone, any round knob or bunch,
none, any round knob or bunch, a boil or

a boil or blain. Fl. Hence E. bunnion, blain.-^Fl.
a lump on the foot bunny, a swelling Again, as we have seen
from a blow. Forby. —
;

Bony, or grete
E. hdk passing
mto Sp. and E. bull, a bag or sack,
bulto,
knobbe, gibbus, gibber, callus.— Pr. Pm. while bulch was traced through Gris.
Sc. bannock, bonnock, Gael, bonuach, Ir.
bulscha, a wallet, E. bulse, a bunch— Hal.
boi7ieog, Li cake, are dim. forms. Radi- Sp, bolsa, a purse ; so the form btmk, a
cally identical with Dan. bunkc, a heap.
knob or heap, passes into Dan. bmidt,
See Bunch. Sw. bunt, a bunch, bundle, truss E. ;

;; —

BUNDLE BURGEON IIS


bunt of a sail, the middle part of it, impulse by which the meal is driven
which is purposely formed into a kind of backwards and forwards. Bret, bounta,
bag to catch the wind. B. — bunta, to push, knock, shove ; E. dial.
Bundle. AS. byndel, Du. bond, bon- punt, to shove, to push with the head
del, bundel, something bound together (Mrs Baker), to kick. To bunt, to push
ghebondte, ghebundte, colligatio, fascis, with the head. Pl.D. bunsen, to knock.
et contignatio, coassatio bondel-loos, * Buoy. Du. boei, Sw. boj, G. bote,

;

loosed from bonds. Kil. on. bindini, a boye, Fr. bou^e, Sp. boya, the float of an
bundle. anchor or of a net boyar, to float. Lat.
;

Bung. The stopper for the hole in a boia, Fr. buie, a clog or heavy fetters for
barrel. From the hollow sound made in the neck or feet. It. bove, buove, fetters,
driving in the bung. OG. bimge, a drum ; shackles, gyves, clogs, stocks or such
OSw. bungande, the noise of drums. punishments for prisoners. Fl. The —
Ihre. Magy. bongani, to hum. So Du. most usual form would be a heavy clog
bommen, to hum, and bomme, or bonde fastened by a chain to the limb, and
van t' vat, the bung of a barrel Lim. hence the name would seem to have been
;

boundica, to hum, Prov. bondir. Cat. transferred to the wooden log which
bonir, to resound, and Du. bonde, Fr. would be the earliest float for an anchor.
bonde, bondon, a bung. It is possible, N.Fris. bui, the heavy clog of a foot-
however, that the primitive meaning of shackle ; an anchor buoy. Johansen, p.
bung may be a bunch of something thrust I GO.

in to stop the hole. Bung of a tonne or Burble. A bubble. Sp. borboUar, to
pype, bondelj bundell, bondeau. —
Palsgr. boil or bubble up. Lith. burboloti, to
202. The Fr. bouchon, a cork, boucher, guggle as water, rumble as the bowels.
to stop, are from bouscfie, bouche, a bunch Burbulas, a water bubble made by rain.
or tuft, and the Sw. tapp (whence tceppa, See Barbarous.
to stop, and E. tap, the stopper of a cask), Burden. A load. AS. byrthen, G.
biirde, from beran, to bear.
is originally a wisp or bunch ; ho-tapp,
halm-tapp, a wisp of hay or straw. Burden, of a song. See Bourdon.
To Bungle. To do anything awk-
Bureau. The Italian buio, dark, was
wardly, to cobble, to botch. B. —
From formerly pronounced buro, as it still is in

Modena and Bologna. Muratori. Russ.
the superfluous banging and hammering
made by an unskilful worker, on. bang, btiruii,brown burjat^o become brown
;

knocking, racket, working in wood (especi- or russet. Burrhum antiqui quod nunc
'

ally with an axe), banga, to knock, to work



dicimus rufum.' Festus in Diez. OFr.
at carpentry bangan, bongun, knocking,
;
bure, buret, Sp.
buriel, Prov. buret,
unskilful working, especially in wood-
reddish brown, russet, specially applied
to the colour of a brown sheep, then to
work ; banghagr, a bungler. Sw. bang, the coarse woollen cloth made of the
noise, racket ; bangla, to gingle. Sw. fleeces of such sheep without dyeing.
dial, bangla, to work ineffectually. Rietz.— So in Pol. bury, dark grey bura, a rain-
;

Compare G. klempern, klimpem, to cloak of felt. Then as the table in a


gingle, tinkle, tinker ; to strum or play court of audience was covered with such
unskilfully on an instrument ; stiimpeln, a cloth, the term bureau was applied to
stilmpern, to strum on an instrument, the table or the court itself, whence in
to bungle, do a thing bunglingly. Banff. modem Fr. it is used to signify an office
bummle, to stnmi on an instrument, to where any business is In
transacted.
sing or play in a blundering manner English the designation has passed from
bummle, a botch, clumsy performance. a writing-table to a cabinet containing a
Bunny. See Bun. v/riting-table, or used as a receptacle for
Bunt. The belly or hollow of a sail, papers. See Borel.
the middle part of a sail formed into a Burganet. OFr. bourguignote, Sp.
kind of bag to receive the wind. Hal. — borgonota, a sort of helmet, properly a
Dan. bundt, a bunch, bundle. A
Burgundian helmet. la Borgonota, in

To Bunt. Bunting. To bunt in Burgundian fashion.
Somerset is to sift, to bolt meal, whence Biu'geon. Burly. —
To burgeon, to
bunting, bolting-cloth, the loose open grow big about or gross, to bud forth.
cloth used for sifting flour, and now more Bailey. Fr. bourgeon, bourjon, the young
generally known as the material of which bud, sprig, or putting forth of a vine, also
flags are made. a piinple in the face. Cot. The word is —
The radical import is probably the variously written in oe. burion, bourion,
— ;

ii6 BURGESS BURNISH


^...j'own. Sp. borujon, protuberance, mockery, ridicule, joking;'
Gael. i5«r4 i5«r/,

knob. Lang, boure, bourou, a bud, boura, a jibe, taunt, repartee ; buirleadh,
biiirte,

bouronna, to bud Fr. abourioner, to


;
language of folly or ridicule.

bud or sprout forth. Cot. Burryn, to Burly. See Burgeon.
To Bum. Probably, as Diefenbach
bud.— Pr. Pm.
The primary origin of the word, as of suggests, from the roaring sound of flame.
so many others signifying swelling, is an Thus G. brinnen or
brennen was formerly
Also ein
imitation of the sound of bubbling water, used in the sense of to
roar.

preserved in Gael, bururus, a purling hiwe brennen. Dief. Supp. —


Herumge-
leo
sound, a gurgling Fin. purrata, cum hen wie ein brinnenden lew, sicut
;

sonitu buUio ut aqua ad proram riavis,



rugiens. Pren7ien,ireui£r:e. ^Notk.Ps. 56.
strideo ut spuma vel aqua ex terra ex- 5. in Schm. Swiss Rom. brinna, to roar
pressa puret, a bubble
;
Du. borrelen,
;
like the wind in trees. —
Bridel. Hence
to spring as water; barrel, a bubble. G. brandung, the roaring surge of the

From the notion of a bubble we pass to sea. In the same way ON. brinii, fire, is
the Gael, borr, to swell, become big and connected with brim, surge or dashing of
proud, explaining the E. burgen. Bouffer,
' the sea ; brima, to surge, and OG. brim-
to puff, blow, swell up or strout out, to men, bremmen, to roar (as lions, bears,

burgen or wax big.' Cot. The Gael, has &c.). So also Sw. brasa, a blaze, Fr. em-
also borr, lorra, a knob, bunch, swelling ;
braser, to set on fire, compared with G.
borr-shuil, a prominent eye borracka, a
;
brausen, to roar, and Dan. brase, to fiy.
bladder, explaining Sp. borracka, a wine It is probable indeed that Fr. brAler,

skin. Sw. dial, purra, to puff up borr^ ;


which has given much trouble to etymol-
ogists, must be explained on the same
^ttsa, to swell oneself out as birds
borras, ;
principle from G. b'Tilllen or briilen (Dief
to swell with pride. From the same root
Supp.), to roar, the J in OFr. brusler
E. burly, big, occupying much space.
being a faulty spelling, as in cousteau.
Elpes arn in Inderiche Compare also Piedm. briis^, to burn,
On bodi borlic berges ilike. Prov. bruzir, to roar, with Dan. bruse, to
Bestiary. Nat. Antiq. 122.
j..

roar, to effervesce. Han bruser op, he


Burgess. —Burgher. OE. fires up. E. brustle, to rustle, crackle
OFr. burgeois, from Lat. burgensis. like straw or small wood in burning
Burgh.. See Berough. Hal. It. brustolare, to burn, toast, broil,
;

Burglar. A legal term from the Lat. singe or scorch with fire. Fl. —
burgi latro, through the Burgundian Burn. A
brook. Goth, brunna, ON.
form IAre (Vocab, de Vaud.), OFr. lerre, brunnr, G. born, brunnen, a well, a spring
a robber. It. grancelli, roguing beggars, Gael, burn, water, spring-water bumach,

;

bourglairs. — Fl. Bret, laer, robber. watery. Swiss Rom. borni, a fountain.
Omnes burgatores domorum vel fractores Vocab. de Vaud. As we have seen the
Ecclesianlm vel muronim vel portarum civitatis noise of water bubbling up represented
regis vel burgoiTim intrantes malitios6 et felonic^ by the syllable bar, pur (see Burgeon),

condemnentur morti. Officium Coronatoris in the final 71 in buni may be merely a sub-
Due. sidiary element, as the / in purl, and the
Burin. See under Bore. word would thus signify water springing
. —
To Burl. Burler. In the manu- or bubbling up. Bav. burren, to hum, to
facturing of cloths the process of clearing buzz Gael, bururus, warbling, purling,
;

it of the knots, ends of thread, and the gurgling. Walach. sbornoi, to murmur.
like, with little iron nippers called burling Burnish. Fr. brunir, to polish. Sw.
irons, is termed burling. — Todd. A burl- bryna, to sharpen, to give an edge to,
er is a dresser of cloth. Lang, bouril, brynsten, a whetstone, from bryii, the
Castrais bourril, the flocks, ends of thread, brim or edge of anything, N. brun, an
&c., which disfigure cloth and have to be edge or point. Then as sharpening a
plucked off Bourril de neou, flock of weapon would be the most familiar ex-

snow. OE. burle of cloth, tumentum. Pr. ample of polishing metal, the word seems
Pm. From Fr. boiirre, flocks. See Burr. to have acquired the sense of polishing.
Burlesque. It. burlare, to make a So from Fin. tahko, an edge, a margin,
jest of, to ridicule. Probably a modifica- latus rei angulatas talikoincn, angular ;
;

tion of the root which gave the OE. bourd, tahkoa, to sharpen on a whetstone, thence,
a jest. Limousin bourdo, a lie, a jest, to rub, to polish. Bav. schleiffen, to
bourda, to ridicule, to tell lies. The in- sharpen, to grind on a whetstone, hauben
terchange of d and I is clearly seen in the schleiffen, to polish helmets. Schm. —
— ; '

BURR BURY 117


The AS. bruii seems to have been used casting bullets. A
burr-pump is one
in the sense of an edge. used in a ship into which a staff seven
'

Geata dryhten or eight feet long is put having a burr or


Gryre-fahne sloh knob of wood at the end.' Harris in —
Incge lafe, Todd. In a met. sense a burr round
Tha3t sio ecg gewdc, the moon is the padding of hazy light by

Brun on bane. Beowulf, 5150. which it seems to be encircled when it
Translated by Kemble, shines through a light mist.

'The Lord of the Geats struck the terribly And burred moons foretell great storms at
coloured with the legacy of Incg so that the
;'
night. — Clare.
edge grew weak, brown, upon the bone
3. When the hop begins to blossom it is
but itwould both malce better sense and said to be in burr. See Burgeon.
be more in accordance with AS. idiom if 4. Fris. borre, burre, Dan. borre, Sw.
brun were understood as a synonym of kardborre, karborre, a. bur, the hooked
ecg- capitulum of the arctium lappa. S w. dial.
Burr. I. The whirring sound made by borre is also a fircone.
some people in pronouncing the letter r, Burrow. Shelter, a place of defence,
as in Northumberland. This word seems safety, shelter Provincially applied to

— —
formed from the sound. Jam. Hearing shelter from the wind
'
tlie burrow side
:
'

the old hall clock strike 12 with a dis- of the hedge a very burrow place for
; ' '

mal, shuffling, brokenharpstringed-like cattle.' The same word with burgh,



whirr and burr.' Matrimonial Vanity borough, borrow, from AS. beorgan, to
P'air, iii. 225. Burr is related to buzz as protect, shelter, fortify, save. Du. ber-
•whirr to whizz. With a slightly different ghen, to hide, cover, keep, preserve, and
spelling, birr signifies the whizzing sound thence bergh, a port, a barn or cupboard.
of a body hurled through the air, whence —
Kil. G. bergen, verbergen, to hide ; ON.
birr, force, impetus, any rapid whirling biarga, to save, preserve. A rabbit bur-

motion. Hal. The noise of partridges row is the hole which the animal digs for
when they spring is called birring, g. its own protection. So in W. caer is a
burren, ptcrren, to buzz, whirr, coo, purr, castle or fortress, cwning-gaer, the fortress
Swiss burren, to mutter Sw. dial, borra, of a coney or rabbit, a rabbit burrow.
to buzz like a beetle ;
;

burra, blurra, to Burse. — Burser. -burse. Burse,


chatter, talk fast and indistinctly. Fr. bourse, Du. beurs, an exchange, from
2. Burr or Bur is used in several Fr. bourse. It. borsa, a purse. Bursar, the
senses, ultimately resting on the Gael, officer who bears the purse, makes the
root borr, signifying protrude, swell, men- disbursements of the college.
tioned under Burgeon. Hence Fr. bourre, Borsa is derived by Diez from Gr.
stuffing, whatever is used to make a tex- pipaa, Mid.Lat. byrsa, skin, leather, but
ture swell or strout out, and thence flocks it is more probably a development of It.
'of wool, hair, &c., also ' any such trash bolgia, i5(7&a, -Grisons bulscha, buscha, a
as chaff, shales, husks, &c. —Cot. It. wallet or scrip, from whence we pass
borra, any kind of quilting or stuffing, through Sp. bolsa to It. borsia, barza,
shearing of cloth, also all such stuff as borsa, a purse, as from Sp. peluca to Fr.
hay, moss, straw, chips or anything else perruque. See Bulge.
that birds make their nests with. —
Fl. To Burst. In OE. brest, brast. G.
Fr. bourrer, to stuff; bourrelet, bourlet, a bersten, AS. berstan, byrstan, OHG. bres-
pad, a stuffed wreath used for different tan, bristen, Sw. brista, ON. brjota, Fr.
purposes, as for the protection of a child's briser. Port, britar, to break. Gael.
head, or for supporting a pail of water bris, brisd, break ; brisdeach, bristeach,
carried upon the head, a horse-collar brittle. The root appears under the
(whence botirrelier, a harness or collar forms brik, bris, brist, brit. Lang, brico,
maker) ; and met. an annular swelling, briso, briketo, brizeto, a morsel, fragment
as the swelling above the grafted part of E. brist, small fragments. Compare also
the stem of a tree, the thickened rim at OE. brokil and brotil; brittle, and, as it
the mouth of a cannon. Hence must be is still pronounced in N. of England,
explained E. bur, the rough annular ex- brickie. Sexy, prsnuti, to burst.
crescence at the root of a deer's horn, the —
To Bury. Burial. AS. byrgan, bir-
ridge or excrescence made by a tool in gan, birigean, to bury ; byrgen, byrgels,
turning or cutting metal, the superfluous byrigels, a sepulchre, tomb, burial place.
metal left in the neck of the mould in OHG. burgisli, a sepulchre chreoburgium ;
— '

ii8 BUSH BUSKIN


{chreo, AS. hreaw, a corpse), a monument Busk. The bone in a woman's stays.
or erection over
dead. Gloss.
the — See Bust.
Malberg. The radical idea is seen in To Busk. To prepare, make ready,
Goth, bairgan, AS. beorgan, to keep, to dress, to direct one's course towards.
preserve, protect ; whente beorg, ieorh, a They busked and malced them boun.
rampart, defence, mount, aheap of stones, Sir Tristram.
burial mound. 'Worhton mid stanum Jamieson thinks it probable that it may
anne steapne beorh him ofer ' they be traced to the on. bua, to prepare, to
:

raised a steep mound of stones over him. dress, at bua sig, induere vestes ; and it
Thence byrigean, to bury, apparently a is singular that having come so near the
secondary verb, signifying to entomb, to mark he fails to observe that busk is a
sepulchre, and not directly (as Du. ber- simple adoption of the deponent form of
ghen, borghen, condere, abdere, occultare the ON. verb, at buast, for at buasc, con-
— K.) to hide in the ground. tracted from the very expression quoted
Bush.-^Bushel. The btish of a wheel by him, 'at bua sik.' The primitive
is the metal lining of the nave or hollow meaning of bua is simply to bend, whence
box in which the axle works. Du. busse, at bua sik, to bend one's steps, to betake
a box, busken, a little box Dan. basse, oneself, to bow, in OE.
;
'
Haralldur kon-
a box, a gun G. biichse, a box, rad- gur bidst austur um EySascog.'
;
Harold
biichse, Sw. hjul-bosse, the bush of a the king busks eastwards through the
wheel ; Sc. bush, box wood to bush, to forest of Eyda.
;
Epter thetta byr sik '

sheath, to enclose in a case or box. The jarl sem skyndilegast ur landi.' After
Gr. iriCtf -ifoe, a box, gave Lat. pyxis as that the earl busks with all haste out of
,

well as buxis, -idis, and thence Mid.Lat. the land. Compare the meaning of busk
buxida, bossida, buxta, boxta, bosta, Prov. in the following passage :—
boistia, boissa, OFr. boiste, with the Many of the Danes privily were left
diminutives, Mid.Lat. buxula, bustula, And busked westwards for to robbe eft.
R. Brunne.
bustellus, bussellus, OFr. boistel,boisteau,
Fr. boisseau, a box for measuring corn, a It is certain that buast must once have

bushel. See Box. been written buasc, and we actually find


Bush. —Busk. For Skirnis ; barsc in
truasc,fiasc, in the
Heimskringla, which would later have
Sibriht that I of told, that the lend had lorn been written truast, fiast, barst. The
That a swineherd slouh under a busk of thorn.
frequency with which to busk is used, as
R. Brunne.
synonymous with to inake one boun, is
The foregoing modes of spelling the thus accounted for, as boun is simply
word indicate a double origin, from the buinn, the past participle of the same verb
ON. buskr, a tuft of hair, bush, thicket bua, the deponent form of which is re-
{buski, a bunch of twigs, besom), and presented by the E. busk.
from the Fr. bousche, bouche, a wisp, To bow was used in a similar manner
tuft, whence bouchon, a -tavern bush, for to bend one's steps, to turn. Boweth '

.
boucher, to stop, to thrust in a bouche or forth by a brook;
proceed by a brook.
'

tuft of hemp, tow, or the like. Bouchet, —P.P.


a bush, bramble. It has been shown Forth heo gunnen bugen.
under Boss that words signifying clump, In to Bi-uttaine
tuft, cluster, are commonly derived from And her ful sone
the idea of knocking. So from Fr. bous- To JErthure comen. Layamon, 2. 410. —
ser, It. bussare, Du. bossen, buysschen, to In the other copy —
knock, we have Fr. basse, bousse, a hump, Forth hii gonne bouwe
hunch Du. bos, a bunch, knot, bundle In to Brutaine.
;
;

bosch (a diminutive ?), a tuft, then a tuft * Buskin. Sp. borcegui, Ptg. borse-
of trees, a grove bosch van haer, a tuft guini, Fr. brodiquin. The primary sense
;

of hair ; van wijnbesien, a bunch of seems to have been a kind of leather,


.

grapes. Fris. bosc, a troop, lump, clus- probably Morocco leather. Thus Frois-
ter ; qualster-boscken, a clot of phlegm sart, Le roy Richard mort, il fut couch6'

l^jkema). Du. bussel, a bundle; It. sur une litifere, dedans un char couvert de
'S^one, a bush, brake, thicket of thorns ; brodequin tout noir.' The buskin is said
Bret. bo7ich (Fr. ch), a tuft, wisp. G. by Cobarruvias to have been a fashion of
bausch, projection, bulk, bunch, bundle, the Moors and of Morocco, and he cites
wisp bauschen, bausen, to swell, bulge, from an old romance Borzeguies Mar-
; '

bunch out. roquies.' The word is explained by


— ;

BUSS BUSY 119


Dozy from Arab. Xerqui, or Cherqui, a 2. With respect to bust; ON. bi{tr, a
precious kind of leather made" from log ; Mid.Lat. busta, arbor ramis trun-
sheepskins in the North of Africa. cata —
Gloss. Lindenbr. in Diaz Gris. ;

Edrtst, speaking of the costume of the biist, bist, trunk of a tree, body of a man,
King of Gana, says, he wears sandals of
'
body of a woman's dress It. busto, a
;

cherqui! It is true that from hence to bulk or trunk without a head, a sleeveless
borzegui is a long step, but Dozy cites truss or doublet, also a busk. Fl. —
the OldPtg. forms morseqiiill, mosequin, The Prov. inserts an r after the initial
and supposes that the common Arab, b J bruc, brut, brusc, bust, body, as in
prefix niu or mo has been erroneously ON. bruskras well as buskr, a bush, tuft,
added, as in moharra from harbe, the wisp, Prov. brostia as well as bostia, 2l
point of a lance, mogangas from gonj, box. The form brust, corresponding to
love gestures, mohedairova. geidha, forest. brut as brusc to bruc, would explain the
Thus we should have mocherqui, and by G. bnist, the breast, the trunk, box, or
transposition morchequi, morsequi, bor- chest in which the vitals are contained.
cegui. The ultimate origin may be found in the
Buss. I. A
vessel employed in the parallel forms bttk, but, representing a
herring fishery. Du. buyse, a vessel with blow. 7o\.pjik, knock, crack ; Fr. buquer,
a wide huU and blunt prow, also a flagon. Namur busquer (Sigart), Lang, buta, to
ON. bussa, a ship of some size. Prov. knock. Swab, busch, a blow, a bunch of
bus, a boat or small vessel ; Cat. buc, flowers ; butz, a blow, a projection, stump,
bulk, ship Sp. bucha, a large cljest or
; lump. From the figure of striking against
box, a fishing vessel. A
particular appli- we pass to the notion of a projection,
cation of the many-formed word signifying stump, thick end, stem.
bulk, trunk, body, chest. See Boss, Box, Bustard. A large bird of the gallin-
Bulch, Bust. aceous order. Fr. outard. A great slug-
2. Akiss. Sp. buz, a kiss of reverence. —
gish fowl. B. Sp. abutarda, or avutarda;
Sw. pussa, putta, Bav. bussen, Swiss Champagne bistardej Prov. austarda,
butschen, to kiss (from the sound Fr. outarde. It. ottarda.
Stalder) butschen, putschen, to knock ;
; Nained from its slowness of flight.
windbutsch, a stroke of wind. Comp. '
Proximse iis sunt quas Hispania aves
smack, a kiss, and also a sounding blow. —
tardas appellat.' Plin. 10. 22. Hence
On the other hand, Gael, bus, a mouth, probably au-tarda, otarda, utarda, and
lip, snout; Walach. fe^a, lip; Pol. bu- then with avis again prefixed, as in av-
zia, mouth, lips, also a kiss. So Wes- estruz (^avis struthio), an ostrich, avu-
terwald munds, mons, a kiss, from jnund, tarda. — Diez. Port, abotarda, betarda.
mouth. Lat. basiuin. It. bacio, Sp. beso, To Bustle. To hurry or make a great
Fr. baiser, a kiss. The two derivations stir. —
B.> Also written buskle.
would be reconciled if Gael, bus and Pol. It is like the smouldering- fire of Mount Chim-
buzia were themselves taken from the sera, which boiling long time with great buskling
smacking sound of the lips. in the bowels of the earth doth at length burst

Bust. Busk. These seem to be mo- —
forth with violent rage. ^A.D. 1555. Hal. —
difications of the same word, originally Here we see the word applied to the
signifying trunk of a tree, then trunk of bubbling up of a boiling liquid, from
the body, body without arms and legs, which it is metaphorically applied in or-
body of garment, especially of a woman's dinary usage to action accompanied w ith
dress, and finally (in the case of busk) 'a great stir.' ON. bustla, to make a
the whalebone or steel support with splash in the water, to bustle. So in
which the front of a woman's bodice is Fin. kupata, hipista, to rustle (parum
made stiff. strepo) kdyn kupajaii crepans ito, I go
;

I. With respect to busk we have on. clattering about, inde discurro et operosus
bukr, trunk, body ; Fr. busche, a log, a sum, I bustle.

backstock, a great billet Cot. ; Rouchi, Busy. —
Business. AS. biseg, bisg,
busch, a bust, statue of the upper part of bisegung, bisgung, occupation, employ-
the body without arms Fr. buc, busq,
; ment bisgan, bysgian, Fris. bysgje, to
;

busque, a busk, plated body or other occupy; ViM.bezig, beezig, busy, occupied
quilted thing, worn to make the body bezigen, to make use of. Busitiess :c3iVi
straight ; btcc, busc, bust, the long, small, hardly be distinct from Fr. besoigAe, be-
or sharp-pointed and hard-quilted body songne, work, business, an affair. Cot. —
of a doublet. —
Cot. Wall, buc, trunk of The proceedings of Parliament, a.d. 1372,
a tree, of the human body (Grandg.). speak of lawyers ' pursuant busoignes en
' — — ';

I20 BUT BUTT


la Court du Roi.' Perhaps besogne may
brethren are entertained
'All the
be from a G. equivalent of AS. bisgung. bountifully, but Benjamin has a five-fold
But. As a conjunction but is in every portion.' Here the but indicates that Ben-
case the compound be-out, Tooke's dis- jamin, by the mode in which he is treated,
tinction between but, be out, and bot, is put in a class by himself, outside that
moreover, to-boot, being wholly unten- in which his brethren are included.
able. Butcher. Fr. boucher, Prov. bochier,
AS. butan, buta, bute, without, except, Lang, boquier, from boc, a goat (and not
besides ; butan ce, without law, an outlaw from bouche, the mouth), properly a
butan wite, without punishment ; biitait slaughterer of goats ; ' que en carieras
•wifum and cildum, besides women and publicas li boquiers el sane dels bocs no
children. "PLT) ._ bitten j biiten door, ont jhi^ton, ni avdisson los bocS en las
of doors ; bitten dai, besides that ; Du. plassas ' that the butchers shall not cast —
buiten, without buiten-man, a stranger
; the blood of the goats into the public
buiten-sorgh, without care. ways, nor slaughter the goats in the
The cases in which Tooke would ex- streets. Coutume d'Alost in Diet. Lang. —
plain the conjunction as signifying boot, So in Italian from becco, a goat, beccaro,
add, in addition, moreover, are. those in beccaio, a butcher ; beccaria, a butchery,
which the word corresponds to the Fr. slaughter-house. But It. boccino, young
mais, and may all be reduced to the beef or veal flesh ; bhcciero, a butcher.
original sense of without, beyond the Piedm. (children) boc, bocin, ox, calf.
bounds of. Whatever is in addition to Butler. Fr. bouteillier, as if from bou-
something else is beyond the bounds of teille, a bottle, the servant in charge of
the original object. the bottles, of the wine and drink. But
In Sc. we find ben, from as. binnan, the name must have arisen before the
within, the precise correlative of but, principal part of the drinkables would be
without but and ben, without the house kept in bottles, and the real origin of the
;

and within ; then applied to the outer and word is probably from buttery. Butler,
inner rooms of a house consisting of two the officer in charge of the buttery or
apartments. collection of casks, as Pantler, the officer
The rent of a room and a kitchen, or what in in charge of the pantry. Buttery, from
the language of the place is styled a tut and a butt, a baiTel ; Sp. boteria, the store of
ten, gives at least two pounds sterling. —
Account barrels or wine skins in a ship.
of Stirlingshire in Jamieson.
Butt. large barrel. It. Fr. botte, A
Ben-house, the principal apartment. a cask. OFr. bous, bouz, bout, Sp. beta,
The elliptical expression oi butiox only a wine skin, a wooden cask. Sp. botija,
is well explained by Tooke. Where at an earthen jar ; botilla, a small winebag,
the present day we should say, ' There is leathern bottle.
but one thing to be done,' there is really The immediate origin of the term is
a negation to be supplied, the full expres- probably butt in the sense of trunk or
sion being, ' there is nothing to be done round stem of a tree, then hoUow trunk,
but one thing,' or ' there is not but one body of a man, belly, bag made of the
thing to be done.' Thus Chaucer says, entire skin of an animal, wooden recept-
I ?i'am but a leude compilatour.
acle for liquors. A
similar development
of meaning is seen in the case of E. trunk,
ye vouchsafe that in this place
If that
the body of a tree or of a man, also a
That I may have not but my meat and drinke,
hollow vessel ; G. rumpf, the body of an
where now we should write, '
1 am but a animal, hollow case, hull of a ship. The
compiler,' '
that I may have but . my E. bulk was formerly applied to the trunk
meat and drink.' or body, and it is essentially the same
As an instance of what is called the word with Lat. bitlga, belly, skin-bag, and
adversative use of but, viz. that which with It. bolgia, a leathern bag, a budget.
would be translated by Fr. mais, sup- — A similar train of thought is seen in ON.
pose a person in whom we have little bolr, the trunk or body of an animal, bole
trust has been promising to pay a debt, of a tree, body of a shirt ;w. bol, bola,
we say, '
But when will you pay it ? the
rotundity of the body, bag. belly,
Here the but implies the existence of an- The Sp. barriga, the belly, is doubtless
other point not included among those to connected with barril, a barrel, earthen
which the debtor has adverted, viz. the jug and in E. ^re speak of the barrel of ;

time of payment. ' Besides all that, when a horse to signify the round part of the
wiU you pay ? body. Wall, bodifie, belly, calf of the

BUTT BUXOM 121

leg bodi, rabodd, courtaud, trapu. grease produced by churning, i. e. butter,


;

Grandg. Bav. boding, a barrel. —


as distinguished from gelassene schmalz,
Schmell. From Grisons biitt, a cask, dripping, grease that sets by merely
is formed the augmentative buttatich, the standing. —
Schmell.
stomach of cattle, a large belly. The Butter-fly. So called from the excre-
word body itself seems identical with G. ment being supposed to resemble butter.
bottich, a tub. The Bavarian potig, Du. boter-schijte, boter-vliege, boter-vogel.
potacha, bottig, signify a cask or tub, —
Kil.
while bottich, bodi', are used in the sense Buttery. Sp. boteria, the store of
of body. wine in ships kept in bota's or leather
To Butt. To strike with the head bags. So the buttery is the collection of
like a goat or a ram. From the noise of drinkables in a house, what is kept in
a blow. To come full butt against a butts. See Butler.
thing is to come upon it suddenly, so as Buttock. The large muscles of the
to make a sounding blow. Du. bot, tout seat or breech.
k coup ; bot blijven staan, s'arrgter tout From Du. bout, a bolt, oir spike with a

^ coup. Halma. Du. botten, to thrust, large head, then the thigh or leg of an
to push ; It. botto, a blow, a stroke di animal, from the large knobbed head of
;

botto, suddenly ; botta, a thrust It. but-


; the thigh-bone. Bout van het schouder-
tare, to cast, to throw ; Lang, bata, to blad, caput scapula : bout van f been,
strike, to thrust ; Fr. boiUer, to thrust, to femur, coxa, clunis. — Kil. Boutje, a little
push ; w. pwtiaw, to butt, poke, thrust. gigot, the thigh of a goose, fowl, &c.
The butt or butt end of a thing is the Hamele-bout, lams-bout, a leg of mutton,
striking end, the thick end. A
butt, on. leg of lamb. Abuttock of beef is called
butr, the trunk, stump of a tree ;Fr. bout, a but in the W. of E. — Hal.
end ; W. pwt, any short thick thing, Button. Fr. bouton, a button, bud,
stump. G. butt, butz, a. short thick thing pimple, any small projection, from bouter,

or person Schmeller ; Fr. botte, a bun- to push, thrust forwards, as rejeton, a
dle ; Du. Fr. bot, thick, clumsy ; pied- rejected thing, from rejeter, nourrisson, a
bot, a stump or club foot. —Cot. Gris. nursling, from notirrir, nourrissons, -ez,
bott, a hill, hillock ; botta, a blow, a, boil, &c. So in English pimples were for-
a clod. Fr. butte, a mound, a heap of merly called pushes. Gael, put, to push
earth ; butter un- arbre, to heap up earth or ihrust,putan, a button. It is remark-
round the roots of a tree butterle c^leris, able that Chaucer, who in general comes
;

to earth up celery butter un mur, to so close to the Fr., always translates


;

support a wall beginning to bulge ; butte, bouton, the rosebud, in the R. R. by bo-
E. butt, a mound of turf in a field to sup- thum and not button. W. both, a boss, a
port a target for the purpose of shooting nave ; bothog, having a rotundity ; botwm,
at. a boss, a button.
Fr. but, the prick in the middle of a Buttress. An erection built up as a
target, a scope, aim ;whence to make a support to a wall. Fr.. bouter, to thrust ;
butt of a person, to make him a mark for arc-boutant, a flying buttress, an arch
the jests of the company. built outside to support the side thrust of
Fr. buter, to touch at the end, to abut a stone roof. Mur-buttant, a wall but-
or butt on, as in G. from stossen, to strike, tress, a short thick wall built to rest
to thrust ; an etwas anstossen, to be con- against another which needs support ;
tiguous to, to abut on. butter, to raise a mound of earth around
Hence the butts in a ploughed field the roots of a tree. Boutant, a buttress
are the strips at the edges of the field, or or shore post. —Cot.
headlands upon which the furrows abut ;
Buttrice. A farriert tool for paring
but-lands, waste ground, buttals, a corner horses' hoofs, used by resting the head

of ground. Hal. against the farrier's chest and pushing
Butter. Lat. butyrum, Gr. povrvpov, the edge forwards. Perhaps corrupted
as if from Povg, an ox, but this is probably from Fr. boutis, the rooting of a wild
a mere adaptation, and the true derivation boar, the tool working forwards like the
seems preserved in the provincial German snout of a swine. Fr. bouter, to thrust,
of the present day. Bav. buttern, butteln, boutoir, a buttrice.
to shake backwards and forwards, to boult * Buxom. AS. bocsam, buhsom, obe-
flour. Butter-glass, a ribbed glass for dient, from bugan, to bow, give way,
shaking up salad sauce. Buttel-triib, submit ;Fris. bocgsuin, Du. geboogsaem.
thick from shaking. Btetter-schmalz, fle>(ible, obedient, humble. — Kil.'
. —

122 BUY CABAL


For holy churcli hoteth all manere puple Goth, bugjan, bauhta, to \s\xy, frabttg-
Under obedience to be and buxum to the lawe. jan, to sell.
P.P.
To Buzz. To make a humming noise
Buhsomenesse or boughsomeness. Pli- like bees. A direct imitation. Then
ableness or bowsomeness, to wit, humbly applied to speaking low, indistinctly, con-
stooping or bowing down in sign of obe- fusedly. It. buzzicare, to whisper, to
dience. —
Verstegan in R. buzz.
The sense of buxom, used in com- Buzzard. A
kind of hawk of little
mendation of women, depends upon a esteem in falconry. Lat. buteoj Fr. buso,
train of thought which has become obso- busardj Prov. buzac, buzarg. It. bozzago,
lete. To bow down the ear is to listen bozzagro, abozzago, a buzzard or puttock.
favourably to a petition. Hence bowing The name is also given to a beetle, from
or bending was understood as symbolical the buzzing sound of its flight, and it is
of good will, and a bowed or crooked to be thus understood in the expression
coin or other object was presented in blind buzzard. We
also say, as blind as
order to typify the good will of the sender, a beetle, as Fr. Mourdi coinme ten han-
or to conciliate that of the person to neton, as heedless as a cock-chafer, from
whom it was addressed. the blind way in which they fly against
He sent to him his servant secretly the night one.
before his departure for Newbury with a homed By. Goth, bi, AS. bi, big, G. bei, Du.
groat in token of his good heart towards him.
Foxes Martyrs, iii. 519. Also when she had
bij, Sanscrit abhi (Dief). Too used a
bowed a piece of silver to a saint for the health of word to leave any expectation of an ety-

her child. lb. ii. 21. .in N. & Q. Many good mological explanation, but the senses

old people of meere kindness gave me iowd may generally be reduced to the notion
sixpences and groats, blessing me with their of side.
harty prayers and God speedes. — Ketnpe's nine To stand by is to stand aside ; to stand
days' wonder, p. 3,
by one, to stand at his side ; a by-path is
Bowable or bowsome (buxom) thus a side path ; to pass by, to pass at the
came to signify well inclined to, favour- side of To swear by God is to swear
able, gracious. in the sight of God, to swear with him
Thow which barist the Lord make the pa- by ; to adjure one by any inducement is
troun—rfor to be to us inclineable or bowable or to adjure him with that in view. When
-redi to —
heere us. Pecock Repressor, 200.
it indicates the agent it is because the
Mercy hight that mayde, a meke thynge with agent is considered as standing by his
alle,
A ful benygne buirde, work.
and boxome of speche
—gracious of speech.— P. P. xviii. 116.
By-law. Originally the law of a par-
ticular town. Sw. bylag, from by, a
A_ buxom dame or lass is then a borough, town having separate jurisdic-
gracious, good-humoured one, and when tion. ON. byar-log, Dan. bylove, leges
the derivation of the word was forgotten urbanse ON. byar-rettr, jus municipii.
;

it drew with it the sense of good health


Subsequently applied to the separate
and spirits so naturally connected with laws of any association.
good humour. Byre. A
cow-house, stall. The ON.
To Buy. AS. bycgan, bohte, OE. bygge, byr, bar, a town, village, farm, does not
to purchase for money. 'Sellers and appear ever to have been used in the
biggers:—\Nic\m. The two pronuncia- sense of a stall. The final r moreover is
tionswere both current in the time of only the sign of the nominative, and
Chaucer, who makes abigg, to abie would have been lost in E. as in Da., Sw.
'
rhyme with rigg. See Abie. by.

Cabal. The Jews believed that Moses son, and in which mysterious and magi-
received in Sinai not only the law, but cal powers were supposed to reside.—
also certain unwritten principles of inter- Diet. Etynj.
pretation, called Cabala or Tradition, Hence the name of caballing was
which were handed down from father to applied to any secret machinations for
; ;

CABBAGE CACKLE 123

effecting a purpose ; and a cabal is a con- the ON. form kactal, a rope or cable. It
clave of persons, secretly plotting together is remarkable that the Esthon. has kabbel,

for their own ends. a rope, string, band, and the Arab, 'habl,
Cabbage. From It. capo, OSp. cabo, a rope, would correspond to cable, as
head, come the Fr. caboche, a head Turk, havyar to caviare.
(whence cabochard, heady, wilful), cabus, The Sp. and Ptg. cabo, a rope, is pro-
headed, round or great headed. Choux bably unconnected, signifying properly a
cabus, a headed cole or cabbage ; laitue rope's end, as the part by which the rope
cabusse, lactuca capitata, headed or cab- is commonly handled.


bage lettuce. Cot. It. cabuccio, capuccio, The name of the engine, cadabula, or
cadable, as it must have stood in French,
a cabbage ; Du. cabuyskoole, brassica
capitata. — Kil. seems a further corruption of calabre (and
To Cabbage. To steal or pocket. not vice versft, as Diez supposes), the
Fr. cabas,Du. kabas, Sp. cabacho, a frail, Prov. name of the projectile engine, for
or rush basket, whence Fr. cabasser, to the origin of which see Carabine, Capstan.
put or pack up in a frail, to keep or We see an example of the opposite change
hoard together. Cot. —
Du. kabaSsen, in Champagne calabre for cadavre, a car-

Tarbe.
convasare, surripere, su/Furari, manticu- case.
lari— Kil. ; precisely in the sense of the Cablisb. Brushwood — B., properly
E. cabbage. windfalls, wood broken and thrown down
Larron cabasseur de pecune. —Diet. Etym. by the wind, in which sense are explained
the OFr. caables, cables, cab lis. The

Cabin. Cabinet, w. cab, cabaii, a origin is the OFr. chaable, caable, an
booth or hut. It. capanna, Fr. cabane, a engine for casting stones. Mid. Lat. cha-
shed, hovel, hut. Tugurium, parva casa dabula, cadabulum, whence Lang, chabla,
est quam faciunt sibi custodes vinearum to crush, overwhelm (Diet. Castr.), Fr.
ad tegimen sui. Hoc rustici capannam accablcr, to hurl down, overwhelm, OFr.
vocant. —
Isidore in Diez. Item habeat caable (in legal language), serious injury
archimacherus capanam (parvam came- from violence without blood, Mid.Lat.
ram) in coquini ubi species aromaticas, cadabalum, prostratio ad terram. Due. —
&c., deponat a store closet. Neckam
: —
In like manner It. traboccare, to hurl
in Nat. Antiq. Cappa in OSp. signifies down, from trabocco, an engine for casting
a mantle as well as a hut, and as we find stones Mid.Lat. manganare, It. maga-
;

the same radical syllable in Bohem. kabat, giiare, OFr. mdhaigner, E. maim, main,
a tunic, kabane, a jacket Fr. gaban. It. from manganum.
;

cabarino, E. gabardme, a cloak of felt or


Cack. Very generally used, especially
shepherd's frock, it would seem funda-
in children's language, for discharging
mentally to signify shelter, covering.
the bowels, or as an interjection of dis-
Mod.Gr. Katr-iT-aKt, a covering. gust to hinder a child firom touching any-
Cable. Ptg. calabre, cabre; Sp. cabre,
thing dirty. Lang, cacai / fi c'est du !

cable ; Fr. cdble, OFr. caable, ckaable.


caca. Du. hack/ phi! respuendi par-

The double a in the OFr. forms indi- ticula. Kil. Common to Lat. and Or.,
cates the loss of the d extant in the Mid.
the Slavonian, Celtic, and Finnish lan-
Lat. cadabulum, cadabola, originally an
guages. Gael, ceach / exclamation of
engine of war for hurling large stones
disgust cac, dung, dirt caca, nasty,
; ;

and the Fr. chaable, Mid.Lat. cabulus, dirty, vile. The origin is the exclamation
had the same signification '
une grande ach / ach ! made while straining at stooL
;

perifere que I'on claime chaable.' Due. —


Finn, akista, to strain in such a manner ;
Sed mox ingentia saxa
Emittit cabulus. — Ibid, aak! like Fr. caca! vox puerilis detes-

From the sense of a projectile engine tandi immundum; aakka, stercus, sordes
the designation was early transferred to aakkat'a, cacare. Swiss aa, agga, agge,
.the strong rope by which the strain of dirty, disgusting agge machen (in nurses'
;

such an engine was exerted. language), cacare ; gaggi, gaggele, aeggi,


Coticesserint —
descarkagium sexaginta dolio- stercus ; gatsch, filth. Gadge 1 is pro-
rum suis instramenys, scilicet caablis et windasio vincially used in E. as an expression of
tantuni.— Due. Didot. disgust. Gr. (ca/coe, bad.
Examples of the fuller form of cadable —
To Cackle. Gaggle. Imitative of
in the sense of cable are not given in the the cry of hens, geese, &c. Sw. kakla,
dictionaries, but it would seem to explain Fr. caqueter, Lith. kakaloH, to chatter,

;

124 CADAVEROUS CALIBRE


prattle ;Turk, kakulla, to cackle ; Du. aivi/v KoKafiapi, a sea inkstand, cuttle-fish.
kaeckelenj Gr. KaKKat,uv. Calamity. Lat. calamitas, loss, mis-
Cadaverous. Lat. cadaver, a corpse, fortune. Perhaps from w. coll, loss,
dead body. whence Lat. incolumis, without loss, safe.
Caddy. Tea-caddy, a tea-chest, from —
Calash. Calocli. An open travelling
the Chinese catty, the weight of the small chariot. —
B. A hooded carriage, whence
packets in which tea is made up. calash, a hood stiffened with whalebone
* Cade. A
pet lamb, one that is brought for protecting a head-dress.
up by hand a petted child, one unduly
;
Fr. caliche, It. calessa, Sp. calesa.
indulged by, and troublesomely attached Originally from a Slavonic source. Serv.
to, its mother. —
Mrs B. The designation kolo, a wheel, the pi. of which, kola, sig-
seems taken from the troublesome bold- nifies a waggon. Pol. kolo, a circle, a
ness and want of respect for man of the wheel ; kolasa, a common cart, an ugly
petted animal. ON. kdtr, joyous ; Sw. waggon kolaska, a calash ; Russ. kolo,
;

Dan. kaad,
unruly kolesb, a wheel ; kolesnitza, a waggon ; '

dial, kat, frisky, ;

wanton, frolicsome kaad mund, a flip- kolyaska, kolyasochka, a calesh. In the


;

pant tongue kaad dreng, a mischievous


;
same way Fin. ratas, a wheel ; pi. rat-
boy. —Atkinson. taat (wheels), a car.
Calc-. Lat. calx, calcis, limestone,
Cadence. It. cadenza, a falling, a ca-
dence, a low note. Flo. — Fr. cadence, a lime whence calcareous, of the nature of
;

lime to calcine, to treat like lime, to


just falling, a proportionable time or even ;

measure in any action or sound. Cot. — bum in a kiln.


A cha'cmie cadence, ever and anon. It Calcialate. Lat. calculo, to compute,
seems to be used in the sense of a certain from calculus, a small stone, a counter
mode of falling from one note to another, used in casting accounts.
hence musical rhythm. Lat. cadere, to Caldron. —Cauldron, Lat. calidus,
fall. hot ; caldarius, caldaria, Fr. chaudiere.
Cadet. Fr. cadet, Gascon capdet, the It. (in the augm. form) calderone, Fr.
younger son of a family said to be from
;
chaudron, cauldron, a vessel for heating
capitetum, little chief. Sp. cabdillo, lord, water.

master. Due. Calendar. Lat. calendarium, from
calendcE, the first day of the month in
Cadge*. See Kiddier.
Cage. Lat. cavea, a hollow place, Roman reckoning.
hence a den, coop, cage. Sp. gavia. It. —
To Calender. Fr. calendrer, to sleek
gabbia, gaggia, Fr. cage. Du. kauwe, or smooth Hnen cloth, &c. Cot. Calan- —
kevie, G. kdfich. dre, a roller, from Gr. KxiKivh^o^, Lat. cy-
Caitiff. It. cattivo (from Lat. cap- lindrus, a cylinder, roller.
tivus), captive, a wretch, bad ; Fr. chetif, Calenture. A
disease of sailors from
poor, wretched. desire of land, when they are said to
To Cajole. Fr. cageoler, caioler, to throw themselves into the sea, taking it
prattle or jangle like a jay (in a cage), for green fields. Sp. calentura, a fever,
to prate much to little purpose. Cajol- warmth ; calentar, to heat. Lat. calidus,
lerie, janghng, babbhng, chattering. hot.
Cot. Thereference to the word cage Calf. The young of oxen and similar
hinted at by Cot. is probably delusive. animals. G. kalb.
It is more likely a word formed like Calf of the Leg. on. kalfi, Sw. ben-
cackle, gaggle, gabble, directly represent- kalf, Gael, calpa, calba, or colpa na coise,
ing the chattering cries of birds. As Du. the calf of the leg. The primary mean-
gabberen is identical with E. jabber, so ing of the word seems simply a lump.
gabble corresponds with Fr. javioler, to Calp is riadh, principal and interest, the
gabble, prate, or prattle.— Cot. From lump and the increase. It is another
hence to cageoler is nearly the same step form of the E. collop, a lump or large
as from It. gabbia, to cage. piece, especially of something soft. The
Cake. Sw. kaka, a cake or loaf. En calf of the leg is the coUop of flesh be-"
longing to that member. The Lat. ana-
kaka br'od, a loaf of bread. Dan. kage,
logue is pulpaj pulpa cruris, the fleshy
Du. koeck, G. kuchen, N. kukje, cake. part of the leg pulpa ligni, Du. kalfvan
Calamary. A cuttle-fish, from the ;

hout, the pith or soft part of wood. Dan.


ink-bag which it contains. Lat. calamus, dial, kail, calf of leg, marrow, pith.
Turk. Arab, kalem, a reed, reed-pen, pen * Calibre.— Calliper. Fr. calibre. It.
Mod.Gr. naXaiidpi, an inkstand ; eaXaa- calibre, colibro, the bore of a cannon.
— ;

CALICO CALM 125


Calliper-compasses, compasses contrived to press or stuff. Prov. calca, calgua, Fr.
to measure the diameter of the bore. Sp. cauque, a tent or piece of lint placed in
calibre, diameter of a ball, of a column, the orifice of a wound, as the caulking in
of the bore of a firearm met. quality.
; the cracks of a ship. Gael, calc, to calk,
Ser de buen 6 mal calibre, to be of a good ram, drive, push violently; calcaich, to
or bad quality. cram, calk, harden by pressure.
Derived by some from Arab. qAlab, To Call. Gr. KaXka. on. kalla, to call,
kalib, a last, form, or mould, which does to say, to affirm. Du. kal, prattle, chat-
not give a very satisfactory explanation ter kallen, to prattle, chatter. Lat. ca-
;

either of the form or meaning of the word. lare, to proclaim, to call. Probably from
Mahn derives it from Lat. quA librd, of the sound of one hallooing, hollaing.
what weight ? a guess which should be Fin. hallottaa, alta voce ploro, ululo
supported by some evidence of the use of Turk, kal, word of mouth ; kil-u-kal,
libra in the sense of weight. According people's remarks, tittle-tattle. Heb. kol,
to Jal (Gl. nautique), the Fr. form in the voice, sound.
1 6th century was Squalibre. * Callet. A
depreciatory term for a
Calico. Fr. calicot, cotton cloth, from woman, a drab, trull, scold. A
calat of
'

Calicut in the E. Indies, whehce it was leude demeaning.' Chaucer. — 'A callet
first brought.
Caliph. The successors of Mahomet

of boundless tongue.' Winter's Tale. Fr.
caillette, femme frivole et babillarde.
in the command of the empire. Turk. Diet. Lang. Probably an unmeasured
khalif, a successor. use of the tongue is the leading idea.
* Caliver. Aharquebus or handgun. NE. to callet, to rail or scold ; calleting,
The old etymologers supported their pert, saucy, gossiping. '
They snap and
theories
it
by very bold assertions, in which
dangerous to place implicit faith.
is
callit like a couple of cur dogs.' —
Whitby
Gl. To call, to abuse ; a good calling, a
Sir John Smith in Grose, Mil. Antiq. i.
1 56 (quoted by Marsh), thus accounts for
round of abuse. Ibid. —
Callous. Hard, brawny, having a thick
the origin of the word ' It is supposed
by many that the weapon
;

called a caliver
skin. —
B. Lat. callus, callum, skin hard-
ened by labour, the hard surface of the
is another thing than a harquebuse, ground. Fin. kallo, the scalp or skull,
whereas in troth it is not, but is only a
jda-kallo, a crust of ice over the roads
harquebuse, saving that it is of greater
circuite or bullet than the other is where- (jaa= ice).
;

fore the Frenchman doth call it z.piicede Callow. Unfledged, not covered with
calibre, which is as much as to say, a feathers. Lat. calvus, AS. calo, caluw,
piece of bigger circuite.' But it is hard Du. kael, kahcwe, bald.
to suppose that E. caliver, or caliever, can Calm. It. Sp. calma, Fr. calme, ab-
be distinct from ODu. koluvre, klover, sence of wind, quiet. The primitive
colubrina bombarda, sclopus. —
Kil. Ca- meaning of the word, however, seems to
tapulta, donderbuchs — donrebusse vel be heat. Sp. dial, calma, the heat of
clover. —Dief. Sup. —
Now these Du. the day. Diez. Ptg. cahna, heat, cal-
forms are undoubtedly from Lat. coluber, moso, hot. The origin is Gr. Kavfia, heat,
Fr. couleuvre, an adder, whence couleuv- from Ka'tm, to burn. Mid.Lat. cauma, the
rine, coulevrine, and E. culverin, a, kind heat of the sun. '
Dum ex nimio caumate
of cannon, and sometimes a handgun. lassus ad quandam declinaret umbram.'

Slange, serpens, coluber also, bombarda Cauma incendium, calor, sestus. Due.
; —
longior, vulgo serpentina, colubrina, The word was also written cawme in OE.
colubrum. Kil.— Coluvrine, licht stuk The change from a. u to an I in such a
geschut, colubraria canna, fistula. —
Bi- position is much less common than the
glotton. The adder or poisonous serpent converse, but many examples may be
was considered as a fire-spitting animal, given. So It. oldire from audire, to hear,
and therefore it lent its name to several palmento for pamnento from pavim.en~
kinds of firearms. Among these were the turn, Sc. chalmer for chawmer from
drake (Bailey), and dragon, the latter of chamber.
which has its memory preserved in Du. The reference to heat is preserved in.
dragonder, E. dragoon, a soldier who the It. scalmato, faint, overheated, over-
originally carried that kind of arm. done with heat Alt. —
scalmaccio, a sul-
;

To Calk. To drive tow or oakham, try, faint, moist, or languishing drought


&c., into the seams of vessels to make and heat. — Fl. Thus the word came to
them water-tight. Lat. calcare, to tread, be used mainly with a reference to the
;

126 CALOYER CANN


oppressive effects of heat, and gave rise or rather perhaps a surprise of the
to the Lang. cAouma, ckaouma, to avoid enemy in their shirts.
the heat, to take rest in the heat of the Camlet. Fr. camelot. stuff made A
day, whence the Fr. chommer, to abstain of camel's or goat's hair. It was distin-
from work. The Grisons cauina, a shady guished by a wavy or watered surface.
spot for cattle, a spot in which they take Camelot a ondes, water chamlet ; camelot
refuge from the heat of the day, would plenier, unwater chamelot ; se cameloter,
lead us to suppose that in expressing 'ab- to grow rugged or full of wrinkles, to be-
sence of wind the notion of shelter may come waved like chamlet. Cot. —
have been transferred from the sun's rays Camp. Campaign. —
Champaign. —
to the force of the wind. Or the word Lat. campus, It. campo, Fr. champ, a
may have acquired that signification from plain, field ; It. campo, Fr. camp, a camp
the oppressiveness of the sun being or temporary residence in the open field.
mainly felt in the absence of wind. From campus was formed Lat. catnpa-
Caloyer. A
Greek monk. Mod.Gr. nia, It. campagna, Fr. champagne, a field
Kakoycpos, icaSoytipoe, monk, properly good country, open and level ground, E. cham-
old man, from xaXbg, good, and yspiuv, paign.
aged. In a different application It. campagna,
Calumny. Lat. calutmiia, a, slander, Fr. campagne, E. campaign, the space of
false imputation. time every year that an army continues
Calvered Salmon. Properly calver in the field during a war. B. —
salmon, the fish dressed as soon as it is Canal Channel. —
Lat. canalis, a
caught, when its substance appears inter- conduit-pipe, the bed of a stream, the
spersed with white flakes like curd. From fluting or furrow in a column ; canna, a'
Sc. callour, callar, fresh. Calver of cane, the type of a hollow pipe.
samon, escume de saumon. Palsgr. — Cancel. Lat. cancello, to make like a
'Take calwar samon and seeth it in lattice, cross out by scoring across and

lewe water.' Forme of Cury in Way. across a lattice.
; cancelli,
' Quhenthe salmondis faillis thair loup, Cancer. See Canker.
thay fall callour in the said caldrounis Candid.—Candidate. Lat. candidus,
and are than maist delitious to the mouth.' white, plain-dealing, frank and sin-
fair,
— Bellenden in Jam. cere : candidatus, clothed in white,
Calyx. Lat. calix, a. cup, a goblet whence the noun signifying an applicant,
calj'x, the bud, cup, or hollow of a aspirant, because those aspiring to any
flower. principal office of State presented them-
Cambering.—Cambrel. A ship's deck selves in a white toga while soUciting the
is said to lie cambering when it does not votes of the citizens.
lie level, buthigher in the middle than
is Candle.— Chandelier. Lat. candela,
at the ends. — B.
Fr. cambrer, to bow, Fr. chandelle, from candere, to glow.
crook, arch; cambre, cambr^, crooked, Candy. Sugar in a state of crystallis-
arched. Sp. co7nbar, to bend, to warp, ation. Pers. Arab. Turk, kand, sugar.
to jut. Bret._ kamm, arched, crooked, Sanson khanda, a piece, sugar in pieces or
lame. Gr. KafivTu, to bend, ko/utuXoc, lumps khand, to break.
;

crooked, hooked. E. camber-nosed, having Canibal. An eater of human flesh.


an aquiline nose.—Jam. Cambrel, cam- From the Cannibals, or Caribs, or Gali-
bren, w. campren, crooked-stick, a crook- bis, the original inhabitants of the W.
ed stick with notches in it on which India Islands, the name being differently
butchers hang their meat. B. — pronounced by different sections of the
Cambric. A sort of fine linen cloth nation, some of whom, like the Chinese,
brought from Cambrai in Flanders.— B. had no r in their language. Peter Martyr,
Fr. Cambray, or toile de Cambrav—Cam- who died in 1526, calls them Cannibals
bric— Cot. or Caribees.
Camel. Gr. KafitjUe, Lat. camelus. The Caribes I learned to be men-eaters or
Cameo. It. catmneo, Fr. cam^e, ca- cannibals, and great enemies to the inhabitants
maien, Sp. Ptg. camafeo, Mid.Lat. caina- of Trinidad.— Hackluyt in R.
helus, camahutus.
Canine. Lat. canis, a dog.
Camisade. Sp. camisa, It. camiscia, Canister. Lat. canistrum, a basket.
a whence Fr. camisade. It. camis-
shu-t,
Canker. Fr. chaitcre, an eating, spread-
cieia, a night attack upon the
enemies' mg sore. Lat. cancer, a crab, also an
camp, the shirt being worn over the
eatmg sore.
clothes to distinguish the attacking party.
Cann. on. kanna, a large drinking
CANNEL CAPARISON 127

vessel. Perhaps from W. cannu, to con- Canter. A slow gallop, formerly called
rummer, a drinking glass, from
tain, as a Canterbury gallop. If the word had
Dan. rumme, to contain. But it may be been from cantherius, a gelding, it would
from a different source. Prov. cane, a have been found in the continental lan-
reed, cane, also a measure. Fr. cane, a guages, which is not the case.
measure for cloth, being a yard or there- Cantle. A piece of anything, as a
abouts ; also a can or such-like measure cantle of bread, cheese, &c. B.. Fr. —
for vfine. —
Cot. A
joint of a hollow stalk chantel, chanteau, Picard. canteau, a
would be one of the earliest vessels for corner-piece or piece broken off the cor-
holding liquids, as a reed would afford ner, and hence a gobbet, lump, or cantell
the readiest measure of length. of bread, &c.— Cot. Du. kandt-broodts,
Cannel Coal. Coal burning with a hunch of bread. Kil. — ON. kantr, a
much bright flame, like a torch or candle. side, border ; Dan. haitt, edge, border,
N. kyndel, kynnel, a torch. region, quarter ; It. canto, side, part,
Cannoii. It. cannone, properly a large quarter, corner. A
cantle then is a corner
pipe, from canna, a reed, a tube. Prov. of a thing, the part easiest broken off.
canon, a pipe. Fin. kanta, the heel, thence anything pro-
Canoe. An Indian boat made of the jecting or cornered kuun-kanta, a horn
;

hollowed trunk of a tree. Sp. canoa, from of the moon ; leiwan kanta, margo panis
the native term. Yet it is remarkable diffracta, a cantle of bread. Esthon. kq,n,
that the G. has kahn, a boat. OFr. cane, kand, the heel.
a ship canot, a small boat. Diez.
; — Canton. Fr. canton. It. cantone, a di-

Canon. To Canonise. From Gr. vision of a country. Probably only the
Kavt\, KCLvva, a cane, was formed Kavtiiv, a augmentative of canto, a corner, although
straight rod, a ruler, and met. a rule or it has been supposed to be the equivalent

standard of excellence. Hence Lat. canon of the E. territorial hundred, W. cantref,


was used by the ecclesiastical writers for cantred, from cant, a hundred, and tref,
a tried or authorised list or roll. The hamlet.
ca?ion of scriptures is the tried roll of Canvas. From Lat. cannabis, hemp.
sacred writers. To canonise, to put upon It. cannevo, canapa, hemp, cannevaccia,

the tried list of saints. canapaccia, coarse hemp, coarse hempen


Again we have Lat. canonicus, regular, cloth ; Fr. canevas, canvas. To canvas
canonici, the canons or regular clergy of a matter is a metaphor taken from sifting
a cathedral. a substance through canvas, and the verb
Canopy. Mod.Gr. Kavutiriiav , a mos- sift itself is used in like manner for ex-

quito curtain, bed curtain, from kwvwxIi, a amining a matter thoroughly to the very
gnat. grounds.
Cant. Cant is properly the language —
* Cap. Cape. Cope. — as. cappe, a
spoken by thieves and beggars among cap, cape, cope, hood. Sp. capa, a cloak,
themselves, when they do not wish to be coat, cover ; It. cappa, Fr. chape. Words
understood by bystanders. It therefore beginning with// or c/are frequently ac-
cannot be derived from the sing-song or companied by synonymous forms in which
whining tone in which they demand alms. the / is omitted, and probably the origin
The word seems to be taken from Gael. of the present words ma)»be found in the
cainnt, speech, language, applied in the notion of a piece of something flat clapped
first instance to the special language of on another surface like the flap of a gar-
rogues and beggars, and subsequently to ment turned back upon itself Flappe of
the pecuhar terms used by any other pro- a gowne, cappe. Palsgr.— See Chape.
fession or community. Swab, schlapp, hirnschlapple, a scull-
The Doctor here, cap. Gugel, capello Italis, Germanis
When he discourseth of dissection,
Of vena cava and of vena porta,
kdppen, Alamannis, schlappen. Goldast —
in Schmid. Schwab. Wtb.
The meserseum and the mesentericum, Theroot cap, signifying cover, is found
What does he else but cant f or if he run
To his judicial astrology.
in languages of very different stocks.
And trowl the trine, the quartile, and the sex- Mod.Gr. KaTTiram, a cover Turk, kapa-
;

&c.
tile, mak, to shut, clqse, cover kapi, a door ;
;

Does he not catii f who here can understand him? kaput, a cloak kapali, shut, covered.
B. Jonson. Capable. — ;

Capacious. It. capevole,

Gael, can, to sing, say, name, call. capace, Lat. capax, able to receive, con-
Canteen. It. cantina, a wine-cellar or tain, or hold. See Capt-.
vault. Capari.^on. Sp. caparazon, carcase

128 CAPE CAPRICE


of a fowl, cover of a saddle, of a coach, a rustling, twittering, crackling sound
or other things. gives rise to Sc. brissle, birsle, to broil, to
Cape. A headland. It. caj)o, a head. parch, Lang, brezilia, to twitter as birds,
See Chief. Genevese bresoler, brisoler, to broil, to
Caper. To caper or cut capers is to tingle {I'os qui bresole, the singing'bone).
make leaps like a kid or goat. It. capro, It. brisciare, to shiver for cold, and with

a buck, frort^Lat. caper j caprio, capriola, an initial gr instead of br, Fr. greziller,
a capriol, a chevret, a young kid met. a ;
to crackle, wriggle, frizzle, grisser, to
capriol or caper in dancing, a leap that crackle. It. gricciare, to chill and chatter
cunning riders teach their horses. Fl. — with one's teeth, aggricciare, to astonish
Fr. capriole, a caper in dancing, also the and affright and make one's hair stand on
capriole, sault, or goat's leap (done by a end. In Lat. ericius, a hedge-hog. It.
horse). —
Cot. riccio, hedge-hog, prickly husk of chest-
Capers. A
shrub. Lat. capparis, Fr. nut, curl, Fr. rissoler, to fry, h^risser, It.
cApre, Sp. alcaparra, Arab, algabr. arricciarsi, the hair to stand on end, the
Capillary. Hair-like. Lat. capillus, initial mute of forms like Gr. ^piKos, It.
a hair. brisciare, gricciare, is either wholly lost,
Capital. Lat. capitalis, belonging to or represented by the syllable e, hi, as in
the head, principal, chief. From caput, Lat. erica, compared with Bret, brug, w.
the head. Hence capitalis the sum lent, grug, heath, or Lat. eruca compared with
the principal part of the debt, as distin- It. bruco, a caterpillar.

guished from the interest accruing upon We then find the symptoms of shiver-
it. Then funds or store of wealth viewed ing, chattering of the teeth, roughening
as the means of earning profit. of the skin, hair- standing on end, em-
To Capitulate. Lat. capitulare, to ployed to express a passionate longing for
treat upon terms
from capitulum, a little
; a thing, as in Sophocles' t^pi?' fpwTi, I have
head, a separate division of a matter. shivered with love. 'A tumult of delight
Capon. A castrated cock. Sp. capar, invaded his soul, and his body bristled
to castrate. Mod.Gr. cut
airoKOTrrw, to —
with joy' Vikram, p. 75, where Burton
off, abridge ;amKoTroq, cut, castrated. adds in a note. Unexpected pleasure, ac-
Caprice. It. cappriccio, explained by cording to the Hindoos, gives a bristly
Diez from capra, a goat, for which he elevation to the down of the body.
cites the Comask nucia, a kid, and 7tucc, The effect of eager expectation in pro-
caprice ; It. ticchio, caprice, and OHG. ducing such a bodily affection may fre-
ziki, kid. The true derivation lies in a quently be observed in a dog waiting for
different direction. The connection be- a morsel of what his master is eating.
tween sound and the movement of the So we speak of thrillitig with emotion or
sonorous medium is so apparent, that the desire, and this symptomatic shuddering
terms expressing modifications of the one seems the primary meaning of earn or
are frequently transferred to the other yearn, to desire earnestly. To earne
subject. Thus we speak of sound vibrat- within is translated by Sherwood by
ing in the ears ; of a tremtdoiis sound, frissonner ; to yearne, s'hdrisser, frisson-
for one in which there is a quick succes- ner ; a yearning through sudden fear,
sion of varying .impressions on the ear. herissonnement, horripilation. And simi-
The words by which we represent a sound larly to yearn, arricciarsi. —
Torriano.
of such a nature are then applied to signify Many words signifying originally to
trembling or shivering action. To twitter crackle or rustle, then to shiver or shud-
is used in the first instance of the chirping der, are in like manner used metaphori-
of birds, and then of nervous tremulous- cally in the sense of eager desire, as Fr.
ness of the bodily frame. To chitter is grisser, greziller, grillcr, brisoler j Elles
'

both to chirp and to shiver. Hal. It is— grissoient d'ardeur de le voir, they longed
probable that Gr. ^ptirffw originally signi-
fied to rustle, as Fr. frisser {frissement
extremely to see it.' Cot.— Griller d'im-
'

patience.'— Trev. '


II bresole (Gl. G^-
d'un trait, the whizzing of an arrow
Cot.), then to be in a state of vibration,
ndv.) —grezille (Supp. Acad.) d'etre
marid.'
to ruffle the surface of water, or, as Fr, The It. brisciare, to shiver, gives rise
frissoner, to shudder, the hair to stand on to brezza, shivering, ribrezzo, a ch illness,
end. <I>pi'?oe, bristling, curling, because shivering, horror, and also a skittish or
the same condition of the nerves which humorous toy, rihrczzoso, humorous, fan-
produces shivering also causes the hair tastical, suddenly angry.— Fl. So from
to stand on end. The same imitation of Sw. knis, bristling, curly, knis-hujwud

CAPRIOLE CARABINE 129

(bristly-head), one odd, fantastic, hard -ceive in receive, conceive, perceive, de-
to please. —
Nordfoss. Du. krul, a ca- ceive.
price, fancy. The exact counterpart The participial form of the root in com-
to this is It. arriccia-capo (Fl.), or the pound verbs, -cept,did not suffer the same
synonymous capriccio (capo-riccio), a corruption in French, and has thus de-
shivering fit (Altieri), and tropically, a scended unaltered to English, where it
sudden fear apprehended, a fantastical forms a very large class of compounds,
humour, a humorous conceit making one's accept, except, precept, intercept, deception,
hair to stand on end. Fl. —
Fr. caprice, a conception, &c. In cases, however, where
sudden will, desire, or purpose to do a the -cept was final or was only followed
thing for which one has no apparent by an e mute, the p was commonly not
reason. —
Cot. pronounced in French, as in OFr. concept,
Capriole. See Caper. recepte, decepte, and has accordingly been

Capstan. Capstern. Crab. Sp. ca-— lost in E. conceit, deceit, while it still keeps
hrestante, cabestrantej Fr. cabestan. The its ground in the writing oi receipt although
name of the goat was given in many lan- wholly unpronounced.
guages (probably for the reason explained Captain. It. capitano, a head man,

under Carabine) to an engine for throw- commander, from Lat. caput, capitis,
ing stones, and was subsequently applied head.
to a machine for raising heavy weights or Capuchin. It. capuccio, capp%tccio, a
exerting a heavy pull. OSp. cabra, ca- hood (dim. di cappa, a cloke) capuccino,
;

breia, an engine for throwing stones. a hooded friar, a capuchin.


capra, a skid or such engine to raise or
It.
— —
Car. Cart. Carry. Lat. cams. It.
mount great ordnance withal ; also tres- carro, Fr. char. In all probability from
sels, also a kind of rack. Fl. —
G. bock, a the creaking of the wheels, oisr. karra,
trestle, crab or instrument
a windlass, a. Du. karren, kerren, to creak, also to carry
to wind up weights, a kind of torture. on a car ; karrende waegen, a creaking
Kiittner. Fr. chevre, a machine for rais- waggon. Fin. karista, strideo, crepo. Sp.
ing heavy weights. In the S. of France chirriar, to creak, chirrion, a tumbrel or
the transposition of the r converts capra strong dung-cart which creaks very loudly.
into crabo, a she-goat, also a windlass for — Neumann. Derivatives are Fr. char-
raising heavy weights (explaining the rier, to carry ; It. caricare, Fr. charger, to
origin of E. crab s.s.), a sawing-block or load ; It. carretta, Fr. charret, a cart.
trestles. —Diet. Castr. —
Carabine. Carbine. The It. cala-
The meaning of the Sp. cabrestante brino, Fr. calabrin, carabin, was a kind
(whence e. capstern or capstan) now be- of horse soldier, latterly, at least, a horse-
comes apparent. It is a standing crab, a man armed with a carbine or arquebus.
windlass set upright for the purpose of Carabin, a. carbine or curbeenej anarque-
enabling a large number of men to work buzier armed with a murrian and breast-
at it, in opposition to the ordinary modi- plate and serving on horseback. Cot.—
fication of the machine, where it is more Les carahins sont des arquebusiers k cheval
convenient to make the axis horizontal. qtii vont devant les compagnies des gens de guerre

Capsule. Lat. capsula, dim. of capsa, comnie pour reconnaitre les ennemis et lesescar-
a coffer, box, case. —
moucher. Caseneuve in Diet. Etym.
Capt-. -cept. -ceive. Lat. capio, As the soldiers would naturally be
captus, to take, seize, hold, contain, named from their peculiar armament, it
whence capture, captive, captivate, &c. is inferred by Diez with great probability
The a of capio changes to an z in com- that the term calabre, originally signifying
position, and of captus to an e, as in a catapult or machine for casting stones,
accipio, acceptus, to take to, to accept; was transferred on the invention of gun-
recipio, receptus, to take baclc, to receive ;
powder to a firelock, and that the cala-
receptio, a taking back, a reception. But brins or carabins were named from
in passing into Spanish the radical sylla- carrying a weapon of that designation, as
ble -cip- of these compound verbs, re- the dragoons (Du. dragonder) from carry-
cipere, concipere, &c., was converted into ing the gun called a dragon. It was
-ceb- or -cib-, and in French into -cev-j as natural that the names of the old siege
in Sp. recibir, concebir, Fr. recevoir, conce- machines for casting stones should be
voir. Passing on into E., which has re- transferred to the more efficient kinds of
ceived by far the greater part of its Latin ordnance brought into use on the dis-
derivatives through the French, the -cev- covery of gunpowder. Thus the musket,
ofthe Fr. verbs gives rise to the element i
It. tnoschetta, was originally a missile
— —— ;

I30 CARACOL CARD


discharged from some kind of spring ma- garded as internal burning. Comp.
chine. Ptg. espi7igarda, a firelock, is the OHG. eit, fire ; eitar, matter, poison
ancient springald, a machine for casting eiz, an ulcer.
large darts, and catapulta, properly a Carboy. A large glass bottle cased in
siege machine, is the word used in mo- wicker for holding vitriol. Derived in
dern Lat. for a gun. the first edition from Mod. Gr. Kapaiixoyia
The term calabre as the name of a pro- (caraboyia), vitriol, copperas. But Mr
jectile engine is probably a corruption of Marsh points out that the Gr. word is
cabre from cabra, a goat, in the same way only an adoption of the Turk, kard boyd,
that the Sp. calambre has been formed black dye, and is applied exclusively to
from the same source with the synon- copperas or green vitriol, a solid body
ymous E. cramp. Ptg. cabre and calabre which could never have been packed in
are both used in the sense of a cable, an bottles, and so could not have given its
instrument for exerting a heavy strain. name to the carboy. There is no doubt
The reason why the name of the goat that the name comes from the East.
is used to designate a machine for cast- Thus Ksempfer (Amaan. Exot. p. 379) de-
ing stones is probably that the term was scribes vessels for containing wine made
first .applied to a battering-ram (G. boch, a at Shiraz, ' Vasa vitrea, alia sunt majora,
he-goat, a battering-ram), a machine ampuUacea et circumdato scirpo tunicata,
named by the most obvious analogy after quse vocant karabd.' From the same
the goat and ram, whose mode of attack source are SicU. carabba, a bottle with
is to rush violently with their heads big belly and narrow neck ; It. caraffa,
against their opponent. From the bat- Sp. garafa, Fr. caraffe, decanter, wine-
tering-ram, the earliest instrument of bottle.
mural attack, the name might naturally Carcase. Mod.Gr. tcapKaai, a quiver,
be transferred to the more complicated carcase tov avdpu*irivov atiifiaro^, the
;

military engines made for hurling stones, skeleton Trjg xeXwwac, the shell of a tor-
;

from whence it seems to have descended toise. carcasso, a quiver, the core of
It.
to the harmless crabs and cranes of our fruit ; carcame, a dead carcase, skeleton,
mercantile times, designated in the case carcanet. Fr. carquasse, the dead body
of G. bock and Fr. chevre by the name of of any creature, a pelt or dead bird to
the goat. Sp. cabra, cabreia, cabrita, an take down a hawk withal ; carquois, a
engine for hurling stones, a crane. Neu- — quiver ; carquan, a collar or chain for the
mann. neck. —
Cot. Sp. Carcax, a quiver ; car-
Caraool. The half turn which a horse- casa, a skeleton. Cat. carcanada, the
man makes to the right or left also a ; carcase of a fowl. The radical meaning
winding staircase. Sp. caracal, a snail, seems to be something holding together,
a winding staircase, turn of a horse. confining, constraining ; shell, case, or
Gael, car, a twist, bend, winding carach,
; framework. W. carch, restraint ; Gael.
winding, turning. AS. cerran, to turn. carcaij; a coffer, a prison. Bohem. krciti,
Carat. Gr. KtpaTwv, Venet. carate, to draw in, contract.
seed of carob. Arab, kirat, Sp. quilato, The word is explained oy Diez from
a small weight. Fr. silique, the husk or camis capsa, the case of the flesh. It.
cod of beans, &c., and particularly the cassa, a case or chest ; casso, the trunk or
carob or carob bean-cod also a poise
; chest of the body ; Parmesan cassiron,
among physicians, &c., coming to four skeleton.
grains. Carrob, the carob bean, also a Card. I. An implement for dressing
small weight, among mint-men and gold- wool. Lat. carere, carmiiiarc, to comb
smiths making the 24th of an ounce. wool ; carduus, a thistle. It. cardo, a this-
Cot. tle, teasel for dressing woollen cloth.
Caravan. Pers. kerwan. Lith. karszti, to ripple flax, to strip off the
Caravel. It. caravela, a kind of ship. heads by drawing the flax through a
Mod.Gr. «capa'|8i, Gael, carbh, a ship. Fr. comb, to card wool, to curry horses ;

carabe, a corracle or skiff of osier covered karsztuwas, a ripple for flax, wool card,
with skin.— Cot. See Carpenter. curry-comb. Gael, card, to card wool,
Carbonaceous. —Carbuncle. Lat. &c., cdrlag, a lock of wool ; carta, a wool
carbo,z. burning coal,- charcoal ; carbun- card. The fundamental idea is the no-
culus (dim. of carbo), a gem resembling a tion of scraping or scratching, and the
live coal, also (as Gr. avSpaS,, of the same expression arises from an imitation of the
primary meaning) a malignant ulcer, the noise. ON. karra, to creak, to hiss (as
suppuration of which seems to be re- gee^e), to comb; karri, a card or comb
;

CARD CARNAVAL 131

karr-kambar, wool cards. G. scharren, quatuor viae. OFr. carrefourg, quarre-


to scrape kratzen, to scratch. four, the part of a town where four streets
Card, 2.
;

Cartel. — —
Chart.— Charter. meet at a head. Cot. —
Lat. charta (Gr. x'»P'"^s)) paper, paper A I'entree de Luxembourg
written on or the writing itself, whence Lieu n'y avoit ni carrefourg
Dont Ten n'eust veu venir les gens.
the several meanings of the words above :

Rom. de Parthenay.
Fr. cdrle, a card, charie, chartre, a deed,
Translated in MS. Trin. Coll.,
record.
Cardinal. From. Lat. cardo, cardinis, No place there had, neither carfoukes none
a hinge, that on wliich the matter hinges, But peple shold se ther come many one.
principal, fundamental. Gael, car, a turn,
W. W. Slceat, in N. & Q., Sept. 8, 1S66.

winding.
'
Thei enbusshed hem agein a carfowgh of six

Care. AS. cearian, carian, to take


weyes.' —Merlin, p. 273.
hoed, care, be anxious. Goth, kara, Cargo. Sp. cargo, the load of a ship.
care unkarja, careless
; gakaran, to It.caricare, carcare, Sp. cargar, Ptg. car-
;

take care of. .


regar, Fr. charger, to load. From carrus,
Probably the origin of the word is the whence carricare, to load, in St Jerome.
act of moaning, murmuring, or grumbling —Due.
Caricature. It. caricatura, an over-
at what is felt as grievous. Fin. karista,
loaded representation of anything, from
rauc4 voce loquor vel ravum sonum edo,
caricare, to load.
strideo, morosus sum, murren, zanken ;
Cark. AS. cearig, soUicitus OSax. ;

karry, asper, morosus, rixosus. like A mod-carag, msstus. OHG. charag, charg,
connection may be seen between Fin. sur- carch, astutus. G. karg, Dan. karrig,
rata, stridere, to whirr (schnurren), and stingy, niggardly ; ON. kargr, tenax, piger,
sum, sorrow, care on. kumra, to growl,
; ignarus. W. carcus, solicitous.
mutter, and G. kummer, grief, sorrow, Carl. A
clown or churl. AS. ceorl,
distress Fin. murista, murahtaa, to
;
ON. karl, a man, male person.
growl, and murhet, sgritudo animi, moe- —
Carlings. Carled peas. Peas steep-
ror, cura intenta. The Lat. cura may be ed and fried, G. kroU-erbser. Fr. graller,
compared with Fin. kurista, voce strepo to parch, grolU, parched or carled, as
stridente, inde murmuro vel ffigre fero, peas, beans, &c. Cot. — Groler, to fry or
quirito ut infans.
To Careen, To refit a ship by bring-
broil. —
Roquef. Champ, giierlir, to fry,
from the crackling sound ; Fr. croller,
ing her down on one side and supporting to murmur— Roquef. ; crosier, to shake,
her while she is repaired on the other. tremble, quaver ; Bois crolant d'un ladre,
Properly, to clean the bottom of the ship. a lazar's clack, E. crawl, crowl, to rumble.
It. carena, the keel, bottom, or whole Carminative. A medical term from
bulk of a ship dare la carena alle nam,
; the old theory of humours. The object
to tallow or calk the bottom of a ship. of carminatives is to expel wind, but the
Carenare, Fr. carener, from Lat. carina, theory is that they dilute and relax the
the keel of a vessel. Venet. carena, the gross humours from whence the wind
hull of a ship, from the keel to the water arises, combing them out like the knots
line ; essere in carena, to lie on its side. in wool. It. carminare, to card wool,
—Boerio. also by medicines to make gross humours
Career. It. carriera, Fr. carriire, a fineand thin. Fl. —
highway, road, or street, also a career on For the root of carminare, see Garble,
horseback, place for exercise on horse- and compare Bret, kribina, to comb flax
back. Cot. — Properly a car-road, from or hemp, as carminare, to comb wool.
carrus. — Diez. —
Carnage. Carnal. Charnel. Lat. —
Caress. Fr. caresse. It. carezza, an caro, carnis, the flesh of animals ; carna-
endearment, w. caru, Bret, karout, to lis, appertaining to the flesh. Fr. charnel,
love. Bret, karantez, love, affection, ca- carnal, sensual, charneux, fleshy ; charn-
ress. Mid.Lat. caritia, from carus, dear. age, the time during which it is lawful
Et quum Punzilupus intrasset domum ubi es- to Rom. Cath. to eat flesh.
sent hasretici, videntibus omnibus fecit magnas Carnaval. The period of festivities
carinas et ostendit magnam amicitiam et famili- indulged in in Catholic countries, imme-

aritatem dictis hsereticis. Mur. in Carp. diately before the long fast of Lent. It.
Carfax. A place where four roads carnavale, camovale, carnasciale, Fare-
meet. Mid.Lat. quadrifurcum from qua- well flesh, that is to say. Shrove tide.
tuorfurcm (Burguy), as quadrivium from Fl. This however is one of those ac-
9 *
: ;

132 CAROL CARPET


:
commodations so frequently modifying the narr schiittet sein herz gar aus ' a fool
form of words. The true derivation is empties his heart completely out. Some '

seen in Mid.Lat. cariielevamen or carnis of our csL^gtahies garoused oi his wine till
levamen, i. e. the solace of the flesh or of they were reasonably pliant And are —
the bodily appetite, permitted in anticipa- themselves at their meetings and feasts
tion of the long fast. In a MS. descrip- the greatest garousers and drunkards in
tion of the Carnival of the beginning of existence.' —
Raleigh, Discov. of Guiana,
the 13th century, quoted by Carpentier, cited by Marsh.
it is spoken of as delectatio nostri cor-
' The derivation is made completely
poris.' The name then appears under certain by the use of all out in the same
the corrupted forms of Carnelevariiim, sense. I quaught, I drink all out,]e bois
Carnelevale, Carnevale. ' —
In Dominica d'autant. Palsgr. Alluz (G. all aus), all
in caput Quadragesimas quae dicitur out, or a carouse fully drunk up. Cot. —
Carnelevale.' —
Ordo Eccles. Mediol. A.D. Rabelais uses boire carrous et alluz.
1 1 30, in Carp. Other names of the sea- Why give's some wine then, this will fit us all
son were Car7iicapiuin, Shrove Tuesday, Here's to you still my captains friend. All out I

and Carnem laxare (It. carnelascid), B. and F. Beggars Bush.


whence the form carnasciale, differing To Carp. i. Carpyn or talkyn, fabulor,
about as much from its parent carnelascia confabulor, garrulo. Pr. Pm.
as carnaval from carnelevamen.

So gone they forthe, carpende fast
Carol. Properly a round dance, Fr.
Carole, querole. Bret, koroll, a dance, W.
On this, on that. Gower in Way. —
coroli, to reel, to dance. Bohem. krapati, garrire, to chatter
Tho mightist thou karollis sene krapanj, tattle, chatter. ON. skraf, dis-
And folke daunce and merle ben, course, chatter skra/a, to rustle, to talk.
;

And made many a faire tourning Analogous to E. chirp.


Upon the grene grasse springing.— R. R. 760. 2. Lat. carpo, to gather, pluck, pluck
Chanson de carole, a song accompany- at, to find fault with.
ing a dance then, as Fr. balade from It.
; Carpenter. Lat. carpentum, a car
ballare, to dance, applied to the song it- carpentarius, a wheelwright, maker of
self Diez suggests choruhts from chorus waggons It. carpenticre, a wheelwright,
;

as the origin. But we have no occasion worker in timber Fr. charpentier, as E.


;

to invent a diminutive, as the Lat. corolla carpenter only in the latter sense. Mid.
from corona gives the exact sense re- Lat. carpenta, zimmer, tymmer, zimmer-
quired. Robert of Brunne calls the cir- span.— Dief. Sup. The word seems of
cuit of Druidical stones a carol. Celtic origin. Gael, carbh, a plank, ship,
This Bretons renged about the felde chariot ; carbad, Olr. carpat (Stokes),
The karole of the stones behelde, a chariot, litter, bier.
Many tyme yede tham about, Carpet. From Lat. carpere, to pluck,

Biheld within, biheld without. Pref. cxciv.
to pull asunder, was formed Mid.Lat.
Carouse. The
derivation from kroes, carpia, carpita, linteum carptum quod
a drinking cup, is erroneous, and there is vulneribus inditur. Fr. charpie, lint.
no doubt that the old explanation from
G. gar aus / all out

Mid.Lat. carpetrix; a carder. Nomin. in
is correct.
!
The '
Nat. Ant. 216. The term was with equal
custom,' says Motley (United Neth. 2. propriety applied to flocks of wool, used
94), was then prevalent at banquets for
'
for stuffing mattresses, or loose as a couch
the revellers to pledge each other in rota- without further preparation. Carpitam
'

tion, each draining a great cup


and ex- habeat in lecto, qui sacco, culcitra, vel
acting the same feat from his neighbour,
who then emptied his goblet as a chal-

coopertorio carebit.' Reg. Templariorum
in Due.
lenge to his next comrade.' When the It seems then to have signified any
goblet was emptied it pi-obably would be quilted fabric, a patchwork table-cover
turned upside down with the exclamation
gar aus! This was what was called
with a lining of coarse cloth La Crusca,
or the cloak of the Carmelites made of

drinking caroicse. like materials a woman's petticoat, pro-
;
The tippling sots, at midnight which perly doubtless a quilted petticoat.
To quaff carouse do use, Car-
peta, gonna,gonnella.— Patriarchi. Qui- '
Will hate thee if at any time
To pledge them thou refuse,— Drant in R. libet frater habeat saccum in quo dormit,
carpetam (a quilt?), linteamen.'— Stat.
Sp. carduz, cardos, act of drinking a
full Eq. Teut. in Due. On the other hand
bumper to one's health.— Neum. Ein we find the signification transferred from
'
;

CARRIAGE CASSOCK 133

the flocks with which the bed was stuffed Fr. casuelj Fr. casitiste, one who reasons
to the sacking which contained them. on cases put.
Rouchi carpHe, coarse loose fabric of Case. It. cassa, Sp. caxa, Fr. caisse,
wool and hemp, packing cloth. '
Eune a chest, coffer, case, from Lat. capsa
tapisserie dicarpite, des rideaux A'carp^ie.' (Diez), and that apparently from capio,
— Hdcart. to hold.
Carriage. The carrying of anything, Case-mate. Fr. case-maiej Sp. casa-
also a conveyance with springs for con- mata; It. casa-maita. Originally a loop-
veying passengers. In the latter sense holed gallery excavated in a bastion,
the word is a corruption of the OE. ca- from whence the garrison could do exe-
roche, caroach, from It. carroccio, carroc- cution upon an enemy who had obtained
cia, carrozza ; Rouchi caroche, Fr. car- possession of the ditch, without risk of
rosse, augmentatives of carro, a car. loss to themselves. Hence the designa-
It. carreaggio, carriaggio, all manner tion from Sp. casa, house, and matar, to
of carts or carriage by carts, also the car- slay, corresponding to the G. mord-keller,
riage, luggage, bag and baggage of a mord-grube, and the OE. slaughter-house.
camp. — FI. '
Casa-matta, a canonry or slaughter-
Carrion. It. carogna, Fr. charogne, house, which is a place built low under
Rouchi carone, an augmentative from Lat. the walls of a bulwark, not reaching to the
caro. height of the ditch, and sei-veth to annoy
Carrot. Lat. carota. the enemy when he entereth the ditch to
To Carry. Fr. charrier, Rouchi carter, scale the wall.' Fl. — '
Casemate, a loop-
properly to convey in a car. Walach. —
hole in a fortified wall.' Cot. ' A vault
card, to convey in a cart, to bear or carry. of mason's work in the flank of a bastion
Cart. AS. krat. It. carretto, carretta. next the curtain, to fire on the enemy.'
Fr. charrette, dim. of carro, a car. — Bailey. As defence from shells became
Cartel. It. cartella, pasteboard, a more important, the term was subse-
piece of pasteboard with some inscription quently applied to a bomb-proof vault in
on it, hung up in some place and to be a fortress, for the security of the defend-
removed, —
Flor. Hence a challenge ers, without reference to the annoyance
openly hung up, afterwards any written of the enemy.
challenge. See Card. Cash. Ready money. A word intro-
Cartilage. Lat. cartilage, gristle, duced from the language of book-keeping,
tendon. Probably, like all the names of where Fr. caisse, the money chest, is the
gristle, from the sound it makes when head under which money actually paid in
bitten. Alban. kertselig I cranch with is entered. It was formerly used in the
the teeth. See Gristle. sense of a counter in a shop or place of
Cartoon. Preparatory drawing of a business. It. cassa, Fr. caisse, a mer-
subject for a picture. It. cartone, augm. chant's cash or counter. —
Fl. Cot.
of carta, paper. —
To Cashier. To duash. Du. kasse-
CartOTicli. — Cartoose. — Cartridge. ren. — Kil.
Fr. casser, quasser, to break,
Fr. cartouche. It. cartoccio, a paper case, also to cassere, discharge, turn
casse,
coffin of paper for groceries, paper cap for out of service, annul, cancel, abrogate.
criminals ignominiously exposed. Fl. — — Cot. To quash an indictment, to an-
The paper case containing the charge of nul the proceeding. Lat. cassus, empty,
a gun. hollow, void cassare,to annul, discharge
;

To Carve. AS. ceorfan, Du. kerven, It. casso, made void, cancelled, cashiered,

to cut or carve ; G. kerben, to notch. blotted out.— Fl.


Lith. kerpu, kirpti, to shear, cut with Cask. —
Casket. —
Casque. The Sp.
scissors. casco signifies a skull, crown of a hat,
Cascade. It. cascata, Fr. cascade, a helmet, cask or wooden vessel for holding
fall of water, from It. cascare, to fall. The liquids, hull of a ship, shell or carcase of
radical sense of the word seems to be to a house. It seems generally to signify
come down with a squash. Sp. cascar, case or hollow receptacle. See Case.
to crack, crush, break to pieces. OE. Hence casket, Fr. cassette, a coffer or
quash, to dash. small case for jewels.
— —
Case. Casual. Casuist. Lat. casus, Cassock. Gael, casag, a long coat.
a fall, an act of falling, a chance or acci- It. casacca, Fr. casaque, long man's gown

dent, something that actually occurs, a with a close body, from casa, a hut, the
form into which a noun falls in the pro- notion of covering or sheltering being
cess of declension ; casualis, fortuitous. common to a house and a garment, as we
;

134 CAST CATCH


have before seen under Cape and Cabin. Catacomb. Grottoes or subterraneous
So also from It. casipola, casupola, a little places for the burial of the dead. The
house or hut, Fr. chasuble, a garment for Diet. Etym. says that the name is given
performing the mass in, Sp. casulla, OFr. in Italy to the tombs of the martyrs
casule, Mid.Lat. cojz^/a, quasi minor casa which people go to visit by way of devo-
eo quod totum hominem tegat. Isidore — tion. This would tend to support Diez's
in Diez. explanation from Sp. catar, to look at,
To Cast. ON. kasta. Essentially the and tomba, a tomb (as the word is also
same word with Sp. cascar, to crack, spelt catatomba and catatumba), or comba,
break, burst ; Fr. casser, to break, crush ; a vault, which, however, is not satisfac-
It. cascare, to fall. The fundamental tory, as a shew is not the primary point
image the sound of a violent collision,
is of view in which the tombs of the martyrs
represented by the syllable quash, squash, were likely to have been considered in
cash, cast. It. accasciare, accastiare, to early times. Moreover the name was'
squash, dash, or bruise together. Fl. — apparently confined to certain old quar-
The E. dash with a like imitative origin ries used as burial-places near Rome.
is used with a hke variety of signification. Others explain it from Kara, down, and
We speak of dashing a thing down, dash- a cavity.
KviilSog,
ing it to pieces, dashing it out of the Catalogue. Gr. KaraXoyog, an enumer-
window. To cast accounts was properly ating, a list.
to reckon by counters which were bodily Cataract. Gr. KarapaKrr]g, KaTappaKTrjQ,
transferred from one place to another. from Karappaaaiii, to hurl down, to fall as
See Awgrim. water does over a precipice. 'Vaaaw,
Castanets. Snappers which dancers apaaaio, to dash.
of sarabands tie about their fingers. B. — Catastrophe. Gr. arpi^m, to turn
Sp. castana, a chesnut ; castanetazo, a KaTaarpifm, to overturn, to bring to an
sound or crack of a chesnut which bursts end, to close.
in the crack given by the joints.
fire, —
To Catch. Chase. The words catch
Hence the snapping of the
castaneta, and chase are different versions of the
fingers in a Spanish dance castaneta, ;
same word, coming to us through differ-
castanuela, the castanets or implement ent dialects of French. In the dialect of
for making a louder snapping ; castaiiet- Picardy, from which much of the French
ear, to crackle, to clack. in our language was introduced, a hard c
Caste. The artificial commonly corresponds to the soft c/t of
divisions of so-
ciety in India, first made known to us by
ordinary Fr., and a final ch in Picard to
the Portuguese, and described by them the hard s of ordinary Fr. Thus we have
by the term casta, signifying breed, race, Pic. or Rouchi cat, Fr. chat, a cat ; Rou-
kind, which has been retained in E. under chi caleur, Fr. chaleur, heat ; Rouchi
the supposition that it was the native forche, Yz. force j Rouchi equerviche, Fr.
name. ecrevisse- Rouchi Scaches, Fr. ichasses,
Castle. It. castello, Lat. castellum, stilts. In hke manner Rouchi cacher,
dim. of castrum (castra), a fortified place. Fr. chasser, to hunt, from the first of
Castrate. Lat. castro, perhaps from which we have E. catch, and from the
castus, to make clean or chaste. second chase, the earlier sense of catch,
Cat. _G. katze, Gael, cat, on. kottr. like that of It. cacciarc, Fr. chasser, being
Fin. kasi, kissa, probably from an imita- to drive out, drive away.
tion of the sound made by a cat spitting. Maid thorgh the Lundreisfro
London is hatched.
Cass ! a word to drive away a cat. Hal. — R. Brunne, 120.
Lang, cassa / cry for the same purpose. ' Catchyn

The Fin. ktitis / is used to drive them drive forth


away abigo.' ' Catchyn or —
bestis, mino.'— Pr. Pm. Fr.
away, while kiss / Pol. kic' kicil are used chasser,
to drive away, follow after, pur-
as E. puss / for calling them.
sue.
Cat o' nine tails. Pol. kat, execu- out cacciare
Cot. —
It. cacciare fuora, to drive

tioner ; kaJoivad, to lash, rack, torture.


; fer toTa, to cast or beat to
the ground ; cacciuolo, a thump, punch,
Lith. kotas, the stalk of plants, shaft of a V, V
push.— Fl. 1

lance, handle of an axe, &c. ; bot-kotis,


The origin is the imitation of the sound
the handle of a scourge ; kotas, the exe-
of a smart blow by the syllable clatch !
cutioner kotawoti, to scourge, to torture. passmg
;
on the one hand into catch and
Russ. koshka, a cat koshki, a whip on the other into
;
latch, by the loss of
with several pitched cords, cat-o'-nine- the
/ or c respectively, n. klakka, kakka,
tails.
to strike a resounding object
as a board
. ;'

CATCH GATES 135


— Aasen. Fr. claquer, Wal. caker, to cache. As
Sc. chak expresses 'the sharp
clap hands, to chatter with the teeth sound made by any iron substance when
cake, clap with the hand. Grandg. G.— ;

entering its socket, as of the latch of a


klatsch I th wick-thwack a word to imi-
! door when it is shut, to click and to ;
'

tate the sound made by striking with the chak is to shut with a sharp sound
'

hand against a partition wall ; klatsch, (Jam.) ; the representation of a like sound
such a sound or the stroke which pro- by the syllable latch gives its designation
duces it, a clap, flap klatsche, a whip or
; to the latch of a door, formerly called
lash. —
Kuttner. Du. kletsen, resono ictu cliket, from shutting with a click. And
verberare kUts, kletse, ictus resonans,
; on the same principle on which we have
fragor kletsoore, ketsoore, a whip Rou-
; ; above explained the actual use of the
chi cachoire, ecachoire, a whip, properly word catch, the OE. latch was commonly
the lash or knotted piece of whipcord used in the sense of seizing, snatching,
added for the purpose of giving sharpness obtaining possession of.
to the crack. —
Hicart. 'Horxa. cache, s.s. And if ye latche Lucre let hym not ascapie.
— Pat. de Bray, Fr. chassoire, a carter's P.P.
whip. Cot.— GaUa catchiza, to crack Catcli-poll. A bailiff, one employed
with a whip, catc?u, a whip. Tutschek. — to apprehend a person. From poll, the
Du. kaetse, a smack, clap, blow, and spe- head. On
the same principle he was
cially the stroke of a ball at tennis. Kil. — called in Fr. happe-chair, catch-flesh.
Fr. chasse, E. chase, the distance to which Fr. chacepol, an officer of taxes.
the ball is struck. ArbaUte de courte Catechism.
Elementary instruction
chasse, a. cross-bow that carries but a by question
in the principles of religion
little way. and answer. Properly a system of oral
In the sense of seizing an object the instruction, from Gr. icarrix'Ki^, KaTtix'so, to
term caich is to be explained as clapping sound, resound, to sound in the ears of
one's hand upon it, snatching it with a any one, to teach by oral instruction,
smack, in the same way that we speak of teach the elements of any science. Karii-
catching one a box on the ear. In the XV'e, the act of stunning by loud sound
sense of a sudden snatch the Sc. has both or of charming by sound, instruction in
forms, with and without an / after the c. the elements of a science. 'Bxn, sound.
Claucht, snatched, laid hold of eagerly CategfOry. Gr. Kartiyopta (/cari;yopl(.j,
and suddenly a catch or seizure of any- from Bard and ayopsw, to harangue, speak
;

thing in a sudden and forcible way. in order), an accusing, but specially an


V/hen one lays hold of what is falling it order of ideas, predicament.
is said that he got a claucht of it.' ^Jam.
'

* Caterpillar. In Guernsey the name
And claucht anone the courser by the rene. of catte pelaeure seems to be given to
D.V. caterpillars, weevils, woodlice, mille-
Gael, glcu, to take, seize, catch. pedes. Metivier. —
Chate peleuse, a corn-
In the s. a. caucht. devouring mite or weevil. Cot. As the —
Turnus at this time waxis bauld and blythe weevil is not hairy probably the element
Wenyng to caucht ane stound his strenth to kythe peleuse is a corruption. Metivier explains
D.V. the word from the habit of all these in-
i.e. to catch an opportunity to show his sects of rolling themselves up like a pill
strength. Guernsey pilleure, OFr. pUlouire (Ro-
Galla catchamza, to snap, to snatch quefort), a pill.Why a grub should be
(said of dogs). For the equivalence of called dog or cat is not apparent.
similar forms with and without an / after Guernsey catte, the larva of the cock-
s. c or ^, compare G. klatschen, to chat, chafer. Swiss teufelskatz, Lombard
chatter, clatter. — Kiittner. G. klatscherei, gatta, gattola, Fr. chenille {canicula, a
Sp. chachara, chatter ; Du. klinke, E. little dog), a caterpillar Milanese can, ;

chink. —
Kil. Gael, gliong, E. gingle. cagnon (a dog), silkworm. Diez. Ptg. —
Rouchi clincailleux, Fr. quincailler, a bicho, bichano (pussy), children's name
tinman. for cat ; bicho, worm, insect, wild-beast.
On the other hand the loss of the initial * Cates. —
Caterer. Cates, dainty vic-
c gives rise a form lash, latch, with
to tuals. — B.The word is rendered by
similar meanings to those belonging to Sherwood by frigaleries, companaige, i. e.
words of the form ciatch, catch, above dainties, or any kind of relishing food
explained. (including meat) eaten with bread. In
Thus we have the lash of a whip cor- allprobability the suggestion of Skinner
responding to the G. klatsche and Norm. that it is curtailed from Micates, which
—— —

136 CATHARTIC CAVE


was used substantively in the same sense, Caul. The omentum or fatty network
is correct. Delycates, deyntie meates. in which the bowels are wrapped. It.
Palsgr. rete, reticella; rete delf^gato, the caul of
Richly she feeds, and at the rich man's cost the liver. A
caul is also a small net to
By sea, by land, of delicates the most confine the hair, and hence a skull-cap,
Her cater seeks, and spareth for no perell. also the membrane covering the face of
Wyatt in R. some infants at their birth. The proper
All kind of daintyes and delicates sweete meaning of the word seems to be a net,

Was brought forthebanquett. Bessie of Bednall. whence it is provincially used in the
Theeatery was the storeroom where sense of a spider's web.^Hal. Rete, any
provisions were kept, and the caterer or net or caul-work. Fl. —
cater the person who provided them. On Her head with ringlets of her hair is crowned.
the other hand, the ofBcer whose business And in a golden caiil the curls are bound.
itwas to make purchases for a household Dryden in R
was called acatour or achatour, from Fr. cale, a kind of little cap ; calotte, a
Prov. acaptar, Fr. achepter,^ acheter (Lat. skull-cap.
adcaptare, Mid.Lat. accapitare Diez), — The primitive meaning is a shale or
Rouchi acater, to buy. It. accattare, to ac- peel, what is shaled or picked off. Fr.
quire. cale, challe de noix, the. green husk of a
A gentil manciple was ther of a temple. walnut ; calon, walnut with the husk on ;

Of which achatciirs mighten take ensemple


For to ben wise in bying of vitaille.
challer, to shale or peel.
The word
Jaubert.
otherwise written kell.
is

For whether that he paide or toke by taille
Algate he waited so in his achate,
Cauldron. Fr. chauderon, chaudroii,
That he was ay before in his estate. chaudiire, a kettle for heating water.
Prologue, Manciple's Tale. Chaud, It. caldo, Lat. calidus, hot.
Coerapcyon is to sale com enachate or buying Cauliflower. Fr. choufleur {choii,
together point buying]. — Chaucer, Boethius, B. cabbage), the cabbage whose eatable part
2. Pr. 4. consists of the abnormally developed
Hence achates or acates signified pur- flower-buds. Lat. cauHs, a stalk, cab-
chases, and the nicer kind of food being bage-stalk, cabbage.
commonly purchased abroad the word Cause. Lat. causa.
became confounded with cates. ' One that Causeway. Fr. chaussJe, a paved
never made a good meal in his sleep, but road. Mid.Lat. calceata, calceta, a road
sells the acates that are sent him.' B. — calceata, shod or protected from the tread-
;

Jonson in R. ing of the horses by a coating of wood or


Provider, acater, despencier. Palsgr. — stone. Fr. chausser, to shoe ; Port, cal-
Cathartic. Gr. Ka^afriKOQ, having the ^ar, to shoe, also to pave ; calqada, a
property of cleansing, from KaSaipio, to pavement, the stones of a street. Du.
purge, make clean. kautsije, kaussijde, kassije, via strata.
Cathedral. Gr. KaHSpa, a seat, chair, Kil.
specially the seat of office of a master or Caustic. — Cauterise. Gr. KiwariKog,
professor in science, Sx., a pulpit, whence apt to burn ; Kavrijp, Kavrfipiov, a branding
cathedralis, applied to i church contain- iron, from koiio, to burn.
ing a bishop's seat. Caution. Lat. cautis, from caveo (p.p.
Catkin. It is probably not so much cautus), to beware.
from the resemblance to a cat's tail as —
Cavalier. Cavalry. Cavalcade. It. —
from a cat being taken as the type of cavaliere, Fr. chevalier, a horseman. It.
what is furry or downy that the name of cavallo, Fr. cheval, a horse, Lat. caballus,
catkin, Fr. catons, Du. katte, katteken, G. Gr. KaPaWrii, OE. caple. '
Caballus, a
kdtzchen, little cat, is given to the downy horse ; yet in some parts of England
or feathery flowers of the ,willow, hazel,
&c. Thus Bav. mudet, puss, is used in
they do call an horse a caMe.' Elyot in —
Way. w. ce^l, a horse ; Gael, capull,
the sense of cat-skin, fur in general, flock, Pol. kobyla, Russ. kobuiV, a mare.
flue, catkin mitz, mutz, puss, fur, cat-
; — —
Cave. Cavern. Cavity. Lat. cavus,
kin Magy. macska, cat maczoka,Y\\Xea.,
; ; hollow. The origin of the word seems a
lamb, catkin Pol. kocie, kitten kotki,
; ; representation of the sound made by
kocianki, catkins ; Fr. minon, puss, cat- knocking against a hollow body. Fin.
kin. kopista, dumpf tonen, klopfend knallen, •

Cattle.See Chattel. to sound like a blow ; kopano, caudex


Caudle. A warm comforting drink. arboris cavus pulsu resonans koparo, ;

Fr. chatideau, from chaud, hot. koparet, a receptacle for small things,
;; — ;

CAVESON CEILING 137


coffer, pit kopera or kowera, hollow,
; The kynge to souper is set, served in halle
curved, crooked kopio, empty, sounding
;
Under a siller of sillc, dayntily diglit.
as an empty vessel koppa, anything hol-
;
Sir Gawaine & Sir Gol.

lowed or vaulted kanteleen koppa, the


;

box or sounding-board of the harp pii-


Cellar for a bedde, ciel de lit. Palsgr: —
; 'A celler to hange in the chamber.'
pun koppa, the bowl of a pipe koppa- ; Ordinances and Reg. in Hal.
mato, a beetle or crustaceous insect As the canopy or covering of a bed or
koppa nokka, an aquiline nose, &c. ; kop- tent would not only be stretched overhead,
peli, a hut, little house. but hang around at the sides, it was natu-
So from Fin. kommata, komista, to ral that the same name should be given
sound deep or hollow as an empty vessel, both to the roof and the side hangings.
komo, hollow, giving a hollow sound Thus silyng is found in the sense of ta-
komo jaa, hollow ice ; wuoren komo, a pestry.
cavern in a mountain {wuora, a moun- '
The French kyng caused the lorde of
tain). Countay to stande secretly behynde a
Caveson. A
kind of bridle put upon silyng or a hangyng in his chamber.' —
the nose of a horse in order to break and Hall, E. IV. p. 43. And as tapestry and

manage him. B. Fr. caveqon, Sp. cabe- wainscoting served the same purpose of
gon. It. cavezzone, augm. of cavezza, a hiding the bareness of the walls and shut-
halter, and that from Sp. cabega, a head. ting out the draught, it was an easy step
A false accommodation produced G. to the sense of wainscoting, which is still
kapp-zaum, as if from happen, to cut, known by the name of ceiling in Craven.
and zaum, bridle, a severe bridle. To seele a room, lambrisser une chambre
Cavil. Lat. cavillor, to argue cap- seeling, lambris, menuiserie. —
Sherwood.
tiously, quibble. The sense of roofing, and all conscious
Cease.— Cessation. Lat. cesso, to reference to the notion of the heaven or
cease. sky being now completely lost, and the
-cease. —Decease. Lat. decessus, de- main object of the wainscoting being to
parture, Fr. dScis, departure from this shut out draughts, it is probable that the
life, death. See -cede. word was confounded with sealing in the
Cede, -cede, -ceed, -cess. Lat. cedo, sense of closing, and it was even applied
cessum, to go forth, step away, give place, to the planking of the floor. Plancher, '

yield. Hence concede, exceed, proceed, to plank or floor with planks, to seele or
recede, succeed, &c., with their substan- close with boards plancher, a boarded
;

tives concession, excess, &c. floor, also a seeling of boards.' Cot. —


Ceiling. The It. cielo, Fr.' del, heaven, The ceiling was called the upper ceiling,
sky, were met. applied to a canopy, the Fr. sus-lambris, to distinguish it from the
testern of a bed, the inner roof of a room wainscot or seeling of the walls.
of state. — Cot. In the same way G. hivt- The line of descent from Fr. ciel is so
mel, heaven, is applied to a canopy, the unbroken, that, unless we separate the
roof of a coach, or of a bed. The import- sense of canopy or hangings from that of
ation of Fr. del into English without wainscoting, the ground is cut away from
translation gave cele, seele, a canopy. '
In Aufrecht's derivation from AS. thil, thel,
this wise the King shall ride opyn heded thelu, a log, beam, rafter, plank, board ;
undre a seele of cloth of gold baudekyn thiling, a planking or boarding tkilian,

;

with four staves gilt.' Rutland papers, to plank ON. thil, thili, thilja, a board,
;

Cam. Soc. pp. 5, 7, &c. 'The chammer plank, wainscot thiljar (in pi.), the deck
;

was hanged of red and of blew, and in it of a ship at thilja, to panel or wainscot
;
;

was a cyll of state of cloth of gold, but MHG. dil, dille, a plank, wall, ceiling,
the Kyng was not under for that sam flooring ; E. deal, a fir-plank. In the
day.'— Marriage of James IV. in Jam. Walser dialect of the Grisons, obardili is
The name was extended to the seat of the boarded ceiling of a room. Aufrecht
dignity with its canopy over. '
And seik identifies with the foregoing, as. syl, a
toyour soverane, semely on syll.' — Gawan log, post, column E. sill in window-sill,
;

and Gol. in Jam. From the noun was door-sill J Sc. sill, a log, syle, a beam.
formed the verb to cele or sile, to canopy ;
And it is certainly possible that syling in
siled, canopied, hung, 'All the tente within the sense of planking or ceiling raa.j have
was syled wyth clothe of gold and blew come from this source. ' The olde syling
velvet' —Hall, H. VIII. p. 32; sybire, that was once faste joyned together with
selure, selar, cellar, cyling (W. Wore, in nailes will begin to cling, and then to
Hal.), a canopy, tester of a bed, ceiling. gape.'— Z. Boyd in Jam. In the N. of E
j

138 -CEIVE CHAFE


thill, a shaft, is in some places
called sill is burnt in sacrifices, incense, and thence
a thill horse and a sill horse, a shaft horse. censer, a vessel in which incense was
To seel or close the eyes, Sc. sile, syll, burnt.
to blindfold, and thence to conceal, is Cenotapli. Gr. K€voTa(j>iov {kivoq, empty,
totally distinct from the foregoing, being and Ta^oe, a tomb, from Saa-rw, to bury),
taken from Fr. ciller, cillier, siller les a monument erected for one buried else-
yeux, to seele or sew up the eyelids ; (and where.
thence also) to hoodwink, blind, keep in
darkness. Cot. — It. cigliare, to twinkle
Census — Censor. —
Censure. Lat.
census, a valuation of every man's estate,
with the eyes, to seal a pigeon's eye, or a registration of one's self, age, family,

any bird's. Fl. Fr. oil. It. ciglio, Lat. possessions, &c., from censeo, to think,
cilium, an eyelash, eyelid. The term judge, estimate. Censor, the officer ap-
properly signifies the sewing up the eyelid pointed to take such returns ; censura, his
of a hawk for the purpose of taming it. office, also grave opinion, criticism.
'
And he must take wyth hym nedyll and Centre. Gr. /ctj/rsw, to prick, goad,
threde, to ensile the haukes that ben taken. sting; KsvTpov, a prick, point, the point
— Take the nedyll and threde, and put round which a circle is drawn.
it through the over eyelydde, and so of Centurion. Century.— Lat. centum,
that other, and make them faste und the a hundred centuria, a hundred of what-
;

becke that she se not, and then she is soever persons or objects centurio, the ;

ensiled as she ought to be.' Book of — captain over a hundred foot-soldiers.


St Albans, in Marsh. Cereal. Lat. cerealis, of or pertaining
-ceive, -oept, -ceit. Lat. capio, cap- to Ceres the goddess of corn and the
turn, in comp. -cipio, -ceptjun, to take. harvest, thence belonging to or connected
Prov. caber, to take, in comp. -cebre ifon- with corn.
cebre, decebre) ; It. {cori)cipere, -cepire, Ceremony. Lat. cceremonia, ceremo-
-cepere, OFr. -ciper, -civer {conciver— nia, a religious observance, a solemnity,
Roquef.), -i^oivre, Fr. -cevoir. sacred show.
The p of the participle -ceptus is seen -cern. Certain.— Gr. K^'ivut, to sepa-
in OE. conceipt, deceipt, receipt, but was rate, pick out, decide, judge Lat. cenio, ;

gradually lost in conceit, deceit, &c., as in crevi, cretum, to separate, sift, distin-
It. concetto. guish, observe, see, judge, contend. In

Celebrate. Celebrity. Lat. celeber certus, sure, we have a modified form of
(of a place), much frequented, thronged the participle cretus, with transposition
;

hence (of a day), festive, solemn (of per- of the r, a form which also gives rise to
;

sons) renowned, as entering largely into the derivative certo, to contend.


the talk of men, in accordance with the Fr. concerner, to concern, appertain, or
expression of Ennius, volito vivus per belong unto (Cot.), is the opposite of dis-
'

ora virum.' Celebritas, a numerous con- cern, to distinguish. Lat. concernor, to


course of people, abundance, renown be embodied with, to be regarded as one
;

celebro, to visit in numbers, to attend on object with.


a solemnity, to celebrate. -cess. See Cede.
Celerity. —
Accelerate. Lat. celer, Cess. tax.A For sess from assess,
swift. but spelt with a c from the influence of
Celestial. Coehim, heaven, the hollow the Lat. census, the rating of Roman citi-
vault of heaven Gr. irot\oe, hollow.
; zens according to their property. See
Celibacy. Lat. Cij(fe5j,unmarried. Fr. Assize, Assess. Fr. cencer, to rate, assess,
cilibat, single or unwedded life.
Cell.— Cellar. Lat. cella, a storehouse
tax, value. Cot. —
Chafe, 1.— Chafing-dish. To chafe is
for wine, oil, provisions generally also to heat by rubbing, to rub for the purpose
;

a hut, cot, quarters for slaves. of heating, then to rub without reference
Cement. Lat. camentum, stones to the production of heat. Lat. calefacere,
rough from the quarry, rubble, materials It. calefare, Fr. chauffer, dchauffer, to heat,
for building, mortar. to warm, to chafe. Fr. chaufferette, a
Cemetery. Gr. KoijuijT-jjpiov (from koi- Chafing-dish or pan of hot coals for warm-
udojiai, to sleep), the place where the de- ing a room where there is not fire.
parted sleep. Chafe, S. In the sense of chafing^x^

-cend, -cense, Censer. To Incense. anger two distinct words are probably
Lat. candeo, to glow, to burn incendo, confounded
; ist from It. riscaldarsi, to
;

-sum, to set on fire, and met. to incense, become heated with anger, Fr. eschattffer,
make angry. Incensum, Fr. encens, what to set in a chafe. Sherwood. —
——;;

CHAFER CHAMBER 139


For certes the herte of manne by cschaujiTi^ or rough substance called shagreen, Fr.
and moving of his blode waxeth so troubled that peau de chagrin, which from being used
it is out of all manere judgement of reson.
as a rasp for polishing wood was taken
Parson's tale. De Ir4.
as a type of the gnawing of care or grief.
But to chafe has often a much more Genoese sagrind, to gnaw, sagrindse, to
precise sense than this, and signifies to
consume with anger. Piedm. sagri, sha-
snort, fume, breathe hard. It. sborfare,
green sagrin, care, grief. In like man-
;
to huff, snuff, or puff with snorting, to
ner It. limare, to file, metaphorically to
chafe and fret with rage and anger

fret Fl. far lima-lima, to fret inward-
tronfo, tronfio, puffed or ruffled with
chafing.— Fl. Bouffard, often puffing,

ly.
;

^Altieri.
Chain. Lat. catena, Prov. cadena,
much blowing, swelling with anger, in a cana, OFr. chaene, Fr. chaine, on. kedja,

great chafe, in a monstrous fume. Cot. a chain.
In this application it is the correlative
of the G. keuchen, to puff and blow, breathe
Chair. — Chaise. Gr. KoBiSpa, from
KaOa^oiiat, to sit. Lat. cathedra, Fr. chaire,
thick and short, to pant, Bav. kauchen, to
a seat, a pulpit. As the loss of a ^ in
breathe, puff.
* Chafer. — Cheffern. Cock-chafer j
cadena gives chain, a double operation
of the same nature reduces cathedra
fern-chafer. G. kdfer, as. ceafer, Du.
(ca'e'ra) to chair. Prov. cadieira, cadera,
kever, any insect of the beetle kind, hav-
ing a hard case to their wings. Perhaps
OFr. chayire. Chayire, cathedra. Pr, —
Pm.
from Swiss kafeln, kdfelen, to gnaw.
The conversion of the r into s gives
ChafE AS. ceaf, G. kaff. Pers. khah.
— Adelung. Fin. kahista, leviter crepo
Fr. chaise, a pulpit — Cot., now a chair.
Then, as a carriage is a moveable seat,
vel susurro, movendo parum strideo ut
the word has acquired in E. the sense of
gramen sub pedibus euntis vel arundo
a carriage, ple^.sure carriage.
vento agitata (to rustle) whence kahina,
;
Chalice. Fr. calice, Lat. calix, a gob-
a rustling ; kahu, kahuja, hordeum vel
let, cup.
avena vilior, taubes korn oder hafer, hght Chalk. Fr. chaulx, lime ; Lat. calx,
rustling corn, consisting chiefly of husks ;
limestone, lime.
kuhata, kuhista, to buzz, hiss, rustle
Challenge. Fr. chalanger, to claim,
kuhina, a rustling noise, rustling motion
challenge, make title unto also to accuse
;
as of ants, &c. ; kuhu-ohrat {ohrat, bar-
of, charge with, call in question for an
ley), refuse barley ; kuhuja, quisquilise
vel paleae quae motas leviter susurrant,
offence. — Cot. Hence to challenge one
to fight is to call on him to decide the
chaff.
matter by combat. From
To Chaff. In vulgar language, to Latin calumniare, to institutetheanforensic
action,
rally one, to chatter or talk lightly. From to go to law. Due. So from dominio,

a representation of the inarticulate sounds
domnio, dongio, E. dungeon j from som-
made by different kinds of animals utter- nium, Fr. songe. Prov. calonja,
dispute;
ing rapidly repeated cries. Du. keffen, to calumpnjamen, contestation,
difficulty ;
yap, to bark, also to prattle, chatter, tattle.
— Halma. Wall, chawe, a chough, jack-
calonjar, to dispute, refuse.
The sacramentum de calumniA was an
daw ; chaweter, to caw ; chawer, to
oath on the part of the person bringing
cheep, to cry ; chafeter, to babble, tattle
;
an action of the justice of his ground of
Fr. cauvette, a jackdaw, a prattling wo-
action, and as this was the beginning of

man. Pat. de Brai. G. kaff, idle words, the suit it is probably from

impertinence. Kuttn.
thence that
calumniari in the sense of bringing an
* To Chaffer. To buy and sell, to action arose. '
Can hom ven al plaiz et
bargain, haggle. OE. ckapfare, chaffare,
fa sagramen de calompnia.' ' Sagrament
properly the subject of a chap or bargain,
de calompnia o de vertat per la una part


without chap/are makiinde. Ayenbite, p. 35.

Lenere corteys (courteous lender), that leneth e per I'autra.' Rayn. Lat. calumnia,
false accusation, chicane,
There were chapmen ychose the chaffare to

preise. P. P. vis. 11.
Chamade. A signal by drum or
trumpet given by an enemy when they
Chaft. The jaw chafty, talkative.
; —
have a mind to parley. B. From Port.
Hal. ON. kiaftr, jaw, muzzle, chaps chamar, Lat. clamare, to call.
kiqfta, kiamta, to move the jaws, to Chamber. Fr. chambre. Lat. camera,
tattle. See Cheek. Gr. Kaiiapa, a vault or arched roof, place
Chagrin. Fr. chagrin, care, grief. with a:n arched roof. Probably from
According to Diez, from the shark-skin. cam, crooked. Camera, gewolb. Came-
140 CHAMBERLAIN CHANCEL
cameratus, gekrUmmt, masterly Sp. campear, campar, to be
rare, kriimmen
;
;

gebogen, gewolbt. Dief. Sup.— eminent, to excel. The word is preserved


in E. dial, camp, a game at football.
Ch-amberlain. Fr. chajnbellan ; It.
'
Campar, or player at football, pedilusor.'
camerlengo, ciamberlano, ciambellano.
To Chamfer. To hollow out in chan- — Pr. Pm.
Ptg. Get campers a ball
nels, to flute as a column, to bevel.
Sp. To camf therewithal. —^Tusser.
chanfrar, to hollow out, to slope.
the E. dial, to cample, to talk, contend or
chafldn, Fr. chamfrain, chanfrein,
slope of a bevelled angle, a hollow argue G. kampeln, to debate, dispute

; ;

groove ; chanfreiner, chanfreindre, to E. dial, champ, a scufSe. Hal. The


bevel off a right angle, to slope out the origin may perhaps be found in the notion
top of a borehole. of fastening on one in the act of wrest-
Chamfron. —Chamfrain.—Charfron .
hng.
Fr. chanfrein, the front piece of a horse's Lith. kabinti, to hang; kabintis, to
head armour. fasten oneself on to another ; kabe, ka-

To Chamm. Champ. E. dial, to

bMe, kablys, a hook ; kimbu, kibti, to
chain, champ, chamble, to chew. Hal. fasten on, to stick to, to hold ; sukibti, to
Properly to chew so as to make the fasten oneself to another ; Fin. kimppu
snapping of the jaws be heard. Magy. (Lap. kippo, kappd), a bundle, and thence
tsammogni, tsamtsogni, to make a noise the laying hold of each other by wrestlers ;

with the teeth in chewing. Gall, djam- kimpustella, to wrestle. Esthon. kiinp,
djam-goda (to make djam-djam), to bundle, pinch, difficulty ; kimpUma, to
smack the lips in eating, as swine, to quarrel (comp. G. kampeln, E. cample).
champ, move the jaws.—Tutschek. The Du. kinipen, to wrestle, luctare, certare.
G. schmatzen s. s. differs only in the — KiL
transposition of the letter m. ON. kampa, To cope or contend with, which seems
to chew kiammi, a jaw kianisa, to
; ; another form of the root, is explained by
champ, to move the jaws kiamt, champ- ; Torriano serrarsi, attaccarsi I'un con
'

ing. I'altro ' se harper Fun a I'autre.' Sher-


; ' —
The sound of striking the ground with wood.
the foot is sometimes represented in the Chance. The happening of things
same naanner, as in It. zampettare, to governed by laws of which we are more
paw the ground E. dial, champ, to tread
; or less ignorant. Fr. chance; OFr.
heavily. — Hal. chdance, act of falling, from cheoir, Lat.
Champaign. See Camp. cadere, Prov. cazer, Sp. caer, Ptg. cahir,
Champarty. Partnership. Fr. champ to Prov. escazenza, accident, chance.
fall.

parti, Lat. campus partitus ; zs jeopardy, It will.be observed that accident is the
from Fr. jeu parti, Lat. jocus partitus, same word direct from the Lat. accidere,
divided game. to happen {ad and cadere, to fall).
Champion. Commonly derived from Chance-n3.edley. Fr. chaude mesUe,
campus, a field of battle, fighting place. from chaud, hot, and mesUe, fray, bicker-
And no doubt the word might have early ing, fight; an accidental conflict in hot
been introduced from Latin into the Teu- blood. '
MeUde qui etait meue chaleu-
tonic and Scandinavian languages, giving reusement et sans aguet.' M.Lat. calida
rise to the as. camp, fight, cempa, ON. melleia, calidameya. Meleare, mesleiare,
kempa, a warrior, champion Du. kanip, ; to quarrel, broil. —
Carpentier. When the
combat, contest; kampen, kempen, to element chaud lost its meaning to ordi-
fight in single combat; hamper, keiiipe, nary English ears, it was replaced by
an athlete, prize-fighter. chance in accordance with the meaning
It must be observed however that the of the compound.
Scandinavian kapp appears a more an- Chancel. —
Chancellor. Chancery. —
cient form than the nasalised camp. ON. The part of the church in which the altar
kapp, contention kappi, athlete, hero
; ;
is placed is called chancel, from being
Sw. dricka i kapp, to drink for a wager ;
railed off or separated from the rest of
kapp-ridande, a horse-race. So in e. the church by lattice-work, Lat. cancelli.
boys speak of capping verses, i. e. con- The cancellaj-ii seem to have been the
tending in the citation of verses to cap ; officers ofa court of justice, who stood ad
one at leaping is to beat one at a contest cancellos, at the railings, received the
in leaping. Hence (with the nasal) w. petitions of the suitors, and acted as in-
camp, a feat, game campio, to strive at
; termediaries between them and the judge.
games ; campus, excellent, surpassing, To them naturally fell the office of keep-

CHANDLER CHAPEL 141

ing the seal of the court, the distinctive hard bodies. Sc. chap, to strike, as to
feature of the chancellors of modern chap hands, to chap at a door. ^Jam. —
time. It is also used in the sense of the E. chop,
From chancellor^zxt Fr. chancellerie,^. to strike with a sharp edge, to cut up into
chancery. small pieces, to cut off ; Du. kappen, to
Chandler. Fr. chandelier, a dealer in cut, prune, hack ; Lith. kapoti, to peck,
candles then, as if the essential mean-
; to hack, to cut, to paw like a horse ; W.
ing of the word had been simply dealer, cobio, to strike, to peck.
extended to other trades, as corn-chand- Again as a hard body in breaking gives
ler. Chandry, the place where candles a sharp sound like the knocking of hard
are kept, from chandler, as chancery things together, a chap is a crack or fis-
from chancellor. sure, properly in a hard body, but ex-
To Change. Prov. cambiar, camjar. tended to bodies which give no sound in
It.cambiare, cangiare, Fr. changer. Bret. breaking, as skin chapped hands.
; Com-
kemma, to truck, exchange. Cambiare pare chark, to creak, and also to chap or
seems the nasalised form of E. chop, chap, crack. —
Hal. The use of crack in the
to swap, exchange, ON. kaupa, to deal, as sense of fissure is to be explained in the
Chaucei''s champmen for chapmen. same manner. Lang, esclapa, to spht
In Surrey whilome dwelt a company wood, to break ;a chip.esclapo,
Of champmen rich and therto sad and true, The thinner vowel in chip expresses
That wide were sentin their spicery, the sharper sound made by the separation
Their chaifare was so thrifty and so new.
of a vei-y small fragment of a hard body,
Man of Law's Tale, 140.
and the term is also applied to the small
In like manner Walach. schimbd, to piece separated from the block.
change, to put on fresh clothes, may be Chape. A plate of metal at the point
compared with ON. skipta, E. shift. of a scabbard. Hence the white tip of a
Walach. schimbu, cambium, exchange
.

schimbatoriu, a money-changer. See


; fox's tail. —
Hal. The fundamental mean-
ing is something clapt on, from clap, the
Chop. representation of the sound made by two
Channel. Lat. canalis, a pipe, water- surfaces striking together.
flat Hence It.
conduit, from canna, a reed. The word chiappa, a patch of lead clapt unto n
appears in Enghsh under a triple form :
ship that is shot a piece of lead to cover
;

channel, any hollow for conveying water, the touch-hole of a gun, also a clap, and
kennel, the gutter that runs along a street,
and the modern canal.
anything that may be taken hold of Fl. —
Sp. chapa, a small plate of flat metal,
Chant. —Chantry.
Lat. cantare, Fr. leather, or the like chapar, to plate, to
;
chanter, to sing. Hence chantry, a chapel coat; chapeta, chapilla, a small metal
endowed for a priest to sing mass for the plate ; Port, chapear, to plate, to apply
soul of the founders. one flat thing to another. Sp. chapelete
Chap. I. Chaps or chops, the loose
de una bomba, Fr. clapet, the clapper or
flesh of the cheeks, lips of an animal. sucker of a ship's pump Sp. chapeletas ;
AS. ceaplas, ceaflas, the chaps ; Da. de imbornales, the clappers of the scupper
gab, the mouth, throat of an animal. See holes. Russ. klepan, a strip of metal
Cheek. plate, as those on a trunk.
Chap. 2. A fellow. Probably from Chapel. Commonly derived from ca-
chap, cheek, jaw. Da. kiceft, jaw, muz- pella, the cape or little cloke of St Mar-
zle, chaps, is vulgarly used in the sense of tin, which was preserved in the Palace of
individual. —
Molbech. And N. kiceft as the kings of the Franks, and used as the
well as kjakje, a jaw, is used in the same most binding relic on which an oath
sense ; kvar kjceften, every man Jack

inkfe ein kjceft, kjaakaa, not a soul.
; could be taken.
Tunc in Palatio nostro super Capellam domini
Aasen. In Lincoln cheek is used in the Martini, ubi reliqua sacramenta percurrant, de-
same way for person or fellow. beant conjurare. —Marculfus in Due,
— —
Chap. Chip. Chop. These are forms Hence it supposed the name of ca-
is
having a common origin in the attempt to pella was given to the apartment of the
represent the sound made by the knock- Palace in which the rehcs of the saints
ing of two hard bodies, or the cracking were kept, and thence extended to similar
of one, the thinner vowel i being used to repositories where priests were commonly
represent the high note of a crack, while appointed to celebrate divine services.
the broader vowels a, and o are used for Rex sanctas sibi de capella sua reMquias defeni
the flatter sound made by the collision of prascepit. —Ordericus Vitalis.
. —— ; ;;

142 CHAPLET CHARM


Choliers that cayreden col come there biside,
But we have no occasion to resort to
And other wijes that were wont wode for to
so hypothetical a derivation. The canopy fecche
or covering of an altar where mass was
i. e. colliers that charred coal, that turned
celebrated was called capella, a hood.
Mid.Lat. capellare, tegere, decken, be-
wood to coal, charcoal burners.
ein himeltz, gehymels
The G. equivalent kehren is used in a
decken ; capella,
similar manner in the sense of changing
(eucharistie, &c.), the canopy over the
the nature of a thing. ' Als sich Lucifer
sacred elements eine kleine Kirche.
;
in eine schlange kehrt :' as Lucifer turns
Dief. Sup. And it can hardly be doubted himself into a snake.
that the name of the canopy was extended
to the recess in a church in which an
Chare. A
chare is a turn of work
chare-woman, one who is engaged for an
altar was placed, forming the capella or
occasional turn. Swiss, es ist mi cheer,
chapel of the saint to whom the altar was
it is my turn; cher um cher, in turns,
dedicated.
Chaplet. A
wreath for the head. Fr.
turn about. —
Deutsch. Mundart. 2. 370.
AS. eyre, a turn cerran, Du. keeren, to
chapelet, dim. of chapel, from capa, a
;

turn Gael, car, turn, twist.


cape or cope. The OFr. chapel, from ;

Charge. It. caricare, Ptg. carregar,


signifying a hat or covering for the head,
Fr. charger, to load ; properly to place
came to be used in the sense of a wreath
in a car. Lat. carricare, from carrus.
or garland. '
Cappello, ghirlanda se-

condo il volgar francese.' Boccaccio in To charge an enemy is to lay on.
Lay on, Macduff,
Diez. Hence applied to a circular string
And damned be he who first cries Hold, enough.
of praying beads, called in Sp. for the
same reason rosario, a garland of roses, Charity. Lat. caritas, charitas, dear-
and in It. corona. ness (in both senses), affection. Lat.
Chapman. AS. ceap-man, a merchant. carus, dear, beloved, w. cam, Bret.
See Cheap. karout, to love.
Chapter. Fr. chapitre, from capitu- —
Chark. Chirk, as. cearcian, to creak,
lum, a head or division of a book. The crash, gnash. Lith. kirkti, to cu'y as a
Chapter of a cathedral is the assembly child, creak, cluck kirklys, a cricket ;

of the governing body. It. capitolo, Sp. karkti (schnarren, schreien, krachzen), to
eapitulo, cabildo, Prov. capital, Fr. cha- whirr, as a beetle, cluck, gaggle ; kurkti,
pitre. to croak as a frog ; kurkelis, the turtle
Character. Gr. xapaicTijp (xapaffosi, to dove ; czurksti, to chirp as sparrows,
grave or make incised marks on an ob- czirksti, to chirp, twitter.
ject), a mark made on a thing, a mark of Charlatan. Charade. Fr. charlatan,—
distinction. a mountebank, prattling quacksalver, bab-
Charade. See Charlatan.

bler, tattler. Cot. —
It. ciarlatore, from
* Charcoal. To Char. Charcoal was ciarlare, to tattle, chatter. Sp. charlar,
rightly explained by Tooke from AS. chirlar, to prattle, jabber, clack, chat.
cerran, OE. char, to turn, as being wood An imitative word representing the in-
turned to coal. articulate chattering or chirping of birds.
Sp. chirriar, to chirp, chirk, creak, hiss
Then Nestor broiled them on the cole-turn'd
wood Chapman
,
— Lith. czurliwoti, to sing or chirp as birds,
czirbti, to prattle, chatter.
is now only used in the special
To char From Norm, charer, Lang, chara, to
application of turning to coal, burning converse, seems to be derived charade, a
without consuming the substance. kind of riddle by way of social amuse-
ment, as Pol. gadka, a riddle, from gadai,

His profession did put him upon finding a to talk ; Boh. hadka, a dispute ; pohadka,
way of charring sea coal, wherein it is in about
a riddle, charade, w. siarad (pronounced
three hours or less without pots or vessels brought
to charcoal. —Boyle in R. sharad), babbling, talking.
Charlock. A weed among com ; also
It is extraordinary that so plausible an called kedlock. AS. cedeleac.
explanation should have failed to produce Charm. An enchantment. Yx.charme;
conviction, but the following quotation It. canne, carmo, a charm, a spell, a
from William and the Werewolf will pro-
bably be found conclusive. In that work
verse, a rhyme. — Fl. From
Lat. carmen,
which was used in the sense of magic
the verb is written caire, and occurs fre- incantation. '
Venefici qui magicis su-
quently in the sense of turn one's steps, surris seu carminibus homines occidunt.
return, go, and at line 2520 it runs — Justin. Inst. Hence carminare, to
; ;

CHARNEL-HOUSE CHATS 143

enchant incarminatrix, an enchantress.


; fit for fuel. —Bailey.
Yorkshire chat, a
From carinen was formed It. carme and twig Suffolk chaits, fragments or leav-
;

Fr. charmer, as from nomen It. nome and ings of food, as turnip-chaits, scraps of
Fr. nommer, to name. Diez.— offal; blackthorn-chats, the young shoots
The root of the Lat. carmen is pre- or suckers on rough borders, occasionally
sented in AS. cyrm, noise, shout OE. ; cut and faggoted. Forby. —To chit, to
charm, a hum or low murmuring ijoise, germinate ; chits, the first sprouts of any-
the noise of birds, whence a charm of thing. — Hal.
goldfinches, a flock of those birds. The primary import of the syllable
I cherme as byrdes do when they make a noise chat, chit, chick, chip, is to represent the
a great number together. — Palsgrave. sharp sound of a crack, then the crack-
Chamel- house. chamier, aFr. ing of the hard case or shell in which
churchyard or charnel-house, a place something is contained, and the peeping
where dead bodies are laid or their or shooting forth of the imprisoned life
bones kept. Cot. — Lat. caro, carnisj within ; or on the other hand it may be
Fr. chair, flesh. applied simply to designate the frag-
Chart. —Charter. See Card. ments of the broken object. In the
Chary, as. cearig (from cearian, to latter sense chat may be compared with
care), careful, chary. Du. karigh, sor- the Fr. eclats, shivers, splinters, frag-
didus, parcus, tenax. Kil. —
g. karg, ments, from the sound of a body bursting
niggardly. or cracking, to which it bears the same
To Chase, i. To work or emboss relation as chape, a plate of metal, to
plate as silversmiths do. B. —
Fr. chasse clap.
(another form of caissej see Case), a It must be observed that theletters p,
shrine for a relic, also that thing or part k, are used with great indifference at
t,

of a thing wherein another is enchased the end of syllables imitative of natural


la chasse d'un rasoir, the handle of a sounds, as in the E. clap, clack, clatter;
razor ; la chasse d'une rose, the calix of a G. kna,ppen, knacken, knatiern, to crack,
rose. — Cot. It. cassa s. s. Fr. enchasser. crackle. We
accordingly find the sylla-
It. incassare, to set a jewel, to enchase bles chat or chit, chick, chip, or equivalent
it ; and as the setting was commonly of forms, used to represent a sharp note, as
ornamental work the E. chasing has come that made by the crack of a hard sub-
to signify embossed jeweller's work stance, or the cry of a bird or the like.
To Chase. 2. See Catch. To chitter or chipper, to chirp as a bird
Chasm. Gr. %aafi.a, a yawning, a gap, to cheep, to cry as a chicken ; chip, the
from xoAn, xi'i-'^vui, to gape, be wide open. cry of the bat. Hal. —
Chaste. Lat. castus, pure. Pol. czysty, To chip is then to crack, to separate in
clean, pure, chaste. Russ. chisf, clean, morsels, to break open and burst forth as
pure, clear, limpid. The origin seems a blossom out of the bud, or a bird out of
preserved in the Fin. kastaa, to wet, to the egg.
baptize, whence the notion of cleanliness The rois knoppis tetand forth thare hede
as the consequence of washing. See Gan chyp and kythe their vernal lippis red.
Cistern. D. V. in Jam.
To Chasten. —Chastise. Fr. ch&tier, The egg is chipped, the bird is iiown. —Jam.
Lat castigare, from castus, clean, chaste, Du. kippen, cudere, ferire, also to
pure, as purgare from purus. hatch. Kil. —It. schioppare, to crack,
Chat.— Chatter. To talk, converse,
make a noise as birds do, prattle. An
snap, or pop, to burst open. Fl. In like —
manner Russ. chikat', OE. chykkyn (Pr.
imitative word. It. gazzolare, gazzo- Pm.), to cheep or peep as a young bird
gliare, gazzerare, gazzettare, to chat or then chick (Hal.), a crack or a flaw ; also
chatter as a piot or a jay, to chirp, warble, to germinate or spring forth. And thus
prate. — Fl. Fr. gazeuiller, to chirp, probably has arisen the sense of germin-
warble, whistle. Magy. csatora (Magy. ation belonging to chat or chit. Chit in
cs= E. ch), noise, racket ; csaterdzni, to the sense of a child is metaphorically
make a noise, chatter, talk much ; csa- taken from the figure of a shoot, as we
csogni, to chatter or prattle ; csacsogany, speak of olive branches, or a sprig of
a chatter-box, magpie, jackdaw ; Pol. nobility for a young aristocrat. So in
gaddc, to talk, gadu-gadu, chit-chat, tit- Gael, gallan or ogan, a branch, also a
tle-tattle. Malay, kata, a word, speak ; youth, a young man ; geug, a branch
kata-kata, discourse, talk. and a young female.
Chats.— Chit. Chat-wood, little sticks Parallel with E. chit in the latter sense
— ;;;

144 CHATTELS CHEEK


the It. has ciio, cita, citello, zitella, a colloquial E. chop; to chop and change,
young boy or girl. to swap goods ; to coff—Yisi., Sc. to coup
Chattels.— Cattle. Fr. chatel, OFr. s. s. ; horse-couper, a dealer in horses.
chaptel, a piece of moveable property, See Chop.
from Lat. capitale, whence captale, catal- Chear. Pro v. Sp. cara, OFr. chiere.
liim, the principal sum in a loan, as dis- It. cera, the countenance Fr. chire, the
;

tinguished from the interest due upon it. face, visage, countenance, favour, look,
'
Semper renovabantur cartee et usura aspect of a man. Faire bonne chire, to
quae excrevit vertebatur in catallum' — entertain kindly, welcome heartily, make
Cronica Jocelini. Cam. Soc. Then, in good chear unto faire mauvaise chere,
;

the same way as we speak at the present to frown, lower, hold down the head
day of a man of large capital for a man belle chire et cceur arriere, a willing look
of large possessions, catallum came to —
and unwilling heart. Cot. Then as a
be used in the sense of goods in general, kind reception is naturally joined with
with the exception of land, and was liberal entertainment, yazV^ bonne or mau-
specially applied to cattle as the principal vaise chire acquired the signification of
wealth of the country in an early stage of good living or the reverse, and hence the
society. E. chear in the sense of victuals, enter-

— tainment.
Juxta facultates suas et juxta catalla sua.
Laws of Edward the Confessor. Cum decimis Cheat. Cheat in the old canting lan-
omnium terrarum ac bonorum aliorum sive ca- guage of beggars and rogues was a thing
tallorum. —
Ingulphus. Rustici curtillum debet of any kind. Thus grunting-chete was a
esse clausum ssstate simul et hieme. Si disclau- pig crashing-chetes, teeth ; prattling-
;
sum sit et introeat alicujus vicini sui captale per
suum apertum, — Brompton in Due.
chete, the tongue, &c., and, from the fre-
quency probably with which the word
It should be observed that there is the occurred, a cheater ^as equivalent to cant-
same double meaning in as. ceap, goods, er, a rogue or person who used the cant-
cattle, which is the word in the laws of ing language. Hence to cheat, to act as
Ina translated captale in the foregoing —
a rogue. Modern Slang. It. truffa, any
passage ; and this may perhaps be the cheating, canting or crossbiting trick
reason why the Lat. equivalent capiale truffatore, a cheater, cozener, a canting
was apphed to beasts of the farm with —
knave. Fl.
us, while it never acquired that meaning Check. Fr. dchec, a repulse, a meta-
in Fr. Bret, chatal, cattle. phor taken from the game of chess,
Chawl. —Chowl.— Chole. as. ceafl, where the action of a player is brought
snout, ceaflas, jaws, cheeks, lead to OE. to a sudden stop by receiving check to
chavylbone or chawlbone, mandibula. his king.
Pr. Pm. NE. choule, jaw. The strap of To check an account, in the sense of
the bridle under the jaw is called the ascertaining its correctness, is an ex-

choulband. Hal. See Cheek, Chew. pression derived from the practice of the
Cheap. The modern sense of low in King's Court of Exchequer, where ac-
price is an ellipse for good cheap, equiva- counts were taken by means of covmters
lent to Fr. bon marche, from AS. ceap, upon a checked cloth. See Chess.
price, sale, goods, cattle. Goth, kaupon, Cheek.—Choke.— Chaps. The gut-
to deal ON. kaupa, to negotiate, buy
; tural sounds made by impeded exertions
;
Du. koopen, G. kaufen, to buy; kauf- of the throat in coughing, retching, hawk-
mann, e. chapman, a dealer. Slav, ku- ing, stuttering, laughing, are represented
piti, Bohem. kaupiti, to buy. Gr. KaviiXog, in widely separated languages by the
Lat. caupo, a tavern-keeper, tradesman. syllables ^ag-, gig, kak, kek, kik, kok, with
— Dief. a frequent change of the initial k into ch.
Ihre shows satisfactorily that the mo- We
may cite Fin. kakaista, to vomit,
dern sense of buying is not the original
1jd.-^.kakot, to nauseate (to retch), kakkaset,
force of the word, which is used in the
to stutter. Fin. kikottaa, Lat. cachinnari,
sense of bargaining, agreeing upon, ex-
AS. ceahhetan, to laugh, Bav. gagkern,
changing, giving or taking in exchange,
gagkezen, to cluck like a hen, to cough
and hence either buying or selling. Ek dry and hard, to stutter gigken, gig-
'

villdi ^aupa skipinu via yckur brasdur.' ;

kezen, to make inarticulate sounds in


1 will exchange ships with you two bro-
retching, stuttering, giggling, Du. kichen,
thers, 'li^'opa jord i jord,' to exchange to gasp,cough, sob E. keck, to fetch the
;

farm for farm. Thus we are brought to breath with difficulty, to clear the throat
the notion of changing expressed by the chuckle, to make inarticulate sounds in
;

CHE.EP CHEVRON 145

the throat from suppressed laughter or this manner. on. kces, kos subliqui-
the hke; Sw. kikna, to gasp, kikna of dorum coacervatio, mollium congeries,
skratt, to choke with laughter. The Sw. veluti piscium, carnium, &c. Hence
kikna is identical with OE. cheken, to kasa, to heap up such things for the pur-
choke. '
Chekenyd or querkenyd, suffo- pose of acidifying them kasadr, kasiiU-

;


catus.' Pr. Pm. Thus "we are brought din, subacidus, veteris casei sapore An-
to w. cegio, AS. ceocian, E. to choke; ON. dersen ; kastr, incaseatus, made rancid
koka, quoka, to swallow. by laying up in a covered heap, used
Again the root representing the sounds especially of seals' flesh, which is not
made by impeded guttural action passes otherwise considered eatable. Haldor- —
on to signify the parts of the bodily sen.
frame by which the exertion is made, the The use of the word kcesir, rennet,
throat, gullet, chops, jaws, cheeks. Sc. shows that the Icelanders recognise the
chouks, the throat, jaws ON. kok, quok, identity of the process going on in viands
;

the throat ; w. ceg, throat, mouth ; Sw. subjected to this process with that which
kek, kdke, N. kjakje, jaw ; Du. kaecke, takes place in the formation of cheese,
cheek, jaw, gill of fish AS. ceac, E. cheek. though it is remarkable that they use a
;

The frequentative keckle, to make a noise different word, ost, for cheese itself, which
in the throat by reason of difficulty of seems also derived from a Finnish source.
breathing (Bailey) leads on to Pl.D. Chemistry. See Alchemy.
kdkel, the mouth, Fris. gaghel, the palate Chequer. See Chess.
(Kil.), Lith. /Ji2^/(W, the neck, AS. geagl, Cherish. Fr.. cherir, to hold dear, to
geahl, geafl, Fr. giffle, jouffle, jaw, jowl, treat with affection. Cher, Lat. cams,
chops. dear. w. caru, to love.
In these latter forms we see the trans- Cherry. Lat. cerasus. It. cireggia,
ition from a guttural to a labial termin- cirieggia, Fr. cerise j G. kirsche.
ation, which in the case of cough has Chesnut. Lat. castaneusj Fr. chas-
taken place in pronunciation although tagne, chAtaigne. Du. kastanie, G. kesten,
the final guttural is retained in writing. E. chesten. — Kil. Hence chesten-nut,
The imitative origin is witnessed by Galla chestnut.
cufd, to belch, cough, clear the throat, Chess. It. scacco, Sp. xaque, F*-. ichec,
rattle in the throat. — Tutschek. Analo- G. schach, from the cry of check 1 (Pers.
gous forms are G. kopen,koppen,Xo belch, schach, king), when the king is put in the
to gasp — Schmeller E. to kep, to boken, condition of being taken. As the board
;

i. e. when the breath is stopped being in this game is divided into a number of

ready to vomit B. ; Pl.D. gapen, kapen, equal squares of opposite colours, things
Da. gabe, to gape gab, the mouth or so marked are called chequered. Pro-
;

throat of an animal ; Sw. gap, the throat ;


bably at one time the game was called
AS. ceaplas, ceaflas, E. chaps, the loose the game of checks, subsequently cor-
flesh about the jaws ; Da. kjcebe, kjceve, rupted into chess. It is sometimes written
the jaw Wall, chiffe, cheek.
; chests in OE.
To Cheep. To make a shrill noise Chest. AS. cisty G. hasten, kistej Lat.
like a young chicken, squeak as a mouse, cista. See Case.

creak as shoes. Jam. An imitative word,
X'C&s.peep in the same sense. Lith. czypti,
Chevaux de frise. The name of
Vriesse ruyters (Frisian horsemen) was
to cheep like a chicken or squeak like a given in Dutch to long beams stuck
mouse, whence czypulas, a chicken. Sc. round with spikes and placed in the road
cheiper, a cricket. to prevent the attack of cavalry. It would
Cheese, as. cese, cyse, OHG. chasi, G. seem to have been a device of the Frisian
hase, w. caws, Lat. caseus. The word peasants to supply the want of cavalry in
may perhaps be explained from a Fin- their struggle for independence.
nish source. Fin. kasa, a heap, whence Chevisance. Achievement, acquisition,
kasa-leipa, old bread, bread kept for a gain or profit in trade. Fr. chevir, to
year. The Lapps prepare much of their compass, prevail with, make an end,
food, as meat and butter, by laying it in come to an agreement with. Chef, pro-
a heap till it becomes rancid or half de- perly head, then end, accomplishment
cayed, acquiring a flavour of old cheese. achever, to bring to an end, to accom-
This they call hdrsk. From them the plish.
practice seems to have been communi- Chevron. The representation of two
cated to their Scandinavian neighbours, rafters in heraldry. Fr. chevron, Prov.
who treat their fish and coarser flesh in cabrion, cabiron, Sp. cabrio, a rafter ; ca-
10
— ;;

146 CHEW CHJME


brial,a beam, cabriones, wedges of wood the radical form is unusual. It reappears
to support the breech of a cannon Wal- . however in the derivatives capitano, chief-
ach. caferu, caprioru, beam, rafter. W. tain, captain. The curtailed form agrees
cebr, Bret, kibr, rafter ; Gael, cabar, deer's in a singular way with G. kopf Du. kop,
horn, antler, stake, pole, rafter ; cabar a cup, a head.
beinne, mountain top ; cabarach, branchy. Child. AS. cild, G. kind. A
similar
It is remarkable that the rafters are also interchange of n and / is seen in E.
called corni la casa, horns of the house, kilderkin, Du. kindeken, a small cask
in Walach., while the Magy. term is ssaru OFr. aner, Fr. alter, to go. It is remark-
fu, horn wood. able that the anomalous plural children

To Chew. Chaw. It is shown under agrees with the Du. kinderen. .

Cheek that the names of the gullet, mouth, Chill. The meaning is properly to
jaw, chaps, are taken from the representa- shiver or cause to shiver.
tion of the sounds made by guttural exer- The ape that earst did nought but chill and
tions. 'Among these the G. kauchen,
keichen, lead through the synonymous E. Now gan some courage unto him to take.
kaw, to gasp for breath (Hal.), to Du. Mother Hubbard.
kauwe, kouwe, kuwe, the throat, cheek, Brezza, chillness or shivering. Fl. —
jaw, chin, gills of a fish. —
Kil. E. chaw- Chilly weather is what causes one to
bone, machouere. — Palsgr. And hence, shiver to feel chilly is to feel shivery.
:

Now the notion of shivering or trembling


and not vice versd, are formed Du. kaau-
•wen, G. kauen, E. chew or chaw, to use is most naturally expressed by a vibrating,

the jaws. E. chavel, choule, a jaw, chol, quivering sound which passes, when the
the jole, head, jaws ; chavel, to chew.^ vibrations become very rapid, into a con-
Hal. tinuous shriU sound. The usual sense of
* Chicane. Fr. chicaner, to pettifog, twitter is to warble like a bird, but it is
to contest, captiously taking every possi- explained by Bailey to quake or shiver
ble advantage without regard to substan- with cold. To chatter represents the
tial justice ; chicoter, to contest about rapid shaking of the teeth with cold, or
trifles. —
Gattel. Probably from Fr. chic, the broken noise of birds, or qf people
talking rapidly. To chitter, to chirp or
chiquei, a little bit. De chic en chic,
from little to little.— Cot. Payer chiguet twitter as birds —
Hal., then as G. zitterti,
A chiguet, by driblets.— Gattel. Chigue, Du. tremble with cold. To
citteren, to
a lump, a quid of tobacco. It. cica cica, a modification of the same word
titter is
the least imaginable jot. — Fl. For the applied to the broken sounds of repressed
laughter, while didder is to shiver or
ultimate origin of the word see Doit,
Mite. tremble.
Chick. Du. kieken, a chicken. The From the tingling sound of a little
shrill cry of the young bird is represented bell (Fr. grelot), greloter is to shiver for
by the syllable cheip,peep, or chick, from cold. On
the same principle I regard
the first of which is Lith. czypulas, a the Ptg. chillrar, to twitter, Sp. chillar,
chicken, from the second Lat. pipio, a W.-ill. chiler, to crackle, creak, twitter,
young bird, and from the third E. chicken. hiss as meat on the gridiron, as pointing
Chikkyn as hennys byrdys, pipio, pululo. out the origin of the E. chill, signifying
— Pr. Pm. Russ. chikat', to cheep or properly shivering, then cold. See Chim-
peep as a young bird chij (Fr. ]), a
;
mer, Chitter. The Pl.D. killen, to smart,
finch. Magy. pip, the cry of young has probably the same origin. De finger
'

birds; pipe, a chicken, gosling. Fin. killet mi for kalte,' my finger tingles with
tiukkata, tiukkua, to chirp or peep like a cold. Du. killen, tintelen van koude.
chicken, tiukka, the chirping of a spar- Halm.
row Magy. tyuk, a hen, doubtless ori-
;
Chimb. Du. kimme, the rim or edge
ginally a chicken Lap. tiuk, the young
;
of a vase, or as E. chimb, the projecting
of animals in general. ends of the staves above the head of a
To Chide, as. cidan, to scold, from cask. Pl.D. k'imm s. s., also the horizon,
the notion of speaking loud and shrill. w. cib, a cup cibaw, to raise the rim,
;

Swiss kiden,^ to resound as a bell. Fin. knit the brow cib-led, of expanded rim
;

kidata, kitista, strideo, crepo, queror, hyd-y-gib, to the brim. Fin. kippa, a cup.
knarren, knirschen, klagend tonen. Chime. Imitative of a loud clear
Chief. Fr. chef, Prov. cap. It. capo, sound. Chymyn or chenkyn with bellys.
Walach. capu, pi. capete, Lat. caput, the Tintillo. —
Pr. Pm. Da. kime, to chime.
head. The loss of the syllable it in Fin. kimia, acute, sonorous, kimista^
; —•

CHIMERA CHITTERLING 147

acutd tinnio ; kimina, sonus acutus, ter. Magy. tsengeni, tsongeni, tinnire.
Then, in the same way that the word
clangor tinniens kummata, kumista, to
;
crack, originally representing the sound
sound, as a large bell ; kumina, reson- made by the fracture of a hard body, is
ance ; komia, sounding deep, as a bell applied to the separation of the broken
kommata, komista, sound deep parts, so also we find chink applied to
'
to or
hollow. the fissure arising from the fracture of a
Chimera. Gr. x'V<"<"'j ^ goat, then hard body, then to any narrow crack or
the name of a fabulous monster part fissure. AS. cinan, to gape, to chink.
goat, part lion, killed by Bellerophon. The same sound is represented in E. in-
To Chimmer. Chymerynge, or chy- by the syllable clink or chink,
differently
verynge or dyderinge. Frigutus. Pr. — and the Du. klincken, to clink or sound
Pm. This word affords a good illustra- sharp, gives rise in like manner to the
tion of the mode in which the ideas of substantive klincke, a chink or fissure.
tremulous motion, sound, and light, are In like manner E. chick, representing
connected together. We have the radical in the first instance a sharp sound, is pro-
application to a tremulous sound in Pol. vincially used in the sense of a crack, a
szemrcU, to murmur, rustle; E. simmer, flaw Hal. —
and from a similar sound
;

to boil gently, to make a tremulous represented by the syllable schrick, Bav.


sound on beginning to boil. The desig- schricken, to crack as glass or earthen-
nation passes on to phenomena of sight ware ; schrick, a chap, cleft, chink. —
and bodily movement in shimm.er, a Kuttn.
twinkling light, and chim-mer, to tremble, Chintz. Hindost. chits, chhint.
which differ from each other only as Chip. See Chap, Chat.
shiver and the chyver of Pr. Pm. Com- Chirk. See Chark.
pare also Walach. caperd, to simmer, To Chirpr A parallel form with chirk,
vibrate, sparkle. See Bright, Chitter. representing the shrill noise of birds or
Chimney. Fr. cheminde. It. cam- insects, all these imitative terms being
minata, a hall Mid.Lat. caminata, an liable to great variation in the final con-
;

apartment with a tire-place, from Lat. sonants. Lith. czirszkti,to chirp, twitter ;

caminus, a fire-place. Caminatum, fyr- czirbti, to prattle czirpti, to creak, hiss



; ;

hus. j^lf. Gloss. G. zirpen, zirken, tschirpen, to chirp ; Sp.


Chia. AS. cinne, Du. kinne. Kinne- chirriar, to creak, chirp, hiss chirlar. It.
;

backe, the jaw, cheek. Gr. ykvvQ, the jaw, ciarlare, to prattle ; Valentian charrarj
chin ; yivtiov, the chin ; Lat. gena, the Norman charer, to tattle, chatter ; E. dial.
cheek. Bret, gen, the cheek (jaw) ; genou to chirre, to chirp. In the same sense,
(pi.), the mouth (jaws) ; genawi, to open to chirm J chirming tongues of birds.'
'

the mouth. Phaer's Virg. Chyrme or chur, as birds


Chin-coug^h.. —
Chink-cough. Sw. do. Huloet. in Hal. —
kik hosta, G. keich husten, Du. kieck hoest, Chisel. Fr. ciseau (for cisel), a sur-
kink hoest, the whooping cough, from the geon's lancet, also a chisel or graving

sharp chinking sound by which it is ac- iron. Cot. It. cisello, Sp. cincel, Ptg.
'
companied. To chink with laughter, to sizel. Fr. cisaille, clipping of coin. Sp.
lose one's breath with laughter and make chischas, clashing of weapons.
a crowing sound in recovering breath. Chit. See Chats.
Chine. Fr. eschine, the chine, back- To Chitter. To chirp or twitter.
bone ; eschin^e (de pore), a chine (of But she withal no worde may soune,
pork) ; eschiner, to chine, .to divide or But chitre as a bird jargowne. Gower in Hal. —
bx-eak the back of Cot. —
It. schiena, Du. schetteren, stridere, crepare, dis-
schena, schina, Sp. esquena, Prov. esquina, plodere, et garrire ; schetteringe, sonus
the backbone Lat. spina, a thorn, also vibrans, quavering of the voice.
; Kil. —
the spine or backbone from its pointed From signifying a twittering sound chit-
processes. The change from the sound ter \s, applied to tremulous motion. Chyt-
of J^ to sk is singular, as the/ is preserved tering, quivering or shakyng for colde.
in It. spina, Fr. epine, a thorn. Diez de- Huloet in Hal. It. squittire, to squeak
rives from OHG. skina, a needle but or cry as a parrot, to hop or skip nimbly
;

skina applied to a bone signified the shin, up and down.


and it is most unlikely that it would also Chitterling. i. A
frill to a shirt.

have been used to designate the spine. We make of a French niff an English chitterling.
Chink. Primarily a shrill sound, as Gascoigne in Todd.
the chink of money, to chink with laugh- 2. The small entrails of a hog, from
10 *
; ;

148 CHIVALRY CHOP


wrinkled appearance. G. kros, To Choke. — See Cheek.
Choleric. — Cholera.
their
gekrose, a ruff or frill, also the mesentery Gr. %o\ifa, a
or membrane which covers the bowels, malady the symptoms of which are con-
from kraus, curly ; kalbs gekrose, a calf's nected with the bile, from %u\i), i. bile, 2.
pluck or chaldron ; gdnse gekrose, a anger, wrath, whence choleric, of an angry
goose's giblets, called cMtters in the N. disposition.
of E. Yr.freze, a ruff, a calf's chaldern
* To Choose.
;
Choice. ^S,.ceosan,V)^x,—
fresure, the inwards of an animal, pluck, kiezen, keuren, koren, Goth, kiusan, kaus-
haslets, &c. jan, G. kiesen, kbhren, Prov. causir, Fr.
The origin of the word in the sense of choisir, to choose. The primary mean-
a frill or wrinkled structure is chitter, to ing is doubtless to taste, then to try,
chirp or twitter, then to shiver, the ridges prove, approve, select.
'
Thaiize ni kaus-
of a wrinkled surface being represented jand dauthaus,' who shall not taste death.
by the vibrations of sound or motion. Mark ix. I. —
Gagga kausjan thans '
'

In the same way the synonym frill is re- I go to prove them.— Luc. xiv. 19. The —
lated to Fr. friller, to shiver, chatter, or original meaning is preserved in G. wein
didder for cold, and Vf.ffrill, a twittering, kieser, a wine taster, and in kosten, to
chattering. Compare also Pol. krussyi, taste, to experience, to try. OHG. kiusan,
to shiver kruszki, ruffs, also calPs, to prove, to try ; arkiusan, to choose
; ;

lamb's pluck or gather, chawdron, &c. kor6n, to taste, try, prove. Swiss kust,
Walach. caperd, to palpitate ; Lat. cape- gust, taste, gusten, kustigen, to taste, to
rare, to wrinkle. try, lead us on to Lat. gustare, Gr. ^euw,
Chivalry. The manners and senti- yEuffM, to taste. Equivalents in the Sla-
ments of the knightly class. Fr. cke- vonic languages are Pol. kusid, to tempt,
valerie, from chevalier, a knight. See try. Boh. okusyti, to taste, try, experience ;

Cavalry. •- Russ. wkusit' prikushat, to taste


,
; Serv.
Chives. The fine threads of flowers, kushati, to taste, to try. As kushnuti,
or the little knobs which grow on the tops kushevati, in the same language, signify
of those threads chivets, the small parts
; to kiss, in analogy with the use of smack
of the roots of plants, by which they are in the sense of kiss as well as taste, it is
propagated.— B Fr. chippe, chiffe, a rag,
. probable that the root kus. of the fore-
jag E. chife, a fragment, chimp, a young
; going terms represents the smack of the
shoot ; to break off in small
chibble, lips in kissing or tasting.
pieces shive, a small slice or slip of
; Choice is probably direct from Fr. choix.
anything ; shiver, a scale or fragment To Chop. The syllable chap or chop
P1.D. scheve, the shives or broken frag- represents the sound of a sudden blow
ments of stalk that fall off in dressing Sc. chap hands, to strike hands ; to chap
flax or hemp ; schevel-steen, G. schiefer, at a door ; to chap, to hack, cut up into
stone which splits off in shives or shivers, small pieces. Chap, chaup, choppe, a
slate ; ON. skifa, to ^cleave ; all seem — —
blow. Jam. Hence to chop is to do any-
developments of the same radical image. thing suddenly, as with a blow, to turn.
See Chats. A greyhound chops up a hare when it
*Chives are also a kind of small onion, catches it unawares to chop up in prison,
;

the eatable part of which consists of the to clap up —


Hal. ; the wind chops round
young fine leaves, and in this sense the when it makes a sudden turn to a differ-
word is more likely to be from Lat. cepa, ent quarter.
an onion. Fr. cive, civette, a chive, seal- From the notion of turning round the
lion or unset leek.' Cot. —
Verie coinme word chop passes to the sense of exchang-
chives, as green as leeks. Body and Soul.— ing, an exchange being the transfer of
Chock-full. —
Chuck-full. Swab. something with the -return of an equiva-
schoch, a heap, g'schochet voll, full to lent on the other side. Thus we speak
overflowing, heaped measure, chock full. of choppi>ig and changing to chop horses
—Schmid. In the same dialect schop-
;

with one, to exchange horses. The Sc.


pen is to stuff, to stop geschoppt voll, ;
and N. of E. coup, Warwickshire coff, ON.
crammed full. kaup, keypa, are used in the same sense.
Choir. —Chorus.
Gr. x^poc, a com- Siflast bid hann at Holmi thviat hann
'

pany of singers or dancers, specially with keipti vid Holmstarra basdi londom oc
an application to theatrical performances, konom oc lausa fe olio.' At last he dwelt
whence Lat. chorus, and It. coro, Fr. at Holm because he and Holmstarra had
chceur, the quire or part of the church chopped both lands and wives and all
appropriated to the singers. their moveables. Enn Sigridur sem
'
• — ;

CHOP CHUCK 149


hann dtti ddur hengdi sig i hofino thviat ey and Persia merchants in a way that
hun villdi eigi manna-kaupin.' But Sig- obtained much notoriety at the time.
rid whom he before had to wife hanged Hence to chiaus became a slang word
herself tn the temple, because she would for to defraud. —
Gifford's Ben Jonson, 4.
not endure this husband chopping.— 27. In the Alchemist, which was written
Landnamabok, p. 49. in i6io, we find the following passage :

Thus chop isconnected with G. kaufen, Dap. And will I tell then? by this hand of flesh
E. cheap, chapma?i, &c. In Sc. coup the Would it might never write good court-hand more
original sense of turning is combined with If I discover. What do you think of me,
that of trafficking, dealing. To coup, to
That I am a chiaus f
Face. What's that?
overturn, overset. Jam. —
The whirling stream will make our boat to
Dap. The Turk was here
'
As one should say, Doe you think I am a Turk?
coup, i. e. to turn over.' They are forebuyers
'
Face. Come, noble Doctor, pray thee let's pre-
of quheit, bearand aits, copers ^"od turners V[ier&~ vail —
of in merchandise.' Jam. — You deal now with a noble gentleman.
Horse-couper, cow-couper, one who One that will thank you richly, and he is no
buys and sells horses or cows; soul-coup-
chiaus —
Shght, I bring you
er, a trafficker in souls. To turn a penny No cheating Clim o' —
the Cloughs. Alchemist.
is a common expression for making a
We are in a fair way to be ridiculous. What
penny by traffic. think you, Madam, chiaus dhy ^.sohola.xl—Shir-
The
nasalisation of chap or chop in the ley in Giiford.
sense of exchanging would give rise to
the It. cambiare, cangiare, and we act-
Chrism. —
Chrisom. Fr. chrisme, Gr.
xpi'^lia,consecrated oil to be used in bap-
ually find champman for chapman, a tism ; Fr. cresmeau, the crisome where-
merchant, in Chaucer. See Change. with a child is anointed, or more properly
To Chop logick. Du. happen (to the cloth or christening cap that was put
chop) in thieves' language signified to on the head of the child as soon as it had
speak. Borgoens happen, to cant, to
— been anointed. Cot. —
speak thieves' slang. P. Marin.
Chopino. Sp. chapin, high clog, slip-
-chron-. —
Chronicle. Gr. xftovoq,
time ;ra ;(;povucd, Fr. chroniques, E.
per ; chapineria, shop where clogs and chronicles, journals of events in refer-
pattens are sold. From the sound of a ence to the times in which they hap-
blow represented by the syllable chap, pened.
chop, as Du. klompe, klopper, clogs, from Anachronism, an offence against the
kloppen, to knock, because in clogs or fitness of times.
wooden shoes one goes clumping along, Chrysalis. Lat. chrysalis (Plin.), Gr.
where it will be observed that the initial XpvaaXic, doubtless from some connection
kloi kloppen corresponds to ch of chopino, with xp^^og, gold.
as in the examples mentioned under Chub.— Chevin. A fish with a thick
Chape. snout and head. Fr. chevane, cheviniau.
Chord. Gr. xop5>}, the string of a music- Confounded with the bullhead, a small fish
al instrument originally, the intestine of
;
with a large head. yiSA.\^s.X.. capita, ca-
an animal, of which such strings are made. pitanus, caphatenus, cavena, whence the
Chough., A jackdaw; AS. ceo; OE. Fr. chevane, E. chevin. G. forms are

kowe, monedula. Nominale in Nat. Ant. kaulhaupt (club-head, whence e. gull;
Du. kauwe, kaej Lith. kowej Sax. capitone, a bullhead, gull, or miller's

kaycke ; Picard. cauc, cauvette j Fr. thumb Fl.), kolbe (club), kobe, koppe,
choucas, chouquette, chouette, whence E. whence apparently the E. chub. — Dief.
Sup. Quabbe, quappe, gobio capitatus,
Peace, chuet, peace. —Shakespeare, capito. — Kil.
This latter the same word with the
is * Chubby, e. dial, cob, a lump or
It. civetta, applied to an owl in that piece chump, a thick piece. ON. kubbr,
;

language. The origin of all these words Sw. dial, kubb, a stump, short piece
is an imitation of the cry of the bird, equi- kubbug, fat, plump, thick-set.
valent to the E, kaw. See Chaff. Chuck.—Chuokstone. A sharp sound
To Chouse. From the Turkish Chiaus, like the knocking of two hard substances
a messenger or envoy. In 1609 Sir together is imitated by the syllables
Robert Shirley, who was about to come clack, chack, cak, clat, chat, as in Fr.
to England with a mission from the Grand claquer, to clack, chatter ; Wall, caker,
Seignor and the King of Persia, sent be- to strike in the hand, the teeth to chat-
fore him a Chiaus, who took in the Turk- ter ; Fr. caqueter, to chatter, prattle ; E.
— .

IJO CHUCKLE CINDER


clatter, &c. N. kakka, klakka, to strike of the two words, because we do not
tity
a resounding object, as a board. Aasen. — know how the Greek name came to be
In Sc. we have to chack, to make a noise employed instead of the Latin equivalent
like two stones knocking togetlier. dominicum, whence Ir. domhnach, a
Some 's teeth for cold did chack andchatter. church.
Cleland in Jam. ChurL AS. ceorl, a man, countryman,
the name of the wheatear or husbandman. ON. karl, a man, male
Hence
person, an old man. Du. kaerle, a man,
stone-chat (a bird making a noise of that
description), in Sc. chack or stane-chacker.
a husband, a rustic ; G. kerl, a fellow.
This imitation of the noise of pebbles
Churn. ON. kjami, G. kern, the kernel,
pith, marrow, flower, or choice part of a
knocking together has very generally
given rise to the designation of a pebble thing ; whence ON. kirna, Fris. kernjen,
or small stone, as in E. chack-stone, Sc. to churn, i. e. to separate the kernel of
chuckie-stane. The Turkish has chagh- the milk, or, as Epkema explains it, to
lamak, to make a rippling noise, as water cause the milk to grain, to form grains of
running over rocks or stones, chakil, a butter. Da. dial, kiorne, to separate the
pebble ; Gr. Ka-^aiva, to move with a grains of barley from the chaff. Somer-
ratthng noise like pebbles rolled on the set kerti, to turn from blossom to fruit.
beach ; KaxXij?, x^^i?, Lat. calx, calculus, Jennings.
-cid-. -cis-. Lat. cado, casum (in comp.
a pebble.
To chuck one under the chin is to give -cid-), to fall; accido, to fall at or on, to
him a sudden blow, so as to make the happen ; incido, to fall upon decide, to ;

jaw chack or snap. To chuck in the fall from, whence deciduous (of trees),
sense of throwing may be from the notion whose leaves fall from them.
of a sudden jerk. -cide-. -cise. Lat. ccedo, cczsum (in
To Chuckle. See Cheek. comp. -cido, -cisuiri), to cut decide, to
;

Chuff.— Chu%. C^z^j^ churHsh, surly, cut off, to determine incision, a cutting
;

an old chuff, a miser. Probably from It. in circumcision, a cutting round, &c.
;

ciuffo, ceffo, the snout of an animal, and Cider. Fr. cidre, from Lat. sicera, Gr.
thence an ugly face far ceffo, to make a aiKipa, as Fr. ladre from Lazare. Sicera-
;

wry face ceffata, ceffore, a douse on the tores, i. e. qui cervisiam vel pomarium
;

chops. Wall, chife, chofe (Grandgagnage), sive piratiam facere sciant. —


Charta A.D.
OFr. gffe, giffle, cheek, blow on the I io6 in Mur. Diss. 24.
cheeks ; Wall, chofu, Fr. joffu, joufflu, Cieling. See Ceiling.
chuffy, fat-cheeked, swollen or puffed up Cincture. Lat. cinctura {cingo, pp.
in the face. —Cot. AS. ceaplas, ceaflas, cinctus, to gird, tie about), a girding on,
geaflas, chaps, jaws. See Cheek. thence a belt.
Chump. Chunk.— A log of wood, * Cinder. The spelling of chider has
the thick end of anything, a lump. See arisen from the erroneous supposition
Cob. that the word is an adoption of Fr. cendre,
Church.. The derivation from Kvpiasov, from Lat. cinis, -eris, dust, ashes, with
the Lord's house, has been impugned which it has really no connection. It
because it is not understood how a Greek should be written sinder, corresponding
term should have made its way among to G. sinter, Du. sindel, sintel, ON. sindr,
Gothic nations. It is certain, however, that signifying in the first place the brilliant
Kvpiasov was used in the sense of church. sparks which are driven off when white-
The canon of the sixth Council prescribes, hot iron is beaten on the anvil, then the
— on oh StX iv roXt; KvptaKolg, rj iv tolq ^kkXtj- black scales to which they turn when
cridle Tag Xtyojiivag ayairag ttouIv.' And cold, and the slag or dross of iron of
Zonaras in commenting on the passage which they are composed, and from
says that the name of KvpiaKov is fre- analogy is applied to the unconsumed
quently found in the sense of a church, residue of burnt coals. Du. sindel is
although only this canon directly dis- rendered by Kil. scoria, spuma metalli,
tinguishes iicKXijaia and Kvpiaxov, but I but according to Weiland sintel (as it is
'

think,' he adds, that the n is not there now pronounced) is used as E. cinders
'

used disjunctively, but by way of explan- for the residue of stone coal. The origin
ation.'— Quoted by Max iVIiiller in Times of the word is seen in on. sindra, to
Newsp. As AS. cyrice is confessedly the sparkle, to throw out sparks, a parallel
very form to which the Greek would form with iyndra, Sw. tindra, to sparkle.
have given rise, it is carrying scruples to In Germany .^;V//a'6'?- is used as a synonym
an extravagant length to doubt the iden- with sinter for smiths' scales or cinder.
— ;

CION CLAM 151

See Tinder. ON. sindri, a flint for City. —Civil.


Lat. civis, a citizen ;
striking fire. civilis, belonging to cities or social life ;

Cion. Scion. Fr. scion, cion, a young civitas. It. cittd,, Fr. cit^, a city.
and tender plant, a shoot, sprig, twig. To Clack. The syllables clap, clack,
Cot. Tlie proper sense is a sucker, as clat, are imitative of the noise made
in Sp. chupon, a sucker or young twig by two hard things knocking together.
shooting from the stock, from chupar,to Hence they give rise to verbs expressing
suck. The
radical identity of the Fr. action accompanied by such kinds of
and Sp. forms is traced by Gr. a'upiav, a noise. Fr. claquer, to clack, clap, clat-
tube or hollow reed (from the root sup, ter, crash, crack, creak Cot. ; claquer —
sip, suck), also a waterspout (sucking up les dents, to gnash the teeth, to chatter ;
the water of the sea), compared with It.' claquet de moulin, the clapper or clack of
sione, a kind of pipe, gutter, or quill to a mill hopper. E. clack-dish, or clap-dish,
draw waier through Fl. ; a whirlwind. — a kind of rattle, formerly used by beggars
— Alt. In Fr. cion, Sp. chupon, and E. to extort attention from the by-passers ;
scion or sucker, the young shoot is con- clack, clack-box, clap, clapper, the tongue.
ceived as sucking up the juices of the — Hal. ON. klak, clangor avium ; Du.
parent plant. klacken, to strike, or split with noise,
* Ciplier.Fr. chijfre, It. cifra, Arab. smack, lash ; Mack, a split, crack, sound-
sifr. Originally the name of the figure ing blow, sound of blow, clapping of
marking a blank in decimal arithmetic. hands klacke, a whip, a rattle
; Fr. cla- ;

Then transferred to the other nvimeral quer, to clap at a theatre. Du. klap,
figures. From Arab, sifr, empty (Dozy) crack, sound, chatter ; klappe, a rattle ;
sajira, to be empty. Golius. — klappen, to chatter, prattle. Bohem.
Circle. —Circuit.
Gr. KpiKoe, KipKog, a klekotati, to cluck, rattle, babble ; klepati,
ring, circle, Lat. area, around,
clasp. klopati, to knock, to chatter, prattle. Du.
circ2tlus, a circle. The Gr. KpUog differs klateren, to clatter, rattle ; klater-busse,
only in the absence of the nasal from ON. klacke-busse, a pop-gun.
kringr, hringr, a circle, a ring. In the To Claim. Fr. clamer, to call, cry,
latter language kring is used in composi- claim. Lat. clamare, to call. From the
tion as Lat. circum. ON. kringla, a circle. imitation of a loud outcry by the syllable
See Crankle. clam. To clam a peal of bells is to strike
Circum-. Lat. circa, circum, about, them all at once. ON. glamm, tinnitus ;
around. See Circle. Dan. klemte, to toll ; Gael, glam, to bawl,
-cis-. See -cid-. cry out ; glambar, clambar, Dan. klam-
* Cistern. Lat. cisterna, a reservoir mer, Gael, clamras, uproar, outcry,
for water. Probably from Lat. cista, a vociferation. A
parallel root is slam,
chest, as caverna from cavus. Comp. with an initial s instead of c, as in slash
G. wasserkasten (water chest), a cistern. compared with clash. Lap. slam, a loud
On the other hand a more characteristic noise uksa slamketi, the door was
;

explanation might be found in Bohem. slammed J slamem, ruin, fall.


ciste, clean (the equivalent of the Lat. Clam. Clamp. Clump. — —
The idea
of a lump or thick mass of anything is
castus), whence cistiti, to cleanse, and often expressed by a syllable representing
a cistern. So
cisterna, a cleansing place, the noise made by the fall of a heavy
Lat. lucerna, the place of a light, as. body. We
may cite w. dob, a knob, a
cern, ern, a place domern, a judgment
; boss ; clobyn, a lump Lat. globus, a ball,
;

place hiddern, a hiding-place, &c.


; See sphere gleba, a clod
; Russ. kluV, a ;

Chaste. ball Pol. klqb, a ball, lump, mass ; G.


;

Citadel. It. cittadella, dim. of citta, kloben, a. lump, bunch ; Sw. klabb, klubb,
cittade, a city. A fort built close to a a block, log, trunk, lump of wood or ;

city, either for the purpose of defence or with the nasal, Sw. klamp, klump, klimp,
of control. a block, lump, clot ON. klambr, klumbr,
;

Cite. Lat. cieo, citujn, and, in


-cite. a lump Du. klompe, a clod, clog, lump ;
;

the frequentative form, cito, to make to E. clump, W. clamp, a mass, bunch, lump.
go, stimulate, excite, to set in motion by The notion of a lump, 'mass, cluster,
means of the voice, to call by name, to naturally leads to that of a number of
summon or call on, to appeal, to mention, things sticking together, and hence to the
to cry out. Gr. biw, to go. principle of connection between the ele-
Hence Incite, Excite, Recite. ments of which the mass is composed.
Citron. Lat. citrus, a lemon tree. We accordingly find the roots dab, clamp.
152 CLAMBER CLAPPER
dam and their immediate modifications
ing regularly to Gael, c), offspring, chil-
applied to express the ideas of cohesion, dren. The same word is probably
compression, contraction. Thus we have exhibited in the Lat. dientes, who occu-
G. kloben, a vice or instrument for holding pied a position with respect to their
fast, the staple of a door kleben, to patronus, closely analogous to that of the
;

cleave, stick, cling, take hold of; Du. Scottish clansmen towards their chief.
klobber-saen, coagulated cream, cream Manx doan, children, descendants ; dien-
run to lumps klebber, klibber, klubber, ney, of the children.
;

birdlime, gum, substances of a sticky- Clandestine. Lat. dandestinus, from


nature ; E. dial, clibby, sticky Hal. —
Sw^. dam, privately, and that from celo, to
;

klibb, viscosity ;' klibba, to glue, to stick conceal. The root which gives rise to
to. Lat. celo produces Fin. salafa, to hide,
The E. clamp designates anything used conceal, whence sala, anything hidden,
for the purpose of holding things together ; of which the locative case, salaan, is used
Du. klampen, to hook things together, in the sense of secretly, in a hidSen place,
hold v^'ith a hook or buckle, hold, seize, as the Lat. dam. Salainen, clandestine.
apprehend ; Mampe, klamme, hook, clav\f, —
Clang. Clank. Clink. — These are
cramp, buckle klamp, klam, tenacious,
;
imitations of a loud, clear sound, adopted
sticky, and hence moist, clajnmy. To in many languages. Lat. clangor, the
dame, to stick or glue. B. —
E. dia.1. to sound of the trumpet ; G. klang, a sound,
dam, dem, to pinch, and hence to pinch tone, resonance klingen, to gingle, clink,
;

with hunger, to starve, also to clog up, to tingle, tinkle, sound. E. dang, a loud
glue, to daub —
Hal. ; Du. klemmen, to sound ; dank, a sound made by a lighter
pinch, compress, strain ; klem-vogel, or object ; clink, a sound made by a still
klamp-vogel, a bird of prey, a hawk. AS. smaller thing the dank of irons, dink
;

dam, bandage, bond, clasp, prison. G. of money Du. klank, sound, accent,
;

klam7n, pinching, strait, narrow, pressed rumour. Halma.— Gael, gliong, tingle,
close or hard together, solid, massy, ring as metal, clang.
viscous, clammy klamm.er, a craCmp,
;
Clap. An imitation of the sound
brace, cramp-iron, holdfast. made by the collision of hard or flat
To Clamber. — Climb. These words things, as the clapping of hands. Dan.
are closely connected with damp. To klappre, to chatter (as the teeth with
da7nber is properly to clutch oneself up, cold) ; G. klappen, to do anything with a
to mount up by catching hold with tlie clap; klopfen, to knock, to beat. Du.
hands or claws. G. klammern, to fasten klappen, kleppen, to clap, rattle, chatter,
with cramp-irons, to hold fast with the beat, sound ; kleppe, klippe, a rattle ;
hands or claws ; Dan. klamre, to clamp, kleppe, a whip, a trap, a noose ; klepel,
to grasp. kluppel, a stick, club ; Bohem. klepati,
In like manner Du. klemmen, to hold to knock, tattle, chatter, tremble ; Russ.
tight, to pinch, klemmen, klimmeii, to klepanie, beating, knocking.
climb. OE. diver, E. dial, daver, a claw ; To clap in E. is used in the sense of
Dan. klavre, to claw oneself up, to climb. doing anything suddenly, to clap on,
G. kleben, to cleave or stick, Swiss kldbem, dap up.
klebern, to climb ; Bav. klatten, a claw, Clapper. A
clapper of conies, a place
G. klette, a burr, Swiss kletten, G. klettern, underground where rabbits breed. B. —
to climb, clamber. Dan. klynge, to cling, Fr. dapier, a heap of stones, &c., where-
cluster, crowd ; klynge sig op, to clutch unto they retire themselves, or (as our
or cling oneself up, to climb. The Fr. clapper) a court walled about and full of
grimper, to climb, is a nasalised form of nests of boards and stones, for tame
gripper, to seize, gripe, grasp. conies. — Cot.
Clamour. The equivalent of Lat. Lang, clap, a stone clapas, dapi^, a
;

damor, but perhaps not directly from it, heap of stones or other things piled up
as the word is common to the Celtic and without order. '
Pourta las p^iros as
Gothic races. Sw. klammer, Gael, dam- clapas,' to take coals to Newcastle.
ras, dambar, glambar, uproar, brawl. Hence the Fr. dapier, originally a heap
See Claim. of large stones, the cavities of which
Clamp. See Clam. afforded rabbits a secure breeding place,
Clan. A small tribe subject to a single then applied to any artificial breeding
chief. From Gael, clann, children, de- place for rabbits.
scendants, i. e.descendants of a common The proper meaning of the foregoing
ancestor, yf. plant {xh^'Vf.p correspond- dap is simply a lump, from the w. clap.

CLARET CLAW 153

clamp, a lump, mass, the primary origin sound of a knock by the syllable clat,
of which is preserved in Lang, clapa, equivalent to clack or clap. Du. kla-
clopa, to knock. Prov. dap, a heap, teren, to rattle ; klaterbusse, as G. klatsch-

mass. Rayn. biichse,a pop-gun.
Clause. Lat. clausula, an ending,
Claret. Fr. vin clairet, vin claret,
claret win e. —
Cot. Commonly made, he thence a definite head of an edict or law,
tells us, of white and red grapes mingled a complete sentence. From claudo, clau-
together. From clairet, somewhat clear, sum, to shut, to end.
i. e. with a reddish tint, but not the full Clavicle, The collar-bone, from the
red of ordinary red wine. Eau clairette, resemblance to a key, Lat. clavis, as
a water made of aquavitse, cinnamon, Mod.Gr. KXeiSi, a key KKtitid. row aii/iaTos,
;

and old red rose-water. Du. klaeret, the collar-bone.


vinum helvolum, subrubidum, rubellum. —
Claw. Clew. The origin of both
It. —
chiarello. Kil. these words seems to be a form of the
Clarion. — Clarinet. Sp. clarin,\x\xvn.- same class with w. cloi, a lump ; Russ.
pet, stop of an organ. It. chiarino, a. cluy, a ball, pellet ; Lat. globus, a sphere ;
clairon of a trumpet— Fr. clairon, a cla- gleba, a clod. The b readily passes into
rion, a kind of small, straight-mouthed, an m on the one hand, and through v
and shrill-sounding trumpet. Fr. clair. into a.w or u on the other. Thus from
It. chiaro clear.Sp. clarinado, applied Lat. globus we have glomus in the re-
to animals having bells
in their harness. stricted sense of a ball of thread, and the
Clash. Imitative of the sound of wea- same modification of meaning is expressed
pons striking together. Du. kletse, ictus by the Du. klauw, klouwe (Kil.), E. clew.
resonans, fragor ; Lang, clas, the sound We have explained under Clamp the
of bells rung in a voUey to give notice of way in which the notion of a mass or
the passage of a corpse ; sauna de classes, solid lump is connected with those of co-
to ring in such a manner for the dead. hesion, compression, contraction. Thus
In E. it is called clamming. Fr. glcis, from clamp, climp, clump, in the sense of
noise, crying, bawling, also a knell for the a mass or lump, we pass to the E. clamp,
dead. G. klatschen, an imitation of the to fasten together ; Du. klampe, klamme,
sound made by striking with the hand a buckle, hook, nail, claw (what fastens
against a partition, waU, &c. If such a together, puUs, seizes) ; klampvoghel, a.
blow sound finer or clearer it is called hawk, a bird with powerful talons.
klitschj klitsch-klatsch ! pitsch-patsch ! In the same way must be explained the
— thwick-thwack. — Kiittner. Klatsch- use of the Du. klauwe, klouwe, in the
biichse, a pop-gun ; klatsche, a lash, flap, sense both of a ball and also of a claw.
clap ; klatschen, to do anything with a The form clew, which signifies a ball in
sound of the foregoing description, to E., is used in Sc. in the sense of a claw.
patter, chatter, clatter, blab. Pol. Mask ! To clew up a sail is to fasten it up, to
plask ! thwick, thwack ; klaskad, to clap ; draw it up into a bunch. To clew, to
kiosk bicza, the cracking of a whip. It. chi- cleave, to fasten. Jam. — Analogous
izjj-o, fracas, uproar; Sp. chasguear,to cra.ck forms are the Du. kleeven, klijven, kleuen,
a whip, &c. Gr. K\a.Z,oi, to clash as arms. whence kleuer, ivy, from clinging to the
Clasp. Related to clip as grasp to tree which supports it. In the same way
grip or gripe. But clasp or elapse, as it is formed the OE. diver, a claw.
is written by Chaucer, is probably by Teh habbe bile stif and stronge
direct imitation from the sound of a And gode clivers sharp and longe.
metal fastening, as we speak of the snap Owl and Nightingale, 269.
of a bracelet for a fastening that shuts A diver or claw that by which
is we
with a snapping sound, or as G. schnalle, cleave to, clew or fasten upon a thing.
a clasp, buckle, locket of a door, from
With mys he wes swa wmbesete
scknallen, to snap. Du. gaspe, ghespe, He mycht na way get sawft^,
fibula, ansa. Nawith stavis, nawith stanis,
Class. Lat. classis, a distribution of Than thai wald clew upon his banis.
things into groups. Originally clasis. Wyutoun in Jam.
Identical with ON. klc^i, Sw. Dan. klase, The root appears in Lat. under three
a bunch, assembly, Eya-klasi,
cluster. modifications dava, a club or massy
;

insularum nexus ; skeria-klasi, syrtium stick, clavus, a nail, from its use in
fast-
junctura. Du. klos, klot, globus, sphaera. ening things together, and clavis, a key
—Kil. origmally a crooked nail. So Pol. klucz,
Clatter. From the imitation of the a key, kluczka, a little hook ; Serv

;

154 CLAY CLEPE


klutsch, a key, hook, bend in a stream, of a number of separate objects in one,
identical in sound and nearly so in mean- or by the division of a single lump or
ing with the E. dutch, a claw or talon. block into a number of separate parts.
Clay.— Clag.— Claggy. AS. dag, Thus from G. kloben, a mass, lump, or
sticky earth, clay ; E. dial, to dag ox dog, bundle {eiii kloben flachs, a bunch of
to stick or adhere ; daggy, doggy, dedgy, flax), kloben, klieben, to cleave. When
sticky ; dags, bogs Da. kla:g, kleg, vis-
;
an object is simply cleft, the two parts of
cous, sticky ; klag, klceg, kleg, mud, loam. it cleave together. Du. kloue, a cleft,
See Clog. klouen, chaps in the skin, klouen, klieuen,
Clean. The proper meaning of the to chink, cleave, split. Kil. The Dan. —
word is shining, polished, as Lat. nitidus, uses klcebe in the sense of adhering, klove
clean, from nitere, to shine. ON. glan, in that of sphtting. The Dan. klov, a
shine, polish ; Gael, glan, radiant, bright, tongs, bears nearly the same relation to
clear, clean, pure ; W. glan, clean, pure. both senses. Sw. klafwa, a G. kloben,
The word fundamentally connected
is vice, a billet of wood
one end. cleft at
with forms like the ON. glitta, Sc. gleit, The designation may either be derived
to shine ; ON. glitnir, splendid G. glatt,
; from the instrument being used in pinch-
pohshed, sleek, smooth, pretty, neat. ing, holding together, or from being di-
The introduction of the nasal gives rise vided into two parts. Sc. doff, a fissure,
to forms like Sc. glint, glent, a flash, the fork of the body, or of a tree.
glance ; Da. glindse, glandse, to glitter, The same opposition of meanings is
shine whence it is an easy step to forms
; found in other cases, as the Du. klincke,
ending in a simple nasal, as ON. and a cleft or fissure, and Dan. klinke, to
Celtic glan. rivet or fasten together the parts of a
Clear. Lat. dams, ON. Mar, clear, cracked dish Du. klinken, to fasten
;

clean, pure. This is probably one of the together ; E. dench. Compare also Fr.
words applicable to the phenomena of river, to fasten, to clench, E. rivet, and
sight, that are primarily derived from E. rive, to tear or cleave asunder, rift, a
those of hearing, as explained under cleft.
Brilliant. G. klirren, Dan. klirre, to Cleft. Du. kluft, Sw. klyft, a fissure
clink, gingle, clash, give a shrill sound or division ; G. kluftholz, cloven wood.
Jr. glbr, a noise, voice, speech ; glbram, See Cleave.
to sound or make a noise ; glor-mhor, —
Clement. Clemency. Lat. clemens,
glorious, famous, celebrated ; klor, clear, calm, gentle, merciful.
neat, clean. —
To Clench. Clinch. Sw. klinka, G.
Cleat. A piece of wood fastened on klinken, to clinch GB.Q. gaklankjan, con-
;

the yard-arm of a ship, to keep the ropes serere antklankjan, to unloose (the strap
;

from slipping off the yard ; also pieces of of one's shoe) ; Bav. klank, kldnkelein,
wood to fasten anything to. B. — A
piece a noose, loop Du. klinken, to fasten.
;

of iron worn on shoes by country people. 'Andromeda was aan rots geklonken,'
Probably a modification of the word was nailed to a rock. Omklinken, to
doitt. Du. kluit, kluyte, a lump, pellet. clinch a nail. —
Halma. Da. klinke, a
AS. deot, dut, a plate, clout. A
date is rivet.
the thin plate of iron worn as a shoe by The word may be
explained from the
racers. The deals of the yard-arms are klinken, to clink or sound, in
original
probably so named from a similar piece two ways, viz. as signifying something :

of iron at the extremity of an axletree, done by the stroke of a hammer. Du.


provinciaUy termed dout. The dout of klink, a blow dat was en be\A'ys van
;

iron nailed on the end of an axletree. klink, that was a striking proof, that was

Torriano, Axletree clouts. Wilbraham. a clincher. Die zaak is zS. geklonken, the
To Cleave. This word is used in two business is finished off, is fast and sure.
opposite senses, viz. i. to adhere or cling Or the notion of fastening may be at-
to, and, 2. to separate into parts. In the tained indirectly through the figure of a
former sense we have G. kleben, Du. door-latch. G. klinke, Fr. danche, dinquet
kleeven, klijveii, to stick to, to fasten E.;(Cot.), the latch of a door, seem formed
dial, clibby, Du. kleevig, kleverig, sticky. from the clinking of the latch, as Fr.
From dob, a lump, a mass. See Clam. cliquet, a latch, from diquer, diquetcr, to
2. The double signification of the word clack or rattle. And the latch of a door
seems to arise from the two opposite affords a very natural type of the act of
ways in which we may conceive a cluster fastening.
to be composed, either by the coherence To Clepe. To call. From clap, the
;

CLERK CLINCH IS5

sound of a blow. Du. kleppen, crepare, ginally from dob (extant in W. dob, a
crepitare, pulsare, sonare. De klok klep- hump, Lat. globus, a sphere, &c.), a lump.
pen, to sound an alarm ; to Happen, Hence Lat. glomus, a ball of twine, Du.
clap, crack, crackle, to talk as a parrot, klouwe, a baU of yarn, a clew. See
to tattle, chat, chatter, to confess ; G. Claw, Clam.
klaffen, to prate, chatter, babble, to teU Click.— Clicket. Click represents a
tales. AS. cleopian, clypian, to cry, call, thinner sound than clack, as a click with
speak, say. Sc. clep, to tattle, chatter, the tongue, the dick of a latch or a
prattle, call, name. trigger. It is then applied to such a
Ne every appel that is faire at iye short quick movement as produces a
Ne is not gode, what so men clappe or crie. click or a snap, or an object character-
Chaucer. ized by a movement of such a nature.
Clerk. — Clerical. —
Clergy. Lat. Du. klikklakken, to clack, click; klikker,
clerus, the clergy clericus, Sp. derigo,
; a mill-clack ; kliket, klinket, a wicket or
one of the clergy, a clerk ; derecia, the little door easily moving to and fro Fr. ;

clergy, which in Mid.Lat. would have cliquer, to clack, clap, clatter, click it,
been derida, whence Fr. dergi, as from diquette, a clicket or clapper, a child's
derido, one admitted to the tonsure, Fr. rattle,or clack ; cliquet, the knocker of a
derigon, derjon. The origin is the Gr. door, a lazar's clicket or clapper. Cot. —
KkrifoQ, a lot, from the way in which Mat- Rouchi cliche, a latch ; dichet, a tumbril,
thias was elected by lot to the apostle- cart that tilts over, and (with the nasal)
ship. In I Peter v. 3, the elders are ex- clincher, to move, to stir, corresponding
horted to feed the flock of God, 'not as to Fr. cligner, to wink. Boh. klika, a
being lords over God's heritage,' ii,r\h' i>Q latch, a trigger, G. klinke, klinge, a latch.
KaraKvpitvvTsg TUiv KXijpuiv, neither as
' We have the notion of a short quick
having lordship in the- dergie! Wiclif — movement in E. dial, click, dink, a smart
in R. blow (Mrs Baker) ; cleke, click, to snatch,
Clever. Commonly derived from de- catch, seize (Hal.) ; Norm, dicher, frap-
liver, which is used in Scotch and N. e. per rudement une personne. —Vocab. de
in the sense of active, nimble. The Brai.
sound of an initial dl and gl or are d Client. See Clan,
easily confounded. But the Dan. dial, Cliff. AS. clif, clyf, littus, ripa, rupes ;
has kl'dver, klever, in precisely the same score7i clif, abrupta rupes ; cliof, clif-
sense as the E. dever. Det er en Mover stanas, cautes, precipices, from clifian,
kerl, that is a clever feUow. Klover i diofian, to cleave, on. klif, a cleft in a
munden, ready of speech. The word is rock ; hamraklif, syn. with hamarskard,
probably derived from the notion of a cleft or rift in a {hamarr) high rock,
seizing, as Lat. rapidus from rapio, or Sc. precipice, on. skard, it must be ob-
gleg, quick of perception, clever, quick served, is NE. scar, a cliff. Bav. stein-
in motion, expeditious, from Gael glac, kluppen, cleft in a rock. Du. kleppe,
to seize, to catch. The Sc. has also klippe, rock, cliff; cave ; Da. klippe, rock.
deik, dek, deuck, duke, dook (identical Sw. dial, klaiv, klev, kliv, as Sc. cleugh,
with E. dutch), a hook, a hold, claw or a precipice, rugged ascent, narrow hollow
talon to dek or deik, to catch, snatch,
; between precipitous banks ; OE. dough, 3.
and hence deik, deudi, lively, agile, kind of breach down the side of a hill
clever, dexterous, light-fingered. One is (Verstegan), rima qusedam vel fissura ad
said to be deuch of his fingers who lifts montis clivum vel declivum. Somner.
a thing so deverly that bystanders do Du. kloof, cleft, ravine, cleft of a hill.


not observe it. Jam. Now the OE. had Climate. Lat. clima, climate, region
a form, diver, a claw or clutch, exactly Gr. /cXi'fia, -Toe (from KXivm, to bend, sink,
corresponding to the Sc. deik, duik, verge), an inclination, declivity, slope ; a
whence perhaps the adjective clever in region or tract of country considered
the sense of snatching, catching, in the with respect to its inclination towards
same way as the Sc. deik, deuch, above the pole, and hence climate, temperature.
mentioned. Climax. Gr. icXi/ja?, a ladder, a figure
The bissart (buzzard) bissy but rebuik in rhetoric, implying an advance or in-
Scho was so cleverus of her cluik, crease in force or interest in each suc-
His legs he might not longer bruik, cessive member of a discourse until the
Scho held them at ane hint. highest is attained.
Dunbar in Jam.
Climb. See Clamber.
Clew.— Clue. A ball of thread ori- To CUnch. See Clench.
;
;

156 -CLINE CLOD


-cline. Gr. kXiVu, to slope or make pinch. In a similar way Swiss kluben,
slant, incline, bend ; Lat. clino, -atum, to to snap kluben, klupen, to pinch klupe,
; ;

incline, bow. AS. hlinian, OHG. hlinen, tongs, claw, clutch, pinch, difficulty ; G.
to lean. Decline, to bend downwards ; kluppe, a clip or split piece of wood for
recline, to lean backwards, &c. pinching the testicles of a sheep or a
To Cling. To stick to, to form one dog's tail, met. pinch, straits, difficulty.
mass with, also to form a compact mass, Sw. dial, klipa, to pinch, nip, compress ;
and so' to contract, to shrink up, to wither. kldpp, a clog or fetter for a beast ; Du.
AS. clingan, to wither. A
Sussex peasant kleppe, klippe, knippe, a snare, fetter.
speaks of a ' clung bat,' for a dry stick. Cliofue. Fr. clique, G. klicke, a faction,
'Till famine cling thee.'— Shaks. Pl.D. party, gang. '
Das volk hat sich in split-
klingen, klungeln, verklungeln, to shrink ten, klubben und klicken aufgeloset.'
up. From Pl.D. klak, klik, kliks, a separate
We have often observed that in verbs portion, especially of something soft or
like cling, chcng, where the present has clammy. Een kliks bolter, a lump of
a thin vowel, the participial form is the butter. Bi klik uti klak, by bits.
nearer to the original root. In the pre- -cliv-. Lat. clivus, a rising ground,
sent case the origin must be sought in a hill ; declivis, sloping downwards ; ac-
form like mhg. klunge, klungelin, Swiss clivis, sloping upwards procUvis, sloping
;

klungele, a ball of thread ; glungelin, ' forwards, disposed to a thing.


globulus' (Gl. in Schmeller) Sw. dial. Cloak. Flem. klocke, toga, pallium,
klunk, a lump G. klunker, a lump, tuft,
;
;


toga muliebris. Kil. Bohem. klok, a wo-
clot, whence E. clinker, a lump of half- man's mantle ; kukla, a hood. Walach.
fused matter which clogs up the bars of gluga a hood, hooded , cloak, w. cochl,
a furnace. Da. klynge, a cluster, knot a mantle. See Cowl.
klynge, to cluster, to crowd together Clock. Fr. cloche, G. glocke, Du.
klynge sig ved, to cling to a thing. E. klocke, a beU. Before the use of clocks
dial, to clunge, to crowd or squeeze it was the custom to make known the
chingy, sticky. —
Hal. hour by striking on a bell, whence the
Clink. The noise of a blow that gives hour of the day was designated as three,
a sound of a high note. G., Du. klinken, four of the bell, as we now say three or
Sw. klinka, to sound sharp, to ring. See four o'clock. It is probable then that
Clang. In imitative words the same idea clocks were introduced into England from
is frequently expressed by a syllable with the Low Countries, where this species of
an initial cl, and a similar syllable with- mechanism seems to have inherited the
out the /. Thus chink is also used for a name of the bell which previously per-
shrill sound. So we have clatter and formed the same office. Sw. klocka, a
chatter in the same sense Gael. gUong,
; bell, a clock.
and 'E.ginglej Fr. quincailler, N orman clin- The word clock is a variation of clack,
cailler, a tinman. The E. clink was for- being derived from a representation of
merly used like chink in the sense of a the sound made by a blow, at first proba-
crack, because things in cracking utter a bly on a wooden board, which is still used
sharp sound. Du. klincke, rima, parva for the purpose of calling to service in the
ruptura, iissura, Ang. clinke.— KSS.. Greek church. Serv. klepalo, the board
To Clip. I. To cut with shears, from used for the foregoing purpose in the
the clapping or snapping sound made by Servian churches, g. brett-glocke, from
the collision of the blades, as to snip in klepati, to clap or clack, to beat on the
the same sense from snap. G. klippen, board. Esthon. kolkina (with transposi-
to clink auf- und zuk-lippen, to open and
;
tion of the vowel, related to clock, as G.
shut with a snap klippchen, knippchen,
;
kolbe to E. club), to strike, to beat, kol-
a fillip or rap with the fingers knippen, ;
kima, to make a loud noise, kolki-laud, a
schnippen, to snap or fillip schnippen, to
;
board on which one beats for the purpose
snip. ON., Sw. klippa, to clip, S w. klippa, of calling the family to meals. Bohem.
also to wink ; ON. klippur, E. dial, clips, hluk, noise, outcry, hluccti, to resound.
shears. *
ON. klaka, clangere. Gael, dag, Ir. cla-
2. The collision of two sharp edges gaim, to make a noise, ring clag, clog,
;
leads to the notion not always of complete a bell. Swiss klokken, klo^gen, to knock.
separation, but sometimes merely of pinch- * Clod.— Clot. The notion of a loose
ing or compression. Thus to nip is either moveable substance, as thick or curdled
to separate a small portion or merely to liquids, or bagging clothes, is often ex-
pinch. G. knippen, to snap kneipen, to ; pressed by forms representing the sounds
; !;

CLOG CLOTH 157

made dashing of such


in the agitation or analogous plan to clod or club, from the
bodies. Thus from Swab. Idppern, to dashing off of a separate portion of a
paddle or dabble in the wet, or loppern, to liquid or sloppy material. G. klack
rattle or shake to and fro, we pass to Idp- kleck ! represents the sound made by the
perig, watery, lopperig, loose, shaky, and fall of something soft or liquid (Sanders),

E. loppered (of milk), curdled, wabbling ;


whence klack, kleck, Pl.D. klakk, a blot,
from Du. lobberen, to flounder in the wet, a portion of something soft and adhesive,
to lobberig, gelatinous, lobbig, hanging a trowelful of mortar, lump of butter,
loose and full, E. loblolly, thick spoon &c. klakken, beklakken, to bedaub, be-
;

meat from Du. slabberen, slobberen, to


; spatter. Klak also, like G. kleck or lack,
sup up liquid food, to flap as loose clothes, or Sc. lag, is a blot on one's character, an
or E. slobber, slop, to spill liquids, we pass imputation, aspersion.
to E. dial, slab, slob, loose mud, and Du. He was a man without a dag,
slobbe, loose trowsers, slops from Du. ;
His heart was franlc without a flaw.
slodderen, G. schlottern, to wabble, dangle, MHG. m&se noch klac, neither spot nor
hang loose, Bav. schlattern, to rattle, stain. Manx
daggerey, a babbler, indi-
schlettern, to slop or spill liquids, we pass cates the use of clag to represent the
to Schlatter, schlott, mud, dirt, schlotter, dashing of water, the figure from which
thick sour milk, Swiss schlott, geschlotter the idea of tattling is commonly expressed.
(as E. slops),wide bagging clothes. Russ. klokotat, to bubble, boil. Then
Then as the parts of a loose substance with the loss of the initial c (as in lump,
in a state of agitation are thrown in dif- lunch, compared with clump, dunch), Sc.
ferent directions, and thus seem endowed laggery, miry laggerit, bemired, en- ;

with separate existence, the radical sylla- cumbered OE. laggyn, or drablyn ;

ble of the word signifying agitation of laggyd or bedrabelyd, paludosus. Pr. —


such a body is applied to a portion or Pm. A
clog would thus in the first in-
separate part, in the first instance of a stance be a lump of something soft, then
liquid or loose substance, but subsequently a lump or unformed mass in general.
of a body of any kind. Clog, truncus. Pr. Pm. Yule-clog,— A
Thus from Bav. loppern above men- a Christmas log.
tioned may be explained Fr. loppe, lopin, A
clog in the sense of a wooden sole
a lump from Du. lobberen, E. lob, 3.1a.rge
; may be considered as a block of wood, in
lump. The origin of clod and clot is to accordance with It. zocco, a log, zoccoli,
be found in forms like Du. klateren, to clogs, pattens G. klotz, a block, log,
;

rattle, to dash like heavy rain, kloteispaen, klotzschuh, a clog or wooden shoe Mod. ;

a. pulsare crebro
rattle, kloteren, tuditare, Gr. tJokok, a log, TZoxapov, a clog. Or
ictu (Kil.), and thence to clot or curdle as the name may be taken from the resem-
milk. Klottermelck, clotted milk klotte, ; blance of a wooden clog to the lumps ot
a clod. I clodde, figer, congeler.
'
I dod- earth which clog the feet of one walking
der like whey or blode whan it is colde. in soft ground, in accordance with Pl.D.
I clodde, I go into heapes or peces as klunkern, lumps of butter, fat, dirt, kl'dn-
the yerthe doth, je amoncele.'^ Palsgr. — ken, clogs for the feet klakk, lump of
;

Again we have Swiss klotten, klottern, to something soft ; Fr. claque, clog or over-
rattle, kloten, kloden, to dabble, tramp in shoe.
wet or mire, klot, klod, Du. kladde, a blot, Cloister, g. kloster, Fr. doitre, a
splash, spot of dirt, lump of mud on the monastery. Lat. daustrum, from claudo,
clothes ; Dan. Mat, a spot, blot, clot, clausum, to shut.
lump, dab. Close, -close, -clus-. Lat. claudo,
In the same way Dan. pludre, to paddle clausum, in comp. -cludo, -clusum, to shut,
in the wet, is connected with pludder, shut up, terminate,' end. It. chiudere,
mire, Fr. bloutre, and Gael, plod, a clod ;
chiuso, Fr. clorre, clos, to shut up, close,
Swab, motzen, to dabble, paddle, with inclose, finish ; clos, a field inclosed
Fr. motte, a clod. clos, closed, shut up.
To Clog. To hinder by the adhesion Hence inclose, to shut in; foreclose,
of something clammy or heavy. Sc. from Fr. fors, without, to close against
claggy, unctuous, bespotted with mire one.
claggock, a dirty wench E.- dial, dag, to
;

Closhe. The game called ninepins,
stick or adhere claggy, sticky; dag ; forbidden by 17 Ed. IV. Du. klos, a bal!,
locks, clotted locks clegger, to cling
; bowl ; klos-bane, a skittle-ground ; klos-
Dan. klag, mud klcEg, clammy loam.
; sen, to play at bowls.
The word is probably formed on an Cloth.— Clothe. AS. clatk, cloth, da-
158 CLOUD CLUCK
G. kUid, ON. klcBdi, a gar- an awkward rustic. Du. klonte, a clot or
thas, clothes ;
kloen, a ball of twine ; Dan. klunds,
ment. Properly that which covers and clod ;

w. clyd, warm, shel- E. dial, clunch, N.Fris. kl'dnne, a clown,


keeps one warm.
tered ; lie clyd, a warm place ; dillad bumkin.
clydion, warm clothes {dillad, clothes). As the initial c is easily lost from many
Bret. Met, sheltered Ir. cludaim, to cover
;
of these words beginning with (com- d
up warm, to cherish, nourish ; cludadh, a pare clog, log, dump, lump, clunch,
cover or coverture ; Gael, clumhar, cluth lunch), it can hardly be doubted that
mhor, warm, sheltered ; duthaich, cluth- clown is identical with lown, and clout
eudaich, clothe, make warm. with lout.
Cloud. Correctly explained by Som- This loutish clown is such that you never saw
ner as clodded vapours, vapours drawn so ill-favored a vizor. —Sidney in R.

into clods or separate masses. To Cloy. From dog, a thick mass.


Fr. encloyer (to stop with a clog or plug),
Vapours which now themselves consort
In several parts, and closely do conspire,
to cloy, choke or stop up. Cot. piece — A
of ordnance is said to be cloyed, when
Clumpered in balls of clouds. More in R. — something has got into the touch-hole.
ODu. clot, a clod, dote, a. cloud eene ' The same consonantal change is seen in

;

vurige dote^ a fiery cloud. Delfortrie. dag, daggy, sticky, and clay, a sticky,
.ft. zolla, clod, lump of earth zolla dell' ;
clammy earth.
aria, the thick and scattered clouds in The sense of stopping up is frequently
the air. — FI. expressed by the word for a lump or
bunch, as Fr. boucher, to stop, from OFr.
So also from Fr. matte, motte, a clod
or clot, del mattond, a curdled sky, a sky bousche, a bunch, tuft. Sw. klu77ip, a
full of small curdled clouds. Cot. Clow- —
lump, and tapp, a bunch, wisp, are also
dys, clods. —
Coventry Mysteries in Hal. used in the sense of a stopper.
Clout. AS. dut, a patch. The pri- Club. Clump. ON. klubba, klumba, —
mary sense is a blow, as when we speak a club or knobbed stick. Sw. dial, klubb,
of a clout on the head. Du. klotsen, to a lump, knob, clump klump, a lump, ;

strike. Then applied to a lump of mate- clod, clot ; klumpfot, a clubfoot klabb, ;

rial clapped on or hastily applied to mend a log. w. dob, clobyn, a boss, knob,
a breach. In the same way E. botch, to lump Pol. klqb, a ball, lump, mass, ;

mend clumsily, from Du. botsen, to strike ; klebek, a bobbin, ball of thread Russ. ;

E. cobble, in the same sense, from W. cobio, kluV, a ball, clue.


E. cob, to strike. The radical sense seems to be an un-
Clove. I. A kind of spice resembling formed lump or thick mass, and -the word
little nails. Du. naegel, kruyd-naegel to be of analogous formation with clod,
(kruyd =; spice) G. nagelein, nelke (dim. clot, clog, signifying in the first instance a
;

of nagel, a nail) It. chiodo di girofano,


; separate portion thrown off in the dashing
Fr. clou de girofle, Sp. clavo di especias, of sloppy materials. Fr. dabosser, to be-
from Lat. davus, a nail. dash (Cot.), esdaboter (Roquef.), Mabous-
2. A division of a root of garlick. Du. ser, to splash, diboter, to tramp in the
kluyve, kluyfketi loocksj Pl.D. Move, mud (Pat. de Champ.), Rouchi dapoter,
klaven; een klaven kruflook, G. eine to slop. Gael, dabaire, a blabber, indi-
spalte knoblauch, a clove of garlick, from cates the application of the root dab to
Du. klieven, Pl.D. kloven, to cleave or the splashing of water, the terms express-
split, Du. klove, a fissure. It. chiodo d' ive of tattling being mostly taken from
aglio. that figure. Cld.bar, mire, puddle, dirt.
Clover. A plant with trifid leaves. Du. klobbersaen, clotted milk or cream,
AS. clcEfers Du. kldverj P1.D. klever, milk run to lumps. So Fr. caillebottes,
from kloven, to cleave. lumps of curd, probably from daboter,
Clown. The significations of a clod but confounded with cailler, to curdle.
or lump, of thumping clumsy action, and G. klubbe, kluppe, a bunch, clump, clus-
of a rustic unpolished person, are often ter, group of people Sw. dial, klubb, a
;

connected. Du. kloete, a ball, a lump, knot of people. Das volk hat sich in
'

block, stock, also homo obtusus, hebes splitten, klubben und klicken aufgeloset.'
(Kil.), whence the name of Spenser's — Sanders. A social club was originally
shepherd Colin Clout. G. klotz, a log, a group of people meeting at set times for
klotzig, blockish, loggish, coarse, unpol- society. To club one's contributions is to
ished, rustic. —
Kiittner. E. clod is used throw them into a common mass.
in both senses ; of a lump of earth and To Cluck. Imitative of the note of a
— —
;

-CLUDE COAL 159

hen calling her chickens. Du. klocken, dumpish, awkward, unwieldy E.E. ;

Fr. glousser, Lat. glocire, Sp. doquear, clunchy, thick and clumsy. —
Hal. But
It. coccolare. the word is more probably connected
-elude, -olus-. Lat. claudo, clausum, with OE. dumpse, benumbed with cold.
in comp. -cludo, -clusum, to shut, close, — Cot. in v. havi. Clumsyd, eviratus.
finish. Cath. Ang. ' Thou clontsest for cold.'
Hence conclude, conclusion, exclude, P.P. Comfort ye dumsid, ether comelia
'

include, inclusive, reclusion, &c. See hondis, and make ye strong feeble knees.'
-close. — Wycliff, Isaiah. Lincolns. dumps, idle,
* Clump. —To Clumper.
Clump, a lazy, —
unhandy. Ray. Sw. dial, klumm-
lump or compact mass, a nasalised form sen, klummshandt, klummerhdndt, Che-
of club, as clumper, to collect in lumps, to shire, dussomed (Wilbrabam), having the
curdle, of Du. klobber in klobbersaen, hands stiff with cold. Pl.D. klamen,
clotted cream. klomen, Du. verklomen, verkommelen,
Vapours dumfered in balls of clouds. —More. Fris. klomje,forklomme (Outzen), to be-
numb with cold. OE. acomelydfor could
In the same way Du. klonte, a clod or aclommyde, eviratus, enervatus. Pr. —
or lump, and klonteren, to curdle, are Pm. Men bethe combered and clommed
'

the nasalised forms of klotte, a clod or —


with cold.' Vegecius in Way. Beklum-
clot, and klotteren, to curdle. The no- men van kelde, algidus, gelidus. Teu- —
tion of a detached mass may arise either tonista.
from the dashing off of a portion of the The signification would seem to be
wet material, or from the shaking into cramped or contracted with cold, from
protuberances of the liquid surface ; and ON. klemma, G. klemmen, to pinch, to
the idea of multifarious agitation may be squeeze. OHG. kichlemmit, obstructum.
expressed, not so much by direct imita- — Graff in Klamjan. MHG. 'wen uns diu
tion of the actual noise, as metaphorically wangen sin gerumpfen, riicke und arm
by the figure of a broken sound. MHG. —
und bein geklumpfen.' Benecke. Pl.D.
klumpern, G. klimpern, to gingle, strum beklummen, G. beklommen, pinched, tight
on an instrument. When a frequentative eene beklum,mene tied, a pinching time.
form is thus used to signify multifarious -clus-. See -elude.
agitation or broken movement the radical Cluster. A group, bunch. From the
syllable naturally expresses a single ele- notion of sticking together. Du. klos, a
ment of the complex action. Hence a ball ; klisse, klette, a ball, a clot klissen, ;

frequent connection between words sig- to stick together ; klister. Muster, paste,
nifying a blow and the dashing of liquids. viscous material, also a cluster, a clove
Com.pare P1.D. pladdern, to paddle or of garlick. Sw. klcise, a bunch, cluster.
dabble, with E. plad or plod, to tread Clutch.. Sc. cleik, dek, E. dial, cleche,
heavily. Fr. clabosser, esclaboter, to to snatch, seize, properly to do anything
splash; Champ, cliboter, to tramp. Fr. with a quick, smart motion, producing a
clopin-clopanr&px&seati the heavy tread of noise such as that represented by the
one hobbling along eloper, clopiner, to syllable click. Hence cleik, dek, cleuk,
;

limp, differing only in the absence of the duik, duke, clook, an instrument for
nasal form e. clump, to tramp. Hence snatching, a claw, clutch, hand to cleuk, ;

dumpers, Du. klompen, wooden shoes, to grip, lay hold of, clutch. ' Uorte (for
clogs. Sw. dial, klamp, a clog for an to) huden hire vrom his kene dokes.'—
animal, wooden sole, lump of soft mate- Ancr. Riwle, 130. Boh. klikaty, crooked
rial, ball of snow on horse's foot ; klampa, inwards ; klikonosy, hooknosed. Hesse,
to clump or tramp with heavy shoes, to klotz, claw. Compare Swiss klupe, claws,
ball as snow. Analogous forms with a tongs, fingers (familiar), from klupen, to
final nt instead of mp axe Pl.D. klunt, clip or pinch.
Du. klonte, a clod or lump, E. dial, clunt- Clutter. Variation of clatter, a noise.
er, a clod clunter, clointer, Pl.D. klunt-
;
Clyster. Fr. dystere, Gr. xXvariip,
sen, klunsen, to tramp or tread heavily. from KKvKdi, to wash, to rinse, as Fr. lave-
* Clumsy. The sense of awkward, ment, from laver, to wash.
'

unhandy, might be reached from clump, Coach. The Fr. coucher became in
a lump, through the senses of lumpish, Du. koetsen, to lie, whence koetse, koet-
blockish, unfashioned, ill-made ; as from seken, a couch, and koetse, koetsie, koets-
Da. klont, klods, a block, log, klontet, wagen, a litter, carriage in which you
,

klodset, unhandy, awkward, or from Sw. may recline, a coach.


klump, a lump, klumpig, clumsy, n.e. Coal. ON. kol, G. kohle, Hindust.
;

i6o COALESCE COCHINEAL


koelA. The primary sense is doubtless on in lumps. Cobber, a thumper, a great
glowing embers, from a root signifying falsehood.
to glow or burn. Traces of such a de- Cobbles in the N. of E. are round stones
rivation are found in Sw. dial, kylla, or round coals of small size. In the E. of
k'dlla, kolna, to kindle or cause to burn ; E. the stone or kernel of fruit is called coo
ON. koljarn, a firesteel Lat. caleo, to be ; or cobble. Cobyllstone or chery-stone,
hot, to glow ; ailina or colina, a kitchen, petrilla. — Pr. Pm. To cobble, to pdt with
the place where a fire is made. Colina' ' stones or — Cleveland Gl.
dirt.
says Varro, dicta ab eo quod ibi colebant
'
* To Cobble. — Cobbler. The senses
ignem.' And per-
colo, to worship, may of stammering or imperfect speech, stag-
haps have originally signified to kindle a gering or halting, and imperfect or un-
fire for a burnt-offering, while the sense skilful action, are often connected. We
of dwelling may be a figure from lighting may cite Fr. bredouiller, to stutter, and
up the domestic hearth, universally taken Du. broddelen, to bungle ; Du. hakkelen,
as the symbol of a dwelling-place. Sanscr. to stammer, and E. dial, haggle, to bungle
jval, to burn, blaze, glow jvalaya, to ;
Sc. habble, to stutter, to speak or act
kindle jvAla, flame.
;
Lett, quilet, to confusedly, and hobble, to cobble shoes.
glow, to be inflamed ; quele, burning, in- — ' all giaith that gains to hoiiill schone.'
flammation.

Coalesce. Coalition. Lat. coalesce, Thus from E. dial, cobble, to hobble
to grow together, to form an union with walk clumsily, the designation
(Hal.), or
another coalitus, grown together, united.
; may have been transferred to the unskilful
Coarse. Formerly written course, or- mending of shoes.
dinary as in the expression of course,
; A plausible origin, however, may be
according to the ordinary run of events. found in Sw. dial, klabba, properly to
A woman is said to be very ordinary, daub, then to work unskilfully ; klabbare,
meaning that she is plain and coarse. klabbsmed, a bungler. The /in these
Coast. Lat. costa, a rib, side ; Fr.imitative forms is very moveable, as
coste, s. s., also a coast. shown in dob and cob, tempered clay for
Coat. Fr. cotte, a coat or frock, It. building, and a change very similar to
cotta, any kind of coat, frock, or upper that from clobber to cobler may be seen
garment. See Cot. 3. in Du. verklomen, verkommelen, to be-
Coax. The OE. cokes was a simpleton, numb, OE. acomelyd or aclommyd. —
gull, probably from the Fr. cofasse, one Pr. Pm.
who says or does laughable or ridiculous Cobweb. A spider's web. e. atter-kop,
things. —
Trevoux. Cocasse, plaisant, ridi- a spider. Flem. kop, koppe, a spider,
cule ;cocosse, niais, imbecille. —
H^cart. koppen-gespin, spinne-ivebbe, a cobweb,
To cokes or coax one then is to make a w. pryf-coppyn, a spider (/r)^=grub,
cokes or fool of him, to wheedle or gull vermin). The form attercop seems to
him into doing something. give the full meaning of the word, poison-
The original meaning of the word is bag or poison-pock. The Fris. kop is
preserved in the provincial kakasch bubble, pustule, pock, that is, a peUicle
(dialect of Aix —
Grandg. v. cacd), a nest- inflated with air or liquid. T' waerkopet,
cock or nescock, unfledged bird, a crea- the water boils. Outzen. Dan. kopper —
ture commonly taken as the type of im- (pi.), small pox (pocks) ; kop-ar, E. pock-
becility and liability to imposition, as in arr, a pock mark. Fin. kuppa, a bubble,
E. gull, Fr. niais, bijamie. boil, pustule.
. Nescock a similar
itself is used
According to Ihre, the bee was known
in
sense 'a wanton fondling that has never by the name of kopp in OSw., probably
;

left his home.' Nares. It. —


cucco (in for the same reason as the spider, viz.
nursery lang.), an egg, a darling, and fig. from bearing a bag, only of honey instead
an imbecile vecchio cucco, an old idiot. of poison. The contrast between the bee
;

• Cob.— Cobble, w. cob, a knock, and the spider as collectors, the one of
thump, a tuft, top cobio, to knock, sweets and the other of poisons, is one of
;

thump, to peck as a hen cobyn, a bunch, long standing. ;

tuft, cluster, e. dial, to cob, to strike, to CooMneal. Sp. cochinilla, a wood-


throw a blow, and thence a lump
; cob, ;, louse, dim. of cochina, a sow, from some
cobnut, a large round nut cobstones, ; fancied resemblance. The wood-louse is
large stones ; cobcoals, large coals. A still called sow in parts of England ; in
cob is a dumpy horse. Cob for walls is Essex Jow*2c^.—Atkinson.
clay mixed with straw, from being laid
When the
Spaniards came to America they trans-
;

COCK COCKLE 161

ferred the name animal producing


to the Cockahoop. Elated in spirits. A
the scarlet dye, which somewhat resem- metaphor taken from the sport of cock-
bles a wood-louse in shape. throwing used on festive occasions, when
Cock. I. The male of the domestic a cock was set on an eminence to be
fowl. From the cry represented by the thrown at by the guests.
Fr. coquelicoq, coquericot, Lang, cou- Now I am a frisker, all men on me look,
couricou. Bohem. kokraii, to crow, kokot, What should I do but set cock on the hoop ?
a cock. Serv. kokot, the clucking of a Camden in Todd.
hen, kokosch, a hen. Lith. kukti, to cry, '
I have good cause to set the cocke on the

to howl ; kukauti, to cry as the cuckoo hope and make gaudye chere.' We may '

or the owl. Magy. kakas, Esth. kuk, a make ourtryumphe, i. e. kepe ourgaudyes,
cock. Gr. KoicBo/3605 opuf (Soph, in Eus- or let us sette the cocke on the hope and
tath.), the bird which cries cock !, the make good chere within doores.' Palsgr. —
cock. Acolastus in Hal. Du. hoop, heap.
To Cock, applied to the eye, hat, tail, Cockatoo. According to Grawfurd call-
&c., signifies to stick abruptly up. Gael. ed in Malay kakatuwah, which in that
coc-shron, a cocked no'Se. The origin is language signifies a vice, a gripe. But is
the sound of a quick sudden motion it not more likely that the implement was

imitated by the syllable cock. It. coccare, so named from its resemblance to the
to clack, snap, click, crack coccarla a
; powerful beak of the bird ?
quahuno, to play a trick, put a jest upon Cockatrice. A fabulous animal, sup-
one. —
Fl. Hence cock of a gun (misun- posed to be hatched by a cock from the
derstood when translated by G. hcihn), the eggs of a viper, represented heraldically
part which snaps or clicks. by a cock with a dragon's tail. Sp. coca-
To cock is then to start up with a sud- triz, cocadriz, cocodrillo, a crocodile.
den action, to cause suddenly to project, Cocatryse, basiliscus, cocodrillus. Pr. —
to stick up. And as rapid snapping Pm. A
manifest corruption of the name
action is almost necessarily of a recipro- of the crocodile.
cating nature, the word is used to express To Cocker. See Cockney.
zigzag movement or shape, and hence —
Cocket. Cocksy. Fr. coquart, fool-
either prominent teeth or indentations. ishly proud, cocket, malapert. From the
The cock of a balance is the needle which strutting pride of a cock. Coqueter, to
vibrates to and fro between the cheeks. chuck as a cock among hens to swagger ;

The cog of a wheel is a projecting tooth, or strowt it as a cock on his own dung-
while the It. cocca, Fr. coche, is the notch hill.— Cot.
or indentation of an arrow. Cockle. I. A
weed among com. Fr.
2. A
cock of hay. Probably from the coquiole, Lith. kukalas, Pol. ki^kol, kifkol-
notion of cocking or sticking up. Fin. nica, Gael, cogal.
kokko, a coniform heap, a hut, beacon. 2. A shell, shell-fish ; cocklesnaU, a.

A small heap of reaped corn. Dan. kok, snail with a shell as distinguished from
a heap, a pile. a slug or snail without shell. Snail-
3. A boat cock-swain, the foreman of
; shells are called in Northamptons. cocks,
a boat's crew. It. cocca, cucca, a cock- in Lincolns. gogs. Oxfords, guggles or
boat. — Fl. Dan. kog, kogge, on. kuggi, guggleshells, Herts conks, and E. of E.
s. s. The Fin. has kokka, the prow of a conkers. Tirol. gagkele, an egg. Deutsch. —
vessel, perhaps the part which cocks or Mund. 5. 341. Lat. cochlea, concha,
sticks up, and hence the name may have Gr. KoxXoc, snail, snailshell, shellfish.
passed to the entire' vessel, as in the case The original sense is probably an egg-
of 'La.t. puppis, properly the poop or after- shell, which to a people in possession of
part of the ship, or of 6ark, a ship, from poultry would offer a type of a shell pecu-
ON. barki, throat, then the prow or front liarly easy of designation. Thus the
of a ship. Swab, gacken, to cluck as a hen, gives
Cockade. Fr. coquarde, a Spanish rise in nursery language to gackele, an
cap, also any cap worn proudly or peartly
on the one side (Cot.), i. e. a cocked-hat,

egg Schmidt, in Swiss gaggi, gaggi, to
which our own country affords a parallel
consisting originally of a hat with the in the Craven goggy, an egg. In like
broad flap looped up on one side. Then manner Basque kokoratz, clucking of a
applied to the knot of ribbon with which hen koko (in nursery language), an egg
;

the loop was ornamented. In Walloon Magy. kukoritni, to crow, kuko (nursery),
the »- is lost as in English ; cockdd, a an egg; It. coccolare, to cluck; cocco,

cockade. Remade. cucco (nursery), an egg ; Fr. coqueter, to

^
;

1 62 COCKLE CODDLE
cackle, to chuck ; coque, an eggshell, less an accidental resemblance. The Fr-
shell, cockle, with the dim. coquille, the coqueliner, to dandle, cocker, fedle, pam-
shell of an &^^, nut, snail, fish. Cot. — per, make a wanton of a child, leads us
To Cockle. Properly, like coggU, in the right direction. This word is pre-
goggle, joggle, shoggle, to shake or jerk cisely of the same form and significance
up and down, then applied to a surface with dodeliner, to dandle, loll, lull, fedle,
thrown into hollows and projections by cocker, hug fondly, make a wanton of,
partial shaking, by unequal contraction, [but primarily] to rock or jog up and
&c. Du. kokelen, to juggle, to deceive down ; dodelineur,ihe rocker of a cradle ;
the eye by rapid movements of the hands. dondeliner de la t6te, to wag the head ;
E. dial, coggle, to be shaky ; cocklety, un- dodelineux (the same as coquelineux),
steady. —
Hal. A
cockling sea is one fantastical, giddy-headed. The primitive
meaning of cocker then is simply to rock
jerked up into short waves by contrary
currents. the cradle, and hence to cherish an infant.
It made such a short cockling see. as if it had
See Cockle, Cock.
been a race where two tides meet, for it ran
in
Cocoa-nut. Called coco by the Portu-

every way and the ship was tossed about like an guese in India on account of the monkey-
eggshell, so that I never felt such uncertain jerks like face at the base of the nut, from coco,
in my life. —Dampier in R. ' a bugbear, an ugly mask to frighten chil-
The ultimate origin, as in all these dren. —De Barros, Asia, Dec. III. Bk.
cases, is the representation of a broken III. c. vii.
sound, by forms like cackle, gaggle, &c., -coot. Lat. coquo, cocium, to prepare
then applied to signify a broken move- by fire, to cook, bake, boil.
ment, and finally a configuration of anal- Hence concoquo, to boil together, to
ogous character. digest, and fig. to contrive, to plan, E. to
As in E. we represent a broken sound concoct. Decoctio, a decoction, what is
by the forms cackle and crackle, so in Fr. boiled away from anything.
we find recoquiller and recroquiller, to Cod. A
husk or shell, cushion. ON.
wriggle, writhe, turn inward on itself like koddi, a cushion, Sw. kudde, a. sack, bag,
a worm or a gold or silver thread when it pod. Bret. kSd, gSd, godel, a pocket, w.
is broken ; recoquiller un livre, to rumple cSd, cwd, a bag or pouch. G. schote, pod,
or turn up the leaves of a book. —
Cot. If husk. It seems the same word with Fr.
. recoquiller stood by itself the common ex- cosse, gousse, a husk, cod, or pod, whence
planation from coquille, a shell, as if it coussin. It. coscino, a cushion, a case
signified to throw into spirals, would be stuffed with somethmg to make it bulge
quite satisfactory, but it cannot be adopt- out.
ed without throwing over the analogy Perhaps the original sense is simply
with the English forms above mentioned, something bulging, a knob or bump, an
while it leaves the parallel form recro- idea commonly derived from a word sig-
quiller unaccounted for. nifying to knock. Now v.-e have Fr.
Cockney. Cooker.— The original cesser. It. cozzare, to butt as a ram. Du.
meaning of cockney is a child too ten- kodde, kodse, a club.
derly or delicately nurtured, one kept in As in words with an initial cl the / is
the house and not hardened by out-of- very movable, we may perhaps identify
doors life hence applied to citizens, as
; the Fr. cosse, a husk, with Bret, klos,
opposed to the hardier inhabitants of the klosen, a box or any envelope in general
country, and in modem times confined to klosen-gisten, the husk of a chesnut.
the citizens of London. Thus we are brought round to the Du.
Coknay, carifotus, delicius, mammo-
'
Moss, a ball or sphere, and the e. clot,

— mignoter'To bring
trophus.' up like a cocknaye clod, and as the latter appears in Gaelic
'

Delicias facere to play


'
— in the double form of clod o'^ plod, we find
the cockney.' Dodeliner to bring up
'
— the same change of initial in the e. cod,
wantonly as a cockney' Pr. Pm., and — pod; Dan. pude, a pillow.
authorities cited in notes. '
Puer in de- To Coddle. 1 Codling. To coddle,
liciis matris nutritus, Anglice a cokenay.' (in Suffolk quoddle^ to boil gently, whence
—Hal. Cockney, niais, mignot. — Sher- codlin, a young apple fit for boiling, green
wood. peas. — Hal. Codlyng, fmte, pomme
The Du. kokelen, keukelen, to pamper cuite. — Palsgr. A quodling, pomum
(the equivalent of E. cocker), is explained coctile. — Coles. The word in the first
by Kilian, ' nutrire sive fovere culiiia,' as instance represents the agitation of the
if from koken, to cook, but this is doubt- boiling water. ON. quoila, abluo vel
;

CODDLE COGNISANCE 163

lavito, aquas tractito (Gudm.)i to dabble —


moved. Wilbraham. Joggly, unsteady,
or paddle Swab, quatteln, to wabble ;
; shaky ^o jogger, joggle, to shake, to jog.
;

Bav. kudern, to guggle. A continued broken sound is represented


To Coddle, 2. To pamper or treat by forms like cackle, gaggle, and thence
delicately. Fr. cadel, a castling, starve- cockle, goggle are made to signify inter-
ling, whence cadeler (to treat as a weakly rupted or alternating movement. Esthon.
ch2d), to cocker, pamper, fedle, make kokkoltama, koggalema, to stammer. The
much of. — Cot. Lat. catulus, It. catello, radical syllable cock, cog, gog, &c., is
itself used to signify the same kind of
Prov. cadel, Bohem. kote, a whelp kotiti, ;
action, or a single element of the kind
to whelp, bring forth young (of sheep,
of which the action in question is com-
dogs, cats, &c.).
posed, that is to say, a short, abrupt move-

Code. Codicil. Lat. codex, log, trunk
ment (often accompanied by a click or
of a tree, a book, book of accounts,
snap), and hence a projection or indenta-
the Romans writing on wooden tablets
covered with wax. Codicillus, a small
tion. We may cite Gael, gogach, nod-
ding, wavering, reeling E. gogmire, a
;
trunk of a tree codicilli, writing tablets,
;
quagmire to jock, to jolt ; jocky, uneven,
;
a letter, memorial, written composition.
rough Fr. choc, a shock, or movement'
Cod-flsh.. From its large club-shaped ;

head. Flem. kodde, a club. Kil. In the — brought to a sudden stop ; It. coccare, to
snap, to move with a snap, and thence
same way It. mazso, a bunch, a codfish,
cocca, an indentation or notch, as E. cog
mazza, a club. One of the names of the
(Sw. kugge), a projection or individual
fish is It. testuto, Fr. testu, from teste,
prominence on the circumference of a
head. — Cot. toothed wheel.
Codger. A
term of abuse for an in-
With the addition of an initial s, E.
firm old man. G. kotzen, to spit, kotzer,
shog, to jolt, and shoggle, an icicle or pro-
a spitting or spawling man or woman,
also an old caugher. —
Kiittner. So from
jection of ice ; ON. skaga, to project ;
skagi, a promontory.
Lith. kraukti, to croak, to breathe with
To cog in the sense of cheating is from
pain, sukraukelis, a croaker, an old man.
the image of deceiving by rapid sleight
Hind, kahba, a cough, an old woman.
of hand. Du. kokelen, to juggle ; It. coc-
Coemetery. Gr. KoiiiriTriptov, a place
carta ad uno, to put a trick upon one
for sleeping in, then applied to the place
coccare, to laugh at, mock, scoff. Sp.
of final rest, a burial-place, from Koi/»aw,
cocar, to mock, make mocking or ridicul-
to set to sleep.
ous gestures, to cajole, wheedle, E. cog,
Coerce. Lat. coerceo, to encompass,

gabber, flatter Sherwood ; lusingare, lis-
keep in, restrain ; arceo, to inclose, con-
fine ; arctus, close, narrow, confined.
ciar il pelo. —
Torriano.
Cogent. Lat. cogo (pcpl. cogens), to
Coeval. Lat. cocevus {con and cevum,
impel, constrain, force.
duration of time, an age, era), of the same
Cogitation. Lat. cogito, to ponder,
age or era.
turn over in the mind.
Coffee. Arab, cahwa. or cahwi, coffee,
formerly one of the names for wine.
Cognisance. — Becognisance. — Re-
Texeira, who wrote in 1610, writes it
connoitre. From Lat. cognosco, cog-

kaodh. Dozy.
nitum, to know, arose Fr. cognoitre,
connaitre, to know, OFr. cognoisance,
Coffer. —
Coffin. Gr. Ko^irog, Lat. coph-
cognisance, connusance, knowledge, no-
inus, a basket. It. cofano, cofaro, any
tice, a badge or heraldic device by which
coffin, coffer, chest, hutch, or trunk. Fr. one might be known.
coffre, a chest or coffer, the bulk or chest Connaissance in a legal sense is the
of the body. Bret. k6f, kSv, the belly ; right of a tribunal to take notice or cog-
AS. co/, a cave, cove, receptacle. Swab. nisance of certain causes.
koier, a basket. It. coffii, a gabion or
Again OFr. recognoitre, to take know-
wicker basket. Fr. co^n, a coffin, a great ledge of, to acknowledge, gives our legal
candle case or any such close and great recognisance, or acknowledgment that
basket of wicker. Cot. — Fin. kopp, a one is bound in a certain penalty to the
hollow case. See Cave. crown he
if fails to perform a certain
Cog. —Coggle. To coggle is to be Reconnaitre, in the military sense, to re-
act.

shaky, to rock ; cogly, unsteady, rock- connoitre, is to take knowledge of the


ing ; cockersoine, unsteady in position, conditions of an object, to observe it with
threatening to tumble over. Jam.
dial,
e. —
coggle, keggle, kickle, tickle, easily
reference to the way in which it affects
the observer.
11 *
— ; — ;

i64 COIF COLLATION


Coif. A cap for the head. Fr. coiffe. apple or an ulcer. The coke is the hole
It. aiffia, Mod.Gr. oKovi^m. Apparently guarded by metal in the middle of a
from the East. Arab, kufiyah, a head sheave through which the pin goes.
kerchief. Webster. Du. kolk, a pit, hollow whirl-
Coil. To coil a cable, to wind it round pool. The term colk or coke then appears
in the form of a ring, each fold of rope to signify a hollow, then the empty rem-
being called a coil. Fr. cueillir un cord- nant of a thing when the virtue is taken
age, Ptg. colher. hum cabo, to coil a cable ;
out of it. It may possibly be explained
colher, Fr. cueillir, Sp. eager, Lat. colli- from the Gael, caoch, empty, blind, hol-
gere, to gather. Sp. coger la ropa, to fold low caochag, a deaf nut, nut without a
;

linen. kernel, the coke of a nut.


Coil. Noise, disturbance. Gael, coil- Col-. See Con-.
eid, a movement, or noise perhaps
stir, ;
Colander. —
Cullender. Sp. colada,
from goil, boiling, vapour, fume, battle, lie of ashes for bucking clothes ; coladero,
rage, fury ; goileam, prating, vain tattle. a colander or sieve through which the lie
The words signifying noise and disturb- was strained, a strainer colar, Lat. colo,
;

ance are commonly taken from the agita- to strain liquids.


tion of water. Cold. CooL —
Goth, kalds, cold. on.
Coin. To coin money is to stamp kala, to blow cold, to suffer from cold ;

money, from Lat. cuneus, Fr. coin, quin, kallda, fever. Dan. kule (of the wind),
the steel die with which money is stamped, to freshen, to begin to blow. G. kalt, cold,
originally doubtless from the stamping kiihl, cool. Lap. kalot, to freeze, kalofn,
having been effected by means of a cold, frost.
wedge (Lat. cuneus, Fr. coiti). Coin in In Lith. szalias, cold, sziltas, warm,
OFr. was frequently used for the right of the opposite sensations are distinguished
coining money. Sp. cufia, a wedge by a modification of the vowel, while in
cuho, a die for coining, impression on Lat. gelidus, cold, calidus, hot, a similar
the coin. Muratori endeavours to show relation in meaning is marked by a modi-
that the word is really derived from the fication of the initial consonant.
Or. lis&v, an image, whence the Lat. The original image seems the disagree-
iconiare, in the sense of coining money. able effect produced on the nerves
by a
So from w. bath, a likeness, arian bath, harsh sound, whence the expression is
coined money, bathu, to make a likeness, extended to a similar effect on the other
to coin.
Coit. —Quoit.
organs. Fin. kolia, sounding harshly as
To coit, to toss, to a rattle, rough, uneven, cold kolia ilma, ;

throw. Of a conceited girl it is said, She a cold air kolian-lainen, roughish, cool ;'

;
coits up her head above her betters. kolistua, to become cold as the air, or
Forby. —
To coit a stone. Hal. The rough as a road ; kolistus, making a
game of coits or quoits consists in tossing crash, shattering. Esthon. kollisema, to
a metal disc (originally doubtless a stone) rattle, make a harsh noise kollin, a rack-
;
at a mark. The quoit according to Hal. et kolle, noisy, frightful, ghastly kollo-
; ;
is sometimes called a coiting stone. Coyte,
mats, a bugbear. The effects of fear and
petreluda coytyn, petriludo.
; —
Pr. Pm. cold closely resemble each other in de-
Du.de kaeye schieten, certare disco, saxeo, pressing the spirits and producing trem-
ferreo, aut plumbeo. —
Kil. bling. The Manuel des Pecch^s says of
Coke. The carbonaceous cinder of Belshazzar when
he saw the handwriting
coals left when the bituminous or gaseous on the wall
:

blazing portion has been driven off by


As he thys hande began to holde (behold)
heat. Coaks, cinders ; a grindle-coke, a
Hys herte bygan to tremle and colde.
remnant of an old worn-down grindstone.
Colke, the core of an apple. Fin. kolkka, sounding loud as a bell,
All erthe may well likened be then causing trembling or terror, ghastly
To a rounde appul on a tre, —
ilma, a cold, raw day ; mies, a harsh, —
That even amydde hath a colke :
And so it may to an egges yolke,
severe man —
korpi, a desolate wood.
;

For as a dalk (hollow) is amydward


Compare on. kald-lyndr, harsh, severe
The yolke of the egge when hit is hard, in disposition kallda-gatnan, bitter
;

So is helle put (pit) as olerkus telles sport kald-ambr, distressing labour.


;

Aniidde the erthe and nowher elles. Hal. -i.


dalk.
— Collar. Lat. collare (from collum, the
neck), a band for the neck.
Wall, chauke, germe de I'oeuf, Grandg. — Collation. An entertainment. Fr.
Clevel. golk, yolk of egg, core of an collation, a repast after supper. It. cola-
— ;

COLLEAGUE COMBER i6s

tione, colettione, coletto, an intermeal, a principal members of a sentence, and


refection between regular meals ; break- the briefest divisions of which it was
fast. composed. Jerome, in his preface to the

Colleague. College. Lat. collega, Prophets, says, ' Nemo cum prophetas
supposed to be from lego, to choose, one versibus viderit esse descriptos metro eos
chosen at the same time with one, a com- existimet apud Hebrasos ligari — ; sed
rade. The radical part of the word however quod in Demosthene et in Tullio solet
would be more satisfactorily explained if fieri, ut per cola scribantur et commata.'

it could be regarded as the equivalent & — N. Q. Deer. 19, 1868. The name
of the ON. lag, society, companionship, is now given not to the divisions of the

whence sam-lag, companionship, part- sentence, but to the marks by which


nership felagi, a money companion or divisions of the kind in question are
;

partner, a fellow ; brod-lagi, fisk-lagi, a separated in writing.


partner at meals, in fishing, &c. Colle- * Colonel. Fr. colonel, Sp. coronel.
gium, a college, corporation, Properly the captain of the leading com-
society,
guild, the relationship of one colleague to pany of a regiment, the company at the
another. head of the column. 'La compagnie
To Collect.— Collect. Lat. lego, lec- colonelle, ou la colonelle est la premiere
tum, to pick, to gather ; colligo, -ectum, compagnie d'un regiment d'infanterie.'
to bring together, to collect, assemble. Trevoux.—
Collect, a prayer gathered out of Scripture. Colossal. Lat. colossus, a statue of
Collision. Lat. collisio {collido, -isum, enormous magnitude. Such was the
to dash or strike together), the act of statue in honour of the sun erected at
striking together. Rhodes.
Collop. A
lump or slice of meat. Colour. Lat. color, a hue, tint, ap-
From clop or colp, representing the sound pearance.
of a lump of something soft thrown on a Colt. A
young horse. Dan. dial, klod,
flat surface. Du. klop, It. colpo, a blow. kloit, a colt. Sw. kult, a young boar, a
Colp, a blow, also a bit of anything. stout boy.
Bailey. The two significations are very —
Column. Colonnade. Lat. columna,
commonly expressed by the same term. Fr. colonne, a pillar.
Sp. golpe, a blow, also a flap, as the loose Comatose. Gr. Ku/ia, heavy slumber,
piece of cloth covering a pocket. In like oppressive drowsiness.
manner we have dab, a blow, and a lump Com-. See Con-.
of something soft ; 3.pat with the hand, Comb. ON. kambr, G. kamm.
and a pat of butter ; G. klitsch, a clap, Combe. A
narrow valley. W. cwm.
rap, tap, and a lump of something soft * Comber.
;
Cumber, — g. kummer,
Sc. to blad, to slap, to strike, and blad, arrest, seizure, attachment of one's goods
bland, a lump or slice ; to dad, to dash, or person, rubbish, ruins, dirt of streets,'
to throw down, and dad, dawd, a lunch trouble, distress ; Du. kommer, kotnber,
or large piece, especially of somethtng trouble, distress. Mid.Lat. combri, ob-
eatable. See Calf. struction of the ways made by felling
CoUow. —
Colly. Smut, soot. To trees in a forest; combri, combra, a weir
colowe, make black with a cole, char- or dam for obstructing the current of a
bonner. — Palsgr. in Way. Colled, be- river. —
Due. Fr. encombrer. It. ingom-
colled, smutted, blackened. —
K. Horn. brare, to hinder, trouble, encumber ; des-
N. kola, to black or smut with coal combres, what has to be cleared away,
kolut, smutted. —
Aasen. Sw. dial, kolna, rubbish, ruins. The radical sense is im-
to become black. pediment, hindrance. / comber, I let or
Colly. A
shepherd's dog, from having hynder. Palsgr.— Gael, cumraig, cum-
its tail cropped. Sw. kullug, kollig, with- raich, impede, incommode. Manx cumr,
out horns, wanting some member that cumree, to hinder, deter, delay ; cumrail,

ought to be there. Rietz. Sc. to coll, to hindrance, stoppage. The question is
poU the hair, to snuff the candle. In whether the sense of rubbish is derived
Hesse a shepherd's dog is often called from rubbish being considered as a hin-
Mutz, from mutz, a stump ; kullmutz, drance or whether the development of
kullarsch, a tailless hen. See Poll. thought does not lie in the opposite direc-

Colon. Comma. Colon (Or. ewXoi', tion. It is derived by Diez from Lat.
a limb or member) and comma (Gr. cumulus, Prov. co;«(7/,a heap, Ptg. comero,
Ko/tfia, a piece or chop, from kotttm, I combro, a mound, heap of earth, corre-
cut) were applied respectively to the sponding to which we have ON. kumbl,
; ;

1 66 COMBINE COMPATIBLE
kumb, a cairn, tumulus, Sw. pesar.
barrow, Sardin. incumbenzai, frcm in-
kummel, a heap of stones set up for a com-initiare ; Sp. empezar, from hi-ini-
mark, ruins, rubbish. Again, a parallel tiare. Diez. Menage. —
form with cumber may be found in ON. Comm.ent. Lat. cojiiminiscor, -mentus
ktimla, to disable. 'Var Aron sdrr ok sum, commentor, to imagine, devise, to
kumladr mjok,' Aaron was wounded and meditate, consider, remark upon.
much disabled. Hialmr kumlactr, a bat- Commerce. See Merchant.
tered helmet. E. cwnbled with cold, Commodious. Commodity. —
Lat.
cramped, stiffened ; comelyd, acomelyd, commodus, convenient, suitable, advan-
acomyrd, acombrd, for colde, eviratus, tageous.
enervatus. —
Pr. Pm. Cambered and Commodore. Fr. commandeur, a go-
clommed with colde.— MS. cited l3y Way. vernor or commander ; Port, comtnenda-
Du. verkommelen, to be stiff with cold. ddr, from whence the term seems to have
See Clumsy. come to us.
Combine. Lat. bini, two together Common. —
Commonalty. Com- —
'combine, to join together or unite. —
mune. Comrmmicate. Lat. communis,
Combustioii. —
Combustible. Lat. common, general, Fr. communitas, the
uro, ustum, to burn ; comburo {con-uro), having of things in common, feUawship,
to bum up. Fr. communauti, the common people
To Come. —Comely. Goth, cwiman, Lat. communico, to impart, give a share
AS. cwiman, cuman, G. kommen, Du. of, hold intercourse with.
komen, to come. The Biglotton also Compa'ct. Lat. compactus, thickset,
explains the Du. komen, cadere, conve- firm, from compingo, -actum, to put or
nire, decere, quadrare. Dat comt ivel, join together ; pango, pactum, to drive in,
bene cadit, convenit, decet, quadrat. In fasten.
the same way to fall was used in OE. Cbm.'pact. An agreement; compacis-
cor, compactus, to agree with paciscor, to
;
It nothing falls to thee
stipulate, engage, make a bargain.
To make fair semblant where thou mayest blame.
Chaucer, R. R. Company. — Companion. It. compa-
gno, compagnia. Mid. Lat. companium,
G. gefallen, to fall to a person's mind, association, formed from con and panis,
to please. In this sense the verb come bread, in analogy with the OHG. gi-mazo
must be understood in the E. comely and ox gi-leip, board- fellow, from wa^o, meat,
the Du. koinelick, conveniens, congruens, or leip, bread. Goth, gahlaiba, fellow-

commodus, aptus. Kil. See Become. disciple, J oh. xi. 1 6, from hlaibs, bread.
This application is marked by a sUght Compain, one who eats the same bread
modification of form in the AS. cweman, —
with one. ^Jaubert. Gloss, du Milieu de
laFr.
becweman, to please, delight, satisfy, G.
bequein, convenient, commodious,easy. Compare.
Lat. co7nparare, to couple
Comedy. —
Comic. Gr. Kw\ufUa, a things together for judgment, from com-
dramatic poem intended to take off or par, equal, and that from con and par,
caricature personal or popular peculiar- like, equal, a pair. But the meaning
ities Kw/iiKof, relating to comedy.
;
might equally be derived from the original
Comfit. Fr. confire, conjit (Lat. con- sense of the \&c\i parare, which seems to
Jicere, confectum, to prepare), to preserve, be to push forwards. Thus the simple
confect, soak or steep in ; confitures, parare is to push forwards, to get ready ;
comfits, iunkets, all kind of sweetmeats. se-parare, to push apart, to separate ;
—Cot. com-parare, to push together, to bring
Comfort. Fr. comforter (Lat. fortis, into comparison, or to prepare, to accu-
strong), to solace, encourage, strengthen. mulate.
—Cot. Compass. Fr. compas, a compass, a
Comfrey. Aplant formerly in repute circle, a round ; compasser, to compass,
as a strengthener, whence it was called encircle, begird, to turn round. Cot. To—
knitback (Cot. in v. oreille d'lme), and in go about, from con and passus, a step.
.tiftt. consolida, confirma, or conserva.
— A
pair of compasses is an instrument for
'Dief Sup. E. comfrey seems a corruption describing circles. The mariner's com-
of the second of these. pass is so called because it goes through
Comm.a. See Colon. the whole circle of possible variations of
Comm.euce. It. cominciare, Fr. com- direction. To compass an object is to go
mencer. From con and initiare, Milanese about it or to contrive it.
inzc^, to begin. OSp. compenzar, com- Compatible. It. compatire, Fr. com-

COMPENDIOUS CONCERT 167

patir, to sympathise, suffer with. See ber, tent, cabin. — Cot. Then
applied to.
Passion. one of the company, a chamber-fellow.
Compendious. Lat. compendium, a From It. camera, a chamber. Sp. came-
saving, sparing, shortening, short cut. rada in both senses.
The word seems be formed in opposi-
to Con-, 00I-, com-, cor-. The Lat.
tion to dispendium, a spending, by the prep, cum, with, corresponding to Gr.
contrast between the particles con, to- tsvv, i,vv, takes in composition the fore-

gether, and dis, apart an abstinence


: going forms in accordance with the oi'-
from spending. Pendo, pensum, to weigh, ganic nature of the following consonant.
to pay. It signifies in general union or united
Compensate. compensare, to
Lat. action, and may be illustrated by Fin.
weigh together or one against the other. koko, gen. ko'on, a heap, the locative
Pendo, pensum, to weigh. cases of which are used in the sense of
Compete. — Competent. Lat. peto, the Lat. con, or E. together. Pane
to seek, to aim at, to go to a place ; com- kokoon or ko'olla, literally, put in a heap,
peto, to seek together for a thing, to com- collect ; tulewat kokoon or ko'olle, th«y
pete ; also to come or meet together, to come together.
be suitable, to have requisite strength. To Con. To learn,, to study, to take
Compile. Lat. compilo {con and pilo, notice of Ale-conner, an inspector of
to pillage See Pill, POlage), to spoil,
: ales. To con one thanks, Fr. savoir grd,
plunder, to bring together from different to feel thankful and to make the feeling
sources. known to the object of it.
Complacent. —
Complaisant. Lat. AS. cunnan, to know, cunnian, to in-
complaceo, Fr. complaire, -plaisant, to quire, search into, try. Gecunnian hwylc
please, delight, be obsequious to. heora swiftost hors hcefde, to try which of
Complexion. Lat. complexio, a com- them had the swiftest horse. He cunnode
bination, connection, physical constitu- tha mid his handa, he felt them with his
tion, applied in modern E. to the colour hand. Goth, ktmnan, to know ; ana-
of the skin, as marking a healthy or un- kunnan, to read gakunnan, to observe,
;

healthy constitution. Fr. complexion, the to read; kannjan, to make known. Sw.
making, temper, constitution of the body, kunna, to be able ; kunnig, known,
also the disposition, affection, humours knowing, skilful, cunning ; hanna, to
of the mind. Cot.— — know, to feel, to be sensible.
Complicity. Accomplice. Lat. Conceal. Lat. celo, Goth, huljan, OE.
complico, to fold or plait together ; com- to hele, hill, to cover, hide.
plex, Fr. cotnplice, one bound up with, a Concert. Agreement. According to
partner in crime. See -plic. Diez from C07icertare, to contend with,
To Comply. —Compliment. To com- but the explanation of Calvera, which he
ply is properly to fulfil, to act in accord- mentions, is more satisfactory. The Lat.
ance with the wishes of another, from has serere, to join together, interweave
Lat. complere, as supply, Fr. suppUer, (whence sertum, a wreath of flowers), and
from supplere. The It. has compiere, tropically to combine, compose, contrive.
complire, compire, to accomplish, com- The compound conserere is used much in
plete, also to use compliments, ceremo- same
sense, to unite together in ac-
the
nies, or kind offices and offers. Fl. The— conserere sermonem, to join in
tion ;

E. comply also was formerly used in the speech ; consertio, a joining together.
latter sense, as by Hamlet speaking of Hence It. conserto, duly wrought and
the ceremonious Osric. ' He did comply joined together, a harmonious consort, an
with his dug before he sucked it.' The agreement ; consertare, to concert or in-
addition of the preposition with is also terlace with proportion, to agree and
an It. idiom : compire con uno, to per- accord together, to sing, to tune or play

form one's duty by one ; col suo dovere, in consort. Fl. When the word conserto
to do one's duty ; alia promessa, to per- was thus applied to the accord of musical
form one's promise. Non posso co7npire instruments, it agreed so closely both in
con tutu alia volta, I cannot serve all at sense and sound with concejito, Lat. con-

a time. Altieri. Hence compimenti, centus {cantus, melody, song), harmony,
complimenti, obliging speeches, compli- harmonious music, that the two seem to
ments. have been confounded together, and con-
Comprehend. See -prehend. serto, borrowing the c of concento, became
Comrade. Fr. camerade, a chamber- concerto, whence the Fr. and E. concert.
ful, a company that belongs to one cham- In English again the word was con-
; ;

1 68 CONCILIATE CONSTABLE
founded with consort, from Lat. consors, -fessum, to acknowledge, avow, confess,
-sortis, partaking, sharing, a colleague, to manifest.
partner, comrade. Congeal. Lat. gelu, frost, severe cold
congelo, to become solidified by the action
Right hard it was for wight which did it hear

To read what manner musicit that mote be ;


of cold.
For all that pleasing was to living ear Conglomerate. Lat. globus (corre-
Was there consorted in one harmonee, sponding to E. dull), a ball, thick round
Birds, voices, instruments, winds, waters, all
body ; glomus, a ball of thread ; glomero,
agree. — F. Q. in R.
conglomero, to roll or heap up into a
Muta divioloni, a or consortset of viols. mass.
— Fl. Congruity. —Incongruous. Lat. con-
Conciliate, — Eeconcile. Lat. con- gruo, to come together, to happen at the
cilio,to full or thicken woollen cloth, same time, to accord ; congruus, suitable,
thence to bring together, to conjoin, to agreeing, fit.

procure. It seems to be the equivalent Conjugal. Lat. conjux, -pigis, a con-


of Gr. av/irnXooi, to felt, from TtlXos, wool, sort,husband or wife, properly perhaps
felt, as in so many other instances where a yoke-fellow, from jugum, a yoke but ;

p and c or k replace each other. ultimately irorajungo, to join.


Conclave. Lat. clavis, key conclave, ; Conjure. Lat. jurare, to swear; con-
an apartment under lock and key hence ; jurare, to combine together by an oath,
a party or council meeting and deliberat- but in the E. application to bind by
ing m such an apartment, or in guarded an oath, to call upon some one by the
privacy. most binding sanctions, hence (with the
Concord. Lat. cor, cordis, heart ; con- accent on the first syllable) to cdnjure, to
cordia, union of hearts, agreement, and use enchantments to exorcise the super-
fig. agreement of notes, harmony. natural powers, and ultimately to use
Concubine. Lat. concubina, from juggling tricks or sleight of hand.
concumbo, to lie down together. Cf. Gr. Connive. Lat. conniveo,' -nix-i, to
TrnpdKotrie, Clevel. laybeside. wink with the eyes, to- take no notice of;
Condign-. Lat. dignus, condigmis, nicto, to wink ; nicere marni, to beckon
fitting, worthy. with the hand. G. nicken, Du. knicken,
Condiment. Lat. condw,-zre,to season to nod, to wink. For the relation between
meat. nico or nicto and niveo comp. nix, nivis,
Condition. Lat. condo, conditum, to snow. The ultimate root is the repre-
set together, to lay up in store, to arrange, sentation of the sound of a snap or crack
dispose, establish ; conditio, the putting by the syllable knick, knip. G. knicken,
together, the nature, condition or cir- Du. knippen, to snap, crack. The term
cumstances of a thing. is then applied to any short sharp move-
Conduit. Fr. conduire, -duit, to con- ment. Met de oogen knippen, knipoogen,
duct, lead ; conduit, a watercourse, a to wink or twinkle with the eyes.
gutter or trench whereby water is led to Conqueror. Lat. qucerere, to seek,
a place. See -duce. conquirere, to seek for, to seek out, obtain
Cone. Lat. conus. Gr. kuvoq, a cone, by seeking. Fr. conquerir, to get, pur-
a spinning top, fir-cone, pine-tree, pitch. chase, acquire, and hence to get the vic-
Coney. Lat. cuniculus. It. coniglio, tory, to subdue, overcome.
Fr. conil, connin, Du. konijn, G. kungele, Consider. Lat. considere, to observe,
kunele (Kil.), kunigel, kuniglin (Dief), consider, reflect ; a figure, according to
ON. kuningr, w. cwfiing. The name is Festus, from the observation of (Lat.
said by Pliny and other writers to be siderd) the stars.
originally Spanish, and through the Latin Constable. The Master of the Horse,
it seems to have spread to the Germanic or great officer of the empire who had
and Celtic stocks. In several of the charge of the horses, was called comes
forms above cited the name seems to stabuli, the count of the stable, comesta-
signify king or little king, and thus was bilis, conestabilis, &c. To this officer, in
translated into Boh. kraljk, a prince or the kingdoms which sprang up out of the
little king, also a rabbit or coney. See ruins of the empire, fell the command of
Dief Orig. Eur. 308. the army and the cognisance of military
Confection. Lat. conficio, -fectnm, to matters. Regalium praspositus equo-
'

get together, compose, prepare, work rum, quem vulgo Comistabilem vocant.'
confectio, a preparation. —Armoin in Due. '
Comitem stabuli
Confess. Lat. /ateor,/assHm, confiteor. sui quem corrupte constabulum appella-
; —

CONSTANT CONVEY 169

mus.' — Greg. Turon. in Due. Coram


' Contrive. Fr. trouver, to find, invent,
comite Herefordiensi,qui secundum anti- light on, meet with, get, devise ; cotv-
quum jus constabularius esse dignoscitur trouver, to forge, devise, invent out of
regii exercitus.' — Math. Westm. in Due. his own brain. Cot. —
The term was then applied to the com- Thre fals men togidere
mander of a fortress or any detached Thise thre ageyn Edward made a compasse-
'
ment
body of troops, and in this sense the title controueyng gaf thei jugement.
Of that fals
still remains in the Constable of the R. Brunne 255.
Tower, the Constable of Chester Castle.
It.trovare, to find, invent, or seek
The Constable then became the officer
who commanded in any district on behalf out. According to Diez from turbare,
of the king. ' In villis vero vel urbibus to disturb, to turn over in searching

vel castellis quas regis subsunt dominio, through, supporting his theory by the
in quibus constabularii ad tempus sta- OPtg. /rowar^ ^
turbare ; Neap, stru-
tuuntur.' —Coneil. Turon. A. D. 1 163 in vare = disturbare ; controvare = eontur-
Due. bare. But the G. treffen, to hit, to reach,
Thus in England the term finally set- to come to, comes very near the notion
tleddown as the designation of the petty of lighting on. Jemanden treffen, to
officer who had the charge of the king's
meet with or find one. Compare Sw.
hitta, to hit on, find, discover, contrive.
peace in a separate parish or hamlet.
Constant. Lat. consto, to stand to- Ne 's eschacent ne 's emoevent
gether, stand firmly, to remain, endure. Mais od les branz nuz s entretrcrvent.

Consternation. Lat. sterno, stratum, Benoit. Cbron. Norm. 2. 5335.

to scatter, strew, throw to the ground —they strike each other with naked blades.
constemo, to throw down, and fig. to Control. Fr. contrerolle, the copy of
terrify. a roll of accounts, &c. Contreroller, to
Constipation. Lat. constipatio {coji
. keep a copy of a roU of accounts. Cot. —
and stipo, to cram, pack closely, Gr. Hence to cheek the accounts of an
ariipoi), a crowding or pressing together. officer, to overlook, superintend, regulate.

Construe. Construct. See Structure. Controversy. —
Controvert. Lat.
Consult. Lat. consulo, -sultum, to de- verto, uersum, to turn ; verso, to turn
liberate, take advice. about ; versor, to be occupied about a
Contact. —Contagion. — Contiguous. thing controversor, to litigate, contend,
—Contingent. See Tact, -tag.
;

dispute.
Contaminate. Lat. contatnino, to Contumacy. Lat. contumax, obstinate,
make foul, pollute, stain. unyielding.
Contemn. —
Contempt. Lat temno, Contumely. Lat. contumelia, mis-
contemno, to despise. usage, insult, affront. Supposed to be
Contemplate. Lat. contemplor (perf. connected with te?mio, to despise.
p. contemplatus), to survey, behold or —
Convent.. Conventicle. Lat. con-
gaze at steadily. ve?itiis, a coming together, meeting, as-
Contest. Lat. testis, a witness ; con- sembly. See -vene. In M.Lat. the term
testor, to call to witness ; contestari litem. was applied to the church or meeting-
It. contestare una lite, to bring a cause place of the faithful, while the contempt-
before the judge for his decision on the uous name of conventictilum was given
evidence, to commence the pleading to the assemblies of heretics. Conveiitiis
thence It. contestare, to wrangle. Thus was also applied to the council-chamber
the verb to contest is older than the noun. or meeting-place in a monastery, or to
— —
Contra-. Contrary. Counter. Lat. the college or body of monks.
contra, Fr. centre, against, in opposition Ut greges dudm Coenobiorum permitterent
to. Passing through Fr. into E. the word adunari Deique ad laudem sub uno Abbate
became counter, frequently used in com- —
unum conventom effici. Ord. Vital, in Due.
position. Hence Fr. encontrer, rencon- The term has finally come to signify a
trer, to meet, to encounter. Rencontre, a house of nuns.
meeting, a rencounter. Convex. Lat. convexus, vaulted,
Contrast. Fr. contraste, withstand- arched over, also hollow. From veho,
ing, strife, contention. —
Cot. It. con- vexu77t, to catry how the sense
; but is
trastare, to stand opposite, to withstand, attained made out.
is not well
contest, wrangle contrasto, contrastanza,
;
Convey.— Convoy. The tendency to
an opposing, contention. From contra, a thin or a broad pronunciation of the
against, and stare, to stand. vowels prevailing in different dialects of
; ; ;;

I70 CONVIVIAL COP


Fr. converted Lat. via into veie (Chron. bind casks. To coop is to pen or confine
Norm. L. des Rois), or voie, way and
; ; in a narrow space. The OE. cub, to con-
the same variation is found in enveier, fine, seems a different form of the same
envoyer, It. inviare, to set in the right root.

way, to send unto Fl., and in conveier, Art thou of Bethlehem's noble college free
conveyer, It. conviare, to make way with, Stark staring mad that thou wouldst tempt the
to conduct. Del ciel enveiad! ' Tut li
' sea
poples de Juda out li rei conveied.' L. — Cubbed in a cabin, on a mattress laid.
Dryden in R.
des Rois. From the thin Norman pro-
nunciation was formed E. convey, while Pl.D. bekubbelt is used in tlie same
convoy has been borrowed from a more sense, confined, pressed for room. Sp.
recent state of the Fr. language. encubar, to put a criminal into a tub by
No doubt a reference to Lat. convehere way of punishment. W. cwb, a hut, pen
has affected some applications of convey, or cote ; cwb-iar, a hen-coop cwb-ci, a.
;

as when a carriage is called a convey- dog-kennel ; cwb-colomen, a dove-cote.


ance. Dan. kube, a hive kove, a hut, hovel
;

Convivial. Lat. vivo, to live con-


; torve-kube, iorve-kove, a turf-shed. as.
vivo, to eat or live with ; conviva, a cofa, Sw. kofwa, a chamber. Holstein
guest, convivium, a feast. kuuve, a bed of poor people, a cot; Pl.D.
Coo. Imitative of the noise of doves, kave, kaven, a small enclosed place, a
formerly written crooj Du. korren, kir- pen, kalver-kaven, swiene-kaven, a calf
ren, ON. kurra, Fr. roucouler, to croo or swine-pen. G. koben, a hollow re-
like a dove. —
Cot. To croo, crook, or pository, a chamber schweins-koben, a
;


mourn as a dove. Fl. Mod.Gr. kovkov- hog-stye ; kobel, a cote, cot tauben-
;

kobel, a dove-cote ;siech-kobel, a hovel


Cook. Lat. coquus, a cook ; coquere, for lepers. Probably cabin must be
to cook, to prepare by fire. The primi- reckoned in the same class of words.
tive sense seems, however, to be to boil, The radical idea seems that of bending
from an imitation of the noise of boil- round. Gael. cM, crouch, stoop, shrink,
ing water. G. kocken, to boil ; das blttt ciibach, bent, hollowed ; ciiba, a bed cilb, ;

kocht in seinen adern, the blood boils in a bending of the body, a pannier. As the
his veins. Fin. kuohua, kuohata, to foam, liquid is exceedingly movable in words
bubble, boil, swell ; kuohina, the boiling beginning with cr, cl, cr, &c., it is pro-
as of a cataract or of the waves. Mod. bable that the Gael, ciib must be con-
Gr. (tox^ajw, to boil, boil with a noise, nected with criib, to squat, crouch, crilb,
bubble. Esthon. kohhisema, rauschen, a claw, critbach, a hook, a crooked
brausen, to murmur, roar. Galla koka, woman, cnip, to contract, shrink, crouch,
to boil, to cook. —
Tutschek. The sound &c. Thus ctibbed in a cabin ' would
'

of tattling is constantly represented by be radically identical with Shakespeare's


the same syllables as the noise of agitated '
cribbed, cabined, and confined.'
water. Hence we may compare Pl.D. Coot. A water-fowl, called also a
kdkeln, to chatter or cackle, or kikel kakel! —
moor-hen. B. The two are often con-
for the sound of chatter, with kaken, to founded, and in the moor-hen the short
boil. white tail bobbing up and down, with a
Cool. ON. kul, kula, a cold blast ; motion like that of the tail of a rabbit, is
kula, to blow, to be cold ; kulbord, the a very conspicuous object. Now as the
windward side of the ship kulldi, cold ;
; latter animal is from this cause called
at kala, to blow cold, to suffer from cold bunny, from Gael, bun, a stump, it is
kaldi, cold. OHG. cJmoli, G. kiihl. See probable that the name of the coot is
Cold. also taken from the tail.
Coomb. A
half quarter, or measure w. cwt, a. little piece, a short tail
of four bushels. Fr. comble, heaped cwia, cwtog, bobtailed, ctut-iar (iar =:
measure. Or is it from the Du. kom, a hen), bobtailed hen, a coot or water-hen.
trough, a chest, deep dish ? Cop. w. cop, coppa, the top of any-

Coop. Cooper.— Cub. Lat. ciipa, Sp. thing, cro^vn of the head ; coppog, crested
Cuba, Fr. cuve, Du. kuype, a tub, cask. coppyn, a small tuft or crest. Du. kop,
Sp. cubero, a cooper. The Sp. cuba is the head. Wall, topett, top.
also a hen-coop. It. cuba, a couch, bed, The expression for a knob, bunch, or
coop or pen for poultry. Du. kuype der projection, is very often taken from the
stad, the circuit of the town, the space designation of a blow (see Boss), and the
confined within the walls ; kuypen, to .
two senses are often united in the root
— ;

COPE CORK 171

kop. Magy. kop, sonus pulsu editus ;


Coquette. Fr. coqueter, a cock to call
kopogni, to stamp or clatter with the his hens, or to cluck as a cock among
feet kophal (hal
; =
fish), gobio, the bull- hens ; to swagger or strowt it as a cock
head, a fish with a large head Fin. kop- ; among hens ; coquette, one who lays her-
pata, to tap kopsia, to knock, beat,
; self out for the admiration of the male
smack kopina, the noise of a blow ; w.
; sex, as the cock does for the female.
cobio, to thump cob, a thump, also a top
; Cor-. See Con-.
or tuft ; cobyn, a tuft, bunch, cluster ;
Corbel. — Corbet. A
shouldering piece
Cat. cop, a blow Sp. copa, the boss of a
; or jutting out in walls to bear up a post,
bridle ; copo, bunch of ftax on a distaff; —
summer, &c. B. From being made in
copete, tuft, top, summit. the shape of a basket. Fr. corbeau. It.
Cope. It. cappa, Sp. capa, Fr. chdpe, corva, corbella, a corbel, and also a
basket.
Sw. kapa, G. kappe, a cape, cloak, cope
or priest's vestment. In a met. sense, the Cord. Lat. chorda, Gr. x°9^^^ &ut,
cope of heaven. It. la cappa del cielo, Fr. then the string of a musical instrument,
la chappe du del, Du. hulle or kappe des because made of gut. In E. applied to
kernels (kulle, caphium, velamen mulie- strings made of any other material.
bre), is the arch or vault of heaven. Du. -cord. — Cordial. Hearty, good for
iap, kappe, a cap, hood, summit of a the heart. Lat. cor, cordis, the heart.
building. G. kappe also is specially ap- From the heart taken as the seat of
plied to the vault of an oven, the roof of the affections and the mind are Lat. Con-
a gallery in mining. Sp. copa, crown of cordia, discordia, concord, discord ; M.
a hat, roof or vault of an oven. The Lat. accordare, to accord or cause to be
coping of a wall is a layer of tiles project- of one mind. Fr. recorder, to call to mind,
ing over the top and sheltering the wall. to remember.
To cope, jut or lean out, forjecter. Sher- — Cordovan. — Cordwainer. Fr. cordo-
wood. van, originally from Cordova.
leather
To Cope. To
encounter, meet in bat- Cordouanier (a worker in Cordovan
tle, strive for the mastery. leather), a shoemaker. Cot. —
So kene thei acuntred at the coupyng togadre. Core. The core of an apple. Fr.
William & Werwolf, 3602.
Ageyn hym came Johan, sone of the Duke of
cceur, heart, also the core of fruit. Cot. —
Brennes, and coped togyder so fyersly that they Sp. corazon,
the heart ; corazon de una

brake theyr speres. Paris and Vienna (Rox- pera, manzana, the core of a pear, apple.
burgh Lib.), p. 18.
So Esthon. sudda, the heart, the core of
OFr. colp, cop, a. blow ; chopper, to strike
an apple. Fin. sydan, the heart, what-
or knock against.
Copesman. —Copesinate. To cope,
ever is in the middle, the wick of a can-

to barter or truck. B. —
Copeman, a
dle, pith ofa tree, kernel of a nut, &c.
Cork. Sp. corcho, from Lat. cortex,
customer copesmate, a partner in mer-
;
as Sp. pancho, paunch, from pantex. It
chandise, companion. Du. koop, chaffer,
is possible however that the word may
exchange ; koop-man, a merchant. See
be connected with Lat. cortex, and yet
Chop.
not be direct from a Lat. source. The
Copious. Lat. copia, plenty.
root cor is widely spread in the Slavonic
Copper. Lat. cuprum. G. kupfer.
and Fin. class of languages in the sense
Copperas. Fr. couperose, It. copparosa,
of rind, skin, shell, uniting the Lat.
from Lat. cupri rosa, Gr. xaXnavQov, the
corium, skin, with cortex, bark. Fin.
flower of copper rose for flower.;


Coppice. Copse. OFr. copeiz,copeau,
kuori, bark, shell, crust, cream
karr, bark, shell, karra, hard, rough
Lap. ;

wood newly cut coppuis, right of cutting Esthon. koor, rind, shell,
;
;

bark, cream
the waste branches of trees. Roquef —
crust. Magy. korik, kereg, rind, crust,
From couper, to cut. What we call cop-
bark ; kereg-dugd {dug6-=z stopper), a
pice or copse is in Fr. bois taillis. Gr.
stopper of bark, a cork ; kereg-fa, a "cork
Koirahg, arbores caeduse Hesychius in — tree, kirges, barky, hard. Bohem. kura,
Junius, from kowtw, to cut.
Copy. Lat. abundance, and
copia, kurka, bark, crust Pol. kora, bark of a
;

tropically, means, opportunity of doing tree ; korek, koreczek, cork, korek-z-kory


anything. Copiam exscribendi facere, to (a stopper of bark), a cork ; —
drewniany,
give the means of writing out a docu- a stopper of wood, szklanny, of glass ;
ment, of taking a copy, whence copia Russ. korka, the rind of fruits, crust of
came to be used in the sense of copy. bread, cork.
— ——

172 CORMORANT CORSNED


Cormorant. Fr. cormorant, corbeau assumption of body ; corpulentus,
ratio, a\i.
de mer, It. corvo marino, agreeing with gross or bulky of body.
Bret, morvran, from mor, sea, and bran, Corps. Corpse.— Corse. —
Corset. —
a crow. Corselet. Lat. corpus, It. corpo, Fr.
Corn. Goth, kaurn, corn kaurno, a ; corps, OFr. cors, body. Hence corps, a
grain. OHG. kemo ; MG. kerne; ON. body of troops ; corpse, corse, a dead
kiarni; Du. keerne, a grain, kernel. body ; It. corpicello, corparello (FL), Fr.
Bohem. srno, Pol. ziarno, a grain. corset, a little body, also a pair of bodies
Cornelian. Fr. cornaline. It. coma- for a woman ; It. corsaleito, corse tto, a
lino. A
flesh-coloured stone easy to be corselet, or armour for the body. So G.

engraved upon. Cot. Yx<m\.cornu, horn, leib, body; leibchen, little body, a woman's
bodice.
because of the colour of the finger-nail.
For the same reason it is in Gr. called Corridor. Fr. corridor, a passage, It.
om%, the nail. Diez. —
Others derive it corridore, a runner, a long gallery, ter-
from carneus, because flesh-coloured. race, walk, upper deck of a ship. Fl. —
But the true derivation is probably from See Courier.
the semi-transparency of the stone resem- Corrody. Money or provisions due to
bling horn. G. komstein, cornelian, the king as founder from a religious
chalcedony, agate. house, for the maintenance of one that he
Corner. Lat. cornu, Fr. come, a horn, appoints for that purpose. Mid.Lat. con-
whence corniire, a corner. Comp. ON. redium, corredum, conradium, corrodiuiii,
horn, signifying both horn and corner. &c. ' Quicquid ad alimentum ad men-
sam datur prsebenda monachi vel ca-
L'une des com^res leva
Et I'autre k sa fille bailla. nonici.' —Due. ;

It. corredare, to fit out,

Fab. et Contes, 2, 85. furnish, set forth. See Array.


Corsair. It. corsaro, corsale, a pirate.
Cornet. A musical instrument. Fr. From Sp. corsa, corso, a cruise or course
cornet,from come, horn. Also the stand-
ard of a troop of horse, or the officer who
at sea ; Lat. cursus. Diez. —
But the
Mod.Gr. has Kovpaov, currency, to novprnv
bore it, corresponding to an ensign of Ttjjv lyQpuiv, prey ; Kovptrevu), to plunder,
foot. It. cornetta, that ensign which is
rob, act the pirate ; KovpaapriQ, KovpatvTiJ!;,
carried by lancers on horseback. Fl. — a robber, pirate.
Fr. cornette, a cornet of horse, and the Corselet. See Corps.
ensign of a horse company. Cot. — Corsned. A piece of ordeal bread, by
Cornice. It. cornice, Fr. corniche, eating which a person accused of crime
Wal. coronise. Gr. xopdivri, Kopavig, a was allowed to clear himself in certain
summit, finish, or completion of any- cases. A prayer was uttered over the
thing ; KopoiviSa
iiriTiOivai, to put the morsel to be eaten that it might choke
finishing stroke to a thing. The Gr. the person accused if guilty, and the
Kopuivie and Lat. corona (and in all proba- curse was solemnised by marking the
bility also coronis) were also used in the corsned with the sign of the cross. Thus
sense of a cornice, or projection at the the word may be explained from as. snced,
top of the wall of a building, ro TtKivraiov bit, morsel, ON. snad, food, as signifying
Trig o'lKoSoiiiig imOtiia. —
Hesych. As the either the morsel of the curse or execra-
Gr. Kopdjvri also signified a crown, the tion, or as the crossed morsel. Da. korse,
sense of a summit or completion may to mark with the sign of the cross. A
arise from the notion of crowning, as we ci^rse is an imprecation sanctioned by the
say a crowning grace,' or as in the ex-
'
sign of the cross. When Earl Godwin
pression Finis coronat opus. was suspected of the murder of the king's
Coroner. Coronet. — Lat. corona, a brother he proposed to clear himself by
crown. Coronator, the Coroner, was the the corsned, and is represented by Phi-
official whose special duty was to look
lippe Mouskes as saying to the king
after the rights of the crown in a district.
Bien sai que vous me mescr^es
'Judex coron<E,c^i vulgo dicitur Coroner.' De vo frere ki fu tu^s,
— Will. Thorn in Due. A.D. 1367. Mais trestout aussi voirement
Corporal. It. capo, head caporale,; Puisse jou manger sainement
caporano, a corporal of a band of men, a Cest morsel de pain que je tieng,
chief man or commander Fl. — Fr. capo-;
Que par efort, ne par engien
N'eue coupe en la mort vo frere
ral, Rouchi coporal, corporal, a corporal.
Corporal. — Corporation. — Corpu- Lors saina It rois le morsiel.

lent. Lat. corpus, -ports, body ; corpo- After Godwin's imprecation the king
——

CORVETTE COT 173

signed the cross on the morsel, and the Cot. — Cottage. Fin. koti, a dwelling-
guilty Godwin was accordingly choked. ; kota, a poor house, cottage,
place, house
In the account of the same transaction in kitchen ; koti-ma {>na land), country. =
the Roman de Rou the signing of the Esthon. koddo, house.
cross on the corsned is also specially Cot, 2.— Cote. Probably cote, a pen
mentioned. or shelter for animals, may be identical
with cot in the last sense. have We
je sai bien qu'il s'estrangla
sheep-cote, dove-cote j Du. duive-kot, hoen-
D'un morsel que le Roi selgna,
A Odihan ou il manja. kot, honde-kot, a dove-, hen-, dog-cote. In
this language kot is widely used in the
Ina Gl. of the time of Edw. III. corsned\s sense of hollow receptacle ; kot, tugu-
rendered panis conjuratus, the bread of rium, cavum, latibulum, caverna, locula-
exorcism or execration. mentum, locus excavatus. De leden wt '

The word is explained by Grimm as dekote doen,' to put limbs out of joint.
the morsel of trial or of judgment, from Kil. W. cwt, a cot, hovel, sty. Cwtt, a
OHG. kiusan, to try, discern, judge, cottage, cwtt moch, a hog-sty. Richards. —
whence koron, koren, to try, kuri, MHG. Cot, 3. The primary sense of the
kiir^ AS. eyre, trial, judgment, choice. nearly obsolete cot is a matted lock. G.
Fris. korbita, corsned. zote, a cot, a lock of hair or wool clung
Corvette. Lat. eorbita, a. large ship together. —
Ludwig. Cot-gare, refuse wool
for traffic, Sp. corbeta, Pg. corveta, Fr. so clotted together that it cannot well be
corvette. pulled asunder cottum, cat or dog-wool
— Cosmogony. — Cosmo-
;

Cosmetic. (properly cot or dag-woof) of which cotts


politan. Gr. KoafiriTiKog, skilled in the or coarse blankets were formerly made.
art of adornment, from icoff/ilw, to array, Bailey. Cotted, cottered, cotty, matted,
decorate, adorn. Koir^oe, order, arrange- entangled. —Hal. Lang, coutou, flock
ment, the universe ; Koajioyovia, the world's (bourre), wool, cotton; cozitis, matted;
origin ; KoanoiroXiTtiQ, a citizen of the coutisses, dag-locks, the tail-wool of sheep.
world. — Cousini^.
Cosset. A lamb brought up by hand, The term is then applied to a fleece,
a pet. It. casiccio, a tamq lamb bred by mat, rug of shaggy materials, to a cover-
hand —Fl.,from casa, house, as in Suffolk, ing or loose garment made of such mate-
cot-lamb. Wal. cosset, a sucking pig, is rials, to an inartificial sleeping-place,
probably unconnected. where a rug or mat may be laid down for
Cost. Lat. constare, Fr. couster, couter, that purpose.
to stand one in, to cost. Wall, cote, sheepskin, fleece ; E. dial.
Costive. Fr. constipd, constipated, cot, a fleece of wool matted together in
bound in the belly ; Lat. constipare, from its growth, a door-mat made of a cotted
stipare, to cram, to stuff. It. costipativo, fleece.^ —Baker. G. kotze, a rough, shaggy
having a tendency to constipate, whence covering, a shaggy overcoat worn by pea-
by contraction costive. sants ; kotzet, cotted, shaggy. ^Adelung. —
Costume. See Custom. Fin. kaatu, a rough coverlet of sheep-

Cosy. To Cose. Cosie, snug, warm, skins.. The Mid. Lat. cottus, cotta, cottum
comfortable ; cosh, quiet, snug, intimate. were used in both senses, of a rug or
They are sitting vexy cosh: i.e. close to coarse woollen mat used by the monks as

each other. ^Jam. To cose, to converse
with famiharity.— Hal. A
cose in fami-
bedding, and of the single garment, made
of similar material, covering the whole
liar speech is a private and sociable body. 'Accipit incola cells ad lectum
conversation. G. kosen, to chat, talk con- paleam, filtrum,si possit haberi, sin au-
fidentially. '
So kosten sie die nacht tem (but if not), pro eo pannum grossum
entlang.' Gekose, koserei, chat, tattle. simplicem non duplicatum, pulvinar,
The primary signification of the word cotum vel coopertorium de grossis ovium
seems to be the sound of whispering, and pellibus et panno grosso coopertum.'
it is applied in mhg. to the murmuring Stat. Cartus. in Due. Rugs of the fore-
of water. Horte man da kosen diu waz- going description were either to lie on or
zer unde runen. —
Benecke. Sc. cushle- to serve as coverings. '
Nee jaceant
mushle, low whispering conversation, super cotos.'Super cotos in lecto quies-
'

muttering. Jam.— Couster, which is


sometimes used in the sense of chat or
cere.' 'Tunc, ait, ille es qui sub cotto

quotidie completorium insusurras ? '

cose, may be compared with whister, Due.


whisper. See Cuddle. A cot, a sleeping-place in a ship, is
174 COTERIE COUNTERPANE
properly a mat, then the place where a That lying cut — Gammer Gurton,
is lost. v. z.

mat is laid for sleeping. In cotquean the element signifying wo-


The Mid.Lat. cotta, coitus, explained man is repeated, as so often happens
by Ducange, tunica clericis propria, cor- when the original form of the word has
responds to G. ktitte, the cowl or hood, the lost its significance.
distinctive part of a friar's dress. It is Cotton. Sp. algodon, Arab. gcCton,
probable that the derivation of the word alqo'ton. The meaning would
exactly
coat, in which all reference to the nature agree with that of E. cot, a lock or flock.
of the material is lost, must be traced to Lang, coutou, wool,flock, cotton. Noppe
the same origin. We
have above seen of wool or cloth, coton de tapis. Palsgr. —
the same word {kotze) applied to a rough Couch.. Fr. coucher, OFr. culcher, to
overcoat. And it is probable that the lay down It. colcare, from Lat. collocare,
;

MidX.3.t. Jlocus,Jloccus,froccus, the frock con and locare, to lay. Sole collocato, au
of the monk, is in like manner derived soleilcouchd —
Lex Salica. Menage.
itarcifloccus, a flock of wool, referring to Cowchyn, or leyne things together, col-
the shaggy material of which the frock loco. — Pr. Pm.
was made. So also from Fin. takku, To Cough. Imitative of the noise.
villusanimalium defluus, maxime impli- Du. kuch, a cough ; kuchen, to pant, to
catus vel concretus, a cot or dag (whence
takkuinen, cotted, matted, takku-willa,
cough. — Kil. Fin. kohkia, kohhia, to
hawk, to pough, rauce tussio, screo.
dag-wool), comes takki, an overcoat, per-
haps explaining the origin of the Roman Esthon. kohhima, to cough ; kohhatama,
toga. koggisema, to hawk up phlegm.
In the original signification of a matted Coulter. Lat. culter, a ploughshare,
lock cot is related on the one side to clot, a knife. Fr. coultre, a coulter. Lat. cul-
and on the other to the Sc. tot, tait, G. tellus, a knife. This would look as if to
zote. Fin. tutti, Sw. totte, a bunch of cut were the primary meaning of colere,
flax, wool, or fibrous material. We have to till.

seen under Catch examples of the equiva- Council. Lat. concilium, an assembly
lence of forms beginning with cl and a or meeting of persons, explained as origin-
simple c respectively. And the Fr. motte, ally signifying a pressing together, from
matte, a clot or clod, is identical with E. the source indicated under Conciliate.
mat, an entangled mass of fibre, the Corpora sunt porropartim primordia rerum,
primitive idea being simply a lump. The Partim concilia quae constant principiorum.
Lap. tuogge, a tangled mat of hair, is Lucret.
also applied to the lumps of paste in soup — the pressing together of elements.
^by
or gruel. Counsel. Lat. consilium, Fr. conseil
It should be observed that the Sc. (probably from consulo, to deliberate, take
toitis is used, like G. kotze, for a coarse advice), advice, deliberation.
shaggy material. Count. Fr. comte, from comes, comitis,
Na dentie geir the Doctor seiks a companion ; the name given to the

Of toitis russet his riding breiks. -Jam. great officers of state under the Frankish
i

kings.
Coterie. From Lat. quotus, what in To Count. Fr. compter, to reckon,
number, how many, are formed. It. quota, calculate. Lat. computare; con and/«-
Pr. cota, Fr. cote, a quota or contribu- tare, to think.
tion ; cotiser, to assess the contribution of Countenance. Fr. contenance, the
one ; coterie, an assembly, properly a club behaviour, carriage, presence, or composi-
where each pays his part. tion of the whole body. Cot. Lat. con- —

Cotquean. Q,uotquean. An effemi- tinere, to hold together.
nate man, man interfering in women's Counter-. See Contra-.
concerns. Du. kutte. Fin. kutta, kuttu, Counter. Fr. comptoir, a counter, or
the distinctive feature of a woman, thence table to cast accounts. Cot. —
as a term of abuse for a feeble, womanly Counterpane. Quilt, w. cylch, a —
man. In like manner Bav. fud, of the hoop, circle cylched, a bound, circum-
;

same original sense, is used in vulgar lan- ference, rampart, what goes round about
guage 'for a woman, and contemptuously, or enwraps, bed-clothes, curtains. Gwely
as Gr. fvvvii, for a womanish man. E. a' i gylchedau, a bed and its furniture.
cot, cote, a man that busies himself in the Gael, coilce, a bed, bed-clothes ; coilce-
affairs of the kitchen. —
Bailey. Cut was adha, bed materials, as feathers, straw,
also a term of abuse for a woman. heath. Bret, golched, a feather-bed,

COUNTRY COVE 17s


chaff-bed. Hence the Lat. culcita, ori-
ginally probably a wadded wrapper, but

dine faciant. Varro in Ihre, v. gard.
Allied with a numerous class of words
applied in Lat. to a mattress, and avow- signifying enclosure. Russ. gorod, a
edly borrowed from the Gauls. town, gorodnya, a palisade, gorod'ba, an
Sicut in culcitris praecipuam gloriam Cadurci enclosure. Pol. grod, a town, grodz, en-
obtinent, Galliarum hoc et tomenta pariter in- closure, grodzki, belonging to a court

ventum. Pliny. Bohem. hrad, a fortress, castle hradba,
;

The Du. kulckt, Sp. colcedra, colcha, enclosure; hraditi, to enclose, fortify.
It. coltre, Fr. coultre, coulte, mark the Lat. hortus; Sw. gard, a yard, court,
passage to the E. quilt. estate, house ; E. yard. Magy. kert, a
When the stitches of the quilt came to garden, kertelni, keritni, to enclose ; ke-
be arranged in patterns for ornament it ritek, kertelet, a hedge. Fin. kartano, a
was called culcita puncta. court, yard, farm. .<

Estque toral lecto quod supra ponitur alto


Cousin. Fr. cousin; It. cuginoj
Omatus causa, quod dicunt culcita puncta. Lat. consoirinus,-viheTice Grisons cusdrin,
Due. cusrinj Sp. sobrino. Diez. —
Nullus ferat secum in vikpuncta-m culcitram Cove. Anook, a sheltered harbour.
ad jacendum nisi is cui in capitulo concessum In secretis recessibus is translated by
fuerit. — Ibid. Holland, in secret coves or nooks. Rich. —
The relations of this word lead us in such
This in Fr. became coulte-pointe, coute-
a variety of directions that it is exceed-
pointe, courte-pointe, and with that in-
ingly difficult to make up our minds as to
stinctive striving after meaning, which is
the original source of the signification.
so often the source of corruption in lan-
Lat. cavus, hollow, Sp. cueva, a cave or
guage, contre-pointe, as if from the op-
grot, cellar, den of wild beasts, &c. Ptg.
posite pits made by the stitches on either
Vetu d'une
cova, a hole, ditch, pit —
dos olhos, eye-
;
side of the quilt or mattress.
robe contrepoint^e comme un malade.
hole ;

na barba, a dimple ; covil, a den
of wild beasts, a lurking-hole, covo, a coop
Rev. des Deux Mondes, Feb. 15, i86o.
for chickens. It. covare, to squat, brood,
Hence finally the E. counterpane.
Country.
sit upon eggs, cova, covo, a den, covale,
Fr. contrde, It. contrada
covaccio, a hatching nest, squatting form,
{contra-ata), the district which lies oppo-
lurking-hole ; covile, coviglio, a kennel,
site you, as G. gegend, a situation, Mid.G.
sty, lurking-place, covigliare, to lurk or
gegenote, from gegen, opposite. —
Diez.
get into some secret place for shelter.
Muratori suggests the Lat. conterraneus,
Looking at the latter forms we should be
a person of the same country, for which
inclined to refer the word to the Lat.
in Mid. Lat. was used conterratus. Occi-
cubare, to lie, Gael, ctlb, to crouch, stoop,
sus est Michael sub castello Mutute ab
ipsis conterratis. —
Chron. a.d. 1040. Et
bend, lie down, whence ciiba, a bed, cicba-
chuil, Lat. cubiculum, a bed-chamber,
omnes conterrati dispersi sunt id est
cubile, a resting-place, a lair of animals,
;

(says Muratori) cives ejusdem terrae.


identical with the It. covile, coviglia.
Couple. Lat. copula, a tie, a rope ;
copulo, to tie or join together.
The idea of cooping or confining may
It. cappio,
a noose, snare, halter. be united with that of lying down, if we
suppose that the primitive image expressed
Courage. Fr. courage j It. coraggio,
from Lat. cor, the heart.
by the Lat. cubare, to lie down, is the act
Courier. —Course. course. Lat.
of curling oneself up for warmth in going
to sleep. Compare Lap. krukahet, to lie
curro, cursum. It. correre, Fr. courir, to
run ; It. corriere, Fr. courier, a runner,
down on the ground without a bed, with
E. crook. Gael, ctib, a bending of the
one sent on messages. Lat. cursus, a
body, ciibach, bent, hollowed. Lat. cubi-
running, journey, course. Discurro, to
tuin, the elbow or bending of the arm.
run to and fro, to speak of a thing ; dis-
In the Finnish and Slavonic languages
cursus, conversation, discourse ; concur-
sus, a running together, concourse. In we have Lap. kappe, kape, hollow, a ca-
other cases the Lat. vowel remains un- vern, ditch ; kappet, to hollow out ; Russ.
altered, as in Incursion, Excursion. kopat, to dig, to hollow ; Fin. kopio,
Court. Fr. cour, It. corte, Lat. cohors, sounding as an empty vessel, empty,
chors, cors, cortis, a cattle-yard, enclosed hollow ; kop>pa, anything hollow or vault-
place. Cortes sunt villarum intra mace- ed ; kopano, a hollow trunk of a tree ;
riem spatia. Nonius.— Portant secum kopero, koparet, a receptacle for small
crates et retia quibus cohortes in soUtu- things, trench for keeping turnips ; ko-
;

176 COVENANT COWL


pera, kotveya, hollowed, concave, curved, which was familiarly termed couard, the
crooked. bobtailed. If eny [of your hounds]
'

If the whole of these words are radi- fynde of hym [the hare], where he hath
cally connected, the train of thought ben, Rycher or Bemond, ye shall say,
must begin with the sound characteristic oiez k Bemond le vayllaunt, que quide
of a hollow object, whence the idea of trovere le coward, ou le court cow.' Le —
empty, hollow, concave, crooked, making Venery de Twety in ReliquicE Antiquae, p.
crooked, curling oneself up, lying down. 153. Kuwaerd, lepus, vulgo cuardus ;

Covenant. Lat. conventiis, conventio ignavus, imbellis, timidus. Kil. — The


(from convenire, to come together, to timidity of the hare is proverbial :

agree), an assembly, compact, covenant. Myd word he threteneth muche, and lute dethe
Fr. convenir, to assemble, befit, accord in dede,
with convenant, fit, comely, agreeing Hys mouth ys as a leon, hys herie arne as an
;

with, and as a subst. an agreement, con- flare. — R.G. 457.


tract. The n has been lost in E. cove- If some such desperate hackster shall devise
nant, as in OE. covent for convent j Co-
To rouse thy haris heart from her cowardice.
Bp. Hall in R.
vent-garden.
Cover. Fr. couvrir. It. coprire, Lat. Some have thought that the name is
cooperire; conand operire, to cover. taken from the figure of a terrified dog
Coverlet. Fr. couvre-lit, a bed-cover. with his tail between his legs, as in
Covet. Fr. convoiter, by a false ety- Heraldry a lion so depicted was termed a
mology, as if compounded with the pre- lion couard. But it does not appear that
position con. The real derivation is the putting his tail between his legs is a sign
Lat. cupidus, whence Prov. cobeitos, cubi- of fear in the case of a lion.
tos, cobes, covetous cupiditat, cobeitat,
; In the original text I was led to explain
covetousness ; cobeitar, czibitar, to covet. the word as signifying a tailer, one who
— Diez. draws to the rear, shrinks backward :

Covey. A brood of partridges. Fr. Quand de Narcissus me souvint


couve'e, from couver, It. covare, to hatch, A qui mallement mesadvint,
brood, covey, squat or sit upon covata,
;
Ly comnienpay 4 couarder.— ^R. R. 1525.
a brood or covey. — Fl. Lat. cubo, to lie, In Chaucer's translation,
incubo, to hatch. I gan anon withdrawe me.
Covin. A deceitful agreement between

two to the prejudice of a third. B. Lat. Lap. murlet, to go backwards,
timid, to fear.
to be
convenire, to agree. Lang, couvinen,
covinen, convention, agreement, plot ; To Cower. G. kauern, kauren, to

far covinens, to concert, to plot. See squat, sit close to the ground ; ON. kura,
Covenant. to roost, to sit like a roosting bird ; N.
Cow. Sanscr. gd, gu, G. kuh. The kura, to droop the head, to rest, lie still,
bellowing of an ox may be imitated as sleep in a bent posture, w. cwr, corner,
well with an initial ^ as a ^. Thus the nook cwrian, to cower.
; The funda-
ON. has gaula as well as baula, to bellow mental image seems, making a hunch of
(to cry gau ! bau ! as Fr. mianler, to cry oneself, crooking oneself together. The
miau ! to mew) gauli as well as bauli, N. has kus, a crook or hump in the back,
;

a bull. The Sanscr. gd preserves the kusa seg, synonymous with kura seg, to
first of these forms, as the Gr. jSoSj and w. crook oneself, bow down. Fin. kaare,
bic. It. bue, the second. bow, curvature kaarittaa, to bow, to
;

* To Cow. ON. kuga, Sw. ktifva, Dan. curve, to go round ; Lap. karjot, to lie
kue, to coerce, subdue, keep under. A
curled up like a dog.
parallel form with Dan. knuge, to squeeze, Cowl. Lat. cucullus, Sp. cogulla, OFr.
press down. Compare N. knippe and cuoule —
Chr. Norm. ; as. cugle, cufle,
kippe, a bundle ; knubb and kubb, a cuhle, w. cwjl, Gael, cubhal, a monk's
block ; knart and kart, a lump, unripe hood, cowl. Originally from the figure of
fruit; knoll and koll, a round top, crown a cock's comb. Illyr. kukman, kukmitza,
of the head. kukljitza, a. cock's comb, tuft on a bird's
Coward. There is no doubt that the head, a hood ; kukulj, a cowl ; Bohem.
word comes from It. coda, OFr. coue. chockol, crest on a bird's head, kukla, a
Wall, cow, a tail, but the precise course hood ; Bav. gogkel, a cock, thence the
of the metaphor has been much disputed. cock's comb —
Es steigt einem der gog-
:

It appears to me certain that the sense of kel, giickel, his crest rises, he is
enraged
timidity is taken from the figure of a hare, gugel, kugel, a cape, cowL

COWL-STAFF CRAMBE 177


Cowl-staff. A staff for carrying a tub Crabbed.
Crabbed writing is scratchy
that has two ears. Essex -cowl, a tub. writing, difficult to read, and met. a
Ray. Soo, or cowl, vessel tina cowle crabbed style is a style hard to under-
:
;

tre, or soo tre vectatorium.


: —
Pr. Pm. stand. Du. krabbelen, to scratch, to scrib-
Cowl itself is from Fr. cuveau (cuvel), ble or scrawl krabbelschrift, a scrawl,
;

cuve, Lat. mpa., Mid.Lat. cupella, G. ill-written piece ; krabbelig, badly writ-
kiibel, a tub. ten, scrawled, crabbed.
Coxcomb. A fop, from the hood worn Crack. Imitative of the sound made
by a fool or jester which was made in the by a hard substance in splitting, the col-
shape of a cock's comb. lision of hard bodies, &c. In Gaelic ex-
Coy. Fr. coi. It. cheto, Sp. qiiedo, pressed by the syllable cnac, identical
quiet, noiseless, easy, gentle ; Lat. quietus. with E. knock or knack. Gael, cnac,
Cozen. It. coglione, a cuUion, a fool, a crack, break, crash, the crack of a whip,
scoundrel, properly a dupe. See CuUy. &c. ; cnag, crack, snap, knock, rap,
It. coglionare, to deceive, make a dupe of thump.
Rouchi coulionner, railler, plaisanter, to Cradle. See Crate.
banter. Coule ! interjection imputing a Craft. G. kraft, strength, power ; AS.
lie ; a lie. Couleter, to tell lies. cri^/"/,._ strength, faculty, art, skill, know-

In the Venet. dialect coglionare be- ledge. The origin is seen in the notion
comes cogionare, as vogia for iioglia, of seizing, expressed by the It. graffiare.
fogia ioxfoglia. Cogionnare, ingannare, W. craff, a hook, brace, holdfast, creffyn,
corbeUare. — Patriarchi. Hence E. to a brace, Bret, krafa, to seize. The term
cozen, 3.5 \t.fregio,ir\.ezs; cugino, cousin; is then applied to seizing with the mind,
'

prigione, prison. as in the Lat. terms apprehend, compre-


Crab. ON. krabbi, G. krebs, Bret. krab. hend, ixoTB. prehendere, to seize in a ma-
There is little doubt that the animal is terialway. w. craffu, to seize with the
named from its great claws. W. crafangc, understanding, to perceive dyn craff, a ;

a claw, talon, a crab-fish. OE. craple, man of quick comprehension ; crefft, a


Bret, kraban, a claw. trade.
The ultimate origin is a representation Crag. I. The neck, throat. Jam. Du. —
of the sound of scraping or scratching, kraeghe, the throat. Pol. kark, the nape,
the primary office of claws, although those crag, neck. Bohem. krk, the neck; ON.
of the crab are not used for that purpose. krage, Dan. krave, the collar of a coat.
W. crafu, Bret, krabisa, to scratch Du. ; The origin is an imitation of the noise
krabben, to scratch or scrape ; Sp. carpir made by clearing the throat. Bohem.
(with inversion of the liquid), to tear, krkati, to belch, krcati, to vomit ; Pol.
scrape, scratch. krz(fkai!, to hem, to hawk. The same
Crab. 2. A windlass for raising root gives rise to the Fr. cracker, to spit,
weights. and It. recere, to vomit E. reach, to ;

The G. bock, a buck or he-goat, used is strain in vomiting ; ON. Jtraki, spittle ;

for a frame of wood to support weights or AS. hraca, cough, phlegm, the throat,
similar purposes. It signifies a battering-. jaws ; G. rachen, the jaws.
ram, coach-box, starlings or posts to At other times the guttural sound is
break the ice above a bridge, the dogs in imitated without the r, as .in E. hawk
a fire grate, trestles to saw wood on, a and keck, and hence are formed w. ceg,
painter^ easel or ass. In a similar man- the throat, mouth, e. choke and ON. kok,
ner the Sp. cabra, a goat, was used as the quok, the throat.
designation of a machine for throwing 2. A rock. Gael, creag, a rock ; W.
stones ; cabria, a crane. Fr. chevre, a careg, a stone caregos, pebbles. ;

goat, -and also' a machine for raising Cram. AS. cramman, to stuff, to cram.
weights. In the Romance of the depart- Da. kramme, to squeeze, press, strain ;
ment of the Tarn the place of the r is ON. kremja, Sw. krama, to press, crush,
transposed, and the word for a goat is squeeze. Du. kramme, a cramp-iron,
crabo; crabit, a kid ; and both these terms krammen, to clamp or cramp together.
are used to designate the machine for MHG. krimmen, kram., krummen, to press,
raising weights, which we term in E. a seize with the claws. See Cramp.
crab, as well as trestles, or, like the G. Crambe. — Crambo. A repetition of
bock, a bagpipe. —
Diet. Romano-Cas- words, or saying the same thing over
trais. For the reason why the name of again. From the Gr. proverb Uq Kpa[il3r]
the goat was applied to a machine for davarov, cabbage twice boiled is death ;

raising weights, see Cable. Lat. crambe repetita, a tedious repetition.


12
j

178 CRAMP CRANKY


Hence probably cramba, a play in rhym- gruppo, grappo, a bunch, knot. Then
ing, in which he tha* repeats a word in the sense of drawing into a lump,
that was said before forfeits something. Gael, crub, to crouch, cringe, squat Fr.
;

— B. croupir, to crouch, bow, stoop, go double


ON. kropna, to draw together, to crook.
;

Then call me curtal, change my name of Miles


To Guiles, Wiles, Piles, Biles, or the foulest E. dial, croopback, a humpback or crook-
name you can devise back. Sw. dial, kropp, crooked. The
To craTnho "with for ale. final p is first nasalised (as in crump)
B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, A. 4, sc. x. and then lost, being only represented by
— —
Cramp. Crimp. Crump. Fr. crampe, the nasalising liquid as in G. krumm or
Du. krampe, G. krampf, spasm, cramp ;
E. cram. The passage from crump to
Fr. crampon, Du. krampe, kramme, kram- crimp is shown in G. kriimpen, krimpen,
meken, a cramp-iron, hook, clasp. Krim- to shrink.
pen, to contract, draw in, shrink krimp-
;
Crane. G. kranich. W. garan, a crane,
neusen, to draw up the nose krimpinge, and also a shank, from gar, a. leg ga-
; ;

krimpsel, krimpe, contraction, spasm, ranawg, longshanked. The name how-


cramp krimpsel in den buyck, G. grim- ever is very widely spread, and is found
;

men, krimmen, the gripes. MHG. krimme7i, in some of the languages in the extremity
kram,krummen, to clutch with the talons, of Siberia.
to tear, to climb, showing the origin of Crank. — Crankle. — Crinkle. To
Fr. grimper, properly to clutch oneself crankle or crinkle, to go in and out, to
up. — —
Krimmende voghel, a hawk. Kil. run in folds or wrinkles B. Du. kron-
Sw. dial, kramm. Da. dial, kram, tight, kelen, to curl, twist, bend E. crank, an
;

scanty, close. ON. krappr, tight, narrow, arm bent at right angles for turning a
crooked ; kreppa, to press together, to windlass Lap. krajiket, to crook, to bend
;
;
contract, crook ; kryppa, a hump on the
back ; krepphendr, having a crooked krankem, the bending of the knee Wall. ;

head. E. dial, crump, crooked ; criunp- cranki, to twist, to fork Rouchi cranque,
;

shouldered, cru7npfooted, humped or the cramp Bret, krank. It. granchio, a


;

crooked in those members crump, the crab, as the pinching animal ; E. dial.
cramp ;
;

crum, to stuff or cram ;



Sw. cringle-crangle, zigzag Hal. ON. kringr,
;

dial, krumpen, stiffened with cold a ring or circle, kringlottr, round ; Dan.
;

kramp, crooked, saddle-bow; G. kriimp- kringel, crooked, kring (in composition),


en, krimpen, to shrink ; krumm, Gael. round.
crom, Bret, kroum, crooked. As the notion of a crumpled surface is
The foregoing can hardly be separated often expressed by reference to a crackling
from each other, but the stock branches noise (whether from the sound actually
out in a perplexing variety of directions, given in the crumpling up of textures of
leading us to forms whose meaning seems different kinds, especially under the in-
radically to spring from totally distinct fluence of heat, or on the principle ex-
images. We iriay observe, however, that plained under Crisp, Cockle, &c.), pro-
the foregoing forms beginning with gr bably crankle may be regarded as a
or kr and others related to them exactly iiasalised form of crackle. Lith. krankti,
correspond to a parallel series in which to make harsh noises of different kinds,
the r is replaced by /. Thus we have to snort, croak, hawk ; E. crunhle, to cry
grasp and clasp, gripe or grip and clip, like a crane grank, to groan, or* mur-
cramp-iron and clamp-iron. —
Crump- mur. Hal.
;

footed corresponds to on. klu7nbufotrj Crank. 2. Crank in nautical language


Gael, crub, a lame foot, to E. clubfoot is applied to vessels inclined to heel over.

Fr. grimper to E. climb j scramble to ON. kranga, Da. dial, krangle, to stagger,
clambers ON. kramr, to the synonymous to go zigzagging. Comp. Dan. slingrc,
E. clammy ; Du. krauwen to e. to claw. to reel or stagger, also to roll as a ship.
And as in the / series it was argued Sw. kranga, Du. krengen, to press down
(under Clamp) that the radical image a vessel on its side, to heel over.
was a lump or round mass, from which * Cranky. Poorly. E. dial, cranks,
the notion of sticking together, contract- pains, aches. When a man begins to
ing, compressing, were derived, we may feel the infirmities of age it is said in
trace the origin of the r series to a form Rouchi '
qu'il a ses craiigues.' Cran-
like w. crob, crwb, a round hunch, Gael. quicux, crangii'lia/x, maladif. —
H^cart.
crub, the nave of a wheel, Fr. croupe, Crankle, weak, shattered. —
Hal. G.
crape, the top or knap of a hill, It. groppo, krank, sick. From the complaining tone

CRANNY CRAVEN 179


of a poorly person. P1.D. kronken, to case made
of rods of wood wattled to-
whimper. E. dial, grank, to groan, to gether. Lat. crates, wicker or hurdle
murmur, granky, complaining. Hal. — work craticius, wattled, composed of
;

Cranny. Cranie, craine or cleft. lattice work. It. crate, a harrow, hurdle,
Minsheu. Rouchi criii (pronounced grate ; graticcia, a hurdle, lattice. Dan.
crain), a cleft or notch, s'cretier, to chap. krat, copse krat-skov, copse-wood. Gael.
;

Fr. cren, crenne, cran, a breach or snip creathach, underwood, brushwood crea- ;

in a knife, &c., a notch, nib of a pen, jag thall, AS. cradol, a cradle (from being
about the edge of a leaf Cot. Bav. — made of wicker). Gael, creathall is also
krinnen, Bret, cran, a notch, G. krinne, a grate. Ir. creatach, a hurdle of wat-
a rent, cleft, channel. From Jr. crinim, tled rods. Walach. cratariu, clathri,
crainun, creinim, to bite, to gnaw, Bret. cancelli, lattice.
kriha, to gnaw. The metaphor may be Parallel with the foregoing are found
illustrated by Cotgrave's explanation of a series of forms with similar meaning,
Fr. cale, ' a bay or creek of the sea enter- with an initial cl instead of cr. Lat.
ing or eating into the land.' clathri, lattice Ir. cliath, a harrow,
;

On the other hand, it would be more in wattled hurdle, the darning of a stocking
analogy with the other words signifying a mended crosswise like lattice work. Gael.
crack or fissure, if it could be derived death, wattled work, a harrow, hurdle,
from a syllable
crin, imitative of a sharp gate ; Fr. claye, a hurdle or lattice of
sound, while the Fr. crinon, a cricket, twigs, a wattled gate Gael, cleathach,
;

looks as if the chirp of that animal had ribbed, cliathag, the chine or spine (G.
been so represented. I should be in- riickgrat).
clined to refer the W. crinn, dry, to the The origin of both series seems to be
same root, signifying in the first instance the word which appears under the forijis
shrunk, as in Sussex a clung bat is a dry of Gr. KkaSoQ, Manx clat, Gael, slat, W.
stick. To crine,shrink, to pine.
to Hath, E. lath, properly a shoot, twig,
Hal. A piece of wood
in drying shrinks rod. The Dan. krat-skov would then be
and cracks. G. schrund, a chink. a wood of shoots or rods, as opposed to
Crape. Fr. cr^pe, a tissue of fine silk timber of large growth.
twisted so as to form a series of minute Crater. Gr. KpaT^p, a goblet, the basin
wrinkles. Crespe, curled, frizzled, crisp. or hollow whence the smoke and lava
— Cot. See Crisp. issue on Mount Etna.
Crash. An imitation of the noise made Cravat. Formerly written crabat, and
by a number of things breaking. A spoken of by Skinner (who died in 1667)
variety of clash, which is used in nearly as a, fashion lately introduced by travel-
the same sense. To crash or dash in lers and soldiers. The fashion is said by
pieces, sfracassare, spezzare. Torriano.— Menage to have been brought in 1636
A word of the same class with craze, from the war, and to have been named
crush, &c. from the Crabats or Cravats, as the Croa-
Cratch. Fr. creiche, cresche, a cratch, tians (and after them a kind of light
rack, ox-stall, or crib. La sainte criche, cavalry) were then called. The French
the manger in which our Lord was laid. had a regiment As Royal-Cravate.' P1.D.
'

Diez would derive it from the It. greppia, Krabaten, Kravaten, Croatians.
Prov. crepia, crepcha (as Mid.Lat. d^ro- Crave. AS. crqfian, to ask. ON. krefa,
piare, Prov. apropjar, apropcharj Fr. to demand, require krafi, need, necessity.
;

approcher), OFr. crebe, greche, a crib. W. cref, a cry, a scream crefu, to cry, to;

'
En la crepia lo pauseron.' L'enfant ' desire, to beg earnestly. Spurrell. —
envolupat en draps e pausat en la crupia.' Craven. Craven, cravant, a coward.
— Rayn. And she baar her firste borun
' Also anciently a term of disgrace, when
the party that was overcome in a, single
sone and wlappide him in clothes and
leyde him in a cracche! Wicliff. See — combat yielded and cried cravant. B. —
Crib. But the It. craticia (from Lat. If the term had originally been craven,
crates, cratitius), a hurdle, lattice, sheep signifying one who had begged his life, it
pen or fold, offers a simpler derivation. could hardly have passed into the more
Hence the elision of the t would imme- definite form cravant. The E. dial, cra-
diately give rise to the Fr. creiche, in the dant, Sc. crawdon, a coward, seem the
same way as it produces the Fr. creil, a same word. To set cradants is to propose
hurdle (Roquefort), from the It. graticola, feats for the purpose of seeing who will
craticola, a grating. first give in. —
Wilbr. Craddantly, cow-
Crate. —Cradle. A crate is an open ardly. —
Hal.
— — ;

i8o CRAW CRAYON


The essence of the cry was an admis- Craw. G. kragen, the neck, throat,
sion that the party begging his Hfe was and in vulgar language the belly, guts.
overcome. In the combat between Ga- Du. kraeye, jugulus, ingluvies, Ang.
wain and Ywain, when they become craeye. Kil. —
Sw. krafwa, Dan. kro, a
known to each other, each tries to give See Crag.
craw.
the other the honour of victory. Crawfish. Disguised by a false ety-
Sir King, he said, witliowten fail mology, as if it were the designation of a
/ am overcumen in this batayl. certain kind of fish. The corruption how-
Nay series, said Gawain, bot am I. ever is comparatively modern. Creveys, '

Thus nowther wald have the maistri


Before the l^ing gan aither grant fysshe polypus.' Pr. Pm. —— —
Written also

That himself was recreant, v. 3710. crevish. Trench. From the Fr. dcre-
In another combat, when the defeated
visse, Du. krevisse, krevitse Kil., OHG. —
krebiz, G. krebs, a crab, from the grab-
champion has begged his life :

bing or clutching action of the animal. Sp.


Sir Ywain said I grant it the
escarbar, to scrabble escarabajo, Lang.
If that thou wil thi selven say ;

That thou art overcomen this day. escarabat, a beetle (an animal in which
He said, I grant withouten fail the claw is nearly as conspicuous a fea-
/ am overcumen in batail, ture as in the crab), escarabisse, a craw-
For pur ataynt and recreant. — v. 3280.
fish.
This acknowledgment of being over- * To Crawl. To stir, to move feebly
come was expressed by It. ricredere,, and and irregularly, to be in confused and
the beaten party was termed ricredente, multifarious movement like ants or mag-
Fr. recreant, a term of opprobrium ex- gots. / crawle, I styrre with my lymmes
'

actly equivalent to the E. craven. An- as a yonge chylde, or any beest that styr-
other word by which a combatant gave reth and can not move the body je :

up his cause was Fr. crSanter, also a de- crosle. It is a strange sight to se a
rivation from Lat. credo, which was itself chycken how it cralleth first out of the
in Mid.Lat. used in the sense of grant or shell :

comment il crosle premiSrement
confess. See Grant. hors de I'escale.' Palsgr.— To crawl, to
Sire, dist il, tenez m'esp^e, abound. Hal. —
La bataille avez affinde, The radical image is a multitudinous,
Bien vos errant et reconnois confused sound, the expression of which
Que clerc sent vaillant et cortois (the ques- is applied to movement of similarcharac-
tion in dispute)
Et ainsi m'esp^e vos rent. multifarious motion, to a
ter, to indistinct
Fab. et Contes, iv. 364. mass of moving things. The It. gorgogli-
are signifies in the first instance to gurgle
Hence E. creant in the sense of recreant
' or sound like water in violent agitation,
or craven.
to rattle in the throat or quaver in sing-
Thai said, Syr knight, thou most nede
ing, and then (explaining the origin of
Do the lioun out of this place
Or yelde the to us als creant. Lat. curculio) 'to breed or become ver-
Ywaine and Gawaine, 3170. mine, wormlets or such creepers, mites or
See also P. P. xii. 193.
weevils as breed in pulse or corn.' Fl. —
The d of E. cradant (changing to v in Fr. grougouler, to rumble or croak like
the guts ; grouller, grouiller, to rumble,
cravant, craven) and in Sc. crawdoun, a
to move, stir, scrall, to swarm, abound,
craven, seems to be the original d in Lat.
credo. It. ricredente, which is elided in
break forth confusedly in great numbers.
Fr. creanter (credentiare), recrdant.

Cot. lUyrian kruleti, to rumble in the
It
must be confessed that this want of agree- bowels. Fr. croller, to murmur. Roquef. —
ment between the Yr. and E. forms throws E. crawl, croll, crool, to rumble, mutter.
considerable difficulty in the way of the My guts they yawl, crawl, and all my belly
proposed derivation, which I nevertheless iiimbleth. —
Gammer Gurton, ii. a.
beheve to be the true one. In outward Then, as in previous instances, to crawl,
form cravant comes much nearer Prov. to stir. In the same way we pass from
cravantar, OFr. crave nter, to oppress, Du. schrollen, to mutter, grumble, to E.
beat down, overthrow. Je sus tout cra- scrall, to swarm or abound ; from Pl.D.
ventd, accabld de fatigue. —
Hdcart. The graal, a confused noise, grolen, to vocife-
cry of cravant^/ then, would be an ad- rate, 'i^. gryla, to grumble, to V>aTL.g)yle,
mission of being thoroughly beaten, but Du. grielen, krielen, to crall or swarm, to
we find no traces of the expression having stir about.
ever been so used in a judicial combat. Crayon. Fr. crayon, a piece of draw-
. — .

CRAZE CREEK i8i

ing chalk, from craier, to chalk craie, ; with the equivalents of the E. cream
cr,
Lat. creta, chalk, Gael, creadh, clay. are accompanied by a parallel series be-
To Craze. — Crazy. To craze, to ginning with a simple r. as. and Sc.
crack, to render inefficient. ream, on. riotni, Du. room, G. rahm,
And some said the pot was crazed. cream.
Can. Yeoman's Tale. —Or quaff pure element, ah me !

Earthenware at the present day is said to —


Without ream, sugar, or bohea. Ramsay in Jam
be crazed when the glaze is disfigured Reaming liquor, frothing liquor.
with a network of small cracks. Fr. ac- -crease. —Increase. —^Decrease. Lat.
crazer, to break, burst, craze, bruise, cresco, cretiim, Fr. croistre, croitre {crois-
crush ; escrase, squasht down, crushed in sons, croissois, croissant), to grow.
pieces. — Cot. From arepresentation of Crease. Bret, kris, a wrinkle, pleat,
the noise of crashing a hard substance tuck in a garment. The designation of a
Dan. krase, knase, to crackle ; slaae i wrinkle seems often taken from a repre-
kras, to break to pieces. Sw. kraslig, sentation of the sound of snarling, as a
Swiss chrachelig, crazy, feeble, decrepit, dog in snarling wrinkles up the face.
poorly. The E. crazy, applied to the Du. grijsen, grijnsen, ringere, os distor-
mind, is equivalent to cracked, cracky, quere, depravare, nares crispare, fremere,
crack-brained. frendere, flere puerorum more Kil. — ;

Creak. Imitative of a more acute grijnzen, montrer son chagrin en se


sound than that represented by crack. ridant le front, en frongant le sourcil, en
Fr. criquer, to creak, rattle, crackle cri- gringant les dents, ou par d'autres gri-
caille, chinks, coin. —
Cot. It. criccare,
;


maces. Halma. Fr. grisser, to crackle,
cricchiare, to crick, creak, or squeak, as crisser, grincer les dents, to grind, grate,
a door or a cartwheel, also to rattle. or gnash the teeth together for anger.
Cricco, cricchio, that creaking noise of ice Cot. It. gricciare, to chill or chatter
or glass when it breaks. Du. krick, krack, with the teeth grinciare, grinzare, to
strepitus, fragor. —
Kil.
;

Then, as things grin or gnash with the teeth, to wrinkle ;

in splitting make a sharp sound, we have grincia, grinza, a wrinkle. From It.
creak of day for the narrow crack of light grinza we readily pass to G. runzel, a
on. the horizon, which is the first appear- wrinkle, analogous to E. cruTnple and
ance of dawn. Du. kriecke, krieckelinge, rumple.
Aurora rutilans, primum diluculum. Kil. — We
see the same relation between grin-
Cream. In Fr. crhiie two words seem ning or snarling and wrinkling in Du.
confounded, the one signifying cream, grimjnen, furere, fremere, frendere, hir-
whicli ought to be written without the rire, ringere, ducere vultus, contrahere
circumflex, —
and the other signifying rugas Kil. ;. It. gritnaccie, grimazze,
chrism, OFr. cresme, Gr. xp'ff/'a! the con- crabbed looks, wry mouths grimare, ;

secrated oil used in baptism. In Italian grimmare, to wrinkle through age grimo, ;

the two are kept distinct, crema, cream, grimmo, wrinkled, withered. Grignare,
and cresima, chrism. The primary mean- to grin or snarl as a dog. Fl. Fr. gri- —
ing of the word is, I believe, simmering, gner, to grin grigne, wrinkled. Cot. —
and thence foam, froth. Create. — ;

Creature. Lat. creo, to be-



,


Crime spuma lactis pinguior. Diet get, give birth to, give rise to, produce.
Trev. Cham,pagne crimant, sparkling or Creed. Credit. —
Credential. — Cre- —
mantling champagne, on. at kratuna, dulous. Lat. credo, to believe, trust.
lente coqui, to simmer ; kraumr, ki'tiinr, Mid. Lat. credentia. It. credenza, trust,
kraum., the lowest stage of boiling, sim- confidence, also a pledge of trust and
mering, also the juice or cream of a thing, credence, thence the essay or taste of a
cremor, flos rei. It. cremore, the creem- prince's meat and drink which was taken
ing or simpering of milk when it begin- by the proper officer before it was set on
nith to seethe ; also yeast, barm used the table. The term was then applied to
;

also for a shivering fever. —


Fl. It must be the sideboard on which the dishes-were
remembered that one of the readiest ways placed before they were set on the table,
of raising cream is by scalding the milk whence the credence-table of our churches
till it just begins to simmer. The forms on which the elements were placed pre-
cremore and crema in Italian correspond paratory to being used in the sacrament.
to the ON. kraumr, kraum. Grisons Creek. i. Fr. crique, Du. kreek, a
gromma, gramma, cream, sgarmar, little bay, a nook in a harbour Sw. dial. ;

sgarmer, sgramer, to skim the milk. As krik, a bending, nook, corner, little inlet
is often the case with words beginning of the sea ; artnkrik, bending of the arm.
; —

1 82 CREEP CRIMINI
elbow ON. kryki, crook, nook. Crick,
;
Properly a ball of worsted. G. knduel,
like click or knick, probably represents in P1.D. klevel, a ball of thread. The in-
the first instance a sharp sudden sound, terchange of liquids in this class of words
and is then transferred to a sudden turn is very common. Compare w. dob, crob,
or movement. Comp. nick, a notch, a E. knob,a round lump or hunch.
slight indenture. Crib. A cratch or manger for cattle.
2. Creek in America is the common Du. kribbe, G. krippe, Pl.D. krubbe. It.
word for a brook. Cryke of water, scatera. greppia, gruppia, Prov. crepia, crepcha,
— Pr. Pm. Du. kreke (Kil.), AS. crecca, Fr. creiche.
The proper meaning of the word seems
crepido, a bank.
To Creep. AS. creopan, Du. kruipen, to be a grating, a receptacle made of rods
G. kriechen. The radical sense is to or parallel bars like the teeth of i comb
crouch or draw oneself together, to cringe, or rake, from W. crib, a comb, cribin, a
to move in a crouching attitude or, like a rake. G. krippe signifies also a hurdle or
serpent, by contractions of the body. ON. wattle, wattlework of stakes and rods to
krjupa {kryp, kropit), to creep, to bend strengthen the bank of a river.
the knees, to crouch k. undir skriptina,
; On the same principle G. raufe is a rip-
to bow under reproof; bdthir fjetr vdru ple or large comb for plucking off the
upp kropnir, both feet were crooked up. seeds of flax, as well as a crib or rack for
Kropna, to contract ; kryppa, a hump. hay. Bret, rastel, a hay-rack, is Lat.
Gael, crup, crouch, bend, contract, shrink rastelhim, a rake, and the word rack
crub, sit, squat, crouch crilban, a crouch-
; itself is radically' identical with rake.
ing attitude ; crilbain, creep, crouch, Crick. Crykke, sekeness, crampe,
cringe, shrug.
Creole. A
See Cramp.
native of the Spanish

spasmus, tetanus. Pr. Pm. From repre-
senting a short sharp sound the term
American colonies, or of the W. Indies, of seems transferred to a sharp sudden pain,
European descent. Sp. criar, to create, as a crick in the neck.
to breed criollo, a Creole Ptg. crioulo,
; ;
Cricket, i. An insect making a sharp
a slave born in his master's house, a creaking sound. Du. krieken, to chirp,
European born
Creosote. Gr.
in America.
/cplag, flesh, and o-wrry-
kriek, a cricket.—Halma. Compare also
Bohem. cwrcek, a
cricket, cwrkati, to
pioe, preservative.
chirp; 'Fr:.gritlo!i,grezillon,a.crickeX, and
Crescent. The
figure of the growing
grilier, to creak, greziller, to crackle.
moon, of the moon in an early stage of
Cot.
growth. Fr. croissant, Lat. crescens,
growing.
2. stool. A
N. knakk, krakk, Pl.D.
krukstool, a three-legged stool.
Cress. An herb eaten raw.
AS. ccerse,
* 3. Fr. jcu de crosse, the game of
Du. kersse, Sw. krasse. Fr. cresson, the
cricket. Croce or crosse is explained by
herb termed kars or cresses ; cresson
d'eau, water karres. Cot. —
It. crescione,
Cot. the crooked staff wherewith boys
play at cricket. It was doubtless origin-
cressone. Mid. Lat. crissonium. Perhaps
ally a stick with a crook at the end for
from the crunching sound of eating the
striking the ball, like that used in the
crisp green herb. Fr. crisser, to grind
the teeth.
game of hockey. Fr. croce is the equiva-
lent of E. crook, of which probably cricket
Cresset. See Crock.
Crest. Lat. crista, Fr. creste, crHe.
is a derivative. Du. krick,' a staff or
-Crete. Lat. cresco, cretum, to grow ;
crutch. —
Kil.

concresco, to grow together, to grow into Crime. Gr. Kpiva, to judge, icpi'/ia,
a whole, whence concrete in logic applied judgment, condemnation, Lat. crimen, a
to the union of an attribute with its sub- fault, offence.
ject. Thence by the opposition of words Crimini. O Crimini interjection of !

compounded with con and dis, discrete, surprise, seems to have come to us from
separate, distinct, disjunctive. an Italian source. Mod.Gr. icpi/ia, a
Crevice. Fr. crevasse, crevure, a chink, crime, fault, sin, pity, misfortune. 'Q ri
from crever, to burst, chink, rive, or
rift, 'Q ri iityaKov Kpifia/ O what a pity
Kftifia ! !

chawne. Cot. — Lat. crepare, to creak, what a sin or fault Adopted into Italian
!

crack, break. the expression would be O che crimine !


Crew. AS. cread, a company, crew ; It seems probable indeed that the E.
cread-cnearr, a ship with its crew. Lith. pity, in the exclamation what a pity, is a
kruwa, a heap, as of stones or of people. direct adoption of the OFr. pechii, sin,
CreweL Two-twisted worsted. B. — I used exactly as It. crimine.
;

CRIMP CRISP 183


Dex quel fechii, quand od s'espfe from Kpivm, to judge, decide Kpniipiov, a
A —
la meschine decoU^e. Rom. de Rou. x . 288. means or medium
of judging
;

Kpirucbe,
Crimp. — Crimple. Cramp, crimp, qualified or expert in judging, Lat. cri-
;

crump are all used in the sense of con- ticus. See Crime.
traction. To crimp frills is to lay them Crisp. Lat. crispus, Fr. crespe, OE.
in pleats ;crimped cod is cod in which crips, curled.
the fibre has been allowed to contract by
Her hair that owndie (wavy) was and crifs.
means of parallel cuts through the mus- Chaucer in R.
cle of the fish. To crimple is to wrinkle
crympylle or rympylle, ruga. Pr. Pm.— The
the
latter form might lead us
word with Gael, crup,contract, cru-
to connect
See Cramp.
The addition of an initial s gives E. pag, a wrinkle. On the other hand, the AS.
scrimp, to contract, cut short, AS. scri?n- cirpsian, to crisp or curl, compared with
E. chirp, reminds us that Fr. cresper is
man, to dry up, wither, G. schrumpfen, to
crumple, shrivel, wrinkle. On the other both to frizzle or curl, and to crackle or
hand, the reduction of the initial cr to a creak, as new shoes or dry sticks laid on
simple r gives E. rimple as well as the fire. —
Cot. And the sense of a curly
rumple, a wrinkle, crease, pucker Du. ;
or wrinkled structure is in other cases
rimpe, rimpcl, rompel, a wrinkle. Kil. — expressed by words representing in the
first instance a crackling or creaking
G. riimpfen, to screw up the mouth and
nose, make wry faces. In the latter sense sound. It. grillare (and sometimes Fr.
Kil. has krimpneusen, wrimpen, •wre^npen, griller— Cot.) signifies to creak or chirp
OS distorquere, corrugare nares. The as a cricket, while griller is explained to
sit rumpled or in plaits, to snarl as over-
analogous E. term is frutnp, to frizzle up
the nose as in derision —
B., whence
twisted thread greziller, to crackle, also
;


frumple, a wrinkle. Pr. Pm. to curl, twirl, frizzle hair. To frizzle is
both of the crackling sound of fat in
Crimp. 2. A kidnapper of sailors, used
the fire, and in the sense of curling up.
one who entraps sailors and keeps them
like fish in a stew tiU he can dispose of
The train of thought proceeds from a
them to skippers. Du. ki'impe, a stew quivering sound to a vibratory motion, and
thence to a surface thrown into a succession
or confined place where fish are kept till
they are wanted ; from krimpen, to con-
of ridges or involutions. Thus the Latin
tract.
has sonus luscinicB vibrans for the ring-
ing notes of the nightingale, while the
Crimson. Fr. cramoisi. It. cremasi,
passage from the idea of vibration to that
cremesino. Turk, kirmizij Sp. cannesi,
.of a wrinkled or curly structure may be
from kermes, the name of. the insect with
which it is dyed. Sanscr. krimi, a worm.
illustratedby the designation of a chitter-
ling and the synonymous shirt-frill,
Comp. vermilion from vermis.
from E. chitter, and ¥r.friller, to shiver.
To Cringe. To go bowing, behave in
Vibrati crines are curly locks, and con-
a submissive manner." From AS. crumb,
versely crispus is applied to the rapid
crymbig, crooked, a verb crymbigean,
vibration of a serpent's tongue. Linguae
cryinbian (not in the dictionaries) would
be to crook or bend, corresponding to E.
bisulcae jactu crispo fulgere. —
Pacuv. in
Forcell.
cringe, as It. cambiare to E. change. G.
The sense of rigid and brittle might
krumm., crooked ; sich kriimmen und
biicken, to stoop and cringe. —
Kiittn.
well be a special application of the former
one, because the unevennesses of a rigid
Dan. krybe, to creep, grovel, krybe for
surface obtrude themselves on our notice.
een, to cringe to one.
But on the other hand it seems to arise
Crinkle. See Crank.
from direct imitation of the sound of
Cripple. Properly a crookback or
crushing something crisp. Fr. cresper,
humpback, one who goes crooked. ON. to crashe as a thynge dothe that is cryspe
kryppa, a hump, curvature, coil ; krvp-
pill, a humpbacked or a lame man. Du.
or britell betweene one's teeth. Palsgr. —
krepel, kreupel, kropel, a cripple. Dan.
Pl.D. kraspeln, to rustle. —
Danneil. In
likemanner crump is used for the sound
krybe, krob, to creep, krbbbel, krbbling, a
of crunching, and also for crisp or the
cripple, a stunted object Gael, crub,
;
quality of things that crunch between the
crup, to crouch, shrink, creep (go in a
teeth.
crooked or crouching manner), crubach,
criipach, a cripplej lame person. Tib's teeth the sugar-plums did crump. —
Crisis. — —
Criterion. Critic. Gr. k^'ibiq, Farls baked wi' butter
judgment or the decision in a legal trial, Fu' crump that day. —Bums in Jam.
' —

1 84 CROCK CROP
Crumpy, short, brittle. —
Hal. It is re- Crocus. The yellow flower from
markable that here also is the same con- whence saffron is made. Lat. crocus,
nection with the sense of a crumpled or Gr. KftoKOQ. Gael, crock, W. coch, red.
curly and wrinlded structure, as in the Hence the surname Croker, a cultivator
case of crisp. of saffron. '
The crokers or saffron men
Crock. —
Cruise. —
Cruet, Cresset. — do use an observation a little before the
— Crucible. Lith. kragis, Gael, krog, coming up of the flower.' HoUinshed in —
G. krug, w. cregen, e. crock, Dan. krukke, R.
Du. kruycke, an earthen vessel, pitcher, Croft. An
inclosure adjoining a house.
jar. The Lith. kruias (i = Fr. j), Fr. AS. prsediolum.
croft, —
Somner. Gael.
cruche, unite the foregoing with forms croit, a hump, hunch, a croft or small
having a final j/ ON. & G. kriis, Vu.iroes, piece of arable land ; croiteir, a crofter,
kruyse, a cup, E. cruse, a jar. Diminu- one holding a croft of land.
tives of the latter class are Fr. creuset, Crone, i. An old woman. 2. An old
croiset, a crucible, cruzet or cruet, a little sheep, beginning to lose its teeth.
earthen pot wherein Goldsmiths melt * In the former application it may per-
their silver, &c. —
Cot.; Rouchi crachS, haps signify one shrunk from age. Sc.
crcissd, E. cresset, a hanging lamp. Mid. crine, to shrink, shrivel ; one who is
Lat. crassetum, Picard cracet, a crucible. shrivelled by age is said to be crynit in.
— Dief. Supp. The loss of the z in cru- — ^Jam. Comp. NE. scraniiy, thin scran- ;

zet gives cruet, corrupted to crewet, crevet, nel, a lean person.


a narrow-mouthed glass to hold oil or In the second application it is the It.
vinegar, a melting-pot. B. — carogna, Fr. charogne, Du. karonie,
Other forms of diminutive are Fr. kronie, a carcase, carrion, then applied
creziseul, croissel, Du. kruysel, krosel, a to an old sheep, ovis vetula rejicula
hanging lamp; Jr. cruisgin, a small pot Kil.,ein faul Thier —
Dief. Supp., \ncada-
or pitcher (cruisgin oli, Lith. alywkragis, ver. Perhaps indeed the application to
G. olkrug, a cruse of oil) ; Gael, cruisgin, an old woman has the same origin. An '

an oil-lamp, a cruse Fr. creusequin, a


;
old carrion.'
drinking-vessel ; E. cruskin, cruske, cup —
* Crook. Crooked, on. krdkr, Du.
of earth. — Pr. Pm. The Gr. dim. termin- krog, a crook, bending, corner, hook Du. ;

ation jrouXo gives crucibolum, a night- kroke, a bending, fold, curl, crumple,
lamp, melting-pot. Creuseul, croissol,
'
wrinkle (Kil.) Gael, crocan, a hook,
;


lumiere de nuit' Gloss, in Due. ' De crook w. o'wca, croca, crooked
; Fr. ;

noctu proferenti saepius extinguebat can- croc, crochet, a hook hooked,


; crochti,
delam, crucibolum, et oleum effundebat.' bent upon itself; Pol. kruk, a hook,
— Ibid. '
Crucibolus, kruse, kruselin, crook. We have seen under Crisp sever-

krug, becher.' Dief. Supp. al instances where a broken, crumpled,
The common idea is an earthen vessel, wrinkled, curly form is expressed by the
and the origin is seen in Bret, krag, hard figure of a broken sound. And in this
granular stone, earthenwai'e ; Eur pod way I believe it is that we pass from
krag, an earthen pot. The Bret, krag forms like Bret, gragala, to chatter like a
corresponds to Fr. grais, gres, grh. Vn jay, or E. crackle, to Fr. recroquiller, to
pot de grh, an earthen pot. Hence OFr. crook, wriggle, pucker, cockle, and Du.
grasal, Lang, grazal, grezal. Cat. gresal, kreukelen, krettken, kroken, to rumple,
an earthen bowl or dish, gresol, an crumple, wrinkle, of which the radical
earthen lamp, a. crucible. N. grjot, stone; syllable kreuk or crok conveys the notion
gryte, a pot. of something bent or hooked. See Crank.
In favour of the correspondence of Crop. AS. crop, top, bunch, craw of a
krag&xiAgrh [graz), it must be observed bird. OE. croppe of an erbe or tree, ciina,
that a final z in one dialect of Breton coma, capillamentum.— Pr. Pm. The
corresponds to a guttural c'h in the other, fundamental meaning is probably exhibit-
as in kraz or krac'h, dry. And compare ed in the Gael, crap, cnap, a knob, knot,
Bret, gragala, to chatter as a jay, and boss, a little hill w. crob, crwb, a round
;

Prov grazillar, to crackle, twitter. If hunch crub, a swelling out It. groppo,
; ;

krag zxvA-gris are fundamentally distinct


there must be the same separation be-

a knot, knob, bunch. Fl. The word is
then applied to different things of a
tween the series crag, krug, &c., and rounded or protuberant form, the top of
cruse, &c. See Grail. a hill or of a plant, the crop or projecting
Crocodile. Gr. KpoicoSttXoc, Lat. croco- stomach of a bird, &;c.
dilus. Fr. crope, croupe, the top or knap of a
;-
; — ;;

CROSIER CROTTLES 185


hill; lacroupe du dos, the ridge of the From crux are many derivatives cru- :

back, and thence croupe. It. groppa, the ciare, to torture; crusade, Mid. Lat. cru-
rump or rounded haunches of an animal ciata, Du. kruys-vaert, an expedition
E. croup, the craw, the belly, also the from religious motives, in which the

buttock or haunch Hal. Sw. /Jra//, the
; soldiers took the badge of the cross
top of anything, the solid mass of the crucify, &c.
animal frame or body; kroppug,%ih\>o^x%, Crotchet. —
Crocket. Fr. crochet,
humped. Du. the knob of the
crop, dim. of croc, a little hook, and hence a
throat, the throat itself, dat steeckt my
'
note in music, from the hook-like symbol
in den crop; that sticks in my throat by which they were marked. Fr. crochet,
crop, a swelling in the throat, goitre, the crochue, a quaver in music. Then as a
craw of a bird, stomach croppen, to
; person playing music appears to carry in
cram, to thrust food into the throat (Bi- his brain the type of what he is playing,
glotton), whence the E. crop-full, cram- a crotchet is a fixed imagination. // a '

fuU. G. kropf, the craw of a bird, goitre, des crochues dans la tete, his head is full
wen the head of vegetables, as kohl-
; of crotches.' — Cot.
kropf, salat-kropfj kropfsallat, Du. krop As a good harper stricken far in years
van salaet, cabbage-lettuce. Into whose cunning hands the gout does fall,
The crop of a vegetable is the top, and All his old crotchets in his brain he bears,
thence the whole part above ground. The But on his harp plays ill or not at all.
Davies in R.
crop and root, or crop and more, are fre-
quently contrasted with each other in OE. A crotchet or crocket is also an orna-
Hence to crop is to bite or gather the mental excrescence in Gothic architecture
foliage or fruit. A
crop of corn is the' like a twisted tress of hair, from Du.
whole annual growth, and the sense being kroke, a curl.
thus generalised the term is equally ap- And bellyche ycorven
plied to the growth of roots, when that is With crotchets on corners. —
P. P. crede.

the important part of the vegetables a ; Crottles. Crottles, cruttles, crumbs,


crop of turnips or of carrots as well as of —
broken pieces Brocket crottling, fri-
;

grass or fruit. able ; crottles, Fr. crottes, crottins, the


It is remarkable that parallel with dung of sheep, goats, hares, &c., that falls
many of the foregoing forms, with an in pellets or little lumps ; crottes, dirt,
initial kr, are a series of similar meaning mire, daghng stuff (Cot.) ; Flanders
with a simple k. Thus we have in E. krotte, mud sticking to one's clothes.
the crop or cop of a hill Bav. kop-; Kil. E. krote, a clod of earth. Hal. —
pen, the crop or bushy part of a tree, kop- The analogy between sound and move-
pen, to crop or cut off the crop or cop of ment frequently leads to the application
a tree ; G. kohl-kopf, kopf-sallat as kropf of a rattling sound to express jolting or
sallat above cited. shaking movement, and thence an uneven
Crosier. It. croccia, a crutch ; Fr. rugged surface, the prominences into
croce, crosse, a bishop's staff (the repre- which it is thrown, or the lumps which
sentative of a shepherd's crook), the are dashed off when the substance is of a
crooked staff with which boys play at liquid or semi-liquid nature.
cricket. Hence OE. crocer or crosier was We
have Gr. Kporsu, to clap, rattle,
properly the bearer of the bishop's staff, but clatter, knock, hammer ; k^otoKov, a rat-
the term was subsequently applied to the tle Kporog,
; clapping, rattling ; Prov.
staff itself. See Crook, Ci-utch. Hol- crotlar, OFr. crodler, croler, to shake
linshed speaks of the canon law as ad- escrouler, to shake, totter, shog (Cot.) ;

mitting the crosier to bear the crosse be- crouler, s'dscrouler, to fall in ruins, E.
fore his archbishop in another province. crudle, to shudder, shake, shiver crudly, ;

— Descr. Ireland, an. 1311. cruttling, crumbling, friable cruttle, to ;

Cross. Fr. croix, It. croce, Sp. kruz, fall. Hal. —


The form cruddle, to co-
ON. kross, G. kreuz, Du. ki-jiys. All from agulate or form lumps, and crud, curd,
the Lat. crux, a cross for the punishment the lumpy part of milk, belong to the
of malefactors ; and that not directly same class. Cruttle, to curdle. Hal. —
from crook, to curve, but through the in- Sometimes perhaps the sense of lumps
termediation of the notion of hanging or bits may arise directly from the patter-
Gael, crocan, a hook, crock, hang ; Ir. ing sound of the fragments falling to the
crochaim, to hang, and crock, as Lat. ground, and this may be the case with
crux, a gallows, an erection for hanging crottles, the pellet-shaped dung of sheep,
a man on. &c., which are also called trattles or
; .

i86 CROUCH CROWD


treadles, to be compared with Banff. ling ; the croup. But perhaps the idea
truth, to trickle or drip ; E. trattle (pro- of contraction, expressed by the syllable
perly to rattle), to prattle.— Hal. But crup, is derived from the harsh sound of
sometimes the sense of fragments seems struggling for breath through a contracted
to arise from the idea of shaking or dash- windpipe, and not vice vers4, so that the
ing to pieces, as when we use shivers or name of the disease would be direct from
shiders in that sense. When the sub- an imitation of the sound produced.
stance is of a loose or liquid nature it is Sc. roup, hoarseness, the croup; to
the more liable to have portions dashed roup (Goth, hropjan, ON. hropd), to cry
off by shaking or jogging. Thus Swiss E. dial, to croup, to croak. Hal. Bohem. — ;

hottern, to shake, to jog, explains Du. chrapati, chrupati, to snort ; chrapawy,


hot, hotte, curds Sc. hattit cream, clot- hoarse, chropot, snorting,
;
hoarseness,
ted cream. In like manner Swab, lop- chroptiti (rocheln), to struggle for breath,
pern, Westerwald lappern, to be loose, to to sob.
wabble, are connected with E. loppered Croitp. —
Crupper. Croup, belly, craw,
or coagulated milk, and Fr. loppe, lopin, haunch, ridge of the back. Hal. Fr. —
a lump, morsel, piece. The elementary crape, croupe, the top of a hill, rump of
sounds of crottle are merely transposed an animal. La croupe du dos, the ridge
in E. clatter, to coagulate Du. kloter- of the back porter en croupe, to carry
; ;

melck, curdled milk, from the verb Mot- behind one on horseback. Hence croiip-
eren (properly to clatter kloterspaen, iere, the crupper or strap passing over
;

a rattle), tuditare, pultare, pulsare crebro the rump of the horse. See Crop.
ictu. — Kil. Here the connection between Crow. Crouk. — A
direct imitation of
kloteren and klot, klotte, gleba, massa 'the cry of different birds. G. krdheii, to
(Kil.), E. clod, clot, is the same as between crow like a cock ; krdchzen, to croak
Gr. Kporiio and E. crate, a clod, Fr. crotte, Du. kraeyen, to crow or to croak or caw ;

a lump of dirt. The semi-liquid ma- Lat. crocire, It. crocciolare, Fr. croasser,
terial seems conceived as dashed about Gr. Kpw?w, Bohem. krokati, to croak.
in separate portions, explaining Du. Piedm. quaqua, Ital. cracra, imitation of
klotergheld, small expenses. Kil. —
In the cawing of rooks or crows. Zalli. —
the same way with a labial initial in- From Du. kraeyen is formed kraeye, a
stead of a guttural, G. poltern, to rattle, crow. In like manner the ON. has krakr,
racket, knock ; E. bolter, to clotter, to a raven, kraki, a crow, corresponding to E.
collect in lumps Sw. plottra (properly croakJ Lith. kraukti, to croak, krauklys,
;

to dash about liquids), to scatter in small NE. crouk, a crow.


portions, to squander plotterwis, in
;
Crowd. Crowder. — The crowd or
small portions platter-penningar, small fiddle was recognised by the Romans as
;

expenses Fr. blautre, Gael, plad, a clod. a British instrument.


;

Crouoli. A cross, as in crutched friars, Romanusque lyr^ plaudat tibi, Barbarus harp4,
the crossed friars, or friars who wore a Graacus Achilliaci crotta Britanna placet. ;

cross ; crouch -mass, a festival in honour Fortunatus in Due.


of the holy cross. To crouch, to mark Named from the hollow sounding-board,
with the sign of the cross. w. crwth, a hollow protuberance, bulge,
And said his orisons as is usage, belly, fiddle croth, a bulge, a womb,
;

And crouchid hem and bade God shuld hem crothi, to bulge. Gael, croit, a hump,
bless. c7-uit, a harp, fiddle ; Ir. cruit, a hunch,
Walach. crouche, a cross. also a crowd or fiddle.
To Crouch. To stoop, to bow the Crowd. 2. AS. cruth, a. crowd or ipress
body together. ON. krokinn, crooked, of people. Du. kruyden, krnycn, trudere,
bowed down, krokna, to be contracted protrudere, propellere. Kil. Crowdyn —
or stiffened with cold at sitia i eirne or showyn (shove) impello.
; Pr. Pm. To —
kruku, to crouch down on one's heels, crowd is still used in Suffolk in the sense
w. crwcau, to bow, to curve crwcwd, a of driving in a crowd-barrow or wheel-
;

round squat, a person crouched together. barrow '(Du. kruy-wagen). Forby. In —


E. dial, cruckle, to bend, to stoop. —
Hal. Amis and Amilown a crowd-wain.
See Crook. Then Amoraunt crud Sir Amiloun
Croup. A disease in the throat of Through many a cuntre up and down. Way —
young children, in which the throat is Perhaps the radical image may be a
contracted and a harsh screaming cough ball or lump, from whence the notion of
produced. Gael, crup, contract, shrink pressing may be derived.
; Pol. gruda.
crupadh, contraction, shrinking, shrivel- Boh. hruda, a clod, snowball hruden, ;
; —

CROWN CRUST 187


the intercalary month, the month that is crymu, bend, crook, stoop ; Sc.
to
thrust in. crummy, a cow with a crumpled horn.
Crown. Lat. corona, w. crwn, round, The fundamental image, in accordance
circular ; crynfaen, a pebble, a round with the views explained under Cramp,
stone crynoi, to collect together, to draw-
; should be a lump, round mass, or projec-
to a mass, crynyn, a globule Ir. cruin,; tion,from whence the ideas of contraction,
round, cruinne., the globe of the earth ;
bending, crookedness, readily follow.
cniinnighim, to collect ; Gael, criln, the Now in the former sense we have w. crwb^
boss of a shield, a crown, garland cruinn, ; a hump, E. croop-back, a hump-back, and
round, globular cr-uiiine, the
; globe, with the nasal, crump, the projection df
cruinneachan, any round heap. the haunches, rump. —
Hal.
Crucial. Applied to a trial of the Crumpet. Bret, krampoez (2 syll.), w.
utmost rigour ; a met. from the torture of crammwyth, a pancake.
the cross. Crumple. It is shown under Rumple
Crucible. See Crock. representation of a rumbling
that the
Crucify. Lat. c7-ucifigere, to fix to the sound
used to express, first a jolting or
is
cross. irregular movement, then a disturbed,

Crude. Cruel. Lat. crudus, bloody, disordered surface, thrown into irregu-
raw, unripe, unfeeling ; crudelis, hard, larities and projections. It is probable
cruel, severe cruentus, bloody, cruel
; that the same development of signifi-
cruor, blood. Russ. kroT/, Bohem. krew, cation has taken place in the case of
w. crau, Ir. cru, Lith. kraujas, blood. crumple, proceeding from a form like that
Bret, kriz, raw, cruel. assumed as the origin of crumble, which
Cruet. See Crock. would not essentially differ from G.gram-
Cruise. To sail to and fro. Du. meln, grommeln, grummeln, or E. grum-
kruissen, from kruisj Fr. croiser, from ble. To rumble and grumble are used
croix; Dan. krydse, from kryds, a cross. indifferently in many cases, as for the
Crum. —
Crumble. G. krume, Du. sound of thunder or of wind in the bowels,
kruime, crum kruimelen, Pl.D. kroinen, while the two corresponding forms, rum-
;

kromelen, to crumble. Central Fr. gre- ple and crumple, arising from the use of
iniller, to crumble ; gremille, gremillon, spirants instead of sonants, are applied
groiimillon, crum, little lump ; grume, to the disturbance of a surface or texture.
grime, single grain of a bunch. Fr. gru- Analogous to crumple, as compared with
meau, a clot, lump. • rumple, or grumble with rujnble, stands
It is probable that the notion of a crum Let. grubbali, bi'oken fragments of walls,
or small bit arises from that of crumb- as compared with E. rubble, rubbish.
ling away, and not vice versa, although Let. grunibt, to wrinkle, crumple.
the former word is the more simple in To Crunk or Crunkle. To cry like a
form. The idea of falling to pieces is crane or heron. Lith. krankti, to make
easily expressed by a representation of a harsh noise, to snort, croak ; krunkinti,
the rattling sound of the falling fragments. krankinti, to croak.
Thus Sw. ramla, to rattle, signifies also, Crupper. See Croup.
as E. rammel, to fall in ruins, to moulder To Crush. From a representation of
in pieces ; while Sw. rammel, rattle, clat- the noise of crushing a hard or brittle
ter, isidentical with E. rammel, rubble, body. Fr. croissir, to crack or crash or
rubbish. In the same way it is pro- crackle as wood that is ready to break.
It. crosciare, croscere, to squash,
bable that Fr. gremiller and E. crumble Cot.
are essentially the same with grommeler, crash, crush, squeeze, but properly to fall
to mutter or grumble. So also we pass violently as a sudden storm of rain or hail
through Yv.greziller, to cra.c\ls, gresiller, upon the tiles, and therewithal to make a
to hail, to drizzle, G. grieseln, to fall into clattering loud noise ; to crick as green
small bits and pieces, to break into small wood ; croscio d'acque, a sudden shower.
pieces, to gries, chips of stone, gravel, — Fl. Lith. kruszti, to crush, to grind ;

grains, Lesachthal griesel, a morsel, a krusza, hail, sleet ; krusztinne (graupe),


grain of sand. — D. M. ii. 348. See meal, grots ; nukruszti, to grind off the
Dredge. husks of corn, especially barley (It. cricsca,
Crump. Crump-back, hump-back bran ?). Hanover, krosseln, to crush,
crump crumple-footed, club-footed
or break to bits.
Crust. Lat. crusta, the hard outward
Sw. krumpen, shrunk, contracted, numbed.
coat of anything. In all probability
AS. crumb, crump, crymbig, bowed, bent
G. krumm, w. cro}n, crwm, crooked, from the sound of crunching a crust of
i88 CRUTCH CUDDLE
bread. Bohem. chraustaii, to crunch ; crouching attitude of a person at stool,
chrasta, the crust of a wound chrastel, ;
and ultimately from the clucking of a
the corncrake chraust, a beetle, insect
;
brooding hen. The term for squatting or
with a crusty covering chrustacka,
;
crouching is connected with the clucking
gristle. See Gristle. Bret., with an in- of a hen in languages widely separated
version of the consonants, trousken, crust from each other. It. ckiocco, a brood or
of a wound, scab ; rusk, bark Gael. ;
cluck-hen, by met. squatting or cowering
rtisg, rind, skin, husk, bark ; E. rusk, a down ; cocco, cucco (in nursery language),
hard crust, crust baked crisp. an egg coccolare, to cluck accoccolare,
; ;

Crutch. G. kriicke, Du, kruch, Lith. to cower ; coccolone, squattingly on the


kruke, It. croccia, gruccia, a crutch, i. e. ground, as women on their heels. Fl. —
a staff with a crook or cross-bar at the Magy. gugg, an egg (Dankovsky), also
top to rest the arm on. crouching or cowering down Basque hi-
;

To Cry. Imitative of a shrill sudden koratz, crowing of a cock ;kukorika, to


exertion of the voice. It. gridare, Fr. cower, crouch. Magy. kukor^k, the
crier, G. schreien. Du. schrey, clamor at crowing of a cock ; kukoritni, to crow ;
fletus, ejulatus. As a cry is the
shrill kukorogni, to cower down. And proba-
natural expression of a high degree of bly w. c-wrc, squatting, may belong to the
pain, the word passes on to signify the same class of words.
shedding of tears, the most general ex- Cuckold. CuckoUed, treated in the
pression of pain of any kind. In like way that the cuckow (Lat. cuculus) serves
manner the verb to weep conies from AS. other birds, viz. by laying an egg in their
wop, the primary meaning of which is nest.
simply outcry. Cuckow. G. kuckuck, Lat. cuculus,
Crypt. It. cripta, a hollow vault, a Sc. gowk, Du. kuyckkuck, kock-kock. —
church under-ground, a lurking den or Kil. From the cry.
secret sink under-ground. —
Fl. Doubt- Cucumber. Fr. concombre, coucombre.
less from KpvTrrci), to hide, being primarily Cot. —
Lat. cucumis, -meris, a cucum-
used for performing in safety the religious ber It. cocomero.
services of the early Christians. Ac per Cud. Q,uid.
'
;


AS. cud, rumen (the
cryptas et latibula cum paucis Christianis stomach). —
Somner. To chew the cud is
per eum conversis mysterium solennitatis to chew the contents of the stomach,
diei dominici clanculo celebrabat.' —
Greg, which in ruminating animals are thrown
of Tours in Due. In qua Basilica est up into the mouth again for that purpose.
'


crypta abditissima.' Ibid. It is called quid in Surrey, whence a quid
Crystal. Gr. upvoz, cold, frost ; icpucr- of tobacco is a small piece of tobacco
7-aXXof, ice, and thence crystal. kept in the mouth like the cud of a rumi-
Cub. The young of animals of certain nating cow. Goth, qtiithei, the womb ;

kinds, as of dogs, bears, foxes. Du. ON. quidr, the womb, paunch, maw ; at
kabbe, kebbe, kebbeken, a little pig kabbe- missa quidinn, Dan. miste maven, in
;

len, to produce young. Surrey to lose the quid, a disease in cattle


Cube. Gr. m^oq, Lat. cubus. equivalent to Bailey's cudlost. In like
Cubit. Lat. cubitus, cubitu7n, the manner in Lat. ru7)ziiio,to chew cud, from
elbow or bending of the arm. From a rumen, the paunch. Ego rumorem par- '

root cub, signifying crook or bend, seen vifacio dum sit rumen qui impleam,' so
in Gael, cub, crouch, stoop, shrink, cubach, long as I am able to fill my belly. ON. at
bent, hollowed, in Gr. kvvtu, to stoop, Lat. quida, to fill one's belly, quidadr, satis-
cubare, to lie down, properly, to bow down. fied, fuU. Fin. kohtu, the womb, maw,
Lith. kumpas, crooked. especially of ruminating animals Esthon. ;

Cucking-stool. A chair on which k'dht, the belly. Sc. kytc, the stomach,
females for certain offences were fastened belly.
and ducked in a pond. ' The chair was * To Cuddle. To fondle, to lie close
sometimes in the form of a close-stool together. The g. kosen, signifying origin-
[which] contributed to increase the degra- ally to chat or talk familiarly with each
dation.' —Hal. Manx cugh, excrement in other, is applied in a secondary sense to
children's language. ON. kuka, cacare. caresses or gestures expressive of affec-
' Similiter
malam cervisiam faciens, aut tion licbkoscn, to caress. In the same
;

in cathedra ponebatur stercoris, aut iiij. way the radical signification of cuddle
sol. dabat prepositis.' —
Domesday B. in seems to be whisper, chat, confidential
Way. communication, then embracing, lying
The name is probably taken from the close. Cuddle is a parallel form with
— ;

CUDGEL CULVERT 189


cushU in Sc. cushU-mushle, low whisper- Ancren Riwle speaks of the cull of an
ing conversation, which in Banffshire be- axe for the blow of an axe.
comes cuddle-muddle, speaking in a low Cullender.— CuUis. A cullender or
muttering voice. 'A got thim aiddle- colander is a strainer, from Lat. colare,
muddlin' wi ane anither at the back o' a to strain ; Fr. couler, to run (of liquids),
dyke.' To cuddle, to speak in a low tone to flow. .Sp. colar, to strain or filter
of voice, mostly of lovers, to coax, to en- colada, lye, strained ashes for washing
tice; cuddle, conversation in a low tone ; coladera, a colander or strainer. So from
a very close intimacy. '
They hive an scavage, scavenger, from passage, pas-
unco cuddle thegeethir.' senger, &c.
In the same way NE. cutter, to whisper, Cullis. Fr. coulis, strained juice of
to speak low, to coo ; also to fondle. meat, &c.
Hal. Swiss kudern, kiiderlen, to talk Cully. Properly the entertainer or
together like
lovers, to fondle. Sw. companion of a courtesan. leacher A
quittra, to chirp, to whisper. Du. kout, whom a courtesan or jilt calls her cully.
chat, familiar conversation. —B. From Fr. couille. Thence a fool,
Cudgel. Du. kodse, kudse, a club, a soft-headed fellow, one who may be
knobbed stick ; knodse, knudse, a knotted easily led by the nose or put upon. B. —
stick, knodsen, knudsen, tundere, contun- To cully one, to make a tool of, impose
dere, batuere. — Kil. The origin is pro- upon, or jilt him. — B.
bably a form like It. cozeare, to knock. Tricks to cully fools. — Pomfret in R.
Cue. The last words of the preceding
speech, prefixed to the speech of an See Cozen.
actor in order to let him know when he is Culm. This term is now applied to
to come on the stage. the kind of coal found not in solid lumps
but in a loose powdery condition. The
From the letter Q by whidh it was
proper meaning is smut, and the latter
marked. ' Q, a note of entrance for act-
ors, because it is the first letter of quando,
name is given in PemlDrokeshire to a
superficial layer of coal in a still more
when, showing when to enter and speak.'
— C. Butler, Eng. Gram., 1634, in N. and
imperfect condition than culm.

of smeke fuligo.' Pr. Pm. —
Culme '

Q., Aug. 5, 1865. Minsheu explains it


somewhat differently. '
A qu, a term Thanne Pacience perceyved of pointes of this
cote,
used among stage-players, k Lat. qualis,
That "were colomy thorugh coveitise and unkynde
e. at what manner of word the actors
i.

are to begin to speak, one after another


desiryng. — P. P.
hath done his speech.' Colinie, black, foul, dirty becalmed, ;

Buckingham. Had you not come upon your Q,



blackened. King Horn. Probably con-
nected with callow or colly, smut, soot.
my lord,
William Lord Hastings had pronounced your Culminate. Lat. culmen, a top, a peak.
part.— Rich. 111. Culpable. Lat. culpa, a fault, culpa,
to find fault with, blame.
The Fr. term is replique. Culprit. The name by which a
Cuflf. Hamburg
kuffen, to box the prisoner on his trial is addressed when
ears ; Sw. dial, kuffa, to strike skuffa, ; he has pleaded not guilty. Probably a
to push, to jog It. schiaffo, a cuff, slap
; corruption of culpat for culpatus, the
or clap on the cheek. The cuff of a sleeve term for a person accused in the old
is the part that is doubled back and flaps Law Latin.
against the sleeve. Sw. klaff, a flap, as Cultivate. — Culture.Lat. colo (p.p.
of a hat or glove, the cuff of a coat. Sp. cultus), to or dress the ground, to
till

golpe, a blow, also the flap of a pocket. bestow labour or pains upon.
Cuirass. Fr. cuirassej It. corazza, Culverin. Fr. cauleuvrine (from cou-
quasi coriacea, made of leather, from Lat. leuvre, Lat. coluber, a snake), a cannon,
coriuni, a skin. Diez. —So Lat. lorica, a or sometimes a handgun. See Caliver.
cuirass, from lorum, a strap. OFr. cuirie, Culvert. A covered passage for water
Port, cotira, a leather jerkin ; couraqa, a under a road. The Fr. couvert is not
cuirass couro, a hide, skin.
; used in this sense, nor is it easy to see
ToCull. To pick out. Cullers axe how the / could have been introduced on
the worst of a flock culled out for dis- the supposition of a derivation from that
posal. Fr. cueillir, Lat. colligere, to source. The E. counties' name is oolve,
gather. To cull^s.% also, like It. cogliere, hoolve, hulve, or wulve, doubtless from
used in the sense of to strike. The hulve (Hal.) or whelve, to cover over.
" ; — ;

I90 CUMBER CURFEW


and possibly culvert Tas.y\>t a corruption favourite form of archi-
the dome was a
from this source. Atkinson. — tecture.

Cumber. Encumber. See Comber. An open cupola had been erected by former
-cumula-. —
Cumulative. Lat. cumu-
generations over the source. Order was given
in consequence to destroy the cupola and the
lus, a heap, cumulo, to pile or heap up. baths. The imperial decree was executed, and
Accumulate, to heap together. the remains of the Kuhbak or dome, &c. Pals- —
grave, Central Arabia, 140. ii.
Cunning. See Con.
kubbd, a dome or cupola.
Cup. Fr. coupe. It. coppa, Du. hop, Ar. kubbat,
The notion of a Catafogo,
Bret. g6b, kSp, skSp.
Cur. A snarling dog * ; currish, snarl-
round projection and of something hol-
ing, malignant. Du. korre, a housedog.
low are often expressed by the same word,
which is often taken from the sound of a

K. From ON. kurra, G. kurren,gurren,
to grumble, mutter. Gurrige ehehalfte, a
blow, and especially a blow on a hollow
body. Thus we have seen boss, a lump
jangling wife. Musaus. Compare G. kur- —
re, OE. currefish (Cot. in v. cocti). Da. knur^
or projection, and boss, hollow. The G.
fisk, a gurnard, from its muttering sounds.
napf, Lang, nap, a bowl or porrenger,
a sUght variation of knopf, a knob or
is
-cur. -^ Current. Curricle. Lat. —
curro, cursum, to run currens, running,
knop, and both meanings are united in ;

passing along curriciilum, a light car


W. cnapen, a knob, a bowl, while the ; ;

concurro, to run along with, to coincide in


origin of the word seems a representation
a blow a break- thought or feeling. To Incur, Recur.
of the
ing ;
sound
E.
of or
knap, to snap, to
thing
strike. —^Hal. Curate. — Curator. — Curious. Lat.

Now the G. /^c';^/" signifies both cup and curator, one who takes care, from euro,
to care for, look to, curiosus, inquiring,
cop, or top, knob, head ; kopfchen, a tea-
cup, kopf, a cupping-glass. The develop-
employing care in inquiry.
ment of the meaning is well illustrated in
— —
Curb. Curve. Curvet. Fr. courber,
to crook, bow, arch courbetfe, a small
the Fin. kopista, to resound from a blow ;

Ttopina, the sound of a blow ; kopio, crooked rafter, the curvetting of a horse.
Lat. curvus, crooked. Gael, crup, con-
empty, sounding as an empty vessel
tract, crouch, shrink crub, crouch, sit,
koppa, anything concave or hollow, as ;

the box of a harp, the cup of a pipe. On squat crubadh, bending


;
Manx crib, ;

the other hand, as in the case of boll and curb, contract, shrink w. crwb, a round ;

buckle, we are led to the image of a bub- hunch crwbach, a hook, crook crybwck,
;
;

ble, as the type of anything round and shrunk, crinkled. The insertion of the
prominent, swollen, hollow. Fin. kuppo, nasal gives AS. crumb, crump, crymbig,
— a, -T-u, a bubble, boil, tumour ; kupia, crooked G. krumm,
; crooked ; Gael.
swelling, puffed ; kupu, the crop of birds, crom, bend, bow, stoop.
head of a cabbage ; kupukka, anything Cxird. —
Curdle. To curdle, to become
globular kuppi, a cup, kuppata, to bleed lumpy ctirds, the lumpy part of milk.
;
;

by cupping. Formerly more correctly written cruddle,


Cupboard. crud. W. criud, a round lump (Spurrell) ;
Originally a board or shelf
crwt, a dumpy person ; Pol. gruda,grud-
for cups, as Du. glasenberd {herd, board),
a receptacle for glasses. Kil. — ka. Boh. hruda, hrudka, a clod, lump,
ball, clot. For the origin of the word
Cupel. Fr. coupelle, a coppell, the
see Crottles.
little ashen pot or vessel wherein gold-
Cure. Lat. cura, care ; originally pro-
smiths melt or fine their metals. Cot. — bably sorrow, lamentation, as we see that
From coupe, a cup.
the E. sorrow is the equivalent of G. sorge,

Cupidity. Concupiscence. Lat. cu- diligence, care, sorrow ; sorgen, to take
piditas, desire, avidity, covetousness, care of. The origin is preserved in Fin.
from cupio, I wish, desire, long for. See kurista, voce strepo stridente, inde mur-
Covet. muro vel segr^ fero, quirito ut infans. It
* Cupola. It. cupola, a round vaulted must thus be considered a relation of Lat.
chapel behind the chancel some use it ; queror, to complain. Fin. ^'«raza, stridor,
for any round arch or vault of a church murmur, kurja, wretched, sad, miserable.
or copped steeple.— Fl. Plausibly con- ON. kurr, murmur, complaint, grating
nected with Fr. coupeau, the top or head kurra, to coo as a dove, to murmur.
of a thing, coupeau de la tHe, the crown Curfew. Fr. couvrefeu, courefeu, Lat.
of the head or with It. cttpo, deep, hol-
; ; iguitegium, the notice for covering or
low, high. But probably the word may putting out lights at a certain hour in the
be an importation from the East, where evening.
CURL CURRY 191-

Item quod nuUus tabernariusseu braciator tene- seen in E. dial, crule, Ditmarsh krule
at tabernam suam apertam post horam ignitegii. (Outzen), to shiver, shudder, is also ex-
— Lib. Alb. I. 251.
emplified in G. graus, shuddering, horror,
Cnrl. Formerly written crull, croule, compared with kraus, Sw. krvs, curly,
croll, in accordance with Du. krol, kroUe, from whence again we are brought to G.
N. kriill. The sense of a vibratory or kraiiseln, to curl.
roUing movement, and thence of a spiral Curlew. Fr. courlis ; OFr. corlieu. —
or twisted form, is commonly expressed Cot. Berri. guerlu. Probably from the
by forms representing in the first instance shrill cry of the bird. Russ. kurluikaf,
a fattling or rumbling sound. Thus It. to cry like a crane.
rototare, to roll along, is essentially the Ourmudgeon. A corn-7nud^n was a
same with E. rattle, G. koUern, to rumble, dealer in corn, a most unpopular class of
is also used in the sense of rolling along,
persons in times of scarcity, as they were
and the word roll itself is equally familiar always supposed to be keeping up the
in both senses. We
speak of the roll of price of corn by their avarice.
a drum, the rolling of thunder, as well as The asdiles curule hung up 12 brazen shields
the rolli7ig of a carriage or a roll of made of the fines that certain corn-m-udgins paid
paper. It seems certain that when the for hourding up their grain. — Holland's Livy
form rol appears in the Romance lan- in R.

guages it is a contraction from a fuller The origin of the element


form, like It. rotolare, equivalent to our would seem to be G. mausche, mausckel,
rattle; but in other cases the syllable a contemptuous name for a Jew, and
may have been framed as it stands to re- thence a huckster, from a jeering imita-
present a rumbling or murmuring sound, tion of their way of pronouncing the name
as in lUyrian ruliti, to bellow, Swiss Moses. Korn-Jude, korn-mausche, a
rollen, for the rushing sound of a brook. corn-mudgin. Swab, mauschen, to huck
In like manner the form crol or croul, or deal in small matters.
expressing vibratory sound, and thence Currant. In Liber Cure Cocorum
vibratory movement, may be a contraction called raysyns of corouns, Fr. raisins de
from forms like Gr. eporaXov, a rattle, as Corinthe J the dried small grapes of the
in Prov. crotlar, crollar, Fr. crodler, cros- Greek islands. Then applied to our own
ier, croler, to shake, E. dial, crudle, crule, sour fruit of somewhat similar appear-
to shudder, shiver ; or in other cases the ance.
root may have been framed a% it stands * To Curry. —
Currier. The etymology
as a direct representation of the sound it of these words has been much confused
is intended to express, as in lUyr. kruliti, by the coalescence of two forms of wholly
to growl, to rumble (like the bowels) G.
; different origin. From Lat. corium, a
grollen, to rumble like thunder ; Fr. hide, coriarius was used in Mid. Lat. for
grougouler, grouiller, to rumble ; E. dial. a maker of or worker in leather, a tanner,
crool, to mutter, murmur ;crawl, crowl, shoemaker, beltmaker. Coriarius, cor-
croll, to grumble, rumble like the bowels. rarius, coreator, leder-maker, zouwer,—
For the connection between quivering — gerber, lederer, schuochmacher. Dief. —
and curling compare Lat. vibrati crines, Supp. ' Coriarius,
seu calciamentorum
curled hair. Again, from the crackling sutor.' —Vita S. Emmer. in Carp. At
sound of things frying we have Fr. graller, the same time from Lat. corrigia, Fr.
griller, grosler, groller, G. krollen (in courroie, a strap, was ioxraeAcorrigiarius,
kroll-erbsen, carltegs or parched peas), to Fr. courroier, a maker of straps or girdles,
parch or fry ; from whence we pass to which seems to have been confounded
the sense of curling, on the same prin- with corier from coriarius. We find at
ciple on which 'E. frizzle signifies both to least in the Statuta Coriariorum of the
fry in grease and also to curl. Fr. grezil- city of Abbeville a provision, ' Que nulz
ler, to crackle as salted flesh on coals, Coriers faice coroies estoffdes de plonc
also to curl, twirl, frizzle hair. —
Cot, Each d'estain sur I'amende de la ville.' In a
separate element of the crackling sound record of A. D. 1365 mention is made
represents to the mind an abrupt move- 'comme Willemet Cotenchi corier eust
ment of some element of the crackling plusieurs chozes et hostiz (outils) de son
body, which is brought into a contorted mestier de correrie, qui par justice avoient
shape by the aggregate action of its dt^ mises en garde k Hesdin.' 'Jehan
separate parts. le Doys sainturier et courroier.' Rec. —
The radical connection between the A. D. 1456 in Carp. From corier was
ideas of shivering and curling which is formed e. coriour, a tanner, the term by
: ' —

CURSE CURTSY
192
of general. 'Dun is in the mire.' 'Whoso
which Wickliff describes the trade
bold as blind Bayard ?
Simon in Acts, ix. x., answering to cori-
The knyght or squier on that other side
arius in the Vulgate. Coryowre, corianus, Or the man that hath in pees or in werre
cerdo.— Pr. Pm. :,, j 1,. Dispent with his lorde his bloode, but he hide^
On the other hand, we hardly doubt The trouthe, and cory favelle, he not the ner is
that the verb to c7irry or dress leather is —
His lordes grace. Occleve, De regimine princi-
from Fr. corroyer, conroyer, or with the pum, p. 189.
close vowel of the Norman dialect
cou- When the meaning of Favel in the
rier, signifying generally to
dress or pre- proverb was no longer understood, the
pare materials, to set in order for
some sense was made up by the substitution of
to favour.
particular application, and specially
polire Curse. Sw. kors (cross) interjection,
dress leather, corium subigere, ; !

leather- as Fr. mon dieu ! bon dieu ! AS. corsian,


conroyeur, corroyeur, a currier or
dresser, artisan qui donne aux
cuirs la to execrate by the sign of the cross. E.

dernifere preparation.—Trev.
Piaus de Fris. kriiiis, the cross kriiiisken, kriiii- ;

moutons que I'on appele piaus de Damas, zigen, to curse. Stiirenberg. In Fr. we —
conrees en alun dressed with alum.— find sacrer used both in the senses of
:

Joinville cited by Marsh. I curry


leather consecrating or execrating. An appeal

je courroie. Palsgr.
Tre-
to the Deity is made in both cases, but
m
^

Other applications mentioned in the one case he is called on to execute


voux are topuddhng clay forholding water, vengeance on the devoted object, in the
dressing of timber, forging of iron. O Fr. other it is offered to his gracious accept-
corroi, dressing of leather, order of battle. ance. So ON. biota, to consecrate and to
Sp. conrear, to dress wool. It. corredare, curse.
to rig or furnish a ship, to trim a bride. Curst. Ill-tempered, cross-grained.
The ultimate origin is the figure of setting Kate the curst.' OE. crus, wrathful.
'

in order from the root rod, row, line, Havelok, 1966. The familiar crusty, ill-
whence Du. rooi, and E. row, order, rank. tempered, may perhaps be a metaphor
See Ready, Array. from the rugged surface of crust, but it
It is a strong proof that the verb to is by no means certain that it is not an
curry is from Fr. corroyer and not from ofi"shoot from the stem to which belong
the OE. coriour, in that it is not confined OE. crus, curst, Fr. courroux. It. corntc-
to the sense of dressing leather, but like cio, curccio, wrath. In a passage of the
the Fr. verb is used for dressing the coat treatise called '
Deadly Sins,' cited by
of a horse. Dr R. Morris, the earlier version, the
Li vilains son roncin atorne, Cursor Mundi, has crustful, which is
Et frote et conroie et estrille. replaced by ireful in the later version.
Fab. et Contes, 3. 198. * Curt. Lat. curtus, short, stumpy.
Reoeurent les destrers e les forz mulz amblanz Curtain. Mid. Lat. cortina, a small
A les osteus les meinent conreer gentement.
inclosed court or yard, Domuncula mi-
'

Travels of Charlemagne cited by Marsh.


nor cum cortind, vineS., &c.' Hence the
In the latter example the verb is used in name seems to have been given to the
the general sense of taking care of. curtains or hangings by which a smaU in-
A currycomb is a comb for dressing closure was made round an altar or
the coats of horses. chapel in a church or a bed in a cham-
To curry favour is a proverbial ex- ber. '
Cortina est ornamentum Ecclesia-
pression corrupted from 'curry Favel,' rum vel tabernaculorum, sicut vela depic-
Fr. etriller Fauveau, to curry the chest- ta,quEe in lateribus altarium suspenduntur
nut horse. Tel dtrille Fauveau que puis
'
ne sacerdos aspectu circumstantium con-
le mord, the ungrateful jade bites him fundatur.' —
Breviloquium in Due.
that does him good. —
Cot. G. den Falben Curtal.— Curtail. From Fr. court,
streichen, den falben Hengst streichen short, with a modification of the termina-
(literally to rub down the chestnut), to tion ard (seen in Bayard, dastard, drunk-
flatter, cajole. — Kiittn. Curryfavell, a
ard), is formed courtault, courtaut. Mid.
flatterer estrille-fauveau.
: Palsgr. —It Lat. curtaldus, E. curtal, having a docked
was usual to make a proper name of the tail. To curtail is a different word, from
colour of a horse, and to speak of the court tailler, to cut short.
animal as Bayard, Dun, Lyard (Fr. Hart, Curtsy. Fr. courtiser, to court, enter-
grey), Ball (whitefaced), Favel (Fr. Fau- tain with all compliments or offices of
veau, from fauve, fallow), and any of respect and observance ; courtoisie, cour-
these was taken proverbially for horse in tesy, civility,— Cot. But I inclined to am
— ; ;

CURVE CYNIC 193


believe that the word fundamentally sig- cut, a gobbet cwt, a short tail cwttogi,
; ;

nifies to cross oneself, put oneself into the to curtail, abridge. Turk, kaf, a cutting,
reverent position of those who make the kat'et, to cut kifa, a piece, a segment.
;

sign of the cross. It is commonly pro- 2. A term of abuse for a woman. See
nounced ciirchy, and in Pembrokeshire a Cotquean.
girl is told to make her crutch or curch. Cuticle. Lat. ctttis, the skin.
I croutche, I make humble reverence. —
Cutlas. Curtal-axe. It. coltello and
PsJsgr. It. far croce, star colle braccia the augmentative coUellaccio become in
in croce, to cross the arms on the breast the Venetian dialect cortelo, a Icnife, and
(often joined with bowing or kneeling), as cortelazo, a pruning-knife or bill. Hence
an attitude of reverence La Crusca — the OE. courtelas, and with that striving
riverenza, a curtsy or bending to another after meaning, which is so frequent a

with the knee. Fl. Faire reverence d., cause of corruption, curtal-axe. Fr.
to arise, give place, make courtesie, vaile coutelas, a cuttelas or courtelas, or short
bonnet unto ; to solicit with cap and sword. Cot. —
knee. — Cot. Cutler. Fr. coutelier, a maker of
Curve. See Curb. knives, from couteau, formerly written
Curvet. Fr. courbette, the prancings cousteau, coulteau. It. coltello, Venet. cor-
of a managed horse, in which he bends telo, a knife, the r of which last has per-
his body together and springs out. haps passed into the s of cousteau. But
-cuse. Lat. causa, matter in question, this is not necessary, as an example of
suit at law, something laid to the charge the same change in the opposite direction
of one. Hence accuso, to bring a charge is seen in the OFr. coultre, for coustre, a
against one excuse, to relieve one from sexton, from custos.
;

a charge ; recuso, to refuse, to say no to Lat. culler, cultellus, w. cyllel, a knife.


the matter in question. Cutlet. Fr. cotelette, dim. from cdte,
CusMon. Fr. coussin: It. coscino, rib, side, coast, from Lat. casta, a rib.
cuscino. G. kiissen, ON. koddi, a cushion. Cuttle-flsli. Fr. cornet, a sea-cut or
See Cod. cuttle-fish. Cot. —
Du. see-katte, w. 7nor-
-cuss-. Lat. quatio, quassum, in 'comp. gylleil, the sea-knife, from the knife or
-cutio, -cussum, to shake, strike, shatter. feather-shaped bone contained in its body.
Hence concussion, percussion. In some parts of France it is called cous-
Custard. A corruption of the obsolete teau de mer. Cousteau, the principal
crustade, a dish which appears in the bills feather in a hawk's wing, termed by our
of fare of the 14th century, and was com- falconers cut or cuttie. — Cot.
posed of some kind of stew served up in Cycle, Aperiodic space of time. Gr.
a raised crust. In a bill of fare of a cen- kvkKoq, a circle.
tury later mention is made of a blaunche Cyclopaedia. Gr. KWKXoTraiJtia (kvkXos,
custade. — Wright, Hist, of Domestic a circle, irmSiia, instruction), a complete
Manners, 355. ^Custade costable when round of information.
eggs and crayme be geason.' Babees — Cygnet. Lat. cygnus, cycnus, Fr.
Book, 170. cygne, a swan.
Custody. Lat. custodiaj custos, a Cylinder. Lat. cylindrus, Gr. KvXivSpog,
guard, keeper. from Kv\ivda, to roll.
Custom. costume, Fr. coustume,
It.
Cymbal, Gr. KvfifidKov, a cymbal
coutume. Sp. costumbre, from consuetudo, KVji^oq,a cavity, hollow vessel, goblet.
consuetudinis, through the medium, as From an imitation of the sound of strik-
Diez supposes,of a softened formfo/zj»^^«- ing a hollow object. Compare Gr. iconTrm,
inen. So from mansuetudo, Sp. mansed- to clank; Fin. kopina, the sound of a
umbre. Port, mansedume. blow, kopano, a hollow tree, sounding hol-
low when struck. Lat. campana, a bell
Cut. I. Sw. dial, kata, to cut small,
Alb. kembone, a cattle-bell.
to work in wood, to whittle, kata ur, to Cynic. Lat. cynicus, from Gr. Kvav,
hollow out ; ON. kuta, to cut ; N. kutte, KvvoQ, a dog kvvik'oq, like a dog, belong-
;

to cut off ; Sw. dial, kuta, kytti, a knife ; ing to a dog. •

kutts, a bit ; w. cwtt, catt, a little piece, a

13
— —

194 DABBLE DADE

D
To Dabble. —
Dab. Dabble, daddle, Dad, 2. —Dawd. This is a word pre-
daggle, and wabble, waddle, waggle, are cisely analogous to dab. It is used in the
parallel series formed on a similar plan, first instance to represent the sound of a
and all apparently representing in the blow. Dad, a blow, a thump Hal. ; —
firstinstance the agitation or dashing of dad, daud, to thrash, dash, drive forcibly.
liquid matters. The sense is then extend- —
Jam. ' He dadded to the door,' slam-
ed to the dashing of wet or even solid med it to. ' He fell with a dad.' Also,
things, and thence to a separate portion to throw mire so as to bespatter, to dawb.
of a substance more or less coherent, so Hence dad, dawd (as dab, dabbet, above),
much as is thrown down at once. ODu. a large piece, a lump, lunch. Swiss ddtsch,
dabbelen. Norm, dauber (H^richer), to smack, sound of a blow datsch, dotsch, ;

tramp in the mire dabbelen, dabben, to smack, blow with something broad, broad
;


bemire. Bigl. Sc. dub, a puddle. In lump of something soft. See Daddle.
the sense of dashing or giving a smart Daddock, dadick, rotten wood, is the
push dim. of the above. It signifies wood in
He gart the loon's hehd cry dab amo' the yird. a state in which you can pick it bit from
He dabbit the loon's nose amo' the dubs. Dai bit. Hence dadacky, decayed, tasteless.

your hehd doon. Banff. Gl. Daddle. In low language, the hand.
Norm, dauber, to bang. La.-porte daube.' Tip us your daddies, shake hands. Hesse,
'

A dab of dirt is a lump of dirt thrown datsche, a paw or hand, in a contemptuous


and sticking where it falls. The word is sense Westerwald, tatschgeii,patschgen,
;

specially applied to a lump of something a hand (in children's lang.), from dats-
moist or soft, and hence to dab, to touch cheln, tatschen, tdtscheln, to paddle with
with something moist. See Daddle, Dad, 2. the hands, to handle improperly. Tatsch
The notion of a smart push is some- hand (Sanders), Pl.D. patsche, patsch
times specialised to a prick or thrust with hand, the hand, to children. The radical
a pointed instrument. meaning of daddle, of G. datscheln, tats-
cheln, as well as the synonymous paddle,
He keepit a dabban. o't doon intil a hole.
Banff. Gl. patschebi, is to dabble in the wet. Sc.
daddle, daidle, to draggle, bedabble one's
To dab or daub, to prick, to peck as birds.
clothes, do work in a slovenly way. To
— Jam. To dab in some parts of England
daddle and drink, to be continually tip-
is used, as dibble in others, for making
pling, as to paddle in Devon to take too
holes in a furrow with a pointed instru-
ment for the planting of seed. The notion

much drink. Hal. Then, perhaps from
the wavering of an agitated liquid, to
of striking is more general in Fr. dauber,
daddle is to walk unsteadily like a child,
to beat, drub, thresh, and in E. dab-hand,
one who does a thing off hand, at a single
to waddle. Grose. — In the same way to
daddle, to walk with difficulty, like a
So Lang, tapa, to strike, to do a
blow.
thing skilfully and quickly. Diet. Castr. — child or an old person. —
Atkinson. Hess.
datteln, daddeln, dotteln, doddeln, to tod-
Dabohiok.— Dobohiok. Yr. plongeon,
dle, to walk unsteadily, to stagger.
Norm. ^a«(5« (H^richer), the lesser grebe,
takes the foregoing names from its habit
To Dade. —
Dading-strings. To dade
is applied to the vacillating steps of
first
of constantly dabbing or bobbing under
water.
a child. To dade
a child, to teach him
to walk dading-strings, NE. paddling-
;

The diving dobchick here among the rest you see,


strings, strings by which he is held up
Now up, now down again, that hard it is to prove while beginning to dade or paddle lead-
Whether under water most it Uveth or above. ;

, Drayton. ing-strings.
Which nourished and brought up at her most
Dan. dobbe, Du.
,

Norm, dauber, to dive. plenteous pap,


dobber, a float ; dobberen, to rise and fall No sooner brought to dade, but from her mo-
with the wave. — Halma. But
ther trips
eas'ly from her source as
Dad. yj. tad, Lap. dadda (in child- Isis gently dades.
Almost as uni- Drayton.
ren's language), father.
versally spread as Baba or Papa. We have seen that the primary sense
— ' — ;

DAFFODIL DAIRY 19s


of daddle is to dabble or paddle in the ment seems as follows, w. twll, Bret.
wet, then to waddle or walk imperfectly toull, a hole, cavity; Pol. dol, a pit. Then
like a child.. And as wade is related to a hollow where water collects, a sink,
waddle, so is dade to daddle. gully, di-ain, gutter, spout.
Daffodil. Corrupted from Lat. aspho- Swiss dole, a pit, hollow, sink, drain ;
delus. Fr. asphodile, aphrodille, the
daflfodill, affodill, or asphodill ilower.
— OHG. dola, cloaca, fistula ; Fr. dalle, a
sewer or pit whereinto the washings and
Cot. other such ordure of houses are conveyed
Dag. —Dagger. The syllable dag or — Cot. in Normandy a spout or channel
;

dig, likedab or dib, represents a sudden to void water by. —


Roquefort. Sp. dala,
thrust, then the instrument with which the pump-dale of a ship. ON. dcel, a de-
the thrust is given, or anything of simi- pression, dcela, a bucket for drawing
lar form. Bret, dagi, to stab ; OE. dag, water from a well, a sea-pump.
to pierce. Dainty, w. dant, a tooth dantaidd ;

Derfe dyntys they dalte with daggande sperys. (as E. toothsome), dainty, delicate. Bav.
Morte Aithure in Hal. ddntsch, a delicacy, ddntschig, dainty,
nice in eating ; NE. danch, s. s. OE.
Fr. dague. It. daga, E. dagger, a short
stabbing weapon. OE. dag, a small pro- daunch, donch, fastidious, over-nice.
jecting stump of a tree, a sharp sudden Hal.
pain. —
Hal. Dag is then a projecting

Dairy. Dey. The dey was a servant
point, a jag, and specially the jags or
in husbandry, mostly a female, whose
slashing with which garments were orna- duty was to make cheese and butter,
mented. attend to the calves and poultry and other
odds and ends of the farm. The de7y,
So much dagging of sheres with the super-
fluity in lengthe of ^ the foresaide gounes. deyty, or dairy, was the department as-
Chaucer. signed to her. 'A deye, androchius,
Dagge of cloth, fractillus. Pr.' Pm. Da- — androchea (for androgynus, either man or
woman), genatarius, genetharia ; a derye,
gon, a slice. '
A
dagon of your blanket,
androchiarium, bestiarium, genetheum
leve dame.'— Ch. Daglets, icicles, or
Ifoxgynecceu7n, the woman's apartment,
Dag-locks, clotted locks
jags of ice.
hanging in dags or jags at a sheep's tail.
place where the weaving was done).' —
Cath. Ang. in Way. Caseale, a dey-
'

Fin. takku, a shaggy fleece, takku-willa,


dag-wool, takkuinen, matted, shaggy,
hozise where cheese is made.' Elyot in —
Hal. In Gloucestershire a dairy is still
dagged. OE. dag-swain, a bed-covering
so called. In the 37 Edw. III., ,A.D.
of shaggy material.
1363, are classed together 'bovers, vach-
Some dagswaynes have long thrumys (fractil-
ers, porchers, deyes et touz autres gar-
los) 'and jags on bothe sydys, some but on one.
Herman in. Way. deirez des bestes,' the word deyes being
To translated in the English version deyars
To Daggle. trail in the dirt, to
or dairy -men, and in 12 Rich. II. deye
run like a child daggly, wet, showery.
;

— Hal. To ^i?^^, to sprinkle with water;


and deyrie, woman.
The
.

duties of the dey are mentioned by


dagged, wet, bedaggled.—Atkinson. Sw.
Neccham.
dial, dagg, a sup or small portion of liquid;
Da. dugge, bedugge, to bedew ; Devon. Assit et androgia que gallinis ova supponat et
anseribus acera substeraat que agnellos morbi-
dugged, dugged tealed, daggletailed. ;

dos in su^ teneritate lactefoveat alieno. Vitulos


Formed on a plan analogous to dabble autem et subrumos ablactatos inclusos teneat in
or daddle, and signifying in the first in- pargulo juxta fenile, &c.
stance working in something wet. The
place of the liquid is transposed in Bav. The milking of the cows and feeding
dalken, to work in wet or pasty mate-
the weanlings by hand would naturally
verdalken, to fall to the same attendant, and hence the
rials, to work unskilfully ;

bedaggle dalket, doughy, origin of the name as rightly pointed out


besmear, ;

clammy, awkward ; Hesse dalgen, to by Jamieson. Dan. dagge, to feed with


handle improperly, to paw. A like trans- foreign milk ; dceggebarn, a nurse child ;
seen in dabble and dallop, dcEggehorn, a feeding-bottle.
position is
Sw. doeggja, dia, to give suck dej'a^a.
wabble and wallop, in G. schwappeln, to ;

sway to dairy-maid. N. deia, deigja, generally sig-


splash, and Swiss schwaipen, to
nifies a maidservant ; budeia {bu, cattle),
and fro, and many other cases.
Dail— Dale. trough A
which the m one who looks after the cattle, milkmaid
pump over the decks rakstadeie, woman engaged to rake hay,
water runs from the haymaker;
of a ship.— B.
The course of develop- reiddeia, housemaid, woman
13 »

. ;; ;

196 DAIS DAM


whose business to look after and set
is dallen .?'— Sanders. '
Die tunge lallt und
the house to rights. ON. deigja, a maid /a///.'— Deutsch. Mund. 4- 188. 'Alte
servant, female slave, a concubine. Pol. leute muss man dalen lassen.' Schmeller. —
doU, to milk cows, &c., dojka, a dairy- G. dial, dalejt, to speak or act childishly,
maid, dojarnica, a dairy Bohem. doiti,
; to trifle, toy, dawdle —
D. M. 3. 418 ; dol-
to milk or give milk dogka, a wet-nurse,
; len, tdlen, to play, work without earnest-
nurse-maid. ness.— 4. 188. To dwallee or dwaule, to

Exmoor Scolding.
Dais. Fr. Dais or daiz, a cloth of talk incoherently.
estate, canopy or heaven that stands over Dalyyn or talkyn, fabulor, coUoquor ;
the heads of Princes' thrones also the ;
dalyaunce, confabulacio. Pr. Pm. Pl.D. —
whole state or seat of estate. Cot. OFr.— dwalen, to jest, sport, act irrationally
dais, deis, a table, from discus. A curt ' dwalse, a simpleton.
esterras, e k mun deis tuz jurs mangeras.' The word seems to arise from a mock-
— L. des Rois. '
Un jor seeit al maistre ing imitation of senseless chatter by syl-
deis:' one day he (the king) sat at the lables without meaning, like fal-lal-la !

principal table or high dease. Chron. — ta-la-la tilly vally


! or tilly fally
! dilly- !

Norm. The name was then transferred dally ! G. lari fari Fr. tarare
! Lang, !

to the raised step on which the high table ta-ta-ta ! interjections intimating one's
was placed, or the canopy over it. contempt for what is said. In parts of
Daisy. Day's eye. as. dages Germany childish behaviour in a grown
That well by reason men it call may person is jeered by a rigmarole beginning
The deisie or els the eye of the day. with tillum tallum, tille talle, or tall-tall.
Chaucer in R — D. M. 3. 414. Bav. dilledelle, delle-
—Dell. w. twll, a hole,
Dale. pit, melle, a simpleton.
dimple, — mwn, a mine-shaft Bret, ; ioull, —
Dam. Dame. Lat. domina, It. dama,
a hole or cavity Pol. dol, bottom, pit
; Fr. dame, a lady. From being used as a
dolek, a little pit or hole, socket of the respectful address to women it was ap-
eye, dimple ; dolina, valley ; Bohem. plied, KaT i^oxriv, to signify a mother, as
dul, a pit, shaft in a mine, dulek, a de- sire to a father.
pression, pock-mark, dolina, a valley. Enfant qui craint ni pere ni mere
Goth, dal, a valley, gulf, pit G. thai, a ; Ne peut que bien ne le comperre.
valley. Dan. dal, a valley, dcel, a de- For who that dredith sire ne dame
pression E. dale, a valley, dell, a depres-
;
Shall it abie in bodie or name. —
R. R. 5887.
sion in a hill-side. The E. had also a —
And fykel tonge hure syre
diminutive corresponding to the Slavonic Amendeswas hure dame. P. P. in R, —
'

dolek J dalke, vallis.' Pr. Pm. Delk, a Faithlesse, forsworn, ne goddesse was thy dam.
Nor Dardanus beginner of thy race. Surry in R. —
small cavity in the body or in the soil.
Forby. ' Le fosset oue col, dalke in the Subsequently these terms were confined
neck.' —
Bibelsworth in Way. to the male and female parents of ani-
Dallop. To dallop, to paw, toss or mals, especially of horses.
tumble about carelessly ; dallop, a slat- Dam. A
word of far-spread connec-
tern, a trollop (Forby), a clumsy and tions with much modification of form and

shapeless mass. Hal. N. dolp, a lump, sense. The fundamental signification is
a hanging bob. w. talp, a lump. the notion of stopping up, preventing the
The sense of a shapeless lump is often flow of a liquid. Qoih. faur-dammjan,
connected with that of paddling or dab- to shut up, obstruct, hinder Pol. tamo- ;

bling, as in dab and dabble, dad or dawd wai!, to stop, staunch, obstruct, dam ;
and daddle. And the sense of over-hand- iama, a dam, dike, causeway, on. dam-
ling follows close on that of dabbling nir, Dan. dam, a fish pond. OSw.
with wet things. ON. ddlpa or damla, to damfn, a dam. Bav. damn, daumb, taum,
paddle or row softly ; Hesse dalgeii, del- Fr. tampon, iapon, the wad of a gun ;

j>en, dalmen, to paw or handle overmuch Bav. daumen, verdaumben, Fr. taper, to
to dallop, to over-nurse. —
Whitby. Gl. ram down, to stop the loading from fall-
Dallop is in fact related to dabble as ing out. Here we are brought to a root
wallop to wabble, or Hess, dalgen to E. tap instead of tarn, and it will be seen
daggle. that the change might as easily take place
To Dally. The
radical sense seems from tap through tamp to tarn, as in the
to be to talk imperfectly like a child, then opposite direction from tarn to tap. The
to act like a child, trifle, loiter. G. dah- evidence preponderate? in favour of the
len, dallen, to stammer, tattle, trifle. originality of the latter form. The idea
' Wer lehrt den Psittacum unser wort of stopping up an orifice is naturally ex-

DAMAGE DAMP 197

pressed by a word signifying a tuft or both cases the notion of stopping an


is
bunch, as Fr. boucher, to stop, bouchon, a orifice, and the two senses are not always
cork, from OFr. bousche, a handful or distinguished by different modes of spell-
bunch ; dtouffer, to stop the breath, from ing. The Pol. tamowad signifies to dam,,
touffe, a tuft, lock of hair, clump of trees. to stop, to stop the breath, to check, to
Now the Sw. tapp, a bunch, has precisely restrain. Lang, tapofam, literally, stop-
hunger, a damper or hunch of meat to
thesignificationrequired. Hotapp, halm-
tapp, a wisp of hay or straw ; tapp-wis,
damp the appetite at the beginning of a
by handfuls. Then, from a bunch of —
meal. Diet. Castr. It is probably from
the notion of stopping the breath that the
fibrous matter being used in stopping an
figurative senses of the verb to damp are
orifice, tapp, a bung, tap, plug. Hence
chiefly derived. Sw. and-tceppa, short-
tappa, to stop a hole, to staunch, and in
ness of breath Lap. tappalet, to be suf-
a wider sense to shut, shut up ; tappa et ;

focated, from Sw. tcEppa, Lap. tappet, to


aker, to inclose a field. stop. OHG. temphen, bedemphen, G. ddmp-
Lap. tappet, to shut, to stop tappa fen, to sufi"oeate, choke, smother ; ddmpf-
;

ukseb, shut the door ; tappalet, to have leinchen, a cord to hang one, halter —
the breath stopped, to be suffocated, Adelung ; damp/, shortness of breath,
tappaltak, the asthma ; Sw. and-tcBppa,
dampfig, Du. dempig, dampig, short-
shortness of breath, asthma {ande, breath).
winded.
Lang, tap, a cork, tapa, tampa, to stop,
Then as the breath is the common
shut, shut up, inclose, surround ; se tampa
symbol of life, to stop the breath is the
las aourelios, to stop one's ears ; tampa
most natural expression for putting an
uno porta, to shut a door ; tainpos, shut-
end to life, extinguishing, depressing,
ters. —
Diet. Castr. Tampo, a tank or
G. ddmpfen, Du. dempen, Sw.,
reservoir. —
Diet. Lang. CsX. tap, a cork,
quelling.
dampa, to extinguish a light, and also in
bung ; tapa, the sluice of a mill ; tapar,
to stop, cover, conceal ; taparse el eel, to a figurative sense to repress, to damp.
become covered (of the sky) ; tapat (of G. aufruhr ddmpfen, to suppress a tu-
the sky or atmosphere), close. mult ; die ddmpfung der liiste, the
Ptg. tapar, to stop a hole, to cover ; mortification of lusts. Kiittn. Sw. —
tapado, stopped up, fenced in, thick, dampa sina begarelsen, to stifle one's
close-wrought, tapada, a park, taparse, passions.
to darken, grow dark, taptilho, a stopper, In the south of Germany ddmmen is
tampam., a cover, lid of a box ; Sp. tapar, used in the same way ; das feuer, pein
to stop up, choke, cover, conceal ; tapon, ddmmen, to damp the fire, to still pain ;

cork, plug, bung. Fr. tappn, tampon, E. Bav. demmen, ddmen, to restrain, quell,
tampion, tamkin, tomkin,, a stopple for a ' Dajnen,
extinguish, tame. domare,'
cannon. '
AUe irrung nieder zu driicken und zu
It wiU be seen that the Lang, form
ddmmen,' ' Glut demmen und loschen.'
tampo j a tank, cistern, or reservoir (un-
doubtedly from the root tap), agrees ex-
Schmeller. —
actly with the OSw. dampn, a dam or Here we are brought to a point at
pond kropp-dampn, a cistern at the top which Gr. Sajiau, Lat. domare, Dan.
;

of a building. — Ihre. tcemme, to tame, would seem to break


in, as parallel modifications of the same
Samage. Lat. damnatio, Prov. damp-
natge, Fr. dommage. root. Compare Dan. tcemme sine leden-
skaber, to curb one's passions (Repp.),
Ut ei nemo contrarietatem vel damnationcm
adversus eum facereprsesumat.^Ep. Car. Mar- with Sw. dampa sina begarelser, above
tel.in Due. cited ; Lat. domare iracundias.
Damask. Fr. damasguinj because Damp, I . The sense of vapour, steam,
figured silks, linen, &c., were imported smoke, expressed by the G. dainpf, Du.
from Damascus. damp, demp, domp, may have arisen in
Damn, -demn. Lat. dammcm, loss, two ways. The G. </fl»z^ signifies short
injury ; damno (in comp. -demno), to con- wind, dampfig, breathing with difficulty,
demn. and, as the designation of a phenomenon
To Damp. It is impossible to sepa- is commonly taken from the most exag-
rate to signifying to check the
damp, gerated manifestation of it, the term may
vital energies, suppress, subdue, from have been applied in the first instance to
dam, to stop the flow of water by a phy- the breath, and thence to exhalation,
sical obstacle. The fundamental idea in steam, smoke. Bav. dampf, contemptu-
— —

198 DAMSEL DANGER


ously, the breath.— Schm. Or the de- to shake or jog; diddle-daddle, trifling
signation may have been taken from activity, great activity with little result
regarding smoke, dust, vapour, steam, as (moving to and fro). Banff. Gl. — Fr.
suffocating, stifling, choking agents. Sw. dodiner, to rock, shake, shog, wag up and
damb, dust. The G. dampf is explained down; dandiner, to sway the body to and
by Adelung ' any thick smoke, mist, or fro dodeliner, to rock or jog up and
;

vapour, especially when it is of sulphure- down, to dandle dondeliner, to wag the


;

ous nature,' where the reference to the head ; It. dondolare, to dandle a child, to
idea of suffocation is obvious. Compare rock or dangle in the air, to loiter or
Dan. qucBle, to suffocate, choke, with G. idle ; dondola, a toy, a child's playing
qualm, vapour, smoke. In the choke- baby. —
Fl. To dandle signifies in the
damp of our mines there is a repetition first instance to toss or rock an infant,

of the element signifying suffocation thence to toy, play, trifle.


added to supply the loss of that meaning King Henry's ambassadors into France having
in the E. damp. been dandled by the French during these delusive
2. The sense of moisture expressed by practices, returned without other fruit of their
the Du. and E. damp is probably to be
labours. —Speed in R.

explained from the connection of close- G. tdndeln, to trifle, toy, loiter, tdndel-
ness and suffocation with dampness or schiirze, a short apron more for show
moisture. Cat. tapat, of the sky or than for use ; kleider-tand, ostentation in
air, covered, close Sw. et tapt rum, a
;
dress.
close room, room with no vent for the In like manner may be explained the
air Du. bedo7npt, stifling, close, con-
;
Sc. dandilly and E. dandy, applied to
fined bedompt huis, maison mal percde,
;
what is made a toy of, used for play and
obscure, humide bedompt, dompig, or
;
not for working-day life, finely dressed,
dampig weer, dark and damp weather. ornamental, showy.
Halma. G. i^a/zz;)/^, musty, damp. The And he has married a dandilly wife,
idea of what is light, airy, and open on She wadna shape nor yet wad she sew,
the one hand, is opposed to what is dark, But sit wi' her cummers and fill hersel fu'.
close, and damp on the other, and hence
Jam.
damp, signifying in the first place close A dandy is probably first a doll, then
and confined, has passed on to designate a finely-dressed person. Dandy-cock
the humidity associated with closeness. (quasi toy-cock), a bantam. Hal. —
Damsel. Fr. demoiselle ; It. dami- Dandruff. I5ret. tan, tin, Fr. teigne,
gella, dim. of dama, a lady, from Lat. scurf. W. ton, skin, crust ; marwdon,
domina. dead skin, dandruff. Perhaps the w.

Damson. Dam^ascene. A kind of drwg, bad, evil, may form the conclusion
plum. Mod. Or. Sa/iaaicrivov, a plum. of the E. word dandruff, as if dondrwg,
Dance. Fr. daiiser, G. tanzen, Dan. the bad crust or scab.
dandse. The original meaning was doubt- Danger. Mid. Lat. davmum was used
less to stamp, in which sense danse, to signify a fine imposed by legal author-
dandse is still used in South Denmark. ity. The term was then elliptically ap-
Outzen. So in Lat. pedibus plaudere
'
plied to the limits over which the right
choreas,' alterno terram pede quatere.'
'
of a Lord to the fines for territorial of-
Glosses of 1418, quoted by Schmellerj fences extended, and then to the inclosed
render applaudebant by tanzten mil den field of a proprietor, by the connection
hennden. Dan. dzindse, to' thump Sw. which one sees so often exemplified in
;

dunsa, to fall heavily Du. donsen, pugno


; Switzerland at the present day, ' En- —
sive typhas clava in dorso percutere.— Kil. trance forbidden under penalty of 10 fr.'
A like connection is seen between as. ' Si
quis caballum in damnum suum in-
ttimbiait, to dance, and Pl.D. dumpen, to venerit.' —
Leges Luitprand in Due. 'Ex-
stamp ; Devonsh. dump, to knock heavily, ceptis averiis in alieno damno inventis.'
to stump ; also a kind of dance. —
Hal. —
Mag. Chart. 'Dici poterit quod averia
Dandelion. Fr. dent de lion, lion's capta fuerant in loco certo in damno suo,
tooth, from the leaves with tooth-like, vel in prato vel alibi in suo separali.'
jags directed backwards compared to a Fleta. In this sense the word was often
lion's jaw. rendered dommage in Fr. '
Animalia
^o Dandle. —
Dandy. Dandle is
_

a in damnis dictorum fratrum inventa'


nasalised form of daddle, which with ' bestes trouvdes prinses en domage' —
many allies signifies movement to and fro. Monast. Ang. in Due. ' Qu'en dommaige
E. didder, dodder, to shake ; Sc. diddle, et en sa garenne le poulain au charreton
— — ;

DANGLE DANK
—'Cent 199
trouva.' nouv. nouv. Damage
then acquired the sense of trespass, in-
molere — absque dangerio vel
et id facere
exactione qualibet tenebitur in futurum
trusion into the close of another, as in the molendinarius molendini.' Chart. A.D. —
legal phrase da7nage feasant, whence Fr. 1 3 10, in Carp. The word then passed on
damager, to distrain or seize cattle found both in Fr. and E. to signify difficulties
in trespass. '
Comme Estienne Lucat about giving permission or complying
sergent de Macies eust prinst et dom- with a request, or to absolute refusal.
mag^ une jument.' Carpent. — '
Et leur commanderent que si la roine
From this verb was apparently formed fesait dangier qvuQ ils la sachassent (chas-
the abstract domigeriiiin, signifying the sassent) k force hors de I'eglise.' Comme '

power of exacting a damnum or fine for le tavernier faisoit dangier ou difficult^


trespass. Sub domigerio alicujus aut
'

de ce faire.' Carpentier.

manu esse.' Bracton. Then as damage With danger uttren we all our chaffare,
is written damge in the laws of W. the Gret prees at market maketh dere ware,
Conqueror, the forej^oing domigerium And to gret chepe is holden at litel prise ;

and the corresponding Fr. domager or This knoweth every woman that is wise.
damager would pass into damger, danger, W. of Bath.

the last of which is frequently found in i.e. we make difficulties about uttering
the peculiar sense of damnum and dom- our ware.
mage above explained. ' En ladite terre I trow I love him bet for he

et ou dangier dudit sire trouva certaines Was of his love so dangerous to me. — lb.

bestes desdis habitans. Icelles bestes se And thus the martial Erie of Mar
boutferent en un dangier, ou paturage Marcht with his men in richt array —
defendu.' —
Carp. A. D. 1373.
Without all danger or delay
Came haistily to the Harlaw.
Narcissus was a baohflere Battle of Harlaw.
That Love had caught in his daungere
(had caught trespassing in his
. To Bangle. The syllables ding dong
close)
And gan him so straine. R. R.
in his nette — represent loud penetrating sounds as
The term danger was equally applied
those of bells or of repeated blows. — Fl.

to the right of exacting a fine for breach


Thence dang, to throw down or
E. dial,
strike with violence Sw. danga, to bang,
of territorial rights, or to the fine or the ;

rights themselves, and the officer whose


thump, knock at a door Sc. ding, to ;

beat, strike, drive, throw to ding on, to ;


duty it was to look after rights of such
attack with violence. Ding dong is used
a nature was called sergent dangereux.
adverbially to represent repeated blows ;
'
Esquels bois nous avons droits de dan-
dingle-dangle, for the motion of a thing
ger, c'est assavoir que toutes et quante-
foiz que aucunes bestes seront trouv^es
swaying to and fro. ON. ddngla, to
beat, to dangle or sway to and fro. Sw.
esdis bois, elles seront confisqudes a nous


Robert le fort notre sergent dangereux
dial, dangla, to swing, to totter, saunter ;

advisa de loing icelles brebis.' a.D. 1403, dangla, dingla, to dangle. Comp. daske,
in Carp. To be in the danger of any to.slap, also to dangle, bob, flap.
one, estre en son danger, came to signify Dank. Synonymous with damp, as
to be subjected to any one, to be in his syllables ending in mp or mb frequently
power or liable to a penalty to be inflicted interchange with nk or ng. Thus we
by him or at his suit, and hence the ordi- have It. cambiare and cangiare, E. dimble
nary acceptation of the word at the pre- and dingle. Probably the two forms
sent day. In danger of the judgment
'
have come down together from a high anti-
in danger of Hell-fire.' quity. We
have seen that damp, moist,
As the penalty might frequently be is derived from the notion of closeness,
avoided by obtaining the licence of the stopping up, covering, expressed by the
person possessed of the right infringed, root tap, tamp, dam, while parallel with
the word was applied to such licence, or tap, tamp, are a series of equivalent
to exactions made as the price of per- forms, in which the/ is exchanged for a
mission. Dangeria (sunt) quando bosci
'
c, k. Sp. taco, a tap, stopple, ram-rod ;
non possunt vendi sine licentia regis, et Cat. tancar, parallel with Lang, tampa,
tunc ibi habet decimura denarium.' 'Ju- to shut, stop, enclose, fence ; tancar la
dicatum est quod Johannes de Nevilla porta, Lang, tampa uno porta, to shut -or
miles non potest vendere boscos suos de fasten the door; Port, tanque, Sp. es-
Nevilla sine licentia et dangerio regis.' tanco, a tank, basin, cistern, or pond
—Judgment
quam
ipsis aliis
A.D. 1269. '
Concedo
personis coUegii liberum
turn Lang, tampo, estampo, in the same sense.
It is probable then that dank-hsLS come
— —

2O0 DAPPER DARE


from the guttural form of the root in the wish (to make
bold), diirackd, desire,
same way as damp from the labial. In earnestness, daring. To endure, to hard-
both cases the notion of darkness is united en oneself under suffering, comes very
with that of dampness, as shutting up or near the sense of darej ' I cannot endure
covering is equally' adapted to keep out to give pain.' In like manner Fin. tar-
air and light. Thus we have Du. be- kenen, tarjeta, prte frigore (vel rarius,
'

dampen, to darken, bedompt, dark, ob- timore) valeo vel audeo, non algeo ; to
scure, damp dompig, dark. In connec-
; endure to do, in spite of cold or of fear ;
tion with dank we have Du. donker, OHG. en tarkene, I cannot for cold ; tarkenetko
OSax. dunkar, dunkal, G. dunkel, dark, menna, can you endure (for cold) to go.

NE. danker, a dark cloud. Hal. OHG. Lap. tarjet, to be able to do.
bitunkalat, nimbosa, petunclilit, obducta, The W. dewr, strong, bold, forms a con-
as Du. bedompt weer, close, covered, necting link between durus, and ON.
cloudy weather. diarfr, OE. derf, hard, strong, fierce, G.
Dapper seems in E. first to have been derb, hard, strong, rough, severe, from
used in the sense of pretty, neat. Dapyr whence the ON. dirfaz, to dare, is cer-
or praty, elegant. —
Pr. Pm. Dapper, tainly derived. It is difficult to avoid the
proper, mignon, godin. —
Palsgr. in Way. conclusion that the G. diirfen, darf, to
Godinet, pretty, dapper, feat, indifferently dare, to be so bold as to —
Kiittner, Du.
handsome. — Cot. derven, dorven, diirven, to dare, are
Applied to a man it signifies small and formed in manner. The confusion
like
neat. Du. dapper, strenuus, animosus, with forms Du. derven, bederve7t,
like the
fortis, acer, masculus, agilis. —
Kil. Pl.D. dorve7i, to want, be without, have need,
dapper, active, smart ; dobber, dobbers, G. bediirfen, to be in need, AS. deorfan, to
sound, good. De kase is nig dobbers, the labour, ^^^.fi?;^, tribulation, labour, calam-
ity, would be accounted for if we suppose
cheese is not good. Bohem. dobry, good.
that the fundamental idea in the latter
Wendish debora deefka, a pretty girl.
cases was to be in hard or difficult cir-
Ihre in v. daeka. See Deft.
cumstances. The ideas of labour and
Dapple. From dab, to touch with want are closely connected. The sense
something soft, is on. depill, a spot leir ;
of needing expressed by G. diirfen is
depill, a dab or spot of clay deplottr,
;
sometimes found in the OE. dare.
spotted, dappled. So from G. diipfen, to
So evene hot that lond ys that men durre selde
dab or touch lightly with something soft, Here oif in howse awynter brynge out of the
bediipfelt, dappled. We may compare felde.— R. G. 112.
also Fr. matte, a clot, matteU, clotted, del
mattonnd, a curdled or mottled sky.
i. e. that men seldom need to house their
cattle in the winter.
The resemblance of dapple grey to ON.
apalgrar or apple grey, Fr. grispommeU,
The heye men of the lond schuUe come bi fore
the kyng
is accidental. And yonge men of the lond lete bi fore
alle the
To Dare. i. Goth, gadaursan, dorrs, hym brynge
daursun, daurstaj AS. dearran, dyrran, And heo schulle be such that no prince dorrc
dear, durron; E. dare, durst j MHG. tiir-
hem forsalce,
Ac for heore prowesse gladliche in to here ser-
ren, torste. The ODu. preterite troste vise take. —
R. G. 112.
shows the passage to E. trust. AS. dyrstig,
dristig, bold, Sw. drista, to dare.
He that wyll there axsy Justus—
ON. In turnement other fyght,
thora, to dare, thor, boldness ; Gr. 9appe<i>, Dar he never forther gon ;
to dare ;eapaog, trust, Opaave, bold. Lith. Ther he may fynde justes anoon
drfsus, drqsttis, bold, spirited; dristi, to Wyth syr Launfal the knyght.
dare ; drasinti, to encourage, drasintis, Launfal. 1030.
to dare. So on. diarfr, bold, dirfa, to en- He wax so mylde and so meke,
courage, dirfaz (in the middle voice, as A mylder man thurt no man seke.
Lith. drasintis), to dare. Manuel des Pecches, 5826.
It is not easy to arrive at a consistent The passage from the sense of making
theory of the connection of the various bold to that of having power, cause, or
forms, or of the development of the sig- permission, exemplified in G. diirfen, is
nifijcation. Sometimes the root seems to illustrated by Fin. tarjeta, to endure. Lap.
be a form similar to the Lat. duriis, hard, tarjet, to be able Sw. toras (in the mid.
;

Gael, dilr, stubborn, persevering, eager, voice), to dare, tora (as G. diirfen), to be
Sc. dour, bold, hardy, obstinate, hard, possible. Det tor h'anda, that may hap-
whence Gael, dilraig, to adventure, dare, pen.
— ; — —

DARE DARRAIGN 201


Strength gode unto travaile,
is dame, a a broad and thin piece of.
slice,
Ther no strength may. sleght wille vaile.
Sleght and conyng dos many a char,
— Cot. Bret, darn, a piece, fragment.
Begynnes thing that strength ne dar. The primary meaning may probably be
R. Brunne, cxci. a handful. W. dwrn, a fist, dyrnaid, a
,

handful Gael, dbrn, a fist, handle, short


Lith. turreti, to get offspring, to have, ;

cut, or piece of anything; dbrlach, a


possess, to be bound to do a thing ; turru
eiii, I must go.
handful dornan, a small bundle, hand-
;
Comp. Malay brani, to
ful of anything.
be able, can, also to dare, to venture.
* To Dare. 2. To sink down, lie Darnel. A weed in corn, supposed to
.

induce intoxication, and thence called


close, lurk. Daryn or drowpyn or privily
to be hydde, latito, lateo. — Pr. Pm. Fr.
lolium temulentuni in botanical Lat., and
ivraie in Fr., from ivre, drunk. Rouchi
blotir, to squat, to lie close to the ground
like
darjielle.
a daring lark or affrighted fowl. The meaning of the word is
durnas, foolish,
Cot. '
wodecokkys lerne for to explained by the Lith.
With

dare! Lydgate in Way. To dare birds,
crazy, mad, whence dtirnes, durnei, darn-
zole (as Du. inalkruyd from mal, foolish,
to cause them to dare or lie close by
mad), hyoscyamus, herba insaniam et
frightening them with a hawk, mirror, or
other means, for the purpose of netting
soporem inducens. Kil. The names of —
plants in early times were very unsettled.
them.
Wall, darnise, daurnise, tipsy, stunned,
Pl.D. hedaren, to be still and quiet
dat -weer bedaart, the weather settles een ;
giddy. — Grandg. Sw. dare, a madman,
bedaart mann, a man who has lost the fool dar-reta, darnel.
Darnock. — Dannock.
;

heat and violence of youth. Du. bedaard, Hedgers'


stilled, calm, moderate. gloves. — Forby. on. dornikur, dornin-
An old appalled wight, gar, stiff boots for wading in the water.
As ben thise wedded men that lie and dare, I cite word from the singularity of a
this
As in a fourme sitteth a wery hare. — Chaucer. Gael, derivation, as we should so little
Then as a lurking terrified creature expect a convenience of this kind to have
looks anxiously around, to dare is found been adopted from a people in the con-
in the latter sense. 'To dare, pore or dition of the Celts.
loke about me, je advise alentour. What Gael, dornag, a glove, gauntlet from- ;

darest thou on this facyon, me thynketh dbrn, fist Manx dornaig, a covering for
;

thou woldest catch larkes.' Palsgr. in — the hand or fist, used to guard the hand
Way. Comp. Bav. dusen, to be still,
, against thorns. Cregeen.—
either for the sake of listening, or in Darraign. It has been shown under
slumber. arraign that rationes was used in the
^ Perhaps a more original form of the Lat of the middle ages for a legal account
word may be found in Sw. dial, dala, of one's actions, whence derationare, Fr.
dalla, to fall, to sink down ; solen dalar, desrener, to darraign, was to clear the
dala a, to be weary, legal account, to answer an accusation,
the sun is sinking ;

drowsy Dan. wane, to


dale, to sink, to to settle a controversy. From the arena
;

abate, become calm. Du. daalen, to go of the forum the term was transferred to
down. Pl.D. daal, Fris. dalewerte, Pol. that of arms, as was natural when the
na down, downwards ; from Pl.D. ordeal by battle was considered a rea-
dol,
daal, G. thai, low ground, valley.
sonable method of ascertaining a question
Dark. AS. deorc. The particles so of fact.
and do in Gael, are equivalent to iv and Two hameis had he dight
^vQ in Gr., as in son, good, and don, bad. Both sui^sant and mete to darreine
In similar relation to each other stand The bataile in the felde betwixt hem tweine.
Chaucer.
sorcha, light, and dorch, dorcha, dark.
The element common to the two would Here the meaning not to array the
is

appear to be the notion of seeing, which, battle, to set it in order, but to fight it
however, we are unable to trace in the out, to let the battle decide the question
form of the words. See Dear, Dole. between them.
Darling, as. deorling, dyrling, a As for my sustir Emelie
dim. from deor, dear. Ye wote yourself she may not weddin two
At onys
To Darn. Now understood of mend- And therefore I you put in this degr^
ing clothes in a particular manner by That eache of you shall have his destind
interlacing stitches, but it must originally As him is shape. —
have signified to patch in general.' OFr. And this day fifty wekis far ne nore
— —

202 DART DAY


Everich of you shall bring a hundrid knyghts sudden fall attended with noise.— Jam
Armd for the listls upon alle rights A dowse on the chops belongs to the
All redy to darrein here by bataile. same
imitative root.
Knight's Tale, 1855.
Lat. datum, that which is given,
Date.
That is to say, all ready to debate or set- assigned, fixed. ' Datum written at the
tle the question as to her possession by foot of a letter declares the place and
battle. Afterwards undoubtedly the time at which the letter was written or
sense was transferred from the debate or given {data).' Facciolati. —
actual settlement of a combat to the pre- Daughter. G. tochter; Gr. BvyaTrip ;
paration for it, arraying, setting the Sanscr. duhitrij Lith. duktere; Armen.
troops in order for battle. dustrj Bohem. dceraj Gael, dearj Finn.
And in the towns as they do march along tUttdrj Lap. daktar.
Proclaims him king, and many fly to him ; To Daunt. Fr, dompter, donter, to
Darraign your battle, for they are at hand. tame, reclaim, break, daunt, subdue.
H. VI. in Q.
Dompte-venin, Celandine, from being
Dart. Fr. dard, a dart. Bret, tars, considered an antidote. Sc. dant, dan-
a crack, clap, violent blow with noise ; ton, to subdue a horse-danter, a horse-
;

tarz kurun, a clap of thunder ; tarza, breaker. From a Lat. domito, frequent-
sortir avec effort et fracture, to break, ative of domo, to subdue.
crack, burst forth, dart, to appear as the Daw. A bird of the crow kind. Swiss
dawn. W. tarddu, to spring forth or ap- ddhi, ddfij Bav. dahel ; It. taccola, from
pear as the dawn. To dart would thus taccolare, to prate, where the syllable tac
be to hurl as a thunderbolt, to drive forth represents a single element of the chat-
as by an explosion. tering sound, as chat in chit-chat, chatter,
To Dash.. An imitation of the sound kat in Malay kata-kata, discourse, tat in
of a blow, the beating of waves upon the tattle, kak in Fr. caqueter. Birds of this
shore, &c. kind are commonly named from their
Hark, hark, the waters fall, chattering cry. See Chaff, Chough,
And with a murmuring sound Chat.
Dash I Dash I upon the ground. To Dawb. From dabble, to work in

To gentle slumbers call. Dryden in Todd. wet materials. Hence daub, clay dauber, ;

Bav. dossen, to sound as thick hail, a builder of walls with clay or mud mixed
rain, rushing brooks. Mit lautem knall with straw, a plaisterer. Hal. Dawber, —
und doss. — H.
Sachs. Fone manigero or cleyman da.wbyn, lino, muro.
; Pr. —
wazzero dozze, from the sound of many Pm. In this sense the term is used in
waters. — Notker in Schm. Sc. dusche, the Bible where it speaks of ' daubing
to fall with a noise, a fall, stroke, blow ; with untempered mortar.' ' The wall is
Dan. daske, to slap. Sw. dasia, to drub ; gone, and the daubers are away.' Bible —

Hanov. dasken, to thrash. Brem. Wtb. 1 55 1, in R. Lang, tapis, torchis, clay
To dash is figuratively applied to feel- for building Sp. tapia, mud wall
; ta- ;

ings analogous to those produced by a piador, a builder of such, dawber. Lang.


sudden blow, or loud crash, to over- tap, tape, plastic clay.
whelm, confound, put out of countenance. To Dawdle. We
have seen that Sc.
Dastard. The termination ard is the daddle or daidle is used in the sense of
Du. aerd, indoles, natura, ingenium, G. dabbling and of walking unsteadily like
art, nature, kind, quality. The meaning a child, and thence perhaps it is applied
of the radical part of the word seems that to doing anything ill in a slovenly way.
which is seen in the figurative applica- Meat is said to be daidled when impro-
tion of dash or daze, to stun, confound, perly cooked clothes, when ill washed.
;

frighten. —Hunter. Dastard, etourdi From doing a thing awkwardly or imper-


Palsgr. in Way a simpleton Hal. a
; — ; fectly to doing it slowly is an easy step.
person of a tame, stibmissive nature, Sc. daddle, daidle, to be slow in motion
Bav. dasig, dausig, dastig, quelled, sub- or action ; to daddle, dadle, daudle, to
missive, tame. AS. adastrigan, to dis- trifle, move be listless. Atkinson.
lazily, —
courage, dismay. Compare the G. nie- Hesse daideln, to loiter Pl.D. dddebi, ;

derschlagen, to knock down, and figura- to be slow, not to get on with a thing.
tively to deject, dishearten, discourage, Schiitze.
cast down niedergeschlagen, sorrowful,
; Dawn.
ON. dagan, doguii, dawn ;
afflicted, dispirited, — Kijttn. dagur, day.
AS. dagian, to dawn, or be-
ON. dust, a blow. Fris. dust-sUk, come day daguug, dawning.
dusslek, a. stunning blow. Sc. doyst, a Day. Daysman.— Diet. — ;

Lat. dies,
;

DAZE DEAF 203


G. tag, day. In the judicifi language of faint, tobe stunned dussen, to slumber, ;

the middle ages the word day was spe- to doze. Brem. Wtb.—
cially applied to the day appointed for De-. Lat. de, from, out of. In comp.
hearing a cause, or for the meeting of an it strengthens the signification, implies
assembly. Du. daghen, to appoint a day motion downwards.
for a certain purpose ; daghen veur recht, Deacon. Lat. diaconus. Gr. dtaKovog,
to call one before a court of justice ; dag- a servant.
hinge, daeghsel, dagh-brief, libellus, dica, —
Dead. Death. ^Die. —
Goth, dauths,
citatio dagh-vaerd, an appointment of
; ON. daudr, Fris. dad, Sw. dod, Pl.D. dood,
a certain day, and thence dagh-vaerd, G. todt, dead. Goth, dauthus, ON. daudi,
lands-dagh, Mid.Lat. dieta (from dies), Fris. duss, dad, death. Lap. taud, ill-
the diet, or assembly of the people. Diet ness Esthon. taud, illness, death.
;

was also used in E. for an appointed day. Pl.D. doe for dode, a dead body doen- ;

'
But it were much better that those who wake, a corpse-wake. Wall, touwi, Fr.
have not taken the benefit of our indem- tuer, Sw. doda, Pl.D. d'den, to kill ; ON.
nity within the diet prefixed should be
obliged to render upon mercy.' Letter — deya, OSw. doja, Sw. do, Dan. doe, OHG.
douwen, douen, toiiwen, to die. We
of K. William, 1692.
must thus consider die a derivative from
OSw. dag, the time appointed for a
dead, and not vice vers4.
convention, and hence the assembly it-
self. —Ihre. Sc. days of law, law-days,
The primitive meaning of the active
verb seems, to oppress, subdue. Bav.
the sessions of a court of justice. I send '

toten, to crack a flea, a nut, smother a


this by Betoun quha gais to ane day of
Sardin. studai, Lang, tuda, atuda,
law of the Laird of Balfouris.' Jam.
OE. daysman, an arbiter, the judge ap-
— fire ;

to extinguish ; Prov. tudar, to extinguish,


suffocate, choke ; Fr. tuer la chandelle,
pointed to decide between parties at a
to put out the candle ; Pl.D. doen, to
judicial hearing.

To Daze. JDazzle. Dizzy. Doze. — — overwhelm he wall me doen 7nit good
;

daden, he will overwhelm me with bene-


To dazeto stun, stiipify with
is a blow,
Sw. doda sina lustar, to subdue
fits.
excess of light, fear, cold, &c.
quentative dazzle is used only of the
The fre-
one's passions ; —
vdrken, to allay the
sense of sight. To dawsel, to stupify;
pain also to obliterate, annul.
; Du.
dazzled, stupid, heavy Hal. ; dawzy, — doodet in u de boosheit mortifiez en vous —
dawzy-headed, dizzy, as if confused, be-
la malice. — Halma.
tutare, attutare,
It.
to appease, assuage, to whist ; stutare,
wildered, thoughtless. —
Forby. To dosen,
to quench, put out ; attutare, to smother.
dozen, to stupify, benumb, become tor-
pid. —Jam. — Fl. ON. dodi, languor.
I find it so impossible todrawaMis-
He saw be led fra the fechting tinct line of separation either in form or
Schir Philip the Mowbray, the wicht, meaning between dead and deaf, that it
That had been dosnyt into the fycht
Quhen in myd causey war thai
will be convenient to treat of the primary
Schir Pliilip of his desines
origin of both in the next article.
Ourcome. Barbour. Deaf. The meaning of the Goth.
daubs, daufs, G. taitb, E. deaf, seems
Dizzy, stunned, giddy. The origin is
founded in the notion of stopping an ori-
the sound of a heavy blow represented fice. In John xvi. 6, gadaubida is found
by the syllable doss, doyce, douss, doz. as the translation of implevit. Sorrow
D6z, fragor, doza, nmgitus. Gl. in — hath filled your heart.' From the notion
'

Schmel. G. getose, noise. See Dash, of stopping up we readily pass to those


Dastard. of confining, preventing action, dulling,
Du. daesen, to lose one's wits in mad- stupifying. Goth, gadaubjan, to harden,
ness or fright daes, dwaes, foolish, mad
; make insensible. The E. stop is applied
duysigh, deusigh, stunned, fainting, stu- to eyes, ears, and mouth, and in like
pified, dizzy, astonished. Kil. ON. das, — manner the Goth, daubs, daufs, ON. daufr,
dos, a faint, exhaustion hann liggr i ; Du. doof, G. taub, are said of different
d'osi, he a faint dcesa, to fatigue.
lies in ; kinds of dulled or vitiated action. Goth.
Bav. dos-oret, hard of hearing dosen, to ; afdobnan, to have the mouth stopped, to
keep still, either in listening, reflecting, or be dumb ON. daufr, deaf, dull of hear-
;

slumbering dusen, to be still, to slum-


; ing, dull of colour, dull in spirit Sc. ;

ber, be dizzy. —
Schm. Pl.D. d'6sig,dusig, dowf, dull, flat, gloomy, inactive, lethar-
dizzy, tired, stupid ; dussen, bedussen, to gic, hollow (in sound), silly ; doof, dow-
; —

204 DEAL DEBAUCH


fart, a dull, inactive fellow Jam. ; ON. — Deal. I. A portion. Goth, dails, G.
dofi, torpor, ignavia, dofna, to fade, lose theil, Lith, dalis, Pol. dola, Bohem. dil,
strength or life ; Dan. dove?t, sluggish, Gael, ddla, Sanscr. data, a part, lot, por-
flat, stale, vapid ; Sc. daw, a sluggard, tion. Sanscr. dal, to split.
E. to daff, to daw, to daunt ; daff, a das- To deal is to give to each his lot, hence
tard, a fool, daft, stupid, foolish, daffled, to traffic or have intercourse with others.
in one's dotage, to daver, to stun, stupify, 2. The wood of the fir-tree, in some

droop, fade Hal. ; to dover, to slumber ; parts of England called deal-tree. Swiss
dowerit, drowsy. —
Jam. Du. doof, doove, ddhle, fir. ON. tlioll, fir-tree, Scotch fir.
what has lost its proper life and vigour ;
Sw. tall, pine-tree ; tall-ved, fir-wood,
doof van sinnen, mad doove verwe, a ;
deal. Possibly from being easily cut and
dull colour, doove netel, a dead nettle, worked. ON. tdlga, to hew, talgu-knifr,
without the power of stinging, as E. deaf a knife for cutting wood Dan. tcelge,
;

nut, an empty nut Du. doof-ho2it, rotten


; tcBlle, to cut, whittle G. teller, a trencher,
;

wood. plate on which meat is cut. It. tagliare,


Here we are brought to the equiva- Fr. tailler, to cut Lith. dalgis, Fr. dalle,
;

lence of dead and deaf above alluded to, a scythe Lat. dolare, to hew, dolabra, an
;

and we are tempted to regard them as axe ON. telgia, an axe. G. diele, a board.
;

modifications of each other, as It.' codar- Dean. Fr. doyen, Du. deken, the head
do, Ptg. cobarde, covarde, a coward. The of a collegiate body, from Lat. decanus;
Du. has doode or doove netel doode or ; ten being used in Lat. as an indefinite
doove kole, an extinct coal ; doode or number, as seven in Hebrew.
doove verwe, a dull colour ON. dodinn, ; Dear. Formed in the same way as
Dan. doven, languid ON. doSaskapr,
; dark by composition with the Gael, nega-
Dan. dovenskab, languor. ON. daufjord, tive particle do =
Gr. Svg, opposed to so
Norweg. dbdlende, boggy, barren land. = Gr. ev. Gael, daor, bound, enslaved,
Du. dooden (Kil.), E. dial, dove, to thaw. precious, dear in price saor, free, ran-

;

Hal. We
may compare the Sw. doda, somed, cheap gu daor, dearly gu saor,
; ;

to subdue, allay, annul. It. tutare, to allay, freely, cheaply. 'Ir. daor, guilty, con-
Lang, tuda, to extinguish, with S-w.dofwa, demned, captive, saor, free, saoradh, ran-
to deafen, dull, assuage, stupify, Dan. soming, acquittal, cheapness. Manx deyr,
dove, to deafen, deaden, blunt E. deave, ; deyree, condemn, dcyrey, condemning,
to stupify, dave, to assuage. Hal. Bav. — dear; seyr, free, clear, at liberty, seyr'ce,
dauben, to subdue, allay Pl.D. doven, ; to free, to justify.
doven, to damp, subdue, suffocate Du. ; Death. See Dead.
dooven, uitdooven, to put out, extinguish. To Deave. To stupify with noise. N.
The notion of stopping up, thrusting a dyvja, to hum, buzz, sound hollow. Dee
stopper into an orifice, leads in the most dyvefyre oyraa, it sings in my ears.
natural manner to that of stopping the Debate. Fr. debattre, to contend, to
breath, choking, strangling, killing. fight a thing out. See Beat.
Du. douwen, duwen, to thrust, to stuff Delaauoh. OFr. desbauche, disorder,
iets in een hoek douwen, to stick some-
riot, dissoluteness desbaucher, to seduce, ;

thing into a corner Halma — Pl.D. du- mislead, bring to disorder, draw from
;

wen, douen, to press, depress Bohem. goodness. // se desbauche, he digresses,


;

dawiii, to strangle, choke, kill daw, flies out, goes from the purpose. Cot.
; —
pressure, crowd Russ. dawit dawowaf, The radical sense of the verb seems to be
; ,

to press, crowd, suffocate, strangle, op- to throw out of course, from bauche, s.
press ; Serv. dawiti (wiirgen), to slaugh- row, rank, or course of stones or bricks in
ter. Thus we come round to the Wall. building. Cot. It is probable that —
touwi, which is used in like manner for bauche itself is a derivative from bauc.^
the slaughtering a beast. Goth, divans, bauch, bau (Cot.), a balk or beam, through
mortal OHG. douuen, touuen, to die. the intervention of the verb baucher, to
;

In order to trace dead and deaf to a com- hew or square timber (to make into a
mon origin we must suppose that the balk), also to rank, order, array, lay evenly.
former also is derived from the notion of Cot, Esbaucher, to rough-hew (to cut—
stopping up, and we should find a satis- into a balk), grossly to form, square, or
factory root in the Fris. dodd, dadde, a cut out of the whole piece, to begin rudely

lump, bunch. Outzen. Eeji dod, a plug any piece of work, also to prune a tree.
of cotton in one's ear. —
Overyssel Alma- Cot. Bau, in the Walloon of Namur, is ap-
nach. Pl.D. dutte, a plug, a tap ON. plied to the bole of a tree felled and strip-
;

ditta, E. dial, dit, to stop. See Dam. ped of its branches. Sigart. See Balk —
: : : —

debenture; DEEP 205


Debenture. See Debt. '

gi-ounds. Sp. canto, edge decantar, to


;

Debility. Lat. debilis, weak. turn anything from a right line, to give it
* Debonnair. Fr. debonnaire, court- an oblique direction ; to draw off liquors
eous, afifable, of a friendly conversation. gently by inclination. —
Neum.
— Cot. It. bonario, debonaire, upright, To Decay. Prov. descazer, descaier,
honest. —Fl. '
La donna ridendo e di Fr. dechqir, to fall away, go to ruin, from

biiona aria.' Boccac. '
II di bon aire Lat. cadere, to fall. OFr. dechaiable,
buon signore nostro.' Rayn. — perishable.
The word was early explained as a Decease. Lat. decessus, departure. See
metaphor from hawking de bon aire, ; Cede.
from a good stock aire, an eyry or nest
; December. Lat. decern, ten ; Decern^
of hawks. '
Oiseau debonnaire de luy- ber, the name of the tenth month from
mesme se the gentle hawk mans
fait : March, with which ^Romulus made the
herself.' — Cot. Haukes of nobulle eire.'
'
year to begin.
— Sir Degrevant. But in truth the sense Decent. Lat. decens, fitting, becom-
of a nest of hawks was only a special ing.
application of aire, signifying in the first ToDecide. Lat. decido, -sum, to cut
instance air, then country, birthplace, cut down, and fig. to bring to an end,
off,
family, race, character, disposition, as come to a settlement, to determine. See
clearly appears in the quotations of Ray- -cide.
nouard. To Deck.
To cover, spread over, or-
Ab I'alen tir vas me taire nament.
Lat. tegere, tectum, OHG. dak-
Qu' ieu sen venir de Proensa jan, dekjan, ON. thekja, AS. theccan, to
:

— with my breath I draw towards me the cover, to roof. From the last of these is
air which I feel comes from Provence. E. thatch, properly, like G. dach, signify-
L' amors, don ieu sui mostraire ing simply roof, but with us applied to
Nasquet en un gentil aire : straw for roofing, showing the universal
— the love of which I am the messenger practice of the country in that respect.
was born in a gentle home. The Lat. has tegula, a tile, from the same
Tout raon linh e mon aire root, showing the use of these as roofing
Vei revenir e retraire materials in Italy at a very early period.
Al vesoig at a I'araire :
Lith. dengti, to cover ; stala deiigti, to
— all my lineage and my
family I see spread the table j stoga dengti, to cover
return to the spade and the plough. a roof.
Qu'el mon non es Crestias de nul aire Declare. Lat. declarare, to make clear,
Que sieus liges o dels parens no fos proclaim. See Clear.
:

— that there is not in the world a Chris- Decoy. Properly duck-coy, as pro-
tian of any family who is not his liege or nounced by those who are familiar with
of his parents. the thing itself. ' Decoys, vulgarly duck-
Li baron de mal aire coys' Sketch of the Fens in Gardeners' —
Que tot jom fan Chron. 1849. Piscinas hasce cum aUec-
Lo mal tatricibus et reliquo suo apparatu decoys
— the barons of bad nature" who always seu duck-coys vocant ; allectatrices coy-
do evil. ducks. Rail et Will. Ornith. Du. koye, —
Li sant viron lo luoc cavea, septum, locus in quo greges stabu-
Que es asaz de bon ayre
A servir Jesus Christ
lantur. Kil. —
Kooi, koww, kevi, a cage ;
vogel-kooi, a bird-cage, decoy, apparatus
— the saints saw the place, which is suf- for entrapping water-fowl. E. dial, coy,
ficiently well fitted for the service of J. C. a decoy for ducks, a coop for lobsters.
Kar estes fel e defut aire Forby. The name was probably im-
—for you are wicked and of disposi- foul ported with the thing itself from Holland
tion. to the fens.
Debt. —Debit. Lat. debitum, debet?, to Decree. Fr. decret, from Lat. decerno,
owe. See Deft. decretum, to judge, decide, decree. See
Deca-. — Decade. — Decimal. Gr. -cern.
Sisa, Lat. decern, ten. Decrepit. Lat. decrepitus, very old,
To Decant. To cant a vessel is to worn out, infinh. Der. uncertain.,
up on one side so as to rest on the
tilt it Deed. Goth. dM, gaded, AS. deed, G.
other edge, and to decant is to pour off that,a thing done. See Do.
the liquid from a vessel by thus tilting it Deem. See Doom.
on the edge, so as not to disturb the Deep. See Dip.
;

206 DEER DELICIOUS


Deer. Goth, diurs, OHG. tior, ON. dyr, and your enemy know that he is to ex-
let
G. thier, a beast, animal. In E. deer con- pect the worst from you. Hence to chal-
fined to animals of the cervine tribe. lenge, to offer combat.
Diefenbach considers it quite uncon- Degree. Fr. degre, OFr. degrat, from
nected with Gr. 0))p, Lat.y^/'a. Lat. gradus, a step.
Defeat. Fr. defaite, from defaire, to Deign. —
Dignity. Disdain. Lat. —
undo, destroy, discomfit. dignus, becoming, fit, worth, worthy
Defile. Lat. filum, Fr. fil, thread ;
digno, to deem worthy dignor. It. deg- ;

whence go in a string one after


defiler, to 7iarsi, Fr. deigner, to deign, to deem
another, and defile, a narrow gorge which worthy of oneself.
can only be passed in such a manner. —
Deity. Deist. Lat. Deus, God.
To Defile, as. fylan, Du. vttylen, to Delay. Fr. delai, from Lat. differre,
make foul or filthy. See Foul. dilatum, to defer, put off, protract dilatio, ;

To Defray. Fr. defrayer, to discharge delay; It. dilatione, dela.y ; dilaiare, OFr.
'Ca&frais or expenses of anything. Formed delayer, to delay.
in a manner analogous to the It. pagare, Delectable. Lat. delecto, to allure,
to pay, from l-at. pacare, to appease. So delight. See Delicious.
from G./riede, ^&3.cs, friede-brief, a letter Delegate. Lat. delegare, to give in
of acquittance, and Mid. Lat. fredum, charge to. See AUedge.
freda, fridus, mulcta, compositio qua —
Delete. Deleterious. Deleble. Gr. —
fisco exsolut^ reus pacem k principe ex- Irikidfiai, to destroy, to waste, to do mis-
sequitur. Due. — Affirmavit compositi-
'
chief; SijXriTrip, a destroyer; Mod.Gr.
onem sibi debitam quam illi fredum vo- SriKrjTrtptov, injur)', hurt ; dr/XriTripiog, hurt-
cant a se fuisse reis indultam.' The ful. Lat. deleo, deletum, to wipe out,
term was then applied to any exaction, erase, bring to nought.
and so to expenses in general, whence To Deliberate. Lat. deliberare, to
Yx.frais, the costs of a suit. Carpentier. — weigh in the mind, from librare, to swing,
Quod pro solvendis et aquitandis debitis et to weigh.
fredis villas suse possent talllare, &c. Due. — • Delicate. Lat. delicatus, over-nice,
Deft.— DeJBF. Neat, skilful, trim.— dainty, effeminate, tender, soft, gentle,
Hal. AS. dcefe, dafie, gedefe, fit, conve- agreeable, delightful. Perhaps a figure
nient gedafan, gedafnian, to become,
;
from the nicety of. those who could not
behove, befit ; gedceftan, to do a thing in drink their wine without straining it.
time, take the opportunity, to be fit, Deliquare,\a decant, strain, clarify ; liquo,
ready. to strain, purify. But more likely from the
The notion of what is fit or suitable, as source indicated under Delicious.
shown under Beseem, Beteem, is com- —
Delicious. Delight. Lat. delicica, de-
monly expressed by the verb to fall or light, pleasure, enjoyment. The gratifi-

happen what happens or falls in with cation of the appetite for food is the most
one's wishes or requirements. So from direct and universal of all pleasures, and
Goth, gatiman, to happen, G. ziemen, to therefore the one most likely to be taken
befit ; from fallen, to fall, gefallen, to as the type of delight in general. Thus
please, and to fall itself was formerly the negro expresses his admiration of
used the sense of becoming, being
in beads by rubbing his belly.
suitable. In like manner from Goth, ga- The astonishment and delight of these people
daban, to happen, gadobs, gadofs, be- at the display of our beads was great, and was
coming. expressed by laughter and a general nibbing of
From the same root Bohem. doba,
their bellies. —
Petherick, Egypt and Central
Africa, p. 448.
time (as time from gatiman, to
itself
happen) It is probable then that delicice may
Pol. podobad, to please one
;
;
originally have had the sense of G. lecker-
Bohem. dobry, good (primarily oppor- bissen, appetising morsels, something to
tune), dobreliky, agreeable ; Lap. taibet, lick one's chops at ; and it be observed
will
debere, opportere ; taibek, just, due ; tai- that a reference to the enjoyment of
hetet, to appropriate, to assign to one. the palate is still the prevailing sense in
The Lat. debeo is probably the same E. delicious and delicacy.
word, and is fundamentally to be ex- The idea of pleasure in eating, of ap-
plained as signifying '
it falls to me to do preciating the taste of food, is constantly
so and so.' expressed by a representation of the
To Defy. Fr. defer. It. disfidare, to sound made in smacking the tongue.
renounce a state of confidence or peace, The E. smack is used to signify a sound-
;

DELINQUENT DEMESNE 207


ing blow with the open hand, a loud kiss, Kberare, to free, and E. deliver, to free
and the taste of food. G. geschmack, from. Then as abandon, from signifying
taste ;schmecken, to taste well schjneck- ; to put under the complete command of
er (in huntsman's language), the tongue. another, comes to signify giving up one's
In the Finnish languages which reject the own claim, conversely the Fr. livrer and
we have Fin. maku, Esthonian
initial s E. deliver, from the sense of freeing from
maggo, taste Fin. ;«a/52'(2, Esthon. maggus,
; one's own claims, passes on to that of
agreeable to the taste, sweet Fin. inaskia,
; giviAg up to the control of another.
maiskia, to smack the lips maiskis, a ; The sense of OFr. delivre, e. deliver,
sm.ack with the lips, a kiss, delicacies, active, nimble, is probably from the no-
tid-bits. Bohem. mlask, a smack, a kiss ; tion of free, unencumbered action.
inlaskati, to smack or make a noise with Dell. See Dale.
the lips in eating, to be nice in eating ; —
Deluge. Diluvial. Lat. lavo, latum,
mlaskanina, delicacies. In the same to wash diluo, to wash away ; diluvium,
;

language the sound of a smack is repre- Prov. diluvi, OFr. deluve, Fr. deluge, an
sented with an initial tl as well as inl, in inundation.
tleskati, to clap the hands tlaskati, to; To Delve. AS. delfan, to dig. Du.
smack in eating. With these last must delven, dolven, to dig, to bury. Du. delle,
be compared E. tlkk, used by Cotgrave in —
a valley, hollow, lake Kil. ; Fris. dollen,
rendering Yr.tiiquet, 'aknicke,//2i:^^;snap dolljen, to dig, to make a pit or hollow.
with the fingers.' Thence we pass to E. To Demean. To wield, to manage ;
click, a snap or slight smack W. dec, a ; demeanour, behaviour.
smack gwefusglec, a smack with the
; So is it not a great mischance
lips, a loud kiss Fr. claquerdelalangue, To let a foole have governaunce
;

to smack the tongue with relish. —


Of things that he can not demaine. Chaucer
in R.
From the form click may be explained
Gr. -{koKiiQ, sweet, pleasing to the taste,
His herte was nothing in his i:mndemain, — Ibid.
and probably yXixofiat, to desire eagerly, OFr. demainer, de77iener, se compor-
se
originally, like Lat. ligurio, signifying ter, se gouverner, se remuer, se conduire.
to lick one's chops at. In the same — Roquef. Mener, to conduct, lead,

way from tlick or dlick would spring Lat. manage, handle les mains, to lay about
dulcis, for dlucis (the identity of which one ;
— ;

la loi, to proceed in a suit —


Cot.
with ykvKvq has long been recognized), as It. menare, to guide, conduct, direct, or
well as delicice, delicatus, deUctare, for bring by the hand, to bestir. Fl. —
dlicice, dlicatus, dlectare. The same The later Lat. had
jninare, to drive
root would have given dlingere for ling- cattle, derived by Diez from minari, to
ere, to lick, and dlingua for lingua, the threaten ; ' asinos et equum sarcinis one-
tongue, explaining the double form of rant et minantes baculis exigunt.' Apu- —
the old Lat. dingua and ordinary lingua leius. 'Agasones equos agentes, i. e.
by the falling away in the one case of mi?iantes.' —
Paulus ex Festo. Walach.
the liquid and in the other of the mute mind, to drive cattle, to conduct a busi-
of the original root. ness. But the notion of threatening seems
When the combination tl, dl became a point of view from which the act of
unpleasing to the Latin ear (although driving beasts would not be likely to be
preserved in stloppus, a smack), the ob- named. On the other hand, the OFr.
noxious sound was avoided by transposi- spelling mainer suggests an obvious de-
tion of the- vowel in the case of dulcis, and rivation from Lat. itianus, Fr. main, the
by the insertion of an e in delicice, delecto. hand, as we speak of handing one down-
The intrusive vowel must doubtless in stairs and mener is often synonymous
;

the first instance have been short, and with manage, which is undoubtedly from
may have been lengthened by a feeling that source. Observe the frequent refer-
as if the words were compounds of the ences to the hand in the explanations
preposition de. from Cotgrave and Florio above given.
Delinquent. Lat. linquo, to leave, let The same change of vowel is seen in Fr.
alone, omit ; delinquo, to omit something menottes, handcuffs.
one ought to do, to do wrong. Demesne. —
Domain. Mid. Lat. do-
Delirious. Lat. lira, a ridge, furrow. minium {dominus, lord), OFr. domaine,
Hence delirare (originally to go out of the demaine, demaigne, demesne, lordship,
furrow), to deviate from a straight Une, to dominion. Demesne or demain in E. law
be crazy, deranged, to rave. language was appropriated to the manpr-
To Deliver. Lat. liber, free, whence house and the lands held therewith in
; ;

2o8 DEMIJOHN DERY


the immediate possession of the lord. to traders within and without the privi-
Demijohn. In Egypt and the Levant leges of the city franchise respectively.
a carboy or large glass bottle is called
'
Et fait assavoire qe ceste ordinance se
damagan (Marsh), damasjan (Niebuhr). estent auxibiexi as foreyns come as den-
Imported into the West the name was zeins de touz maneres de tieulx bargayns
faitz dedeinz la dite fraunchise,' p. 370.
strangely corrupted into Fr. dame-jeanne,
Lang, damo-xano (a large glass bottle 'Item qe nulle puUetier deinzein ne —
covered with matting —Diet. Castr.), and veignent pur achatier nulle manere de
puUetrie de nulle yor«a puUetere,' p. 465.
E. demijohn.
'Qe chescun qavera louwe ascuns terres
Demise. Fr. desmettre, -7nis, to lay
ou tenementz de denszein ou de forein
down, go se desmettre d'une office, to deinz la fraunchise de la citee,'
let ;
p. 448.
give over an office.— Cot. The demise of
The correlatives are rendered in Lat.
the crown is when it passes to a new pos-
by the terms intrinsecus sjid forinsecics
sessor. See -mit.
'mercatoris forinseci seu intrinseci,' p.
Democracy. Gr. SrnioKpania ; Sljiiog,
252; and as forinsecus 3.VlA. forein are
the people collectively, and xpanu), to
from Lat. foras, Fr. fors, without, while
bear rule. the meaning of intrinsecus is simply one
Demolish.. Lat. molior, to labour at, who is within, so deinzein is from the old
build up demolior, Fr. demolir, to puU
; form deinz, in which the modern dans, in,
down, destroy. within, always appears in the Liber Albus.
Demon. Gr. daiiiav, the divinity, the Veins ni, nd dans le pays. Roquef. In —
tutelary genius of a city or man. The the same way from hors, without, the
Lat. dcemon was used in the latter sense, Norman patois makes horzain, a fo-
and by ecclesiastical writers was applied reigner, one from a different commune. —
to the fallen angels. Pat. de Bray.
To Deig.ur. Lat. demorari, to delay, re- Dense, -dense. Lat. densus, thick,
strain Fr. demeurer, to stay ; in Law close-set.
;

language applied to the stoppage of a suit Dental. — Dentition. — Dentifrice.


by the preliminary objection that the Lat. dens, dentis, a tooth dentitio, the ;

plaintiff on his own showing is not en- act of teething dentifricium {dens, and ;

titled to the relief which he claims. frico, to rub), anything to rub the teeth
Hence to demur to a proposition, to make with. Sanscr. dantas, w. dant, tooth.
objections. Deny. Lat. denego, Fr. denier, to say
Demure. Demure no to. See Negation.
or sober of counte-
nance, rassis. — Palsgr. Perhaps fromDeplore. Lat. ploro, I wail, cry aloud.
Deploy. Fr. desployer, desplier, to un-
Fr. meure (Lat. maiurus), ripe, also dis-
creet, considerate, advised, settled, staid
fold, lay open. Cot. See Ply. —
(Cot.), through such an expression as. de

Depot. Deposit. Fr. depot, formerly
On the other depost, a deposit or place of deposit. Lat.
7neure conduite, or the like.
hand, it may be de mceurs elliptically for depono, depositum, to lay down. See
de bans mceurs, -pon-.
Deprave. Lat. pravus, bad, vicious.
Li quens de Flandres Baudoin, Depredation. Lat. depmdatio, a
Bon chevalers e genz meschins, plundering, pillaging. See Prey.
E sage e proz, de bone murs. Derive.
Benoit. Chron. des D. de Norm. 2. p. 471.
Lat. rivus, a stream
; derivo,
to drain or convey water from its regular
Den. The hollow lair of a wild beast course, thence to turn aside, divert, de-
a narrow valley. AS. dene, a valley. See duce.
Dimble. —
Dery. Dere. To hurt. Gael, deire,
Denizen. Commonly
explained as a end, rear, hindmost part ; deireannach
foreigner enfranchised by the king's char- (Fr. dernier), last, hindmost; deireas, in-
ter, one who receives the privilege of a jury, loss, defect. The connection of tlie
native ex donatione regis, from the OFr. two ideas is seen in Bav. laz, slow, late,
donaison, donison, a gift. But the general G. letzt, last, Bav. Ictzen, to delay, hin-
meaning of the word is simply one domi- der, throw back, and G. verletzen, to in-
ciled in a place. A denizen of the skies jure. Compare also G. nachthcil (after-
is an inhabitant of the skies. In the part), detriment, injury. To be behind-
Liber Albus of the City of London the hand in a business is to be wanting in
Fr. deinzein, the original of the E. \;-ord, it ; w. ol, rear, hinderpart, bod yn ol, to
is constantly opposed to foniii, npplied be wanting.
; —

DESCANT DEVISE,- 209


To Descant. A metaphor taken from Detail. Fr. detaiWf, to piecemeal
musick, where a simple air is made the Cot. from tailler,'«ica-t. See Deal.
;

subject of a composition, and a number Deter, h&t^^eterreo, to frighten from.


of ornamented variations composed upon See Terror.
it. '
Insomuch that twenty doctors ex- Detergfent. Gr. Tiptra, to dry, Lat.
pound one text twenty different ways, as tergeo, t^swn, as Fr. essuyer, properly to
children make descant upon playne song.' make <iry, then to wipe ; detergeo, to wipe
— Tindal in R. Sp. discantar, to quaver off^-'fnake clean. From the same root
on a note ; to chant, sing, recite verses, with Dry.
to discourse copiously. Deteriorate. Lat. deterior, worse.
To Descry. To make an outcry on Determine. Lat. terminus, a bound,
discovering something for whiaisrwhe is limit ; determino, to fix limits, to appoint,
on the watch, then simply to discover. to finish.
Desert. Lat. desero, desertum, to Detriment. Detritus. Lat. detero, —
abandon, leave alone. -trituin, to rub off, lessen ; detrimentum,
Design. Lat. designare, to mark out a rubbing off, loss, damage.
whence to design, to- frame in the mind, * Deuce. ^Dickens. —
A euphemism
purpose, project. for the devil. The Pl.D. uses diiker,
Desire. Lat. desideriu7n, regret, de- duks, or duus, in the same sense de ;

sire. dtiks un de dood! De duus ! as in Eng-


Desolate. Lat. desolo, to leave alone, lish, the deuce J or the dickens! G. Ei
forsake, desert, to lay waste. See Sole. der Daus ! was der Daus ! what the
Despair.— Desperate. Lat. spes, Fr. deuce wie ein Daus, deuced, in an
!

espoir, hope desespoir, absence of hope, extreme degree.


; Swab, tausj dass dich
despair. Lat. spero, to hope ; despero, to der Taus Schmid. !

be without hope. The Dus was still known as a kind of
Despatch.. See Dispatch. goblin among the Frisians until late
Despise. —
Despite. OFr. despire, times, according to Outzen, identical with
despisant, from Lat. despicere, to despise, the AS. Thyrs, ON. Thuss, a goblin sup-
as confire, from conficere. posed to dwell in fens and desert places,
Mult les despisent but Deuce is probably from a wholly
E poi valent, e poi les prisent different quarter. The inclination to
Qui od Rou volent faire paix. avoid the sin of profane swearing with-
Chron. Norm. ii. 4978. out wholly giving up the gratification has
From Lat. despectus, we have Prov. very generally led to a mangling of the
despieg, despieytj Fr. despit, contempt, terms employed so as to deprive them of
despite. any apparent reference to sacred or aw-
Despond. Lat. spondeo, to promise ful things. Thus the French say sap-
solemnly, pledge, engage, and fig. to give perment ! for sacrament !, morbleu ! cor-
good promise of the future ; despondeo, to bleu! forMort de Dieu! Corps de Dieu !

give up hopes, to despair. Diantre for Diablej and in the same way

Despot. Despotic. Gr. tiairoTiK, an the Germans seem to have taken the
absolute master, or owner trntroruchq, be-
; first syllable of the name of the devil
longing to such a master, arbitrary. and lengthened it arbitrarily in different
Dessert. Fr. servir, to serve the ways Taiisig, Dusigh, Dausi, Deixel,
table, to set on the dishes ; desservir, to
:

Dixel, Deichert, Deihenker, Teuhenker. —


take them away at the conclusion of the Deutsch. Mundart. iii. 505. Sw. dial.
meal, whence dessert, G. nachtisch, the Diase, the Devil.
fruits and sweetmeats laid on when the Develop. Fr. divelopper. See En-
dinner has been cleared away. velope.
Destine. —Destiny. Lat. destino, to —
Deviate. ^Devious. Lat. wa, way;
bind, make fast, and fig. to determine, deviare, to go out of the track, devius,
design, purpose, appoint, fix, doom. out of the way. See Way.
Destroy. Lat. struo, to put together, Devil. Lat. diabolus, Gr. J»a/3oXof, the
to build ; destruo, to puU down what was accuser, from Sia^dWu, to calumniate,
built. traduce.
Desultory. Lat. salio, to leap ; de- —
To Devise, Device. Lat. dividere,
silio, desulto, to leap down ; desultor, in divisum, to divide or distribute, gave rise
the games of the circus, one who leaps in the Romance languages to verbs sig-
from one horse to another; fig. an in- nifying to divide, distinguish, distribute,
constant person. arrange, appoint ; and that, either by a
14
— , ;

2IO DEVOTE
purely mental operation, when the mean- A similar wavering between the shades
ing will be to deviseV invent, or imagine ; of meaning is seen in the legal phrase of
or with the addition of (wal enunciation, devising by will. It may be explained in
when the word will signifj^Nto discourse, the sense of dividing the property, as
describe, make known our views and ar- Ducange gives 7«j dividendiior the right
rangements to another. of disposal by will. But it is better un-
derstood in the sense of arranging, ex-
couth haue told you
I
pressing the will of the testator as to the
Such your hertis might agrise, -
peinis as .

Albeit so no touge may it devise. disposition of his property. '


Fai ta de-
Though that I might a thousand winter tell vise e ton plaisir de go que est en ta
The peynis of that cursid house of Hell. maisun kar tu murras ' set thy house in :

Frere's Tale.
order?»''iivre des Rois. '
Aura chascun
From dividers itself we have Prov. de- — I'argent dessus devisd' Shall have —
vire, to divide, distinguish, explain ; and the money above appointed. Registre —
from the participle dtvisum, Prov. OFr. des Metiers. Docum. Inedits.
devis, discourse, as well as a secondary- Ainz que departe ne devis
form of the verb, Prov. devizir, Fr. de- A mes homes il' k mes amis
Ceste terre e 4 ma gent.
viser, It. divisare, in the senses above ex-
Chron. des Dues de Norm. 6960.
plained, which are well illustrated in the
Diz. de la Crusca. Point Device. This phrase, which has
In reference to the sense of distinguish- been much misunderstood, may be ex-
ing, a passage is quoted from Villani plained from It. divisare, Fr. deviser, to
where it is said that the arms worn by a plan or imagine, whence d, devise used as
noble were the lilies of France, and in a superlative of praise.
addition a vermillion port-cuUis above Un noble chateau d. devise.
e tanto si divisava da quella di re de Fab. et Contes, iii. 155.
Francia ' and so the arms were distin-
;
Li vergiers fut biaua devise. —lb. iii. 115.
guished from those of the King of France.
The garden was fair as could be ima-
The French arms were worn with a differ- gined, or, as we say with greater exagger-
ence. Hence It. divisa, and E. device, in
ation, fair beyond imagination. '

the sense of a distinctive mark. This


went down Greenwich,
in their barges to
application is somewhat perplexed by a
and every barge as goodly drest as they
fashion prevalent in the 13th and 14th
centuries, when dresses were worn with

could device.' Chron. Hen. VIII. in Cam.
Miscell. iv.
the two halves of the body of different
colours, dresses so divided being called Ele fut portraite A. devis ;
N'est cuens ni rois ni amir&
vesti alia divisa, or divisati, the colours
Qui seust deviser tant bele
of which served to distinguish the adher- En nule terre come cele.
ents of a particular party, house, or noble, Bien fu fete par grant maitrise
and constituted the partita, divisa, or de- Nature la fist ii devise.
vice of the uniform. Illi de Auria et
' Fab. et Contes, iii. 424.
Grimaldi pro ipsorum majori colligatione She was a specimen of the beau ideal
insimul se induerant simile vestimentum,
no count, or king, or admiral, could
duorum scilicet pannorum coloris diversi, imagine one so fair.
ex quibus quilibet vestimentis unum On the other hand, point is used in the
habens gerebat pro dimidio colorem, et sense of condition en bon point, in good
pro reliqua colorem alterum.' Chron. — condition
;

mettre a point, to put into


;
Genuense. a.d. 131 i in Mur. Diss. 33.
condition, to dress.
' Calze,
una (i. e. one leg) rosso di panno A
point devise then would signify, in
e I'altra alia divisa, secondo i colori dell'
the condition of ideal excellence, pre-
arme del senatore.' — Diss. 29. Divisato, cisely the sense in which point de-vice is
particoloured. Fl. — always used.
Thus we are sometimes in doubt
So noble was he of his stature,
whether the word has reference to the So faire, so jolie and so fetise.
actual diversity of colour or is used in With limmis wrought at poind device.
the sense of a distinctive mark. Pul- ' R. R. 830.
cherrima divisa est color albus et rubeus.' Devote. —
Devout. Lat. voveo, votum,
^Mur. to vowor promise to the gods devoveo, ;

And devoto, to dedicate to the Deity, to ap-


er alone but when he
did servise
All black he wore and no devise but plain. point to a sacj-ed purpose. Fr. devot,
Chaucer, Belle Dame sans merci. religious, godly, devout.
DEVOUR DIDDER 211
Devour. Lat. voro, to gulp down, eat Covered with cloth of gold- '^«a;S?-«^ well.
greedily. Knight's Tale.
Dew. Du. dauw, ON. dogg,
G. than, Fr. (//a j^r/, variegated, 'versicolor in-

,

Dan. dug, Sw. dagg, dew; ON. deigr, star jaspidis.' DUc. In OE. poetry a
moist, soft Sc. dew, moist.
; For the meadow is freqtiently spoken of as dia-
probable origin see Daggle. The senses pered with flo'wers. At a later period the
of dew and thaw are confounded in G. reference 'to different colours was lost,
thauen, Pl.D. dauen, to thaw, to dew. and th'A sense was confined to the figures
See Thaw. with which a stuff was ornamented. Fr.

Dew-berry, g. thau-beere. Adelung. d^ipri, diapered, diversified with flourishes
A —
kind of blackberry covered with bloom. on sundry figures. Got. As now under-
Probably a corruption of dove-berry, from stood it is applied to linen cloth, woven
the dove-coloured bloom for whietrtt is with a pattern of diamond -shaped figures.
remarkable, as the same name is in Ger- Diaphanous. Gr. im^aivia, to shine
many given to the bilberry, which is through. See Phantom.
covered with a similar bloom. Bav. Diaphragm. Gr. Sia^payna, from Ita,
taub-ber, tauben-ber (die blaue heidel- inter, and ippayfia, a partition.
beere), vaccinium myrtiUus. Dubbere, Diarrhoea. Gr. Siappoia, from ^lo,

mora. Schmeller. through, and piw, to flow, run.

Dewlap. Dan. dog-lcspj Du. douw- Diary. ^Diurnal. Lat. dies, day.
swengelj from sweeping the dew. Sw. Diatribe. Gr. rpi'/Sw, to rub, wear ;
dial, dogg, Du. douw (Kil.), dew ; Da. Siarpifiia, to wear away, pass time SiaTpijSti, ;

lap, a flap. pastime, amusement, occupation, study,


Dexterous. —
Dexterity. Sanscr. an argument.
daksha, Gr. itliii, St^inpA, Lat. dextera, Dibber. Dibble. — A setting-stick,
the right hand. usually made of the handle of a spade, cut
Dey. See Dairy. to a point and shod with iron. Baker. —
Dia-. Gr. lia, through ; in comp. I'll not put

through, thorough, and also between, The dilile in the earth to set one slip of them.
apart, asunder. Winter's Tale.
Diabolic. See Devil. The syllable dib, expressing the act of
Diadem. Gr. JiuJjj/ia, the white fillet striking with a pointed instrument, is a
with which kings used to bind their modification of Sc. dab, to prick, Bohem.
heads ; ItaSkto, to bind round, fasten ; dubati, to peck, E. job, to thrust, or peck,
Uti), to bind. parallel with dag or dig, to strike with a
Diagonal. Gr. yuvia, an angle ; Si- pointed instrument. Norm, diguer, to
ayiivtoe, Lat. diagonalis, of a line drawn prick ; diguet, a pointed stick used in
through the angles. reaping.— Pat. de Brai.
Dial. A
device for showing the time Dibble - dabble. Rubbish. Hal. —
of day. Lat. dialis, belonging to the day. Comp. Magy. dib-ddb, useless, insignifi-

Dialect. Dialogue. Gr. iiaMyu, to cant dib-ddbsdg, useless stuff, rubbish.
;

-dicate. Lat. dico, -atum, to proclaim,


converse. See Logic.
Diameter. Gr. Scdiurpos, the measure publish, devote, appropriate ; abdico, to
through (a circle). renounce, abdicate ; dedico, to inscribe,
dedicate. •
Diamond. G. demant, corrupted from — .

-diet.— Diction. ^Dictate. Lat. dico,


adamant.
dictum, to say ; dictio, a saying, word ;
Diaper. It. diaspro, a Jasper or Dias- dictum, a word, an order dicto, -atum,

per stone. Flor. Gr. Jairjrie, Lat. Jaspis. to enounce, dictate, prescribe,
;

Then as jasper was much used in orna- Didactic. Gr. ZitanniAq, apt to teach,
menting jewellery, M.Lat. diasprus, an from iiiaoKia, to teach.
ornamented texture, panni pretiosioris Didapper. A water-bird constantly
species. —
Due. ' Pluviale diasprum cum diving under water. Du. doppen, to dip.
listis auro textis.' Duas cruces de ar-
'

See Dabchick.
gento, unam de diaspro, et unam de crys- To Didder. To didder, dither, dodder,
tallo — duo pluvialia de diaspro et panno to tremble ;diddering and daddering;
Barbarico.' Diasperatus, adorned with doddering-dickies, the quivering heads ot
inlaid work, embroidery, or the like. San-
dalia cum caligis de rubeo sameto dias-

quaking grass. Hal. on. dadra, to wag
the tail ; Magy. dideregni, dederegni,
perato, breudata cum imaginibus regum.'
dodorgni, to tremble ; Sc. diddle, to
A Steele bay, trapped in stele, shake, to jog.
14 *
;

212. -. DIDDLE DIKE


Hale be ybutheart, hale be your fiddle, daigyii, to stick ; dygulis, a prickle
Long may youi\elbuck jink and diddle. dyge, dygle, a stickle-back. Turk, dik-
^^ Burns in Jam.
^ mek, to sew, stitch, plant, set ; diken, a
To doddle, to totteiV: Bav. tatteni, to prickle.
tremble. The origin is -^ representation Digest. Lat. digero, -gesiiim, to carry
of the repeated beats of a Vibrating body in different directions, disperse, dissolve,
by the syllables da, da, ta, ta, or,when the digest.
beats are rapid and small, di, di, ti, ti. To Dight. To dress, adorn, prepare.
Compare Galla dada-goda,X.o makedada, AS. dihtan, to set in order, arrange, com-
to beat. —
Tutschek. Mod.Gr. rSirJifii^w, pose. G. dichten, to meditate, contrive,
to shiver, simmer ; G. zittern, to tremble. invent, compose. From Lat. dictare, to
To Diddle. Properly, as shown in the dictate, to speak what is to be taken
last article, to move rapidly backwards dowsitjui writing. Dictare, dichen, tich-
and forwards, then to use action of such ten, vorsagen oder lesen das man schreibt.
a nature for the purpose of engaging the — Dief. Sup. Sw. dickta, to invent, to
attention of an observer while a trick is feign, to devise ; dickta up en historia, to
played upon him, to deceive by juggUng trump up a story. See Ditty.
tricks. Digfnity. —
Condign. See Deign.
Die. — Dice. dado, Prov. dat,
It. —
Dike. Ditch.. As the earth dug out
Fr. det, dd, a die or small cube used in of the ground in making a trench is
gaming. Arab, daddon, dadda, game of heaped up on the side, the ditch and the
dice. bank are constructed by the same act,
To Die. See Dead. and it is not surprising that the two
To Die or Dye. as. dedh, deag, co- should have been confounded under a
lour, dye deagan, to
; dye. Gael, dath common name. Du. dijck, agger, et
(pronounced dS), colour, dye Manx fovea, alveus, fossa. Kil. In like man-
; —
daah, colour, dye, blush daahghey, to ner the It. meta, the mound on which a
;

colour, stain, blush. castle was built, is identical with E. moat,


.Probably the radical meaning may be the surrounding ditch out of which the
to soak, wet, or steep. earth was dug. In the N. of England a
Then if thine eye hedye this sacred urn. dike is a dry hedge, dike stoitr, a hedge-
Each drop a pearl shall turn, stake, while dike-holl or dike-hollow is
To adorn his tomb. —Epitaph, 1633.
the ditch. —
Hal. In Dan. the term dige
E. dial, to deg, to moisten. — Hal. ON. is applied both to a ditch and baiik, but
deigr, wet digna, to become wet Dan.
; ; dige-grqft is specifically the ditch.
dygge, to sprinkle with water, dyg-vaad, The primary signification is doubtless
dyng-vaad, thoroughly wet. In the latter that of the Fr. digue, a bank, jetty, or
of these forms we see a close agreement dam for stopping the flow of water,
with Lat. tingere, which unites the senses whence the term is applied, like the Scan-
of wetting or moistening, plunging in dinavian da7n or the Romance tampo,
liquid, dyeing with colour. Gr. rc^yu, to tanco, to a pond of water held up by a
moisten, stain, colour. See Daggle. dike or dam. Du. dijck, piscina, stag-
Diet. I. A
deliberative assembly. —
num. Kil. The two applications are in
See Day. G. distinguished by a modification of
2. Gr. Ji'aira,mode or place of life, spelling, and deich is used in the sense of
means of life, subsistence. a dike or dam, icich in that of a pond,
But sith I know my wordis doith thee so sore In a similar manner in England the
smert. northern pronunciation dike has been
Shall no more hereafter ; and echo day our diete appropriated to a bank, the southern,
(intercotirse)
ditch, to a trench.
Shall be mery and solase, and this shall be for-
gete. —
Chaucer, Beryn. 700.
The ultimate origin of the term must
be looked for, not in the idea of digging
Difficult. Lat. difficilis, hard to be with a spade, but in that of stopping up,
done; rf/^c«//aj, difficulty. See Facile. thrusting in a peg to stop an orifice, in
To Dig. To drive a pointed instru- accordance with the fundamental signifi-
ment into ; to spur a horse, stab a man cation of the root dag or dig, whence Sp.
through his armour. Hal. modifica-— A taco, a stopper, i-amrod, billiard cue,
tion of dag. See Dagger. Norm, diguer, wadding w. tagu, to choke, to stifle.
;

to prick ; endiguer, to pierce with an awl Magy, dugni, to stick in, to stop, duga,
or needle ; diguet, a pointed stick, a dib- a plug, stopper, stuffing ; Ulyrian tukani,
ble. Lith. dygiis, sharp, pointed ; degti, Pol. tkai, to thrust, stick, cram, stuff;
; •

DILAPIDATION DIMITY 21.1

utykad, to stop chinks Bohem. zatka, a


; dumper, gloomy, of the weather ; vertum-
stopper, bung, obstruction. Fin. tiikkia, plen, vertianlen, to make thick (trlibe).
to stop a hole, stuff something into a hole ; Du. bedampen, to darken, to make dim—
tuket, a stopper ; tukkuta, to be stopped, Halma; een dompig huis, a close, dark
to stagnate ; Esthon. tiikma, to thrust, house. ON. dimmr, dark, thick dimma, ;.

press in, to stop tiikkis, a stopper. Sc.


; dumba, darkness dimmleitr, dumbinn,
;

dook, a peg driven into a wall. dark-coloured ; dumbicngr, tliickness of


Dilapidation. Lat. lapis, -idis, a. air, covered weather dimmraddadr, voce
;

stone dilapido, to destroy, perhaps by


; obscura et gravi ; dimma, to grow dark.
battering with stones, or perhaps to throw Sw. dimba, a fog, haze Dan. dmn, dumb, ;

about like stones, to dissipate, squander, dim, obscure, dull, low (of sound), stupid.
waste. The same relation between the ideas of
Saepe ferus duros jaculatur Jupiter imbres shutting up and darkening is seen in
Grandine dilapidans honiinumque boumque la- Manx doon, to close or shut up, and also
bores. —
Columella. to darken doon, a field or close; dooney,
;

Dilemma. Gr. SiXruJiia, an argument shutting, closing, darkening; E. dun, of a


equally conclusive in two opposite ways, dark colour. The same development of
from Sie, twice, and X^/i/ia, a proposition the root is found in the Finnish languages.
or thesis. Fin. ttimma, dull, dim, tummeta, to be
Diligent. Lat. diligo (properly to dimmed, to be put out as a fire, tummen-
pick out), to love diligens, loving, at-
; taa, to damp the fire, to extinguish Es- ;

tentive, industrious. See -lect. thon. tumme, dull, dim, dark ; Lap. tuom,
Dilling.— DiU. Dilling, a darling or dull in action, slow.
favourite, the youngest child or the young- Dimble. —Dimple. —Dingle. Dimble
est of a brood. —
Hal. ON. dill, the nurse's or dingle is a narrow glen, deep valley.
lullaby ; dilla, to lull a child to sleep.
Within a gloomy dimble she doth dwell.
To dill, to soothe, to still, to calm Hal., — Sad Shepherd,
to dill down, to subside, become still.
The noise of the Queen's journey to France Lith. dubus, hollow, deep (of vessels) ;

dubus medis, a hollow tree dumbu, dubti,


has dilled down. Jam. — ;

Hence the name of the herb dill (Sw. to be hollow dube, dobe, a ditch, hole in
;

dill, Dan. anethum), used as a car-


dild, the earth, den dubele, a little pit, dimple
;

minative or soothing medicine for child- in the cheek or chin daiiba, a glen, cleft,
;

ren. Dan. dial, dull, still, quiet, as pain valley. Fris. dobbe, a ditch, hole, pit,
when the attack goes off dulme, to sub- ; hollow ; dobbetjens, a dimple. Epkema. —
side, assuage, soothe. Lith. tylus, quiet, a valley dub, a deep place in a
E. dib, ;

still, tildyti, to quiet, tyla, silence ; Pol.


river —
Hal., a puddle or gutter Jam. — ;

tulid, to seek to calm, soothe, or appease dump, a deep hole of water ; Bav. dUmpf,
one, utulid, to quiet a crying child. See dUmpifel, a deep hole in a river OHG. ;

Dull. tuntphilo, gurges Schmeller ; E. dumble, —


Dilly. A public carriage, contracted a wooded dingle. Hal. —
from Fr. diligence. Hal. — Closely connected with deep, dip. The
Diluvial. See Deluge. radical image may be the hollow made
Dim. One of the numerous class of by a blow with a pointed instrument, re-
words branching out from the root tap, presented by the syllable dib, whence
dab, dam in the sense of stop, obstruct, dibber, dibble, a setting-stick. Compare
mentioned under Deaf and Dam. Lang; Bohem. dupali, to stamp, dupa, a hollow ;
tapa lou jhour, to stop one's light Ptg. Pol. dupnied, to become hollow. On the
;

tapa los olhos, to cast a mist before one's same principle we have dent, the hollow
eyes, taparse, to darken, become dark made by a blow (and perhaps den, a cave
tapar os ouvidos, Lang, se tampa las or hoUow), from dint, a blow. So also
aourelios, to stop one's ears. from dig or ding in the sense of stabbing
Bav. daumb, daum, taum, stopper, wad- or thrusting or striking with a hammer or
ding ; daumen, verdaumben, to ram down, the like, we pass to dinge, the hollow
to stop dumper, dimper, dull in sound made by the blow, and dingle, synonym-
;

or in colour timper, fusca vox, csecus ous with dimble, a narrow glen.
;
'

Sonus,' timberriu wuolchen, the dark Dimension. Lat. dimetior, -mensus,


clouds ; ein tuinperer nebel, a dark mist. to measure out. See Measure.

Timberi, caligo Notker, identical with Dimity. Originally a stuff woven with
Lat. tenebrcBj- vertumperte augeti, oculi two threads, from Gr. A'c, twice, and /lirof,
contenebrati. —
Schmeller. Swab, diemer, a thread. ' Officinas ubi in fila yariis
; ;;

214 DIN DIPLOMA


distincta coloribus Serum vellera tehuan- Dint Dent. —
Dunt. All imitative
tur, et sibi invicem multiplici texendi of the sound of a blow. To dunt, to
genere coaptantur. Hinc enim videas strike so as to make a hollow sound, to
amita, dimitaque et trimita minori peri- beat, to palpitate.
ON. dunkr, dynkr, Sw. dunk, a hollow
—^Jam.
ti4 sumptuque perfici,' i. e. (says Mura-
tori) 'vulgares telas sericiae uno filo seu sound, as the boom of a gun dunka, to ;

licio, duobus, aut tribus contextae.' —


Fal- beat, to throb, to knock at a door dunsa, ;

candus, Hist. Sicil. in Mur. Diss. 25. In to strike with a dull sound, to fall heavily
the same way the G. name for velvet, sam- dunta, to strike, to shake Rietz Da. — ;

met, is contracted from exhamita, from dial, dunte, to sound hollow under the
having been woven of six threads. In feet ; dundse, to thump.
like manner G. drillich, E. drill, a web of Diocese. Gr. Sioixriats, the manage-
a threefold thread ; G. zwillich, E. twill, ment of a household, administration,
a web of a double thread. function of a steward, a province or juris-
Din. Imitative of continued sound. diction in ecclesiastical matters the juris-
;

ON. dynia, dundi, to resound duna, to diction of a bishop. Atotdia, to manage


;

thunder. Lat. tinnire, to sound as a bell, household affairs, from oiicog, a house.
tonare, to thunder. See Dun. To Dip. Deep. Goth, daupjan, AS. —
* To Dine. It. desinarej OFr. dis- dippan, Sw. doppa, to dip, to soak. Du.
gner, disner, dignerj Prov. disnar, dir- doppen, doopen, to dip, baptise j Sc. doup,

nar, dinar. Disnavi me ibi.' Gl. Vatic, Du. duypen, to duck the head. G. taufen,
'

quoted by Diez. Diez suggests a deriva- to baptise It. tuffare, to dive or duck, to ;

tion from a Lat. decanare (analogous to plunge under water.


devorare, depascere), whence in Fr. might Goth, diups, ON. diupr, Du. duyp, diep,
have arisen decener, desner, diner, as G. tief, deep. Lith. dubus, hollow, deep

from decima desme, dime. The OFr. (of a vessel) ; diibe, dobe, a ditch, hole in
had reciner, to lunch, from recanare. the ground, dubele, a little hole, a dimple
The more probable derivation however dumbu, dubti, to be hollow. E. dub, a.
seems to me to be that from Lat. desinere, pool in a river, dump, a deep hole of
to cease, the dinner being the meal taken water. Du. dampen, dompelen, to plunge
at the noontide cessation from labour. under water Halma ; Bav. dUmpf, —
The application of It. desinare to the diimpfel, a deep hole in a river.
sense of dining may have driven it out of Bohem. dupa, a hole or cavern, dupati,
use in the sense of ceasing. to stamp, dubati, to peck, strike with the
To Ding. To strike, knock, cast. To beak.
ding through, to pierce. He dang him '
The original root seems to be the syl-
throw the body with ane swerd.' Bellen- — lable dib, dub, representing the sound of a
den in Jam. To ding at the door, to blow with a pointed instrument, and
knock. P.P. — ON. dengia, to hammer thence being applied to the hollow made
dengia einum nidr, to ding one down. in the object struck, or on the other hand
The syllables ding, dong, or the like, are to the sudden motion downwards with
used in the first instance to represent a which the blow is given. To dip then is
strong impression on the ear, and thence to go suddenly downwards, and deep de-
are transferred to a violent action, a heavy signates the quality of things which admit
blow. of going suddenly downwards, the depth
Dingle. A
narrow valley, a glen. A being greater as they admit of a more
variety of dimble, and, as the latter was extended or more sudden descent.
derived from dib, expressing a blow with It is remarkable that as we have a root
a pointed instrument, dingle stands in dig in the same sense with dib, the same
the same relation to dig, ding. The parallelism of the labial and guttural final
primary meaning then would be a dint, is found throughout the series. We
have
pit, hollow. Du. duypen and duycken, to duck the
Dingy. Related to forms like the G. head, to duck under water, dive Sc. ;

dumpfig, dead in sound, musty, damp, doup in the same sense as the E. duck;
Du. dompig, dark, close, as cringe to AS. G. taufen, to baptise, tauchen, to dip or
crymbig, crooked. It. cangiare to cam- dive ; E. dimble and dingle, a glen ; Du.
biare, to change. The ON. dumba, dark- dompen, G. tunken, to dip.
ness, would give an as. dymbig, darkish, Diphthong. Gr. 5i09oyyoe, having a
dingy. It may be considered as the twofold sound ^Soyyoc, articulate sound.
analogue of the Du. danker, G. dunkel, Diploma. —Diplomatic.
;

Gr. SivXmiia,
dark. See Damp, Dim. Lat. diploma, an authoritative document,
—; ;
; ;

DIRE DISPENSE 215


licence, charter, from oittXom, to double,
because in the form of folded tablets.

Discreet. Discretion. Fr. discret,
discerning, prudent Lat. discerno, -cre-
;

Dire. Lat. dirus, cruel, dreadful. tum, to discern ; discretio, separation, se-
Dirge. A funeral service ; from Ps. lection.
5, V. 8. ' Dirige Domine Deus meus in Discrepancy. Lat. crepo, to creak,
conspectu tuo vitam meam,' repeated in make a noise ; discrepo, to be out of
the anthem used on such occasions. tune, sound inharmoniously, thence, to
Jam. disagree.
The frere wol to the direge
if the cors is fat. Discriminate. Lat. discrimen, se-
PoUtical Songs, 332, Cam. Soc. paration, distinction. See -cern.
In old Sc. dregy, dirgy. Disgust. Fr. desgoust, digoiit, from
Dirk.—Durk. A dagger. Sc. durk, Lat. gtistus, taste.
G. dolch, Sw. dolk, a dagger. Bohem. Dish.. —
Disk. Lat. discus, a quoit or
tuleg, a spear (spiculum), tuHch, a dagger. flat circle of stone, wood, or metal ;
Magy. tolni, to thrust Russ. tolkat', ; hence, a dish ; Gr. SisKoe, a quoit, a tray.
tolknuf, to give a blow, strike, knock G. tiscA, a table.
Bohem. tlauk, a pestle. Fris. dulg, dolge, Disheveled. Fr. descheveler, to put
dolch, a wound. —
Epkema. The inter- the hair out of order. Fr. cheveux, Lat.
change of an / and r before a final gut- capilla, the hair.
tural is very common. Comp. Dan. dial. Dismal. Swiss dusem, dark, thick,
smilke and kilche, corresponding to e. misty, downhearted. Bav. dus, dusam,

smirk and kirk Junge Outzen. OFr. ; dusig, dusmig, dull (not shining), still,
pourpe for poulpe. Roquef.
* Dirt.
— cloudy. Dan. dial, dusm, dussem, slum-
Dryte or doonge, merda, ber. Dasyn, or in Pynson's edition,
stercus. —
Pr. Pm. To drite, cacare, das7nyn, or missyn as eyne, caligo. —
Pr.
egerere. —
Cath. Ang. in Way. on. drit, Pm. Swab, disseln, disemen, dusemen,
excrement. G., Du. dreck, excrement, disinen, dusmen, to speak low, dosen,
filth, mud, dirt. dosmen, to slumber.
The radical sense of the word is simply The primary image is a low sound,
a lump, what falls in separate portions. then dull in colour, dark, overcast, un-
Banff, treetle, to fall in drops, to trickle. cheerful.
E. trattles, troUles, treadles', the dung of Dismay. Sp. desi7iayo, a swoon, faint-
sheep, goats, hares, &c. Du. drotel, ing-fit,decay of strength, dismay; des-
dreutel pilula stercoraria. Banff, turd, a mayar, to faint, to be faint-hearted, to
clot of excrement, is radically identical discourage, frighten. See Amaze.
with inversion of the r. In the same To Disparage. From Lat. par, equal,
way E. crottles, lumpy dung, may be com- arises Vr. parage, equality of birth or in
pared with crote, a clod, and Du. krotte, blood, (and hence) kindred, parentage,
dirt sticking to the bottom of clothes, Fr. lineage. — Cot. Hence to disparage, to
crotte, dirt. match a person with one of inferior birth
Dis-, Di-, before an f, Dif-. From Gr. and condition, and in modern usage to
Uq (Sanscr. dvis, Lat. bis), twice, in two speak slightingly of one, to put him lower
parts, separately. In composition it im- in estimation.
plies separation from the thing signified Dispatch. It. impacciare, to impeach,
by the word with which it is compounded, encumber, hinder dispacciare, to dis-
;

and hence negation, opposition. patch, rid or free. —


Fl. Fr. empescher,
Disaster. Fr. desastre, It. disastro, to hinder, impeach, pester ; despescher, to
an evil chance, something brought about rid, send away quickly, discharge. — Cot.
by an evil influence of the stars. Prov. Diez would derive the words from Lat.
astrar, to cause by the influence of the impingere, in the sense of fastening
stars ;astruc, Lat. asirosus, fortunate something troublesome upon one, through
bencLstre, good fortune ; desastre, misfor- the supposed frequentative forms impac-
tune. —Diez. tare, impactiare. More probably from
To Discard. Sp. descartar, to throw the Gael, bac, stop, hindrance, restraint
cards out of one's hand at certain games bacail, obstruction. Lat. repagula, bars,
hence to put aside, reject. restraints, fastenings. Prov. empaig, em-

Disciple. Discipline. Lat. discipti- pacha, empaita, obstacle, hindrance ; em-
lus, disciplina, from disco, I learn. paichar, empaitar, empazar, empechar,
Discomfit. Fr. disconjire, -fit, to over- to embarrass ; the Converse of which, to
throw, defeat. Lat. cojtficio, to bring to- dispatch, is to remove a hindrance.
gether, to make up. See -feet. Dispense. Dispensation. Lat. dis- —
— ;

2l6 DISPERSE DIVAN


penso, to manage an seize the goods of a tenant, in order to
pay out money, to
income to dispense -with, to manage compel him to pay the rent.
;

without. See Spend. The pledge or the fine exacted was


Disperse. See -sperse. termed districtio, distress, and the sam?,
To Display. OFr. desployer, It. dis- name was sometimes given to the rights
piegare, spiegare, to unfold, from Lat. of exercising judicial authority. Dis- '

plicare, to fold. trictio quoque villse ad ecclesiam pertine-


To Dispute. Lat. disputare, to cast
up a sum, compute, to examine and dis-
bit, ita ut Godescalcus —
qui advocatus
est ejusdem allodii, medietatem ipsius
cuss a subject. In modern language the districtionis de Ecclesii teneat.' — Charta
term is applied to hostile discussion of a ann. 1124. But the right of exercising
subject with another person. such authority, as well as the territory
Disseminate. To sow here and there. over which it was exercised, were more
Lat. semen, seed. commonly termed districtus. It. distretto,
Dissertation. Lat. dissero, -sertum, OFr. destroict, E. district. 'Maneantque
to set asunder, to discuss ; disserto, to sub judicio et districtu vestro.' Bulla —
explain, debate, discuss. See -sert. Bonifacii ann. 1033. ' Qui allodium ven-
Dissident. Lat. dissideo, to sit apart, diderit, districtum et jurisdictionem Im-
to disagree.
Dissipate. Lat. dissipare, to scatter.
peratoris vendere non
prassumat.' Lib. —
Feod. 'Et totum districtum ejusdem
The obs. sipo or supo signified to cast. insula cumtotci. justitia dedi eis.' Charta —
Festus. ann. 983. '
Prsedictum fumum et dis-
Distaff. The staff on which the flax trictum ejusdem furni,' i. e. the soke of
was fastened in spinning. Pl.D. diesse, the oven, or right of compelling the te-
Ditmarsh dies, the bunch of flax on the nants to resort to it for the purpose of
distaff ; E. dial, dise, to supply the staff

baking. —Due.
with flax. I dysyn a. dystaffe. Palsgr. To Dit.—Ditch. To dit is to stop
The term may be a modification of the an orifice. '
Dit your mouth with your
root appearing in Gael, dos, a bush, clus-
ter, tuft, lock of hair, E. tussock, a tuft
meat.' — Sc. proverb, as. dittan, to stop.
ON. ditta, to stop chinks. From dot, a
of grass, Bav. doschen, duschen, dosten, lump, as the notion of stopping an orifice
a bush, tuft, tassel. On the other hand, is commonly expressed by reference to
the thread drawn down from the stock of the bunch of materials thrust into the
flax on the distaff may be compared to opening. See Dam. Du. dodde, a tap,
the stream of milk drawn from an ani- stopper, plug. Kil.— Dan. dial, dot, a
mal's udder, and thus the term may be stopper. N. dott, a bunch, a lump ;
identical with the Sw. diss, a teat, dissa, dytta, to stop a hole.
to suck. We
speak of blood spinning Another modification of the word is
from a vein. ditch, or diche, to stuff or table
fill up. A
Distich. Gr. tusTixoq {Sig, and otIxos, is diched when the dirt has insinuated
a row, verse), in two rows or lines.

Distinguish. Distinction. Lat. dis-
itself into the grain of the wood. Baker, —
Northampt. Gl. Bav. datschen, detschen,
tinguo, -nctum, properly to mark with dotschen, to press down something soft
points ; Gr. ariX^u, to prick ; OTiyita, a datsch, &c., a mess of something soft,
prick or spot Lat. instigo, instinguo, to
;

prick one on, to stimulate.


kue-datsch, cow-dung. —
Schm.
Ditch. See Dike.
— —
Distrain. Distress. ^District. From Ditto. A term from the language of
Lat. stringere, to strain, to draw tight, book-keeping. It. detto (Lat. dictum),
Mid. Lat. distringere (whence Fr. dis- said, aforesaid.
traindre and E. distrain) was used in the Ditty. OFr. diet, dictS, dittt!, recita-
sense of exercising severity upon, cor- tion of an adventure, story, poem, work
recting, and especially in that of compel-
ling or constraining a person to do some-
of imagination. —Roquef. Lat. dicere,
dictum, to say.
thing by the exaction of a pledge or by
fine or imprisonment. '
Et liceat illi eos Then said I, thus it falleth me to cesse
distringere ad justitias faciendas.' Hist. — Eithir to rime or diiees for to make.
Chaucer, Belle Dame sans mercl.
Fr. in Due. ' Et ce qui est dessus devis^
fut fait et establi pour destraindre les Diuretic. See Urine.
gens k venir faire droit en la cour.' Divan. Pers. ditvdn, a collection of
Assis. Hierosol. In this sense we still writings, register, account-book; board
speak of distraining for rent, when we of accounts, custom-house (It. dogana.
,

DIVE DOCK 217


Fr. douane), council, senate council- ; did, and how the people did, and how
chamber, raised seat. the war prospered.' In the Livre des
To Dive. AS. deofan, dufan {dyfde, —
Rois E David enquist cume Joab le
:

dofen), to plunge in water, duck, dive ; fist, e li poples, e coment il lefeissent del
ON., dyfa, deyfa, to dip, stick down into. —
siege and how they got on with the
Du. dutpen, to duck the head. Kil. — siege.
—Doctor. —Doctrine. —Docu-
Dan. duve, to pitch, as a ship meeting Docile.
the waves; duve stg, to duck, bow the ment. Lat. doceo, doctum, to teach, do-
head. It. tuffare, to duck or plunge cilis, easy to be taught ; doctor, a teacher,
under water. doctrina, what is taught, documentwn,
Aparallel series with a final guttural that by which one is taught.
is seen in Du. duiken, Bav. ducken, to Dock. I. G. docke, a bundle, bunch
duck, bow, dive; Sw. dyka, G. tauchen, to of thread, knot of cords, baluster, plug,
dive. See Dip. stopple, a short thick piece of anything.

Divide. Division. Lat. divide, -sum, Fris. dok, a small bundle, ball of twine,
separate, cut in parts; dividuus, what bunch of straw. It. tocco, a scrap, cob,
may be divided. coUop, cut or shive, viz. of bread and
Divine. Lat. divinus, belonging to cheese. —
Fl. w. toe, that is short or
God ; divi, Gods. Gr. SIoq, godlike. The abrupt ; tocyn, a short piece ; tocio, to
Lat. divinus was applied to a prophet or reduce to a short bit, to curtail, explain-
soothsayer, one conversant with divine ing the E. dock, to reduce to a stump, to
matters, as in modern times the term is cut short. ON. dockr, a short stumpy
applied to a clergyman. Hence divinare, tail. The term dock is applied to several
to divine, foretell, prophesy, foresee, then plants having leaves broad in proportion
to guess. to their length, as sour-dock, sorrel, bur-
Dizzy. AS. dysig, dyslic, foolish ; Pl.D. dock, butter-dock (Du. docke-blaederen
diisig, d'dsig, giddy, dizzy, dilsig weder, petasites), AS. ea-dock, Swab, wasser-
hazy weather ; Dan. disig, hazy ; Du. docklein, the water-lily. Another appli-
duysig, deusig, stupid, giddy, stunned ;
cation of the term is to the rump of an
E. dizze, to stun. '
Etourdir, to astonish, animal, butt end of a tree, the thick end.
dizze, amaze.' Cotgr.— Bav. dusen, du- —Hal,
seln, dusseln, to be still, to slumber, to be Dock, like other words signifying a
giddy ; dasig, submissive, tame dausig, ; lump, is probably derived from the no-
dusig, dull, foolish. E. to daze, to stupefy, tion of knocking. Du. docken, dare
benum dasyd or bedasyd, vertiginosus.
; pugnos, ingerere verbera.^Kil. It. toe-

— Pr. Pm. To dozen, dosen, to stupefy care, to knock. Compare dump, to beat
with a blow or otherwise, to lose power Qam.), with dumpy j dunch, to beat, with
and life, benum, become torpid.
ON. dos, das, languor, lassitude. Hann
Jam. — —
dunch, one who is short and thick Jam. ;
to punch, to strike, with punchy, short
liggr i dosi, he lies in a faint. Dan. dos, and thick, &c.
drowsiness, dose, to doze, to mope. Dock. 2. The cage in a court of jus-
To Do. OHG. duan, tuan, G. thun, tice in which a criminal is placed at his
Du. doen, to do. trial. Flemish docke, a bird-cage. — Kil.
It is often said that da in the inquiry Dock. 3. An
inclosed basin for re-
after a person's, health is properly the Sc. pairing ships. A
pond where the water
dow, Du. doogen, deugen, G. taugen, to is kept out by great flood-gates till the

be able or good for, to avail, to thrive ; ship is built or repaired, but are opened
but there is no need of such a supposi- to let in the water to float or launch her.
tion. Weask how a thing does, mean- — B.
ing, how does it perform the office ex- Both in this sense and in that of a cage
pected of it, and the word is used in a the meaning is probably to be explained
very similar sense in the inquiry. How through the notion of stopping up, hem-

do you do ? How do you get on 1 How ming in, confining. The G. docke, signi-
do you perform the offices of life ? It is fying primarily a bunch, is applied to the
a simple translation of the OFr. Com- tap by which the water of a fish-pond is
ment le faites-vous ? —
kept in or let off. Adelung. Hence the
Puis li a dit par grant doufor,
name seems to have been transferred to
comment le faites-vos ?
Sire, a naval dock, the essential provision of
Dame, bien, dit le Segretains. which is the power of keeping in or shut-
Fab. et Contes. i. 245. ting out the water by an analogous con-
'
David demanded of him how Joab trivance, though on a greatly magnified

2l8 DOCKET DOILEY


scale. Clausa, eyn cluse (a sluice or To dod reduce to a lump, to cut
is to
flood-gate), tock; i. q. docke, obturamen- off excrescences, to curtail. Doddyn trees

tum pisciniE. Dief. Sup. See Dam. or herbs, or other like, decomo, capulo.
From signifying the plug or sluice by Doddyd, without horns. Doddyd, as trees,
which the flow of water is regulated, the decomatus, mutilus. Pr. Pm. —
Doddy,
word is applied to the dam of which the low in stature, like a lump. Fr. dodu, fat,
sluice forms part, and generally to the plump, full-bodied.— Cot. Doddy-pate,
dam or bank of a ditch or artificial piece or doddy-poll, is equivalent to block-head,
of water, to the conduit through which or nuimkuU, jobber-noil, lump-headed.
the water flows away, to a spout, gutter, Fris. dodd, a simpleton. Du. dots-kop, a
watercourse. In the former sense we blockhead. —Halma.
have Prov. doga, douva, Fr. douve, douhe, Dod. —Dodder. Sc. dad, a slam to ;

a bank. '
Douvam
aggerem dicti fall,
sive or clap down and with
forcibly, noise.
fossati.' Qui a douhe, il a foss^,' who- He fell
' with a dad. —^Jam. Hence dad,
ever possesses the bank, he has the ditch. a lump, large piece, synonymous with
In the sense of a conduit '
fossas in cir- dod. Sc. dod, to jog. To dad, to shake,
cuitu basilicas fieri jussit ne forte dogis
;

to strike. —
Hal. To dodder, didder,
occultis lymphee deducerentur in fontem.' dither, to shake, to tremble; doddered,
— Gregory of Tours in Diez. shaken, shattered. A
doddered oak, a
In It. we havea mill-dam, a
doccia, shattered oak. A
dodderel, or pollard, is
,

spout, gutter Sp. daguaucho, a rush of


; from dod in the other sense of the term,
water, watercourse ; It. docciare, to spout, to poll, or cut short.
to let water run with some force upon Dodge. To dodge, to jog, to move
one's head for to cleanse and wash it,as quickly to and fro, to deceive by a rapid
they use in Italy.— Fl. Whence the turn. Sc. datch, to jog, to shake ; dodd,
modern E. douche, a bath taken by pour- to jog ; to dad down, to fall or clap down
ing water from a height on the patient. with a noise ; to dad, to dash, to bang ;
In the sense of a water-conduit we find dad, dawd, a lump, large piece of any-
dosza {doccia, dozza, SiSfaccioletto,/azzo- thing. Swiss datsch, dotsch, a blow with
letto) in a passage misunderstood by the open hand ; something broad and
Catpentier. '
Statutum est quod canalis flat like a soft substance thrown on the

de S. Catharina ducatur tantum per doz- ground datschnase, a squabnose datsch, ; ;


zam, qu» est sub fundo circse (by the the noise of a blow or the blow itself,
culvert which is under the bottom of the clap, smack.
quod terralium et ripa dictse
ditch), et Doe. Lat. dama, G. dam, as. da, Dan.
totum usque ad dic- daa, fallow-deer It. daino as E. doe, the
circae claudatur in ;

tam dozzam ita quod nulla ruptura sit in female of the same kind. Gael, damh,
dicto terralio, et a latere foras dictae an ox, a stag.
circse in capite dozzce possit fieri una Dog. ON. doggr, Du. dogghe, a large
clusa alta (a deep sluice, or flood-gate, at dog. The uprights in front of the iron
the head of the culvert) super dictam bars on which the logs in a fireplace
dozzam,' &c. rest, are called dogs, in Sw\ss feuer-hund,
The sense of stopping up is expressed probably from the resemblance to a dog
by the same root in the Finnish lan- sitting on its haunches ; in Pol. and Lith.
guages. Fin. tukko, a lump, bunch, wilki, a wolf. ON. siiia vid dogg, to sit
tuft tukkia, to stop an orifice
; tuket, a ; up in bed.
stopper, the condition of being shut up ;
Doggrel. Pitiful poetry.
tukktita, to be stopped up, to stagnate, Now swiche a rime the devil I beteche,
as water. Magy. dugni, to stuff dugasz, ; This may wel be clepe rime dogerel quod he.
a stopper, bung. Chaucer, Prol. Melibeus.
Docket. A
small piece of paper or —
Dogma. Dogmatic. Gr. iby\ia, an
parchment, containing the heads of a authoritative sentence, a decree, from
large writing. B. —
shred, or piece. A ffoKEO), to think, judge, SoKtl, it seems
Hal. A
diminutive of dock, in the ori- good, itioKTai, it has been resolved, de-
ginal sense. W. tocyn, a small piece, or creed.
slip, a ticket. Doiley. A
small napkin used at des-
Dod. Synonymous in several of its sert,said to be derived from the name of
senses with Dock. Fris. dodd, dadde, a a dealer by whom they were introduced.
lump, clump, bunch.— Outzen. Sc. dawd, The stores are very low, Sir, some Doiley pet-
a lunch, lump. Du. dot, a bunch of ticoats and manteaus we have, and half a dozen
twisted thread. — Halma. pairs of laced shoes.— Dryden, Kind Keeper.
— ;

DOIT DOME 219


There however, a singular resem-
is, the ditch and bank are made by flinging
blance to Du. dwaele, dwele, a towel; on the one side the earth taken up from .

Swiss dwaheli; a napkin. the other) applied both to ridge and fur-
* Soit. Du. duit, the smallest coin, row, and suiasequently appropriated to
the ^sTith part of a guilder. It is also used either as accidental circumstances might
in the more general sense of a particle or determine. We
find the same duplicity
least bit. Hij gelijkt hem op een' duit : of meaning in dikej and mote, the term

he resembles him to a hair. Bomhoff. by which we designate the ditch of a
It is used in Yorkshire synonymous with castle, signifies in It. the mound on which
tnoit, a mote or atom. '
There was now- the castle is built.
ther head nor hair on't, moit nor doit^ Dole, a boundary mark, either a post
every fraction had disappeared. Whitby — or a mound of earth, a lump of anything.
Gloss. Analogous forms are seen in dot, — Hal. Doel, a butt, or mound of turf
jot, tot, representing probably in the first for archers to shoot at. —
Kil. Dool, dole,
instance a slight utterance, then a slight
movement, a particle or small portion of
the goal in a game of football, &c. Jam,
Doll. Properly a bunch of rags. Fris.

bodily substance. So Gr. ypS, a slight dok, G. docke, a little bundle, as of thread,
sound, a least bit ; o'uSi ypv, not a syllable, a wisp of straw, also a doll Swab. ;

not a bit. It is remarkable also that ypv, dbckle, a doll dokkelen, to play with a
;

according to Suidas, like dozt and mite, doll. Banff, doll, a large lump of any-
was used as the name of a small coin. It. thing.
nonfare ne motto ne totto, not to let one's So in Fin. nukka, a flock, rag, patch ;
breath be heard, not to stir. As motto nukki, nuket, a doll, pupa lusoria puella-
corresponds to moit, so totto to doit. rum ex panniculis.
See Mote, Mite. were mad I should forget my son,
-dole. —Dole. —
Doleful. Sc. dule,
If I
Or madly think a babe of clouts were he.
dool, grief; to sing dool, to lament. K.John.
Jam. Lat. dolere, to grieve ; It. duolo, Dollar.Du. dalerj G. thaler, i&iid
doglia, pain, grief ; Fr. deuil, mourning. to be so named from having been struck
Ir. doilbh, doUfe, dark, gloomy, sorrowful, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia.
mournful doilbheas, doilgheas, affliction,
;
Dolorous. See Dole. Lat. doleo, to
sorrow ; Gael, doilleir, dim, dark ; duil- grieve ; dolor, grief, pain.
bhearra (Ir. duilbhir), sad, anxious, me- Dolt. Swab, dalde, dalter, dodle,
lancholy. The opposites to these last dalle, dohle, dallebatsch, dallewatsck,
are soUleir, bright, clear, and suilbhir, dalpe, dalper, a foolish, awkward, clumsy
cheerful, joyful, constructed with the person ; dalpicht, talkickt, clumsy, clown-
particle so equivalent to the Gr. tv, as the ish ; dalpen,talken, to handle awkwardly;
former series with the particle do equiv- G. tolpel, a dolt, blockhead. Bav. dalken,
alent to the Gr. Zvq. See Dear, Dark. to work sticky, doughy materials
in
In like manner Gael, dolus, -woe, grief; verdalken, to blot, dawb, do a thing un-
solas, solace, comfort. The idea of dark- skilfully, spoil by awkwardness ; dalkend,
ness is always connected with that of dalket, sticky, awkward ; der dalk, the
grief and melancholy. E. dial, dowly,
— awkward
—person. — Schmel.
dingy, colourless, doleful. Hal. Dome. ^Domestic. —Domicile. Lat.
Dole. 2. A
portion, or lot. See Deal. domus, a house. Gr. Souoq, Swiia. It is
Dole. 3. Doles, dools, slips of pasture doubtful how the term dome came to be
left between furrows of ploughed lands. applied to a cupola or vaulted roof. A
— B. '
Cursed be he that translateth the cathedral is in It. duomo, in G. dom, and
bounds and doles of his neighbour.' a dome may be so called because it was
Injunction 19 Eliz. in Brand's Pop. Ant. the ornament of a cathedral church. A
A dole-meadow is a meadow in which the church in general was called domus Dei,
shares of different proprietors are marked the house of God, and probably the name
by doles or landmarks. Now the simplest was given to a cathedral church par ex-
division of property would be a strip of cellence. On the other hand we find that
turf left unploughed. Pl.D. dole, a small the Gr. M/i/a was used for a roof. ' Doma
ditch with the sod turned up beside it for in Orientalibus provinciis ipsum dicitur
a landmark; uutdolen, so to mark the quod apud Latinos tectum, in Palsestina
division of properties with a ridge and enim et JEgypto —
non habente in tectis
furrow. — Brem. Wtb. The word is pro- culmina sed domata, quae Romse vel So-
laably at bottom identical with w. twll, a laria, vel Masniana vocant, id est, plana
pit, Bohem. dul, a pit, ditch ; then (as tecta quas transversis trabibus sustentan-
;

220 DOMINION DOSE


tur.' —
St Jerome in Due. Au/ia, tectum.deem. Lith. dumd, mind,
think, judge,
—Gloss. Gi". Lat. Ibid. thought, opinion dumdti, to be of ;

The word domus is commonly derived opinion, to have in the Tnind apsidu- ;

from the Gr. Skjiai, to build, but this I be- mdti, to remember.
lieve is putting the cart before the horse. Let. dohmaht, Russ. dumaf, to think,
The form with the narrow vowel is com- to be of opinion. Gr. 6vii6q, breath, life,
monly the derivative, and irBvo/iai is de- soul, mind, thought, resolve. The ulti-
rived from TTovog, labour, deem from doom, mate meaning is doubtless the breath,
and not vice versa. We have then the from Russ. duf, lUyr. duti, duhati, du-
most natural derivation for the word sig- vati, to blow, to breathe Gr. fiuw, pro- ;

nifying a dwelling, in the notion of a perly to blow or breathe, then to storm,


hearth or fire-place. to rage, to rush, to breathe out odours,
The Fin. sawu, signifying smoke, is to sacrifice ; Magy. funi, to blow, to
appUed in the second place to a house, snort.
household, family living in a house, and Door. Gr. 0iip«, Goth, daur, G. thor,
in like manner the w. mwg, smoke, is thiire, Sanscr. dvdr, Lith. durris, Slav.
identical with Bret, moug or mog, a fire, dvyry, &c.
hearth, household, house, while a deriva- Dor. A
drone bee, a beetle. Perhaps
tive moged is in the latter dialect used for from the humming sound made by ani-
smoke. In like manner Pol. dy7n (radic- mals of this class in flying. Gael. dUr-
ally identical with Su/ios and fiimus) is dan, humming noise durdail, murmur-
;

rendered smoke, cottage, house, while the ing, grumbling, cooing like a dove. Ir.

form dom is also used in the latter sense. dordam, to hum like a bee dord, hum- ;

Bohem. dym., smoke dum, a house ; ; Lith. ming or muttering. But the Du. form,
tor, torre, a beetle, is against this deriva-
dumas, smoke. In a rude state of society
tion.
the hearth is almost universally taken as
a type of the family shelter or house.
To Dor. To befool one, put a trick
upon him. ON. ddr,irrisio ; ddra, to
The census includes those provinces beyond
deride, befool ; ddri, Dan. daare, a fool ;
the frontiers dependant on the empire, which are

numbered by ftre-places or houses. Population of bedaare, to delude, befool ; Du. door, G.
China, Amer. Orient. Soc. thor, a fool.
Feu, famille, habitation, domicile. — Ro- Doree.
Peter's fish
Fr. dor^e, the doree or St
—Cot., from the yellow colour
quef.
The ranch, smoke, is tropically used of the skin.
G.
for a dwelling-house. Rauch und Brot —
Dormant. Dormer. Fr. dormant,
haben, to have his own dwelling and food. quiescent, sleeping, from dormir, to sleep.
— Adelung. It. fumante, house, family. Eau dormante, standing water. dor- A
'
Et facere dare in perpetuum promise- mant claim, a claim in abeyance. A
runt sex Lucences pro Fumante, qui dormer was a sleeping apartment, whence
parium boum habuerint.' Carp, in v. — a dormer window, a window in the roof,
usually appropriated to sleeping apart-
Fumans.
ments.
In 1680 so many families perished for want
• Dormouse. Probably for dorm-
that for six miles in a well-inhabited extent,
within the year there was not a smoke remaining. mouse, from the winter sleep of the ani-
^-Jam.' mal, on which account it is in Suffolk
Sw. roek, smoke, also domicilium, focus. called sleepers in Bret, hunegan, from
— Ihre. hun, sleep. Lang, dourmeire, a slum-

Domimon. Domain. Lat. dominus, berer radourmeire, a dormouse.
; In
a lord, must probably be explained from Cotswold the name of dormouse is applied
domus, the man of the house, master of to the bat, which also has a winter sleep.
the house. N.E. to dorm, to doze Hereford dorme-
;

Domino. Sp. domind, Fr. domino, a dory, a sleepy, inactive person. Hal. —
kind of hood, worn by canons, and hence Sw. dial, dormeter, dormig, sleepy, slow ;

a fashion of worn by women that


veil dorma, to doze, to faint Swab, durmen,
;

mourn. Cot. — Now applied to a masque- durmeln, to slumber ; Lat. dormire, to


sleep.
rade dress.
Donation, -done. Lat. dare, to give ;
Dorsal, -dorse. Lat. dorsum, the
donum, a gift dono, to make a gift
;
back.
condono, to present, remit, forgive. _
Endorse, Fr. endosser, to write on the

Doom. To Deem. Goth, doms, judg- back of a document.
Dose. The quantity of medicine given
ment ; domjan, as. deman, to distinguish,
DOSIL DOUGH 221

at once. Gr. Sofftg, from SiSuiiii, to give. * To Dote. Fr. radoter, to


dotter,
Dosil. Fr. dousil, dusil, a spigot, dote, rave. — Cot. Dotard, an old doting
faucet, peg or tap to draw off liquor from man, and fig. a decayed tree.
a cask, derived by Diez from ducere, to The radical sense seems to be to nod
lead. The fundamental idea is a bunch the head, thence to become sleepy, to
of something thrust in to stop an orifice. doze, to become confused in the under-
G. docke, a bunch, also the tap of a fish- standing. ON. datta, to beat as the heart,

pond. Adelung. In It. doccia the sig- Sw. dial, datta, to shake ; ON. dotta, to
nification is extended to a mill dam, and nod with sleep, to slumber ; Devon.
as it is the office of a tap to let the water nod the head while sitting up
doattee, to
flow, doga (Gregory of T.), a water con- when sleep comes on. Sc. dute, dut, to
duit. It. doccia, dozza, a spout, gutter, doze, slumber, be in a sleepy state. Auld
water conduit. Prov. dotzj OFr. doiz, dut, an old dotard. Du. dut, slumber,
dois, source of water, conduit. sleep, doting. He zit in den dut, he'

C'est la fontaine, c'est la doiz slumbers, he dotes. Dutten, to doze,


Dont sortent tuit li let p^chid— slumber, to dote, rave, be out of one's
Rome est la doiz de la malice. Raynouard.— mind.— Halma.
Prov. adozilhar, Fr. doisiller, to pierce. Dotterel. A bird proverbial for stu-
At the same time a parallel line of de- pidity, from dote.
velopment seems to have taken place in Double. — Duplicate. — Duplicity.
the Teutonic languages from a root doss Lat. plico, to fold; duplex, twofold,
of the same signification with dock. double.
Gael, dos, bush, tuft, cluster ; E. dial. Doublet. Originally a wadded gar-
doss, a hassock dosset, a small quantity ;
; ment for defence. Fr. doubU. Dobbelet,
dossel, a wisp of hay or straw, to stop bigera, diplois (duplex vestis et est vestis
up a hole in a barn, a plug. Swiss diis-
E. dosil, a tent for a
militaris). —
Pr. Pm.
sel, a wooden tap. To Doubt. Fr. doubter; Lat. dubi~
wound, probably comes from the French. tare, from dubius, doubtful, what may
Compare Fr. bousche, a bush or bunch ;
turn out in two ways.
boucher, to stop bouchon, a stopper,
;
Dough. AS. dah, on. deig, G. teig, a
cork. And see Dot, Dit. soft wet material moulded by the hands.

Dot. To Dit. Dot, the mark of a mere
The ultimate origin is shown in E. daggle,
touch with the pen, a spot, also a small
Salzburg taggln, Bav. tegelen, to dabble,
lump. Cot." speaks of 'a dot, clot or dawb, smear or with the nasal, Siles.
;
congealed lump of phlegm, blood, &c.'
tengeln, betengeln, to bedaggle, Swiss
Du. dot, a knot of silk or thread. N. dott, tanggen, tanggeln, tanschebi (as well as
Da. tot, a tuft, wisp, bunch. Then, like
teiggen, teiggelen), to knead, to work in
other words signifying a bunch or lump,
appUed to something used for stopping a paste tang, tanggig, soft, clammy.
;

hole. Du. dodde (Kil.), Pl.D. dutte, a plug From daggle or tegeln we pass to Bav.
or stopper. Sc. dottle, a small particle tegel, tahel, take?!, tah, clay, loam, and
;

E. dottle, a stopper to dutten or dit, to thence earthen vessel


;
OHG. daha, taha, ;

stop, shut, fasten. Hal. — clay, loam ON. deigr, Swiss teig (Schmidt,
Id.
;

Bern.), wet, soft ; Goth, deigan, to


Dot or tot represents in the first in-
stance a slight utterance, as shown under mould in plastic materials ; gadikis (OHG.
Doit, then a slight movement, a small tegel), the thing moulded, an earthen
portion. Tosomething down in the
tot vessel. M») ipii TO irXaajia Tif TtXdaavri'
'

margin is to put down a hasty note to ;


in Goth. ' ibai quithith gadikis du tham-
tot up an account, to touch each item as ma digandin : ' shall the thing moulded
you cast them up ; to tot one's t% to give say to him who moulded it. like con- A
the short cross stroke. The dim. tittle nection between expressions for dabbling
signifies the dot over an /, and also a in the wet and working in plastic material

small particle. ON. datta, to beat gently, may be observed in E. plash compared
as the heart Sw. dial, dutta, ddtta, dotta,
;
with Gr. 7r\dff(Tii), to form. See Plaster.
N. dutte, dytta, to touch, to knock ; Sc. Professor Aufrecht points out that the
dod, to jog Sw. dial, dett, ditt, a dot or
;
ordinary rule of consonantal change
spot, a little lump. See Jot, Tit. shown in Lat. fores, Gr. Bvpa, door ; in
-dote. Gr. Jorloe, to be given, from rufus, Gr. spvQpoe, red ; i^ber (for u/er), Gr.
Hence avriioTov, a remedy o!i9ap, udder, would render the Lat. Jzn-
Zilayii, to give.
against poison ; ln/iK^oroq, not given out, gere, to form, and figulus, a potter, the
unpublished. exact equ ivalents of Goth, deigan, digands.

; —

222 DOUGHTY DOWN


For other examples of the same con- joti, to float in the air ; duje and the
sonantal change see Fool. dim. dujele, a dowl or down-feather.
Doughty. AS. dohtig, valiant ; dugan, Down. I. Applied to things light
Du. deiigen, doghen, doogen, valere, pro- enough to float in the air, as thistle-down.
bum esse, in pretio esse ; deughd, virtus, G. daune, ON, d2'cn, the lightest and softest
valor, probitas ; deughdelick, sound, good kind of feather Du. donse, donst, down
;

G. taugen, to be good for, to be of value ; of feathers or of the typha, sawdust, meal,


tugend, virtue ; tuchtig, Lap. doktok, suf- flour. —
Kil. G. dunst, exhalation, vapour,
ficient for its purpose, sound, strong. mist, fume. The primary signification is
To Douse. Du. doesen, pulsare cum probably mist or vapour, the down being

impetu et fragore. Kil. compared for lightness to vapour floating
* To Dout. To extinguish a candle, in the air. Thus the Esthon. has uddo
to do out, as don, to do on doff, to do off.
;
or udsu, mist ; uddo karwda down-hair,
Dove. Du. duyve, ON. dufa, perhaps uddo-sulled or udso-sulle, down-feathers
from its habit of ducking the head, from (karwad =: hair ; suUed =
feathers).
Du. duypen, to duck the head N. duva, ;
Traces of this sense are seen in the on.
to duck the head, to dip Sanscr. dubh,
;
daun, odour, smell. But most likely the
dive as we find Lat. columba, in a similar
; final consonant was originally an in- m
connection with Gr. KoXv/iPav, to dive. stead of an n, as preserved in Esthon.
tuum sulle, down-feathers, and in the E.
Than peine I me to stretchen forth my neck
And East and West upon the people I beck, dial, dum, down, fur. A duck or a goose
As doth a dove sitting upon a beam. is said to dum her nest when she lines it
with some of her own feathers plucked off
Pardoner's Tale.

Dowdy. Shabby in dress.— Hal. The forThe that purpose. Hal. —


same form was extant in OFr.
fundamental idea is however torpor, sloth,
(Diez v. duvet), and is preserved by the
while that of carelessness of dress or ap-
Emperor Frederick II. in Due. 'Innas-
pearance is an incidental application. Sc.
citur vero avibus plumagium multiplex
dawdie, a dirty, slovenly woman to
;
Secundo innascuntur alias [plumse] quas
dawdle, to be indolent or slovenly ; Pl.D.
dicuntur lanulae, a quibusdam dumce, hs
dodeln, to be slow, not to get on with a
thing. —
Schiitze. -ON. dodi, languor;
sunt exiles et moUes, densiores et longi-
ores primis, &c.' Hence the Fr. dial,
dodaskapr, Dan. dovenskab, sloth, lan-
dumet, which has become duvet in ordin-
guor.
Dowel.
For the ultimate origin see Deaf.
Aprojection in a stone to fit

ary Fr. Menage. Dumetti, downie.
Cot. The origin is seen in the ODu. dom,
into a socket and fasten it into the adja-
vapour; Bohem. ^ot, smoke ; 'Du.domp,
cent one ; a wooden peg fastening two
vapour, exhalation, breath, whence Pl.D.
boards together. Fr. douelle, douille, a
dumpstig, dumstig, dunstig, vaporous,
tap or socket ; G. dobel, a peg, plug, stop-
per. —Kiittn. Bav. diipel s. s., especially
bringing us round to the G. dunst.
The same consonantal change which
the dowel or wooden peg entering into
is seen in the Fr. dumet, duvet, dubet, is
each of two adjacent boards to fasten
also found in the modifications of the
them together, a damper of clay to stop
same root having the sense of vapour,
the chimney of the oven, a clump of flax,
Thus we unite the
of people, &c. — Schmeller.
exhalation, odour.
Du. dom, vapour, with Sp. tufo, a vapour,
Du. douwen, to press into ; jemandjets
exhalation, stink, Dan. duft, fragrance,
in de hand douwen, or sleeken, to put
odour, ON. dupt, Sw. doft, dust, dofta, to
something secretly into one's hand.
evaporate. With an initial s, Sc. stove,
Halma. Pl.D. duwen, to press, press
steev, a vapour, smoke, dust; Du. stof,
down.
whatever floats in
Dower. — Dowager. — Endow. Lat.
stuyf, stuyve, dust,
the air ; stuyf-sand, — meel,
arena, farina
dos, doits, a marriage gift ; dotare, Fr. volatica of wool ; stof-hayr,
stof, flocks
;
douer, E. endow, to furnish with a mar-
down-hair ; stuyfken, the down of flow-
riage portion. Mid. Lat. dotarium, Prov.
dotaire, Fr. douaire, a dowry or mar-
ers =
Fr. duvet.
2. Du. duyne, Fr. dunes, sand-hills by
riage provision ; dotiairiere, a widow in the sea-side. Fris. dbhne, a hillock of
possession of her portion, a dowager. sand or snow driven by the wind. AS.
Dowle. A portion of down, feather. dun, a hill. Gael, diln, a heap, hill,
'Young dowl of the beard.'— Howel in mount, fortified place.
f Hal. Fr. douille, douillet, soft, delicate. The adverb down is from AS. of dune,
Lith. duja, a mote, pi. dujos, dust ; du- as the OFr. A, mont and A val, to the hill
— ;;

DOXY DRAG 223


and to the valley, for upwards and down- lees, dregs, sediment ; druablas, muddy
wards respectively. Of dune, deorsum. liquor.
— Lye. In modern usage all sense of a deriva-
Doxy. — Gixy.
Probably from the tion from a word signifying dregs or dirt
rogues' cant. Yx.gueuse, a woman beggar, has been lost, and draggle is understood
a she rogue, a doxy or mart. Goguenelle, as if it were a frequentative from drag,
a feigned title for a wench, like our gixie, signifying what has been dragged in the
callet, minx, &c. Cot. —Doxy, a sweet- mire.
heart. — Hunter. Drafif. AS., Du. drabbe, Dan. drav, ON.
draf, dregs, husks, hogswash, refuse food
To Doze. Bav. dosen, to keep still, to
listen, to slumber ;
for hogs. Draffe, or drosse, or matter

slumber Dan.
dusen, dussen, to
dose, to doze, to mope ;

stamped, pilumen. Pr. Pm. G. irdbern,
;
brewers' grains ; Gael, druaip, Lett, drab-
dysse, to lull ; taus, silent, hushed. And bini, lUyr. drSp, dropina, Russ. drobina,
see the forms cited under Dismal. The dregs, lees ; Du. drabbig, E. dial, dravy,
fundamental image is probably the deep drovy, thick, muddy, dirty. Drubby,
breathing in sleep represented by the syl-
lable dus, tus. Lith. dusas, a deep breath,
muddy. —Hal. Drobly, of drestys, fecu-

lentus, turbulentus. Pr. Pm. Draff,
dwasas, the breath dusti, dwlsti, to
; chaff.
breathe Bohem. dusati, to snort. In
;
Why shuld I sowen draf out of my fist
like manner a representation of the same Whan I may sowen whete, if that me Ust.
sound by the syllable sough, swough, Chaucer in Way.
gave rise to the OE. swough, sleep, swoon, The change of the final labial for a gut-
So. souch, swouch, sou/, the deep breath- tural gives rise to a series of forms that
ing of sleep, silent, quiet ; ON. svefia (as cannot be separated from the foregoing.
Dan. dysse), to quiet, svefn, sleep ; AS. ON. dregg, E. dregs, sediment ; Prov.
suTvian, swugan, to be silent. draco, dregs of the vintage ; Rouchi
Dozen. Fr. douzaine, from douze, draque, OFr. drague, drache, drasche,
twelve. driche, dresche, draff, brewers' grains,
Drab. i. Du. drabbe, Dan. drav, dregs of brewing. The form drasche was
Gael, drabh, draff, dregs Du. drabbig, ;
Latinised as drascus, drasqua, and from
feculentus ; Gael, drabach, nasty, dirty, the facility with which the sound of sc
passes into that of st, gave the Latinised
slovenly ; drcibag, a dirty female, a drab
drabaire, a dirty, slovenly man. Banff.

drastus, as well as drascus. ^Way. Hence
drabble, a person of dirty habits. dirty A the OE. forms drast, drest, traistj AS.
woman is called in Dan. dial, drav-so, dresten, fseces ; G. trestern, dregs. For
drav-trug, a draff-pail. Molbech. The — the change of the final consonant com-
pare Fr. buc, busche, busc, bust, a bust,
radical image is dabbling in the wet and
dirt. See Drabble. trunk.
2. The grey colour of undyed cloth.
Again, the sound of the Fr. ch in some
See Drape. dialects of France regularly corresponds
Fr. drap. It. drappo, cloth.
to that of ss in others, as the Picard or
Drabble. — Dragg'le. Drabble and Norman cacher to the Fr. chasser. In
draggle in the instance probably, like
first
like manner the form drache leads to the
dabble and daggle, signify to paddle in AS. dros, fasx, sordes, Du. droessem, dregs,
the wet. Du. drabben, ire per loca lutosa.
— Bigl. Drabelyii, drakelyn, paludo ;
dras, mud. — Halma. OE. drass, dross,
refuse, cleansings of corn, metal, &c.
drapled, drablyd, paludosus, lutulentus. Drosse, or fylthe whereof it be, ruscum ;
Pr. Pm. One is said to drable his claise drosse or drasse of corn, acus, criballum.
who slabbers his clothes when eating.
Jam. P1.D. drabbeln, to slobber, let
— Pr. Pm. Pol. dro'zdze {z =
Fr. j),
Walach. droschdii, dregs, lees.
liquids fall over one in eating drabbelbart, ;
The Gael, leads us to the same forms
one who dirties himself in such a manner. through a different route ; drabh, draff,
Banff, draggle, to moisten meal slightly grains of malt ; drabhag, dregs, sediment,
Sc. draglit, bedirtied, bespattered Gl. — refuse ; drabhas, filth, foul weather, ob..
Dougl. ;Sw. dragla, dregla, to slobber, scenity ; draos, trash, filth.
drivel, let the spittle fall from the mouth. The origin is probably exhibited in
AS. drefliende, rheumaticus. Lye. See — drabble, draggle, to dabble, paddle in the
Draff. Sc. draked or drawked, mingled wet and mud. Goth, drobjan, to stir up,

with water or mire Gl. Dougl., reduced to trouble.
to a dreggy condition ; Gael, druaip, To Drag.— Draw. as. dragan, ON.
224 DRAGGLE DRAM
draga, to drag or draw ; Du. draghen, G. are called brewer^ drains in Suffolk,
still

tragen, to carry. Du. trecken, to draw- probably the truer form, which has in
as a sword, to trace outlines ; treck- general given way to brewers? grains.
brugghe, a draw-bridge treck-net, a '

Drascus nos de la drague dicimus,

;

drag-net. Lat. trahere, to draw. Angli draines et draff.' Due. Probably


To Draggle. See Drabble. from the same root with dregs and con-
Dragon. Lat. draco, Gr. tpaxwv, a nected with forms like Lith. drlgti, to
sort of large serpent, Fr. dragon. become wet, to thaw drsgnas, wet, ;

Dragoon. Described by Skinner as sloppy ; dranka, hogswash Sw. dragg, ;

cavalry carrying fire-arms, and therefore drank, distillers' wash or grains, dregs,
capable of service either on horseback or lees Russ. drdn, drdntza, dirt, rubbish,
;

on foot. As the French carabins, a simi- refuse.


lar kind of troops {carabijn, equester Drake. The male of birds is in one
sclopetarius — Bigl.), were named from or two instances designated by the sylla-
the carbine which they carried, it is pro- ble rick, drick, drake. Dan. due, a dove ;
bable that the dragoons, or dragooners duerik, a male dove ; and, a duck ; andrik,
(Du. dragonder), as they were also called, Sw. and-drake, a drake ; G. ente, a duck ;
had a similar origin. Dragon, a species enterick,a drake. The same variation

of carbine Hal., so named, no doubt, between an initial r and dr is found in
after the analogy of ailverin, Fr. couleu- the original sense of the word. OHG.
vrine, from couleuvre, a snake. Drake, recke, a warrior, hero ; ON. reckr, vir,

a kind of gun. Bailey. miles OE. renk, rink j ON. drengr, a
;

*
Drain, i. w.e. rhme,reen,3Lwaier- warrior.
course, an open drain Jennings —
Lane.
— Hal.
;

e.e. drean,
In like manner the Fin. uros (identical
reean, rindle, a. g\xtter. with the Gr. J/pwe and Lat. herus, G. herr,
a cut, drain ; drindte, a channel, water- master) signifies a grown rrian, brave
course, furrow. —
Moor. man, and the male of animals ; uros-
'
Here also it receiveth the Baston puoli, the male sex uros-lintu, a male
;

dreane, Longtoft dreane. Deeping dreane, bird ; uro-teko, a heroic deed. Anser
and thence goeth by Wickham into the (vir aucarum) eyn herr unter den gensen.
sea.' —
HoUinshed. For the identity of — Dief. Sup.
reen or rhine and drain, comp. rill, a To Drake.—Draok. — Drawk. To
watercourse, and diHll, a furrow Sc. ;
saturate with water Hunter ; to mix—
dredour and reddour, fear, G. rieseln and
E. drizzle.
with mire or water. Gloss. Dougl.—
Draplyd, drablyd, paludosus. Drablyn,
The form drindle points to the origin —
drakelyn, paludo. Pr. Pm. Drakes, a.
of the word in the notion of falling bit by
bit, dribbling, trickling down. '
He is
slop, a mess. —
Hal. Pl.D. drekmetje, a
woman who dirties her clothes, a draggle-
the drindlest man I ever did business tail ; dreksoom, the border of wet at the

with :' the slowest. Moor. Drindle is bottom of a bedraggled gown. Schiitze. —
the nasalised form of Sc. driddle, to spill ON. dreckia, and (as the root takes a
anything, to let fall from carelessness, to nasal form in Sw. drank, dregs, grains,
be constantly in action but making little
progress [i. e. to keep dribbling on], to wash) Sw. dranka, to plunge in water.

Da.

move slowly. ^Jam. Sw. dial, dradda.
dratie, to spill, drop ; drat, a scrap,
Lith. drlgtias, wet, sloppy, dreginti, drs-
kinti, to make See Drabble.
wet.
slop, little bit ; Sw. dial, dratta, dretta, Drake. 2. —Drawk.
Drake, drawk,
drettla, to spill, drop, let fall, dribble ; E. drank, drunk, darnel, a mischievous weed
dial, tridlins, the dung of sheep (which among corn. '
Le yveraye (darnel) i
fallsdribbling down in separate pellets) ; crest, et le betel (drauke).' — Bibelsworth
Banff, trintle, trinkle, trinnle, the sound in Way. Du. dravick, segilops, vitium
made by a liquid falling in drops, or by secalis. — Kil. w. drewg, Bret, draok,
any hard comminuted substance falling dreok, Wal. draiiwe, darnel.
in small quantities to fall in drops, in a
; Dram. — Draclim. Gr. Spaxfii], a
small gentle stream, in small quantities. drachm or dram, a weight of 60 grains.
' The corn cam trinnlin' oot o' a wee It. dramma, a very small quantity of
holie in the saick.' '
It winna lat oot the anything. Bret, drammour, an apothe-
wort bit in a mere trinnle.' The primary cary, one who retails medicaments in
notion of drindle and the derivative drain drams. In Normandy the term drame is
would thus be a dribbling stream. applied to a pinch of snuff. Patois de —
2. The spent refuse of malt in brewing Bray. In Denmark, as in England, it is
— —

DRAMA DREAM 225


used for a small glass of spirits, a dose wise or spills over drodd, druddele,
;

of spirits. —
Molb. Dial. Lex. droddekar, a slug, lazy person drodda, ;

Drama.—Dramatic. Gr. Spcifia, an to dawdle Da. drat, scrap, slop, little


;

act, a performance, from Span), to do, bit; Du. dreutelen, Pl.D, drbtelen, to loiter,
enact. idle, delayN.E. drate, drite, to drawl.
Drape. —^Draper. drap, cloth.
Fr. Compare
;

also Suffolk drindle, a. small


Sp. trapo, rag, tatter (which seems the slow run of water ; drindle, slow.
original signification), cloth. todo A He Is the drindUst man I ever did business
trapo, with every rag of canvas set. Per- with. —Moor.
haps from the sound of a flapping piece Again, Swiss droseln, troseln, to patter
of cloth represented by the syllable trap. down, E. drizzle, to fall in small morsels ;
Sp. gualdrape, the housings or trgppings Pl.D. drieseln, to loiter, dawdle ; Du.
of a horse, the long hangings with which treuzelen, to loiter, linger.
they were covered on occasions of state ; Dray. Sw. drog, a sledge, a carriage
also a tatter, rag hanging down from without wheels, what is dragged along,
clothes gualdrapazo, slap of the sails
; as Lat. traha s. s., from trahere, to draw.
against the mast. It. treggia, a hurdle, sled, harrow, truck.
Draught. What is dragged or drawn. Dread. E. dial, dredre, Sc. dredour,
A draught of water, so much as is drawn dridder, as well as raddour, reddour,
down the throat at once. A
draught of fear, dread rad, red, Sw. rcedd, afraid.
;

fishes, what is taken at one drag of the


The radical meaning is probably to trem-
net. A
move at chess or similar game ble, from OFr. dredrd, onomatopoeia for
was formerly known by this name, whence the chattering of the teeth ; dridriller, to
the game of draughts, of moves with se-
parate pieces.
jingle as mules' bells. —
Roquef. Walach.
derdeescu, derd^, Magy. dideregni, the
The burgeise took avisement long on every teeth to chatter, to shiver with cold.
Bret, drida, trida, to thrill or shiver for
Draw on, said the burgeise, Beryn, ye have the
wers joy.
The next draught thereafter he took a rook for With dredfull dredour trymbling for effray

nought. Beryn. The Troianis fled richtfast— D. V. 315-16.
In the same way It. tiro, a move at A
similar derivation for the forms red-
chess, from tirare, to draw. dour, red, may be &und in AS. hridrian,
To Drawl. Sc. drawl, to be slow in G. rutteln, to shake ; hrith-adl, an ague
action ; Du. draelen, Fris. draulen or shaking sickness ; hrithian (to shiver),
(Wiarda), Dan. drave (also drabe, drcege to be ill of a fever.
— Moth), to delay, loiter, be slow. ' Han Dream, on. draumr, G. traum. Russ.
drcBver sine ord saa langt ud,' he drawls dremaf, to slumber, be slow ; Serv. dretn,
out his words so slow. Drcevs, a slow drijem, slumber, sleepiness ; Pol. drzy-
inactive person ; droole, to be slow at mai, to doze, slumber, nap. Lang, droumi,
one's work. —
Molb. Dial. Lex. Sw. dial. dourmi, Swiss Romance droumi, dremi,
dribba, drebba, drula, drola, to be slow to sleep.
and inactive, to loiter ; komma drulandes, Perhaps the confused state of mind in
to drag one leg after another. Du. drui- drowsiness and dreams may lie at the
len, to loiter, slumber ; w.E. driling, waste root of the word, as trouble of mind is
of time, drawling; dreul, to fritter away commonly expressed by the metaphor of
one's time ; a lazy fellow. —Hal. thickness or muddiness of liquids.
I am inclined to believe that the word My mind is troubled like a fountain stirred.
is derived from drabble or dribble, drivel, And I myself see not to the bottom of it.
to let fall drop by drop, to do by little Thus we pass from AS. drof, Du. droef,
and little. We
have E. drool, to drivel E. dial, drevy, dravy, thick, muddy,
Jennings, Baker ; bedrauled, bedrabbled, dirty, to Du. droef, droevig, troubled in
slavered over. —
P. P. Sw. dial, drdlla, mind, sad, droeven, AS. drefan, gedrefan,
drdllta, to spill, to let fall in driblets here to disturb, trouble, and may thence ex-
and there, to go to work in a slow and plain Sc. drevilling, unsound sleep, slum-
unskilful manner, to be slow and negli- ber, E. dial, draveled, slumbered fitfully.
gent ; dribba, drebba, to be lazy, slow. —Hal.
A like train of thought is seen in Sw. Quhen langsum dreuillyng or the unsound sleep
dial, dratta, to spiU, to let fall, to fall by Our ene ouersettis in the nychtis rest. D. V. —
little and little ; dretta, drettla, to spill, The train of thought is more complete
to scatter ; drad, a drib, what falls drop- in AS. drabbe, dregs ; E. drabble, to dabble
Id
; — —

226 DREARY D RETCH


in the wet {drabelyn, paludo Pr. Pm.), — droseln, troseln, to make a rattling or
drobly, drubly (Pr. Pm.), Sc. drubly, rustling noise in falling, as fruit from a
drumbly, drumly, E. droumy (Hal.), tree, to fall with such a noise, the fuller
muddy, thick, dark, troubled. '
Drubblyn vowel in droseln being used of larger
or torblyn watur or other lycoure, turbo.' fruit, as apples, the thinner in droseln of
— Pr. Pm. The ale is drumbled, i. e. nuts. Dan. drasle, to fall with a rustling
disturbed, muddy. Jam.
to be confused in doing anything

To drumile,
he
noise, to patter.
In Fr. the same idea is expressed with
;

dreams drumbles, he is half asleep or an initial gr instead of drj gresiller, to


stupid. —
Hal. Look how you drumble.'
' hail, drizzle, sleet, reem, to fall. — Cot.
— Shakes. Pl.D. drtiminehi, drommeln, Dredgfe. 2. Dradge. Oats and bar-
to be half asleep. —
D. M. v. 54. Lith. ley mixed together. B. — Dragge, men-
drumsti, to make thick, to trouble gled corne {drage or mestlyon, P.) mixtio.
drumstas, dregs Pl.D. dram, trouble
; — Pr. Pm. Fr. dragie aux chevaux, pro-
Sc.dram, drum, dull, melancholy. vender of divers sort of pulse mingled
There is a like correspondence between together ; drave'e, all kind of pulse, as
Du. dreck, dirt, mud, and AS. dreccan, to beans, peas, &c. Cot. —
See Drug.
trouble, whence OE.
drecche, dretche, to Dredge. Du. dregghe, harpago, et
3.
disturb or trouble, especially by dreams, verriculum a kind of anchor with three
;

and thence simply to dream. or four flukes, an instrument for drag-


This Chanteclere gan gronen in his throte ging. Dregh-net, verriculum, everricu-
As man that in his dreme is dretchyd sore. lum, a dredge or kind of net for dragging
Chaucer.
along the bottom.
IJremyn or dretchyn yn slepe, sompnio. Dregs. See Draff.
—* Pr. Pm; Drench. ON. dreckia, to plunge in
Dreary, as. dreorig, OHG. trurag,
water Sw. dranka, s. s., also to drown
G. traurig, sorrowfiil ; OHG. getruregot, ; ;

conturbata trAren, druren, contristari,


Du. drencken, to water beasts, "to lead
;
them to drink. Probably the idea of
to' be troubled or grieved in mind.
drinking is not the original import of the
It seems impossible to explain the
root,which seems preserved in E. dial.
sense of the word from AS. dreore, ON.
drakes, a mess, a slop, Lith. dregnas, wet.
dreyri, blood, whence dreyrigr, bloody.
•Grimm understands^ it as equivalent to Drakelyn, paludo. — Pr. Pm.
chopfallen, downcast from OHG. driusan,
;
Dress, -dress. prepare for any To
purpose. Fr. dresser, to straighten, set
AS. dreosan {hi druron, they fell), to fall,
which is not quite satisfactory.
up, direct, fashion un lit, to make a
;


To Dredge. Drizzle. To dredge, to bed se faire dresser quelque chose d
;

quelqu'un, to get him to set it straight,


scatter flour on meat while roasting to
dridge, to sprinkle. —
Hal. Dan. drysse,
;
or to give order for it. Cot. It. driz- —
zare, to address or turn toward any place.
to dredge, sprinkle, powder, to fall in
Lat. dirigere, directum, to direct.
small particles as sand. From the pat-
Dresser. Fr. dressoir, buffet ou Ton
tering sound of such a fall. Dan. dial.
range les plats en les dressant, a kitchen
draase, drase, to fall with a pattering or
rustling noise. Det regner saa det
'
dresser. —
^Vocab. de Berri. Dressure or
dressynge boorde, dressorium, directo-
draaserl G. Es regnet dass es drduscht'
'
rium. Pr. Pm.
of a heavy shower. It. trosciare, to rain

or shower down most furiously strosci-


To To vex, harass, trouble,
Dretch..
;
especially to trouble with dreams, to
are, to fall furiously and clatter withal, as
dream, also to trouble the sight, to de-
rain or hail falling upon tiles or against
glass windows. Fl. —
Grain is said in
ceive .

The radical image is probably pre-


Dan. draase through tlie cracks of an
to
served in OE. ^drakelyn, paludo' (Pr.
old loft, or from the ears of corn when
Pm.), to trouble water, whence may be
they are setting up the sheaves. This is
explained E. dial, drakes, a mess, Du.
the E. dial, durze. Dursed or dorzed out,
dreck, mud, dirt, and AS. dreccan, to trou-
said of corn that by wind, turning of it,
Then fig. to trouble the sight, to
&c., is beaten out of the straw. Ray. — ble.
cast a mist before the eyes.
Dras, what falls out of the corn in thresh-
ing. —
Molbech. Sc. drush, atoms, frag- And ever his [the hypccrite's] chere
softe,
is sobre and

ments. Jam.— G. rieseln, to purl as a


brook, to fall in grains as frozen snow or
And where he goeth he blesseth ofte,
Whereof the blynde world be dretcketh.
small rain, to drizzle. Kiittn. Swiss — Gowcr in R.
; ;; ;; .

DRIBBLE DRIP 227


—he bleres their eyes. So Fr. tresoler, irisoler, to ring a peal of
Ye schall see a wonder dreche, bells —
Roquef. It. trillare, trigliare, Sw.
;

Whan my sone wole me fecche. drilla, E. trill, to shake or quaver with


Not a sorrowful sight, probably, as ex- the voice in singing ; to trill upon the
plained by Hal., but a vision. pin, to rattle the latch of a door in order
Dribble. A
true dribble is a servant to give notice that some one is without.
that is truly laborious and diligent. B. — To trill, like drill, is then used in the
ON. thrif, diligentia domestica, careful- sense of turning round, rolling.
ness, husbandry a careful man.
; thrifil, —
the sodaine smartes
To Dribble.—Dribblet. To dribble, Which daily chaunce as Fortune trills the ball.
Gascoigne in R.
to drivel from the mouth, to give out in
small portions ; drib, driblet, a small The senses of shivering, turning round,
portion. Da. dial, drcevel, drivel that piercing, are also found united in thrill,
falls from the mouth, or liquid that spills thirl, which must be classed with drills
from a vessel drible, dreble, to drivel
;
as mere differences of speUing. thrill' A
Da. draabe, a drop. The radical image of emotion is a shiver or shudder of
may be preserved in E. drabble, to paddle nervous excitement. ON. thirla, circum-
in the wet, Lith. drapstyti, to splash, agere ; as. thirlian, to pierce.
sprinkle, dirty. Russ. droblio, drobit', to The notion of shaking is one of those
crumble, droblenie, pulling to pieces ; most appropriately expressed by the fre-
droV, fragments; Boh. drobiti, to crum- quentative form of verb. I therefore re-
ble ; drobet, a little of anything, a crum, gard the Fr. dridriller, dridiller, as the
a drop of water; Pol. drob, every dimi- original form, Bret, drida, trida, to quiver
nutive thing ; droby, drobki, odds and with joy, as a derivative. Hence we
ends of animal food, giblets, &c. Lett. pass to ON. trita, to whirl tritill, Dan. ;

drupt, to fall to pieces ; druppis, frag- trilde, a child's top ; ON. tritla, to whirl
ments. Dan. trilde, trille, to roll ; trilde-bor, a
Drill. I.— Trill.— Thrill. Ttn. drillen, wheel-barrow.
trillen, tremere, motitari, vacillare, ultro Drill. 2. Drill, a small stream of
citroque cursitare, gyrosque agere, gyrare, water to drill, to trickle or flow down

;

rotare, volvere, tornare, terebrare. Kil. in drops, or in a small stream.


The primary signification is to shake, to There was no water on this island, but at
move to and fro then, as vibration and
; one place close by the sea there it drills down
;

revolution are characterised by the same slowly from the rocks, where it may be received
rapid change of direction, to move round in vessels. —
Dampier in R.
and round, and thence to bore a hole. Drylle, or lytylle drafte of drynke, hau-
The Du. drillen was specially applied to stillus. —
Pr. Pm. Pl.D. uut drullen, to
the brandishing of weapons met den ;
ooze out. Probably from dribble or drid-
pick drillen, to shake a pike Sewel — dle. See Drawl. Dan.
to spill, as water out of a full vessel
dial, drille, drilre,
drilkonst, the art of handling or man-
aging a gun. Hence drillen, as a fac- Gael, drill, a drop, and as a verb, to
titive verb, to drill soldiers, or make drop, to drizzle drilseach, dropping,
;

them go through their exercise. drizzhng ; Bret, dral, W. dryll, a frag-


The place of the r is transposed in Sc. ment ; drylliach, driblets, snips ; Bav.
dirl, to pierce, to tingle, to thrill as with trielen, to spill in eating ; Sw. dralla, to
the pain of a smart blow, or from cold, to spill,to let fall here and there. To drill
vibrate. —
^Jam. corn is to let it dribble out of a recep-
He screwed the pipes and gart them skirl tacle, like a trickling rill of water. •
Till roof and rafters a' did dirl. —Bums. Drill. 3. A
kind of linen cloth ; G.
The origin is seen in Fr. dredri, the drillich, Mid.Lat. trilix, drilex, drylich
chattering of the teeth ; dridriller, drid- von dreyen faden Dief. Sup. —Lat. ;

iller, to gingle, as hawks' or mules' bells licium, a thread of the warp. So twill,
Gael, drithlich, Fr. driller, to twinkle, G. zwillich, cloth made with two divisions
glitter; the notion of chattering, trem- in the warp.
bUng, quavering, shaking, glittering, being Drink. Drench. Drown. Goth — —
commonly expressed by modifications of drigkan, ON. drecka, Dan. drikke, to
the same root. Thus the Fr. has bresoler, drink ; ON. dreckia, to sink under water,
to crackle in frying or roasting, to shiver, to drown Dan. drukken, drunk ; drukne, ;

or thrill —
Gloss. Gdndv. ; bresiller, bril- to drown. E. dial, to drake or drack, to
ler, to twinkle or glitter It. brillare, to
; wet thoroughly, to soak in water.
twinkle, sparlde, quaver with the voice. To Drip. See Drop.
15 *
;

228 DRIVE DRUG


To Drive. AS. drifan, Goth, dreiban, Dropsy. Fr. hydropisie, Lat. hydrops,
G. treiben, to urge forwards, to move from vSuip, water.
under the influence of an overpowering Dross, In general the dregs or refuse
force. ON. drif, a tempest ; drift-hvitr, of anything ; drosse or fylthe whereof it
white as the driven snow. Dreifa, to be, ruscum coralle or drasse of corne,

;

scatter. acus Pr. Pm. ; dross-wheat, refuse


To Drivel. To let the spittle fall like wheat for the swine. Way. AS. dros,—
an See Drabble. The connec-
infant. Du. droes, droessem, dregs, filth. Sw.
tion between the slavering mouth and dial,drosan, awns, chaff ON. tros, offal,
;

imperfect speech of infancy has in many refuse; Sc. drush, atoms, fragments.
cases extended the same designation to The radical sense is probably offal,
both conceptions. Thus we have Fr. what falls off, from Goth, driusan, as.
baver, to slaver, to fumble or falter in dreosan, to fall, as Da. affald af metal,
speaking, to dally, bavarder, to
trifle ; the dross or scum of metals.
slaver, to babble ; Sw.
slabbra (the
dial, Droug'h.t. AS. druguth, Du. drooghte,
equivalent of E. slobber), to tattle. In Sc. drouth, from as. dryg, Du. droogh,
the same way the sense of E. drivel is dry.
extended to imbecile talk or action. Sw. To Dro-wn. See Drink.
drafwel, nonsense, idle talk Sw. dial. ;
* Drowsy. Du. droosen, Pl.D. drus-
dravla, drovla, to talk confusedly and seln (Danneil), to doze, slumber.
unintelligibly, to talk nonsense. It has been shown under Drawl that
To Drizzle. As G. rieseln, grieseln. slowness of action is expressed by the
Da. drasle, to fall with a rustling or pat- figure of dribbling, letting fall bit by bit.
tering sound. See Dredge. In the present case we find Sw. dial.
Droll. Fr. draule, drole, a wag or drosa, drasa, drosa, drosla, to dribble,
merry grig. —
Cot. Pl.D. draueln, to
trickle, and drosa, drasa, drosla, Dan.
speak or behave in a childish or foolish
drose, Pl.D. drieseln, Du. treuzelen, to
manner, to trifle. He drauelt wat, he is
joking. —
Brem. Wtb. See Drivel. linger, loiter, be slow in action ; Sw. dial.

Dromedary. Gr. ipifim, to run Jpo- ; drasi, drasiig, drdsog, slow, inactive, from
paf, -dSoe, running Lat. dromedaritis,
; whence to the notion of drowsiness' is a
a running camel, a swift camel for riding. small step. Sw. dial, drduld, to be sloth-
Drone. AS. draen, the non-working ful, to sleep with sloth ; Du. druilen, to
bee, from the droning or buzzing sound loiter, to slumber.
it utters, as G. hummel from hum. ON. To Drub. E. dial. drab,to beat; Bohem.
drunr, a bellowing, loud hollow noise ;
drbati, to rub, to give a sound beating ;
Pan. drcetie, to hum, buzz dron, din, drbnauti, to give a blow. G. derb, hard,
;

peal, rumbling noise ; Pl.D. dronen, to rough ; derbe schldge, hard blows.
sound Gael, dranndan, humming, buz-
;
Drudg^e. To drug, to drag, to do
zing, growling ; drannd-eun, a humming- laborious work.
bird. At the gate he proifered his servise
The droneof a bagpipe is the pipe that To drugge and draw, what so men wold devise.

keeps constantly making a droning noise. Chaucer.


To Droop. ON. dryp, driiipa, to drip ; Richt emestly they wirk,
driupi, driupa, to droop, hang the head, And for to drug and draw wald never irk. — D. V.
hence to be sad or troubled ; driupr, Ir. drugaire, a slave, or drudge. Manx
suppliant, sad ; to droup or drouk, to drug, a dray N. drag, a place where, or ;

dare, or privily be hid. Pr. Pm. — See a short sledge on which timber is dragged
Drop. droga, a load of wood or hay dragged by
Drop.—Droop.— Drip. —
Du. drop, hand. Aasen. E. dial, drug, a timber
drup, G. tropfen, ON. dropi, a drop waggon drugeous,)^^^.—!!!^. Drugeon,
;
;

driupa, Du. druppeii, druypen, druppe- strong laborious worker (femme ou fille).
len, G. triefeln, to drip, or fall in drops. 'Notre Josette est un vrai drugeon.' —
In Lith. the root drib has the sense of Gloss. G^ndv. may compare Dan. We
hanging. Dryboti, to hang to something, slcebe, to drag, to trail, and also to toil
hang down dribti, to hang, to drip (of or drudge.
;

viscous fluids), to fall as snow, to dribble Drug. I. Fr. drogue. Du. drooghe
;

nudribti, to hang down, to droop (of a •waere, droogh kruyd, pharmaca, aromata,
sick person who cannot hold himself up) ; from their hot, dry nature, drying up the
nudribbusos ausys, drooping ears pa- body. Kil. ;

more likely origin is the A
dribbusos akyi, dripping eyes. It. treggea, Sp. dragea, Mod.Gr. rpayoXa,

DRUM DUD 229


Tpaytjfia,sweetmeats. Fr. dragee, a kind a knight consisted in investing him with
of digestive powder prescribed unto weak the habiliments of his order, putting on
stomachs after meat, and hence any jon- his arms, buckling on his sword and his
kets, comfits, or sweetmeats, served in spurs. Now in all the Romance lan-
the last course for stomach closers. guages is found a verb corresponding to
Cot. Articles of such a nature seem to the E. dub, signifying to arrange, dress,
have been the principal store of the prepare, fit. for some special purpose.
druggist or apothecary. Prov. adobar, to arrange, prepare, dress
Boxis he bare with fine electuares, victuals. Fr. douber, to rig or trim a
And sugrid siropes for digestion, ship dddouber, to dress, set fitly to-
;

Spicis belonging to the potiquares,


With many wholesome swete confection.
gether, arm at all points. — Cot.
Test. Creseide, 250.
La dame s'est moult tot armde
Et com chevalier adoub^e.
Pull redy hadde he his apothecaries, Fab. et Contes, vi. 2gr.
To send him dragges, and his lettuaries.
Chaucer. Cat. adobar, to repair, dress leather, dress
or manure land ; Sp. adobar, to dress or
2. Drug is also used in the sense of make anything up, cook meat, pickle
refuse, trash, dregs. Sw. wrak, drug,
refuse, trash. —^Widegren. In this sense
pork, tan hides ; adobo, dressing of any
kind, as paint for the face, pickle, or
it is a modification of dreg. Comp. Du. sauce, ingredients for dressing leather ;
drabbe, dregs, with E. drubby, muddy. E. to dub cloth, to dress it with teasels ;
Hal. ON. grubb, grugg, dregs. to dub a cock, to prepare it for fighting
Drum. I. From an imitation of the by cutting off its comb and wattles ; dub-
sound. G. trommel. bing, a dressing of flour and water used
The whistUng pipe and drumbling tabor. by weavers, a mixture of tallow for dress-
Drayton in R.
ing leather.
ON. thruma, thunder thrumketil, ks
; The preserved in Sclavonic.
origin is
tinniens. Dan. drum, a booming sound. Bohem. dub, an oak, oakbark, tan du- ;

Ptg. trom, sound of cannon. biti, to tan Lith. dubas, tan ; dobai,
;

2. An evening party, from the figure dobbai, tanners' lie. From the image of
of a recruiting sergeant enlisting by tanning leather the term seems to have
sound of drum. '
Lady Cowper is to been extended to any kind of dressing.
have a magnificent lighting up of her fine Dubious. See Doubt.
room on the 9th. She has beat the drum, -duoe, -duct. Ductile. —
Lat. duco,
and volunteers will flock in, though she ductum, to lead, draw. Hence Induce,
seemed distressed for want of Maca- Conduce, Deduce, Reduce, Conduct, &c.
ronies.' — Mrs Delany, 2nd Series, II. p. Ductile,what may be drawn out.
156, A.D. 1775. Duck. Du. duycken, to bow the head,
Dry. AS. drig, Du. droog, G. trocken, and especially to sink it under water, to
ON. thurr, Dan. tor. dive. G. tauchen, Sw. dyka, to dive ;
Dryad. Gr. dpvaSig, Sylvan nymphs, Bav. ducken, to press down duck ma- ;

from Jp5f , a tree, an oak. chen, to let the head sink duckeln, to go ;

Dual. Lat. dualis {duo, two , of or about with the head sunk.
relating to two. The change of the final guttural for a
Dub. A
small pool of rain-water, labial gives a series of parallel forms, Du.

puddle, gutter. ^Jam. Fris. dobbe, a pud- duypen, to stoop the head, go submiss-
dle, swamp. See Dip. ively ; G. taufen, to baptise ; E. dip, dive.
To Dub. The origin of the expression Duck, the bird, is so called from the
of dubbing a knight has been much can- habit of diving, as Lat. mergus, from
vassed, and it has been plausibly ex- mergere. Du. duycker, G. tauch-ente,
plained from the accolade or blow on the Bav. duck-antl, the dob-chick.
neck with the sword which marked the Dud. A rag ; duds, clothing dod, a
conclusion of the ceremony. ON. dubba, rag of cloth. — Hal. ;

to strike ; Fr. dauber, dober, to beat, It is shown under Hater that the term
swinge, canvass thoroughly. Cot. But — for a rag' is commonly taken from the
the accolade was never anything but a image of something hanging or shaking
slight tap, and it is very unlikely that it in the wind.' So from Bav. tateren, to
should have been designated by a term shiver, we have taterman, a. scarecrow, a
signifying a sound beating. Nor have figure dressed in shaking rags, e. tatter,
we far to seek for the real origin. The a rag from Swiss lodelen, to shake, to
;

principal part of the ceremony oi dtibbing be loose, loden, a rag ; from hudeln, to

230 DUDGEON DUMP


waver, dangle, hudel, a rag from Fr. dril-
; Perhaps the sense of error may be
ler, to twinkle, drilles, tatters I n like man-
, traced at an earlier period to the notion
ner we pass from E. dodder, dudder, to of twisting or turning. Du. dwaelinge
tremble, shiver (Hal.), to dod or dud, a in't waeter, a whirlpool. —Kil. A mad-
rag. And as an initial (/and/ frequently man is one of perverted or twisted un-
interchange, we have w.E. jouder, to chat- derstanding. And so from Pl.D. dwars,
ter with cold, jouds, rags. dwas, athwart, oblique, we pass to Du.
G. zote (pro-
vincially zode), a lock, rag, tatter. Hans dwaes, foolish, mad, and Da. dvas {pi
'

in saner zode.' Hans in his rags. liquors), lifeless, flat. Du. dwaes-licht,
Deutsch. Mund. II. 408. Pl.D. ladder, synonymous with dwaal-licht, ignis fa-
taddel, zadder, rags. Danneil.— tuus. Now as the r of dwars is lost in
Dudgeon, i. The root of box- wood. dwaes, dvas, may not dwaelen or dwalen,
2. Ill-will. to turn, be from Du. dwarlen (in dwarl-
Due.— Duty. Lat. debere, It. dovere, wind, a whirlwind), to twirl or whirl It .'

OFr. deuvre, of which last the participle would however render this derivation un-
at one time was probably deuU, corre- likely if dull was to be identified with
sponding to It. dovuto, duty, right, equity Gael, dall, blind, dark in colour, Bret.
'

— Fl., afterwards contracted to deu, and dall, blind, blunt.


mod. du, due. Dumb. Goth, daubs, deaf, hardened,
Dug. A teat. Sw. dagga, to give dull afdaubnan, to become obtuse, to
;

suck. See Dairy. grow dull afdobnan, afdumbnan, to


Duke. —Duchess. Fr. due, duchesse,
;

hold one's peace dumbs, dumb ; ON.


;

from Lat. dux, ducts, a leader ; duco, to dumbi, dumb, dark of colour ; diim-
lead. bungr, thickness of the air, covered
Dull. Ineffective for the purpose aimed weather ; dumina, to be still. G. dumm
at, wanting in life. A dull edge is one was formerly applied in general to
that will not cut ; a dull understanding, whatever was wanting in its proper life
does not readily apprehend ; a dull day is or activity, as to food that has lost its
wanting in light, the element which con- savour, to a limb that has lost its feeling,
stitutes its life ; dull of sight or of hear- to the loss of hearing (Sanders), but now
ing is ineffective in respect of those facul- it is used in the sense of stupid, dull of

ties. understanding, while stumm is dumb ;


The sense may be explained from the dump/, what has its energy compressed,
figure of wandering or straying from the kept down, confined dull, actively or
;

mark. Du.
dolen, dwaelen, AS. dwolian, ; passively unsavoury. Du. dam, deaf,
to stray, to wander ; P1.D. dwalen, dwee- blunt, dull, stupid ; dom en blend, deaf
len, twalen, to wander either physically and blind ; domsinnigh, mad. Kil. Da. —
or figuratively, to err in judgment, act or dum, dumb, dim, obscure, dull, low in
talk foolishly; E. dial, dwaule, dwallee, sound, stupid, foolish. Sw. dum, stupid ;
to wander in mind, to talk incoherently dumb, dumb. Esthon. tum, dumb, dark ;
as one in delirium ; Du. dol, dul, G. toll, tumme, dull, dark, thick ; tuim, without
mad, out of one's mind ; Goth, dvals, feeling, benumbed, unsavoury. See Dim,
foolish ; Dan. dval, spiritless, torpid. ON. Dump, Deaf, Dam.
dvali, N. and Dan. dvale, stupor, trance, Dump. Dumpy. Dumpling. Da. — —
fainting, doze, sleep. dial, dubbet, E. dial, dubby, dumpy, short
The word seems a parallel form with and thick ; dumphead (Whitby GL), a
Fr. fol, fool, which is connected in a tadpole ; Du. dompneus, snubnose, a
similar manner with OFr. folier, to err, short stumpy nose ; E. humpty-dutnpty,
and, like dull, is often applied to what a short thick person ; dumpling, a round
fails to perform its apparent purpose. ball of paste. The radical image (as in
Thus avoine folle is wild or barren oats. Stub, Stump) is probably an impulse
Fr. feu-follet, AS.fon-fyr {/on, fool), the abruptly stopped, whence the notion of a
ignis fatuus, ineffectual fire or fire with- short blunt projection. E. dial, dub, a
out heat, corresponds to Du. dwaal licht, blow ; Sw. dubb, a plug, peg E. dial. ;

the false light or wandering light. Fr. dump, to knock heavily, to stump ; Sw.
fol-persil, fool's parsley (properly fool- dial, dompa, to knock, to fall heavily, to
parsley), corresponds to Du. dolle-kervel stump or tread heavily ; ON. dunipa, Da.
(dull chervil), false chervil. On the same dompe, to plump, fall suddenly to the
principle the name of dolle-besien is given ground or into water. Da. dial, dubbe,
to the poisonous berries of deadly night- to stop, to wait. '
Dub e lidt,' step a bit.
shade. The idea of something suddenly stopped
— ; —

DUMP . DUNGEON 231


in course, checked in its development
its Now would Aristotle deny such speaking, and
or powers, confined, restrained, is figura-
a Duns man would make twenty distinctions. —
Tyndall in R. Here you come with your fine
tively carried out in numerous forms in-
and logical distinctions, and bring in the causes
dicated under Dumb. essential and accidental of marriage, as though
Dump. 2.The application of this we were in a school of duncery, and not in a
term to an affection of the mind is a discourse of pleasure. —
Milton in Todd.
part of the medical theory which attri- Hence to dunce upon, to puzzle upon,
buted all disorders of the frame to a hu- or too much to beat the brains upon. —
mour falling on the part affected, and Cot. in V.metagraboliser. When the
regarded mental disorders especially as progress of the Reformation brought the
produced by a vapour rising from the schoolmen into disrepute, the name of
stomach into the brain. Du. damp, Duns, by which their learning was dis-
damp, a vapour ; damp int de mage, tinguished, became a term of opprobrium,
vapidus fumus ex ventriculo in cerebrum and at last was used as synonymous with
erumpens. — Bigl. Hence e. dumps, me- blockhead.
lancholy, fixed sadness. B. In the — They hate even to death all them that preach
same sense was formerly used the equiva- the pure word of God, void of all the dregges of
lent vapours, from the Fr. vapeurs, une —
Dunsse learning and mans traditions. Confuta-
tion of N. Shaxton, 1546, in Todd. Remember
certaine maladie dont I'effet est de rendre
melancholique. —Trevoux. ye not within this twenty yeares and far less, and
yet dureth unto this day, the old barking curres
Dump was used in a general sense Dunce's disciples, and Uke draffe called Scotists,
synonymous with humour for the condi- the children of darkness raved against Greek,
tion of the mind :

Latin, and Hebrew. Tyndall in R.

By 'r ladie 'ch am not very glad to see her in Dunch. Dunche or htnche, sonitus,
this dumpe. — Gammer Gurton I. x. 3 ; strepitus, bundum, bombus, Dunchyn or
bunchyn, tundo dunchinge or lunchinge,
humour. ;
in this
Also for an air or strain of music, re-
tuncio, percussio. Pr. Pm. Dan. dundse, —
to thump. Lat. tundere. Let. dunksch
garded as an inspiration into the brain of
•the composer. In this sense we meet represents the sound of a blow with the
fist dunkschkis, a blow with the fist.
with the expression of a merry dump.'
' ;

Dtin. Dark in colour.


Dung. G. dung, diinger, Sw. dynga,
dung, muck, manure. The original mean-
And white things woxen dimme and donne.
ing, like that of muck, seems to be simply
Ch. in R.
wet. Dan. dygge, dugge, to sprinkle with
From the notion of shutting up, covering, water ; dyg-vaad, dyng-vaad, wringing
obscuring. AS. steorran dunniath, stellae wet, as wet as muck ; dung, thoroughly
obscurantur. Gael, duin, to shut, close wet.— Moth. But it may be from Dan.
donn, brown ; Manx doon, to shut up, dynge, a heap. Comp. ON. hruga, a heap,
close, darken doon, a field, a close, the
; N. ruga, a lump, especially a lump of
equivalent of E. town and of G. zaun, a. dung. .^ar«^a,acowdung. In Swabian
hedge. .The connection between the hoppen, a heap, and in children's language
ideas of covering and darkness is a very hoppe machen, to do his business.
natural one. Sp. tapar, to stop up, hood- Schmid. Bohem. kopec, heap kopciti,
;

wink, cover ; tapetado, of a dark brown to heap up kopcina, filth, dirt, sweepings.

;

or blackish colour Ptg. tapar, to stop


; Dungeon. Donjon. Originally the
up, cover, inclose ; taparse, to darken, principal building of a district, or fortress,

grow dark. Vieira. which from its position or structure had
To Dun. To make a droning sound. the command of the rest, from the Lat.
Dunnyn sownd, bundo.
in Dunnynge dominio, domnio {2ls domnusior dominus),
of sownde, bunda, bombus, Pr. Pm. —
domgio, dongeo (as Fr. songer from som-
Hence to dun, to demand a debt clamor- niari), donjon. In a charter A.D. 1179,
ously. In like manner from bum, a given by Muratori, is an agreement 'quod
humming sound, bum-bailiff, a bailiff de summitate Castri Veteris quae Don-
employed to dun for a debt, and incident- gionem appellatur praedictus episcopus
ally to arrest the debtor. Sw. dona, duna, ejusque successores debeant habere duas
to resound w. dwn, a murmur, the bass partes ipsius summitatis, scilicet ab uno
;

in music. latere usque ad vineam episcopi et ab al-


Dunce. The Scotists, or divines of the tera usque ad flumen,' showing that in
school of Duns Scotus, were called Duns- this case the domini-o was mere open
men or Duncemen, and their teaching ground. In general however it was ap-
duncery. plied to a tower or other work of defence.
I
— — — ;

232 DUODECIMAL DYSPEPTIC


'
Milites ocyus conscenso Domnime, Dwalm. — Dwaum. A fainting-fit
dom6 scilicet principal! et defensivi.' OHG. dualm, torpor, insensibility Du. ;

Due. bedwelmen, to become dizzy, to faint.


Desus dunjon
le pltis maistre From Goth, dvals, foolish, ON. d-vali,
Orescent gonfanon.
le reial stupor, fainting, doze, as Da. dial, dulme,
Chron. Norm. 2. 820. to grow dull, subside, slumber, doze,
Donjon in generally
fortification is from the same root. Solen dulmer, the
taken for a large tower or redoubt of a sun is obscured ; ilden dultner, the fire
fprtress, where the garrison may retreat burns dull. See Dull.
in case of necessity. Bailey. —
The name Dwarf. AS. dweorg, dweorh, ON.
of Dungeon has finally been bequeathed dvergr, Sw. dwerg, dwerf, G. zwerg,
to such an underground prison as was zwergel.
formerly placed in the strongest part of a To Dwell. Dan. dvale, torpor, sus-
fortress. pended life ; dwell, linger,
dvcele, to
Duodecimal. Lat. duodecim, twelve. loiter. ON. diielja, to detain,
delay, to
To Dup. To do up, as doff and don, stay ; OSw. dvala, torpor, delay ; dvoelia,
to do off" and do on. Swiss tuffen, to to stay, wait, tarry ; Sw. dvceljas, to
open, as a door or a letter. dwell ; MHG. twalen, to be torpid ; twelen,
Dupe. Fr. dupe, one who lets himself to stop, to abide, dwell.
be deceived. From dupe, duppe, a hoopoe, To Dwindle, as. dwinan, Pl.D. dwa-
from some tradition of the habits of that nen (Bosworth in v. wanian), to fade,
bird of which we are ignorant. Thus waste away, vanish ; e. dial, dwain,
from It. bubbola, a hoopoe, bubbolare divainy, faint, sickly. — Forby. Du. ver-
(portar via con inganno), to cheat Al- — swtinen, verdwiinen, to fade, ^fesigh ; Bav.
tieri, whence E. to bubble one. Pol. dudek, schweinen, G. schwinden, to shrink, waste
a hoopoe, also a simpleton, a fool. Wys- away, wane. '
Der mane wahsit undc
trychnai na dudka, to make a fool of one. swinit,' the moon waxes and wanes.
Bret. houpMk, a hoopoe, also a dupe ; Diutiska in Schmeller. on. dvina, to
houperiga, to deceive, to dupe. Legon. — diminish, to leave off" Sw. twina, to pine
;
'
DupQcate. See Double. away, languish, dwindle ; Dan. tvine, to
Duration. Lat. durare, to last, durus, pine away, also to whine or whimper. In
hard. Gr. ii\paz, lasting, enduring. Turk. the last of these we probably touch the
durmak, to continue, stay, endure. origin of the word. A
languishing or
Dusky. Lifeless, without animation, weakly condition of body is naturally ex-
dim in colour, obscure. pressed by reference to the whining, pipy
The pennons and the pomels and the poyntes of tone of voice induced by illness. Thus
shields a person says he is rathej: pipy, meaning
Withdrawen his devocion and dusken his hert. poorly. The Pl.D. has quakken, to groan
P.P.
or complain like a sick person, whence
—they dull or blunt his religious feelings. Dan. dial, quak, poorly. Du. queksen, to
The ground
V* gray,
stude barrane, widderit, dosk and complain, to groan, to be poorly. Kil. —
In like manner Goth, cwainon, w. cwyno,
Herbis, flowris and gerssis wallowit away. —D.V. to bewail, complain, grieve Pl.D. quinen, ;
Perhaps from dull through the forms
to complain, to be poorly, languish, waste
dulsk, or dolsk, dorsk, dosk. Dan. dial.
away ; ON. queina, veina, to bemoan one-
dulsk, dolsk, dull, lifeless, loitering ; Sw.
self; AS. cwanian, wanian, to mourn,
dial, dalsk, lazy,slow ; Dan. dorsk, indo- faint, languish.
lent, sluggish, duU, torpid ; ON. doska, to To Dye. See To Die. 2.
dawdle, delay. Dynamic. Dynasty. Gr. lvva\uQ,
Dust. ON. dust, Gael, dus, duslach, the condition of being able, power iwa- ;

dust. Du. donst, vapour, down, flour, mighty


\uKhi, iwaaTiixQ,
; one possessing
dust G. dunst, vapour, exhalation, dust-
; might or power Iwaarda, power, the
;

shot. See Down. power of the chief magistrate.


Dwale. Deadly nightshade, a plant Dysentery. Gr. ivtstvTipia, from Ivi,
whose berries produce stupefaction and ill, arid ivnpa, the entrails.
death. Dan. dvale, stupefaction ; dvale- Dyspeptic. Gr. hvavi-^'ia, difficulty of
drik, soporific ; dvale-bcer, stupefaction- digestion, iAe, ill, and ni-irTui, to dress
berries, dwale. —
See Dull. food, or digest it.
—; ;

EASE 233

E-. See Ex-. tremble, shiver, earn through cold or


Each. AS.Pl.D. elk, Du. jeg-
ale, fear. —
Cot. See Yearn.
helijck, OHG. eocowelih (Kero), each, i. What is done with a will,
Earnest,
every, from a,je, ever, and lie, ghelijek, with hearty endeavour to attain the end
like. For the contraction of the final
' aimed at. G, Du. ernst. Du. ernsten, to
element compare whieh and sueh with endeavour. — Kil. as. georn, desirous,
Goth, hvileiks, svaleiks. eager, intent ;
georne, earnestly. Herodes
The AS. cEg, Sw. <z or e, in composition, befran hi georne, Herod asked them dili-
OHG. G. je, express universality or
eo, gently. He geornor wolde sibbe, he more
continuity of existence, and may com- earnestly desired peace. Swa mon georn-
monly be translated ever. as. mghwa, est mceg, as man with his best endeavour
whoever, every one ; ceghwanon, every may. Geornlie, geomful, diligent, intent.
whence, from all sides ; aghwather, G. gem, Du. gheern, willingly, n. girug,
agther, every of two, either, each. Sw. desirous, also diligent at work. See
itdr, when ; enar, whenever ; eho, who- Yearn.
ever. jE so lange han lifer, so long as * 2. Money
given in hand to assure a
he lives ; som ce gull scei, as if it were all bargain. Lat. arrha, OFr. arres, ernes,
gold. —
Ihre. OHG. eo so wanne, when- w. em, ernes. Gael, earlas, Sc. arles,
soever. arlis-penny, airle-penny. The word seems
Eager, i. Fr. aigre, eager, sharp, to admit of explanation as caution-money,
biting Lat. aeer, sharp, severe, vehe-
; from Gael, earal, provision, caution
ment, ardent. See Acid. earalas, precaution, foresight, provision.
2. Egre. The bore in certain rivers. Earth. Goth, airtha, OVi.jdrS, G. erde.
See Higre. The Promptorium has ' erye, of earth,'
Eagle. Fr. aigle, Lat. aquila. agreeing with OHG. ero, Gr. fpa in tpaZ,t,
Ear. I. The organ of hearing. Lat. to the ground.
auris, Lith. ausis, Goth, auso, ON. eyra, Earwig. An insect named in most
G. ohr. European languages from being supposed
2. A head of corn. Goth, ahs, OHG. to lodge itself in the ear. Fr. pereeoreille,
ahir, AS. aehir, ear, G. dhre, Du. adere, Sw. or-matk [matk, worm, insect), G.
aere. ohren-hohler, ohr-wurm, &c.
To Ear. To plough. Eryyn londe, The second part of the word is the AS.
aro. —Pr. Pm. as. earian, Du. eren, er- •wigga, a parallel form with wibba, a
rien, Gr. apow, Lat. arare, to plough. creeping thing, as. scearnwibba, a dung-
Earl. ON. iarl, princeps, prorex, comes. beetle E. dial, oak-web, a cockchafer.
;

— Gudm. Gael, iarfhlath (pronounced The two forms are seen in Lith. wabalas
iarla, \![iQfh. and th being silent), a de- (identical with E. weevil), a beetle, and
pendant chief, from iar, after, second in Esthon. waggel, a worm, grub, the last
order, and Jlath, lord, prince. W. ar- of which may be compared with erri-
glwydd. Corn, arluth, lord. wiggle, a provincial name of the earwig,
Early-, as. cEr, before ; ara, ancient, and poll-wiggle, a tadpole, a creature
early ; cerlice, arliee, early. Fris. ader, consisting of a large poll or head, with-
aderlek, aarle, early. AS. adre, quick, out other body, and a tail. As wabalas,
immediately. ON. aSr, before. wibba, axe from the form shown in E.
To Earn. i. To get by labour. As wabble, G. waben, weben, wibbeln, so
gain, from OFr. gaagner, to cultivate or waggel, wiggle, wigga, belong to the
till, so to earn seems to be to reap the parallel form waggle, wiggle, indicating
fniits of one's labour, from Du. arne, in like manner multifarious movement.
erne, harvest, amen, ernen, to reap. See Weevil, Worm.
Kil. Bav. am, amet, G. ernte, harvest —
Ease. ^Easy. Fr. aise. It. asio, agio,
arnari, messor. Tatian. — Bav. amen, Ptg. azo, convenience, opportunity, lei-
erarnen, g'arnen, to earn, to receive as sure. The Romance languages probably
reward of one's labour. Goth, asans, received it from a Celtic source ; Gael.
harvest ; asneis, hired labourer, earner. euih, prosperity, adhais, athais, leisure,
2 To thrill or tremble. Frissoner, to ease, prosperity ; Bret, ^az, ez, conveni-
;

234 EASEL EDGE


ence, ease ; dies, difificult, dieza, to in- winter feast of the Pagans was transferred
commode w. haws, ease, hawdd, easy.
; to the Christian feast of the Nativity.
The same root may be recognized in Eat. Goth, itan, G. essen, Lat. edere.
Lat. otium, leisure, AS. eath, easy, gentle —
Eath. Easy. See Ease.
(whence OE. uneth, hardly), ead, prosper- Eaves, as. efese, margin, edge ; efe-
ity, possession, and eadig, happy (Gael. sian, to shave, to trim.
adhach, prosperous, happy), ON. audr, Orcheyarde and erberes e/esyd yie\ dene. P. P- —
wealth, audugr, wealthy, while aud in Goth, ubizva, OHG. obisa, opasa, Bav.
composition signifies easily done ; aud- obse, a portico, hall ; ODu. ovese, Fris.
brotinn, -beygdr, &c., easily broken, bent, ose, eaves,as N. of England casings for
&c. The transition to the notion of evesings. on. ups, eavfis, upsar-dropi,
wealth is also found in It. agiato, at ease, Du. oos-druip, eaves-dropping.
also wealthy, able to hve in good plight, Ebb. G,, Du. ebbe, the falling back of
also (;= Lat. otiosus) lazy. Fl. — the tide. G. aben, to fall off, to sink.
The fundamental idea seems to be See Evening.
empty, vacant, what affords room or Ecclesiastic. Gr. iKKKrfnia, an assem-
facility for anything to take place, then bly of the people summoned by the crier,
riches as affording the most general of convocation, church. From IncaXlu, to
all facilities. ON. audr, empty, void ;
call forth.
undir auduM himni, under the open sky Eclio. 'Hxwy r\xoi, a sound, noise.
aud-synn, open to view,
seen. easily Eclipse. Gr. iiiku-^iq, a. defect or fail-
Compare also AS. cemetta, leisure, czmtig, ing in the light of the sun or moon ;
empty, vacant ; Lat. vacuus, empty, Fr. sKXeiTTO), to leave off, to faint, to fail.
vacant, empty, at leisure. Cot. — Economy. Gr. o'lKovopiia, domestic
Easel. G. esel, an ass inaleresel, a ;
management, administration, from okoc,
painter's easel or support for the painting a house, family, goods, and yE/iu, to dis-
at which he works. On the same prin- pense, manage.
ciple it called in Fr. chevalet, a little
is
Ecstasy. Gr. araaiQ, a setting, plac-
horse. See Pulley. ing ;tKaraaig, removal from its wonted
* East. G. ost, ON. aust. The origin position, of a thing ; supersedure of the
of the name seems preserved in Esthon., mental functions.
which has ea, ice, forming in the ablative Eddish. Eddige. — Commonly ex-
east, from the ice, while the same word
plained in the sense of aftermath, which
signifies the East wind pointing to the
;
gives too confined a signification. The
N. of Europe for the origin of the term, meaning is the pasturage, eatage, or eat-
where the East is the icy wind. Idda, or able growth of either grass or corn-field.
Ea, North-east Idda-tuul, or Iddast,
;

the E. or N.E. wind. In the same lan- Keep for stock is tolerably plentiful, and the
guage wessi, water wessi-kaar {kaar
;
= fine spring- weather will soon create a good eddish
in the pastures. — ' Times,' Apr. 20, 1857.
quarter), the west or wet quarter wessi- ;
That after the flax is pulled you get more feed
iuul (the wet wind), the N.W. wind. that autumn than from the aftermath of seeds
On the other hand East is explained sown with wheat the second year that the im- ;

from Lith. auszra, the dawn auszti, to ; mense eatage obtained from seeds the same year
dawn Sanscr. uschdschd (in comp.), they are sown, and after the flax is pulled, should
;

dawn, from the root usch, Lat. urere, be added to the value of the flax. —
Economist,' '

Feb. I, 1852.
tistum, to burn. Lith. auszrinne, the
morning star ; auszrinnis, the N.N.E. Fris. etten, beetteft, to pasture.
wind. Eddy. Commonly referred to an AS.
Easter. According to Bede the name ed-ea, back-water (not preserved in the
is derived from AS. Eostra, OSw. Astar- extant remains of the language), from ed,
gydia, the goddess of love (ON. ast, love), equivalent to the Lat. re in composition,
whose festival was held in the month of and ea, water. But this plausible deriva-
April, thence called Eoster-monath. tion isopposed by numerous Norse forms
The reasons for doubting the authority given by Aasen, ia, ida, odo, udu, evjii,
of Bede upon such a point are very slight, bak-ida, bak-wiidu, kring-wudu, an eddy,
the main objection instanced by Adelung back-water, which leave little doubt that
being the imlikelihood that the name of the word is simply the ON. _j'ifff, a whirl-
a Pagan deity should be transferred to a pool,homyda, to boil, to rush ; AS.yth,
Christian feast. But the same thing wave, flood, rush of water ythian, to ;

seems to have taken place with the term fluctuate, to overflow.


Yule, which from designating the mid- Edge. AS. ecge, on. egg, Lat. ades.
— !

EDIBLE ELEVEN 235


edge, Gr. ok^, a point, edge. Du. egghe, was also united with nouns. Yif ^z' mon
an angle, edge, corner ; G. ecke, a corner. other ei wummon misseith ou, if any
Edible. Lat. edo, to eat.
Edify.— Edifice. Lat. (Edifico, to build
man or woman missaith you. ^Ancren —
Riwle, 124.
a house {cedes, a house, facto, to make), The particle ceg corresponds exactly to
Fr. edifier. Esthon. igga. Lap. ikke ; ikke ka, who-
Edit.— Edition. Lat. edo, editum, to ever ; ikke kus, wherever ikke mi, what-
;

give forth or out. ever ; Esthon. igga uks, every one igga ;

* Eel. Du. aal, on. dll. Explained paaw, every day, daily igga, Fin. ika,
;

from Sanscr. ahi, a snake, analogous to lifetime, age, time. Lap. hagga, life.
Lat. anguilla, an eel, from unguis, snake, The k of ika is softened to a / (i. c. y)
or Gr. lyx^^wSj eel, from l\is, viper. in the genitive ijan, leading us to Sanscr.
To Efface. Fr. effacer, Prov. esfassar, ayas, Gr. aunv, Lat. cevuin, Goth, aivs,
to remove the face, to remove an impres- lifetime, age. Fin. ikhwa, Esthon. iggaw,
sion. perpetual, enduring AS. ece, everlasting.
;

Effigy. Lat. effigies, an image fingo, ;



Eke. To Eke. Goth, auk, on. og,
Jictum, to form, properly to mould in clay. G. auch, also. Goth, aukan, Lat. atigere,
Effort. Fr. effort, formerly efforz, Gr. aiXavia, to increase, show the same
effbrs ; s'efforcer, to put. his force or root.
strength to a thing. Elastic. Fr. dlastique. The corre-
Eft.— Evet.—Ewt.— Newt. water- A sponding forms are not extant in classical
lizard. Lat. and Gr., but there is no doubt the
In that abbaye ne entereth not no fiye ne todes word is from Gr. Vkavvui, i\a.aai, to drive,
ne ewies ne suche fowle venyniouse bestes.
Mandeville.
whence tXaVrije, a driver. Etym. Mag. —
Mod.Gr. 'iKaaTOQ, flexible; tXarijpiov, a
Egg. AS. ag, pi. cEgru, spring as of a lock, &c.
OE. eyren,
eggs. The sound of the final was some- ^ Elbow. AS. elnboga, elboga, the bow
times softened also in the singular, giving or bending of the arm, from an obsolete
OE. eye, as G. ei, an egg. Gr. i>6v, Lat. ell, eln (preserved in AS. ellen, strength,
ovum, are radically the same word. and in E. ell), Gr. i)\kvri, Lat. ulna, the
To Egg. ON. egg, an edge eggia, to forearm. So Pl.D. knebog, the bending
;

sharpen, or give an edge to, and fig. to of the knee, the knee.
instigate or set one on to do anything. Eld, Elder. See Old.
* Eglantine. Written by Chaucer Elder, as. ellarn, Pl.D. elloorn, G.
eglatere and eglentere, E. Fris. egeltiere, holunder, hollder, OHG. holuntar, holder,
Du. eghelentier, eglentere (Kil.), Fr. aig- the elder-tree, from its hoUow wood, the
lantier, Pr. aguilancier, aiglentina, a final der, tar, signifying tree, as in AS.
wild rose, thorn-bush. Diez' Romance de- appalder, an apple-tree.
rivation from aiguilla, aguilhe, a needle, Electric. Gr. "HXticTpov, amber, the
seems much less probable than that from power of amber, when rubbed, to attract
OFr. egle, AS. egla, egle, a prick, thorn, light bodies being the fact which first
splinter. The final element of the word called attention to the electric force.
is Du. tere, taere, a tree, as in appeltere, Electuary. Mid.Lat. electuariu'm,ha.r-
mispeltere, holentere, noteltere; giving barously formed from Gr. iKXtisTov, a me-
the signification of thorn-tree or thorn- dicine which has to be licked ; iK\tix<^>
bush. From the same source is Du. to lick up.
egel, the prickly animal, a hedgehog. Eleemosynary. Gr. IXtrinoamfi, alms.
Egregious. Lat. egregius, chosen out Elegant. Lat. elegans, neat, hand-
of the herd, excellent ; grex, gregis, the some, delicate.
flock or herd. Elegy. Gr. tkiyoq, a song of mourn-
Egret. See Heron. ing, supposed to be derived from e k Xkyuv,
Eight. Sanscr. astan, Lith. asztuni, to cry woe
Russ. osm, Lat. octo, Goth, ahian, G. Element. Lat. elementum, a first
acht,w. wyth, Fr. huit. principle.
Either. The as. element ag in com- Elevate. Lat. elevare, to lift up ;'
position signifies ever, cegkwa,
all, as levare, to lighten, to lift up ; levis, light.
every who, whoever aghwar, every
; See Lift.
where ; aghwanon, every whence, from Eleven, as. endleofan, Goth, ainlif,
all sides. In like manner from hwcether, eleven ; tvalif, ivalib, twelve. Lith.
which of two, ceghwcether, cEgther, every wenolika, eleven, dwilika, twelve, from
one of two, each, either. The particle wknas, one, dwi, two. The radical iden-
—;

236 ELF EMBARRASS


tity of the second element in the Goth, Elm. Lat. ulmus, Du. olm, Fr. orme,
and Lith. forms has been generally ad- Bohem. gilm (yilm).
mitted, in accordance with the analogy Elope. From on. hlaupa, Du. loopen,
of the parallel roots lip and lik, in Gr. to run, verloopen, to run away from, N.
Xeiitw, Xi;*7r«viD, to leave, Goth, laibos, laupast, to run away, escape from home.
relics, aflifnan, to remainin Lat.
; and Else. AS. elles, otherwise ; el (in com-
linquere, lictum, to leave, Lith. likti, to position), other, as el-theodig, of another
remain over. The sense required for people, foreign ; ellend, a foreign land
this element is indicated in the Lap. ex- OFr. el, Gr. SXt^oq, Lat. alius, other.
pressions for the same numerals, akta Emaciate. Lat. emaciare (inacies,
lokke naln, one upon ten, one in excess leanness), to make lean.
of ten, two in excess of ten, and so on. Emanate. Lat. emanare, to issue or
But the word for ten might easily be flow from ; manare, to drop, trickle, flow.
left unexpressed, as it actually is in Fin. Emancipate. Lat. manceps (manu
yxi toista, eleven, literally, one in the capio), one who takes in hand, a pur-
second [ten]. The ellipse is supplied in chaser, owner ; mancipium, ownership,
the expression for twelfth, toinen toista property, a slave ; mancipare, to give into
kymmenta, the second in the second ten. possession ; emancipare, to set free.
The Esthon. uses indifferently the elliptic Embargo. Sp. embargar, to impede,
or the complete expression, iiks teist, or restrain, to seize by process of law, se-
iiks teist kummen, one in the second, or quester ; embargo, embarrassment, im-
one in the second ten. pediment, indigestion, sequestration ;

Now Lith. fykus signifies surplus, re- Prov. embargar, to embarrass, trouble,
mainder ; lekas, what remains over, odd, hinder em.barc, obstacle, trouble.
;

and, in combination with the ordinals Diez' explanation through a supposed


first, second, &c., it designates the num- imbarricare, from barra, a bolt or bar, is
bers immediately following ten pirmas, ;
unsatisfactory. The Lang, embragar, to
antras, &c., lekas, the first, second, &c., hinder, Prov. embregar, to clog or en-
excess above ten, i. e. eleven, twelve, and tangle, point to the probable origin in
so on. The radical identity of forms Prov. brae, mud. It. brago, a bog, puddle,
like these with the cardinal series, weno- quagmire. A person sticking in the mud
lika, dwilika, &c., on the one hand, and before the days of road-making would
on the other with the verbal forms lekmi, afford a most familiar image of helpless
likti, to remain over, palikti, to leave embarrassment.
behind, cannot be doubted ; and having Be us tenon emhregats,
thus traced the meaning of the Lith.
they hold you well entangled (emp^trds).
termination lika to the idea of surplus
expressed by the root of linquere, we
— Raynouard.
Precisely the same metaphor is seen in
have strong analogy for a similar ex-
Sc. laggery, miry ; laggerit, bemired,
planation of the termination in Goth.
also encumbered, impeded. Also in E.
ainlib, ainlif, and E. eleven, from the
root of Gr. \imuv, and E. leave. Philolog.
clog, toimpede the action of a system by
stopping up the acting parts with adhe-
Trans. 1857, p. 29.
sive matter ; Sc. claggit, clogged, loaded
Elf. AS. alf, elf, ON. alfr, alfi, G. alp,
with clay (as. clceg) clag, encumbrance,
supernatural beings of the Northern ;

burden upon property, impediment in


mythology.
the way of the possessor arising from the
Eliminate. Lat. eliminare, to turn
legal claim of another. G. kummer sig-
out of doors {limen, a threshold), to cast
nifies as well the mud
of the streets as
forth.
judicial seizure, arrest, sequestration.
Elixir. Arab, el-icstr, the philoso- KUttn.
pher's stone. From Gr. ?i;pov, itipiiv, * Embarrass. The most obvious
properly a dry medicament. —Dozy. type of hindrance is a ^ar which stops the
Ell. The length of a forearm ; the way to anything. Fr. barre, a bar ;
forearm taken as a measure of length. barres, exceptions in pleading, hampering
Gr. iiXhti, Lat. ulna, the forearm Du. ; the course of one's opponent ; donner
el, eln, Fr. aulne, an ell-measure, as cubit, barres k, to stay the current of.— Cot.
a measure of the same kind, from Lat.
cubitus, the forearm.
Barra, stopped, hindered. Vocab. de —
Vaud. Prov. barras, Sc. barras, barrace,
Ellipsis. —Elliptical. Gr. tXXjc^ic, a a bar, barrier. Ptg. baraqo, a cord,
leaving out. halter for hanging Sp. embarazar, Ptg.
;
— —

EMBASSADOR EMPEACH 237


embaragar, Fr. embarrasser, to impede, brace, the opening in the wall being con-
clog, embarrass. sidered as if spreadingits arms to embrace
Embassador. See Ambassador. those in the inside.
EmbelUsli. Fr. embellir, from bel, Embrocation. From It. broca, Fr.
beau, pleasing to sight. broc, a jug or pipkin, It. embrocatione, a
Ember-days. Days set apart for fomenting or bucketing of the head with
fasting at the four seasons of the year, waters or other liquor falling upon it in
viz. on the first Friday in every quarter. the manner of rain. Fl. —
— Adelung. From Lat. quatuor tempora, To Embrue. See Imbrue.
the four seasons, whence G. quatember, a Emendation. Lat. etnendare, to cor-
quarter of a year, or a quarterly day, or rect, or remove blemishes ; menda, a de-
payment. Hence by further corruption fect, blemish.
kottember, kottemer, P1.D. tamper, Sw. Em.erald. Fr. dmeraude. It. smeraldo,
taniper-dagar, ymber-dagar, ember or Sp., Port, esmeralda, from Lat. smarag-
imber days. Quatuor tempora, dye fron- dus, Gr. <r/iapayioc. Scheler.—
fast, vier fronfasten. —
Dief. Sup. Em- Emery. Fr. esmeril, emeril, the black
byrday, fastyng day. Palsgr.— hard mineral wherewith iron-works are
Embers, as. cemyrian, N. eldmyrja furbished, an emrod, or emerill stone.—
{eld, fire), eimyrja. Dan. emmer, Sw. Cot. Gr. (Tfiuptg, -iSos, Mod.Gr. apivpiTijg,
morja, N. myrja, glowing ashes. emery ; ff/iupi^u, to polish with emery.
To Embezzle. Properly to conceal, In the Romance languages perhaps the
then to make away with property en- word was understood as if derived from
trusted to a servant by his master. merus, pure, whence Prov. mer, mier
I concele, I embesyll a thynge, I kepe
' esmers, pure, fine esmerar, to purify, re-
;


a thynge secret. I embesell, I hyde or fine.
lo fer.
Aissi coma la lima esmera e pura
— Rayn. As the file cleanses and
consoyle, Je cele. I embesyll a thynge,
or put it out of the way, Je substrays. purifies iron. Limousin emSra, to scour

He that embesylleth a thyng intendeth to with sand ; Sp. esmerar, to polish,


cleanse.
steale it if he can convoye it clenly.'
Emetic. to vomit.
Gr. ejjiw,
Emmet. —^Ant.
Palsgr.
AS. cemet, G. ameise,
It cannot have anything to do with OFr.
besiller, to overturn, destroy, Prov. becilh,
Henneberg emetze, Pl.D. eempte, eemke.
destruction, trouble. — Adelung^ From the proverbial indus-
Emblem, Gr. i^^\r\\ia (from s/i|3aXXw, try of the animal ; G. emsig, assiduous,
to put in), Lat. emblema, something let diligent. The as. ametta, amta, leisure,
in to another, an ornament, and fig. aft rest,and amtig, vacant, empty, idle,
ornament of discourse. The word is seem to furnish exactly the contrary
curiously appropriated in Fr. and e. to a meaning of what is required for our de-
it will be found that leisure
rivation, but
symbolic figure tacked on to some thought
or saying which it is meant to illustrate and occupation are very constantly ex-
and perfect. Emblhne, a picture and pressed by the same word. Thus Lat.
short posie expressing some particular opera, work, pains, issometimes trans-
conceit. —
Cot. lated time, leisure. Deest mihi opera, I
have no leisure. The possession of lei-
To Emboss. Fr. embosser, to swell
or rise in bunches, knobs ; basse, a bunch sure is an obvious condition for. the be-
or knob ; bosseler, to make a dint in a stowal of our attention on any given ob-
vessel of metal. ject. We see the connection of the two
To Embrace. Fr. embrasser. It. im- ideas in Fr. vaquer, to be at leisure, to
bracciare, to infold in one's arms, from cease from working, also to attend, apply,
Fr. bras, It. braccia, the arms. bestow time on, bend his study unto.
Embrasure. Fr. braser, to slope the Cot. Du. moete is rendered by Kilian
edge of a stone, as masons do in windows, opera, labor, and also otium, tempus va-
&c., for the gaining of light ibraser, em-
;
cuum.
braser, the gplaying or skuing of the Emolument. Lat. emolumentum,
opening of a door or window for such a profit acquired through labour ; moliri,
purpose embrasure, the splayed opening to exert oneself.
;

of a window or door, and hence the Empair. Fr. empirer, to make worse ;

splayed opening in a parapet for a can- pis, f. pire, Lat. pejor, worse.
non to fire through. Empeach. To attach or fasten upon
The word is unknown in Sp., or it one the charge of a criminal accusation.
might be explained from abrazar, to em- Fr. empescher, empicher, to hinder, im-
— ;

238 EMPHASIS ENGROSS


peach, pester, incumber. Empescher h the chant sung on convoying a victor, a
fief, to seize on a fief, the lord take it
into laudatory ode.
his own possession. —
Cot. Prov. emfaig, To Encroach. Fr. accrocher, to hook
hindrance empachar, empaytar, to hin-
;
on to, from croc, a hook.
der. Probably direct from the Celtic. To Encumber. See Comber.
Gael, bac, hinder, restrain ; bacail, an .
End. Goth, andeis, Sanscr. anta, end,
obstacle (whence Fr. bacler, to bolt the death.
door) ; ON. bdgi; difficulty baga, to;
Endeavour. To endeavour is to make
hinder. N. bcegja, to stop, to hinder. it our duty to do a thing. Fr. se mettre
Lat. repagula, bolts, is probably from the en devoir de, se disposer a faire quelque
same source. Bret, bac'ha, to confine, chose. —
Gattel.
imprison badhein, to disconcert, put out
;
We put him in devoir at all times when he
of countenance, to be compared with Sp. might have a leyser, which was but startemele,
to translate diverse books out of French into
empachar, to embarrass, confuse, make
ashamed.

EngUsh. Ames of Printing, cited by HoUoway.

Em.ph.asis. Emphatic. Gr. sfi^aivii), To Endorse. Fr. dousser (Cot.), en-
to let a thing be seen in in^aivu, t/itpai- dosser, to back a bill, to give it the sup-
;

verat, it is manifest. Hence tiifaatg, ap- port of our credit by writing our name on
pearance in, significance, the force of the back. Lat. dorsum, Fr. dos, the
an expression. To say a thing with em- back.
phasis is to say it with special signifi- To Endow. From Lat. dos, dotis, Fr.
cance emphatic, what is spoken so as dot, a marriage gift doti, doui, indued
;
;

to have special significance. or endowed with douer, to give a dowry



;


Empire. Emperor. Fr. empire, em- unto. Cot. An internal <^ or ^ is fre-
pereur, from Lat. imperium, imperator quently converted into a ti in Fr., as It.
Hmperare, to command. vedova, OFr. vedve, Fr. veuve, a widow.
Empiric. Gr. i^impiROQ, of one who Endue. Often treated as a corruption
acts on the results of experience, as op- of endow; but it is sometimes clearly
posed to the leadings of science. 4/in-eipi'o, from Lat. induere, to clothe.
experience. Thou losel base,
To Em.ploy. Fr. employer, It. impie- That hast with borrowed plumes thyself enderwed.
gare, from Lat. plicare, to fold or bend, F.Q.inR.
,
as G. anwenden, to employ, make use of, Sometimes there may be a confusion with
from wenden, to turn. To turn to a cer-
tain purpose. See Ply. Enemy. Fr. ennemi, Lat. inimicus,
Emporium. Gr. l/nropiov, a mart, from and a7nare, to love.
in, negative,
place of trade Ifivopog, a traveller, a
; Energy. Gr. ij/tpysm, fi-om iv and
merchant; e/iTropeuo/uai, to be on a journey, Ijoyov, an action.
to traffic, trade. Engine. Lat. ingeniiim, innate, or
Empty. Emmet. natural quality, mental capacity, inven-
Emulate. —SeeEmulous.
Lat. amulus, tion, clever thought ; It. ingegno, Prov.
one who seeks to equal or outdo a rival. engeinh, Fr. engin, contrivance, craft.
En-, before a labial, Em-. Gr. h, Mieux vaut engin que force, better be
Lat. in, Fr. en, in. wise than strong. Cot. —
The term was
Enamel. Fr. esmail, imail, amel or then applied, like Gr. /ii/xarij, to any me-

enamel. Cot. Ammel for goldsmiths, chanical contrivance for executing a pur-
esmail. —
Palsgr. It. svialto, G. schmelz, pose, and specially to machines of war.
schmelz-glas, smalt, colours produced by See Artillery.
the melting of glass with a metallic oxide. To Engross. i. Fr. grossoyer, to
G. schmelzen, to melt. It. smaltare, Sp. write or in great (Fr. gros) and fair
fair,
esmaltar, to enamel. Perhaps the loss letters. —
Cot. Opposed to the minute or
of the final t in Fr. esmailler has arisen small characters of the original draught,
from_ the influence of Du. maelen, to hence called minutes of a proceeding.
paint ; maeler van glas, encaustes mael- ; Fr. grosse, Du. gros, a notarial copy.
erie, maelie, encaustum, enamel ; mael- Le notaire garde la minute et en delivre
dren, to enamel. Kil. — la grosse, keeps the minutes and delivers
Enchant. Fr. enchanter, from Lat. the engrossed copy. —
P. Marin.
incantare, to sing magic songs. 2. In the earlier period of our history
Encomium. Encomiast. Gr. s&yuog, the engrossing of commodities was re-
a festivity, festive procession, ode sung garded as an odious social offence, and
on such an occasion ; ro iyKuifuov (firos), was jealously guarded against by the
;;

ENHANCE ENTICE 239


municipal law. The meaning of the the name of each feudal lord was shouted
word is explained by Blackstone as the '
out to raUy his own band of retainers.
getting into our possession, or buying up, Quant ces unt ja cri^ l' enseigne de Vedsci,
large quantities of corn, or other dead E, Glanville chevaliers ! e, Baillol ! autresi,
victuals.' I grosse, I take or hepe up
' Odinel de Umfravile relevad le suen cri.
thynges a great, Je engrosse. This man Chron. Fantosme.
grosseth up all the market.' Palsgr.
Perhaps also the offence was what was
— Than mycht men her enseynyeis cry,
And Scottis men cry hardely,
On thaim On thaim On thaim
! 1 ! they faile.
considered an unfair engrossing or en- Bruce, ix. 385.
hancing of the price by buying up what
To Ensue. OFr. ensuir from Lat.
would otherwise have been brought to
insequi, to follow upon.
market by the producers themselves. Fr.
engrossir, to greaten, increase, enlarge.
Entail. A
fee-simple is the entire
estate in land, when a man holds the
—Cot.
estate to him and his heirs without any
To Enhance. From Lat. ante, be-
contingent rights in any one else not
fore, in antea, en avant, forwards, were
formed Prov. anz, ans, before, enant,
claiming through him. An estate-tail is
a partial (Fr. tailli) out of
interest, cut
enans, forwards, and thence enansar, to
the entire fee, when land is given to a
put forwards, to advance, exalt, enhance.
Xhiigriua.
man and the heirs male of his body,
Gr. almyfia, a dark saying,
leaving a right of re-entry in the original
riddle ; alviaaonai, to hint at, to speak in
owner on failure of male descendants of
riddles.
the tenant in tail, as he was called, or
Ennui. See Annoy.
Enormous.
person to whomthe estate-tail was given.
Lat. enormis {e and The entail of an estate is dividing the
norma, a rule), irregular, exceeding pro- fee into successive estates for life, or in
portion.
tail,under such conditions as required
Enough. Goth, hinauhan, to be
by law.
bound, to have it incumbent upon one,
to be lawful ganauhan, to suffice,

Enter. Entrance. Fr. entrer, Lat.
;
intrare, to go in.
ganohs, enough, sufficient ; ganohjan, to
Enterprise. Fr. entreprise, from en-
satisfy. ON. nogr, gnogr, abundant ;
treprendre, to undertake, an old form of
ncegia, to suffice ; G. genug, Du. noeg,
which, emprendre, gave our poetical em-
genoeg, enough genoegen, to please, to
satisfy. — Kil.
;
prise.
To Entertain. Fr. entretenir (from
Ensample. Sp. enxiemplo (Ticknor),
Lat. tenere, to hold), mutually to hold, to
OFr. ensample, from exempluni, as Ptg.
enxajne, from examen, Sp. ensayo, an
hold in talk, to hold together. Cot. —
Enthusiasm. Gr. tv0fof, tvOovg, full
essay, from exagimn.
of the {9t6s) god, inspired, possessed
Trestut le mond enlumina hBovauiZoi, to be so inspired.
Par le sample qu'il nus donna To Entice. OFr. entiser, enticher,
Pur nus garir,
B^noit, Vie de St Thomas, 1199.
atiser, Norman entincher (Decorde),
Bret, atiea, to instigate, incite. Satanas
In the Harl. MS. ensample. entichad David qu'il feist anumbrer ces
Ensign. It. insegna, Fr. enseigne, a
distinctive mark, from Lat. insignia, pi.

de Israel. L. des Rois
Mult I'entice, mult I'aguillone.
of insigne. —
Diez. It also signified the B^noit, Chron. Norm. 2. 194,
distinctive cry which was used in battle Ses gens r'amoneste e aiise
to encourage the troops on different —
Li dux. lb. 2. 205.
sides. Thus Deus aie ! God help was ! Fr. attiser, to kindle, to stir the fire
the cry of Nonnandy, while those of attise-querelle, a stirrer-up of quarrels.
several adjacent provinces are mentioned The origin is the hissing sound by
by B&oit in his account of a battle be- which dogs are incited in setting them
tween the confederate princes and Duke on to fight with each other or to attack
Richard. another animal. These sounds are re-
Munjoie escrient si Franceis,
!
presented in E. by the letters ss ! st ! ts !
E Passavant Tiebaut de Bleis,
!
being doubtless imitations of the angry
Valie orient tuit eniin
1 sounds of a quarrelling' dog. In other
Quens Geofrei e si Angevin, languages they are more distinctly arti-
Baudoin e Flamenc, Arraz I
culated. Fin. has ! has ! cry used in
Chron. Norm vol. is. 215. .

settmg on dogs hasittaa, Esthon. assa- ;

Among chiefs of inferior consequence tama, to set them on. Lap. has ! as !
!;; —— ;

240 ENTIRE ENVY


Serv. osh ! cry to drive out dogs ; Lap. from being divided into several sections ;
hasketet, hoskotet, hotsalet, to set dogs TSfivo), TCTo/ia, to cut.
on hasiet, hostet, to provoke,
to attack ; Entrails. Fr. entrailles, Prov. intralias,
challenge, incite. Pl.D. hiss, cry used OFr. entraipte, from Lat. interanea, the
in setting on dogs ; hissen, to set them inwards or intestines, the inward parts of
on, to drive by the aid of dogs ; de the body.
schaop hissen, to drive sheep. — Danneil. Entreat. From Lat. tractare, to
Du. hissen, hisschen, hitsen, hussen, to handle, Fr. traicter, to meddle with, to
hiss, to set on dogs, to instigate, kindle, discourse, debate, or make mention of.
inflame. Kil. —G. hetzen, anhetzen, to Cot.
set on dogs, to irritate, incite ; hitze, To Enure. From Fr. heur, hap, for-
rage, heat. At other times a / is taken tune, chance, was formed E. ure, fortune,
as the initial of the imitative syllable, destiny, the experience of good or evil.
giving G. zischen, Pl.D. tissen, E. dial. Now late hire come, and liche as God your ure
tiss, to hiss. used in Pem-
To tice is For you disposeth, taketh your aventure,
brokeshire, as Pl.D. hissen, for the em- Lidgate, corrected from Hal.
ployment of a dog in driving another And nana suld duell with him bot thai
animal ; to tice a dog at a pig ; to tice That wald stand with him to the end.
the pig out of the garden, to set a dog at And take the ure that God wald send.
Bruce, viii. 405.
it to drive it out, as Pl.D. de swine uut

dem have hissen. Hence probably the Hence to have in ure, to put in ure, or to
simple form to tice, in the sense of in- enure, is to experience, to practise, to take
citing, alluring, was already current in effect.
the language before the importation of Salomon
the Fr. entiser. Compare Sw. tiissa, to Tellith a —whether
tale in dede done
set on dogs, to set people by the ears. Or mekely feined to our instruccion
Let clerkes determine, but this I am sure
The It. has forms corresponding both Moche like what I myself have had. in ure.
to hiss and tiss. The cry used in setting Chaucer, Rem. Love, 158.
on dogs is izz ! at Florence, and uzz He gan that lady strongly to appeal
at Modena, whence izzare and uzzare it Of many heinous crimes by her inured.
cane (corresponding to G. hetzen), to set F. Q. in R.
on a dog (Muratpri, Diss. 33) ; izza (cor-
Inured to arms, practised in arms. To
responding to G. hitze), anger, contest
enure to the advantage of some one, in
adizzare, aissare, to hiss, set on dogs,
legal language, is to take effect to his ad-
provoke to anger ; tizzare, to egg on, vantage.
provoke, to stir the fire ; tizzo, tizzone, a The Fr. heur is not to be confounded
fire-brand ; stizzare, -ire, to provoke,
with heure, hour, moment, being derived
enrage, stir the fire ; stizza, anger ; stizzo,
by Diez) from
(as conclusively established
a fire-brand. Walach. atzitzd, to set
Lat. augurium, Ptg. agouro, Prov. augur,
on, incite, fall into a passion, kindle fire.
agur, Cat. ahuir, augury, omen whence ;
In accordance with the foregoing anal-
Prov. bonaur, maldur, good, evil fortune
ogies it is impossible either to separate
It. sciagurato, sciaurato (exauguratus),
It. izzare, uzzare, from tizzare, attizzare,
ill-omened, unlucky sciagura, sciaura, ;
or to doubt that the common origin of
ill fortune, disaster ; OFr. bienaureiz, for-
all is the hissing on of a dog against
tunate.
another animal. The idea of provoking
To Envelop. It. inviluppare, Fr. en-
to anger then must be taken as the
velopper, the equivalent of E. wrap, wlap,
original image, and that of stirring the
lap.
fire as a figurative application, directly
contrary to what we should have ex- L'enfant envolupat en draps e pausat en la cru-
pected and we find the explanation of
;
pia. Rayn. —
Lat. titio, to which we have no clue in And sche bare her firste borun sone and wlaf-
pide him in clothes and leyde him in a cracche.
the ancient language, in the It. tizzare,
WicUff
Fr. attiser, commonly regarded as de-
rivatives from the Latin noun. See Lap.
Entire.
Environ. Fr. environ, around, from
It. intero, Fr. entier, from
virer, to veer, turn round, whirl about.
Lat. integer, whole, untouched.
Envoy. Fr. envoyer, to send. See
Entity. Fr. entity, from Lat. ens, pr.
Convoy.
pcpl. of esse, to be.
Envy. Lat. invidin. It. invidia, in-
Eatomology. Gr. ivroita, insects veggia, Cat. enveja, Prov. enveia, Fr.
. ; —

EP- ERR 241

envie. Invidere, to envy, should signify vide with necessary furniture, set in array
to look askance at. by full provision for a service. Cot. —
Ep-, Eph.-, Bpi-. In compounds of From ON. skipa, to arrange, AS. sceapan,
Gr. extraction, the prep. In-i, upon. scyppan, to form, G. schaffen, to create,
Epaulet. Dim. from Fr. espaule, provide, furnish.
dpaule, Prov. espatla, Sp. espalda. It. Era. Lat. ara, pi. of ces, brass, was
spalla, the shoulder, from Lat. spathula, used in the sense of money, and thence
dim. of Lat. spatha, Gr. a-nii^ri, a blade, applied to the separate headings or items
broad flat instrument. of an account. Quid tu, inquam, soles,
Ephemeral. Gr. riyt^a, a day, l0>//iEpoc, cum rationem e dispensatore accipis, si
daily, lasting only a day. (Era singula probasti, summam, quas ex
Epic. Gr. ETToe, a word, saying, a his confecta sit, non probare ? —
Cic. in
verse or line of poetry ; tol Ittti, heroic Face. In later Lat. the casting of ac-
poetry, as opposed to /isXij, lyric poetry. counts seems to have been taken as the
Epicure. —Epicurean. From the type of computation or numbering in
name of the Greek philosopher Epicurus. general, and cera (converted into a fern.
Epilepsy. Gr. kmXrixpia, a seizure, singular) was transferred from the items
from Xaii^avia, to seize, take. of an account to the separate headings of
Epiphany. Gr. i-iriipavsia, manifesta- any enumeration or the numerical refer-
tion ; ^aivu), to make to appear ; ra im- ence by which they were marked, and
^dvia, the festival of the Epiphany or was elliptically used in the sense of num-
manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles. bering or computation. The Visigothic
Episcopacy. —Episcopal. See Bi- laws are cited by liber, titulus, and sera.
shop. Faustus Reiensis (ob. A.D. 480) says,
Episode. Gr. liriiaoSmv, something Sacer numerus dicitur quia trecenti in
coming in upon ; t'laoSoq, an incoming or cerd sive supputatione signum crucis, &c.
arrival. And again. Per crucis enim signum et
Epistle. See Apostle. per sacrum Jesu nomen apud Grascos
Epitaph. Gr. eTriTatpiov, something hera utriusque supputationis imprimitur.
written on (raipog) a tomb — Due. Per singulos Evangelistas nu-
Epithet. Gr. eTriStToq, composed, added merus quidem capitulis affixus adjacet,
over and above, from riStriin, to put. quibus numeris subdita est ara quadam
Epitome. Gr. imTofti], a cutting short minio notata (a numerical reference in
TB/ivto, to cut. red ink) quse indicat in quoto canone
Epoch. Gr. liroxn^ a cessation, pause, positus sit numerus cui subjecta est sera :

stop in the reckoning of time, point where V. g. si est 3sra prima, in primo canone.
one period ends and another begins Isidor. in Due. Hilderic has CErcs dierum
iirkxii), to hold back, stop, check. for Humeri dierum, where it is to be re-
Equal. —
Equable. —Equator. — gretted that Due. has not cited the pas-

Equity. Equi-. Lat. aquus, even, level, sage at large. The word is now under-
thence alike in every part, not raised one stood in the sense of a numbering or
above another, just, right, ^quitas, reckoning of years from a date to be
equality, symmetry, equity, justice. gathered from the context. Thus the
jEquare, to make even, to make equal. Christian era is the reckoning of years
* Equerry. From Fr. icurie, stables. from the birth of Christ the era of Au- ;

Escuyer d'escurie, a querry in a prince's gustus (according to Isidore) from his


stables, the gentleman of a lord's horse. first laying of the tribute. jEra singu-
— Cot. From OHG. scur, scura, sciura, a lorum annorum constituta est a Cassare
pent-house, out-house, bam, hut, must be Augusto quando primum censum exegit.
explained Mid. Lat. scura, scuria, Prov. — Orig.— V. 36.
escura, escuria, Fr. dcurie, barn, stables ; Ere. Erst. Goth, air, early ; AS.
G. scheuer, scheure, pent-house, loft, barn ; cer, arost, early, before, first, heretofore ;
Walach. schurU, a barn. The form Du. eer, before, sooner ; G. ehe, eher,
e^a^rrj/ corresponds with Mid.Lat. scura- eheste, before, soonest ; erste, first.
rius, Walach. schurariu, the officer in —
To Err. Error. Lat. errare, G. irren,
charge of the barn or stables. to wander, go astray ; irre, astray. Fin.
Equestrian. Lat. equester, equestris, eri, separate, apart ; eri-lainen, of a dif-
pertaining to a horseman. ferent nature ; ero, departure, separation ;
Equilibrium. Lat. cequilibrium, from ero-kirja, a writing of divorce ; erhetys,
libra, a balance. error, sin ; erhettya, erheilla, to err, to
To Equip. Fr. equiper, to attire, pro- wander ; erheys, wrong way, wandering j
16
;; ;•

342 ERYSIPELAS ESPLANADE


er&-maa {maa, land), a remote or desert escape schuif, a sliding shutter, drawer,
;

place, wilderness, Gr. iprjfios. Esthon. &c. See Escape.


drrd, separate, away. Lap. eny, away, Escort. Fr. escorte, from It. scoria,
to another place. Lith. I'rii, to separate, a guide, convoy, direction.; scorgere,
go asunder. scorto or scorgiuto, to discern, perceive,
Erysipelas. Gr. l(niai*e\as, St An- also to lead or direct unto. Fl. Ex- —
thony's fire, commonly derived from plained by Diez from Lat. ex-corrigere,
Ipv&poQ, red, and ireXXa, Skin. —Lidd. as accorgere, to perceive, from ad-corri-
Escape. Immediatelyfrom Fr. eschap- gere, but until it is shown how the mean-
per (Picard. escaper), to shift away, scape, ing of scorgere is evolved out of that of
to slip but of.— Cot. Diez resolves the corrigere there is little gained by such a
It. scappare into excappare, to slip out of derivation.
one's cloke {cappa) in the hurry of flight Escroll. Escrow. Scroll. — Fr. es- —
and the synonymous scampare into ex- croue, a scrowl, register-roll of expenses,
campare, to quit the field {campus). The written warrant, &c. Cot. ON. skrA, —
separation of the two forms is wholly Sw. skrSi, a short writing ; gildeskrd, the
unnecessary. The radical idea is simply rules of a corporation. PLD. sckrae,
that of slipping away. schraa, by-laws ; schrage, a written ordi-
Myght he haf slypped.to be unslayn. nance, formula of an oath, placard. —
Sir Gawaine, 1858. Brem. Wtb. The original meaning is
might he have escaped being slain. The doubtless a slip or shred of parchment.
two senses are united in Walach. scapare, Pl.D. schraden, schraen, to shred ; Du.
to let slip, to slip, to fall, fall into error, schroode, schroye, segmen, pars abscissa,
also to slip away, escape ; and in Du. pagella, segmen chartaceum, sceda
schampen, identical with It. scampare, to Ang. schrowe. Kil. —
glance aside, slip, graze, escape, fall ; Esculent. Lat. esculentus ; esca, what
schampig, slippery, schampelen, to slip, is to be eaten, food, from edo, I eat.
to stumble. —
Kil. The train of thought Escutcheon. OFr. escusson, a small
seems to be a quick unimpeded move- shield, a coat of arms ; escu. It. scudo,
ment, a glance along the surface, avoid- Lat. scutum, a shield.
ance of resistance or restraint, "^.ysgip, Esophagus. Gr. oiao^ayoq, from an
Gael, sgiab, snatch, start ; E. skip, light
obsolete olirw, preserved in owm, future of
rapid movement, to pass over, avoid and
^spio, to bear, ^aytev, to eat. But
Sc. skiff, skift, to move lightly and
this is the only instance in which olao-
smoothly along, to skim ; to scheyff, to appears in comp.
escape. Jam.
— Altieri.
— It. schippire, to escape.
Du. schuyffen^ schttyffelen,
Esoteric. Lat. esotericus, from Gr.
ia<a, within, the comparative of which
schuyven, to slip, to shove, to fly schuif-
;

knoop, a slip-knot ; he ging schuiven, he would be iaiaTtpov,

escaped. Espalier. Originally applied to trees


Esclieat. From Lat. cadere, to fall, or plants trained with their backs to a
arose Prov. caer, OFr. chaeir, cheoir, wall or trellis, from It. spalta, Sp. espalda,
cheir, escheir, to fall, to happen ; chaeit, shoulder. In English gardening confined
chaet, fallen (Chron. Norm.) ; cheite, to trees trained against stakes or paling,
fall ; esMete, escheoite, escheate, succes- perhaps from the influence of an acci-
a property,
sion, heritage, the falling in of dental resemblance in the name to E.
especially that to the lord of the fee, for paling. Sp. espaldar, place where one
want of heirs or for misfeasance of the puts his back to rest against, piece of
tenant. tapestry against which the back of the
Eschew. Fr. eschever, to avoid, bend chair rests, espalier in gardens ; espal-
from ; esquiver, to shun, avoid, shift dera, wall-trees. It. spalliera, any place

away, slip aside. Cot. — It. schifare, or thing to lean against with one's
schivare, to avoid, to parry a blow. Sw. shoulders, any hedgerow of trees, privet,
skef, Dan. skieve, oblique ; skieve, to ivy, vines, or any verdure growing up
slant, slope, swerve. The primitive against any wall. Fl. — Fr. espalier,
image, as in escape, is slipping aside, fruit-trees trained against a wall, either
sliding over a surface instead of striking by nailing, or by a framework of laths
it direct. G. schieben, to shove or push or stakes. —
Trevoux.
along a surface, sich schieben, to slip side- Esplanade. Fr. esplanade, a planing
ways, to become awry ; Du. schuyffen, of ways, by grubbing up trees and re-
schuyven, to slip, push forwards, to moving all other encumbrances. Es-
- — ;

ESQUIRE EVER 243


planer, to level or lay even with the lifetime, life, age, indefinite duration.

ground. Cot. See Ever.

iEsquire. It. scudiero, Fr. escuyer Ether. Ethereal. Gr. aiSijp, the air,
(properly a shield-bearer, Lat. scutum, a the sky or heavens; ai&tiv, to light up,
shield), an esquire or squire, who at- burn, blaze.
tended on a knight and bore his lance Ethic. Gr. TjGucbe, having to do with
and shield. morals ijfloc, an accustomed seat, the
;

Essart. See Assart haunts of animals, abodes of men, cus-


Essay. See Assay. tom, usage, habits and manners of men.
Essence. Lat. essentia, the being of Considered by Liddell as a modification
a thing, from esse, to be. of eSoQ, custom, usage, manners, from
* Essoin. Fr. ensoigne, essoin, a law- Wix),to be wont.
ful excuse for an absent, or good cause Etiquette. Fr. Mquette, originally a
of discharge for an impotent, person. — ticket indicating a certain reference to
Cot. the object to which it is affixed, then ap-
The original meaning of Fr. ensoign, plied to certain regulations as to be-
essoign, Mid.Lat. exoniwn, is occupation, haviour, dress, &c., to be observed by
business, need, then such need as excuses particular persons on particular occasions.
a man from other avocations, analogous See Ticket.
to G. nothsache, a necessary thing, also a Etymologry. Etymon. Gr. Iru/jof,
good and lawful excuse before a tribunal. true ; to irvfiov, the true origin of a word.
— Kilttn. OSax. sunnea, need, business; Eu-. In words derived from Gr. is
Prov. sonh, Fr. soin, care, industry, la- the adv. li, well, much used in comp.,

bour, pains. Cot. Wall, sogn, occupa- when it implies goodness, abundance,
tion, business ; Fr. iesogne, business ;
easiness.
besoin, need, want. Eucharist. Gr. tixapi-cria, thankful-
Esteem. —Estimate. Lat. cestitnare, ness, giving of thanks ; x^P'Sj good-will,
to value, assess. thanks.
Estoppel. A legal impediment. Iden- Eunuch. Gr. euvovxos, a castrated
tical with stopple, stopper ; OFr. estouper, man, on account of their employment as
to stop. guardians of the women in an Eastern
Estovers. Supply of needful wood household, from tivi), the bed, and l^^j
for repairs, fuel, &c. OFr. estoveir, to keep, have the care of.
estovoir, to be needful. Grisons stuver, Euphemism. Gr. tiipriiu<Tiibs, from it
stovair (=G. miissen), to have need. and ipriiii, to speak.
Diez suggests an origin from Lat. studere, Evangelist. Evangelic. Lat. evan- —
which is not satisfactory. gelium, Gr. cuayyiXwv, happy tidings,
Estre. Estre, state, condition, place. from eS and dyyiXog, a messenger, mes-
Fr. estre, s. s. from estre, to be. sage.
Even. G. eien, Du. even, effen, on.
What shall I tell unto Silvestre,
Or of your name or of your estre.
jafn, equal, plain, level jafnan, jam- ;

Gower in Hal. nan, continually; always. Lat. cequus,


Seid the tothir to Jak, for thou knowist better even CBjuor, the level surface of the sea.
;

than I Evening. Du. avend,G. abend, the


All the estris of this house, go up thyself and spy. sinking of the day. Swiss aben, to fall
Chaucer, Pardoner and Tapster, 555. off, decrease, fail from G. ab, off, away.
;

Li vilains cui li estres fu, to whom the


Derwein imfdsschen abet, the wine sinks

place belonged. Fab. et Contes, 3, 118. in the cask er abet, he declines, falls
;

away ; es abet, it draws towards evening;


Estreat. Lat. extractum, the copy of
the day falls.
any original writing, but especially of Ever. Goth, aivs, time, long time
fines set down in the rolls of a court, to
be levied of any man for his offence. B. — niaiv, never aiveins, everlasting ; usaiv-
;

jan, to endure, ohg. ewa, ewe, e, Du.


The recognisances are said to be estreated eeuw, ON. Lat. avum, Gr. ai&v, an
cBji,
when the officer is directed to take out age, life Sw.
^ (in composition), all,
;
such a copy for the purpose of levying ever ; Lat. cetas, ceternus, &c. Gr. aui,
the amount.
Susv, mis, ever. as. dva, d, cefre, afer,
To Etch. To engrave by corrosion ; ag composition), E. aye, ever. Fin.
(in
G. dtzen, to cause to eat, to feed, corrode, ikd, Esthon. igga, age, life-time, time.
etch. Fin. ijdinen, perpetual ijAti, ika (in ;

Eternal. Lat. ceternus, from avum, I composition), for ever; iki, altogether.
16 *

244 EVERY EXPEDITE


Esthon. igga (in composition), each, malign deities, to wish evil to, to curse.
every iggawenne, perpetual.
;
Execute. Lat. exsequor, exequor, ex-
Every. AS. afre, ever ale, each, all ;
ecjitus, to follow out, or to the end. See
of a series one by one. Hence OE. ever- -secute.
ceIc, everilk, evereche, every. Exempt. Lat. eximere, exeniptus, to
Evil. G. iibel, Goth, ubils, Du. ovel, take away, to free from ; emere, to take,
evel. to buy.
Ewe. Gr. oVj, Lat. ovis, a sheep. AS. Exequies. Lat. exequice, the funeral
eowic, a female sheep.
Du. ouwe, oye, train or pomp, from ex and sequor, to
Ewer. Fr. aiguiire, a water vessel, follow.
from Lat. aqua, OFr. aigue, aive, em, Exercise. Lat. exercere, to keep in
aive, eau, water. Ewer, aiguier.— Palsgr. work ;exercitium, a. keeping in work,
Fr. eauier, corresponding exactly in form, exercise. Gr. Ipyov, work, deed ; Ipyui
has a somewhat different application from (the radical meaning of which seems to
the E. word, signifying a gutter, sewer. be to exert force, to use strength), to drive
Cot, by force also, as the obs. root of eph,o>,
;

Ex-. Ef-. — —E-. Lat. e, ex, Gr. jk, ij, lopya, todo work.
Exert. Lat. exsero, exsertum, to stretch
out of, from. The radical form of the
prep, is Gr. Ib, the k of which in com- out, put forth. See -sert.
position is in Lat. assimilated to a fol- Exhaust. Lat. haurio, haustum, to
lowing f. Thus Gr. kK(ptiyQ> becomes draw.
Lat. effugio. Exhort. Lat. hortor, -ari, to urge on,
Exact. Lat. exactus, perfectly done, encourage, instigate.
carried out, complete, accurate ; from Exile. Lat. exul, exsiil, one driven
exigere [ex and ago), to perfect, accom- from his native soil {solum), as the word
plish, to bring up to the standard of com- is explained by Festus. Exsilium, exili-
parison. iitn,banishment, exile.
Exaggerate. Lat. exaggerare, to heap Exist. Lat. exislo {ex and sisto, to
up, augment greatly, from ex and agger, stand), to be, have a being.
a heap. Exodus. Gr. i^oSog, a going forth,
Exalt. Lat. exaltare ; alius, high. i^ and oMf, a route, going.
from
Examine. Lat. exame7t, for exagmen Exonerate. Lat. onus, -eris, a burthen.
(from exigere, exactum, to bring a thing Exorbitant. From Lat. orbita, the
to a certain standard of comparison, to track of a wheel, exorbHo, to go out of
compare, weigh, examine), the tongue of the track, to deviate, whence exorbita?tt,
a balance, examination, weighing. See out of the usual course, excessive.
Exact. To Exorcise. Gr. opKog, an oath
Example. Exemplify.— Lat. exem- opKiZiu, t^opniZto, to bind by an oath, to
;

plum, a copy, a specimen, an individual adjure, to drive away an evil spirit by the
or portion taken from a number or quan- power of adjuration.
tity to show the nature of the mass. Ex- Exordium. Lat. ordio'r, orsus siim,
plained from eximere, exem^tum, to take exordior, properly to fix the weft or woof,
away. to make a beginning in weaving, then to
Exasperate. Lat. asper, rough. begin in general, to begin to speak ex-
—Excellent.
;

Excel. Lat. excello, pro- ordium, the warp of a web, a beginning.


perly to be lifted up, to stand out above Exotic. Gr. Uajnieof, belonging to fo-
others, from the obs. cello, Gr. kIWoi, to reign parts, from f|iu, without, abroad.
drive, to urge onwards. —
Expand. Expansion. Lat. pando
Excise. Fr. accise, excise, from Lat. pansum or possum, to spread out, la^
excidere, excisum, to cut off. Sp. sisa, open.
clippings, pilferings, cabbage, also (per- Expatiate. Lat. spatiari, to wall
haps from being considered as a clipping abroad.
taken by the Lord on the article going Expect. See -spect.
into consumption) a tax on eatables. Expedite. —
Expedient. — Expedi-
Excoriate. Lat. corium, skin, hide. tion. Lat. expedio, to despatch. Fron
Excrescence. Excretion. — Lat. ex- the figure of catching by the (Lat. pa
cresco, excretum, to grow out, or up. pedis) foot, are developed the opposite sig
Execrate. Lat. execrari, exsecrari nifications oiimpedio, to catch or entangk
(from sacer, sacri, devoted or set apart for by the foot, to embarrass, impede, hinder,
the purposes of the deities whether good and expedio, to set free one caught by the
or evil, sacred, accursed), to devote to the foot, to extricate, disengage, despatch.
— —

EXPEND EYRY 245


prepare, make ready, provide ; to do the Extirpate. To root out. Lat. siirps,
opposite of hindering, to be serviceable, stock, trunk, root.
to help on. '
Extol. Lat. tollo, to raise or lift up.

Expend. Expense. Lat. pendo, pen- Extra. —
Extraneous. Lat. extra,
sum, to weigh, thence to pay money. without, beyond.
Experience.—JExpert. —Experiment. Exuberant. Lat. ubero, to be fruitful,
Lat. experior, expertus sum, to undergo, fertile, abundant from uber, udder,
;

know by actual apprehension or actual breast, and as an adj. fertile, abounding.


suffering, prove, try. Comperio, to have Exude. Lat. exsudoj sudo, to sweat.
certain intelligence, to ascertain. Reperio, Exult. Lat. exsulto, exulto ; salto, to
to find. Pario, to get, to acquire. leap, jump for joy.
Expiate. Lat. pio, -atum, to make Eye. Goth, augo, G. auge, AS. eage,
the deity favourable. See Pious. Lat. oc-ulus.
Expire. Lat. expiro, exspiro. See Eylet-hole. Oilet-hole. — A
hole in
-spire. a garment wherein a point put.
is B. —

Explode. Explosion. Lat. explode, Fr. oeillet, a little eye,, an oylet or eyelet-
explosum {ex and plaudo, to clap hands), hole. —
Cot.
to drive off the stage with clapping of Eyre. From Lat. iter, itineris, OFr.
hands. eirre, a journey, the Justices in Eyre (in
—Esplees.
.

Exploit. OFr. exploit,'ex- itinere) were a court deputed every few


pleit,deed, execution, despatch, matter years to make a tour of the royal forests
performed (hence) an execution of a
;
and hear complaints. Champ, oirre,
judgment and a seisin by virtue thereof, way, road ; oirrer, to journey.
also the possession or holding of a thing. Eyry. An eagle's nest, erroneously

-
Cot. Lat. explicitum, in the sense of explained in the first edition as if from
accomplished. His explicitis rebus. eggery, a collection of eggs. Really from
Caesar. Versibus explicitum est omne Fr. aire, an airie or nest of haukes

duobus opus. Martial. Cot., which, it must be observed, is mas-
Explore. Lat. explore, to search out, culine, and so distinguished from aire,
a sense which it seems impossible to con- Lat. area, a flat place, floor, plot of
nect with that of the simple ploro, to be- ground, &c., which is feminine. The two
wail. were confounded when aire was latinized
Expostulate. Lat. postulo, to ask in the form of area. 'Aves rapaces
after, also to complain. exspectant se invicem aliquando prope
Expunge. Lat. expungo, to prick out, nidum suum consuetum, qui a quibusdam
erase, as a word written on a waxen area dicitur.' —Fredericus II., de Venatu
tablet. in Due.
Extant. Lat. extans, standing out so probable that aire in the foregoing
It is
as to appear above others ; ex and sto, to sensea special application of Prov.
is

stand. aire (a masc. noun), signifying first air,


Extenuate. Lat. extenuare; ex and then probably climate, and thence coun-
tenuo, to make small or thin ; tenuis, thin, try, residence, family.
fine. don ieu sui mostraire,
L' amors,
Exterior. —External. Lat. exterior, Nasquet en un gentil aire.
externus, from ex, out of. whom am
Love, of I the expositor, was born in
Exterminate. Lat. exterminare, to a gentle birthplace. —Rayn.
drive or cast out, from ex and terminus,
a boundary, limit. Quel mon non es crestias de nul ain

Extinguish. Extinct. Lat. stinguo,
That
Que siens hges, o dels parens non fos
in the not a Christian of any
world there
:

stinctum, to put out. From the root stig, is


family that was not the hegeman of him or bis
sting, signifying prick, the passage from
which to the idea of putting out is not
parents. —lb.
clear. See Debonnair.
— —

246 FABLE FAIN

Fable. Lat. fahula, a tale, from for, sense of flapping or fluttering. With
'

fatus sum, fart, Gr. 0))j»i, to say. their skittering flimsy gowns vagging in
Fabric. Lzi.faier, a wright or worker the wind or reeping in the mud.' A
in wood, metal, &c. fabrica, a working, slight change of vowel zi^es foggy, having
;

the work of an artificer, a building. hanging flesh. HaL '



Flosche, foggy,
Face. X.2X. fades, the make or visible —
weak,, soft.' Cot. With these may be
form of a thing, from facio, to make, as compared It. fiacco, tired, drooping,
Du. gedaente, external appearance, form, withered fiaccare, to weary, droop in
shape, from doen, to make, do.
;

body or mind, fade or wither. Fl. S' —


Facetious. LsA. /acetus, clever, hu- avachir, to slacken, grow flaggy, quail,
morous. fade, wax feeble. Cot. —
I was much

Facility. ^Faculty. From Lat. facio, flagged and exhausted by the heat of
to do, are facilis (do-like), to be readily the weather. — Rich, Babylon.
done, easy, and the contrary of this, Fag-end. The latter end of cloth
difficilis (dis-facilis), difficult. Facilitas B. the lag-etid, the end which flags, or
;

and facultas are parallel forms of the hangs loose the original flag passing
;

abstract noun with slightly differing ap- yvAo fag on the one hand, and lag on the
plications fundamentally signifying readi- other, in the same way that we formerly
ness or ability to do. saw clatch passing into catch and latch,
Fact. — Factor. — Factitious. Lat. asklent into ascant and aslant, by the
facio, factum, to make, do. loss of the liquid or mute respectively.
Fad. A temporary fancy. To fad, to I could be well content
be busy about trifles faddy, frivolous.
; To entertain the lag-end of my life
—Hal. Formed from the term fiddle- —
With quiet hours. H. IV. in Naies.
faddle, representing rapid movements to The senators of Athens together with the
and fro, idle, purposeless action or talk. common /a^of people. ^Timon of Athens. —
See Fangle, Figary, Fidget. Fagot. Yr. fagot. It. fagotto, yf.ffagod.
To Fade. Du. vadden, to wither, or Perhaps connected with ffasgu, to bind,
fade ; vaddigh, flaccid, faded, flagging, tie ffasgell, a wisp, bundle.
lazy.— Kil. .As the G. has fittich, as well
;

To Fail. Fr. faillir, to fail, slip, err,


SLsJlittich, a wing, and as we have fugle- omit, want, miss, fade, cease. W. ffaelu,
m.an bora G.fHigelmannj ferret iro^n\ Fr. ^reX.. fallout, to fail, to be wanting; G.
fleurets to fag, and faggy, foggy, from fehlen, to miss, go wrong, fail, be want-
flag axA flaggy ; so I believe Du. vad- ing Du. faelen, to slip, want, be want-
;

den and E. fade are from forms like Du. ing faelie-kant, an oblique angle. Pro-
fladderen, Sw. fladra, to flap, flutter. A ;

bably the fundamental idea is that of


pancake, or flap-jack, G. fade, is in Du. slipping. Gr. o-^aWu, to cause to slip or
vadde, libi admodum tenuis et flaccidi fall, to lead into fault or error, deceive,
genus. — Kil. Comp. OFr. fiappi, faded, mislead aipdWo/xai (as Lat. fallor), to
withered. — C. nouv. nouv. ii. ?
;

be mistaken, to fail iaijiaXri thiq i\mSoQ, ;

To Fadge. To agree, be adapted to, he was deceived, or failed in his hopes ;



be made fit. B. as. fegan, gefegan, to (T^aXepoc, slippery, dangerous ; afaKfta, a
join ; o.fiigen, Du. voegen, Sw.foga, to slip, error, failure, fault. The notion of
join, to become, suit with, be proper, to slipping away, slipping from under, will
accommodate. commonly explain the senses of Lat.yiz/-
And al yet thset the feageth hire and all be- lere. Fallere datam fidem, to break his
;

sides that belongs to her. —-Ancren Riwle, 58.


word to perform them
—visum,mandata, to
;
fail
Ifeiget, ifeied, compared, likened. — lb. to escape notice. Gael, feall,
;

90, 128. deceive, betray, fail.


To Fag. Probably from flag by the Fain.— To Fawn. Fain, glad. ' Fair
loss of the /, signifying in the first place words make fools /(Z2«.' Ray. AS. fagen, —
to flap or fall back upon itself, to be joyful, glad ; fcegnian, fahnian, Goth.
flaccid, then to be faint or exhausted, faginon, one. gefean, ON. fagna, to re-
and actively, to cause to faint, to tire joice ;/a^ff^r, joy, civility ; /ogTzn: einum
out. It is used in the Devon, dial, in the wel, to give one a courteous reception.
—; ;

FAINT FALLOW 247,

Hence to fawn
on one, to affect pleasure varum dea a witch, a whirlwind.
; also,
in his company. Faynare, or flaterere, Probably from going away, vanishing.
adulator. —Pr. Pm. To be fain to do a See Fern.
thing is to be glad to do it. But there is Faith. Fr.foi.
"Lzk. fides. It. fede,
a curious resemblance in the expression Faitour. The OFr. faitear, faiteur
to the OFr. avoir fain (for/a«w, hunger), (from faire, to make), OE. faitour, pro-
to be desirous of something. '
I lyste, I perly only a maker or constructor (like
have a great wyll or desyre to do a thynge, Lat. fingere, and E. forge, which origin-
Jaifain.' ' I lysted nat so well to slepe ally signified simply to make or form),
this twelve monetbes je n'avoye pas si
: acquired a bad sense, and was applied to
grand fayn de dormir de cest one who makes for an ill purpose, who
an.'
Palsgr. Swiss Rom. fan, hunger ; e fan, makes
his appearance or conduct other
j'ai envie, j'ai dessein. than it naturally would be. See To
Faint. One of the numerous cases in Feign. Faytowre, fictor, simulator
which words from different origins have faytowre that feynyth sekeness for tro-
coalesced in a common form. To faint, wandise, vagius. Pr. Pm. —
in the sense of losing the powers of life, Falchion. Written as if from Lat.
can hardly be separated from Lat. vanus, falx. It. falce, a sithe, sickle, weeding-
empty ; Fr. vain, empty, faint, feeble hook ; falcione, any kind of great Welsh-
(whence s'evanouir, to faint) W. and hook, brown bill, or chopping knife. Fl.
; —
Bret, gwan, GsisX.fann, wealt, faint, vain But it is very doubtful whether Fr. fau-
fannaich, to become weak, to faint ; Fr. chon, the immediate origin of our word,
sefaner, to fade, wither, wax dead. is to be explained on this principle, as
But in other applications the word swords of scimitar-shape were not used
seems certainly to be talcen from Fr. se at an early period in Western Europe.
feindre, to make show of one thing and It seems to be only another way of spell-
do another, to disable himself more than ing fausson. Mid. Lat. fatso, apparently a
he needs, to do less than he can do. short heavy sword used like the miseri-
Sans se feindre, diligently, in good earn- cordia, for piercing the joints of the ar-
est ; feintement,fainteinent, falsely, feign- mour of a fallen enemy, from fausSer, to
edly, faintly —
Cot. ; faintise, idleness ; pierce. See Faucet. '
Matthieu de
foindre, to grow weak, to play ill. Pat. — Mommorenci tenoit un faussart en sa
de Champ. Synge out man, -whyfayne main et en derompoit les presses.' ' Enses
yow? Pourquoy chantez vous a basse non deferant nee cultellos acutos pec lan-
voix i'— Palsgr. ceas seu falsones! '
Arma offensibilia,
Fair. i. Beautiful, on. /agr, bright; spata, faucia, misericordia, ranchonum
fagur-blar, light blue ; fagur-mceli, fair [runcones] et his similia.' Carp. 'Aux —
speech, flattery. fauchons, aux coutiaus a pointe.' Due. —
2. Lat. feria, holidays then, like It.
;
Falcon. Lat. falco, from the hooked
feria, Fr. foire, applied to the market beak falx, a curved knife, a hook.
held on certain holidays. 'Feriam quoque
;


To Fall Fell, (m.falla, Du. vallen,
quam nomine alio mercatorum nundinas to fall ON. fella, Du. vellen, velden, to
;

appellant.' —
Due. fell, or cause to fall, to throw down, lay
Fairy. A
supernatural being sup- prostrate.
posed to influence the fate of men. It. The Gr. ai^aKKia and its derivatives (see
fatare, to charm as witches do, to be- Fail) look as if the radical meaning of
witch ; fata, a fairy, witch. Fl. —
Sp. the word were, to slip.
hado, fate, destiny hada, one of the
; Fallacy. Lat. fallaciaj fallo to de-
fates, witch, fortune-teller ; hadar, to ceive.
divine. ¥r.fde, fatal, appointed, destined, Fallow. I. The original meaning of
enchanted f^e, a fairy (faerie, witchery) ; the word is simply pale, in which sense it
;


parfaerie, fatally, by destiny. Cot. Hence is used by Chaucer of the pale horse in
^. fairy. the Revelations.
Probably also there may be some con- His eyen holwe and grisly to behold.
fusion with another designation, Sc. fare- His hev/e/ateuie and pale as ashen cold.
folks, fairies.
Thir woddis and thir schawls all, quod he, O.falb, pale, faded {falbes roth, —griln;
Sura tyme inhabit war and occupyit pale red, —
green) ; then appropriated by
With Nymphis and Faunis apoun every syde, custom to a pale reddish colour, like that
Qnhiyk fare/olkis or than ellis clepin we. D. V.— of deer ; der falbe, the chesnut or dun
Du, vaerende wiif, hamadryas, syl- horse. AS. fealo, fealwe, pale reddish or
;

248 FALSE FANATIC


yellowish. Fr. fauve, deep yellow, lion- fatrouiller, to botch, to trifle. — Cot. I

tawny, light dun. Cot. W. gwelw, a botche or bungyll a garment, 7> fatre, or

pale hue, gwelwi, to make pale. Du. fatrouille. Palsgr. The insertion of
vael kleed, a faded garment. AS. wealo- the /, as in previous cases, gives E. fal-
wian, to wither, fade. The apparent ter, to speak or move unsteadily.
equivalent in the Finnish languages has In the case of hatter, haltra, as well as
the sense of white, shining ; Fin. -walkia. falter, the frequentative is accompanied
Lap. welkes, white ; welkotet, to grow by simple though probably less ancient
white or pale ; Esthon. walge, white, forms, Sc. hat, haut, to hop, limp, N.
clear, light ; walge werrew, pale red ; halta, to halt, and Dan. dial, faute, to
walkjas, whitish. fail, to falter. At faute i sin tale, to
2. To fallow is to plough land for the falter in speech, to stammer. It. Sp.

f
purpose of leaving it open to the air be- falta, Fr. faute, fault, defect ; Sp. altar,
fore it is cultivated for sowing, and we to fail, falter, be deficient. For the deriv-
should not be without analogy in explain- ation of a fault from the notion of stum-
ing the expression from the red colour of bling, compare G. stolpem, to stagger,
ploughed land. So Gael, dearg, red, and blunder. Das war gewaltig gestolpert,\i&
also land recently ploughed ; as a verb, has committed a great fault. — KUttner.
to redden, to plough ; Sc. faugh, fallow To ramble.— Fiunble. Synonymous
in colour and fallow land. On the other in the first instance with faffle, maffle, to
hand it seems doubtful whether y5z//0K/ in speak imperfectly like an infant. Stam-

face of the land may not be from Sc. fail, fumble, balbutire. ——
the sense of breaking up the sod or sur- eren other famelen. MS. in Hal.
Levins, Manipulus.
To

a sod or turf, Sw. vail, sward ; valla sig, The signification is then transferred to
to gather a sward. In the W. of England other kinds of bungling, imperfect action.
veiling signifies ploughing up the turf or T)a.n.famle, to stammer, stutter, and also
upper surface of the ground to lay in to fumble, to handle in an inefficient

heaps for burning. Ray. in Jam. Da. manner, to handle repeatedly, feel for.
dial, falde, fcelle, fcelge, to break up the Sw. famla, to grope, to feel for, to fum-
sward, give a first shallow ploughing ble ; Pl.D. in der tasken fummeln, to

fald, falle (Pl.D. fallig-land Schiitze), fumble in one's pocket ; Sw. dial, fabbla,
stubble or grass land once ploughed ; at febbla, to stammer, to stumble, to be
saae i fallen, to sow on land so treated. clumsy in handling ; feppelhdndt, clumsy;
— Molbech. fubblapd mdlet, to stutter like a drunken
f
False. Lat.falsus, {xora.falio, ahum, man ; fubbla, to be awkward, handle
to deceive. awkwardly ; fummla, to totter, stumble,
To Falter. To speak in broken tones, to handle awkwardly, be slippery fingered.
to vacillate, totter. The formation of this The same train of thought is seen in Sp.
word may be illustrated by the analogy farfullar, Ko\ich.\ farfoulier, to stammer;
of one or two others closely resembling it Fr.farfouiller, to famble in the dirt, to
in construction and signification. —
To search disorderly Cot.; and in Manx
patter is to make a light rattling sound, 7noandagh, stammering, faltering ; fer
or, as the equivalent Pl.D. faotern (pro- moandagh, a fumbler. — Cregeen.
nounced pawtem), to repeat in a mono- Fame. Lat- fama, Gr. f^/aij, from

tonous, unintelligible manner. Danneil. 0));xi, I say, speak.
The sound of the broad vowel introduces Family. Lat. familia; famulus, a
an / (similar to that in Sc. nolt, from servant.
nowt, cattle) in E. palter, to stammer, Famine. Yr. famine, from La.t.fames,
shuffle, trifle. Again, Sc. hatter is to hunger, starvation.
speak thick and confusedly ; to hotter, to Fan. Lat. vannus, G. wanne, a win-
simmer, rattle, to shake, jolt, walk un- nowing fan, wannen, to winnow, from
steadily. The insertion of an /, as in the same root with ventus, wind. Bret.
patter, palter, brings us to N. haltra, to gwent, wind ; gwenta, venter ou vanner
limp, to walk by uneven jerks. Now —
a le bled, to winnow corn. Legonidec.
form with an initial/, analogous to patter, G3.e\.fannan, a gentle breeze.
hatter, is seen in N. fatra, Fr. fairer, to Fanatic. LaX. fanaticus, inspired, be-
bungle up a piece of work (a sense con- side oneself ; a word applied to the
stantly expressed by the figure of stam- priest or other official, whose business
mering) •,fatras, a confused heap of trash, it was to give responses from the sanctu-
trifles (to be compared with Sc. hatter, a ary {fanum) to such as consulted the
confused \i^z.'^,fatraille, trash, trumpery; deity or oracle.
;; —

FANCY FARM 249


Fancy. —Fantastic. —Fantom. Gr. ence to the luck which we meet with in
to appear, ipavog, apparent, ipavraiw,
<patviit, our progress through life to fare well
;

to make appear ; whence tpavraaia, Fr. or ill, to be prosperous, or the contrary,


fantasie, imagination, fancy. Another to meet with good or bad entertainment,
formation from the same root is tpavraafia, and hence _/&r^, entertainment, food.
It. fantasma, Fr. fantosme, fantome, an From ON. fara is ioxvctsAfcer, pervious,
appearance, apparition, spectre, fantom. passable din er far, the river is pass-
;

Fang. Whatever seizes or clutches, able ; feria, to transport, set over feria,
;

especially the tooth of a ravenous beast a passage-boat. The G. fahren, is not


also the roots or projections by which only to go, but to carry, convey in a
the teeth themselves are fastened in the cart ; fahr, a ferry, or place where people
jaw. G. fangen, to catch, seize, take ; are carried over a stream. Du. vaer-
Goth, fahan, as. foan, fon, pret. feng, schip, a ship of burden ; vaer-water, a
O^.fd, "prtt-feck, ^\./engum, whence the navigable water ; vaer, veer, vaerd, a
derivative fanga, to get. Similar rela- ferry, a port, or landing-place of vessels.
tions are seen in Dan. gaa, G. gehen, to Kil. —
go ; NE. gang, ON. ganga, pret. geek, pi. Farinaceous. 1,?A. farina, meal, from
genguin; Goth, hahan, AS. hon, and E. far, a general name for grain.
hang. Farm. as. feorm, what goes to the
Fangle. —
New-fangled. Fangles, support of life, food, board, entertain-
whimsies. B. — ment (explained from feorh, ON. fjor,
A hatred to faagles, and the French foolenes life, as Lat. victus, food, from "vivo, vic-
of his time. —^Wood in Nares. tum, to live) ;
feormian, to supply with

Fingle-fangle, a trifle. Hal. A nasalised support, entertain.
food, to Gewiton
form of G. fick-facken, to fidget, move to him tha eastan" sehta laedan" feoh and
and fro without apparent purpose ; fick- feorme : these then depalted from the
f acker, a trifler, inconstant person ; Sw. east, leading their possessions, cattle and
Jick-fack, juggling tricks. stores. —
C^dm. 99, 22. Thu sweltan
The radical image is light, rapid move- scealt" mid feoh and mid feorme : thou
ment to and fro, as with a switch. G. shalt perish with thy goods and sub-
ficken, fickelen, to switch, move lightly to stance. —
Ibid. 161, 2.
and fro ; E. fickle, inconstant. Another The Latinised form of the word is
form of the verb is ^v^l^&fieggen, in some firma.
cantons fi^nggen, to fig, fidge, or fidget. Verum postquam tuta sunt opinati, conviviis
— Stalder. Hessian neufdngsch, desirous provinciaiium, qn3svulgo_^rmamsippelhLnt, illecti,
ad terram egrediuntur, ambo comites ex impro-
of novelty.
eos invadunt, epulos cruore confundunt.
Hence new-fangU or new-fangled, in- viso Orderic. Vital, in Due.
constant, changeable, given to novelty.
New-fangled, not constant and stedy of The modern sense of farm arose by

purpose, muable. Palsgr. degrees. In the first place lands were
let on condition of supplying the lord
The flesh is so new-fangell with mischaunce,
That we ne con in nothing have pleasaunce, with so many nights' entertainment for
That souneth unto vertue any while. his household. Thus the Sax. Chron.
Manciples Tale. A.D. 775, mentions land let by the abbot
Far. Goth, fairra, AS. feor, feorran, of Peterborough, on condition that the
GBa.fer, G.fern, O'^.fiarri, Dan. fiern. tenant should annually pay £^0, and
Farce. Acomedy stuffed with ex- anes nihtes feorme, one night's entertain-

travagant passages of wit. B. Fr. farce, ment. This mode of reckoning con-
stantly appears in Doomsday-Book.
a pudding-haggis, the stuffing in meat
also a fond and dissolute play, interlude. Reddet_;??-OTffff2 trium noctium i. c. 100 libr.
:

/Ifail ses farces, he plays his pranks.^- The inconvenience of payment in kind
Cot. \jz!i.farcire,farsum, to stuff. early made universal the substitution of
Fardel. Sp. fardo, fardillo, a bale, a money payment, which was called_/frW2a
bundle ; fardage, baggage ; Fr. hardes, alba, or blanche ferme, from being paid
baggage, furniture ; hardde, a bundle, in silver or white money instead of

burden. Roquef. Fardo, clothes, fur- victuals. Sometimes the rent was called
niture. —
Diet. Corrfeze. Fr, fardel, far- €\m^\y firma, and the same name was
deau, a bundle. given to the farm, or land from whence

To Fare. Ferry. Goth, faran, ON. the rent accrued. Dare, or ponere ad
fara, G. fahren, E. to fare, fundamentally firmam, to farm out, to let the usufruct
to go, then to get on, to do, with refer- for a certain rent.
— — —

250 FARRIER FAUCET


From AS. the word seems to have been place of The transition from
security.
adopted in Yx.ferme, a farm, or anything the idea of holding is so direct it can
held in farm, a lease, which is explained hardly be doubted that the word is radi-
by Diez from 07r.fer7ner, to engage. cally connected with G.fassen, Du. vatten,
Farrier. Originally a blacksmith, one to seize, to hold.
who shoes horses. \\.. ferraro, ferratore, Fast. 2. To Fast. Fast, abstinence
a farrier, horse-smith Fl.— Fr. fer de from food.
;
Here, as in the Latin absti-
cheval, a horse-shoe ferrer, to shoe a nence, the idea may be, holding back from
;

horse. food. But if the word be of ecclesiastical


To Farrow. Sw. farre, a boar faer- origin it may be better explained from
;

ria, Dan. fare, to farrow, or bring forth Goih. fastan, to keep or observe, viz. the
a litter of pigs. as. fearh, Du. varken, ordinance of the church. Vitoda-fasteis,
a little pig. Lat. verres, a boar Sp. a keeper of the law. Wachter remarks
;

g7iarro, -a, -illo, a boar, sow, pig. On that observare axiAjejunare are frequently
the other hand, the Sw. far-gallt, a boar, used as synonymous by ecclesiastical
G. farre, AS. fear, a bull, lead Ihre to writers. Abstinet, observat. — Isidore.
derive the word from ot^.fara, sainfarast, Either way we come back to the element
to procreate, have intercourse with. fast, signifying what is held close, firm,

Farthing. Ferlingr. AS. feorthling, unbroken. AS. awfest, observant of the
the fourth part of a coin, originally by no law, bound in wedlock, is opposed to
means confined to the case of a penny. CEwbrica, a breaker of the law, an adult-

• This yere the kynge made a newe quyne as erer.

the nobylle, half nobylle, scaA ferdyng-nobylle. Fastidious. Lat. fastidium, loathing
Grey Friars' Chron. Cam. Soc. for food, disgust, disdain.
Farthingale. Fr.' vertugade, verdu- Fat. G.fett, OH.feitr.
galle, a fardingale. — Cot. Sp. verdugado, Fate.— Fatal. 'L?A.fatum, that which
Ptg. verdugada, averdugada, a hooped is spoken, decreed, from fari, to speak ;
petticoat, or stiffened support for spread- whenct fatalis, ordered by fate, deadly.
ing out the petticoats over the hips. The Father. Sanscr. pitri, Gr. irarrip, Lat.
fashion seems to have come from the pater, G. vater, lysi.fadir.
peninsula, and the name finds a satis- Fathom. AS. fathm, a tosom, em-
factory explanation in Sp., Ptg. verdugo, brace, whatever embraces or incloses, an
a rod or shoot of a tree, in Ptg. applied expanse. Ofer ealne foldan fcEthm, over
to a long plait or fold in a garment. all the expanse of the earth. ON.fadma,
Roquete. Hence averdugada would sig- Dan. fadme, to embrace ; ON. fadmr,
nify a plaited petticoat in the same way bosom, embrace, the length one can reach
in which from It. falda, a fold, we have with the two arms expanded. Sw. en
faldiglia, any plaiting or puckering, also famn ho, as much hay as can be held in
a saveguard that gentlewomen use to the two arms. Du. vadem, the length of
ride withal — Fl., a hoop-petticoat. —Al- thread held out between the two arms, a
tieri. The plaited structure of the gar- fathom. Kil. —
ment explains the name of wheel-far- The root seems to be G. fassen, Du.
thingale, the plaits by which it was vatten, to hold.
stiffened standing out from the waist like Fatigue. 'Lai. fatigare, Fr. fatiguer,
the spokes of a wheel. to weary.
Fascinate. \jiX. fascino, Gr. paaKaivu, Fatuity, -fatuate. Lat. fatuus, a
to bewitch. See Mask. silly person, a fool.
Fashion. Fr. fagon (from LaX. facere, Faucet. Fr. fauhet, fausset, properly
to make), the form or make of a thing. the short wooden pipe or mouthpiece that
Fast. I. To Fasten, okg. fasii, ON. is inserted in a barrel for the purpose of
fastr, firm, secured, unbroken, solid, drawing wine or beer, and is itself stopped
strong ; fastaland, the continent scekja with a plug or spiggot. The origin is Fr.
;

at fast, to attack vigorously. Drekka fast, faulser,fausser, to make a failing, fault,


to drink hard, may be compared with the or breach in anything, to transpierce.
equivalent Da. drikke test: tcet, tight, Faussie, a breach in a wall, a transpierc-
close, compact. Mid. Lat. /aj//, immedi- ing faulser un ecu, nne troupe, &'£., to
;

ately, without interval. It rainsyaj/, the pierce or strike through a shield, to


drops fall close on each other. Thus the charge through a troop, &c. A fausset,
idea of closeness passes into that of then, is radically a piercer, and accord-
rapidity. ingly the term clepsidra, given as the
A fastness, Q.fcstung, a strong hold or Latin for fausset in the Promptorium, is
! !; ;

FAUGH FEASE 251


explained in the Ortus as the same with falta, Fr. faulte, faute, defect, failing,
docillus, Anghcfe a percer or a spygote. omission, offence. According to Diez,
The expression oi forcing z. lock is per- from 'LaX.fallere, through a supposititious .

haps a corruption of the Yr. faulser. fallitare, S'^.faltar, \t.faltare,to fail, to


Faugb. ! Foh Pah ! Interjections be wanting.
! But see Falter.
expressing disgust at a bad smell. Favour. Lat. faveo, fautum, to be
Faugh/ I have kno^vn a charnel-house smell well-disposed to, to show good-will.
sweeter.— B. & F. Fawn. The 0'Fr.faon,feon, was ap-
Foh I one may smell in such a will most rank. plied to the young of animals in general,
Shakesp. as of a lion, bear, dragon faoner,feoner, ;

Fie I fie I fill pah I pah ! give me an ounce of to bring forth young, to lay eggs. Poi-
civet, good apothecary, to sweeten my imagina-
tevin fedon, the foal of a horse or ass,

tion. Shakesp.
from Lat. fcetus, as from feta (used by
The interjection is found in similar Virgil in the sense of sheep, properly
forms in most languages. Fr. pouah! breeding ewes), were formed Prov. feda,
faugh ! an interj. used when anything Piedm. fea, sheep. So from fetus, pro-
filthy is shown or said. —
Cot. G. puh! geny, Walach. fet, child, fate, daughter

'HSipuh / wie stank der alte mist.' San- feta, to bear young Sard, ^^fe, progeny
;

ders. Sp. pu J expressing disgust at a Swiss_/«, son,fed^, daughters. ^Vocab. de


;


bad smell fu ! int. of disgust. Neum. Vaud.
;

'Dvi. foei ! iirtt. foei / fech! expressing Feal.—Fealty. It. fedele, Fr. fel,
disgust, horror, contempt. Gael, fich from Lat.
nasty expressing disgust or contempt. fealty, fidelity.
!
f
delis, faithful ; Fr. fielt^,

— Macleod. *Fear. —Ferly. as. ftzr, (ear ; fcsran,


The believe represents the
interj. I afaran, to OSvi.fara, to fear;
frighten.
lengthened emission of the breath, with Sw. fara, danger. Det han ingen fara,
screwed-up mouth and lifted nostrils, there is no danger, which is the same
which aims at the rejection of an of- thing as, there is no fear. Befara, to
fensive smell. It will be observed that fear, to apprehend, to risk ; forfcsra, to
the syllable pu
or fu is used in many frighten. Du. vaar, fear ; gevaar, G.
languages as the root of words signifying gefahr, danger.
to blow, as in Gr. ipvudm, E. pu_^, Sz.fujf, The radical idea is probably shown in
to blow ; Sw. pusta. Fin. puhua, puhkia, Svf.fasa, to shudder at, to be amazed at,
puhaltaa, Let. puhst, to breathe, to blow fasa, horror ; the final j changing into r,
Magy. funi, fuvni, Galla afufa, to blow, as in Lat. honos, honor, G. hase, E. hare;
SsSxizcx.phM, imitative sound of blowing ; Du. verliezen, G. verlieren, &c. OTS.fer-
phUt-kdra (pMt-making), blowing ; Magy. ligr, horrible, frightful, hideous.
pihegni, pihenni to breathe, pant ; piha!
And on the next when we were far from home,
fie !
A /early chance (whereon alone to think
Again, the disgust felt at a bad taste My hand now qualces and all my senses fail)
closely resembles that arising from an Gan us befall —
Gascoigne, Vgyage to Holland.
.

offensive smell, and the exspiration by Svi.farlig, dangerous, pernicious. From


which we drive out the smell has only to the tendency of what is sudden to startle
be made a little stronger in order to spit and alarm, AS. fczrlic acquired the sense
out the disgusting morsel. Hence it is of sudden. It was also used (as fearful,
often hard to say whether the interj. of awful, in familiar speech) to express an
disgust represents the rejection of an exaggerated degree of anything
fcsr- :

offensive smell or the act of spitting. cyle, intense cold.


The G. interj. is variously written, pfu,
pfy, pfui, pfah, pfitch, and Bav. pfugezen,
He felt him hevy aoA ferly sick. R. Brunne. —
to make the sound pfug, is applied to The impressions of astonishment, amaze-
the spitting of a cat or the panting of a ment, and terror, border close upon each
fat man. The G.pfui! is explained by other. Thus Fr. effarer is translated by
Sanders as ayf .' intensified to the pitch Cot. to amaze, as well as to scare, terrify,
of actual or symbolical spitting. The appal ; effar^, scared, amazed, astonied.
act of spitting is probably represented Then, with the signification softened
also in Sw. twi! Russ. tfu! fie! The down, Sc. and as., ferly, wonder, a strange
Galla twu represents the sound of spit- event.
ting.— Tutschek. See Pooh — —
To Fease.- ^Feize. Pheese. i. To
Faulohion. See Falchion. whip, to chastise. To fease or feag, virgis
fault. It. falta, a defect, want ; Sp. csedere.— Sk, Swiss fitzen, fausen, Du.
; — ;

252 FEASIBLE FEEBLE


•veselen, Fr. fesser, to whip, to switch ; featured, well made, neat, feat, handsome.
Swiss^fe^r, rods for children. —Cot. See Fit.
2. To fuzz or ravel out, to break up Feather. O^.fiddr, S-vi./jdder, Dan.
into fdaments. G. fasen,faseln, to ravel, /jer, Du. veder, veer, Pol. pioro, Bohem.
fuzz, feaze.— Kiittn. Faser, faschen, Pl.D. perj, feathers. Gr. Trnpuv, a wing. Per-
fassel, fiss, fissel (Danneil), Du. vese, haps from a form like flader in G. fleder-
vesel, fibre, filament ; Swiss fdtzen, to wisck, a goose's wing, a feather broom,
ravel out ; fdtzele, hanging threads or 'Ba.Y.fledern,'Dn, vlederen, to flap, flutter,
tatters ; E. ^\2\.fassings, hangings, fibres ;
after the analogy of 'Ba.v.fiitschen, to flap
Tfe/iferj, tatters. 'IfasyllovA as silke or or flutteiii fiitschen, fiitschelein, pinion,

velvet cloth ; je raule.' Palsgr. Fasylle wing. The loss of the / would be justi-
of a cloth ; fractillus, villus. — Pr. Pm. fied by Cflittich,fittich, a wing, AS.fii(gol,
Sc. fass, a hair : 'not worth a fass. /ugol, fowl ; by E. badger corresponding
'

Nich 'njissf' not an atom. Danneil. to Fr. bladier; by E. splutter, sputter, &c.
'Bs.v.fesen, husk, chaff; keinfesel, not an Feature. OYx./aict, made ; /aicture,
atom. the workmanship, framing, making of a
The sense of whipping is probably- thing. Cot. See Feat. —
direct from the sound of a switch cutting Febrile. See Fever.
through the air. The train of thought -feet-. Lat. /ado, /adum, to make or
under the second head is not so clear. do; in comp. -fido, /eduvi, as in Con-
The radical image may be ihit fizzing of fection, Defect, Infect, Perfect, &c.
water from a hot surface, where the syl- Federal. —
Federate. Lat. /a;dus,
lable _/fo^ represents the sound made by -eris, a league, a treaty.
a series of small explosions in which —
Fee.—Fief. Feudal. The importance
minute drops of water are scattered of cattle in a simple state of society early
abroad. Thus to fizz or fuzz comes to caused an intimate connection between
signify to scatter or to fly off in small the notion of cattle and of money or
particles. But generally the notion of a wealth. Thus we have Lat. pecus, cattle
whispering sound is connected with the pecwtia, money ; and Goth, /aihu, pos-
motion of fine or small bodies, and thence sessions, is identical with OHG.7f/2z<,_/i?;^«,
with the notion of something fine and G. vieh, cattle, Oti./e, cattle, mon ey, AS./eoh,
small. G. fispeln, fispern, to whisper, cattle, riches, money, price, reward.
rustle, to move lightly to and fro. Du. Adopted into the Romance tongues the
veselen, to whisper, to ravel out. —
Bom- word became It. fio, Prov. /eii, fieu, Fr.
hoff. Swiss faiiserlen, to float or fall in fief. When it received a Latin dress the
fine particles as m^st or snow, to drizzle ; introduction of a d, as in many other
fiselen, fisern, fiserlen, to move to and cases, to avoid the hiatus, produced the
fro with a light thin implement, to scrawl M.idi.'LaX./eudum, signifying the property
or write too fine and thin, to drizzle, to in land distributed by the conqueror to
ravel out in threads, to fiddle, to work his companions in arms, as a reward for
minutely ; fisei, a thin, poor creature, their past services, and pledge for their
loose hanging threads ; gfiesel, scrawly rendering the like for the future. Hence
writing ; ^sy.fiseln, to fiddle or twiddle the term /ee, in E. law, for the entire
with the fingers, to do light minute work. estate in land ; /eoffment, from 'Fr.fieffer,
Pl.D. fisseln, to rain fine and thin, to to convey 'Cae.fie/, ox/ee, to a new owner.
ravel out. —Danneil. Fee has also been appropriated by cus-
Feasible. Yx. faisible, that may be tom to certain money-payments.
done, from /aire, to do. Feeble. OYx. fioibe, flebe,fleble, Gris.

Feast Festival. Lat. festus, holi- fieivel, It. fievole, Fr. /oible. The com-
day, devoted to enjoyment ; festum (tem- mon derivation from hatfiebilis, lament-
pus), It. festa, a holiday, festival, feast able, is unsatisfactory.
/estivo,festivale, festive. In words not far removed from a re-
Feat. -feat. -felt. i. 'L2X.facio,/ac- presentative origin the preservation of
ium, Fr. faire, to do /aid, /ait, a deed,
; parallel forms with a radical p and Ji, or
whence 'E./eat, a (notable) deed. Fr. de- b and g, is very common. Now we have
Zaire, to undo ; de/aite, an undoing, de- '^
fl^-gi to grow limber, decay, wither
feat. B. ; and, corresponding to it, hang, fiaca,
2. Feat, /ete, /etise, well-made, neat, to bend, sink, give way. Mas cainbos
dextrous, elegant Fr. /aid,
; done, flacon, my legs bend under me. Hence
achieved, accomplished ; /aictis, made flac, fia, Fr. flaque, weak, feeble, faint,
after the fashion of another, also well flaggy. — Cot. In the same way we pass

; — ;

FEED FEMALE 253


from the image of a flapping sheet to the falloni, perfidy, treachery fallout, or ;

sense of want of stiffness in Fr. flappi fellout, to fail, be wanting. Gael, feall,
(in a flapping condition), faded c. nouv. — deceive, betray, fail, treason, treachery
nouv. jiappe, soft, faded, over-ripe
; feallan, a felon, traitor feall-duine, a ;

Gloss. Genevois E. flabby, flaccid, in- worthless man feall-leigh, a quack doc-
;

elastic, soft ; 'Fr.flebe, fleve, flewe —


Pat. tor fealltair, a traitor, villain.
;

de Champ., Pl.D. flop, flep,flau Brem. — Fello-w.


;

O'&.felaw, on.felagi, a part-


Wtb., Du. flaauw, weak, feeble, faint. ner in goods samfle-lag-skap, partner- ;

Corresponding verbal forms are Lang. ship, a laying together of goods, from ft,
flepi, fepli, fipla, fibla, exactly synonym- money, goods, and lag, order, society,
ous with flaca above mentioned. Fibla community. At liggia lag vid einn, to

uno amarino, to bend a switch. Diet. enter into partnership with him. Honum
Lang. M' a calgut_/f^&, I was forced to fylgdi kona at lagi, a woman accompa-
yield. —
Diet. Castr. Feple, fible, Prov. nied him as concubine. So flsk-lagi, a
feble,fible, weak, faint. La luna es flblo, partner in fishing, brod-lagi, a partner at
the moon is on the wane. meals, a companion Sw. seng-laga, a ;

To Feed. See Food. bed-fellow. P1.D. gelag, a company of


* To Feel. as. felan, G. fuhlen, Du. drinkers lages-broer, gelages-broer, a
;

voelen, to feel. The O'Vi.fjaUa, to touch, boon companion.


finger, feel, approaches very closely. And Here now make y the
this last seems to be from fjatl, a fiddling Myn owne felow in al wise,
movement of the fingers, actus levis, Of worldly good and merchandise.
frivolus (Haldorsen); fjatla, to fumble; Child of Bristowe, Lydgate.
admovere
fitla, leviter digitos fitla
leviter attingere ;' fidra "vid, leviter tan-
z/zVf,
;
Felly. Felloe. —G. felge, Du. velghe,
rad-velghe, the crooked pieces which
gere N. fltla, fjatla, to fumble, as one
;
compose the circumference of a wheel.
trying to untie a knot.

To Feign. Feint. Lat. fingere, to Felon. I. See Fell.
2. Guernsey ^o«, a whitlaw, from Fr.
form, frame, make, contrive, pretend.
Fr. feindre, to feign, and from the past
furonde, froncle, a felon, uncome, whit-
ptcp. feint, E. feint, a pretence. In like
law. Cot. —
Herbe auflon, E. mate-felon,
centaurea nigra. Lat. furunculus (dim.
manner Mod.Gr. Kd/ivui, to do, to make ;

Kajiovojiai, to feign, pretend


oifur, thief), a boil or abscess.
KajiinTriQ, a
;

maker, a dissembler. Felt.— Filter, g. fllz, Du. vilt, It.


Felicity. Lat. felix, -ids, happy. felze, felt cloth made by working wet wool
. Fell. I. Goth..flll,OJi.fell,felldr,'Du.
together. Felzata, the stuff of which a
barge's tilt is made feltro, a felt, felt hat,
•vel, \j3X. pellis, skin. ;

Oli.fjaU, mountain.
2. felt cloak.— Fl. Fr. feutre, felt, also a
To Fell. See Fall. To fell a seam, filter, a piece of felt, or thick woollen

to turn it down, is Gael.y?//, fold, wrap, cloth to strain things through. — Cot.
pMit ; Sw. fall, a fold, a hem, falla, to Vo\. pils'c, felt ; 'Rohem. plst, plstenice,
hem. a felt hat. Gr. ?riXoc, felt, or anything
Fell. —^Felon.
fello, cruel, moody,
It. made of felt ; m\i<a, iriKom, to make into
murderous —Fr. felle, cruel, fierce, felt, compress, thicken ; Lat. pileus, a
FI. ;

untractable ; felon, cruel, rough, untract- felt hat or cap ; Russ. voilok, felt ; It.
able ; felonie, anger, cruelty, treason, any follare, to felt or thicken ; folto, thick,
such heinous offence committed by a close ; foltrello, as feltro, a little felt
.

vassal against his lord whereby he -is Fl. ; Lat. fullo, a thickener of cloth.
worthy to lose his estate. Cot. —
Diez Manx poll, to mat or stick together, pol-
rejects the derivation from Lat. fel, gall, ley, felting,pollan, a saddle cloth. The
but his suggestion from OHG. fi,llo, a invention of felt would probably be made
skinner, scourger, executioner, is not more among pastoral nations at an exceedingly
satisfactory. The true origin is probably early period, and the name would, most
to be found in the Celtic branch. W. likely be transmitted with the invention.
gwall, defect ; Bret, gwall, bad, wicked, The resemblance to several words of
defect, fault, crime, damage ; gwall-ober, similar meaning may be accidental. Lat.
to do ill ; gwalla, to injure. In the same pilus, hair ; villus, a lock, shaggy hair ;
language _/«//, poor, sick, bad ; fallaat, to Fin. willa, wool ; W. gwallt, Gael, fait,
weaken, to ' decay ; fallakr, wicked, hair of the head.
villain ; fallaen, weakness, fainting ; fal- Female. Feminine. —
Fr. femelle,
lentez, wickedness, malice, malignity from Lat. fmmina. The form of the word

254 FEN FERRET


has been unconsciously altered in E. to to confer the power of going invisible.

bring it in relationship to male, with Fougire (fern), plante dont se servent les pre-
which it has no real connection. Male tendus sorciers. —Vocab. de Vaud.
and female were formerly written maule The Sw. verb fara, to go, as Ihre re-
axvdifemelle. 7ris. faem, faamen, faamel, marks, is specially applied to events pro-
AS. famne, a maid, woman. The desig- duced by diabolic art. Far-sot, a sickness
nation of a woman is most likely to be produced by incantation, thence an epi-
taken from the characteristic of child- demic. AS.fcBr-death,fcer-cweal>ne, sud-
bearing, typified by the womb or belly, den death. Du. vaerende-wiif, a witch,
which are often confounded under a single enchantress ; Sc. fare-folkis, fairies.
name. The Lap. waimo signifies the Ferocious. 'L3A.ferox,ferocis, fierce.
heart or intestines, while in Fin. it signi- —
Ferrel. Ferule, i. A ferrel or verril,
fies a woman ; waimoinen, womanly, Fr. virole, an iron ring put about the end
feminine. Sc. wame, waim, weam, the of a staff, &c., to keep it from riving.
womb, belly wamyt, pregnant. Jam.
; — Cot. Virer, to veer or turn round.
2. \t. ferula, 'Fr. ferule, a rod or palmer
.

Fen. ON. fen, a morass fen-votr,


;

thoroughly wet. Goth, fani, mud. The used for correction in schools. Lat.
OE. fen was also used in the sense of mud, ferula, a bamboo, cane, rod, switch.
filth. Ferret, i. Spun silk and riband woven
-fence, -fend. As in offend, defend. from it. It. fioretto, Fr. fleuret, coarse
The radical sense of 0'L3.t.fendo,fensum, ferret-silk Fl. —
floret-silk. ; Cot. G. —
only found in comp, must be gathered from florett, the outer envelop of the silk-cod,
offendo, to dash or strike against, thence flirt or flurt-silk, ferret-silk, ferret. Flo-
to displease, offend. Defendo, to ward rett-band, a ferret riband. Kiittn. —
off, is probably formed as the opposite of 2. G. frette, frett-wiesel. It. furetto,
offendo rather than direct from the simple feretto, Fr.furet, a ferret, an animal used
verb. in hunting rabbits or rats in holes other-

Fend. Fender. Fence. — From Fr. wise inaccessible.
defendre, to forbid, defend, protect de- It is commonly supposed that the name
;

fense, prohibition, protection, fence. A


of the animal has given rise to the verb
similar omission of the particle de in the signifying to poke in holes and comers,
adoption of a Fr. word is seen in the rout to search out. \t.ferettare, furettare, to
of an army, from Fr. deroute. ferret or hunt in holes, to grope or

The art oi fencing ox sword-playing was fumble Fl. ; Tr.fureier, to search, hunt,
termed the science of defence, as Fr. s'es- boult out, spy narrowly into every hole
crimer, to fence, from G. schirm, protec- and corner. Cot. —
It is more likely that
tion, shelter. the ferret (exclusively a tame animal) is
The fence-months were those in which named from the purpose for which it is
it was unlawful to chase in the forests, kept, viz. for rooting or poking in holes
from defense-in the sense of prohibition. for rabbits or vermin. Ih&G.freitwicsel

Fenowed. Vinewed, Mouldy, mus- would signify a weasel kept for the pur-
ty. AS. fnie, gefinegod, decayed Du. pose designated by the verhfretten. Dan.
;

"vinnig, rancid, mouldy. Gael, fineag, affritte, Jidfritte, to ferret out, worm out.
fionag, a cheese mite. The primary Now we have Prov. fretar, Fr. rotter, f
meaning of fenowed would thus be moth ^3.-v. fretten, to rub, to move to and fro
or mite-eaten, then mouldy, corrupt. W. over a surface. Moreover, fi-etten is
gwiddon, mites, small particles of what is identified with E. dial, froat, Du. wroe-
dried, or rotted gwiddonog, mity, rotten. ten, by the common use of the three in
;

-fer-. IjiX.fero, to bear, whence con- the peculiar sense of to drudge, to earn
fer, defer, infer, circumference, &c. with pains and difficulty. Wroeten is
Fere. AS. gefera, a companion, one also to poke the fire, to poke or root in
\iYLO fares or goes with one. the ground as a pig with his snout. The
Ferly. Wonder. See Fear. same train of thought is found in Prov.
Ferment. 'LaX. fermentum {for fervi- fregar, It. fregare, to rub, frugare, to
mentum, from ferveo, to boil), what causes rub, to pinch and spare miserably, to
bread to swell up like water boiling grope, to {yirs^^, furegare (for femgare),
;

leaven. to fumble or grope for, to sweep an


Fern. 0'R0.farajn,farati,far7n^farn, oven. And as fregare, frugare give rise
Du. vaeren, vaeren-kruyd. Probably \.o fiiregare by the insertion of an e (as
named from the reputed use of the seed in uimierclla for umbrella), so fretten,
in piagical incantations, being supposed frotter, wroeten, are converted by a
— — ; —

FERRY FETLOCK 255


s'milar change into It. ferettare, (feru- fatzen,faxen, tricks. The radical image
tare) furetare. consists of rapid action to and fro, repre-
The strongest objection to the fore- sented by forms like fickfack, fitsch-
going explanation is Fr. furon (Pat. de fatsch, &c. See Fidget.
Champ.), Sp. huron, a ferret. But fure- —
Fetch. Fetch-candle. The appari-
gare,furettare, to poke, grope, or search tion of one who is alive. — Hal. Fetch-
out, have so much the appearance of hghts, fetch-oandles, corpse-candles, or
diminutives from a simple furore, that dead-men's candles, are appearances seen
furon may well have been formed from at night, as of candles in motion, sup-
that hypothetical form in the same way posed to be in attendance on a ghostly
as It. furegone from furegare, and with funeral, and to portend the death of
the same sense of poker, searcher-out. —
some one in the neighbourhood. Brand's
Ferry. See Fare. Popular Superstitions. The superstition

Fers. The Queen at Chess. Chaucer. obviously agrees with the notion of the
OYx. fierce, fierche,fierge, from Vex&.ferz, Will o' the wisp or ignis fatuus, which is
a general. The confusion oi fUrge with known in Holland by the name oi Dood-
vierge may perhaps have led to the alter- keerse, death-candle, or dead-man's candle.
ation of the Fr. designation to Dame, or The name might plausibly be explained
Reine, E. Queen. as if the apparition were something sent
Fertile. Lat. fertilis, from fero, to to fetch the fated person to the other
bear, produce. world, but probably it has a more ancient
Fervent, -fervesce. Lat. ferveo, to origin than would be indicated by such
be hot ; fervesco, to begin to boil. a derivation. The VcEtt in Scandinavian
Fescue. A small straw used as a mythology is a kind of goblin supposed
pointer in spelling. Yx.festu, \t.festuca, to dwell in mounds and desert places,
a straw. and the ignis fatuus is called in Norway

-fess. —
Confess. Profess. Lat. fa- Vatte-lys, the Vatt's candle, the identity
teor, fassus sum, in comp. fiteor, -fessus, of which with the Pembrokeshire Fetch-
to own, avow. Hence confiteor, to con- light, or Fetch-candle, can hardly be
fess ; profiteor, to profess. Fateor itself doubted.
seems a secondary form from fari, fatus Fetiche. 'Yx.fitiche, a material thing,
sum, to speak. made the object of worship in W. Africa.

To Fester. To putrefy, corrupt. B. 'Ptg. feiti^o, sorcery, charm. 'LaX. factitius.
Wall, s'dfister, se corrompre, s'empuanter Fetid. Lat. fwtidus, from fcBteo, to
dialect of Aix _fiesen, to begin to smell stink. There can be little doubt that it
disagreeably — Grandg. ; Pl.D. fistrig, springs from a form of the interjection of
fusty, ill-smelling, as a close chamber. disgust corresponding to E. faugh J foh !
Danneil. Bret, foei ! fech! in the same way that
Festoon. Fr. feston. It. festone, any putidus, stinking, z.vAputeo, to stink, are
kind of great wreath, garland, or chaplet from another form of the same interjec-
made of boughs, leaves, or flowers, much tion seen in Sp. pu ! G. puh / expressive
used in Italy on their church-doors at of disgust at a bad smell.
the celebration of their feasts; also From the first-mentioned form of the

branchworks. Fl. We have the testi- interj. is also Lat. fcsdus, foul, repugnant
mony of Virgil that the temples were to the physical or moral senses, Sp. feo,
adorned in the same way on festive occa- hideous, ugly. Comp. 'Dn.foei/ faugh '

sions among the Romans. —


Templum and, as an adj., foul. Kil.
Fetlock. The hair that grows behind
festd fronde revinctum. JE,t\. v. 459.
To Fetch.. I. Fetchyn, or fettyn, af- on a horse's feet. B. — Now generally

fero. Pr. Pm. as. feccan, fettan, feti- applied to the joint on which the hair in

gean. Fris. fetje, fetgje, to seize. Out- question grows. We should naturally
zen. Svf.fatta, G.fassen, to seize ; Bav. resolve the word into foot-lock, in accord-
fessen, to bring home ; korn, weinfessen, ance with Sw. huf-skcEgg, hoof-beard ; but
to get in the harvest, vintage. '
He's Swiss fiesloch,fisloch, Du. vitlok, vitslok
married a wife, and h&'% fessen her hame.' (Halma in v. fanoti), the pastern of a
ON. atfd {egfcE,feck, hefifehgid), to get. horse, lead in another direction. Pl.D.
2. Fetch, a trick. fiss, fine thread, fibres — Danneil ; Swiss
fisel, gefisel, loose, unravelled threads
'Twas Justice Bramble's y9<i;A to get the wench.
hanging from a garment, also the fetlock
Bav. fdtzen, to jest, play tricks, jeer one or long hair growing on the pastern.

with words or tricks. SchmeUer. G. Stalder. G. fitze, fisse. Da. fid, fed, a
;; ;

256 FETTER FIDDLE


skein or bundle of threads Sw. dial.;
Feverfew. An herb good against
fittja, a bundle of hemp or flax,
bunch of fevers.— B. Lat. febrifuga, from fugare,
thread. See to Feaze, -Fitters. to put to flight.
The resemblance to G. fessel, the pas- Few. Goth, favs, pi. favai, little, few
tern, seems accidental. ON. fdr, fd, fdtt, OHG. foho, AS. feawa,
Fetter. AS. feotur, fater, Du. veter, Lat. paucus.
ON. fiot, fjotr, shackles, bonds. ON. FeweL Mid.Lat. focale (from focus,
fjotra, impedire,/ hest, to hobble ahorse hearth, fire), OFr. fouaille, supply of
N. fjetra, applied to the act of hunters, wood for the fire,
or right of cutting it.
who are supposed to stay by charms the
'
Et sunt spinae crescentes in Lonedon
flight of the beast they are pursuing; pTofocali.'—Mon. Angl. in Due. In like
literally, to fix to his footsteps, to set fast, manner fouage, fmUe, from focagium,
to render immovable ;
fjetra, set fast, focata.
immovable from wonder or surprise. Fewterer. One who had charge of
From ON. fit, Dan. fjed, Sw. fjat, foot- the dogs of chase. It. veltro, a grey-
step. Lat. impedire, to hinder pedica, Gr. ;
hound Fr. vaultre, a boar-hound ; vaul-
;

TTE^i/, a shackle ; -irtiaia, to hinder, to stop. trey, a kennel of vautres.


To Fettle. To set in order, to repair To Fey. To cleanse meadows, ponds,
anything that is broken or defective, to &c. B. — G. fegen, to cleanse, scour,
set about anything ; fettle, good condi- sweep.
tion, proper repair. I am inclined to be- Fib. An euphemism for a lie. It.
lieve that the primary meaning of the fiabbare, to sing merry tunes and idle
word is to do light fiddling work, to give songs, as nurses do in rocking their chil-
the last touches required for the prepara- dren, also to tell flim-flam tales. — Fl.
tions of a thing. —
Thus Swift recommends Fabbin, flattering. Craven Gloss. Fible-
the footman when he knows his master fable, nonsense. —
Hal. Compare Pol.
to be most busy to come in and pretend bajka, a nursery tale, a lie.
'

to fettle about the room.' cm.Jitla, leviter Fibre. Lat. fibra, a jag or pointed
digitos admovere fitla vid, leviter attin- extremity related to fimbria, fringe.
;
;

gere (Hald.), palpito, modicum tango vel Fickle. AS. _/?fC>/, vacillating"; Q.ficken,
apparo. — Gudm. Sw. dial, futtla, to to move quickly to and fro. See Fidget:
fumble with the fingers fessla, to tickle,
•; Fictile. —
Fiction. Lat. fingo,fictum,
to touch hghtly. Bav. jiseln, to make to fashion, form, properly to mould in
light movements with the fingers ; fis'l- clay or plastic material to devise, con-
;

arwet ifisl-arbeit), light fiddling work trive, feign fictor, one who makes or
;

fuseln, to be occupied with trifles ; P1.D. forms ; fictilis, made of clay, earthen-
fiseln, to pass the fingers gently over, to ware fictus, feigned, fictitious.
;

tickle ; fisseln, to be occupied in cleaning, * Fiddle, o. fiedel, Du. vedele, vele


to set the house in order fisselmdken
;
— Kil., OBO.fidula, Mid.Lat. vitula, Prov.
(fettle-maid), an under-housemaid. Fr. viula, It. viola.
vetiller, to tickle, to trifle. —
Cot. See Commonly derived from Lat. fides, fi-
Feaze, Fiddle. dicula, a musical string, stringed instru-
Feud. OHG. gifihida, Goth, fiathva, ment. But the fiddle, as Ihre remarks,
enmity, from Goth.y?fl«, as. fan, fean, to was unknown to the Romans, and the
hate. Q.fehd, fehde, AS.fahth, Mid.Lat. name may well be traced to a native source
faida, the revenge pursued by the rela- in forms like those indicated under Fidge
tions of a murdered man, and the legiti- and Fease, expressive of the light rapid
mate state of warfare ensuing thereon. movements by which the instrument is
' Vindicta parentum, quod faidam dici- played. OlA.fiSra, fitla, to touch lightly,

mus.' Due. AS. fcehth-bote, the sum to palpitate. —
Gudm. G.fitscheln,fitzeln,
paid to the relations of the murdered man to move to and fro. Sanders. — Swab.
to make up a feud. Du. veede, vied, fidlen, fitschen, fitschlen, fitschefatschlen,
veete, vee, hatred, quarrel. —
Kil. to whittle with a blunt knife, to work
Feudal. See Fee. lightly and ineffectually. 'S.. fiddle-faddle,

Fever. Yx.fiivre, Lat. febris. From trifling occupation, idle talk. ^Fiddling
the notion of shivering. 'Qti.v fibern, fip-
. work, where abundance of time is spent
pern vor zorn, vor begierde, to tremble and little done.' Swift. —

with anger or desire. Schm. Du. beven, The passage from the jigging move-
G. bebern, beben, to tremble ; Devon. ment of the arm to the designation of the
bivering, shaking. Lat. vibro, E. quiver, fiddle is clearly shown in Bav. figken,
are closely related. ficken, to switch with a rod, to make quick
— ;! — ;

FIDELITY FILIGREE 257


movements to and fro
figkeln (in a de- ;
from the interj.yf^ expressive of disgust,
.'

preciatory way), to play on the fiddle ;


reprobation, .displeasure. Speaking of
Jigkelbogen, a fiddlebow. Figela, fidel '
interjections, Palsgrave says, Some be-
'

Jigelator, fidelar.' Gl. in Schm. — token abhorring, asfiy ox fuy' From W.


So also Swiss fiselen,fieseln, to switch fi[i ! fie ! are formed ffiaid, loathsome ;

to and fro, to fiddle about a thing, work fieiddio, to loathe, detest. In the same
in a trifling manner ; fiseler, one who way from Russ. fu J, fzikati, to cry fiu /,
strums upon an instrument ;
fiselbogen, to abhor, detest ; from Du. foei .', verfo-
a fiddlebow. eien, to abhor. So also Gael, fiuath {th
Fidelity. Lat. fides, faith, fidelis, silent), hatred, aversion, fuathaich, to
faithful. hate, loathe, detest, from the priuiaiy
To ridge.—Fidget. To make light form of the interj. fiu / See Faugh,
involuntary movements, to be unable to Foul.
keep still, lofidge about, to be continu- * Fierce. Yr.fieroce,'L!\.t.fierox,yyh.\c)\
ally moving up and down. B. Swiss — may perhaps be explained from Boh.
fitschen, to flutter to and fro, jump up and frkati, firtiti, fremere, ferocire, to snort
down ; whence children are called fitsch, with rage.
fitschli. Fitzen, to switch with a rod. Fife. G. pfieifie. It. pifiaro, Fr. fifre.
Stalder. E. dial. X.ofig, to fidget about. Like Y.2Lt. pipio, Gr. inTmiKu), 'E. peep, pipe,
Hal. Swiss figgen, to rub, shove, or from the representation of a shrill note.
move to and fro, to fidget. Sc.fike, to be Fight. AS. fieoht, fiyht, G. fecht, fight.
restless, to be in a constant state of trivial Sviiss fiechten,fichten, to work in a hurried
motion fick-facks, minute, troublesome manner, with the notion of much move-
;

pieces of work ; .OE. fykyn, or fiskyn ment ; erfiechten, to get a thing done by

about in idleness, vagor. Pr. Pm. Du. diligent work Sw. fika, to pursue with ;

ficken, fickelen, to whip, to switch, fick- eagerness, ardently desire, strive for
facken, factitare, agitare. Kil. —
G. fick- fikt, earnest endeavour. '
Han stod emot
facken, to fidget, move about without then Lithurgium med alia yf/C'^.-' he op-

apparent end, to play tricks. Kiittn. posed the Liturgy with all his might. E.
Ficken, to make short quick movements, dSaX.fick, to struggle or fight with the legs,
to rub to and fro. Sanders. — as a child in a cradle. Grose. TA.fikta —
"The motion of a light object through ma
haandom, to throw the hands about
the air is represented in G. by the imita- as if striking. Aasen. The radical idea —
tive %yW3h\e5 futsch! (Sand.), pfutsch / thus seems the throwing about the hands
(Schm.), witsch! wutsch! watsch! ritsch! and arms. See Fidget.
wisch ! (Sand.). Figure. Lat. figura, from fingo, to
Fie ! yfr.
ffi! Gael, fich ! Bret, fech / make, form. See Fiction.
7r.fi/ G.fi/ pfiii/ Uth.pui/ IWjnznpi/ Filanleiit. See File, 2.
Sw. iwi/ Interjections of reprobation, Filberd. Quasi fill-beard, a kind of
originally expressing disgust at a bad nut which just fills the cup made by the
smell or offensive mouthful. See Faugh beards of the calyx. In an ordinary hasel
Fief. See Fee. the nut projects to a considerable distance
Field. G. field, Du. veld, the open beyond the beard.
country, soil, plain, To Filch. To steal small matters.
level country. ON.
viillr, field, meadow
Sw. wall, grassy Swiss Floke, subducere, clam auferre.
;

soil, meadow, plain ; walla sig (of the Idioticon Bernense in Deutsch. Mundart.
soil), to cover itself with a sward of turf N. pilka, Sc. pilk, to pick. She has '

Dan. dial, fialle, the green sward, land pilkit his pouch.' Jam. N. plikka, to
lying in grass that has to be ploughed pluck.

;

fiald, an inclosed portion of cultivated File. I. OHG. vihila, figila, from


soil, field of rye or potatoes. Sc. fale, figen, to rub. Schwenck. But Bohem. —
feal, any grassy part of the surface of the pila, a saw ; pilnjk, a file ; piliti, to saw,
ground fiail-dyke, a turf wall. Gael.yS/, to file.
;

a sod. W. gwellt, grass. File. 2. -file. File, in the sense of


Field-fare. A kind of thrush. AS. rank, order, is from Lat. filum, a thread,
fealofior, from fiealo, yellowish, fallow- Fr.fil,a. thread, line, streak, rank, course,
coloured. row. — Cot.
Fiend. Goth. fijands,fiands, G. fieind, Fr. d^filer, to defile or march in a line
enemy ON. fijandi, enemy, fiend, devil.
; one after the other.
From the pple. pr. of the vtrhfijan,fian, Filial. 'La.t.filius, a son.
ON. fid, to hate, which itself is formed Filigree. Formerlyfiligrain. Evelyn
17

258 FILL FINE


in the Fop's Dictionary describes fili- of picking out the early ripe plants, which
grained work as 'whatever is made of is termed fimmeln in G., and fimeler in
silver wire-work.' R. —
Sp. Jiligrana, a the North of France, while the plants so

kind of work in which the entire texture picked out are called fimeles. Hdcart.
or grain of the material is made up of The 'Dxi.fimelen, or femelen, is applied to
twisted gold or silver wire, irarafilo, wire, any light action with the fingers, to_ tease
and grano, the grain or direction Of the wool, flax, or hemp, to trifle, gesticulari
fibres of wood or other fibrous matters. digitis, frustra factitare rem frivolam.
Neumann. Fem.el, cannabis brevior, discerpta, con-
To Fill.—Full. The primary meaning vulsa, linum carptum, vulsum. Kil. —
ai fill seems to be to pour liquids, in The verb is a dim. of Fris. fample, to

which sense the G. fallen is still used. grasp at anything with the hands Out- —
Ein fass wein anf fldsschen fallen, to zen Sw. famla, to grope. See Famble.
;

bottle wine. The connection with the To fimble, to touch lightly and frequently
notion of fullness is obvious. Lhh._pz'll2i, with the ends of the fingers. Forby. —
pilti, to pour, pour into, fill full pilnas, ; OVS.fipla, Dan. dial, fiple, to touch with
full ; showing that the radical meaning the fingers, to handle.
of Lat. itnplere must be to pour iiato, Fin. AS. finna, Jiaxi.finne, Lat. pinna,
v/h&Tyc&pletius, identical with lAih. pilnas, a feather, or fin. Probably from the
full. sharp spines in such fins as those of a
Fillet. I. Yx. filet (dim. of//, thread), perch. Du. vimme, "vinne, vlimme, pinna,
a thread, string, or twist ; whence a
little squama et arista.— Kil. G. finne, top of
fillet, a hair-lace, or ribbon to tie up the a mountain, point of a hammer, fin of a
hair. fish.
2. The Fr. filet is band of
also the Finance. See Fine.
flesh which lies along under the backbone —
Finch. Spink. G. finJie, Lat. friji-
of a.-mxa.iSs, filet de bceiif, de veau. When gilla,frigilla, a. small bird, from a repre-
served at table, however, the filet de bceuf sentation of the chirp ; fringutire, frigu-
appears as a solid lump without bone, tire, to chirp or twitter. It. frinco,frin-

whence perhaps the fillet of veal may sone,fntsonej ¥r. frinson, pinson,a. spink
have been so named, as being a similar or chaffinch. The loss or insertion of the
boneless lump, although taken from a r in a like situation in imitative words is
different part of the animal. It may how- very common. Compare Lat. fricare, to
ever be from being bound together by a rub, with G.ficken, to move to and fro.
fillet or bandage. To Find. g. finden, fand, gefunden.
Fillip. Aphip, flip, or flirt with the ON. finna.
fingers, from an imitation of the sound, —
Fine. Finance. In the forensic lan-
or rather perhaps from the analogy be- guage of the middle ages the Lat. finis
tween the nature of the act and the short was specially applied to the termination
quick action of the vocal organs by which of a suit, s.n6.fi_nalis dies, finale judicium,
the word is pronounced. finalis Concordia, were respectively the
Filly. See Foal. day of trial, the judicial decision, or the
Film. AS. film, a skin, fylmen, a mem- agreement by which the suit was termin-
brane. 'E.Yris. fiiejji, fiee, a thin skin. ated. Finis by itself is frequently used
OFris. fimel, filmene, the skin of the for the settlement of a claim by com-

body.' Richthofen. W. pilen, cuticle, position or agreement, as by Matthew
rind pilio, to peel pilionen, a thin peel,
; ;
Paris in the Life of Hen. III. ' Clanculo
a film. captus fuit, et tacito {2LC\.ofine, interpositis
Filter. See Felt. juramentis et chartis, caute dimis-
fide et
Filth. See Foul. sus.' Diet. Etym. —
Quod illi cognos- '

Fimble. G.femel,femel-hanf,fimmel, centes et malum timentes acceperunt


the male- plants of hemp which are soonest consilium inter se ut si quo modo possent
ripe, and have to be picked out by hand faedus cum Imperatore componerent, di-
from among the female, left to ripen their centes, Nullum ulterius ab tofin an habe-
seed. The larger and stronger growth of bimus (we shall get no further terms from
the seed-bearing plants probably led to him), sed junctus Romanis omnes nos de
their being called in England carl, or partibus illis expellet.' Due. The clergy —
male-hemp, and this perhaps has led to and females who held in capite, having
the supposition ^^t fimble is a corruption been summoned to London to pass o\er
oi female, as the word is commonly ex- with the king on military duty into
plained. The real signification is the act France, it was announced, quod archie- '
;

FINE FISH 259


piscopi, &c., servitium domino regi de- Gloss. Finical, over-refined, effemiiiate.
bentes possent facere finem pro eodem Fir. Furze, —
g. fohre, on. fura, e.

(might compound for it).si vellent.' Bart. fir is the general name of trees with
Cotton, p. 324, It was then transferred needle-shaped leaves. Then from the
to the money paid as the price of settle- sharp spines, which are the only ap-
ment, and Lat. finare, finire, Fr. finer, parent representatives of leaves in a
were used in the sense of paying an ex- plant of wholly different nature, the name
action or composition. Omnes vero of firres or firs was given to the bush
'

plagse aut ferity —quae


evenerint sicut — now calledy«r^i? or gorse.
supra decretum est finiantur^ shall be Fire. O.feuer, Q^.fyr,fur, Gr. TrSp.
compounded for. — Due. '
Lui dit qu'il Firk. Any smart movement with a
ne le laisserait point aller jusqu'k ce qu'il light object, as a blow with a switch, a
eust find a luy, et force luy fut finer au jerk.
chevalier i cinq cens livres.' Joinville. — —
As tumblers do, when betwixt every feat
Soixante mile doubles vous ferai amener They gather wind hyfirking up their breeches.
Se parmi ceste_;f« vous me volez quiter. A
firk of law, a trick of law a firk of ;

ChroTi. Duguesclin, 13627. piety, a sudden fit of piety. To firk, to


Henceyf^^ in e. and the AsxivsAv^ finance beat, to whip. B. —
in Fr. were used in the sense of an ex- The origin is a representation of the
action or compulsory payment. Mon- sound made by a blow with a switch.
strelet informs us that Jacques Cceur was Yx.fric-frac, mot dont le peuple se sert
made prisoner, pource qu'il a extorqud pour exprimer un bruit qu'on fait en
'

indeuement plusieurs %x2LXiA.% finances sur frappant k droit et k gauche. Trevoux. —


le pays du Roi, tant en Languedoc, Lan- AS. frician, to dance. As jerk varies
guedouy, comme ailleurs.' The name of with jert, so firk may be considered as
fifiance was subsequently extended to all the representative of It. ferza, sferza, a
monies levied on the people for the be- whip, and may also explain Lat. virga, a
hoof of the royal treasure or revenue. rod. Other representations of the same
Fine. G. fein, li. fino, Yr.fin. Diez original image are fick, flick, flirk (Du.
adheres to the derivation from Lat._/f«z- vlercken, to flirt), fiirt, all signifying
tus, finished, perfect, and in confirmation short rapid movements to and fro, from
cites Prov. din from clmatus, Sp. cuerdo the sound of a blow with a switch or
from cordatus,. manso from implement.
ina7isuetus. light
'
Quod excellentem vel optimum gradum Firkin. A diminutive from fourj a
bonitatis obtinet finum vel finissimum vessel holding nine gallons, the fourth

miniano in Due.

vulgariter appellatur.' ^Johan. k S. Ge- part of a barrel of thirty-six gallons.
Compare Sc.firlot, a measure containing
Amore probable origin may be found a fourth part of a boll of meal.
in w. gwyn, white, fair, pleasant ; Gael. Firm. -firm. Firmament. Lat.—
fionn, white, fair, fine, pleasant, sincere, firmus, strong. The firmament was the
true; ON. -fina, to polish, to cleanse, fixed framework of the sky, aboiit which
finn, bright, polished. The idea of the heavenly bodies were carried round.
white passes readily to that of pure, First. What is most to the fore, most
unsullied, unmixed, as \n fine gold, on the in front. ON. fyri, fyrir, for, before
one hand, or to that of briUiancy, or fyrri (comparative), first of two fyrstr
;

showiness, as in. fine clothes, on the other. (superl.), in front of all, first. Lith.
The sense of small, delicate, may arise pirm, before, pirnias, first ; Lat. -pra,
from the application of the term to fabrics before, primus, first.
where smallness of parts is an excellence, Firth. See Frith.
or it may be a separate word, from w. Fiscal. Lat. fiscus, a money-bag,
main. Slender, fine, thin, small (Lat. thence the mone/-store, or treasury of
minor, Fr. menu, mince) j lliain main, fine the empire.
linen diodfain, small beer.
;
Fish. I. Goth, fisks, Lat. pUcis, w.
ringer. Goth, figgrs, Fris. fenger, pysg, Gael, iasg, Gr. ix9ie.
fanger. From the equivalent oio.fangen, 2. Counters at cards. From Fr. ficher,
to seize, the change of vowel from a to i to fix, the %xshi1.fiche is used for a gar-
perhaps indicating the light action of a dener's dibble, for the iron pegs used to
finger. mark distances in surveying, for branches

Finical. Finikin. Tiw. fijnkens, per- stuck in the ground to mark positions in
fectd, concinn^, bell^. Kil.— ^tntx. fini- setting out a camp ; fiche or fichet, the
kin, particular in dress, trifling. —
Craven peg used in marking at cribbage or the
17 *
— •

26o FISK FLABBY


like. -Hence, in defiance of etymology, of a broken, quivering sound. Thus,
the term was transferred to the loose from shiver, to shake, we have shivers,
counters which serve to mark the state fragments; and Dickens in the 'Haunted
of the game at cards, and was adopted House ' uses dither (primarily signifying
in E. under the form oifish. tremble) in the same sense, all shaken '

To Fisk. To run about hastily and to dithers.' The Du. schetteren, to laugh
heedlessly. B.— word A of similar forai- loud, to make a rattling noise {schetter-
ation to Jig, fidge, firk, whisk. Sw. inglie, sonus vibrans, fragor, sonus fra-
fjaska, to fidget. gosus, modulatio —
Kil.), is identical with

Fissile. Fissure. 'Ls.V.Jindo, fissum, E. shatter, scatter. The Sp. guebrar, to
to cleave, split. break (Port, qiiebro, a shake or quaver of
Fist. OE. fust, G. faust, the hand the voice), corresponds to E. quiver, Lat
used as an instrument of striking. Swiss vibrare, Bav. fibern, fippern, to shake,
fausten,fmi,sten, to beat with fist or stick; tremble. The E. titter, representing the
W. ffusto, to beat ; ffust-fa, a beating, a broken sound of suppressed laughter,
boxing match ffust, a flail 'LsX.fustis,
;
; leads through the G. zittern, to tremble,
a stick Bret, fusta, to give a sound
; to E. tatter, a fragment. In like manner
thrashing. the Swiss fitzern, to titter, seems related
Fit. I. A
portion of music or of song, to E. fitter, fatter, Swiss faizete, gefdtz,
a canto. AS. _fittian, to sing. Feond on tatters, verfdtzen, to tear to bits, wear to
fitte, exulting in song. Csedm. — ic Nu tatters. See Flinders.
Jitte gen yinb fisca cynn, now I will sing To Fix. I. Lat.y^^r^,_/?j.'«OT, to stick
again concerning the races offish. in, fasten, make firm.
* 2. A sudden attack of pain or illness, To Fix. 2. In the American sense, to
an intermittent period. Sw. dial, futt, a arrange. '
To the hair, the table, the
fix
moment, very short interval of time. fire, means to dress the hair, lay the table,
From the representation of a short rapid and make —
the fire.' Lyell. Probably a'
movement as by fi.ft! fft! interj. express- remnant of the old Dutch colonisation.
ing sudden disappearance. —
Sand. Bav. Du. fiks, fix, regl^, comme il faut. —
pjutsch I expressing a quick momentary Halma. Eenfix s?iaphaan, a gun which
movement ffitzsn, pfitschen, pfutschen,
;
carries true zyn tuigje fix lioiiden, to
;

to make a noise represented by the syl- keep oneself in good order. Pl.D. fix,
lable in question, to move with such a quick, ready, smart fix un fardig, quite ;

noise. Alls pfitz,&-ve.rya\orasxA. Swab. ready een fixen junge, a smart youth.
;

pfitBen, to move with a sudden start, to Perhaps ixoxafiuks, ready, by the loss of
disappear. the
To Fit.—Refit. '¥x.faict,fait, wrought,
/,

Five. —Fifteen.—Fifty.a wing.


a.sfittich ior fiittich,
Sanscr. pa?t-
fashioned [for a purpose] faictis, made
;
chan, Pol. piec, Boh. pet, Gr. ttIi/tc, m\i-Kt,
after the likeness of another, neat, feat, w. piijiip, Goth, fimf ON. fintm, G. fiinf,
comely faictissement, neatly, featly, Du. vyf Lith. penki, Lat. gziingue, Gael.
trimly,
;

Cot.
fitly. —Reficio, to again- coig, five.
stable, or to refetej refecyd, or refetyd, To Fizz. See Fuzz.

refectu^ ^Pr. Pm. Afaited a. mes mains Flabby. Flap. The sound produced —
k bataille, he fitted my hands to war. by the flapping of a loose broad surface
Livre des Rois. Du. mtten, convenire, is represented by the syllable flab, flap,
quadrare, accommodare. Kil.— flag, flack,flad, flat, varying, as usual in
Fitchet.—Fitchew. Yr.fissau, a pole- like cases, with the vowels u and Du. /'.

cat. Du. visse, fisse, vitsclie, putorius, flabberen,fladderen, to flap, flutter Wei-
mustela; genus valde putidum.— Kil. Wal. land

V\.T). fladdrig, flaggy, fluttering;
;

s'dfister, s'^mpuanter. —
Grandg. Fr. ves- Du. flaggereii, to flag, or hang loose —
seur, a fyster,
Fitters.
a stinking fellow. Cot. — Kil. G. fladderii, flattcrn,
; flackcrn, to
Fragments, splinters. flap, flutter, flicker.
.
Cast them upon the rocks and splitted them From the first of the foregoing forms is
all to /«e«.— North's Plutarch. Only their flabby, of such a nature as to give the
iL.
bones and ragged filttrs of their clothes re-
sound flab, soft and limber, hanging

mained. Coryat in Nares.
loose ; Du. flabbe, a slap, a fly-flap, the
Fitters, fatters, tatters.— Craven Gloss. flap of a wound ; Pl.D. flabbe, a hanging
The idea of breaking to bits is commonly lip. ,

expressed by words signifying violent In like manner from the second form, a
shaking, which are themselves taken in flap is any broad thin
body hanging by
the first instance from the representation one side so as to
be able to give a blow
; .,

FLACK FLAGON 261


with the flat surface, or a blow of such a wavy motion of flame or of a brandished
nature. Then, as a loose, flapping con- sword. Vl'axi. flagre, to wave to and fro
dition is a sign of a want of elasticity, or as flame ; S'p.fla?near (of sails), to shiver
of a faded condition in vegetable or in the wind '^r.flambe, iris, water-flags ;
;

animal structures, Fr. dial, flappe, faded, flamberge, a sword. The narrie oi flam-
soft, rotten une poire flappe.
; —
Gl. Gdn^ v. mula is given to a ranunculus with spear

Flappi et terni, faded and tarnished. c. or sword-shaped leaves. Fr. flammule,
nouv. nouv. It. flappo, flappy, withered. spear-wort, or spear crowfoot. Cot. on. —
— Fl. flag-bi'iosk ipriosk, gristle), cartilage en-
Flack. — Flaccid. — Flicker. The siformis. In the dialect of Carinthia
third and fourth of the forms mentioned flegge is a lath. —
Deutsch. Mundart. 2.
in the preceding article give rise to a wide 339-
range of derivatives. ¥x.flac, onomatopde -Flag. 3.— Flaw.— Flake. The sylla-
d'un coup qu'on donne sur un corps re- ble y?aj- is used to represent other sudden
tentissant — Hdcart a slat, flap, slamp, noises, as a squall, blast of wind, or wind
;

or clap, given by a thing that is thrown and rain, a flash of lightning flaw, a ;

against a wall or unto the ground, and blast of wind, sudden flash of fire, storm

against the other ; flacqiier, to make a flaw of wind. Wideg.


— —
the report made by hands struck one of snow. Jam. Sw.flaga, vindflaga, a
Du. vlaege, a

thing to flap or clap by casting it violently squall. Kil. 'H.flaga, to come iaflaws
against the ground. — Cot. Flack, a blow, or by fits ; flaga, a blast of wind, a pa-
especially with something loose and roxysm, a fit or sudden attack. Comp.

pliant. -Forby. 'Zo flack, to hang loose, Guernsey yf/aj, gust of wind, noise of a
to palpitate. tree or wall falling.
Her cold breste began to heat, Again, applied to the sound of cracking

Her herte also tofiacke and beat. Gower. or splitting, we have Sv^. flaga, a crack,
G.flacken, to move to and fro, to flicker. breach, flaw ; flaga sig, to scale off, fly
To flacker, to flutter, quiver ; to flacket, off in scales ; flaga (as Fr. ^clai, a splint-
to flap about, to flicker, fligger, to flutter. er, from Mater, to crack), what separates
—Hal. in such a manner, the dross of iron driven
Then signifying the quality of things off under the hammer, a flake of snow
which flap, Fr. flaque,flache, Bret, flak, (provincially also called flag Hal.), the —
It.flacco, weak, flaggy, drooping, faint crust of a wound flagna qf, to separate
;

l.aX.flaccere, to be flaggy, flaccid, limber. in scales, to flake off. Hence must be


From other modifications of the same explained Dan. dial. flag,flav, E. flag, a
radical imUge we have E. slack, Lat. turf or sod peeled off from the surface of
laxus {= lak-s-us), loose, and with the the ground ON. flaga, to cut turfs, and
;

nasal, languere, to flag, to be faint. as a nouii, a sod, chips, splinters. A


Flagf. I. It has been shown under flagstone is one that separates in layers or
Flabby tkizi-flag is one of the forms by flakes. So Vlzxi-flise, to splinter, and as
which we represent the sound of a cloth a noun, a flaw, a flagstone, ON. flis, a
flapping. Hence a flag is a portion of flake, a splinter, Sw. snoflisa, a snow-
cloth fastened by one edge to a staff in flake.
order that it may be conspicuous as an Flagfeolet. Flute. — OFr. flagoler,
ensign floating in the wind. Then, as flageoler, to pipe.
hsX. flaccere, to flag, to fall together, lo J'oi ^otiixv flagoler
droop, to become faint. Kwflagol d' argent. — Rayn.
Flagf. 2. The nameoiflag, Daxi-flceg, Prov. Flagel, flageol, flagos, a pipe,
'is given to several sorts of marsh and and from the same verb Fr. flagorner,
water plants with simple sword-shaped fliiter aux oreilles, to pipe into one's ears,
leaves. As the leaves are strong enough to blab, tell tales, flatter. Lang, flaguta,
to stand upright of themselves it cannot to -pipe, and fla£uto (Diet. Castr.), OFr.
be from the notion of drooping. In most flaAute,flaute, Yx.fli.te, a flute. Fluber,
European languages the name is taken to whistle, flubet, flute, whistle. Vocab. —
from a sword, G. schwertel, Sp. espadana, de Berri. Ptg. fraguta, a shepherd's
Lat. gladiolus, whence Fr. glaieul (also pipe.
called couteau des moissons), corn-flag, Flagitious. Lat. flagitium, a vile ac-

sword-grass.- Cot. There can be little tion.
doubt that the name of flag also is in- Flagon. Flask. — Fr. flacon, flascon,
tended to mark the sword or flame-shaped flasque, a great leathern bottle. Cot. —
figure of the leaves, probably from the Perhaps ixomflagoter, to sound like liquid

;

262 FLAGRANT FLATTER


in a partly empty bottle.— Vocab. de and is
facture, in all probability from W.
Berri. Flacket, flaget, a bottle, flask, gwlanen, wool.
flagon.— Hal. Comp. Swiss gungeln, to Flap. A
representation of the sound
guggle, gunke, a flask. of a blow with a limber, flat surface.
Flagrant. Burning, blazing, and Then applied to actions or objects adapted
thence conspicuous, signal. ~L2i\..flagrare, to make such a sound. See Flabby.
to blaze, flame, originally doubtless as To Flare. To blaze with a flickering
Dan. flagre, to flicker, flutter, flare, to flame. 'Da.n.flagre, G.flackern, to flicker,
flag, or wave to and fro. Bayr/jlaugezen, flutter, flack, flare. See Flagrant.
to flicker, to blaze ; Du. vlaecken, to vi- Flash.. A representation of the sound
brate as flame, to blaze, to glitter.— Kil. made by a dash of water or sudden burst
Gr. 0XoJ, ipKoyos, flame, ^Xsyw, to burn. of flame. Swiss fldtschen, to splash,
See Flame. fldtzgen, to hlzze. Aflash is a rush of
riail. G. Jiegel, dresch-flegel; Fr. water from the locks on the Thames to
flayau,fliau (ioi: Jiayet) , a flail, a scourge. assist the barges in their descent. Grose. —
See Flog. A shallow temporary pool of water is
Flake. See Flag 3, called a flash or a plash. .So from Fr.
Flam. See Flim-flam. flaquer, to dash down water, flaque, a

Flame. The Yx.flamber, to blaze, is small shallow pool. Gattel. —
to be looked on as showing the origin of Flat. The train of thought to which
l^aX. Jiamma, rather than as a derivative this word owes its origin is the dashing
from that word. The most obvious down of something soft, the sound of
source whence the designatioil of flame which is represented by the syllables _/?(7c,
could be taken is the fluttering sound by flat. ¥r.flac, a slat, flap, slamp, or clap
which it is accompanied, and on this given by a thing thrown violently on to
principle we have accounted under Fla- the ground. // vous la flacca let, he
grant for Lat. Magrare, and Gr. ^Xlyeii'. squasht, slat, or squat her down there.
In like manner we have SW\ss_fladern, to Cot. The term is then applied to the
\)\3.ze,Jlddern, to flutter Bohem. plapo-; object thrown down Du. vlecke, placke,
;

lati, to flutter, blaze, burn, plapol, flame ; plecke, a blot or drop of ink, or the like.
plati, to flicker, flare, plamen, flame. Thence, as moist things flung down on
The Fr. flamber is a nasalised form of the ground tend to spread out in width
the root flab in Du. flabberen, to flutter, and lie close, we pass to the sense of flat-
and- the original sense is preserved in Sp. ness ;Du. vlack, G. flach, flat, plane,
flamear (of sails), to shiver, flutter, and in close to the ground. So from VoLplask !
the corresponding OE. form as used by representing the sound of dashing on the
Barbour. ground, ^/flJ/Jz, flat.
Baneris rycht fairly flawmand The sametrain of thought is repeated
And penselys to the wind wawand. with the root flat, plat, vlat. To flatten,
The 7r.flamme is a streamer as well as a to slap. —
Hal. OE. to flat, to dash down
flame. water, &c.

Flanch. Flange. Aflanch or flange And right with that he swowned.
isa turned-up border of a plate of iron or Till Vigilate the veille
the like. The fundamental sense is pro- Fette water at his eighen
bably a flap. G. flatsche, flantsche, a

KxAJlatte it on his face. P. P.
piece, slice. —
Sanders. Sc. fiatch, to lay Yx.flatir, faire flat, to spill water. Pat. —
over, to turn down. ^Jam. —
Flank. It. fianco, Fr. flanc, the part
de Champ.
down
Dan. dial, blatte, to fall
blat, a small portion of fluid, a
;

of the body from the ribs to the hips, a Fr. se blottir, to squat, or lie close
blot.
part usually named from the absence of to the ground ; Dan. plet, a blot or spot
,bone, by which it is characterised ; G. die plat. It. piatto, Fr. plat, flat.
weiche, from weich, soft ; Bohem. slabina, To tell a thing flatly is to blurt it out
from slaby, soft, weak ; E. dial, lesk, from at once with a flop, like a wet lump
Fr. lasche, Bret, laosk, soft, flaggy. thrown down on the ground before one.
Flank or lesk, ilium, inguen.— Pr. Pm. Dan. plat, flatly, bluntly, entirely.
On the same principle it would seem that To Flatter. The wagging of a dog's
flank is a nasalised form of Bret._/?aX', It tail is a natural image of the act of flat-
fiacco, flaggy. tering or fawning on one. Thus we have
Flannel. Formerly written_/?a««^«, as Dan. logre, to wag the tail ; logrefor ecu,
it still is provincially. Feletin, ^a««^«. to fawn on one G. wedeln, to wag the ;

-^Cot. It is originally a Welsh manu- tail, and E, wheedle, to gain one's end by

FLAUNT FLEE 263


flattery. ON. fladra signifies both to Flax. Du.
AS. fleax, vlas,
vlasch,
wag the tail and to flatter. G. fladdern, Bohem. wlakno, unspun flax or hem.p,
flattern, to flutter, Swiss flddelen, to fibres, flock ; wlas, Russ. wolos', Lith.
flatter ; Du. vledderen, fiedderen, to plaukas, hair. Compare Dan. hor, Aus-
flutter, flap the wings fletteren, flet-
; trian haar, flax, with E. hair. As parallel
sen, to flatter ;vleyd-steerteii, to wag forms with an initial / and fl are very
the tail, vleyden, to flatter. The Fr. common, it is probable that AS.feax, the
flatter seems to come from a different hair, is radically identical. The fur of a
source, having originally signified to lick, hare is called flir.
whence we readily pass to the idea of Flay. The origin of ^ag- in the sense
stroking an animal on the one hand or of of a thin layer separating from the surface
flattery on the other. of the ground or other body has been
Ore donez le chad kjlater [to lapyn] above explained. Sw. flagna of, to separ-
Qy leche la ros^e [licket the deu] de le herber, ate in scales or flakes ; ON.flaga, to cut
give the puppy (water) to lap. Bibels- — thin turfs. The 0-s.fl&,flegid, Du. vlae-
worth, in Nat. Antiq. 153. S'p.flotar, to gen, -ulaen, to flay, is a modification of
stroke or rub gently, Fr. flatter, to pat, the same root apphed to stripping off the
stroke, cai'ess, flatter. Flatter im cheval, skin of an animal.
un chieii avec la niam, to pat a horse or Flea. Q.floh.
dog. 'Q^eX.floda, to caress, cajole. Com- Fleak.—Flaik. Fleyke or hyrdylle,
pare Sicilian liccdri, to lick, to flatter plecta, flecta, cratis. — Pr. Pm. Du. vlaek,
Biundi ; Prov. lepar, to lap, lick, flatter. a hurdle ; G. flechte, a tress, braid, hur-
Flaunt. Properly to wave to and fro dle, basket flechten, Xyan.flette, to braid,
;

in the wind, then to move about in fine plait, wattle ; Lat. plectere, plexus, to
clothes, to let them be seen like a banner braid ; Gr. a lock, and thence
•KkinoQ,
flauhting in the wind. Bav. flandern, frXEKw, to knit, twine ; TiKbsavov,
plait,
fldndern, to move about, wave to and fro. wicker or plaited work., ON. floki, a
Swab, flandern, to flutter, fldntern, to knot flcskia, to entangle ; N. flokje, a
;

sparkle, glitter. Swiss flanter-tuch, a knot, entangled lock of hair, twine, or


flag. Henneberg flennern, to glitter, the like.
shimmer flinnerle, spangles fldnderle, * Fleam. M.id.'Lz.t. flebotomum, fleo-
; ;

a showy flimsy garment. A nasalised tonium, flebum, fletum, MHG. vliedeme,


form oifladdern, flattern, to flutter. G. fliede, fliete, Du. vlieme, Fr. flamme,
Flavour. From Fr. flairer, to smell, flammette, a lancet. Gr. 0\l-,//, fXt^bq, a
vent, wind, also to breathe out a scent, vein, and ro/iof, cutting.
yield a savour (Cot.), we had formerly Du. vlieme is apphed to sharp-pointed
fleur, fleoure, flaware, a strong smell, things, as the spine of a fish, the beard of
especially a disagreeable one. corn. Bret, fleimn is the sting of a bee,
With sa corrupit^^ar^ nana mycht byde nere. or tooth of a serpent flemma, to prick, ;

D. V. 75. 18. to incite, stimulate.



tetrum inter odorem. Fleck, on.fleckr, Du. vlecke,placke',
Ane %\.xsx\gjleware thrawis up in the are. Q. fleck, flecker, a spot, blot, stain. All
207. 38. from the sound made by throwing on
—SEevamque exhalat opaca mephitim. the ground a portion of something wet,
The word is by some derived from Lat. represented by the syllables flak, flat,
fragrare, but the word can hardly be blat, plat. Fin. pldtti, a blot, also the
radically distinct from 'W.ffleirio, to feist, dull sound of a blow, sclopus surdus,
to make a stink (Lewis) ; 'BiTctt.fleria, to ictus levior. See Flat.
stink. Cz.t.flayre, odour. See Fleer. -fleet, -flex. Lat. flecto, flexum, to
Flaw. See Flag. 3. bend or crook. parallel form -with A
riawn. G. fladen, any cake that is pHco, plecto, Gr. ttMkw, to fold, twine.
thin and broad. —
Kiittn. Tt.flan, a cus- The radical image is probably a short
tard, or egg-pie. Du. -vlaede, vlaeye, a quick movement, as shown under Flinch.
custard, pancake. The origin of the Fledge. Sw. flygfdrdig, ON. fleygr,
word seems to be the sound made by the G. flilck, fliigge, feathered, ready to fly,
fall of something soft, represented by the from fliegen, to fly. Flygge as bryddys,'
syllable flad, or blad. Sc. Had, to slap, maturus, volatilis. Pr. Pm. —
strike with something soft ; a blad of
• To Flee. Supplanted in modern E.
weet, a heavy fall of rain Sw. ko-bladde,; by^
in the present, though the preterite
Dan. dial, ko-blat, G. kuhfladen, a cow- fled has held its ground. Goth, thliukan,
dung. See Flat. AS. fleon, flion, G. fliehen. The Lat.
—; ;;;;

264 FLEECE FLEET


fugere, to flee, seems to point to a stage culats sounds made in tittering, sneering,
at which the senses ol flee and fly, G. or whimpering.
and jeer.
fliehen and fliegen, were expressed by a That they masX fligger, scoff, deride,
Nares.
single verb formed from the root flug,
from whence fugere was derived by the Prov. flairar, smell, propedy to
to
very common loss of the Ij compare AS. draw up air through the nose, to snift.
flugol, fugol, fowl ; G.flittick andfltiich, La mesquinayft^zVa e grina,
wing. the unhappy snifts and groans. Rayn. —
From the present verb are formed AS. Dan. fiiiese, to titter, giggle fnyse, to ;

fleam, flight, exile, fljrma, an exile,


snort. E.
Sw. d\a\. flisa, flissa, to smile.
fleme, to drive out. Fleet. The meanings oifleet are very
* Fleece, as. fleos, flys, Pl.D. fliis, numerous, but they may probably all be
Du. vlies, the coat of wool off a sheep's derived from the notion of flowing water.
back. Pl.D. fliisen, to pluck or shear OUG.fliozan, O.fliessen, ON. egflyt,flaut,
the wool. Flokken und fliisen, to take hefi flotid, at fliota, to flow; Sw. flyta,
the profits of a property. The radical
Dan. flyde, to flow, and also to float
sense seems to be what is splintered or flyta med strSnuneti, to swim with the
stripped off from the surface. ON. flis, stream gulvet flyder 7ned vand, the
;

flosa, a splinter, thin slice flysja, to split


;
floor swims with water. AS. flcotan,
off; 'S.flis, splinter, shaving, scale ; flus, fluctuare Sc. to fleit, flete, to flow, to
;

flos,flys, scale, thin fragment, scurf, peel


flysja, to peel, pick. Sw. dial, flisa, to
float, and figuratively to abound. Jam.
— —
Naviger, to sail, tofleete. HoUyband.
scale, shell, spHnter flas, peeling of
; The same form appears as a noun in
potatoes or turnips, scurf, scab, ironslag ON. fliot, a river ; E. fleet, a creek up
flasa, to peel potatoes. Du. vlies is not which the tide flows.
only the pelt of sheep or skin with the In a figurative sense to fleet is to flow
wool, or the woolly coat itself, but a away, to escape, move rapidly away,
membrane or pellicle, the skin of milk ;
whence the notion of transitory, swift,
vliesen de schaepen, to shear sheep. Kil. — rapid.
See Flizz.
Now at the last ihs.1 fleit us evermore
To neech. To
supplicate in a flat- The forthir coist of ItaUe ha\ e we caucht.
tering manner, to wheedle. Hal. Pl.D.— D. V. 164. 30.
flook, an oath, a c\ir%e,fldken, to adjure
The participial fleeting in the sense of
by an oath. G. fluch, a curse, flehen, to very com-
what passes quickly away is
beseech.
To Fleer. To cast a disdainful or mon. It.flusso, transitory, fleeting — Fl.
fleet, swift.

saucy look. B. Sc. to fleyr, to distort
Q-S. fliotr,fliotlegr,
The original image is the flapping
'Z.

the countenance, make wry faces, to


whimper. — Jam. Dan. to laugh
movement of a resonant body, the re-
dS^.flire,
presentation of which is made to express
?X one, to sneer ; Norse flira, to titter,
also the wavering of a fluid surface.
laugh out of season^ flir, suppressed
Pl.D. flitttern, fluddern, to flap, flutter,
laughter.
flicker Bav. flodern, to flutter, flicker
;

The two false ones with gfrete gre fludern, to flap, flutter, to make to flow,
Stode and bihelde her riche atyr to float wood TtM. fledderen, to flap the
;

And beganne to lagh ?caAflerye. wings flodderen, to flap as loose clothes


;
Florence of Rome, Ritson, 2. 75.
Wallach.^«feri, to flutter as a butterfly
should have no hesitation in con- or flake of snow. 'E.. flutter was
formerly
We movement of a
sidering it as a contraction ai fligger or applied to the wavering
floating body.
flicker, to laugh scornfully or wantonly
B., were it not for parallel forms with an Thus in the Schippe alone left he
n instead of an r. Sw. flina, to show Floteringe amyddes the hye sea.
St Graal, c. 24. 174, RoxbHtghe Club.
the teeth, sneer Dan. dLii\..fline, to wry
;

the mouth, smile, sneer; S'via.h. flannen, From the frequentative form in which
flennen, as well a.sfldrren, to cry. Norse the word seems earliest to have appeared
flina, as well as flira, to titter Bav. was formed a root flot,flod, filud, signify-
;

flenschen, to wry the mouth, either in ing undulating movement. G. pluder-


crying or derisive laughter. liosen, wide flapping breeches Lith. ;

But probably as we have snigger as pludurauti, to swim here and there, to


well as sneer, fligger as well as fleer, all drift pludas, what swims on the surface,
;

these forms are imitations of the inarti- flowing pliidis, a raft ; pluditi, plusti,
;
; —

FLEET FLEW 265


to float. Fr. & flat, floating, borne up low estuary ; Sw. flata i sjon, a. shallow
.and down by the waves Jiof, a wave, in the sea. Serenius.
; —
the flow of the tide flatter, to float
;
Flesh. Du. vleesch, G. fleisch, A.s.
O^.flot, the act of floating or swimming, flcesc,flac. In the Scandinavian tongues
and thence the grease swimming on the flesk is used for bacon, though sometimes
surface of broth or the hke VLD.flot, for flesh in general. Ihre rega.rds fli^c as
;

cream, bringing us to E. fleet, to skim the primary form, signifying a piece or


the cream from the surface of milk. part separated. ON. flicki, a large piece
The AS.flota, a ship, V\X).flote, a raft, of meat. A piece of bacon is sometimes
is essentially the same word with ON. <:iX\.&A.flyckis-sneict, and at othex^fleskys-
Jloti, JiSin.flaade, Yr.flotte, a fleet. sneid. The Syf. flask is used in the spe-
From the form of the root ending in a cial sense of a flitch of bacon, i. e. the
d instead of t we have Goth, flodus, on. half-side of a hog. ON. flaska, to split.
fldd, Sw. flod, E. flood, a flowing water, See Flitch.
river, inundation, tide, and thence ON. Fletcher. A
maker of arrows. Fr.
flceda, Sw.floda, to inundate. fliche, Piedm. fleccia. It. freccia, frizza,
The change of d into w
gives as. Fl.D. flitz, an arrow. All from the whiz-
flo'wan,fleowan, and 'K.flow. Du. vloe- zing sound of an arrow through the air,
deii, vloeyen, VLT) flojen, to flow.
. With as arrow itself was shown to be derived
these latter forms may be classed Bohem. from a similar representation.
plowiti, to swim, Pol. plawU, to float, The Svi\ss flitschen expresses the noise
convey by water, to hover in the air which a switch or an arrow makes in
;

Russ. plawat', to swim, sail, navigate cutting through the air


; G. flitzen, to
;

splavW, to float plavok, the float of a move rapidly, to fly. Sanders. See- Flit.
; —
net ;Serv. plaviti, to overflow, to skim Fr. frissement d'un trait, the whizzing
milk plavitise, to swim, to float with sound of a flying arrow. Cot. —

;

the stream. Again, we have Russ. pluit', Flew. I. Washy, tender, weak. Hal.
popluW, to swim, float, sail, flow phcitie, Du. flaauw, languid, spiritless G. flau,
; ;

swimming. Thus we are brought to Lat. faint, flat, slack. From flab or flag, in
fluere, to flow, fltivius, a river, and Gr. the sense of hanging loose, failing in elas-
jrXlw, to fluctuate, sail, swim, navigate, ticity and vigour. The degradation of
ttAoToj/, a ship. the radical sound is well exemplified in
Some of the derivatives of L?it. fluo, as Fr. flebe, fleve, fleuve, flewe, weak. Pa- —
the participle fluxus, and fluctus, wave, tois de Champagne.
would indicate that the original root of 2. Shallow, i^'ze/ or scholde, as vessel
the verb had a final k, instead o{ a. t or d or other like, bassus. Pr. Pm. This is — •

as va. float, flood, but this is only another only a secondary application of the no-
instance of that equivalence of labials, tion of slackness. Slack water is when
dentals, and gutturals in representing the water begins to sink, instead of flow-
many kinds of natural sounds, already ing upwards, and of course becomes shal-
exemplified under Flabby, where it was lower. G. flau, shallow, flat, stale flau ;

shown that the roots flab, flag, flad, or werden, to sink in estimation, abate, be-,
flap, flack, flat, are used with apparent come flat. ON. fldr, N. flaa, shallow, as
indifference in expressing a flapping, a dish, wide and open, flat, as a valley
flickering, fluttering action. with gently sloping sides.
Fleet. The sense of shallow is pro- Flew.— Flue. Down or nap little ;

bably derived from the notion of swim- feathers or flocks which stick to clothes.
ming on the surface, skimming the sur- B. —w. lluwch, motes, flying dust,
face. Shallow is what keeps near the spray, sand lluwchio, to blow about as
;

surface. So we have Bohem. plauti, to dust, to drift.


swim, flow, float pluti, swimming, navi-
;
The radical image is of something that
gation Pol. plyt, a float or raft Bohem. floats or flies in the air.
; ; as. fleogan,
Pol. plytki. shallow. Pl.D. flot, shal- P1.D. flegen, to ^y, flog, flok, whatever
low. is light and flies in the air, down ; flog-
On this supposition we must regard aske, light ashes flock-federn, down. ;

the resemblance to flat as accidental, Br. Wtb. Lancash. flook, waste cotton.
though it must be confessed the words Sw. d^\?\.flaga, to wave in the air Bav. ;

resemble each other both in sound and flden,flAhen, fldwen, to move to and fro
sense in a remarkable manner. Fr. plat in water flAeln,fldheln., to move to and
;

and Fris. flaak signify both flat and fro in the air ; flAen,fldwen,flage',fldiwm,
shallow ; Du. vlack, flat, vlacke, a shal- fldm, chaff, flue ; G. flainn, down. The
— ;

266 FLEW-NET FLINT


/ changes to an n or is altogether lost in milk, we have the same transposition as
Dan. fnug, fug, the finest particles of flimsy. inSee Flizz.
Y..

wool, silk, down, which when separated To Flincli. To shrink from pain with
float like dust in the air (Molbech) ; Sw. a quick, convulsive movement. nasal- A
fnug, motes, down. Norse fok, drift, ised form of flick, corresponding to G.
what is blown about by the air ; snd-fok, flinken, to glitter, fink, smart, brisk; Du.
sandfok, driving snow, sand ; fjuka, to flikkeren, flinkeren, to glitter, twinkle. P. —
drive about with the wind ; fjukr, flue, Marin. In the same manner Du. wicken,
dust. wincken, to vibrate, to wink ; essentially
Flew-net. Du. flouw, -vlou-w, a net the same word with wince or winch, to
hung to poles to catch woodcocks, or the shrink from pain. Compare also (witch,
like. a convulsive movement, with twinkle, to
Plews. The chops of a dog. Pl.D. glitter, or wink the eyes. The frequenta-
flabbe, the chops, thick lips. De flabbe iwe. flikkeren, flinkeren, represents in the

hangen laoten, to be chap-fallen. Dan- first instance a crackling noise, then a
neil. The same change from a final b to glittering light, or vibratory movement.
w will be observed as above with respect The fundamental syllable flick, flink, then
tofew in the sense of weak. See Flabby. becomes a root, with the sense of a sharp,

nick. Flip. Forms representing the rapid movement.
sound made by a jerk with a whip, the We
find in OS.flecche, without the na-
corner of s. towel, or the like. Flick, a sal, probably direct from Fr. fldchir, to
smart, stinging slap Forby — a slight bend, turn, or go awry, or on the one side.
;

blow, especially with a whip fip, a —Cot.


;

slight, sudden blow. —


Hal. Hence Dan.
fig, flip, the implement with which a He ihurde sigge wher cristene men in tourment
blow of the foregoing description is given, were ibroht,
To confortie hem he wende thider, that hi ne
the corner of a handkerchief, apron, &c. ^^Jlecchede noht,
To Flicker. To
flutter, as a bird or Beoth hardi he seide and stedefast.
flame or laugh wantonly or
to fleer,
;
St Christopher, Roxburghe Club.
scornfully. B.—From a representation
Flinders. —
Flitters. These differ
of the flapping or tittering sound. G.
only in the nasal pronunciation of the
flackem, to flare, blaze, flutter. Dn.flig-
geren, to flutter former. Flinders, pieces, fragments.
; flikkeren, to twinkle,
glitter.
Flitters, pieces, rags, also to scatter in

-flict.See Fling.
pieces. —
Hal. ' Itflyiteryt al abrode.'
Morte d'Arthure. 'Du.flenie?-s, tatters;
Flight. See Fly. Norse flindra, a shiver of stone, or the
Flimflam.—Flam. The radical no- like flindrast, to shiver, split to pieces.
;

tion is of something made to catch the — Aasen. G. flitter, flinder, a spangle,


eye with no substance beneath, mere glittering little plate of metal ; flittem,
show and glitter without solidity. G. to glitter, properly to quiver ; whence (as
flimmen, to gleam ; flammem,fldmmem, we speak of shivering a thing to pieces,
flimmern, to glitter, sparkle, shine with breaking it to shivers) the sense of
trembling light ; gold-flimmer, tinsel. A fragments. Compare Du. schitteren, to
flam is a story without foundation cooked glitter, with E. scatter; Fr. Mater, to
up to deceive or amuse, a falsehood. 'A glitter, with Mats, fragments. And see

parcel of groundlessyfawzx' Warburton. Fitters.
Flimflams, trifles. ' Rewards too great To Fling. From the root flag orflog,
for your flimflams' —
Swift. G. flimmer representing the sound of a blow, then
is in like manner applied to something
applied to other kinds of sudden violent
worthless. Was soil ich mit einem hoh- action, ON. fleygia, to cast, to fling Sw.
'
;

\tii flimmer thun ?' —


Sanders. flenga med risom, to beat with rods
* Flimsy. A flimflam is something fldng, any violent action fldnga af, to ;

showy and unsubstantial, but more pro- snatch away, to make off, fling out of the
bably the word may be formed by trans- house; rida i fldng, to ride full speed;
position of the J and m from E. dial._;?z>- fldnga barken aftrdden, to strip bark off
zom, properly signifying a peeling or thin a tree '^.flengja, to tear to pieces, whence
;

skin, equivalent to Sw. dial, flasma, a Sw. flinga, a fragment, bit, flake. Lat.
scale or splinter, and, as a verb, to scale infligere, to strike on, confligere, to strike
off'. In Da. dial, flims, fleyns, skin of together, belong to the same root.
boiled milk, flimse, small bits of skin in Flint. G. flins, flinteiutein, flint
; — -;

FLIP FLOCK 267

fliese, flinse, a flagstone ; OberD. vlins, with a switch or the like, then rapid
flint, pebble. ^Adelung. — movement to and fro.
Flints may be considered as splinters To Flit. To remove from place to
or shivers of stones, from on. flis, E. place. —
B. Dan. yf)'^'^! to remove. Swiss
flitter, flinder, a fragment. Da. flise, to flitschen, to switcli, representing the sound
split ; Sw. dial._/?z>, a splinter, fragment, made by a rod cutting through the air.
little bit flis, flissten, a pebble. Or V\.D. flitzen, flitschen, to move rapidly.
;

possibly the name may be taken from Dao flitzt he hen, there he flies by. —
their having formerly been used as spear Danneil. Bav. fletzen, to change one's
or arrow-heads. Fris. flen-stien, flan- abode.
stien, flint, from ON. fleinn, AS. fldn, an In the same way without the /, Swiss
arrow, dart. fitzen, to svi'\.tc)x,fltschen, to move about,

Flip. Flippant. Flip, like flick, re- to fidge.
presents a smart blow with something Flitch, SuSoWaflick, the outer fat of
thin and flexible. 'H^-a.c^ flippant, nim- the hog cured for bacon, while the rest
ble-tongued, jocund, brisk, airy. 15. It — of the carcase is called the bones.
now implies over-smartness, sauciness, Forby. 7r.fliche,fliqtie de lard, a flitch
as Pl.D. flUgg, lively, spirited beyond of bacon, on. flicki, a large lump of
what is becoming. Danneil. Flip,— flesh. 'P\.T>.flick,flicken,3. piece, as of

nimble, flippant. —
Hal. on. fleipr, tat- cloth or land. DanneiL A
flick or
tle fleipinn, flippant,, pert, petulant ;
;
fleach is also in the East of England a
fleipni, precipitantia linguse, readiness of portion of sawn plank or timber. Sw.
tongue flapra, to speak inconsiderately
;
fldcka, to split, to open fldckt dm, the
;

fleppinn, precipitate, thoughtless. imperial double-headed eagle Dan.


;

Flirt.— Flurt. i. Used in the same flakke, to split flcsk-sild, P1.D. flak-
;

sense as blurt to represent a pop with herijig, or flik-hering, a split herring


the mouth, and thence a gesture of con- gose-fldk, or flik-gos, half a dried goose.
tempt or mockery. It. strombettare, to So a flitck of bacon is half of the split
blurt with one's mouth ; strombezzare, to carcase with the limbs removed. See
hiss, ox flurt at in scorn and reproach. Flag.
— Fl.
* To Flite.
quarrel.
AS. flitan, to scold, to
OHG. flizan, contendere, cer-
I am ashamed, I am scorned, I amjlurted.
tare, intendere, operam dare, festinare,
B. & F. in R.
conari ; fliz (G. fleisz, Du. vliet, dili-
2. also represents the noise made
It gence), opera, nisus, studium, contentio,
by a jerk with a light implement. To dissensio. Fleiz si thar des rehtes, stu-
flirt a fan, to open and shut it with a duit ibi justitise. Fleiz in gegini, con-
jerk. Fr. nasarde, a fillip, rap, or flirt tendebant in concursum. — Otfr. Der

on the nose. Cot. The same meanings Uuiderfliez, the adversary, the devil.
are also combined in It. chicckera, a The word originates (as pointed out
flurt with one's finger, or a blurt with by Adelung) in the notion oi fleetness or
one's mouth in scorn. FL — rapidity, on. fljbtr, fleet, quick, ready,
To flirt is figuratively applied to lively willing ; fljdtvirkr, quick or diligent in
conversation between the sexes, and the action ; flyta, to hurry on, to hasten.
term is used as a disparaging appellation To Flizz. To fly off; flizzing, a
of a young In like manner Bav.
girl. splinter, —
B. Flizzoms, flying particles,
flitschen, flutter ; flitschen, a
to flap, . or very small flakes in bottled liquors. —
young girl ; w. ffrit, a sudden start or Forby. small fragments of very
's.flus,
jerk ; ffritten, a flighty female, a little thin things, as of dry leaves or skin,
girl. In Du. vlerken, to flutter, flap the chaff' of corn, dust of tobacco flysja, to
wings, the final / is exchanged for a Ii, —
peel.
;

Aasen. Sw. flisa, a shiver, scale,


and the same change is found pro- fragment ; sno flisa, a snow-flake flisig, ;

vincially in E. To flirk, to jerk or flip scaly ; flisa, V)a.n. flise, to splinter. Sw.
about. Hal. — We
have flck (g. flckeri) diaLflas, thin skin, peeling, scurf; flasa,
a.ndflick,flrk anA flirk, flsk 3.T\Aflisk, all to peel, to scale ; flasma, a splinter ; Da.
used very much in the same sense. So d.\aX.flems,flims, skin of milk. a^. flasa
Swiss fltschen, Bav. flitschen, to move to (pl.flosur), notch.
and fro G.flttich, and flittick, a wing.
;
Float.— Flood. See Fleet.
To Flisk. To flick with a whip, to Flock.—Flocoulent. \sX.floccus, It.
skip or bounce. —
Hal. Fick, flsk, flick, flocco, Fr. floe, a lock or flock of wool,
flisk, all represent the sound of a cut flake of snow, &c. The word is also
-268 FLOG FLUE
common to all the Teutonic stock. from the original form we have Rouchi
Norse
weak, and G. flock-seide. The
flokk, a heap, collection, {axriAy ; flokje, flagiie, _

knot, bunch. —
Aasen. The primitive two forms appear in close proximity in
meaning of the word seems to be a co- the south of France. Limousin _/?a, fem.
herent mass. Gael, ploc, strike, beat, flaquo, weak ; Languedoc_/?i?, i^-ax. flosso,
and as a substantive, any round mass, a soft, untwisted silk.
clod, club, head of a pin ; pluc, beat, -Flounce. The plaited hanging border
thump, and substantively a knot, lump, with which a gown is ornamented, origin-
bunch. Russ. puk', a bunch, or tuft. ally a pleat or tuck, from Fr. fronds,
Bohem. phik, Pol. pulk, Russ. polk, a a plait, gather, wrinkle, Du. fronsse, a
regiment of soldiers. Lith. pulkas, a wrinkle, by the very common change
flock, crowd, herd, usually of men or between fl and fr. So It. fronda, Lan-
animals. Russ. klok\ a bunch, tuft, flock. gued. flonda, a sling ; G. flecken, E.
Yx.folc,fulc,foulc,fouc, a flock or herd. freckle; frock, and flock, &c. See
When applied to a number of birds
.
Frounce.
the word is confounded with AS. floe, a To Flounce. To jump in, or roll
flight. Perhaps, too, in a flock of snow about in the water, to be in a toss, or
it may be difficult to say whether the fume, with anger. B. — The essential
idea is taken from its light, flying nature, meaning is the same with that of the N.
or from cohering in a mass. V\X).flog- flunsa, to do anything with noise and
aske, light ashes flock-federn, down.
;
bluster, like one dashing about in water.
To Flog. From the sound of a blow, Sw. dial, flunsa, to plunge in water, to
represented by the syllable flag, flak, splash, to tramp through wet. Du.
l!at. flagrum, flagellum, a scourge in- ; plonssen, to plunge, plansen, blansen, to
fligere, confligere, to strike one thing dash down water ; neer flaiisen, to dash
against another. 'QoYi&va.flakati, to flog. down flansen, to do a thing in a hasty,
VXXi.flogger, a flail. See Flack, Flag.
;

careless way. —
Weiland.
Flood. See Fleet. Flounder. A
flat fish. ON. flydra,
riook. fluhen, anker-fliegen,
G. — Sw.flundra.
flunken, the flooks of an anchor from To Flounder.
;
nasalised form of A
MHG. vluc, Bav. flilg, Pl.D. flwike, a Du. flodderen, to make a flapping or
wing. So Svf.flik, 'Da.n.flig, a flap, lap- fluttering motion, as loose garments ;
pet ankerflig, the flook of an anchor. flodder-kousse, one with loose trowsers
; ;

The ultimate origin is the same in both then from the splashing sound applied to
cases, as the designation of the wing, as motion in water. Door f water, door de
well as lappet, is taken from the idea of slik flodderen, to struggle through wet
fluttering or flipping. Pl.D. flukkern, and dirt. 'La.ugneA. floundijha, to fling
flunkern, to flicker, sparkle. about the legs like an infant.
Floor. AS. flor, Du. vloere, floor G, Flour. FloTwer. The finest part of
; —
flur, a tract of flat country, floor. W. meal. Fr. fleur defarine, literally flower
llawr, the ground, the floor of a house or blossom of meal. The name of flowers
or barn. Nefa llawr, heaven and earth. was given in chemistry to the fine mealy
/ lawr, down, downwards. Gael, lar, matter which in sublimation is carried to
the ground, earth-floor, ground-floor the head of the still, and adheres in the

;

Ihrach, site, habitation, farm. Lat. lar, a form of a fine powder. B. In this sense
hearth, dwelling, home ; Lares, the tutelar we speak of flowers of sulphur.
deities of a dwelling. To Flout. To jeer, properly to blurt,
Floral.—Florid.—Florist. Lat. flos, or make an offensive noise with the
floris, a flower. mouth. V>Vi. fluyte, popysmus ; _/?«<)*«,
Floss-silk. floscio, Venet. flosso,
It. popysmo et vocis blandimento demulcere
Piedm. flos, faint, drooping, flaccid ; fequum. — Kil.To flurt or blurt with the
•floscia-seta, floss-silk, sleeve or ravel silk. mouth are also used in the sense of jeer-
Walach. fleciu, soft ; flesceritu, flaggy,
'

ing. Da. d\a\.flous, gibe, sarcasm.


faded. '^r.flosche,'Sai%%y, weak, soft, as To Flow. See Fleet.
a boneless lump of flesh. Bav. floss, —
Flower. Flourish. Fr. fleur, Lat.
loose, not fast ; floss-stricken, to knit flos, floris, a ^ov;er, floreo, to bear flowers.
loose. Fluctuate. Lat. fluctus, a wave or
The origin of a root flak, signifying \n\\o'fi,fluo,fluctuii!, to flow as water does,
weak, limber, has been explained under -flu-.— Fluent.— Fluid. l^sX.fluo, to
Flag. This is softened down in the Fr. flow.
flache, flasche, It. floscio, flosso; while Flue. See Flew.
— ;

FLUE FLY 269


Flue of a chimney. A
small winding A person looks flushed when he has a
chimney of a furnace carried up into the flow of blood to the face, and figuratively

main chimney. B. Now applied to the flushed with victory is animated by it,'
chimney-shaft in general. Used by Phaer excited, as if by an increased flow of vital
for thewinding hollow of a shell. fluids. K
flush at cards. It. flusso, Fr.
Him Tryton cumbrous bare, that galeon blew flux, X)-a.fluys, is a run or flow of cards
with whelkfed shell, of the same suit.
Whose wrinkly wreathedyfas did fearful shrill in 2. A
number, as a flush of wild ducks.
seas outyell. Vl.Ti.flusch, a bunch of hair, wool, or the
Fluff.—Fluffy. Fluff, Da. fnug,fug, like. Danneil. —
down, flue, light dust, feathery particles 3. Immediate, instant.
that are borne about in the air. The —
Now the time is flush. Timon of Athens.
radical sense seems to be to blow, ex- Svf.fluks,flux, quickly, anon Du.flus,
;

pressed by a slight modification of %.fuff, presently, in a short time fluks, G.flugs,


;

to puff or blow, the addition or omission quickly, immediately, in an instant from ;

of a liquid in these imitative forms being flug, flight.


very common, as in 'Da..fnug,fiig, above 4. Flush in the sense of level, on aline
mentioned, or in as. flugol, a fugitive, a with, may probably be explained by Da.
bird, compared with. ft(gol,fugel, a bird. flugt, flight, which is used to express an

To faff or fuff, to blow in puffs. Atkin- unbroken line. At opfore en bygning z
'

son. Faffle, to flap gently as a sail or lige flugt med andre huse:' to raise a
garment stirred by a momentary breath building in the same line with or flush
of air ;a wavering blowing of a light with the other houses. Planke i flugt
'


wind. Whitby Gloss. Sylvester uses med den overste kant af vasggen :' planks
flaff in the same sense a thousand on a level with the upper edge of the wall.
'
:

flaffing flags.' See Flew. A vessel is flush fore and aft when the
Flume. A stream of water, now ap- deck is level from stem to stern.
propriated to a stream carried in an arti- Fluster. Closely allied with bluster j
ficial channel, a boarded aqueduct. 'The hurried, bustling, or swaggering conduct.

Jluni Jordan.' Wicliff. 07r. ffiim,ffujne, T\iR fluster of the bottle,' thefliistering
' '

flujis.— Roquef. '


Le flupt Jurdan.' vain-glorious Greeks.' ON. flaustr, pre-
Livre des Rois. Viaw.Jium, 'LaX. flumen, cipitancy, over-haste. Walach. flustura,
river, from fluere, to flow. to raise a wind, to do anything in a tur-
Norse flom,flauin, a flood, overflow of bulent manner, tumultuor, ventose ago ;

water from the melting of snows flauma, fltisturatu, veritosus, vanus, levis windy,
; ;

to flow in abundance, overflow. Flom- turbulent, boisterous.


sav, a water saw-mill TiAn. Jloni, a mo-
; Flute. See Flageolet. A fluted co-
rass, overflowed land. lumn is one channelled, as if with pipes.
Flummery. "W. Llymry, an acid pre- Mod.Gr. av\bg, a flute, auKuKi, a channel,
paration from the husks and fragments of canal, fluting of a column.
oats, from llym, sharp. It is the same as To Flutter. FID. fluttern,fludderff,
the Sc. sour sowens. Q. flattern, to make a flapping, to flutter,
Flunkey. An opprobrious name for flicker Hn-fledderen, to flap the wings,
;

a livery-servant. ¥\.T>. ffunkern,- to be flodderen, to flap, as loose clothes ;

gaudily dressed; V)\x.flonkeren,Jli7tkeren, Walach. flutttrd., to flutter, fly about


to glitter O.flunke, a spark.
; flutuni, a butterfly, a flake of snow.
Flush. I. To flush a water-course is A direct representation of a flapping
to send a sudden flow of water down it, noise.
from the sound of the rush of water, as Flux. Fluxion. — Lat. fluo, fluxum,
flash, above cited in the same sense. E. and fluctum, to flow.
dd3.\.flosh-hole, the hole that receives the Fly. AS.fleoga, on.fluga, Du. vlieghe,
waste water from a mill to floss, to spill, a flying insect.
; "
to splash. Sc.flusch, a run of water, the * To Fly. Q.fliegen, Du. vliegen,<y&.
overflowing of a stream, abundance flitiga, AS. fleogan, Dan. flyve, to fly.
;

flouss, a flood, a stream. Jam.— Du. The immediate origin seems <yii.flug, AS.
fluysen, Dan. dS.zLfluse, to flow with vio- floe, Du. vleuge, vloge, flight, the act of
lence, to rush ; adfluse ud sem vandet of flying, the most natural expression of
enflddgyde, to gush out as water from a which might be taken from regarding the
flood-gate. N. flust, abundantly flus, flying object as blown along through the
;

liberal,open-handed, as we speak of being air. We should thus connect the root


flush of money. flug and the parallel form fug (shown in
; — — ;

270 FOAL FOIL


Chron. A.D. 1194. 'Qui-
AS. fugel, G. vogel, a fowl, and in Lat. under exaction.—
Francis discurrebant emolumen-
fugio, to fly) with forms like Lat. flo, to dam de
intendentes quod vulgariter
blow, Bav. flaen,flawen, to move to and tis victualium
fro in v/aXe.r,Jlaeln,flaheln, to float in air, forrare
dicitur.'— Matth. Paris, A.D. 1242,
to fodder, also to
to blow, 'S.. fluff, down, light dust floating in Due. Fr.fourrager,
in the aXr, fuff, to blow, to puff. forrage, prey, forray, ransack, ravage.
Foal.—Filly. Goth, fiila, G. fohlen, Cot. 'Nobis,' says Frederic I., A.D.
'intrantibus in Lombardiam fo-
fallen, It. fiuledro, Gr. irSiXog, w. ^,^(7/, a 1 1 83,
young horse. The diminutive form in drum consuetum et regale ^praestabunt.' —
Bs.y. fulchen. daaX-fyllie, %.fllly, dis-
Da. — Muratori, Diss. 19.

tinguishes the female. VnltAxa., fulihha. Foe. AS. fah, fld, enemy.
ON. fjd, to
— Gloss, in Schmeller. hate. See Fiend.
Fog. I. Dan. snefog, a snow-storm
Foam, t&.fdm, G. faum. Perhaps a ;

parallel form with G. flaum, signifying fyge, to drive with the wind Dan. dial. ;

what is light enough to float on wind or fuge, to rain fine and blow. on. fok,
water flaum-feder, down Bav. pflaum, snow-storm, flight of things driven by the
;
;

down, loose foam, as of beer; V\S>.flom, wind fok-sandr, drift sand ;


at fittka, ;

fat that rises surface in boiling fyk,fokid, to drive with the wind.
to the Pro-
meat. Comp. AS.flugol zx\Afugol, fowl bably an /has been lost ; V\.'D.flok,flog,
C.flittich a.n&flttich,vi\r\g; &. fluffy ^.-oA light things that rise and fly in the air
'fuffy, light, downy. Wh.ithy flumpy.
Da. flog-aske, light flying ashes ; flockfedem,
dial, fompet, fat and short. See Flew. down. Sw. dial, flnyka, to fly about as
On the other hand foam is regarded dust, tosmoke, snow fine fnyk, dust. ;

as the equivalent of Sanscr. pjiena, Pol. Dan. fnug,fug, flock, flue Lith. piikas,
;

plana. Boh. pena, foam. a flock as of ashes, or snow pukal (pi.),


;

Fob. Vrass. fuppe, a pocket. down-hair, down.


To Fob. To fob off, to delude with a Fog. 2. Feg. Grass not eaten down
trick. To bob or pop were used in the in the summer, that grows in tufts over
same sense. the winter. Fogagium, winter pasture in
And do yon pop me answer?
off with this slight
the forests. In Cleveland a distinction is
Noble Gentleman, i. i. made between fog, aftermath, and feg, a
Disgrace me on the open stage, and ioi'Tnt off dead grass stem, anything without worth

with ne'er a penny? O. Play in Nares. —
or value. Atkinson.
The thick and well grOTTO fog doth mat my
The fundamental sense is a smart, rapid
smoother shades. —Drayton.
movement. N. fubba, to move to and
^^Sst^fdsch, thick, tangled grass, such as
fro. G. foppen, to banter, jeer, or play
is found here and there in the mountains
upon one. In the same way bob was
used in the sense of a taunt or scoff.
and higher pastures ; fdtsch, a mountain
pasture mowed only every second year,
He, that a fool doth very wisely hit, i-eedy grass remaining uneaten by the
Doth very foolishly {although he smart)
cattle and then gathered.
Not to seem senseless of the boh.
As You Like It. To Fog. To make shift ; to resort to
You should not malce a laughing-stock, good mean expedients.
brother. Wer't not for us thou swad, quoth he.
Of one that wrongs you not ; I do profess I Where wouldst thouy^^ to get a fee.
won't \iQ.fuhbed. —The Ordinary, iv. 4. Diyden in Nares.

See Fop. To fudge, to contrive to do. — Hal. G.


Fodder. — Forage. — Forray. as. fug, convenience, opportunity. But see
foder,V)M. voeder, voeyer, Q. flutter, Swiss Pettifogger.
_/^r, yi^Ar, victuals, food. The Mid. Lat. Foible. Fr. foible, faible, weak. See
fodenim,fodrum, was especially applied Feeble.
to the demand of provisions for man and Foil. I. The blunted weapon used in
horse made under cover of prerogative fencing, or learning the sword exercise.
or seignoi-ial rights, or by an army in an The Fr. equivalent _/?or^^ is explained by
enemy's country. Hence foderare, for- Cot. a sword with the edge rebated, where
rare, OFr. fourrer, aller en fuerre, or the term rebated answers to Fr. refouU,
enfourrage, to exa.QXfoder-age, to forage, dulled, blunted, the origin of 'E.foil.
or forray. Nee mansiones eorum hos-
'
2. A
piece of gold or silver leaf set be-
pitari vel invadere vtlfoderare praesumat.' hind a transparent gem. in jewelry to give
— Bulla A.D. 1036. '
Campaniam ap- it colour or lustre, then, figuratively some-

plicavit et earn totam foderavli,' laid it thing used for the pui-pose of showing
— ;
;
. ;

FOIL FOOD 271

advantageously another object. Yx.feu- fold, a ply ;


filltich, multiply. W. ffill, a
ilU, "Lai. folia, leaf. twist, a tacr\,ffilliad, a writhing, wreath-
To Foil. Fr. fouler, to trample on, ing, or turning about.
weigh down, oppress, foil, overcharge. 2. A
place to confine sheep, or other
Cot. Fouler un cheval, to overtoil a animals. AS. fald, Gael, fdl, a penfold,
horse, to knock him up. Refouler, to circle, wall, hedge, w. ffald, a sheep-
dull, blunt, foil, tire with overlabouring cote, fold, pound for cattle.
affoler, to foil, bruise or hurt sore with Foliage. Fr. feuillage, from Lat.
wounds, to spoil, ruin, undo. — Cot. It. folium, Gr. ^uWov, a leaf.
follata, Yx.foulie, the foiling or slot of a Folio. A book is said to be in folio,
deer, the mark of his footsteps. To tread in the sheet, when a sheet makes but
underfoot is taken as a type of the most two leaves without further folding in ;

complete overthrow and defeat. quarto, with an additional folding, which


To Poin. To make a pass or thrust at divides the sheet into four.

one in fencing. B. The terms of fencing Folk. AS. folc, Lat. vulgus, people ;
being taken mainly from the Fr., to foin ON. fylki, or fulki, a troop, a district
is probably from OFr. foindre, foigner, fylkir, king. At fylkia lidi, to arrange
to feign, or make ^ feint, i. e. a movement one's men in troops. Pol. pulk, a regi-
with the sword intended to deceive the ment of soldiers. Helido folc, turba vi-
opponent's eye in preparation for a thrust —
rorum. Heliand. See Flock.
whence the expression would easily be To Follow. G.folgen, (m.fylgia, AS.
averted to the thrust itself. fyligean, folgian.
Foison. The natural juice or moisture Folly. See Fool.
of the grass or herbs, the heart and To Foment. To cherish by warm ap-

strength of it. B. ' There is no foison plications, metaphorically, to abet. Lat.
in this hay.' —
Forby. Fissen-less, without fomentum, iox fovimentum, a warm ap-
strength or virtue. The proper meaning plication, irorafoveo, to warm, to cherish.
is abundance, Fr. foison, OFr. fusdn, Fond. Fon. Foolish, then foolishly —
from 'L^'i.fusio, pouring out. Senes sane attached to one ; a very common se-
fusion, without effusion of blood. Estoit quence of ideas.
' So we speak of doting
deja si foible pour la foison du sang qu'il on one.

avoit perdu.' Roman de Garin in Rayn. When age approcheth on.
Pain e char e bon peisson And lust is laid, and all the fire is queint.

Leur mit el nef a grunt /usan. Haveloc, ib. As freshly then thou shalt begin to fonne

To Foist. To intrude, or put in fal- And dote in love. —


Chaucer in R.
laciously, to introduce surreptitiously. Fr. sot,fol, foolish
; Hre assot^, affoU de,
R. To foist, feist, fzzle,,a.re all originally aimer passionnement, jusqu'a la folie
to break wind in a noiseless manner, and (Patois de Flandre Frang.), to be passion-
thus to foist is to introduce something ately fond of. Bohem. blazen, a fool,
the obnoxious effects of which are only madman, blazinti sie, to become mad, to
learned by disagreeable experience. be violently in love with. Malay gili,

Come foolish, mad, foolishly fond. Marsden. —
Put not yoTir foists upon me, I shall scent them Yorkshire fond, simple, foolish, doting ;
B. Jonson in R. fondy, Sw. dcaX.fante, a simpleton, on.
G. fist, a foist, fist, fizzle.^-Kiittn. Du. fdni, Sw.fdne, a fool. GzsS..faoin, vain,
veest, vijst, flatus ventris. Kil. — Fr. foolish, idle, empty ; faoin-cheann, an
vesse, a fyste. — Cot. The origin plainly
is empty head ; Lat. vanus, empty.
an imitation of the noise. ON. fysa, to Font. h3.t.fons,fontis, a well, spring
blow, to breathe, also to break wind. of water, applied in English to the well
Gr. 0ui7aw, to blow. of baptism, the vessel which contains the
Foisty, fusty, frousty, frowzy, having water of baptism.
a close, disagreeable smell. '^X.Ji.fistrig, Food, —
Feed. Foster. — AS. foda,
ill-smelling, as a peasant's room. Dan- — fode, food, nourishment. Du. voeden, to
neil. Wall, s'efister, s'empuanter. See feed, to bring up ; Goth., fodjan, to nour-
Fusty. ish, to bring up OSsk. fodjan, ON., Sw.
;

Fold. I. A plait in a garment. Goth. fada, Da.n.fode, to feed,and also to bear,


falthan, o.falten,AS.feaMan, Du. vouden, or give birth to. Dan. fodsel, birth, de-
to lay together, to fold. In composition, livery. Du. voedsel, food, nutriment.
Goth, ainfalths, managfaltfis, one-fold, The ideas of giving birth to, and feed-
manifold. Gael, fill, fold ; filleadh, a ing, or bringing up, are connected in
folding, wrapping, plaiting ; fillt,fillte, a other cases, as Gal. dlaich bring forth,
;;

272 FOOL FOR


nourish ; Sw. ala, to give birth to, to ness of the foppery [of the pretended
educate, to feed, and Lat. alere, to fairies].' — Merry Wives, v. 5. Du. Jemand
nourish. voor Aefop houden, to make a fool of one
The Du. voedster, a nurse, voedsteren, foppen, to deride, to mock. It. fappe,

to bring up, voedsterkind, a child in- fapparie, a flap with a foxtail, flappings,
trusted to one to bring up, show the fopperies, an idle babbling, vain dis-
formation of AS. foster, food, Sw. foster, course ; fiappatore, a flapper, fopper. ^Fl. —
birth, progeny, _/£?j/ra, to bring \yg,fostri, For. —
Fore. —
Former. Foremost. —
a foster-child. In the same way Sw. QoXh. faur,faura, O's.fyrir, before, fore,
alster, progeny, from ala, to beget. for ; G. vor, fore ; fiir, for. The radical
Fool. Fr. fol, fooHsh, idle, vain. W. meaning both cases is in front of.
in
ffol, foolish. Bret., OCat. foil, mad. When we speak of one event as before
The fundamental meaning seems to be a or after another, our own progress in time
failure to attain the end proposed, a wan- is transferred to the events of the world,
dering from the straight path. It would which are typified as a succession of a;ii-
thus be connected with the root of 'E,.fail, mated beings moving on in the opposite
and X.s.t.fallere, to deceive. direction, and taking place in time at the
The Old Psalter of Corbie quoted by moment when they are brought face to
Raynouard has face with the witness. Thus the event of
Foleai si com oeille que petit. the present moment is before or in front
Erravi sicut ovis quce perit. —Ps. ii8. of the train of futurity, and those which
De tes commandemens nefoliai have already passed by the instant of
De mandatis tuis non erravi. Ibid. — actual experience, are in front of the pre-
Folier en droit, en fait, to err in law, or sent event, by which they are succeeded.
in fact. —Roquef. It is probably the true The events then which have passed into
equivalent of the Goth, dvals, out of his the region of memory, although in refer-
senses, where we see the same connection ence to our own progress in life con-
with the notion of straying or wandering, sidered as left behind us, yet in the order
and also that of deceiving or causing to of their own succession are more to the
miss. AS. dwala, dwola, error dwelian, front than the present, and are therefore
;

dwolian, Du. dolen, Pl.D. dwalen, to spoken of as belonging tofor-?ner or jnore


stray (identical with folier of the Fr. fore times.
psalter above quoted), to wander, either In expressing the relation of cause or
in a literal or metaphorical sense, to err rational inducement, the cause or reason
in judgment, to be out of his senses is considered as standing in front of the
;

Du. dul, dol, out of his mind, mad E. effect, or the consequence for which it
;

dial, dull, foolish. Du. dwaalen, doolen, is made to account, Lat. pra, before,
to stray, wander dwaalende, or doolende also in comparison with, by reason of, on.
;

ridder, a knight -errant dwaal-licht, account of


;

ignis fatuus, ignis erraticus, Yx.feufollet, For in composition answers to G. ver,


a wandering light, or perhaps an inef- Goih. fair, Yr.for, and has the meaning
fectual light. Du. dolle-bezien, a name of G. fort, Dan. bort, forth, away, Lat.
given to different kinds of berries danger- foris, without, Fr. fors, out, without.

ous or unfit for eating. Marin. Dolle- Thus X.0 forbid is to bid a thing away to ;

kervel, hemlock, fools-parsley, properly forget, to away-get, to lose from memory


fool-parsley, parsley which errs' from its to forgo, to go without ; to forfend, to
proper destination, which does not fulfil ward off. In Fr. we h.nvt forbannir, to
its apparent purpose, looking like a whole- drive forth, forchasser, to shoot away,
some herb but really poisonous. So Fr. forclorrc, to shut out, to iorc\o%<i,forjeter,
avoiiie folle, wild or barren oats. to jut out, and in a figurative sense y^r-
The same equivalence of an initial dw coiite, a misreckoning,/<7;/ffzV, a misdeed,
and/ is seen in Du. dweil or feil, a mop forjuger, to judge wrongfully, or amiss,
or clout, and possibly in Du. dwaep, as well as to deprive by judgment for-
;
and E. fop, fool, and Sc. dweble, limber, jurer, to renounce, abjure, while in E.
weak, and 'Enfeeble. forswear, to swear wrongfully, the particle
Foot. Du. Tjoet, C.fuss, Gr. vovq, woSSg, has the same force as in Fr. forjuger,
Lat. pes, pedis. forparler, to speak ill.
Fop. A
fantastical fellow, one over- In other instances the prefix/or in the
nice and affected in dress, speech, and sense of out or utterly implies that the
behaviour.— B. A
fop, or fool foppery, action has been carried to its utmost
;

foolery (Minsheu), trickery. The gross- limits, that it is completely expended, and
'
— ;

FORAGE FORGE 273


has finished its work. Forwearied is to ford. Bohem. bredu, brjsti, to be wet,
wearied out forswunk and forswat is_ to ford brod, a swim, a ford ; broditi, to
; ;

worn out with labour and sweat. swim or water horses, sheep, &c. bro- ;

Forage. See Fodder. ditse, to paddle in the water. Lith. bry-


Force. \\.. forza, Mid.Lat. /t^raa, for dis, a wading in the water bradA, water ;

fortia, from fortis, strong. —


Diez. Fr. or mud through which one must wade in
force, strength, virtue, efficacy, also store, the road brasta, a ford. Russ. bruizgat',
;

plenty, abundance. —Cot. Hence may be bruiznut', to splash.


understood an expression formerly com- Foreign. It. forense, forene, forese,
mon both in Fr. and E. Je ne fais point foresano, Fr. forain, outlandish, belong-
force de cela, I force not of that thing, ing to what is without 'LaX. foras,foris, ;

I care not of it, I set no store by it, do without, out of doors, abroad It.fiiora, ;

not regard it as of consequence. fuore,fuori, forth, without, out of, except


To Force. To clip or shear. Forcyn, Fr. hors, O Fr. fors, out, without, except.
or clyppyn, tondeo. —
Pr. Pm. To force Walach. faro., fbra, without, besides, ex-
wool, to cut off the upper or most hairy cept. See For (in composition).
part of it. —B. Yr. forcer de la laine, to Forensic. Lat. forensis, from forum,
pick or tease wool. Forces, a pair of a civil court.
shears ; forcette, a cizar, or small pair of Forest. It. foresia, Yx.for^t, properly
shears. — Cot. The Fr. fourches,forches, a wilderness, or uncultivated tract of
forces, were applied to different kinds of country, but as such were commonly
forked structures, as a gallows, a pair of overgrown with trees the word took the
shears. meaning of a large wood. We have many
P^ forces fit pendre le cors forests in England without a stick of tim-
Pr^s de la vilje par defers. ber upon them. Probably identical with
H'orche, ciseaux, tenailles, pincettes. —
Roquefort.
w. gores, gorest, waste ground, waste,
For the same reason we call shears the open ; goresta, to lie open, lie waste, ,

tall gallows used for masting ships. There whence E. gorse, gorst, furze, the growth
can be no doubt that the first syllable in of waste land.
Lat. forfex, forceps, cizars, pincers, has To ForestalL To monopolise, to buy
the same origin. goods before they are brought to stall, or
* Forcemeat. As forcemeat is com- the place where they are to be sold at
monly used as synonymous with stuffing, market.
it was natural to explain it from Yr.far- Forfeit. Fr. forfait, a crime, mis-
cir, Lim. forci, to stuff. The two, how- deed, ixoxaforfaire, to misdo, transgress.
ever, are clearly distinguished in the
Liber Cure Cocorum, where the equivalent My heart nor I have doen you -na forfeit,
By which you should complain in any kind.
of Fr. farcir is constantly written farse,
Chaucer in R.
while fors is often used in the sense of
spice or season. Oro omnes quibus aliquid forefeci ut
Take myUte of almondes mihi per suam gratiam indulgeant.
Fors it with cloves or good gyngere.
p. 8. — Pontanus in Due. The expression for a
But the white [pese] with powder of pepper tho crime or misdeed was then transferred
Moun heforsyd, with ale thereto. — p. 46.
to the consequences or punishment of
Powder thou take the crime. Forisfactns servus, in the
Of gynger, of kanel, that gode is, tho
laws of Athelstan, is one who has mis-
Ettfors it wele.— p. 38.
done himself a slave, one who for his
Forcemeat, then, is spiced, highly-sea- misdeeds is made a slave. Forfaire ses-
soned meat. heritages ; forfaire corps et avoir, to

Forcer. Forcet. OFr. order, It. f misdo away his heritage, his body, and
forciere, Mid.Lat. forsarius, a strong box, goods, i. e. to lose them by his misdeed.
safe, coffer. — Due. Forfaicture, a transgression,
Fortune by strengthe the/orcer hath unshete,
Wherein was sperde all my worldly richesse.
also a forfeiture or confiscation. Cot. —
Chaucer.
To Forfend. To fend off, ward off.
See For.
Forcelet, strong place, fortalicium. — Pr. Forge. The Lat. faber, a smith, by
Pm. the change of b through v into u, gave
Ford. A shallow place in a river. rise to OFr. faur, Walach. fauru, a
Quite distinct from y^.ffordd, a way, and smith. In the latter language we have
from the root fare, to go. G. furt, ON. also faitrie, a smith's shop, faiiri, to
brot, Pol. brdd, a ford ; brnad, to wade, I
forge, the i of which seems in the West-
18
;

274 FORGE FOUL


ern dialects to have passed into ay', pro- fors,foss,-a. waterfall, the spray or dash-
ducing It. _/or^/a, Fr.farge. Swiss Rom. ing of broken water. Ds
sto fossen fyre
favro, favre, a. smith, blacksmith, car- "baat'a, the waves broke over the boat
penter ; faverdge, fouerdge, fordze, a fossa, forsa, to break as water, dash in
forge. spray ; frosa, S-w.frusa, to gush. Aasen. —
To Forge on. In nautical language w. ffrwd, a torrent ; ffrydio, to flow, to
is for a ship to make its way slowly and gush. See Froth.
laboriously on, as it were by successive Fort. Fortalice. — Fortress. — A
shoves. Swiss, Bav. futschcn, to slide, strong place Yr.fort, 'La.t.foriis, strong.
to shove on, as children on their rumps. Forth. Further. — ;

AS. forth, Du.


— Schmeller. See Fidget. To fudge, to voord, MHG. vort, G. fort, forth, onward,
poke with a stick, to walk slowly, though forward. Forth nihtes, far on in the'
vi^ith considerable exertion (to move by night. The comparative is Du. voorder,
successive slips). Crav. Gl. — G. vorder, further, more onward. No
Fork. w. fforch, AS. fore,
'La.t.ficrca, doubt a development of Du. voor, %.fore,
O^.forkr, 7r. foHrche. 'W. fforch-droed, for, Lat. pro.
a cloven foot. The original meaning of Fortune. Lat. fortuna, from fors,
fork seems a pointed instrument for chance, luck.
thrusting with. It. frugare, to poke. Fosse. Fossil.— Lat. fodio, fossum,
See Fruggin. to dig, dig out.
Forlorn. G. verloren, lost, from ver- Fosset. See Faucet.
lieren, Du. •verliesen, to lose. AS. for- Foster. See Fodder.
leosan znAforleoran. Fother. Properly a carriage load, but
Form. I. Fr. T^rOT^, a form, or fashion, now only used for a certain weight of lead.
also a long bench or form to sit on, also
With him was a plowman was his brother,

a hare's form. Cot. The latter is pro- That had
tliere
ylaid of dong full many 2l fother.
bably so called from the hare leaving a Chaucer.
form or mould of herself in the long grass Pl.D. fader, foor, Du. voeder, voeyer,
where she lies. voer, G. fuder, fuhr, a waggon-load ;
2. The name of forma was also given whence respectively _/or£«, voerejt,fiihren,
to the seat of the choristers in a cathedral to drive, convey, carry.
and the desk in front of them. Formula, The root is largely developed in the

a stool to kneel on. Due. There can be Slavonic languages. Lith. wedu, westi,
no doubt that this is essentially the same to lead wadas, a guide ; wezu, weszti,
;

application with the name of the classes to carry in a waggon, sze?iu wezimas, a
at our public schools, first form, sixth load of hay. Esthon. weddama, to lead,
form, &c., but whether the class is called to draw iveddo-harg,
; a draught-ox.
form from sitting on the same bench, or Fin. wedan, wetdd, to draw. Bohem.
whether the bench is so designated from wedu, westi, to lead, to bring wod, a ;
being occupied by a single class, may be
guide wezu, westi, to carry.
; Serv.
a question. It seems certain that forma woditi, to lead, wozati, to carry, wojenye,
was used for class or order in the lower
wozanye, carriage.
Latin. Supernumerarii sacri ministerii
'
Foul.— Filth.— Defile. Goth, fids,
primK vel secundae/orraiZ',' of the first or
Ofi.full, Stinking, corrupt. This is the

second order. Cod. Theodos. de Castren-
primary meaning of the word, which is
sianis in Due.
then applied to what is dirty, turbid, phy-
Formidable. haX.formzdo, dread.
sically or morally disgusting, ugly, unfair.
Fornication. Lat. fornicatio, from
'We speak oi foul, as opposed to clear
fornix, a vault, a word accommodated to
weather ; of a ship running foul of an-
the sense of brothel or stews.
other, as opposed to keeping clear of it.
To Forsake. Properly to put away
the subject of dispute, to renounce or
Dan. at rage uklar (unclear) med et Skib,
to run foul of a ship.- The ON. fill was
deny, then simply to desert. OE. sake,
applied to one who had not come clear
dispute, strife. Layamon. — AS. sacan, from the ordeal by fire. The Du. vuil,
sacian, to contend, strive ; withersaca, an
opponent.
and G. faul, have acquired the sense of
lazy, slothful.
And if a man me it axe, It is seen, under Faugh, that the interj.
Six sithes or seven,
representing rejection of an offensive
\ forsake it with othes.— P. P.
smell takes the form of /« ! or fu J From
Forse. In the N. of England, a water- the former of these arise Sanscr. pHy, to
tall Stockgill-forse, Airey-forse.
; Norse stink, to rot ; Lat. puteo, to be foul, to
; —

FOUMART FRAME 275


stink ; stinking, and so
filter, rotten, and down a vast depth.'— Aubrey's
fell
from the form fu / are Gael, fuath (pro- Wilts in Hal. Se fondre d'enhatit, to fall
nounced /2^a), Manx^oA, disgust, abhor- down plump. Cot.— From this source
rence, hatred ; fuathail, fuathachail, we must probably, with Jamieson, explain
loathsome, hateful, Ma.ra. feohoil, filthy, \C\% founder,to fell, strike down, give such
foul ON. f/ii, putridity ; fHiniz, fzill,
; a blow as to stupefy one, and also the
stinking fyla, stink, and, as a verb, to
; sense of stumbling, falling, or sinking
putrefy AS. fulan, befulan, befylan, to
; down. To founder !ls a horse, trebucher.
rot ; Du. vuilen, to dirty, to putrefy. — Palsgr. in Way. The horse of Arcite,
* Foumart. Variously spelt/ou/mari, being frightened by a prodigy
folmert,fulmarde,fulmer. Hal. G. stink- — began to turn
marder, a polecat, from the foul smell of And lepe aside s.t\6. founderid as he lepe,
the animal. Fr. marte, martin, an ani- And ere that Arcite may takin kepe
mal of the weasel kind. See Polecat. He pight him on the pomell of his hede
To Found, -found. Fund. Lat. — That in the place he lay as he were dede.
fundus, ground, bottom fundare, to lay In Douglas' Virgil, Priam is said to
;

the groundwork, to found. Profundus, founder, or slip down, in the new-spilt


having the bottom far onwards, deep, blood of his son.
profound. From land being the ultimate —
Founder. Foundry. Kbrass-foiind-
source of all wealth, fund is used to sig- er is one who melts and casts brass, from
nify a permanent source of income. 'L'aX. fundere, to pour, '^x. fondre, to melt,

-found. Confound. See -fuse. or cast in moulds.

Founder. Founderous. The mean- Foundling. An infant y&««rfdeserted.
ings of 'S,. founder are derived from two So banilinghom. band, darling irom dear.
sources which it is sometimes impossible Fountain. Fr. fontaine, Lat. fans,
to distinguish, although for the most part fontis, a spring of water.
the senses can be referred with confidence Four. AS. feother, feower, Goth, fid-
to their proper origin. vor, W. pedwar, Gr. TrErropec, irlavpiQ, tect-
I. From Lat. fundus, Fr. fond, the aapiQ, Walach. pairu, Lat. quatuor, Lith.
ground or bottom, afondrer, to sink as a ketiiri, Sanscr. chatwar, Ir. ceathair.
ship, to founder, or go to the bottom. Fowl. Goih. fugls, G. vogel, AS. fugol,
Moult v&siez harnas floter fugol, a bird, homflug, flight, by the loss
Hommes noier et afondrer. R. R. —
of the I J as in modern tm\es, fugle?nan
From It.fondo, the bottom of a cask, from G.fliigel-mann, from fltigel, a wing.
are sfondare, sfondolare, to break out the The same degradation seems to have
bottom of a cask, and met. to ruin or taken place in 'La.t. fugere, to fly. Com-
render useless sfondolare, sfond^are, to pare AS. fugol, a fugitive.
;

founder as a horse. Fl. When applied — Fox. Goth., fmiho, G. fucks.


to a road sfondato is what is called in Fracas. Fr. fracas, wracks, destruc-
English indictments a founderous road, tion, havoc, hurlyburly. Cot. It. fra- —
a hollow, broken way wherein a man casso, tracasso, any manner of rumbling
sinks, a bottom-broken way. Enfondrer or ruinous noise, as the faUing of houses,
un chemin, to wear or make great holes trees, walls, or thunderclaps, wrack,
in a way, to make a deep way chemin havoc ; hurlyburly, breaking in pieces,
;

effondr^, a way full of holes or miry trampling underfoot. Fl. —


An onoma-
sloughs ; enfondrer un harnois, to make topoeia analogous to Fr. patatra, or pa-
a great dint in an armour.' Cot. It. —
tatras, representing the clatter of falling
sfondare una porta, to break open a door things. Trevoux. —
— uno squadrone, to rout or break through Fraction. Fragile. — Fragment. —
a squadron. Altieri. —
Hence we may haX. frango, fractum, to break. From a
explain a passage misunderstood by representation of the noise of breaking
EUice and Jamieson. by the syllable frac as in It. fracasso.
'He foundered the Saracens o' twaine See Fracas.
And fought as a dragon. R. Brunne. — Frail. Fr. frile, from fragile, Lat.
The Other Fr. verb which we have bor- fragilis, easily broken.
rowed, under the shape of founder, is Frail. OFr. frayel, friau, a mat-
fondre, to melt, (and hence) to sink, fall, basket.
'
Fyggys, raysins in frayel.' —
or go down se fondre, to sink down on a Cceur de Lion in Way.

;

sudden. Cot. La terre fondit sous lui, * Frame. —


To Frame. To frame is
gave way under him.— Trevoux. 'In to dispose, adapt, construct, compose,
Cheshire a quantity of earth foundered contrive.
18 »
. —

276 FRANCHISE FRECKLE


have been a truant to the law the year 799 ingenuus, nobilis, and francus
I
Inever yet covi\d/rame my will to it,
;

are synonymous. Due. —


And therefore //-a/«s the law unto my will
seems however more probable that
It
Hen VI.
name
of the Franks should have
the
freedom
To frame a story is to arrange it for a been taken from the idea of
certain purpose. Hence /ra;w, disposi- rather than vice vers4, and the original
structure, constructionj fabric. Tlie sense of the word is
probably shown in
tion,
frame of mind is the disposition of the '&xe.\.. frank, spacious, wide.
person in A
mind ;out of frame, out of ajustment, freedom is said in Fr. to be au large.
enlarge, make or be-
out of joints; a frame of timber, a con- Bret, frankaat, to
struction of timber (for an ulterior pur- come wider, free from, deliver.
pose). We
are, I believe, led on a wrong Frantic. Frenzy. —
Fr. fr^netique,
scent by the ON. frama, fremja (from frinesie, 'L?^.. phreneticus from Gr. ^pjjvl- ,

fratn, forth, forwards), to promote, ad- TiQ, disorder of the {(ppfiv)


mind.
vance, execute, fulfil, accomplish AS. Franzy. Frangy. Frany.
;
Com-— —
fremman, gefremman, OHG. gafremjan, monly applied to children, peevish, fret-
to perform. H(Ela gefremman, to do ful. Fris. wrante, to complain as young
cures.— Luc. xiii. 32. Helpe gefremman, children, to be peevish wrannig, ill-

;

to give help man gefremjnian, to work tempered, peevish.


;
Outzen.
wickedness. The true relations of our Fraternal. Lat. frater, a brother.
word lie in a different quarter. It can Fraud. 'L?d..fraus,fraudis.
hardly be doubted that G. rahme, rah- Fray. See Affray.
men, Du. raem, raam, Da. ramme, frame, To Fray. Fr. frayer, to rub, or fret
as of a picture, window, looking-glass, by often rubbing, to wear, make smooth
the solid structure by which these ob- by much using. Cot. The deer frays —
jects are held together, are the true cor- its head, rubs its horns against a tree.
relatives of the E. word, as well as of It. fregare, \j3X. fricare, to rub.
Bret, framm, timber framework of a Freak. sudden wanton whim or A
house, joint, joining. Framjna, to ad- caprice, a flighty humour, or fancy. R. —
just, unite, solder, join. O but I fear the fickle freaks, quoth she,
The origin may be traced to ON. Of Fortune false.— F. Q.
hrammr, the paw or clutch of a beast, Freak, like caprice, expresses an act with-
the initial h of which corresponds to the out apparent motive, and is therefore re-
/of frame and is wholly Sw. ram,
lost in
ferred to a violent internal desire. It.
paw, clutch, frame, as in ON. hrim, Da.
frega, a longing desire, or itching lust
riim, compared with Fr. frimas, or in
Fl. fregola, longing, fancy, humour,
OHG. riban, ripan, compared with Fr.
;

itching' desire. Gli venne la fregola


'

friper, to wear. Hence ON. hremma, d'andare alia campagna:' the freak took
Sw. rama, to clutch, to seize ; ram,
seizure (Rietz), opportunity. Se sittram,
him to go to the country. Altieri. —
The origin is the verb fregare, to rub,
to see his opportunity passa ram, to
;
to move lightly to and fro, expressing the
watch his opportunity [of seizure] ; rama,
restless condition of one under the in-
to scheme, to devise (Ihre) berama dag,
;
fluence of strong desire, as in Yx-fretlller,
Du. dag raamen, to appoint a day (Hol-
to wag, stir often, to wriggle, tickle, itch
trop) ramen, to aim, hit, plan ; beramen,
;

to concert, contrive, dispose. Bomhoff. — to be at it. — Cot.


Another sense of freak is seen in
2.
Raemen (passen), to adjust, to fit, con-
venire, quadrare. Kil. —
Raemen nae
Milton's
streaked.
Pansy freaked with jet,'
'
e.
This also is from It. fregare,
i.

jemands dood, machinari mortem, to


to streak, frego, a dash, stroke, touch,
frame his death. G. rahmen, Du. raam,
Y.. frame is a structure adapted for a par-
line. — Alt. Fr. fricfrac expresses the
sound made by strokes to and fro with a
ticular purpose, as for stretching cloth,
switch. See Firk.
for holding embroidery, a picture, &c.
3. A third sense oS.freak was a man.
I'ranchise. —Frank.
Fr. franc, free,
liberal, courteous, valiant, sincere. Cot. — By Chryst quod Favell Drede is soleyne freke.
Skelton in R.
Supposed to be taken from the name of
the Franks, the conquerors of Gaul, the In this sense the word is a modification
only free men remaining when the former of ON. reckr, OHG. recke, OE. renk, rink,
inhabitants were reduced to a servile ON. drengr, a warrior. See Drake.
condition. ON. Frackr, a Frank, French- Freckle. Provincially freckens or
man, also free, freeborn. In charters of frackens. on. frehia, N. friiknc, frokle.
;

FREE FREEZE 277


fliikr, freckles. — Aasen. G. fleck, flecken^ that the Lat. frigere, frigutire, be
to
a blot, spot, stain ; flecken von der sonne, cold, have the same origin, and thus
freckles. Gael, breac, speckled ; broke, oddly enough are radically identical with
broiceait, a mole, a freckle, w. brith,frigere, to fry.
brych, Bret, bi-iz or bridh, speckled, parti- Frieze, i. The transition from the
coloured. idea of shivering to that of a rough, un-
Free. as. freo, ON./n, Gaih.frija. even surface is exemplified in Lat. hor-
Freebooter.— filibuster. Freeboot- rere, to shudder, horridus, rough ; E.
er is one who without the authority of shag, or shog, to shake or jog, and
national warfare makes free to appropri- shaggy, rough, tufted ; and (in the case
ate as booty whatever falls under his of the root we are now considering) in
hand. The name was especially given Gr. ^pi'ioc, bristled, rough, with curled
to the buccaneers who infested the coast hair ; Fr. friser, to frizzle, crisp, curl (as
of America in the l6th and 17th centu- water blown on by a gentle wind), to
ries, and was pronounced by the Fr. wriggle —Cot. ;E. frizzle, to curl, or
flibustiers, by the Spaniards filibuster. wrinkle up. On the same principle the
From the latter has arisen in the present name oi frieze is given to coarse, shaggy
age the terra fillibuster, a. name given in cloth, by false etymology supposed to
America to adventurers making piratical have come from Friesland, in the same
expeditions against states of Spanish way that a frizzled hen is called a Fries-
.

race. land hen, or a kind of duck with musky


— —
ToFreeze. Frigid.— Frost. Frieze. odour, a Muscovy duck. Yr. frise, espfece
It has been shown under Caprice and de toile de laine frisd ; toile forte de la
Chitterling that the representation of a province de Frise. —
Gattel.
vibrating sound is used to express a 2. The application of the root to a
quivering, vibratory motion, and thence surface plaited or roughened with orna-
an undulating, wrinkled, or curly surface. mented work gives Fr. fraise, freze,
A further development of the train of Piedm. /r^ja, a ruff, or frill ; Fr. frizons,
thought applies the forms signifying frizzled, or raised work of gold or silver
shivering to the affections of cold or fear, wire, &c. — Cot. ; Sp. fres, gold or silver
as most distinctly characterized by the lace ; Mid.Lat. aurifrasium, aurifrisia,
symptom of shivering. On this principle aurifregia, OFr. orfrais, E. orfray, a
may be connected a numerous series of border or fringe of gold, band of gold
words founded on the representation of a lace ; \t.fregio, Vr.frize, &. frieze, frize,
rustling, simmering, twittering noise, by the ornamented border running beneath
the syllables friss, frit, frik, frig. the cornice in architecture. Pied, fris,
In the original sense we may cite Sw. frieze ; also a band or border for the
frasa, to rustle ; frasa, to whizz, roar, ornament of garments or furniture ; fris
hiss ; Sc. frais, to make a crackling, or d' fioret, a ferret band, fris d' lana, a
crashing noise —Jam. ; Fr. frissement worsted border. Mid.Lat. frisare, to
d'un trait, the whizzing of an arrow ; Sp. ornament with borders or embroidery,
frez, the rustling of silk-worms on mul- ' Item quod pannos earum non possint
berry leaves, fresar, to growl ; Piedm. sXit&x frisare vel ornare nisi cum duplonis
fricioU, the noise made by things frying aureis vel argenteis seu seti.' — Carp.
frige, frise, the noise of things beginning ' Pallium unum cum friso et margaritis.'
to boil, simmering ; It. friggere, fresso, —
Due.
fretto, to whimper as a child, to fry ; Lat. It is remarkable that the conversion of
frigere (originally to twitter or fizz, as frieze into Frisian cloth is only a repeti-
shown by the derivativesy^-z^'Z/a, a finch, tion of the same etymological blunder
frigutire, to chatter), to fry ; Gr. ^plaaaf which in ancient times seems to have
ippiTTu), to rustle, ^pvyoi, ^pvaaw, {ipurru, to given the name of Phrygian work to
parch, or fry. wriggled or frizzled work, embroidery or
In the sense of shivering ; Fr. la voile tissue ornamented or roughened with
frise, the sail shivers in the wind ; fris- needlework, showing that the It. fregio
son, a shudder ; G. ^plaaia, ppiTTw, to is of ancient standing in the Latin lan-
shiver from cold or fear ; fpkii, shudder- guage. Pictas vestes acu facere Phryges
ing, chill, fear ; Du. vriesen, to tremble invenerunt ideoque Phrygionise appellate

with cold Overyssel Almanac ; Pl.D. sunt.—-Plin. Phrygio, an embroiderer.
vresen, vreren, to tremble for cold, to be In Mid.Lat. phrygium, and phrysum,
cold ; E. freeze, applied to the effect of were used for a border of embroidery.
cold in solidifying liquids. It is probable 'Planetam purpuream aureis phrygits
; ;

278 FREIGHT FRET


mensium duodecim signa in se haben- had a wonderful gift of singing, uses
tibus ornatam.' '
Planetam purpuream fritillos in the sense of notes.
cum phryso et cum aquili ex margaritis Quis docuit puerum, qui sensus quaeso suasit,
context!'—Due. Hebraico sonitu ignotos pxolene.frUillos.
Freight. —Fraught.
Ducange. Henschel.
G. fracM, Fr.
2. To fret, to work, as liquor in a
fret, the loading of a waggon or ship,
and secondly the money paid for the slight state of fermentation. From direct

conveyance. G. ferchen, to despatch, to imitation of the simmering sound made


by the small bubbles rising and breaking.
expedite ; Swiss ferken, ferggen, to for-
It. frizzare, to spirt or startle, as good
ward goods, to convey them in a wag-
gon fergg, gfergg, conveyance, waggon wine doth being poured into a flat glass.
;

ferggete, transport of wares.


— Fl. Pied, friciole, the noise made in
Frenzy. See Frantic. frying. — Zalli.

Frequent. Lat. frequens, that, often 3. To fret, to rub, wear, consume, eat
comes or is done. up. Fretted, worn by rubbing ; vexed,
Fresh, as. fersc, Du. versck, frisch, discomposed, ruffled in mind. B. From —
ON. friskr. It. fresco, Fr. fraische, frais, the sense of a quivering sound, as in the
recent, new, and sweet, cool, in full series mentioned under Freeze, the root
vigour. passes on to signify a quivering motion.
The original sense is probably to be Fr. fretiller, to move, wag, stir often,
sought in Y.. frisk, indicating lively move- wriggle, tickle — Cot. ; E. fritters, shivers,

ment, exertion for the mere pleasure of fragments ; to frit, to rub or move up
the thing Fr. frisque, lively, brisk, and down ; '^.ffrid,ffrit, a sudden start
spruce, gay.
;

Cot. — N. frisk, lively, or jerk ; It. frizzare, to frisk or skip

healthy, sound. —
Aasen. Then as brisk- nimbly. — Fl. Du. writseUn, vritselen,
ness or friskiness is worn out by con- motitari, subsilire —
Kil. ; wrikken, Dan.
tinued exertion or fatigue, by heat, or by vrikke, to wriggle or joggle ; 'Lat.fricare,
lapse of time, the term is applied to what to rub ; It. fregare, to rub, frig, frit,
is unworn, untired, unheated, uhkept, friggle ; fregagione, rubbing, or fritting
recent. Meat is adapted for keeping by up and down gently, as is the custom to
salting,whence fresh or unkept meat is sick people. Fl. —
Prov. fregar, fretar,
opposed to salt meat, and by extension to rub ; Fr. froter, to rub, chafe, fret, or
water fit for drinking, as opposed to salt grate against. Cot. —
Bav. fo-etten to ,

water, See Frisk.


is czSi^d. fresh. rub (as a key wearing a hole in one's
Fret. We traced under Freeze the pocket), and figuratively, to plague, to
development of a number of forms having worry. Swiss, fretten,fratten, to become
a wide range of signification, from the sore by rubbing; Ba.v.fratt, Du. vraet, a
representation of a rustling, quivering place galled by rubbing,whence probably
sound by the radical syllable fris, frij, a wart, AS. vrat, originally the callus
frig, and a series separated from the produced by rubbing.
above by no definite line, but solely by The sense of wearing away, consuming
the convenience of practical illustration, by rubbing, passes into that of gnawing,
may be deduced from the same original eating away, eating up, so that it is often
image represented by the syllables frit, impossible in the figurative use of the
fric, friss, word to say whether it has reference
I. Fret, the stop or key of a musical simply to the annoyance and soreness
instrument. The direct representation produced by rubbing, or to the more
of sound gives Lat. fiitinire, to twitter as exaggerated figure of eating up.
a swallow fritillits, the box in which
; Hans Sachs uses frcitcn for drilling a
the dice are rattled previous to being 'hole in a coin. —
Schmeller. To fret, as
thrown on the board It. frizzare, to
; cloth, is to wear by rubbing, but when
quaver with the voice, or run nimbly on we speak oi fretting by moths we pass to
an instrument Fl. —
Fr. fredonner, to
; the notion of eating, as in G. von motten
shake, divide, quaver in singing or play- gefressen, moth-eaten.
ing fredon, a semiquaver in music, and
; These wormes ne these mothes ne these mites
hence division, and a warbling or quaver- Upon my paraille/re/ hem never a del
ing.— Cot. Hence E. fret, properly a And wost thou why ? for they were used well.
Wife of Bath.
note in music, then the stops on a
stringed instrument by which the note fretun, the fowls consumed
QiCi'sh..fuglos
was sounded. The monkish poet, in a them. Sw. frata, to corrode, to prey
Life of Bishop Amandus, who as a boy upon frata sig of sorg, to fret with grief.
;
. — ;

FRIBBLE FRIEZE 279


as G. von gram gefressen, consumed with F}-ets in heraldry are bars crossing each
grief. other in lozenge-shape, and interlacing,
We have the same connection between fretted, interlaced. K
fretted roof is one
the senses of consuming insensibly and ornamented by bands or fillets crossing
eating in G. zehren (the equivalent of E. each other in different patterns.
tear), to wear away, waste, eat and drink ;
In the expression fretised roof, fretise
Sw. tdra, to consume, corrode, wear is a collection of frets, as lattice a collect-
away, eat tdra sig sjetf, to fret oneself;
; ion of laths, brattice, of brets, or boards.
tdra sig afsorg, to fret with sorrow. In The sense of interlacing is taken from
both cases the fundamental meaning is the notion of an iron grating. The It.
the notion of wearing away consump-
; ferrata, the grating of a window, or the
tion by eating, a secondary application. like, becomes ^ii in Piedm., while /r^/ in
The possibility of resolving the word into the latter dialect corresponds to It. fer-
a compound of the particle ver or fra retto, any little implement of iron. Hence
{ver-eten, ver-essen, Goth., fraitan, to eat Fr. frete, the verril or iron ring that keeps
up), exhibits a source of confusion which a tool from riving, iron hoop round the
not unfrequently perplexes the etymology nave of a wheel ; Sp. fretes, the bands
of words with an initial //-. So Kiliaif forming the body of a shield. Neumann —
explains vriezen, to freeze, as ver-ijsen, and Fr. frettes (pi.), according to Diez,
to become ice, and the Brem. Worter- an iron grating.
buch, vresen, to fear, as without doubt,'
' Fribble. To fribble, to trifle, to totter
'

from "ver and aisen, eisen, to shudder. like a weak person. Todd. —
How the '

And see Fright. poor cxe.z.t\xxt. fribbles '\u his gait.' Tatler —
4. Fret, ornamented work in embroid- 49. To be explained from Central Fr.
ery, or carving, synonymous with Sp. fribohr, to flutter, flit to and fro without
fres, gold lace It.fregio, Vi&A.fris, Mid. fixed purpose like a butterfly
; barivoler, ;

'LaX.fristim,frismm, list, lace, ornamented to flutter in the wind. Jaubert.


border. boles, fond tattling, trifles, flimflams.

Fari-

About the sides shall niti B-fref Cot. A


similar metaphor is seen in
Of primroses. —Drayton in R Walach. ySr/fe/a {q. flattergeist), a trifler,
Iclothid was this mighty God of Love compared with It. farfalla, a butterfly.
In silli embroidered full of grene graves, Probably Lat. frivolus may be from the
In which there was a, fret of red rose-leaves. same ultimate root.
Chaucer. Legend Good Women, 228, Fricassee. Fr. fricasser, to fry. Lat,
In the same poem
the Queen of Love is frigere, frixum, from the hissing sound.
said to wear on her hair a fret of gold Friction. 'Lz.t. frico,frictiim,to chafe,
surrounded with a crown of pearls, the rub. See Fridge.
comparison of which to the yellow centre Friday, as. Frige-dceg, G. Frey-tag,
of a daisy set off by the white petals of the day sacred to Frigga, or Freya, the
the ray shows that the term is by no Saxon Venus, as Lat. Dies Veneris, Fr.
means constantly applied either to a bor- Vendredi.
der or a circlet. —
Fridge. Frig. Friggle. Frit. To — —
The origin, as above explained in the fridge or frig about. Skinner. Rapid —
case oi frieze, is to be found in the notion vibratory movement is expressed by a
of quivering or shaking, conceived as numerous series of sylla.hles,fcA,fg,fp
'

curling the surface of a liquid and throw- {phip), fidge, fitsch (Swiss fitschen), fit
ing it into vibrations, offering a type of {fitter), flick, flig, flip, flitsch (Bav. flit-
embroidered or sculptured ornamentation. scken),flit, and (with an r instead of an /)
So Fr. fringoter, to quaver, or divide in frick (Lat. fricare), frig,fritsch (It. fric-
singing, also to fret or work, frets in gold, ciare), frit {w.flrit, Fr. fretiller), imitat-
silver, &.c.;fringoteries, frets, cranklings, ing the sound of switching to and fro with
wriggled flourishes in carving, &c. Cot. — a light implement, or the crackling sound
In like manner It. frizzare, Fr. frMonner, of frying, or rustling of flames, or the like.
to quaver in singing, 'E. fritter, to shiver, li. frizzare, to quaver with the voice, to

lead to Yx.frizons, frizzled or raised work fry or parch, to frisk or skip nimbly fric- ;

of gold or silver wire, &c., and E.fret, in ciare, to rub, claw, wriggle up and down
the sense of carved or embroidered work. — FL, are precise equivalents of E. fridge.
5. Fret in Heraldry and Architecture 'W.flrid,flrit, a quick start or jerk.
is from a totally different root, signifying Friend. From Goth, frijon, to love,
the interlacing of bars or fillets. OFr. a.s fiend, an enemy, {romfijan, to hate.

fre'ter, croiser, entrelacer. —


Roquefort. Frieze. See Freeze.
28o FRIGATE FRITH
Frigate. Fr. frigate, Sp. fragata, fimbria, whence /rangia would follow, as
originally a light row-boat. Diez sup- cangiare, from cambiare, Fr. songer from
poses it may be from fabricata, a con- somniare. And /rimbia might be ex-
struction, as Fr. b&timent, applied to boat, plained from a form like Du. wrempen,
ship, or vessel in general, from bdth', to wrimpen, %. /rumple. ' Fraiig^, fringed,
build. also wriinpled, snipt or jagged on the
rrigM. Go'Ca.faurlits, timid ;
faurk- edges.' — Cot.
tei, fear, faurhtjan, to fear. OSax. fo- Fripery. Worn-out clothes, then the
rohtian,forahtian,forhtia?i, to fear. AS. place where old clothes are sold, or such
forht, G. furcht, Sw. frukta, fear. The faded finery as is sold by dealers in old
O.Saxon forms might lead us to suppose clothes.
the word to be a compound of Goth, ogan, Yr. /riper, to rub, to wear to rags Du.
;

prat, ohte, to fear ON. dga, to shudder at,


;
wrijve7i, vrijven, to wear, to rub ; OHG.
otta, to terrify but this is probably a
;
ripan, G. reiben, to rub, wipe, grate Sw.
;

false scent of the class mentioned under ri/ua, to scratch, tear, grate. The origin
Fret, 3. The more likely origin is the seems a form /rip, related to the /ric in
notion of shuddering, expressed by the Lat. /ricare, to rub, or AS. frician, to
root frk. Gr. <p^Un, a shuddering from dance, as clap to clack, or flip to flick.
cold or terror Mod.Gr. (ppiicrbe, fright-
; Light, rapid, reciprocating movement is
ful ;tpp'iTTOj, to be frightened Walach. ;
represented by a number of similar sylla-
,frica., fright fricosu, timorous.
;
bles pointed out under Fridge.
Frill. A
plaited band to a garment. Frisk. The use of the roots /ric,/rit,
For the logical connection between a flic,flit, in the expressions of smart, rapid,
twittering sound, a shivering vibratory repeated movement, has been mentioned
motion, and a curly or wrinkled surface, under Fridge, Fret, Firk, and in other
see Chitterling, Crisp, Caprice. So from places. The addition of an s either be-
W. ffrill, twitter, chatter, we pass to Fr. fore or after the final consonant improves
friller, to shiver for cold, and thence (as the effect in representing the broken rust-
from chitter, to shiver, to chitterling, a ling sound of multifarious or continued
frill) to E. frill. The same relation is movement. Hence It. /rizzare (=: /rit-s-
shown under Freeze between Sw. frasa, are), to quaver with the voice, to fry or
to rustle, ¥r. /riser, to shiver, axiA. /raise, parch, to spirt as effervescing wine, to
a frill or ruff. And Sw. /rasa, Fr. /riser, frisk or skip nimbly. The same idea is
lead through E./rizzle to Fr. /riller, in conveyed by E. /risk. ' Put water in a
the same way in which Sw. brasa, Fr. glass and wet your finger and draw it
bresiller, representing the crackling sound —
round about the rim, it will make the
of fire, lead to briller, to twinkle
or in ; visXtr /risk and sprinkle up in a fine dew.'
which grisser, gresiller, grisler, to crackle, — Bacon in Todd. Fin. priiskua, to spirt,
lead to griller, to wriggle, curl, frizzle. start out as a spark, exsilio ut scintilla.
Central fr. /rediller, to shiver. The same connection between the senses
Fringe. Fr. /range, Rouchi, /rinche, of spirting, starting, and a crackling
It./rangia, Sicil. /rinza, G./ranse, an or- sound, is seen in Russ./n«j.^«/", to spirt;
namented border of hanging threads or pruigaf, to leap or spring Serv. prigati, ;

plaited work, originally probably of the to fry. Compare also Bret, /ringoli, to
latter construction. The word may be quaver with the voice /riiiga, Fr. /rin- ;

accounted for in several ways, all leading giier, to frisk or frolick Serv. vrtziti, to ;

back to the fundamental notion of a spirt, gush ; vrtzitise, to move quickly to


wrinkled structure, expressed by the and fro.
figure of a vibratory sound, as explained K'^ flick a.nd /rick are of like effect in
under Freeze. expressing movements, we have flisk, to
Thus we may consider the word as a skip or bounce, synonymous \with /risk.
nasalised form of It. /regio, Fr. /raise, a —Hal.
ruff. Pied, /ris, a list or border, or, what Frith.— Firth. An arm. of the sea,
comes to nearly the same thing, we may mouth of a great river. ON. /jordr,
derive it from Du. /ronssen, Fr. /roncer, /jordr, Dan. /jord, an arm of the sea.
to plait or wrinkle. Compare "Dm. grij- Probably identical with Lat. /ictutn, a
sen, grijnsen, to grin ; E. crease, and It. narrow sea, from G&€i./rith, small, little,
grinza, a wrinkle. subordinate. Frith-bhaile, a suburb ;

On the other hand the Walach. forms /ritk-cheu?n, a by-path /rith-ministeir, ;

fimbrie and /riinbie show that /rimbia a curate /rith-mhuir (a little sea), an ;

may have been the original form of Lat. arm of the sea, loch, frith.
— •

FRITH FROTH 2S1

The origin of the Gael, term may be To Frizz. —Frizzle.


Fr. frizer, to
traced further back in W. brith, Bret, briz, curl, frizzle, ruffle, wriggle. Sv. frdsa,
speckled, particoloured, mixed, having to rustle, crackle, fizz, to spit like a cat.
the character indicated by the term with For the connection between the idea of
which it is joined in a partial degree. W. curling and a rustling or crackling sound,
brith adnabod -dyn, partly to know a see Freeze. Gr. (ppil originally repre-
person br'iih-ddiod, table-beer, small- sents a rustling sound, such as that of
;

beer. Bret, briz-tiek, a poor cultivator; the wind among trees ; it is then applied
briz-klenved, a light illness. to the ruffling or curling of the surface of
Frith. Kfreeth in N. Wales is a tract water by the breeze, whence ^pi'iog, rough,
of rough land inclosed on the skirts of curled.
the mountain and held as common by Frock. Froc de moine, a monk's cowl
the proprietors of the district. Frith, or hood. WxA.lji.'i. flocus,floccum,frocus,
unused pasture-land ; a field taken from froccus, hroccus, roccus, originally a shaggy
a wood, young underwood, brushwood. cloak, from Lat. flocais, Ptg. frocco, a
Hal. flock, lock, or tuft of wool.G. rock, an
Elles foweles fedden hem in frythes ther thei overcoat. The derivation of coat is pro-

woneden. P. P. in R. bably similar.
'
By
frith and fell.' ' Out of forests Frog. G.frosche, Du. vorsch.
I.

scnAfrythes and all faire wodes.' William — 2. The ornament of an embroidered


and the Werewolf. Gael, frith, a heath, coat. Ptg. froco, a flock of wool or of
deer-park, forest ; frithne, an uninhab- silk, chenille de broderie ; frofadura,
ited place ; Ir. frith, a wild mountainous ornaments of embroidery.
place. Froise. A pancake ; w. ffroes, an
It seems the same word with Fr. omelet. From the noise of frying. Sw.
friche, uncultivated condition. Bois en frdsa, to fizz, hiss, crackle. Sw. dial.
friche, wood newly lopped and let stand fres, noise of frying frdssa, to fry. ;

till it be grown again. Terre en friche, Whanne he is full in suche a dreme —


land untilled or neglected, whereby it He routeth with a slepie noyse
becomes overgrown with shrubs and And broustleth as a monke'sy^'oyj^
— —
weeds. Cot. Fresche Roquef ; frestizj When it is thrown into the pan. Gower in R. —
Mid.Lat. fresceium, freschiicm, friscum, See Fizz.

frostium Carp. \ fraustum,frausta terra, Froliok. Gr. froh, frohlich, in good

frusca terra Due, waste land. Fraitis, hmnour frohlocken, to sport, to frolick.
uncultivated land, pasturage. — ;

Roquef The syllable lick, lock, is probably the


Frocs, fros, froux, common or void AS. termination lac, ON. leik, signifying
grounds. —
Cot. Fraux et pasturages. — state or condition, and preserved in a
Due. Gael, fraoch, heath, the growth corrupted form in knowledge, wedlock.
of waste places. Bret, fraost, unculti- OHG. fraw, frawa, joyful, G. freuen,
vated. It. frasche, boughs, bushes, un- Vl.D frazien, to rejoice G. freude, joy.
. ;

derwood ; fratta, any thicket of brakes, '


Got frouue sela sina.' God bless his
brambles, bushes, or briers. Fl. — soul. —Brem. Wtb. as. frofer, comfort.
Fritter, i. A
fried cake. ¥v.friture, From. The primitive sense seems
a frying ; frire (pple.frit), Bret, frita, to that of ON. framm, Dan. frem, forth,
fry. It. frittare, to fry in a pan, make forwards whence the secondary use of
;

fritter-wise. Fl.— See Fry. the E. term in indicating the commence-


2. Fritters, fragments, shivers. To ment of motion. Goth. Iddja fram, he
fritter a thing away is to dissipate it by went on, went further fram fruma, ;

bits. A parallel form w\tii flitter, fiinder, from the beginning, i. e. as to the begin-
of the same meaning. The primary ning, onwards.
origin the use oi frit, in expressing a
is Front. Lat. frons, frontis. Pol.
crackling sound, as in Lat. fritinnire, to przod, forepart ; przod glowy, the fore-
twitter, then, a rattling or vibrating mo- head. Na
przodzie, in front. Przed,
tion, as in X-at. fritillus, a dice box ; Fr. befote.
fretiller, to fidget Gr. (ppirru, to tremble
; Frontispiece. haX. frontispicium, the
from cold or fear. To fritter, then, would forefront of a house. applied to Now
signify to shiver, and thence to break to the front page of a book, and by corrup-
shivers. Compare Du. schateren, to re- tion to the picture in front of a book.
sound, to rattle, with E. shatter. Frost. See Freeze.
Frivolous. LaX. frivolus. See Frib- Froth. O^. fraud,fro^a, scum, ixoih.
ble. Pl.D. frathen, fraodn, fradem, fraum,

;

282 FROUNCE FRUMENTY


steam, vapour framen, to steam. The axidi fro thinge thet me hateth.'
mmard to
;

analogy of the G. broden, brodem, steam, — Ancren Riwle, 254. One turns the
Du. broem, foam, scum, leaves little doubt face willingly toward to things that one
that the origin oi froth is a representa- loveth, and froward to things that one
tion of the sound of boiling or rushing hateth.
water. The same
train of ideas is re- Frown. Immediately from Fr. fro-
peated with little variation of sound in gner (preserved in refrogner, to frown,
W. brock, din, tumult, froth ; brochi, to —
look sourly on Cot.), which must origin-
fume, to chafe, to bluster ; Gael, bruich, ally have had the same signification as
bruith, to boil, E. broth, boiling water, It. grigiiare, to snarl, Fr. grogner, to

and sometimes steam, as when we speak grunt or grumble. Compare grognard,


of being in a broth of sweat. Du. bruy- grunting, also pouting or frowning. Cot. —
sen, tomurmur, give a confused sound, E. dial, frine, to whimper Sw. dial.
;

and also to foam ; bruys, foam, scum. frunna, to buzz ; fryna, to grin frimten, ;

Kil. wrinkled frutt, angry, cross.


;

With an initial yr we have on.frysa, Frowsy. Probably a corruption of


fryssa, frussa, to snort as a horse N. ; foisty ox fusty. V\.V>. fisfrig, close, ill-
frosa, to snort, also as Sw. frusa, to smelling, like a peasant's room. Dan- —
gush ^.ffrwd, Bret. /roud, a stream, a neil.
torrent
;

w. ffrydio, to stream, to gush,


;
To Frub. Fruggan. As frip and —
bringing us to froth, as the result of the frick are found in the sense of light
gushing or dashing of water. movement to and fro, frub and frug
Frounce. Fr. froncer, fronser, to seem to represent movement of a heavier
plait, wrinkle fronser le frortt, to knit
;
nature.
the brow ; fronser la bouche, to twinge Like many words beginning withy)-,
the mouth. It. fronza di corda, a coil of or wr, frub passes into rub on the one
cordage, knot of strings. Du. fronssen, side, and fub on the other. W. rhwbio,
fronsselen,fronckelen, to plait, to wrinkle to rub N. fubba, to wriggle to and fro.
;

wronck, a twisting, contortion wronck- The root frug, in the same sense, has
;

elen, to twist, to wrinkle. Kil. —The many relatives in E. {friggle, wriggle,


series of expressions for the idea of &c.), but appears most distinctly in It.
wrinkling is very numerous, but they frugare', to wriggle up and down, rub,
may usually be traced to the image of a burnish Fl. to poke with a stick, to — ;

crackling, frizzling noise, or to the snarl- sound, to fumble Altieri ; and with in-—
ing sounds expressive of ill temper version of the r, in furegare, to fumble,
;

while it must be remembered that the grope for, to sweep an oven furegone, a ;

latter are only a particular instance of groper, also a malkin or oven-sweeper.


the broken sounds which offer the most Yx.fourgon, 'S..fruggan,fruggin, an oven-
general type of a broken or rugged sur- fork, by which fuel is put into an oven
face. Evidence of the imitative origin of and stirred when it is in it. Cot. —
frounce is shown in Vr.froncher, to snort From the same root we must derive
like an angry horse. the Lat. furca, primarily an implement
Le destrier for poking, and only incidentally one
Froiiche et henist, et regibe des pieds. with divided prongs. See Furbish.
Roman de Garin. Frugal Lat. frux, pi. fruges, the
On a similar plan are formed Lat. fruits of the earth, corn, c&c, was applied
frendere, fresum {ior frensum), to make met. to what constitutes the worth of a
angry noises, snarl, grind the teeth Fr. thing, to the fruits of a good life. Emer-
;

frinson, a. finch or twittering bird. And, sisse aliquando, et se ad frugem bonam,


with an initial gr instead of //•, Du. ut dicitur, recepisse.
grinden, to snarl
Cic. Multa ad —
Fr. groncer, to roar bonam frugem ducentia in eo libro con-
;

as the sea grincer, to grind the teeth


; ;
tinentur. —
Cell. Hence homo bona fnigis
Du. grijnzen, to snarl, grumble, frown, or homo frugi, a man of worth, diligent,
knit the brow It. grinza, a wrinkle.
; serviceable, temperate, sober coina frugi, ;

Froward. on. frd, Dan. fra, from. a modest repast. Th&n frugalis, opposed
Fra top til taa, from top to toe. Froward to waste, thrifty.
then is from-ward, turned away from, Fruit. Fruition. —
Fr. fruit, Lat.
unfavourable, as to-ward, turned in the friictiis; iromfruor, fructtis sx\d,fruitus,
direction of an object, favourably dis- to enjoy.
posed to it. Me turneth thet neb blithe-
'

lich toitward to thinge thet me luveth mcnti!e, furmenty


Frumenty. Furmenty. —
Fr. fru-
(a kind of wheat gruel).
— — ;•

FRUMP FULSOME 283


— Cot. Frotnent, frumenium, wheat. thick and short, from the noise of a lump
"LcA.
Frump. To flout, jeer or mock, taunt of something thrown on the ground.
or snub. B.— A
contemptuous speech or Fump, a slap, a blow Hal. Da. dial. — ;

piece of conduct. —
Nares. It also ex- fompe, a blow, a fat fleshy person fompet, ;

presses the ill temper of the person who fat, fubsy ; fuddet, thick, and full in the
gives the frump. Frumpy, frumpish, face.
peevish, froward ; frump, a cross old To Fuddle. To make tipsy, to stupefy
woman. Hal. — with drink. A
corruption oi fuzzle, to
The origin is the same as that of the \-i\ak& fuzzy, or indistinct with drink.
synonymous _;?<?2«/, viz. an imitation of the The first night having liberally taken his drink,
pop or blurt with the mouth, expressive my fine scholar was so fusled that, &c. Anat. —
of contempt or ill humour. The same Melanch.
hnitative syllable with a somewhat differ- To fossle, vossle, to entangle, to con-
ent application is seen in Bret, fromma. fuse business. —
Cotswold Gl.
It. frombare, to whizz, while the radical P1.D. flissig, fuddig, raveled, fuzzy .

connection between the two ideas is shown Brem. Wtb. flssUg, fusslig, just tipsy
by It. fruUare, to make a rumbling or enough
;

to speak indistinctly Danneil —


whizzing noise frulla, a flurt, lirp, phip faseln, to feaze, fuzz, ravel, to rave or
C'r.
;

with one's fingers, a trifle, toy. Fl.— dote. —


Kuttner.
Then as the mouth is screwed up in Fudge. Fr. dial, fucke ' feucke ! like
thus giving vent to ill temper, the radical E. pisk ! an interjection of contempt ;
imitation of the sound produced gives who cares ' Picard, ta maison brule.

!

rise to forms expressing screwing up the Feucke ! j'ai Fcld dans m'poque '
mouth, wrinkling the nose, which are fudge I've the key in my pocket.
!

afterwards extended to the idea of wrink- Hdcart. From this interjection is the
ling, twisting, or contraction in general. vulgar Fr. se ficker d'une ckose, to disre-
Du. wrempen, wrimpen, G. riimpfen, to gard it. Je nUenficke, I pish at it, pooh-
distort the mouth or make a wry face in pooh it, treat it with contempt. Fickez
contempt ; Bav. rimpfen, to shrink or le d, la parte, bid him truss or trudge,
crumple, to twist as a worm, to wrinkle as turn him out. Ficku, awkward, imac-
the skin of an old woman E. wrimpled, ceptable, absurd. // est ficku, he is gone

;

crumpled ; frumple, to wrinkle, crumple, ta pot. Gattel. Precisely similar ex-


ruffle —
Hal. as. hrynipelle, a rumple,
; pressions are V\X).futsck ! begone ; datt
fold ; E. rimple, rutnple, to wrinkle, is futsck goon, gone to pot Danneil ; —
tumble, or throw into irregular folds. Swiss futsck werden, to fail, to come to
As G. rumpeln is to rumble or make a nothing. 'Ba.Y.pfutsck/ expresses a rapid
rattling noise, E. rumble, to make a low instantaneous movement ; Swab, pfitzen,
broken noise, it is quite possible that to disappear.
the sense of wrinkling may come direct —
Fuel. Fewel. OYx. fouaille, M.Lat.
from that connection between the idea focale, firing, horn, focus, hearth, fireplace,
of a broken surface and the image of a and thence It. fuoco, Sp. fuegc, Fr. feu,
broken sound, of which we have had so fire. Fouailler, the woodyard. Roquef. —
many instances. See Frounce. —
-fuge. Fugitive. Lat. fugio, Gr.
To Frush. From a direct representa- (ptvfdi, to fly, escape, avoid. Refuge, a
tion of the noise of things breaking. Fr. place to fly to.
froisser, to crash, crush, knock, or clatter Full. See Fill.
together. —
Cot. It.frusczare, to frush or To Full.—Fuller. Lat. fullo, a fuller,
crush together. Fl. — a dresser of cloth. It. follare, to full or
Frustrate. l.aX. frustra, in vain. tuck woollen cloths, also to press or
Fry. Properly the spawn of fish, but crowd ; folia, a throng or crowd. Fr.
now applied to the young bi'ood lately fouler, to tread or trample on ; fouller, to
spawned. Fr. fray, spawn of fish or full, or thicken cloth in a mill. Du. vollen,
frogs. Goth. T^azV, seed ; O'S.frioffrid, to work and thicken cloth by stamping
seed, egg ; friofsa, to fecundate. on it in a trough (called voll-kom), with
To Fry. From the sputtering noise water. — Kil. VoLfolowad, to full ; folusz,
of things cooking in boiling grease, Lat. a fuller. Serv. valyati (volutare), to roll
frigere, Vr.frire, brire (Vocab. de Vaud.), about, to full cloth. Russ. vaV, a roller,
to fry. cylinder ; valek', a washing beetle val- ;

Fub. —Fubsy. Fub, a plump child. yat', to roll, to throw down, to full cloth.
B. A word of analogous formation to * Fulsome. Distasteful, loathsome,
bob, dab, dod, signifying a lump, anything luscious. —B. The derivation from ON,
— —

284 FUMADOES FURL


fullsa, to show disgust, must be given up,
* 2. A
chimney-pipe, from the resem-
the earlier sense of the word being simply blance to a funnel for pouring. It is re-
fulfilling, satisfying, then satiating, cloy-
markable that tunnel also is used in the
ing, sickening.
two senses. Tonnell, to fill wine with,
Thann were spacli spices spended al aboute antonnoir. Tonnell of a chymney, tuyau,
Pulsomdi at the fill to eche freke thereinne, — Palsgr.
And the wines tlierwith wich hem best lilted. Fur. The proper meaning of the word
William and the Werew. 1. 4324-
and then the woolly skins of
is lining,
rumadoes. Our pilchards salted and animals used for lining clothes, the coat-
dried in the smoke are so called in Spain ing of planks with which the side of a

and Italy. B. Transformed by the salt- ship is lined, &c. It is a contracted form
from fodder, which in all the languages
fish dealers into Fairmaids.
To Fumble. To handle a thing awk- of the Gothic stock is used in the double
wardly. B. —
See Famble. sense of food, and case or lining. To
Fume. A smoke or steam. Lat. fodder a garment, to line it with cloth or
fumus, smoke. Hence to fume, to chafe skins. Junius. Goth, fodr, a sheath,—
with anger, from the strong breathing of OHG. fuotar, a sheath, and fodder for
anger. Wall, foumi sain pip, to smoke cattle on. fodr, sheath, lining Du. voe- ; ;

without pipe, to be out of temper. der, fodder, sheath, lining, fur; voeyer,
* Fun. Sport, game ; to fun, to cheat, fodder, lining. Kil. So in the Romance—
deceive. — Hal.
OE. fon, Sw. fane. Da. languages. It. fodero, fodder, sheath, lin-
d.\al.f}un, a fool. To fon, to make a fool ing S^.fo7-ro, lining, sheathing.
;

.of, to make game of. '


Soyn shalle we The difficulty is to connect the two

fon hym.' Towneley Myst., p. 94. ON. meanings by a natural transition. Fiorio
fdna, to behave foolishly ; Sw. dial._^«/a, regards the sense of victuals as the figur-
fjanta, to play, sport, joke. The same ative one. '
Fodere, by metaphor used
connection of ideas is seen in Fr. fol, among soldiers for victuals or provant,
foolish ; folatre, sportive. The court fool serving as it were for a lining for their
and jester was the same person. bodies.' The same figure occurs in the

-funct. Function. 'L^t.fungor, func- old song :

tus, to discharge, fulfil an office, commis- '


Then line your worn doublet with ale, Gaffar
sion, &c. Defunctus vitd, having done Gray.'
with life, dead.
Fundamental. — Fund. See To Bwt fodder
in the sense of victuals is un-
Found. doubtedly connected ^xXh.food, while phi-
Funeral. "LiX. funics, funeris, a dead lologists are quite at a loss for any de-
body, the rites of burial. rivation of the word in the sense of a
Funk. I. A strong rank smell as that sheath ; and the act of putting food into
of tobacco. B. — Properly an exhalation. the stomach might be taken as the type

Lang.yK», smoke. Diet. Castr. Rouchi, of stowing away, placing ^^•ithin a recep-
funquer. Wall, funki, funker, to smoke, tacle. Yx.fourrer, to put, thrust, or throw
ftmqueroji (fumeron), imperfectly burnt into, to lodge in, or hide within a hollow
charcoal. Hence the metaphorical sense thing, hence to case, to sheath, to fur.
of perturbation, fright. In de fonk ziin Cot.
(to be in a funk), in perturbatione esse. * Furbelow. Yr. falbalas, S'p.farfald,
Kil. '
Si commen5a a soi fuiner (began a flounce. Lyonnese farbela, fringe,
to be disturbed), et couleur changier, et flounce, rag farbelousa, woman in rags, ;

se douta de,' &c. —


c. nouv. nouv. xli. beggar. The meaning seems to be some-
2. Touchwood. —Hal. Properly a thing flapping to and fro. Central Fr.
spark, in the same way that spunk is used fribolcr, barivoler, to flutter des i-ubans ;

both for spark and touchwood. Funkc, barivolants une robe qui barivole. It. ;

or lytylle fyre, igniculus. —


Pr. Pm. Du. farfalla, a butterfly, from its fluttering
•voncke, a spark ; voncke, -vonck-hottt, flight.
touchwood, tinder. To Furbish.. Fr. fourbir. It. forbire,
O.funke, 'Bs.Y.flunken, a sp&rk, funkeln, to frub, furbish, burnish. Fl. See Frub. —
to sparkle, ixovs:iflunkern,flinkern,flinken, To Furl. Also tofarthel—V,. farthel- ;

to glitter. ling lines, the lines used in furling. From


Funnel, i. An implement for pouring tying up the sails in a fardel, or truss.
liquids into a narrow orifice. Lat. infun- Yx.fardelcr, to truss, or pack up. The
dibulum, himousm enfoumt, Bret _^aunit, Fr. fresler, to furl, may be taken back
tromfundere, to pour. again from 'E.fnrl.
;
!

FURLONG FUTTOCKS 285


Furlong. A furrow-long, thelength fussehi,fisseln, to touch lightly with the
of a furrow. fingers Bav. fuseln, to trifle, dawdle,
;

Furlough. Leave of absence given piddle, work hastily and ill ; Tyrol ftts-
to a soldier. Du. verlof, leave, permis- lerei, fuselwerk, bad, useless work ; fusel-
sion. obst, poor, small fruit. —
Deutsch. Mund-
Furnace. Fr. fournaise, It. fomace, art. vol. V. Bav. fusel, bad brandy, bad
ha-t./urnus, an oven. tobacco.
To Furnish. It./ormre, to store with, Fusil. Yr. fusil. It. focile, a fire steel

provide unto, finish. Fl. Fr. enfourner, for a tinder-box, then the hammer of a
to set in an oven, to begin, set in hand, fire-lock, the fire-lock or gun itself. From
set on work parfournir, to perform, ac- Mid.Lat. focus, It. fuoco, Fr. feu, fire.
;

complish, fulfil, also to supply, furnish, E fu de kayloun krt fusil (a fire-hiren) :'
'

make up.^Cot. The thorough baking the steel strikes fire from flint. Bibels- —
of the loaf would thus seem to afford the worth.
type from whence fornire acquires the Fuss. Swiss pf?isefi, to make a fizzing
sense of finishing or completing. Lat. noise like wind and water in violent mo-
furnus, an oven. Ordine est qe leo tur- tion ; aufpfusen, of the working of fer-
ters ne dussent nul payn blaunk fayre mented liquors, metaphorically of one

ntfurmre. Complaint of bakers of white breaking out in a passion. Sw.yfaj, stir ;
bread, 15 Ed. II. Lib. Alb. 2, 413. gora niycket fias, to make a great stir;
Furrow. As. furh, G. furche, Lat. fidska, to fuss, to bustle, faire I'affaird,
jiorca. I'empress^, Stre inutilement actif. Dan.
Furze. Properly ^/?rj, from the prickly ^\3\.. fiaesseri, occupation with trifles.
leaves common to the two kinds of plant. Fustian. It. fustagno, Fr. fustaine.
Fyrrys, or quice-tree, or gorstys-tree, rus- Fusco-tincti, fiistanie. Neccham. — Ac-
cus. Fyre, sharp brush {firre, whyn), sali- cording to Diez, from being brought from
unca. — Pr. Pm. Brosse, browzings for Fostat or Fossat (Cairo) in Egypt.
deer, slso fur-bushes. —
Fl. * Fusty. Fr. fuste, a. cask, fuste,
To Fuse. -fuse. Lat. fundo, fusum, fusty, tasting of the cask, smelling of the
to pour, and thence to cast metal, e. vessel wherein it has been kept. Cot. —
fuse, to melt metal for casting, to melt I mowlde or fust as corne or brede
'


or render liquid ; infusion, a solution in doth, je moisis.' Palsgr. Then as it is
liquid ; projuse, lavish, pouring out con- only a mouldy, unclean cask which gives
;

fusion, a pouring together, making indis- a taste to the liquor contained, fusty,
tinct. mouldy ; to fust, to grow mouldy the — '

* Fusee. —Fuse. From 'LsX. fiisus, a fustiest that ever corrupted in such an
spindle, \t.fuso,fusolo, a spindle or spool unswilled hogshead.' —
Milton. I mowlde'

to spin with, also the shank or shaft of ox fust as corne or brede doth, je moisis.'
anything, as of a dart or candlestick, the Palsgr.— From the similarity of sound
shank of the leg, middle beam or post of the word has been confounded withy&zj/j'
a crane or a tent, axle of a millstone or from a totally different origin.
of a wheel Yx.fuseau, a spindle, spool,
;
-fate. Lat. confuto, to put to silence,
bobbin, axle of a grindstone fus^e, a confute, repress refuto, to reject, refuse,
; ;

spindlefull of thread, and from the re- defeat. The old explanation from the
semblance of form., the fusee or conical figure of pouring in a little cold water to
wheel round which the chain winds the suppress the boiling of a pot is not satis-
;

barrel or axletree of a crane (Cot.). Ficsh factory. A


rational foundation may be
is also applied to certain pipe-shaped found in the inter], phui, phu, or fu, ex-
hollows, as the fistula of an abscess, the pressive of contempt and rejection. Phu
burrow of a fox, and it is under this in malam crucem. Plaut. From corre- —
aspect that the term is applied to a squib sponding forms of the interj. are G. anp-
or rocket, a cylindrical case filled with ftden, to cry fie on, to hoot —
Kiittn.
wildfire. Hence the fuse or fusee of a Du. verfoeyen, despuere, vilipendere, con-

bombshell, a pipe of slow burning powder temnere, respuere Kil. N. twia, twitta, ;

used to ignite the charge. It. fusolare, to express reprobation by the interj. twi !
to twirl or spin, to bore ordnance or Futile. Lat. futilis (from fundo, to
wooden pipes, to make rockets or squibs. pour), radically, apt to spill, leaky, what
— Fl. Mod. Gr. (pvaeicri, (pvasyyiov, a squib, is easily spilt, fragile, and met. ineffectual,
cartridge, rocket. light, vain.
Fusel oil. A fetid oil arising from Futtocks. Not, as commonly ex-
potato spirit. G. dial. (Fallersleben) plained, foot-hooks, but foot-stocks, as

286 FUZZ GAD


explanation of the a bottle. Prussian fossm, fossern, to
shown in P'lorio's
stamine, the upright ribs fuzz or break up into a fuzz or spongy
Itahan term ;

mass of filaments. Fuzzy orfozy turnips


of the inside of a ship, called foot-stocks
OT foot-sticks.
(voose raepen —
Kil.) are soft and spongy.

I'uzz. — Fuzzy. G. pfuschen, Swiss


.

A fuzzy outline is woolly and indistinct.


Metaphorically to fuzz or fuzzle is to
pfusen,pfisen, E.fisz, represent the sound
confuse the head with drink, to muddle
of water flying off from a hot surface, of
air and water in intimate mixture
and with drink. The University troop dined
'

commotion. Hence fuzz, having the with the Earl of Abingdon, and came
nature of things which fizz, a. frothy,

back v/eW. fuzzed.' Wood in Todd. See
spongy mass, a confused mixture of air Fuddle.
and water, as champagne foaming out of

G
. Gab.— Gabble. GabUe represents a gale, still used for the taking of a mine in
loud importunate chattering, as the cry of the West of England. To
gale a mine,
geese, rapid inarticulate talking. to acquire the right of working it Hal. ; —
Forthwith a hideous gabble rises loud and gale is the common word in Ireland
Among the builders each to other calls,
;
for a payment of rent, or for the rent due
Not understood, till hoarse, and all in rage, at a certain term.

As mocked they storm. Milton. Gaberdine. A
shepherd's coarse frock

In the same sense are used gabber or coat. B. Yx. galvardine, galleverdine
{]3.m), jabber, gibber. Then passing from (Pat. de Champ.), It. gavardina, Sp.
the frequentative form (which in imitative gabardina.
words is often the original) we have gab, Gabion. A large basket used in forti-
prating, fluent talking ; the gift of the^aiJ, fication. It. gabbia, a cage gabbione, a;

the gift of talking. Gab is also in Sc. great cage or gabion. See Gaol.
and Dan. the mouth, the organ of speech. Gable. Goth, gibla, a pinnacle ; OHG.
Pol. geba, the mouth. gibili, gipili, front, head, top G. giebel, ;

The quotation from Milton shows the the ridge or pointed end of a house on. ;

natural transition from the notion of talk- gafl, the sharp end of a thing, as the prow
ing without meaning to that of mockery, and poop of a boat, gable of a house. —
with which the idea of delusion and lying Gudm. Da. gavl, gable.
is closely connected. Du. gabberen, to The origin is probably preserved in
joke, to trifle. —
Kil. on. gabba. It. gab- Gael, gob, a beak, whence Manx gibbagh,
bare, Fr. gaber, OE. gab, to mock, cheat, sharp-pointed ; Pol. dziob, a beak, dziob-
lie. at!, to peck.

— —
Gabel. Gavel. Gale. Gabel, a rent, Gaby. A
simpleton, one who gapes

custom, or duty. B. It. gabella, a cus- and stares with wonder. Da. gabe, to
tom or imposition on goods Fr. gabelle, gape, gabe paa, to stare at. N. gapa, to
;

any kind of impost, but especially applied gape, to stare, gap, a simpleton- So Fr.
to the duty on salt. AS. gafol, gafel, tax, badault, a fool, dolt, ass, from the old
tribute, rent. Mid. Lat. gabulum, gablum, form badare, to gape, to stare. Bret.
gau/u>K,nnt,t3.K. 'Oxford. Hsecurbsred- genou, the mouth genaoui, to open the ;

debat pro theolonio et gabto regi, &:c.' mouth like an idiot, to behave like a fool.
Doomsday in Due. 'Villam— et totum E. dial, to gauve, to stare gcuvy, a

gaulum ejusdem villae.' Charta Philippi dunce ; gauvison, a young simpleton
;

Com. Flandr.,A.D. 1176. The gavetier in gaup, to gape or stare, gaups, a simple-
the forest of Dean is the officer whose ton.— Hal.
business is to collect themining dues. The Gad. —
Goad. Gadfly. — To Gad. —
primary sense is doubtless rent paid for Gad, a rod for fishing or measuring, pole,
the tenure of land. Gael, gabk, take, re- tall slender person. —
Hal. 'A gadde or
ceive, seize, hold, whence gabhail, seizing, whip.' —
Barct's Alv. Goad, an ell English.
taking, a lease, a tenure. —
Armstrong, B.— Goth, gazd, OHG. gart, stimulus ;

w. gafael, a hold, gripe, grasp. As the gardea, a rod, sceptre gertun, virgis,
Gael, bh is often silent, gabhail becomes flagellis. —
Graff.
;
.

GAFF GAIN 287


The
(which
loss of the r in gad and goad
only in the more or less
differ
the W. of E. to gramfer, grammer. Jen-
nings. The Fris. \i?Lsfaer for father.^

broad pronunciation of the vowel) con- Outzen. Fin. fari (from the Norse),
ceals the fundamental identity of the father, grandfather, venerable old man.
word with G. gerte and E. yard. The N moir, mor, moi, mother ; gummor,
.

primitive meaning is a rod or switch, glimmer, gumma, grandmother


probably from the sound of a blow with Gag. The inarticulate noises made by
such an implement. See Gird. Then, one endeavouring to speak, while suf-
as a cut with a flexible rod, or prick with fering impediments either from the im-
a pointed one, are equally efficient in perfection of his own organs or from
urging an animal forwards, the name is external violence, are represented by the
extended to the implement used for either syllables gag, gag. Swiss gaggen, gagseii,
purpose, and a goad is the pointed rod to stutter, speak in an incoherent man-
used in driving bullocks. Afurther step ner Bret. gagH, gagotda, to stutter, gab-
;

in abstraction gives N. gadd, a prick, or ble Gael, gagach, stuttering.


; E. gag is
sharp point. Da. dial, gadd, a prickle, to cause one to make inarticulate guttural
thorn of a tree, sting of an insect. Hence noises, either by stopping the mouth or
%. gad-fly, the fly thsit goads or stings the external pressure. Gaggyn, to streyne
cattle, and thence again the verb io gad, by the throte, suffoco. Pr. Pm.— Banff.
to go restlessly about, as cattle flying S^'^gj gl<^gg^^j to make a noise in the
from the attack of the gadfly. throat as if choking.
A fierce loud buzzing breeze, their stings draw Gage. Gr. gage, a pledge. See Wage.
blood, Gag-tooth.. A
projecting tooth. Hal.—
And drive the cattle gadding through the wood. ON. gagr, prominent. See Goggle.
Dryden. Gail-clear. —
Gyle-tub. Gail-clear,
So from It. asilo, assillo, a gadfly, a goad, gail-fat, a wort-tub guile (of ale or beer),
assilare, to be bitten with a horsefly, to a brewing. —
B.
;

Gail-dish, a vessel used


leap and skip as an ox or a horse bitten in brewing gyle-tub, the vessel in which
by flies, to be wild or raging. Fl. — ;

the ale is worked. N. gil, ale in a state


GafE— Gaffle. These terms and their of fermentation ; gil-kar, gil-saa, the tub
equivalents in the related languages are in which the wort ferments. Vixx. ghijlen,
applied to different kinds of hooked or to boil, to effervesce gyl, gyl-bier, beer;

forked instruments, which are classed in which the fermentation is going on.
under a common name from their apti- T' bier staat in't gijl, the beer ferments.
tude in seizing or holding fast. The — Halma.
origin is preserved in Gael, gabh, take, Gain. i. It. guadagnare, to gain ;
seize, whence gabhlach, forked gobhar, VioY. guazatzh, gazanh, gaanh, gain, pro-
;

a fork, a prop Ir. gobhlog, a hay fork, fit OFr. gaagner, Fr, gagner, to gain.
; ;

a forked support for a house. W. gafael, The primary meaning of the word
a hold, gripe, grasp ; gafl, a fork ; gaflach, seems to be labour, from whence to the
a fork, a lance. Lang, gafa, to take, to idea of gain the transition is obvious, in
seize gaf, gain, profit, also a hook. Sp. accordance with the primeval warning.
;

gafar, to hook ; gafa, the gaffle or hooked In the sweat of thy brow thou shalt gain
lever by which a crossbow was drawn up, thy bread. OFr. gaagner, to till the
hooks for lowering casks. Dan. gaffel, ground, labour in one's calling.— Roque-
a fork, and nautically the gaff or prop fort. Gaigneur, a husbandman, labourer.
used in extending the upper corner of a — Cot. In the same way N. vinna, to
fore-and-aft sail, originally doubtless pro- labour, and also to win or gain. Walach.
vided with a fork at the lower end, with loucrare, to work, do, complete loucrou, ;

which it embraced and slid on the mast. labour, work, thing Lat. lucrum, gain.

;

Gaffle, a dung-fork. Hal. G. gabel, a The ultimate origin of the word is to


fork ; fleisch-gabel, a flesh-fork, flesh- be found in the bibhcal metaphor by
hook ; gabeln der weinreben, the ten- which children are compared to branches.
drils of vines by which they lay hold of Gael, gas, a bough, a young boy gasan,
;

the support ; gabel-anker, a cramp-iron a little branch, young man. Then, as in


in architecture. Lith. kabe, kabele, a the case of Lat. piier, we pass from the
hook ; kablys, a hook, snag, crooked sense of boy to that of servant. W. gwas,
fork. gwasan, a youth, a servant, gwasan-

*Gaffer. Gammer. Adesignation of aeth, service Bret, gwaz, a man, vassal,
;

elderly people in humble life. From servant ; Prov. guazan, a vassal, guasan-
grandfather, grandmother, cut down in dor, a cultivator.

288 GAIN GALE


Asingular agreement is seen between is out of use, but we still have ungainly,
the Prov. forms and Turk, gazanj, kazanj, awkward, unhandy.
gain, profit, earnings ; gazanmek, kazan- The immediate origin is ON. gegn, con-
mek, to gain, to earn. The puzzle is aug- venient, suitable, gegna, properly to meet,
mented by the on. gagn, gain, profit, then to answer, to fit, to suit. N. gjegna,
victory at gagna, gagnaz, to profit, to
;
to meet, to set oneself against, turn one
avail, which must be traced to a totally back, also to be fitting or suitable. Datta
different origin from Fr. gagner, notwith- kann ikje gjegna, that will not do, will
standing the striking identity both in not answer. Aasen. —
form and meaning. Gait. See Gate.
Gain. 2. Gain (in composition) is G. Gaiter. Fr. guestre, guHre j Bret.
gegen, against, ON. gegn, gagn, against, gweltren, geltren.
through in composition, thoroughly, as
;
Gala.— Eegale. It. far gala, to be

well as opposite, opposed to Dan. gicn, merry, to eat and drink well regalare, to
; ;

Sw. g^n, gain, in return Bret, gin, oppo- feast, or entertain


; vestirse di gala, to ;

site ann ttt gin, the opposite side gin- dress fine and gay gala, ornament,
; ; ;

ouch-gin, directly opposite, explaining the finery, dress. Sp. dia di gala, a court
reduplicate form of G. gegen, N. gegn, E. day, holiday. OFr. gale, good cheer,
jollity galer, to lead a joyous life.
;

The sense of opposite readily melts into Roquef.


that of direct, immediate, as the object The origin is the metaphor by which a
opposite is that witli which we are in im- person in a state of enjoyment is com-
mediate contact. Hence Sw. gen, gin, pared to one swimming in an abundance
direct, short genaste wdgen, the shortest
;
of good things, of which he can take at
way, E. dial, the gainest way. S w. getiast, pleasure.
directly, immediately gent emot, gent
; I bathed still in bliss, I led a lordly life.
Sfwer, over against, directly opposite ; Gascoigne.
genwag, Dan. gienvei, a short cut, way Long thus he lived, slumbering in sweet delight
leading directly through any intervening Bathing in hquid joys his melted sprite.
obstacle, whence may be explained the Spenser, Britain's Ida.
sense of through, belonging to ON. gagn, Copenhagen is represented in the Danish
igegnom, gegnt, Sw. genom, &c. papers as swimming in a flood of delight.
It is difficult to separate the fore- Times, Sept. 9, 1865.
going from Du. ghene, yon ghender, ; It.guazzare, to wade, dabble, plash by ;

ghinder, yonder ginds, out there, by


; met. to lavish in good cheer guazzettare, ;

which the attention of the hearer is di- to wallow in good chear, to love to fare
rected to a certain object. The speaker
pronounces a word signifying ' opposite,'
daintily. — Fl.
Now It.gala signifies a bubble (see
'
before your eyes,' while he indicates the Gall) ; andare a gala, galare, galleggiare,
object intended by a bodily gesture. AS. galleggiare nel giubilo, as Fr.
to float ;

gean, geon, gain (in composition), again nager dans


la joie, to give oneself up to
;

geond, through, over, as far as, beyond. pleasure. So also dim. galluzza, gal-
Geond to tham stane, up to the stone. lozzo, a water bubble, galluzzare, to float
aider and geond, hither and thither. as a bubble, to be in a high state of en-
Geond feowertig daga, after forty daj'S. joyment. By this not very ob\'ious train
Fram geondan see, from beyond sea. of thought, gala, a bubble, is taken as the
The effect of the syllable geon is to indi- type of festivity and enjoyment.
cate a position in time or space, separated Galaxy. Gr. yaXa ^dXoKroc, milk, yo-
from the speaker by an interval of forty Xa^cag Kuk-Xof, Lat. galaxias, the milky
days, an expanse of sea, &c. way.
Gain. 3. Gainly. Sc. to gone, or Gale. Sc. gale-wind, gall-wind, a
gain, to belong to, to last, to suffice
be fit or suitable.
to gale, strong wind.
; Jam. From N. galen,
angry, mad, raging. Ein galcn storm,

For I brought as much white monie eit gale ver, a furious storm.
As game my men and me.— Border Minstrelsy.
The original figure may perhaps be be-
The coat does na gane him, does not fit witched, foul weather got up by witch-
him. A ganand price, a fit or becoming craft, from on. gala, to sing, at gala gal-
price. Gain, gane, fit, useful, direct.— dra, to recite charms galinn, bewitched,
;

Jam. Gain applied to things, is conve- beside oneself, mad. Galdr, charms,
. nient to persons, active, expert
; to a witchcraft, is a derivative from the same
;

way, short.— Ray. Gainly in like senses root, properly signifying song, as shown
;

GALE GALLANT 289


in hanagaldr, cockcrow. Hence galdra- [
scab. In w. gwall, on. galli, the word
hrict, storm brought on by witchcraft. has the more general sense of a fault or
To Gale. To cry, make an outcry. imperfection ; galladr, haying some fault
Now telUth forth and let the sompnour gale.S-w.galen, faulty, bad, wrong. Ratt eller
Chaucer. galet, right or wrong. Dan. gal, wrong,
ON. gala, to sing, to crow, exhibits the ill, and provincially sore. Min fod ergal,
origin of Lat. gallus, a cock, as weH as of my foot is galled or sore. E. dial, gall, a
nightingale, the bird that sings by night. fault or imperfection, spring, or wet place
Dan. hanegal, cock-crow. in a field, bare place in a crop, a sore
Gall. I. AS. gealla, from the yellow place. Hal. —
colour. G. galle, gall gelb, yeUow ; Pol.
;
As under Bale we ventured the sug-
zol<!, gall ; zolty, yellow zolcic, to make gestion that a boil or botch (ON. bola, a
;

yellow ; Bohem. SluS, gall Muty, yellow. bubble, blister, boil) was taken as the
;

Perhaps however the derivation may run type of bodily illness, and thence of suf-
in the opposite direction, as hat. Jklvus, fering and evil in general, so the possi-
yellow, seems derived fiom/el, gall. bility of a like origin for gall in the sense
Gall. 2.— Wind-gall.— Gall-nut. g. of evil may be supported by the Piedm.
gall-afifel, an oak-apple, the light, round, gogala, a bubble, gogala, gola, a bump
nut-like excrescence produced by insects raised by a blow, often confounded with
on different kinds of oak, and used for a boil or blain.
ink, or in dyeing. Gallant. This word is used mainly in
It. gala, galla, gallozza, galluzza, an two senses, ist, with the accent on the
oak-gall. The original meaning is a first syllable, showy in dress, spirited,
bubble, from the guggling sound of boil- brave in action, and 2nd, with the accent
ing or bubbUng water. This sound is re- on the second syllable, attentive to wo-
presented in Piedmontese hy gogala, as men. They may perhaps have different
in E. ^y guggle J gogala, the bubbling up origins.
of boiling water, or simply a water-bubble. The first of these senses is undoubtedly
— ZaUi. Valencian, bull d galls, it boils from It. galano, quaint and gay in clothes,
in bubbles. —
Dozy. Arab, gald, to boil. brave and gallant in new fashions and
bravery; galante, brave,
Gael, goil, to boil ; Sc. guller, or buller, handsome,
for the gurgling sound of water rushing quaint, comely, gallant to the sight.— Fl.
through a confined opening, belong to the Gallaunt,a. ma.niresh. in apparel Palsgr. —
same imitative class. The It. diminu- in Way. The origin is gala, a state of
tives galhczza, gallozza, are commonly festivity or enjoyment, of which the deriv-
used in the sense of a water-bubble, but ative galano would naturally be applied
the simple form of the noun is used in the as well to the gayness of apparel as to the
same sense in the expression andare a high spirits characteristic of festivity.
gala, stare a gala, to float on the water. It will be observed that brave was for-
Then, as in other cases, where a bubble merly used in the sense of handsomeness
is taken as the type of globular form, the of dress, though now, like gal/ant, applied
designation is transferred to a ball, round to spirited action.
lump, and especially to an oak-gall, from As a person courting a woman is natur-
its singular lightness, floating on the ally attentive to dress, the second of the
water like a bubble. Pol. gala, galeczka, senses above mentioned may be an inci-
galka, a ball ; galka muszkatalowa, a dental application of the first. Sp galdn, .

nutmeg ; galas, a gall-nut ; Bohem. gay, neat, well-dressed, lively, courtly,


halka, a knob, dubowa halka, an oak-gall especially with respect to ladies, a gen-
{dubowa, oak) ; Lith. galwa, head, boU tleman in full dress, courtier, lover, wooer.
of flax, &:c., the dim. of which, galwuze, It is possible however that the double
is nearly identical with It. galluzza. form of the It. galdno and galante may
Russ. galushka, a dumpling, lump of arise from confusion of a different word,
meal Walach. galka, a gland, kernel in the equivalent of Sc. callan, callant, a
;

the throat. Sp. galla, agalla, oak-gall, youth.


gland in the throat, wind-gaU, or elastic And eik ana hundreth followis redy boun
tumour in a horse's leg. Of young gallandis with purpura crestis rede,
Gall. 3. To gall, to make a sore Thare giltin gare made glittering every stede.
place, to rub off the skin. Fr. galler, to D.V.
scratch where
gall, fret, itch, also to rub, Gael, gallan, a branch, a youth, tall or
it itcheth ; galle, an itching of the skin, handsome young man. Pol. gal({Z, Ptg.

dry scab or scurf. Cot, It. galla, mange, galho, Sp. gajo, a branch, shoot. The
19
;

zgo GALLERY GALLON


designation of a youth on the same
prin- lerie, plaisanterie —
Roquef. goulu, glut-
;

ciple from comparison to a branch is also tonous ; gouUe, a mouthful ; Lat. gula,
seen in Gael, ogan, a branch or twig, a the throat, gluttony ; gulo, a glutton ; all
young man oas, a stalk, bough, boy.

originally from the sound of liquid pour-
See Gain. ing down the throat. See Gala, where
Gallery. The ordinary E. sense of a the idea of merrymaking is deduced from
balcony or upper stage within an apart- the same radical image by a different
ment, a, place where the occupier is de- figure.
fended by rails from falling, seems the Galligaskins. Fr. Greguesque, Greek
original one. Lang, galari^, the rails of chausses d. la Garguesque, gregs or gallo-
a staircase, balustrade or parapet, terrace gaskins greguesques, slops, gregs, gallo-
;

before a house. As access to the differ- gascoines, venitians gregues, wide slops, ;

ent apartments of a house was commonly gallogascoins, great Gascon or Spanish



given by a passage thus constructed, the hose. Cot. The reference to Gascon is
term was transferred to any passage or a piece of mistaken etymology. The
long apartment. word is simply a corruption of Gregues-
Swi galler, lattice, balustrade ; galler- ques, Grecians. Greguesque, garguesque,
flnstr, a lattice window, jalousie, blind. galguesque, galligaskes.
Possibly from an equivalent of Gael. Gallimawfry. Fr. gallimafrie, a
gallan, Ptg. galho, a branch, rod, shoot. hodge-podge, dish made of remnants
Galley, on. galley ta, OSw. galeida, chopped up. Probably lengthened out
galeja, Mid.Lat. galeida, galea. It. gal- from a form like glamafrde, or glamfrde,
lera, a galley ; galleone, a galleon or representing a confused sound, analo-
great galley galleotta, a handsome big gous to Sc. clamjamfry, nonsensical talk,
;

galley — Fl., a galliot. trumpery, tag-rag-and-bobtail. Gael.


Galleys are explained by William of glam, bawl, cry out glamaineachd, con- ;

Tyre naves rostratce, and Dan. gallion tinued bablaling, making a noise clam- ;

is the beak of a ship. Lith. gala, end, ras, clamhras, brawling.


point, tip. Gallinaceous. Lat. gallina, a hen.

Galliard. Goliard. Fr. gaillard, Gallipot. Galley-tile. —
Du. gley,
lusty, frolick, jocund, gamesome, also clay gley-pot, earthen pot, vessel of
;
rash, or somewhat indiscreet by too much earthenware, galli-pot. So galley-tile, an
jollity. —Cot. The primary type of jollity earthenware tile.
is eating and drinking, an idea expressed About the year 1570, I. Andries and I. Jan-
in caricature by a representation of the son, potters, came from Antwerp and settled in
sound of liquor pouring down the throat. Norwich, where they followed their trade, making
Swiss gudeln, guddeln, godeln, to shake galley-tiles and apothecaries vessels [gallipots]
liquids in a vessel gudeln, gudern, gut-
—Stow.
;

teln, gutzeln, to guggle or pour out of a Gallon. Fr. jalle, jaille, jale, jalie, an
narrow-necked vessel with a gurgling earthen jar, bowl, tub. This must have
noise. Hence Fr. godailler, It. gozzavi- been pronounced in some dialects gale,
gliare, to guzzle, tipple, to make good the hard arid soft g frequently inter-
cheer. In the same way from the same changing, as in galei and jalei, a pebble,
sound, as represented by Piedm. gogala, gambe and jambe, a leg, E. garden, and
bubble, boiling of water, e. guggle, is pro- Fr. jardin, &c. The evidence of such a
duced Swiss guggeln, to tipple frolich change in the present instance is left in

;

und gSgel Hans Sachs Fr. gogaille, galot, a pitcher H^cart OFr. galon, a
; — ;

merrymaking, frolic faire gogaUle, to gallon galoie, identical with jalaie, a


; ;

jnake merry, to drink merrily. From the measure of wine, a soe, a tub.- Cot —
former half of this word is ioxxa&6. gogues, Gallon is also written jalon in Fleta,
jollity Hre en ses gogues, to be frolick, 'Pondus octo librarum frumenti facit
;

lusty, in a merry mood goguer, gogayer, mensuram/a/oww, et 8 jalonata frumenti


;

to make good cheer, take his pleasure faciunt bussellum.' Due.


;
The original —
while the latter half seems to give rise to sense of the simple word seems to have
the ierm gaillard, one making merry, en- been a bowl jale dg cervoise, a bowl of ;

joying himself, a good fellow. ale and we learn from Carpentier that
;

'
The word is closely allied in form and it was also applied to a solid bowl or ball.
meaning with the OE. goliard, a loose Le jeu de boules que I'on nomme (en
'

companion, from Fr. goulard, goliard, a Boulenois) le jeu de jales.' a.d. 1453. —
gully-gut, greedy feeder Cot. —
bouffon, If then we were formerly right in tracing
;

glouton, mauvais sujet goulardise, rail- bowl or boll to bulla, a bubble, it is pro-
;
—; —

GALLOON GAMBISON 291

bable that jale or gale, a bowl, must be glagol, a word), and from the form of the
identified with Pol. gala, galka, a ball, letter, a gibbet or crane.
It. gala, a bubble, an oak-gaU. See Gall, Braces are in some parts of England
Gafci. The Fr. gal, galet, or jalet, a peb- called gallows, as in G. (Fallersleben)
ble, a little round stone, galet, a cake (a hdngels, as the implement by which the
round lump of dough), are other applica- trowsers hang.
tions of the same root. Galosh. Galage. Originally a wooden
Galloon. We
have, undSr Gala, traced sole fastened by a strap to the foot. Solea,
the process by which that word came to a shoe called 2, galage or paten, which
signify festivity. Hence it was in It. hath nothing on the fete but only la-
transferred to the ornaments of a festive chettes.— Elyot in Way. Galache, ga-
occasion, such puffs, knots, or roses of legge, galoche, undersolynge of mannys
lawn or tiffany, or ribbons, as women fote, crepita. —Pr. Pm. A
corruption of

,

wear on their heads and breasts E. clog (gloc, a log Pat. de Champ.), or
Florio ;
'
now-a-days used,' he adds, the equivalent Fr. clague, a kind of clog
'
for all manner of gallantness or garish- or patten worn in wet and dirt (Gattel),
ness in ornaments and apparel that is the pronunciation being softened by the
fair to look on and yet not costly.' In insertion of an a between the g and /, as
French the derivatives galon, galant axe in galley-pot, from gley-pot, and in other
used in the same sense. Galonner les cases. In the same way from G. klots, a
cheveux, to deck the hair, to ornament it log, cloczen, calotzchen, vel fuss-solchen
'

with lace or ribbons galender, orner, qui induuntur in hyeme (Mod.G. klotz-
— ;

couronner. Pat., de Champ. Ribbons schuK), crepida.'— Dief. Supp. The Mid.
used to ornament the hair or dress were Lat. calopodium seems formed in the
called galon, or galant. —
Trevoux At a . same way from Du. klopper, a clog, with
later period the term was appropriated to a blundering introduction of the Gr. pod,
gold or silver lace, the most showy mate- foot. Calopodium, holz-schuoch, klompe.

—Gambadoes.—
rial of which such ornaments were made, Calopifiex, holz-schumacher. Dief. Supp.
and hence E. galloon. Gamashes. From w.
Gallop. Fr. gallopperj Fland. <wa- gar, the shank, is Lang, garamacko, a
loppe, vliegh-waloppe, a gallop. —
Kil. E. legging, and thence (rather than from It.
dial wallop, gallop. The name is taken gamba, the leg). It. gamascie (for gramas-
from the sound made by a horse gallop-
ing compared to the walloping or boiling
cie, as Sc. gramashes —
Jam.), Fr. ga-
tnackes, E. gamashes, spatterdashes. The
of a pot. So natural is the comparison corruption to gambages probably took
that it is taken in the converse order to effect under the supposition of a deriva-
express a complete state of ebullition, tion from 'Fr.jambe, It. gambe. A
further
when the bubbles are thrown up in rapid corruption converted gambages into gam-
succession and the pot is said to boil a badoes.
gallop. ' Rien que de I'entendre galoper Gambison. OFr. gamboison, gambe-
dans le po^le on comprenait qu'il gelait son, wambais, a wadded coat or frock

a pierre.' Le Blocus worn under a coat of mail or sometimes
To Gallow.— Gaily. To terrify. AS. alone, as armour of defence. Armati re-
agalwan, agallan. Tha wearth ic agel- putabantur qui galeas ferreas in capitibus
wed and swithe afaered. Then was I habebant et qui wambasia, id est tunicam
terrified and sore afeared. —Boethius. spissam ex lino et stuppa et veteribus
Gallows. Goth, galga, ON. galgi, —
pannis consutam, &c. Chron. de Colmar
OHG. galgo, cross, execution-tree, gallows. in Diet. Etym. G. wamms, a doublet.
As the earliest gallows would be the Commonly derived from ohg. wamia,
branch of a tree the word has been con- the wame or belly, as signifying a defence
nected with Pol. galcfi, Boh. haluz,Ma.gy. for the belly ; but this explanation is
gaily, Gael, gallan, a branch. So in the founded on too narrow a meaning of the
Salic law, ad ram.u7n incrocare, to hang word, which was applied to other wadded
ramatus, hanged. Pol. Na galezi zlod- structures as well as a body-coat. Ray-
zieja! to the (bough) gallows with the mond des Agiles in his history of the
thief ! We have the same expression in siege of Jerusalem mentions that the walls
the Kentish proverb. The father to the were protected against the machines of
bough, the son to the plough. the besiegers by mattresses, ' culcitra de
Another origin of the word may be gambasio.' In a bull of Innocent IV. the
suggested in the Russ. glagol, the letter name is given to awadded rug. ' Abbates
r (so called from being the first letter of quoque in dormitorio cum aliis super
19 •
—;; ' — ;

292 GAMBLE
wambitios jaceant.'
—'Tunicas gambesa- snatch, or pull E. skip, a sudden jump,
;

tas sive gambesones,' '


Une s^^—gam- a word intimately connected with the idea
boisi^e'—Carp. Cotes, houppelandes
' of sportfulness and play.
gamboisihs.' Due. — Then all theirgladness doth begin,
The word is in fact a simple adoption And then their skips and then their play ;
of the Gr. jSanPaKiov or ^uji^aKivov, a
So falls their sadness all away.
Uncertain Authors in R.
fabric stuffed with cotton, the Gr. /3, pro-
nounced like a v, being rendered in the Again we Ijave E. gib, or jib, to start
Western languages sometimes by b and suddenly backwards ; OFr. regiber, to
sometimes by w, passing into g. The wince or kick giber, se debattre des
;

latter mode of writing gave rise to wam-


pieds et des mains, s'agiter, lutter
basia, gambeso, and similar forms, while

Roquef., to play Pat. de Champ. degi- ;

bier, agitare se festive, oblectare se


the former produced It. bajnbasina, bam-
any bumbaste in stuff or cloth gibder, giboyer, to play or sport. 'Et
bacina,
any stuff wadded with bumbaste or quant le enffes fu venuz de gibeier et de
(i. e.
cotton). Fl.— Now bombicinium, like jouer.' — Due. Then as hawking was for-
gamboison, was specially applied to a merly the sport par excellence of gentle-
wadded jacket. ' Bo7nbicinium, pourpoin men, the term was chiefly applied to that
exercise, and the modern gibier, while it
Gloss, in Carp.

vel aqueton, pourpoinz fait de coton.'
'Ab hoc nomine quod has ceased to signify the actual pursuit,
est bumbace dicitur bumbacinum, quod est is used, as E. game, to designate the pro-
duce of the chase.
gallice pourpoinz.' —
John de Garlandia.
The nasalisation of the vowel in the
It should be observed that the synon-
ymous hacqueton, Fr. auqueton, hoqueton, modern regimber,to kick, brings us nearer
Prov. alcoto, is named in the same way our principal mark. Lang, ghiinba, to
from the cotton with which it is stuffed. jump ;
jhimbela, to tumble Da. dial.;

Even without reference to the ambigu- gimpe, to rock, to swing. Sw. guppa, to
ous nature of the Gr. ;8, an initial b and rock or pitch, to tilt or strike up, and with
g often interchange, as Fr. busart, Prov. the nasal, Dan. gumpa, skumpe, to jog, to
gusart, a buzzard G. belfern and gel/em,
;
jolt. Swiss gampen, to rock, to see-saw ;

to bellow ; Sp. bazqfia and gazofia, offal gampiross, a rocking-horse ; gamp-brun-


Sc. bullcr and guUer, to make a bub- nen, a draw-well ; gdmpfen, to shake or
bling sound. joggle; gumpen,Xa \\sxa^. ^aw. gampen,
Gam.ble. — G-ambol. G-arae.— It is gumpen, to jump, hop, sport. 'Mit e'
impossible to separate these words, tCl- lar'n wampm is net gued gampen.' It is
though_^a»zi5o/ has probably come through hard to be merry with an empty belly.
a French channel, and gamble from a Gdmel, mirth, sport, enjoyment ;
gdm-
Saxon ancestry. liche leute, gumpeliiie, persons diverting
The radical image is that of a sudden themselves or others, gamblers, players.
and rapid movement to and fro, jumping, V>'ve. gumpelUte, gyger und tamburer:'
'

springing; then the state of excited players, fiddlers, and tabourers. 'Loter
spirits which spends itself in muscular •aViA gumpelliite : —
idlepacks and merry^
exertion, and is witnessed by such expres- makers. —
Schm. Swiss gammel, merry-
sions as G. vor freuden hiipfen, E. to jump making, noisy enjoyment ;
gatntneln, to
for joy. Thus the expression for jumping make merry, sport, romp ;
gammler,
is applied to joy, sport, merrymaking, merrymakers. The Swiss and
Bav. forms
amusement, and as the two main resources are obviously identical with E. gamblers,
of amusement in an uncultivated state of properly merrymakers, but used in a bad
society are the pursuit of wild animals, sense.
and the indulgence of the passion for The simple form game is found in
gain, afforded by the staking of valuables OFris. in the sense of joy. Alsa dede '

on concerted issues of skill or hazard, the God use hera ena grata gama:' thus —
name of sport or game is emphatically God our Lord did us a great joy. Richt- —
given to these two kinds of pastime, the hofen. AS. gaman, merrymaking, sport.
term game, in the case of the chase, being Sw. gatmnan, joy.
accidentally confined to the object of TheFr. gambiller, to leap, dance, limp
pursuit. —Roquef., is essentially the same word
The foot kip, gip, gib, in the sense of a with E. gamble, but used in the original
sudden movement, is widely spread, w. instead of the figurative sense. It is
cip,ysgip, a sudden snatch, pull, or effort always supposed, very naturally, to be
Gael, sgiab, a quick or sudden movement, derived from It. gainia, Fr. jambe, the

—!

GAMMON GAOL 293


leg, and there can be no doubt of the-di- use of that syllable to mark the first note
rect relation between the two, but the of the scale.
connection through the Lang, jhimbela, The ultimate origin is the representa-
to tumble, ghimba, to jump, with Fr. re- tion of a clanging sound by the syllable
gimber, regiber, to kick, and E. gib, shows glam, gam, or the like. N. glam, clang ;

that the derivation must lie in the oppo- glamhul, window in a belfry to allow the
site direction. In the same way from Fr. sound to spread ; It. gdume, the shrill-
giguer, to run, jump, skip, "E-jig (a closely- sounding note of a huntsman Fl. j —
alhed root with the foregoing jiS), is Esthon. ku7nmama. Fin. kommata, Gr.
formed gigue, gige, the thigh from gigo- ; Kofiizuv, to clang ; It. campana, a bell.
ter, to shake one's legs, jump about To Ganch. A
way of executing male-
Boyer, gigot, a leg of mutton. factors by throwing them from a height
Even It. gambata (Fr. gambade, OE- on a sharp stake or hook. Turk, kanja.
gambaud, gambauld, gambold, gambol) is It. gancio, a hook inganzare, to torture
;

probably direct from an equivalent of the in the Turkish fashion. Fl. —


Bav. gampen, to jump, and not from —
Gander. Goose, g. gans,ganserichj
gamba. Gambade, a gambol, yew-game, PLD. goos, gantej Du. ganse, ganser, or
tumbling trick. — Cot. ganserick ; Pol. g^s, g{sior, goose and
gander respectively. Lat. anser, Gr. xi\v,
Gammon, i. A vulgar exclamation
goose. Lith. guz ! guz ! cry to call
signifying nonsense you are joking
!

geese.
Obviously identical with Dan. gam-men,
Gang. See Go.
sport ; and singularly enough the word is
Gangrene. Gr. yayypaivo, whence Lat.
used interjectionally in Fris. precisely as
in E., although not preserved in the for-
Gahnet. The Solan goose. AS. ganota;
mer language in the sense of sport.
the wild-goose ; ganotes bath, the sea.
Gammen ! interjection of contempt. The application to a particular speciesj
Epkema. See Gamble. It. gamba.' is
as the Solan goose, is a modern refine-
also used for tush pish in mockery, to
! !

ment. ' Habuit etiam beatus Leudomirus


signify that one is very far from the mark
in what he is saying. Fl. — culturam saepe ab avibus, qui Ganitm
vocantur, depastam.' Carp. —
It is cer-
2. It. gamba, a leg gambone, any great
; tain that no damage was ever done to
leg, thigh, giget, gammon or pestle, viz.
corn by Solan geese.
of a beast. — Fl. Fr. jambon, a gammon —
Gantlet. Gauntlet. Fr. gantelet, an
— Cot. ; a ham or thigh of cured pork. iron glove gant, It. guanto, ON. vottr, a
;
The It. gamba is commonly derived glove.
from w., Gael, cam. It. ghembo, crooked, In the phrase to nm
the gauntlet the
Fr. gambir, to crook but crookedness
;
word a corruption oi gantelope, arising
is
does not seem a likely characteristic from the possibility of thus giving mean-
from whence to take the designation of a ing to the term in E. ears, under the sup-
,
limb like the leg. It would rather be position that the punishment consisted in
named from most energetic action,
its a blow from the gauntleted hand of each
jumping or springing ; Bav. gampen, "
of a lane of soldiers through which the
gumpen, to jump or spring. Schm. See — criminal was made to pass. But the blow
Gambol. was always given with a rod, as appears
Gamut. —Gamma. Fr. gamme, the in the G. durch die spiess-ruthen laufen
musical scale. Said to be derived from {spitz- or spiess-ruthe, a switch) ; Fr.
gamma, the Greek name of the letter G, passer par les verges. To run the gant-
used in denoting the notes of the scale, let or gantelope, to run through a com-
but the accounts of the reason why this pany of soldiers standing on each side,
letter was adopted for the purpose are making a lane, with each a switch in his
confused and contradictory, and why the hand to scourge the criminal. B. on. —
Greek name should have been used at aU gata, a lane gata gera, skapa einum giitu, ;

is not explained. to make one run the gantlet. Fritzner. —


The real origin is in all probability the The punishment was probably made
Fr. game or gamme, a chime of beHs, known to us from the wars of Gustavus
which would supply the most familiar Adolphus, as the expression is pure
example of the musical scale. I chyme Swedish ; Idpa gatlopp, from *gata, a
'

as a chyme doth at a certayne houre. Je street, or, in military language, a


line of

Sonne la gamme.' Palsgr. The addition soldiers, and lopp, course.
Gaol. IK. gaibia, gaiola {lax gabbiold),
of the final ut in gamut arose from the

; ;

294 GAPE GARE


a cage Sp. gavia, a cell for mad per-
; may confidently connect the foregoing
sons gayola, jaula, a cage, a cell for
;
forms with W. crib, a comb, a wool-card ;
mad persons ; Fr. g^ole, a cage for birds, a hay-rake ; Bret, cribin, a heckle
cribin,
a gaol or prison. Lat. cavea, a cage. or toothed instrument for dressing flax ;
The origin seems Gael, gabh, to take, cribel, a cock's-comb ; scrivel, a curry-
seize, make prisoner, hold or contain ; comb ; Bohem. Meb, a nail ; hf-eben, Pol.

gaihar, a gaol. Armstrong. Ir. gab- grzebien, a comb. The radical image is
hdil, to take, make prisoner, bind in shown in Pol. grzebad, to scratch ; Gael.
fetters ; gabhann, a gaol, a pound for sgriob, to scrape, scratch, curry, agreeing
cattle. with the foregoing forms with a thin

To Gape. Gap. It may be doubtful vowel while w. crafu, to scrape or
;

whether the more complete form of the scratch (giving rise to crafell, ysgrafell, a
word be not glape, in accordance with curry-comb), more exactly accounts for
G. glaffen, compared with gaffen, to gape, those with a broad vowel, like It. garbel-
to stare ON. glapa, to stare gapa, to lare, to sift, or Lat. carminare, to card
; ;

gape N. glap, gap, a gap or passage. wool.


;

E. dial, glop, to stare. —


Hal. Evidence Garboil. It. garbuglio, embroilment,

of the fuller form remains in Chaucer's confusion ; Fr. garbouil, hurliburly, great

galp, corresponding to glap as E. yelp to stir, horrible rumbling. Cot. The word
Fr. glapir, or as N. pilka to the synon- is originally framed to represent the dash-
ymaxispUkka, to pluck. See Gare. ing of water, lying midway between Fr.
Pol. gapii sig, to gape. gargouille, a water-bubble, and barbouil-
To Gar. To make one do a thing. ler, to blot, bedash all over, to jumble,
ON. gera, gora, to make or do. Bret, gra, confound, mingle iU-favouredly It. bar- ;

do, affair, business. boglio, a tumultuous hurlyburly, any con-


Garb. Formerly applied to the mode fused or clattering noise. In imitative
of dt)ing anything, but latterly confined to words of this nature an initial b and g in-
the fashion of dress. terchange with great facility. Lang, gar-
'
The garb and
fashion of his conversa- gala as well as barbala, to boil. Grisons,
tion,' — Scott Sp., Cat^ar^i), grace,
in R. garbugliar, inbarbiigliar, to confuse, en-
air with which a thing is done ; It. garbo, tangle garbuigl, barbiigl, confusion.
comeliness, behaviour, carriage ^Altieri — ;

Garden. It. giardino, Fr. jardin, G.


Fr. garbe, gracefulness, good fashion. garten, Du. gaerde, a garden. Bav. der
Cot. The primary meaning is simply garten, OHG. garto, a garden, yard, .in-
fashion, the make or shape of a thing, closed place. Holzgarten, wood-yard
then the right shape, agreeable fashion. scefgartun (navalibus), ship-yard hop-
;

The primary sense is preserved in It. fengarten, hop-garden, hop-yard. See


garbo, garbatura, the curvature or make Yard.
of a thing garbato di nave, the model of
;

To Gare. Gaure. Garish. Gaze.— —
a ship. OHG. Garawi, ornament, pre- OE. gare or gaure, to stare whence gar- ;

paration, dress, habitus, cultus wib- ish, staring, glaring, showy.


;

garawi, mundus muliebris, feminine With fifty garing- heads a monstrous dragon
habiliments wig-garawi, habiliments of
; —
stands upright. Phaer in R.
war garawjan, to prepare ; AS. gearwa, Doun fro the castel cometh ther many a wight
;

preparation, clothing, gear. To gaurin on this ship, and on Custance.


Garbage. Refuse, waste. ' Tara, the Chaucer. ,

tare, waste, or garbish of any ware or Fr. garer, to ware, beware, take heed of;

merchandise.' Fl. The guts of an ani- Gare ! Look out Out of the way
! !

mal killed for food. To gaze and gare are modified forms,
To Garble. To cleanse from dross differing only as Du. vriesen and vrieren,
and dust. Sp. garbillo, a coarse sieve to freeze, verliesen and verlieren, to lose,
;

garbillare, to garble, to sift, to separate kiesen and kieren, to choose —


Kil. or ;


the bad from the good. Neum. Garbled as Dan. glas and glar, glass. And here
evidence is when we select what suits our indeed we have a clue to the relations of
purpose and suppress the rest. Venet. the E. terms. The characteristic feature
garbelo, Sp. garbillo, Arab, alghirbdl, of glass is its transparency, and the ra-
algarbdl, Ptg. alvarral (Dozy), a sieve. dical meaning of the word is doubtless to
On the ether hand the word may be from shine, of which we have evidence in the
It. crivello, crivo, Lat. cribrum, a sieve. provincial glaze-worm, synonymous with
There is so much analogy between the glare-worm, glow-worm— Hal. glasyn,
processes of sifting and combing that we or make a thing to shine, polio.
;


Pr. Pm.

; — ;

GARGLE GARNET 295


Thus ^/ojj would originally be that which Champ. Gallande, guirlande, cou-
Pat. de
allows the light to shine thi-ough, a sense ronne. —
Roquef. Hence by the conver-
actually preserved in N. glas, a window ; sion of the first / into an r, garlande.
glisa, glira, to shine through, to be open Sometimes the two modes of spelling
so as to let one see through. The point are found in the same document. Le '

of view is then changed from the object suppliant trouva un petit coffre ouvert
which emits the light to the organ which ouquel il trouva deux garlandes, I'une
receives it, and the expression for shining boutonn^e et I'autre plaine. Dans Fun —
is transferred to the act of gazing or des petits coffres avoit trois gallendes ou
staring. Thus we have N. glosa, to gaze, chapeaux d'argent.' — Chart. A.D. 1409 in
or stare ;
glora (as E. glare), to glitter Carp. A silver wreath due by custom to
(explaining Lat. gloria), and also to stare; the wife on the death of her husband was
Russ. glaS, eye ; glazy af, to stare. Swiss in some provinces of France called chapel,
glds-auge, a staring eye. e. dial, glowre, and in others garlande d'drgent. Due. —
glore, to stare. Swiss glare, to stare ;
An intrusive r of similar nature may be
glarig, conspicuous, garish, glaring. observed in \t. gazza, garza, a pie, and in
Idioticon Bernense in Deutsch. Mundart. Fr. guementer, guermenter, to lament.
Now the instances are very numerous * Garlick. on. geir-laukr, from the
where words beginning with gl or cl are spear-shaped leaves geirr, a spear.
;

accompanied by parallel forms without Sva var minn Sigurdr hji sonum Gjuka,
the liquid, whether we suppose the / to Sem van geirlaukr or grasi vaxinn :

be lost in the one case, or to be inserted So was my Sigurd among the sons of
in the other, or whether they have arisen Giuki, as garlick sprung up from among
independently from direct imitation. Thus the grass. Lick or lock- is a frequent
we have clatter and chatter; clack and termination in the name of herbs, as
(hack J clink and chink; Sc. clatch and hemlock, charlock, garlick, Swiss korn^
catch J Sc. glaum, ne. goam, to snatch at liige, galeopsis ladanum, weglUge, cicho-
a thing ; Dan. glamse, as well as gatnse, rium intybus, from ON. laukr, E. leek, a
to snap at —
Haldorsen in v. glepsa N. ; pot-herb, Gael, luibh, formerly luigh, a.
glana, to stare, e. gane, to gape or yawn plant. The w. llys, a plant, was no doubt
N. glam, clang {glam-hul, the window in also llych, the correspondence between
a belfry to let the sound out), and Fr. ch guttural and z in two of the Breton
gamme, a chime of bells ; N. glingra and dialects being of frequent occurrence.
E. ginglej N. glapa and gapa, to gape or
'
Geder puliol real with the rotes als
stare, and in immediate connection with mykel als the lekes :' gather pennyroyal
the very root we are now treating, N. with the roots as large as the leaves.
glisen and gisen, what allows the light to Medical receipts 14th cent., in Reliquiae
shine through. Aasen— I n the same way
. Antiq.
Garment.
i. 54.
See Garnish.
we and glaze and glare, or glowre, paral-
lel with gaze and gare, or gaure. Sw. Garner. Fr. grenier, a garner or corn-
dial, gasa, to stare. For the ultimate loft ; grefte, grain. —
Cot.
origin see Glass. Garnet. The Gr. kokkoq, a grain or
Gargle. —
Gargoil. To gargle is to kernel, was applied to the kermes, or in-
sect used in dyeing a red colour, thence
make liquor bubble in the throat without
swallowing it, from a direct imitation of called KOKKivoQ, Lat. coccineus. In the
the sound produced. Lat. gargarizare, same way from Lat. granum is Sp.grana,
Turk, ghargharaet, gargle. Fr. gargou- the insect used in dyeing, and
thence
illir, a gargling or gurgUng noise ; gar-
scarlet cloth, the crimson of the cheeks
fine scarlet
gouiller, to gargle, to rattle in the throat. and lips. It. granatofino,
a
Ktnce gargouille, the throat, also a spout granata, a garnet or precious stone of
formerly called granate
or gutter voiding the rain-water of a fine crimson,
house ; and E. gargoil, the name given stone.
It is extremely probable that the Sp.
to the antic figures into which the spouts
were worked in Gothic architecture. name of the insect descends from Latin
Cat. garlanda, Sp.. ^uir- times, and that even
then granattis was
Garland.
nalda, Fr. guirlande. From It. gala, used in the sense of crimson, whence
festivity, festive apparel, were formed Fr.
malum granatum. It. granata, Sp. gra-
the pomegranate, although, as that
galon, galant, galland, ornament of the nada,
equally distinguished by the num-
head or dress. Galonner ses cheveux, fruit is
ber of grains with which it is filled and
to depk the hair with lace or ribbons.—
of the juice, it must re-
Roquef. Calender, orner, couronner.— the fine crimson
— —

296 GARNISH GATE


main uncertain which of these features is to signify a not capable of being
spirit
the one intended. coagulated, or the most subtile and vola-
Gar'uisli. — —
Garmeiit. Garrison. It. tile parts of anything. —
B. ' This I will
guarnire, Fr. garnir, to provide, supply, call gas^ he says, as he gives the name of
deck, adorn, set forth with. —
Cot. Hence bias to body of another kind. '
Cum
It. guarnimento, giiarnigione, Fr. garne- chymici prorsus ad libitum sine uUo sig-
ment, garnison, any garnishing, decking, nificatus aut proprietatum rerum respectu
or trimming, any habiliment, munition, ' nomina imponant ut in Euestrum, Ca-
;


or provision of war.- Fl. The n is lost gastricum. Gas, Bias, Duelech et sexcen-
in the corresponding E. terms, garment, tis aliis portentosis vocabulis apparet.'
garrison, the meaning of which is re- Skinner in Kelp.
stricted by custom in the former case to Gash. I. Pl.D. ^iz/j/6^«, tocut alarge
the sense of clothes or bodily habiliments, hole, to cut deep into the flesh, from gat,
in the latter to a provision of soldiers for a hole. Said of a bold decisive incision,
guarding a fortress. Garsone, strong as one made by a surgeon, or a tailor.
place. — Pr. Pm. ; Brem. Wtb. See Gate.
The
form
root oi garnir is seen in a simpler
in Fr. garer, to ware, beware, look
2. Prattle, pert language. Jam. This
is another instance, in addition to those


out Cot., whence garnir (as the E. mentioned under Barbarous, of the tend-
equivalent warn) would properly signify ency to designate by the same word the
to make another ware or aware of some- splashing oif water and the confused
thing, to make him look out, and so pro- sound of idle talk. Fr. gascher, to dash,
vide against danger. The original sense plash, flash, as water in rowing gascheux,

;

is preserved iA the legal garnishee, a plashy, washy, bespatling. Cot.


name given in the Lord Mayor's court to To Gasp. ON. geispa, to yawn Dan. ;

a party, who having money in his hand gispe, to gasp. Probably not from a
belonging to some one else, receives no- modification of gape, but a direct repre-
tice, or is warned, not to part with it sentation of the sound made in snapping
until the claims of a third party are satis- for breath. Compare Flanders gaspe,
fied. See Gare. Du. ghespe, a snap, or clasp. Parallel
Garret. Fr. garite, a place of refuge, forms with an / inserted after the initial
and of safe retiral in a house ; hence the g are ON. glepsa, N. glefsa, to gape, to
dungeon of a fortress whither the belea- snap at with the mouth. See Gare.
guered soldiers make their last retire ;
Gastric. Gr. -Ydarrip, the belly, sto-
also a sentry or little lodge for a sentinel
mach.
built on high. —
Cot. In E. garret, trans-

Gate. Gait. Goth, gatvo, G. gasse,
ferred to an apartment in the roof of a
house. Garytte, high soller specula. :
Dan. gade, a street on. gata, street,
;

Pr. Pm. path Sw. gata, a street, way. Hangick


;

The origin is Fr. garir, to take refuge, sin egen gata ; Sc. he went his ain gate.
to put oneself in safety, from the connec- Hence metaphorically the way, means, or
tion between looking out and defence, manner of doing a thing. OE. algates,
safety. See Gare. And compare Lat. always, by all means ; Sc. swagates, in
tueri, to look, to defend ; tutus, safe. such wise ; monygates, in many ways.
Mais ne saveit queu part aJIer ; Jam. Applied to the carriage, procedure,
N'osout des grantz foresz eissir, or gait of a man, it has acquired a dis-
Kar il ne saveit ou garir : tinctive spelling.
Benoit. Chron. Norm. v. 2. 399.
— he dared not leave the forests, for he
Peter the Apostel parceyvede hus gate.
And as he wente upon-the water well hym knewe.
did notknow where to take refuge. P. P. in R.
Se garer dessous, to take shelter under.
—Cot. The meaning seems a narrow
original
Garrison. See Garnish. opening. ON. gat, a hole, gata, to per-
Garrulous. Lat. garrulus, from gar- forate ; Du. gat, a hole ; int gat zijn, in
rio, to prate, babble. arcto versari, to be in a pinch, in difficul-
Garter. Fr. jarretiire, jartier, or in ties ; P-l.D. gat, a. hole, the mouth of a
the dialects of the North of France^arftVr river. From a narrow hole the sense is
— H^cart, from jarret, garet, the ham, or transferred to a narrow passage or way.
back of the leg. w., Bret, gar, ham, In ODu. gat, E. gate, an opening in an
shank, leg. enclosure, or the door which commands
Gas. A
word coined by Van Helmont it, the word approaches nearer the original
; — :

GAT-TOOTHED GAVEL-KIND 297


meaning. Compare Lat. foris, a gate, gaudy-day, a festival ; and from the latter
\i\\}a.forare, to pierce. applications, to gaud, to sport, to jest
For the derivation oi gat see next arti- Hal., 3.-nA.gaud, a toy or trifle, a scoff.
cle. B. Vxov.joias d'enjfanz, playthings.
Gat-toothed. To Gauge. To measure the liquid
Gal-toothed I was, and that became me well. contents of a cask, subsequently applied
Wife of Bath. to the measurement of other kinds of
This word has given much trouble to quantity. From 7r.jale, a bowl,_;Vj«^^r,
commentators. I believe it to be the gaulger, to estimate the number of bowls
equivalent of Sw. gles-tdnd, N. glestent, in a vessel. Jalagium, the right of sell-
gistent, having teeth separated from one ing wine by retail or the duty paid on
another, from Sw. gles, N. glisen, gisen, that account. See Gallon.
open in texture, thinly scattered so as to Gaunt. Gawnt or lene macer ; or : —
allow the light to shine through. Sw. slender gracilis.
: —Pr. Pm. Gartt, scanty.
dial, gastandt, gaping like the nibs of a — Moor.
dry pen, having separate teeth. A
simi: Gauutree. A frame to set casks on in
lar loss of an / is seen in Cat. glassa, Fr. a cellar. Fr. chantier, a support for vines,
gaze, gauze, a texture with open inter- gauntry or stilling for hogsheads, trestle
stices, from the same original root with to saw timber on —
Cot. ; also the stocks
the Scandinavian forms above mentioned, on which a ship is built. From Lat.
viz. glas, or glis, in the sense of shine, as cantherius, a horse of burden, then ap-
shown under Gare. N. glisa, to shine plied (as in modern languages a horse,
through. The change of the final j or 2 ass, or goat) to a wooden support for
into a / is found in many ramifications of various purposes. Cantherius, a prop
the root, as on. glita, to shine N. glett,
; for a vine, rafter of a roof, trestle or horse
an opening among clouds ; gletta, glytta, to saw timber on. —
Littleton. The Ger-
to peep, to make an opening glyit, glott,
;
mans use bock, a goat, in the last of these
an opening, hole, clear place among senses. In like manner we speak of a
clouds ; G. glatt, shining, polished, clothes-horse, and Fr. chevalet, a little
smoothed. The loss of the / as in the horse, is a painter's ea^el {G. esel, an ass),
foregoing examples would give a root gat, the frame which supports his work.
git, signifying what admits the light to Gauze. A name given to a woven
shine through, open, separated, exempli- fabric of transparent texture. Fr. gaze,
fied in E. gat-toothed, in g. gatter, gitter, cushion canvas, the thin canvas that
a lattice, partition with open interstices, serves women for a ground for their
and in ON., P1.D., and Du. gat, a hole. cushions or purse work. Cot. —
See Glade. Among the numerous examples given

Gather. Gadroon. G. gattern, Du. under Gare of parallel forms beginning
gaderen, gaeren, to draw to a heap, to with gl and g respectively, are included
gather. glaze and gaze, with the sense originally
An article of dress is said to be gather- of shining. To the first of these classes
ed when it is drawn up in pleats, whence belong N. glisa, to shine through ; glisen,
must be explained Fr. gauderon, goderon, glesen, Sw. gles, what admits of the light
the set or pleating of a rufif, also a fashion shining through, open in texture, thinly
of imbossement used by goldsmiths, and scattered {et glest sail, an open or coarse

termed knurling. Cot. A gadrooned sieve), explaining the Cat. glassa, gauze ;
edge is one worked with imbossments and to the second, E. gaze, to look, N.
like the pleats of a ruff. gisen, open in texture, leaky, standing in
A calf's gather is the chitterlings or the same relation to Fr. gaze and E. gauze,
intestines of a calf, named in many as N. glesen to Cat. glassa.
languages from their pleated structure. Gavel. I. Anything paid or done by
Gaddre, as a calf's gadre or a shepes way of rent. See Gabel.

froissure. Palsgr. in Hal. See Chitter- 2. Fr.javelle, a gavel or sheaf of corn,

ling. also a bavin or bundle of dry sticks. —



Gaud. Gaudy. From 'Lai.gaudium, Cot. Sp. gavilla, sheaf of corn, bundle
joy, OFr. gaudir, to be frolick, jolly, of vineshoots, gang of suspicious persons.
merry, to play the good fellow, make Probably a diminutive of gob or job, a
good cheer, to jibe, jest. Se gaudir de, lump or portion, as bavin of bob, Gael.
to flout, scoff, be pleasant with. —Cot. bab, a. lump. E. dial, jobbel, a small load.

Hence E. gaudy, showy, bright-coloured, —Hal.


like clothes worn on festive occasions ; Gavel-kind. The custom of Kent by
I
; ,

298 GAWK GEASON


which the sons of a family divided the gargata and barbata, to boil), with Fr,
all
inheritance equally. Apparently from a banoU, variegated, speckled. So also
British source, although the word is of Fr. pioler, to pule, cheep or chirp like a
Gaelic rather than w. form. Gael, gabh, sparrow or young bird, pioU, speckled;
take ; gabhail, taking, tenure, a taking of pioU-rioU, gaudy or pied, diversified with
land, lease, farm cine, kin, family, clan. sundry colours.^Cot.
;
And again Dan.
Thus gavel-kind would mean family- spragle, Sw. sprackla, to crackle, Dan.
tenure, as opposed to the ordinary tenure spraglet, Sw. spracklig, particoloured,
under which the whole of the land de- speckled.
scends to the eldest son. w. gafael, a By a further transition the word sig-
hold or grasp ; gafael o dir, a tenure of nifying liveliness of colour seems to have
land gafael cenedl, tenure of a family. been transferred to liveliness of disposi-
— ;

^Jones. tion.
To Gaze. See Gare.
Gawk. I. gawk-handed, left-
E. dial,
handed ; gawkshaw, a left-handed man ; Gazette. Commonly derived from
gallock hand,gaulic hand, left hand. Fr. gazzetta, a small Venetian coin supposed
gauche, left hand, awkward, wrong, awry; to have been the price of the original 1

gauchir, to turn aside, to shun. ON. newspaper. But the value of the gazetta
skjdlgr, skew, oblique, squinting skjdlga, was so small (' not worth a farthing of
;

to make oblique. See Shelve. ours '



Fl.) that it never could have been

Gawk. 2. Gawky. It is probable the price either of a written or printed
that gawk, clownish, awkward, gawky, a sheet. The radical meaning of the word
simpleton, a clown, must be separated is shown in It. gazetta, gazdtte, all man-
from the above, and (like the synonymous ner of idle chattings or vain prattlirigs,
gaby) explained from the notion of staring. but now generally used for running re-
N-E. gauk, to stare vacantly Devon ports, daily news, intelligences, and ad-
;

gawk-a-mouih, a gaping fool. Hal. —


vertisements as are daily invented and
Gay. It. gajo, Fr. gat, merry, jolly, written unto foreign nations, viz. from
quick, ready, prompt in action, light or Venice, Rome, and Amsterdam. Fl. —
bright of colour. Cot. —
Sp. gayar, to The object of the gazette was to com-
freak, variegate, chequer gay a, stripe municate the political cHit-chat of the
;

of different colour on silks, ribbons, &c. day. The origin of the word is a repre-
;

Ptg. verde-gaio, bright green Rouchi sentation of the chattering sound of birds
;

gayoU, variegated. or voice, constituting a wide-spread root


Perhaps the true origin may be found in very different classes of language.
in the analogy by which the expressions Pro v. gasar, gazalhar, Yx.jaser, to tatUe,
of conceptions dependent on the faculty It. gazza, a magpie or chatter-pie (as it
of hearing are extended to those of similar is provincially called from its chattering
character dependent on sight. Thus the voice) gazzerare, gazzolare, gazzettare,
;

designation of broken conspicuous colour to chatter as a pie or a jay, to prate Fl. —


would naturally be taken from a broken Fr. gazouiller, to twitter, to murmur;
chattering sound. So from Pl.D. kikel- Pol. gadad, to talk,gadu-gadu, chit-chat
kakel, idle chatter, we have kakel-bunt, Malay kata-kata, discourse Hung, csa- ;

or kikel-kakel-bunt, many-coloured, dis- tora, noise, racket ; csacsogni, to chatter


agreeably chequered Bav. gikkel-vech,
; or prattle, csacsogdny, a chatter-box, mag-
gegkericht, particoloured ; Swab, gakken, pie, jack-daw.
to cackle gakkelig, particoloured.
;
In Gazetteer. A geographical dictionary
the same way Fr. cageoler, to chatter, ex- was published by Echard, 1703, under
plains Wal. cajoU, variegated, cajoler, the name of The Gazetteer's or News-
enjoliver, to embellish (with bright co- man's Interpreter, being a Geographical
lours ?). The It, gracchiare, to chatter as index, &c.— Sir P. S. Carey in N. & Q.
a daw, stands in the same relation to Gear. on. gofi, as. gearwa, habili-
Wal. cragoU (R&m.2ic\€),crajoU (Grandg.), ments, whatever is required to set a thing
mottled, speckled and on the same prin-
; in action. See Garb.
ciple may be compared Fr. garioler, to —
Geason. Gizen. Geason, rare, scarce.
warble as birds, Sp. garlar, to chatter, Gizen, to open like the seams of a cask,
with E. dial, garled, variegated, streaked, to stare intently. —
Hal. Gizzen, to sneer,
spotted, and with. the change oib and^, laugh, or smile in a contemptuous man-
so common in imitative forms (G. belfern, ner. —Craven Gloss. The connection be-
Pl.D. gelfern, to yelp ; Lang, brezilia, to tween the meanings is furnished by N.
warble, Fr. greziller, to crackle ; Lang. glisa, to shine through, to show inter-
— —j , j;

GEE GESSES 299


stices, as between boards tbat do not Mundart. iii. 503. Pl.D. Je / Jes J Herr
meet close gliseii and (with loss of the t) Jes ! Jemine ! Danneil. —
;

gisen, opening, leaky. Gender. —


General. —
Generation.
Then since the individuals of a col- Lat. genus, Fr. genre, a race, family,
lection become rare as the interstices in- breed; genero, to beget, Fr. engendrer
crease, the word implying interstices generalis, pertaining to kind, also com-
comes to signify rare. Sw. gles, open in mon or universal.
texture, thinly scattered ; on. gisinn, Genealogy. Gr, ftvia, race, pedigree.
hiulcus, rarus (gaping, rare, geason).^ —
General. Generate, -gener-. Lat.
Haldorsen. genus, generis, kind. To Regenerate, to
The sense of sneering or contemptuous fall off from its proper kind.
laughter is from the parting of the lips Genesis. Gr. yEi/tmc, procreation, ori-
and letting the teeth be seen through, n. gin, beginning.
glisa, to sneer, laugh at, show the teeth. Genet. A
small-sized Spanish horse.
Compare N. glan, a bright opening be- Sp. gineto, a light horseman, named from
tween clouds glana, to open so as to let the Berber tribe of Zeneta, who supplied
;

one see through, also to stare glanen, the Moorish sultans of Grenada with a
;

open, separated. In the same way from ON. body of horse on which they placed great
glima, to shine, shine through, gima, a reliance. Their short lance was called in
crack transmitting light gima, to gape, Sp. gineta, in It. giannetta, and in the
;

or open. testament of Peter the Cruel mention is


Gee. To agree, to fit, to suit with. made of espada gineta, and siella gineta.
Hal. Yroxcigee J the exclamation to make To ride alia gineta was to ride with short
a horse go on. In Germany hott ! is the stirrups like the Moors. The Spanish,
word to make a horse go on, and hotte- Italian, and French have also given the
pdrd, in children's language, a horse, as name oi gineto, ginnetto, giannetto, genet,
gee-gee with us.— Danneil. Hence hot- to a kind of entire Spanish horse. Dozy. —
ten, to make to go, to get on, to go Genial. Lat. genialis, from genius,
Stalder, to go forward, to succeed, to gee. the spirit or nature of a man. Congenial,
Es will nickt recht hotten, it will not go, of like taste or disposition.
or advance rightly, it won't do, won't gee. —
Genital. Genitive. Lat. gigno, ge-
— Kiittner. nitum, to beget.
To Geld. OSw. gall, Gael., w. caill, —
Genteel. Gentle. Tr.gentil, gentle,
G. geile, the parts on which the capacity tractable, courteous, comely, pretty.' —
Cot.
of offspring depends, the testes, ovaries. Lat. gentilis, of a nation or family, and
OSw. gdlla, ON. gelda, G. geilen, to re- KoT kwxw, of good family, as we say a
move the parts in question, to castrate. person of family for a well-bred person.
Gael, cailleadh, castration ; caillteanach, Gentoo. The pagan natives, as well
a eunuch. of India as of America, were called by
Gelid. Lat. gelidus, from gelu, frost, the Portuguese Gentid, gentile, pagan,
cold. idolatrous, savage. Hence the Brahmins,
Gem. This seems one of the words who were first made known to us by the
whose derivation is obscured by the loss Portuguese, were called Gentoos, as if it
of an /. See Gare. on. gimlir, splen- had been the proper name of the people
dour gim-steinn, a shining stone, from
;
themselves. 'The Indians of the interior
gima, for glima, to shine. It would seem still remaining in the savage state are

that Lat. gemma, a gem, was a borrowed called by the Brazilians Indios or Gen-
word, only accidentally agreeing with tids (Heathens).' —
Bates, Naturalist on
gemma, a bud. the Amazons, i. yj.
Gemini By
! Gis. The wish to avoid Geo-. Gr. yew-, from yea, y^, the earth ;

the sin of profane swearing- without giving as in Geography, description of the earth
up the gratification of the practice has Geometry, measuring of the earth Geor-
;

led to the mangling of the terms used in gics, the science of cultivation of the
exclamation, so as to deprive them of earth (ipyaw, to cultivate, till), &c.
all apparent reference to sacred things. Geranium. Cranesbill, from Gr. ye-
Hence! Fr. m.ort bleu, corbleu, for mort, pavog, a crane ;on account of the long
corps de Dieuj sapperment for sacrament projecting spike of the seed-capsule.
Swab, mein echel, for m.ein eid; Alsace —
Germ. Germinate. Lat. germen, a
bi Gobb! bi Gollel bi Gosch! Gotz! Botz! bud, origin of growth ; germinare, to put
Potz! O Jeses ! O Je .' Jerum, ere, Je- forth buds.
mer, Jeigger, Jegesle, Jemine. Deutsch. —J Gesses. The short straps with a ring
— —
;

300 GEST GIB-CAT


attached, rpund the feet of a hawk, which —
Get. Jet. Get, or manner or custome,
were cast loose when he was let fly, were modus, consuetudo. Pr. Pra. — Gette, a
called gesses, It. getti, Fr. gectsj from custom ; newe ieite, guise nouvelle.
gect, a cast or throw, IjaX.. jacere, to cast. Palsgr. Perhaps from gait or gate, a
Gest. I. From Fr. giste, a lying or way. Ill gaited, having bad habits, per-
lodging, the appointed rest for the court verse, froward. Jam. —
But it is more
on a royal progress thence used in probably an application of the verb get in
;

'
Winter's Tale for the appointed time of the sense of devise, contrive. So it is
'

departure. Strype says that Cranmer used by Chaucer with respect to the con-
entreated Ceail to let him have the new- trivance of the alchemist who, having
'

resqjved-upon gests, that he might from fiUed a hollow stick with silver filings,
time to time know where the king was.' With his stikke above the crosselet
Gest. 2. —Jest. From Lat. gerere, That was ordained with
He stirreth the coles.
that false get.
gestum, to do, a feat or deed done, and
thence a relation, story. The Gesta * Gewga'w. A plaything, a showy
Romanorum was a celebrated collection trifle. Babiole, a trifle, whimwham,
'

of stories in vogue in the middle ages. guigaw or small toy for a child to play
The ^omsn gestes makin remembrance withal.' Cot. —
Fariboles, fond tattling,
'

Of many a veray trewe wif also. idle discourses, trifles, flimflams, why-
Merchant's Tale. whaws.' Cot. —Here the synonymous
A gestour was a person whose profession fiimjiam, whimwham, •whywhaiv,guiga'w,
was to entertain a company with the nar- gewgaw, although they cannot be sup-
ration of stories. posed to spring from a common root, yet
are manifestly formed on a similar plan,
Do come, he saied, my ministralis
And jestors to tell us tales the principle of which seems to be to repre-
Anon in mine arming, sent light movement to and fro as opposed
Of Romancis that ben roials to steady continuance in a fixed direction.
Of Popis and of Cardinals, Hence the signification of something done
And eke of love longing. —Sir Thopas. without settled purpose, trifling, child's
Geesfe, or romaunce : gestio, gestus. play, in opposition to work done with a
Pr. Pm. When the telling of stories be- settled purpose. Pl.D. wigelwageln, to
came a professional occupation the sub- go wigglewaggle, is to waver to and fro.
ject of the gestor would embrace every- Hence wigwag, whywhaw, guigaw. In
thing adapted to excite interest or to Suffolk one ploughing unskilfully would
raise a laugh, and as the latter in those be said ' to woowhaw about.' Moor. To —
coarse times was the easier and more go giggajoggie, to move to and fro.
popular line of endeavour, it seems gradu- Florio. In G. nursery language gickgack,
ally to have narrowed the meaning of a clock, represents the vibration of the
jest to a subject of laughter. '
Gest, a pendulum. Gygampfen (Sanders), Swab.
tale ; gestyng, bourde.' —
Palsgr. in Way. gugen, to move to and fro. Gugen utid
At the same time it is very possible gagen wie ein wagend rohr shilly shally :

&2A. gest in the sense of joke had an in- Tike a waving reed. Schmeller.
dependent footing in the language. Sp. gigeln, to fiddle, is from the movement of
— Pl.D.

chistar, to mutter, to utter a slight sound ; the bow to and fro over the strings. On
ni chistar ni mistar, to be perfectly si- the same principle the name of gewgaw
lent ; chiste, a jest, on the Same principle is given in the N. of E. to a jew's-harp,
probably that we have Ptg. zumbir, to from the jigging movement of the hand
hum, zombar, to jeer or jest. ON. gis, continually striking the projecting tongue
jeering, bantering, teasing. of the instrument. We
pass to the idea
-gest. -gestion. Gesture.— —
Gesta- of trifling in Swiss gdggelen, to trifle
tion. Lat. gero, gestum, to bear, carry gaggelizeug, playthings, toys, trifles ; E.
on. As in Congest, Digestion, &c. gig, a silly flighty person ; giggish, tri-
To Get. The fundamental sense seems fling, silly, flighty.— Hal.
to be to seize, to become possessed of, to Ghastly. See Aghast.
acquire offspring. To forget, to away- Gherkin. G. giirke, Pol. ogorek, pi.
get, to lose one's mental acquisitions. ogorki. Boh. okurka, a cucumber.
Goth, bigitan, to find. AS. andgitan, to Ghost. AS. gast, G. geist, a spirit.
understand ; bigitan, to get, acquire, ob- Giant. Vr.gMjtt, 'LsX.gigas,gigantis.
tain. ON. geta, to conceive, beget, ac- Gib-cat. A male cat, as we now say
quire, to be able, also to make mention of Tom-cat. '
Thibert le cas ' in R. R. is
a thing. translated by Chaucer, ' Gibbe our cat,'
;

GIBE GIGGLE 301


Gib being short for Gilbert, the equiva- Gibbous. Lat. gibbus, a bunch, hump,
lent of Fr. Thibert. swelling on the back or other part of the

Gibe. Gib. As gabble, gabber, vary body.
with gibber in representing the Sound, Giblets. The odds and ends cut off
made by rapid, senseless talking ; so we in trimming a goose for roasting. Pro-
had formerly gib as well as gab in the bably the meaning is simply bits, scraps,
sense of the mouth or muzzle. 'We'll a further dim. of Fr. gobeau, a. bit, gob-
call him Cacodjemon with his black gib bet, —
morsel. Cot. It. gobbo, gibbo, a
there.' —
B. and F. in R, hump. In the same way E. dial, gubbins
Hence to gibe, properly to wry the (gubbings), fragments, parings of codfish,
mouth, to make faces, as from the equi- &c.—B.
valent W. gwep, beak, face, gwepio, to Giddy. Unsteady, on the verge of
make a wry face, grin, mock. N. gjeipa, falling. Gael, godach, giddy, coquettish.
gleipa, Sw. gipa, to wry the mouth, make N. gidda, to shake, to tremble. From
faces. — Aasen. As the N. gj is pro- the notion of rapid reciprocating action
nounced nearly as e. /, the foregoing represented by the parallel forms gib, gid,
gjeipa isprobably the immediate origin gig. See Gibbet, and next article.
of OE. jape, mockery, joke. Gig. — Giglet. A series of abrupt

To Gibber. Gibberish. Gibber, like sounds was represented by syllables like
gabber, jabber, 3.-nA. gabble, represents the gick^^bdi, gig-gag. In G. nursery lan-
sound of rapid talking without reference guage gigk-gagk is a clock, from the tick-
to meaning, whence gibberish, gibbering, —
ing of the pendulum D. M. v. 434; and
an utterance of articulate sounds without •pcovvacxsHiy gigkezen, gagkezen, to stut-
sense, on. gifra, to jabber. ter.— lb. V. 341. Swab, gigacken (Du.
Gibbet. The gibbet seems originally gugageri), to heehaw or bray like an ass,
to have been not a mere projecting arm to cackle like geese. And see Giggle.
of gallows to which a man must be raised The syllables representing broken'sound
in order to hang him, but a contrivance are then applied to broken movements
like the wipe of a well, by which the suf- or the subject of such movements as in
ferer could at once be swung up into the the case of gigk-gagk above mentioned,
air. We find it spoken of as actually where the change of vowel in the two
raising the sufferer from the ground. syllables represents the reciprocating
Vultibus erectis sursutn tollenie giheto movement of the pendulum. Bav. gigelen,
Digna Jovi fiunt oblatio, jure levati to palpitate, to quiver ; gaugken, gaug-

A tellure procul. ^Willelm. Brito in Due. keln, gaggln, to totter, stagger, sway to
And Matthew Paris designates it as and fro ; Swiss gageln, to joggle ; gagli,
' machinam. illatn pcenalem qua gibet a girl that cannot sit still ; gdggelen, to
appellatur,' language implying some me- toy, to trifle ; gaggeli-werk, trifles, toys ;
chanical contrivance beyond what would Pl.D. gigeln (MHG. gigen, G. geigen), to

be applicable to a simple support. The play on the fiddle Danneil ; gigeln, be-
root (somewhat disguised by an initial w, gigeln, to diddle, to deceive, properly to
which is so commonly found interchang- deceive the eye by rapid movements to
ing with a g) is seen in Du. wip, indicat- and fro. Bav. gigl, the feet.
ing any sudden reciprocating movement, Gig in English is applied to various
as a wink of the eye ; wippen, to toss, objects characterised by a short quick

jerk up into the air P. Marin ; wippe, movement, or by gigging, reciprocating
toUeno, a wipe, or lever for lifting water or whirling motion. Banff, gig, giggum,
out of a well, patibulum toUenonis instar Bav. geek, a trick ; E. dial, gig, a machine
constructum, a gallows made like a wipe, for dressing cloth, for winnowing corn

i. e. a gibbet. Kil. Sw. wippa, to whip (also as MHG. gige, G. geige, It. gkiga,
or trice up ; wippkdrra, a tumbril wipp- giga^ a fiddle.
; — Hal. A gig is a carriage
galge, a gibbet. The exact root is pre- consisting of a seat balanced on a pair of
served in E. gib, to start suddenly back, shafts by which the jogging of the horse's
or from side to side ; Du. gijpen (des trot is communicated to the persons in
voiles), se tourner subitement — P. Marin; the gig. Gig, a toy, a top, a silly flighty
Sw. gippa, to whip up into the air, as we person ; giggish, trifling, flighty, wanton

speak of gibbeting a toad Rietz;^//fl; giggli, giglet, gigsy, a flighty person, a
upp, to strike up, tilt up ; guppa, to move giddy girl. Hal. — Fr. gigues, a light
up and down, to rock as a boat ; Dan. versatile girl. See Jig.
dial, gimpe, to rock, to swing ; Fr. regim- Giggle. Bav. gigken, gigkezen, to
ber, OFr. regiber, to wince. utter inarticulate sounds either in stutter-
302 GILL GIRD
ing, retching, or giggling with restrained some gimbol or other were out of frame.'
laughter gagkern, gagkezen, to cackle
;
— HoUinshed in N. Yieact gimcrack.
like a hen, to stutter. Du. gicken, gic- Gimp. A kind of lace made of threads
kelen, cachinnari.— Kil. Swiss gigelen, whipped or twisted round with silk. The
gigeren, to giggle, G. dial, gibbeln, to corresponding Fr. is guip7ire, horaguiper,
laugh.— D. M. iii. 552. to whip. —Boyer. The same correspond-
Gill. A
small measure of liquids.
I. ence between a nasalised form and one
Gylte, lytylle pot.— Pr. Pm. Gillo, vas without the nasal is seen in Fr. gibelet,
fictile.— Gloss, in Due. Vascula vmaria E. gimblet, from a different application of

quae mutato nomine guillones aut flas- the same root with the fundamental mean-
cones appellant.— Paulus Diaconus in ing of turning or twisting. G. gimf, a
Due. loop, lace, or edging of silk, gold, or silver.
2. Sv/.fisk-gel, the gills of a fish. as. Gin. A mechanical contrivance, a
geaflas, geaglas, geahlas, Fr. ^fle, the trap, or snare.
chaps, jaws, jowl. Gael, gial, jaw, cheek, And whau ye come ther as ye list abide,
gill of a fish. OHG chela, guttur, brancia
.
Bid him descend, and trill another pin
— Gl. in Graff; G. kehle, l-aX.gula, throat;
{For therein lieth the effect of
And he wol down
all the girC),
descend and don your will.
AS. ceole, faucis. Squier's Tale in R.
Gilly-flower. Formerly written _^7o- So, so, the woodcock 's ^«»«V. —B. & F. in R.
fer, gillover, gillow-Jlotver, immediately
from Fr. giroflde, and that from It. garo- From Lat. ingenium, natural disposition,
talents, invention, Fr. engin, an engine,
falo, Lat. caryophyllus, a clove, from the
clove-like smell of the flower.
instrument, also understanding, poHcy,
Gimcrack. See Gimmal. reach of wit, also [when the contrivance
is applied to a bad purpose] fraud, craft,
Gimlet. Lang, jhimielet (Jh pro-
nounced as E. soft g), Fr. gimbelet, gibe- deceit.— Cot. Prov. genh, geinh, ginh.
let, a gimlet, from Lang, jhimbla, to twist, Cat. enginy, giny, skill, machine.
E. gib, to turn suddenly, as wimble, an In the sense of a trap or snare we might
auger, from Du. wemelen, Sc. wammle, be tempted to look to the ON. ginna, to
to turn round. allure, deceive, the agreement with which
Gimmals. —Gimmers. Gimmal, an- is probably accidental.

nulus gemellus — Coles, a twin or double Ginger. Lat. gingiber, zingiber.


To Gingle. See Jingle.
ring. The term was generally applied to
rings, or corresponding members of a
Gipsire. A purse, from Fr. gibbeciire,
joint working into each other, as the rings a pouch, and that from gibbe, a bunch,
of a hawberk or coat of mail, the arms of anything that stands poking out ; gib-
basse, a great bunch, or hulch-like swell-
a tongs, two portions of a hinge, and
thence the hinge itself. Gimewes (or ing, a pouch, or budget. Cot.——
joints) of a spur, membres or membrets —
To Gird. i. Girtli. Girdle, on.

d'^peron. Sherwood. Gimmow of a giord, a belt, girth, band ; tunna-giorS,
door, cardo. —
Huloet in Way. Trevisa the hoop of a cask. Goth, gairda, G.
speaks of an iron ' made as it were a gurt, giirtel, a girdle.
peire tonges i-iem.ewde (ygemewed) as ON. gardr, gercti, afence, hedge ; gerda,
tonges in the myddes.' Jimmers, jointed gircta, to inclose or surround with a fence
hinges.^ Ray.— (Jonsson) also to gird (Haldors.), girda
;

From Lat. ge?nelli, Fr. jumeaux, ju- sig sverdi. Girdi, a hoof), band girdis- ;

melles, twins. In the same way the Bret. vidr, hoopwood ; girding, hedge, fence,
gevel, a twin, is applied to each of the in closure, girdle, belt ; girtr, girded,
parts in a double instrument, as a pair of hooped.
tongs. The term was then applied to the To Gird. 2. Gride. To gird or gride —
separate members of the works in a com- was formerly used in the sense of striking,
plicated piece of machinery, or to any piercing, cutting ; and thence metaphori-
mechanical device for producing motion. cally, gird, a sharp retort, a sarcasm.

My acts are like the motional gimbals


And girdeth of Gyle's heed. — P. P.

Fixed in a watch. — Vow-breaker in Nares. As one t^irough-gyrt with many a wound.


Surry in Nares.
The famous Kentish idol moved her Last with his goad amongst them he doth go,
'

hands and eyes by those secret gimmers And some of them he grideth in the haunches,
which now every puppet play can imitate.' Some in the flanks, that pricked their very
— Hall in Todd. But whether it were paunches. —Drayton.

that the rebel his powder failed him, or The primary image is the sound of a
.

GIRL GLADE 303


smart blow with a rod, or the hke, giving For the same reason it is also called peri^,
rise to a root which under numerous or peirid in Lang., iroxtipeiro, stone.
modifications is applied to the act of To Glabber. To speak indistinctly as
striking or cutting, or any sharp sudden children that have not learned to articu-
action, as kicking, starting forwards.

late properly.
to
— Jam. Cai. parlar aglops,
gabble, praepropere festinanterque
Gamelyn
— gert him full upon the nek loqui ; ^lop, the sound of a gulp of liquid.
That he the bone tobrak. Gamelyn, — 598. Glacial. Lat. glades, ice.
GBG. gartotun, perfodiebant [ilia]. — Graff. Glacis. The slope outside a fortifica-
G. gerte, Du. gard, gaerde, E. yard, a tion, from the parapet of the covered way
rod. Bav. gart, gdrten, switches ; birkene to the general level of the field. Fr. gla-
gdrtn, a birch rod. E. jert, synonymous cis, a gentle sloping downwards. From
with ^rd, a sharp touch by word of O Fr. glacer, glacier, to slide, in which is
mouth. ^ Attainte, a reach, hit, home- apparently preserved the root of Lat. gla-
stroke, also a gentle nip, quip, or jert, a des, ice. Glacier, to slip, slide. —
Pat. de
slight _^></.' Cot.— Then, with a change Champagne. Glacynge, or wrong glydynge
of the final t into k, jirk, yirk, yark, to of boltys or arrowis. — Pr. Pm.
strike, kick, fling. To jerke, fouetter avec Glad. 'Du.glad,glaf, smooth, polished,
des verges. —
Sherwood. Girk, a rod, slippery, formerly burning, bright (gloe-
dende). — Kil. Then metaphorically ap-
to chastise, or beat.
plied to a bright and cheerful countenance.
You must h& jerking at the times forsooth.
The Ordinary, iv. 4. Syi.glad, joyful, cheerful. Glada rume i ef
hus, lightsome rooms in a house ; glattig,
To yerk, to kick like a horse yark, to ;
cheerful. Da. glat, smooth, shppery ;
strike, to beat,a stroke, jerk, snatch, puU. glad, joyous. ON gladr, bright, shining,
— Hal. A
yark with a whip. Fl. Comp. — cheerful, glad. In the same way Gr.
Fr. ruer, to hurl ; mer coups sur, to pour ^atSpog, brilliant, shining, cheerful, joyful.
blows on ruer des pieds, to kick, wince,
;
Oculi hilaritate nitescunt et tristitid quod-
jerk, fling. —
Cot. dam nubilum ducunt. —
Quint. Con-
Girl. Formerly applied to children of nected with a numerous class of words
both sexes. founded on the notion of shining ; ON.

Here knave gerlys I shall steke. Slaughter of glita, to shine, E. glisten, glitter, &c. See
the Innocents, Coventry Myst. 181 Glass.
Grammar for girles I garte firste to write Glade. A light passage made through
And bette them with a balys but if they wolde a wood, also a beam or breaking in of
leme.^P. P. the light. B. —
Clauds, hot gleams be-
In milke and in mele tween showers. Baker. The fundament-
To maken with papelottes (pap, gruel) to aglotye al meaning is a passage for the light,

with her gurles (to satisfy their children). —
either through trees or through clouds.
P. P.
N. glette, a clear spot among clouds, a
Pl.D. gdr, gore, a child goren-kraam little taking up in the weather ; gletta, to
;

(kinderey), childish tricks ; goren-snak, peep glott, an opening, a clear spot


childish talk. — ;

Brem. Wtb. In Ham- among clouds. ON. glita, Sc. gleit, to


burgh g'drr is now used for a girl. Swiss shine.
gurre, gurrli, a depreciatory term for a In the same way E. lawn, synonymous
girl. with glade, may be compared with N.
Gist. The ground on which an action glenna, a clear space in a wood, glan, an
is brought against one, the ground on opening among clouds glanen (of clouds ;

which it lies. OFr. giste, lying place, or trees in a wood), open, allowing one
lodging, ixorca. gdsir, \jaX. jacere, to lie. to look through ; glana, to separate as
To Give. Goth, giban, to give Gael. clouds, to clear up, to look, to peep.
;

gabh, take, lay hold of, seize. Of this The loss of the / obscures the funda-
perhaps give is the causative, to cause mental identity of glade with Da. gade,
another to take. In the same way to a street, ON. gata, a street, a footpath.
take was formerly used in the sense of A similar equivalence of forms with an
deliver up to, or give, initial gl and g respectively is seen in Sc.
—to Progne he goth glabber and gabber, to gabble G. glaffen
;

And prively taketh her the cloth. — Gower. and gaffen, N. glapa and gapa, to gape
Gizzard. Fr. gesier, Lang. grezU, or stare; OTS.glingra, 'E.ginglej Da.. glam,
from Lang, gres, Fr. gresil, gravel, the clangour of bells, Fr. gamtne, peal of
gizzard being filled with little stones. bells ; N. glantri. Da. ganteri, foolery,
— —
;

304 GLAIR GLARE


and in numerous other cases mentioned to play the hypocrite, to make a false

under Gaze, Geason, Gat-toothed. show.


Glair. Gleyre of eyryne or other lyke, Originally, like all words expressing
glarea.— Pr. Pm. Yx. glaire, Vrow.glara, visual ideas (as explained under Bright)
Clara, Sp. dara, It. chiara, white of egg. derived from the faculty of hearing. Gael.
Chiare, d'uovo, the white or clear of an glam,
outcry ON. glam, clash, clangour ;
;

egg. —Fl. As far as the foregoing sense glamra,


to rattle Sc. glamer, noise, clat-
;

For the passage to the idea of glit-


is concerned the word might well be
de- ter.
rived from Lat. clarus, and from the white ter, compare
ON. glingra, to rattle, jingle,
also to glitter, give a false shine.
of an egg the term might perhaps be
transferred to other viscous substances. Glance. The fundamental idea is the
But this overlooks the connection with shining of a polished surface, then the
Sc. glar, glare, glaur, mud, mire, slime ;
slipping aside, as of an arrow striking
glorg, a nasty mess ; glorgie, bedawbed against a polished surface, or of a ray
of light reflected from it, then a sidelong
''

(Jam.); glorgyn, or wyth onclene


thynge
defoylyn, maculo, deturpo.— Pr. Pm. or momentary look.
Du. giants, G. glanz, lustre, splendour ;
Geordie spat out ON.glis, glitter ; Sc. gleis, splendour G., ;
The glaur thatadown his beard ran.
Nichols' Poems. Du. gleissen, to shine glissen, glisten,
;

G. glitichen, Fr. glisser, glinser, esclincer,


Cambr. glaire, a miry puddle. Hal. — glasser, glacer, glacier, to slip, slide ; OE.
The radical image is perhaps that of glace, to polish, to glance as an arrow

something slippery, with which the idea turned aside. Pr. Pm. Lat. glacies, ice,
of shining is closely connected. Swiss from its slipperiness, and E. glass, from
glaren, gloren, to shine ; glarig, glorig, its transparency, belong to the same root.
shining, smooth ; Fris.^/a^r, slippery. 'E Du. glisteren, glinsteren, to glisten, glis-
iisis gldr^ the ice is slippery. Outzen. — Other forms are Du. glad, G. glatt,
ter.
Banff glaur, slippery ice. E. dial, glire, shining, polished, smooth ; N. glita, Sc.
gleer, to slide; P1.D. glirrig, slippery. gleit, to shine ; to glent or glint, to glance
Schiitze. It is however very difficult to or gleam, to pass suddenly as a gleam of
know when we have come to the bottom light, to glide, to peep, to squint. Jam.
The stroke glented down to his beUy.'

of one of these complicated trains of '

thought. The Bret, giaour, slaver, W. Berners' Froissart. W. ysglentio, to slide.


glafoerio, E. glaver, to slaver, seem to Da. glindse, to glisten, gives an inter-
point in a different direction to the fore- mediate form between glint and glance,
going. while Da. glimt, a gleam, glimpse", flash,
Glaive. A
long sword or bill. B. — A
would unite glint with gleam instead of
halbert-like weapon, consisting of a blade glitter. The truth seems to be that the
mounted on a long handle. W. cleddyf, words signifying shining are derived from
Gael, claidheamh (pronounced klllyhev a number of representations of the same
—Macalpine), a sword ; claidheamh-mor kind of sound, having commonly more or
(claymour), a broadsword. W. glaif, a less resemblance to each other, and this
bill-hook. Sw. glafven, Du. glawe, a general resemblance in the roots causes
lance, spear. E. dial, gleeve, an eel-spear. a network of relationship in the words de-
— Baker. rived from them.
Probably direct from the Celtic, although Gland. Lat. glans, glandis, an acorn,
Diez supposes Fr. glaive to be formed a kernel in the flesh.
through the medium of Lat. gladius, Glanders. OFr. glandre, a swelling
whence Prov. gladi, glazi, glavi, as from of the glands, a sore.
adulterum, azulteri, avulteri. El col nues glandres out,
Glamour. Properly false shine, de- K'em escrovele numer seout.
ception of sight. To cast glatnour o'er In her neck she had naked sores, which
one, to cause magical deception. men are used to call scrofula. Life K. —
Edward in Benoit, 2612.
Ithad much of glamour might,
Could make a lady seem a knight.
Glare. A dazzhng light to glare, to ;

Lay of Last Minstrel. shine with excess of brightness, to stare


intently upon. Glare, to glaze earthen-
ON. gldmsyni, when things appear other ware. —Hal. N. glora, to shine, to stare

than what they really are. Fritzn. Dan. Swiss glare, to stare. Applied in the first
glimmer, glitter, false lustre. In like instance to phenomena of hearing. Gael.
manner G. gleisen, to cast a faint lustre, ^W?-, noise, speech,^/or(?f^, noisy, clamor-
—; ;;

GLASS GLEE 30s


ous ;Lat. gloria, renown, claritas nomi- way Sw. glimma, to N. glima, glitter
nis, splendor, amplitudo. Facciolati. — ;

to shine bright, dazzle ; glima, a beam of


;

Compare Bohem. hlas, the voice, fame ; light ON. liomi, splendour, AS. leoman,
;

Pol. glos, the voice ; glosny, loud, famous, to shine, OE. leem, Horn, a gleam.
notorious. Lat. dams, which is applied ON. glampa, to glitter, shine. The
as well to visual as to audible phenomena, original image, as in all these expressions
is another modification of the same root. for the action of light, is a loud sound.
See next article. ON. Glamm, a ringing, rattle ; glymia, to
Glass.— Glaze, on. gler, Da. glar, resound glymr,glumr, resonance, noise
;

glas, glass. From


the notion of trans- glumra, glamra, to jingle, rattle, rumble.
parency what allows the light to shine
; Gr. Xa/ifl-w, to ring loud and clear, as well
through. N. G/as, a window g/zsa, to ;
as to shine ; \a\nrfi'oQ, brilliant, sonorous,
shine through glira, to be open so that
; clear.
one can see through glosa, glora, to ;
To Glean. Fr. glaner, from glane,
gaze, to shine Sc. glose, gloze, to blaze,
; galeyne, a handful glenon, a bunch of ;

Du. gleysen, G. gleyssen, to shine. To hay, straw, vegetables. Roquef. —


glaze, in the sense of making a thing to Deus meyns ensemble, vodes ou pleyns,
shine, is now confined to the surface of Sount apelfe \s%galeyns. —Bibelsworth.
earthenware, but was formerly used in a suppliant batoit un pou de
Ainsi que le
much more general application. Glacyn, glaines, ou gerbes de bled. Carp. Glean —
or make a thynge to shine, pernitido, (in Kent), a handful of corn tied together
polio glacynge or scowrynge of barneys, by a gleaner. Hal. Glane d'oignons, a —
;

pernitidacio. —
Pr. Pm. 'Fr.glac^, polished, bunch of onions. Diez. Gla7ia, gleba —
shining, is familiar in the expression ^/ac/ alliorum gelina, gelima, gelida, geliba, ;

silks. Glaze-worm, glass-worm, a glow- eyn schouff off garve (a sheaf or bundle),

worm. Hal. Looking here to like origin eyn kleyn garbe. Dief Sup. Du. gluye, —
with that of the twin form glare, we find a bunch of straw or sedge, vulgo glema,
Fr. glas, noise, crying, bawling Russ. gelima. Kil. The form gelima leads to
; —
glas", the voice, Serv. glas, voice, news, AS. gelm, gilm, E. dial, yehn, a sheaf,
fame ; Bohem. hlas, voice, fame, hlasyty, handful of corn or straw. To yelm. straw,
sonorous, clear Pol. glos, sound, voice, to lay it in order for a thatcher (i. e. in
;

speech ; glosny, loud, famous, notorious ; handfuls). Hal. To gleame corne, spici- —
Russ. glas', the eye, gledanie, sight, see- legere. Levins. For the change of ni —
ing Serv. glati, gledati, to see, to seek. and n compare gernSr for germer, to bud.
;

Swab, glascht, the voice, glast, brilliancy, H&art. —


splendour, glasten, to shine, to glance. Possibly the formation of the word
Schmid. may be explained from Lith. glebys, an
To Glaver. To soothe or flatter.— B.' armful globti, glomoti, to embrace, to ;

Toglaffer, to flatter. —Hal. To glaver, to hold in the arms.


slaver —
Hal.; to talk foolishly. Brocket. Glebe.— Lat. gleba, a clod, lump of
W. glafoerion, slaver Bret, giaouren, earth.
giaour, slaver, glaourek, slavering, talk-
;

Glede. hot ember, live coal. 6. A —


ative Sc. glabber, to speak indistinctly, ON. gloa, to glow, burn, shine ; glod, live
;

as children \r. glafaire,glagaire, a bab- coal.


;
G. gliihen, to glow, be red-hot
bler ; glifrim, to prate. The connection gluth, the glowing of fire, hot coals, great
between the ideas of slavering and prat- heat. Du. gloed, hot coals, gheden,
tling is seen in Fr. baver, to slaver, drivel, gloeyen, to glow. See Glow.
also to famble or flatter in speaking Glee. AS. Glig, gliw, music, sport,
bavard, a slaverer, babbler. Cot. —
joke gligman, a minstrel, buffoon ; glio-
;

ON.
Glead. A kite. The names of hawks wian, gliwian, to sing, jest, play.

are often from their gliding or hovering glj, laughter (Rietz), mirth, joy (Fritzner);
motion. So w. cM, a kite, from cudio, to glyja, to divert, delight, rejoice ; glyjari,
hover cudyll y gwynt, the kestril or
;
a juggler, buffoon; glotta, to laugh, to
wind-hover. Lith. linge, the kite, from sneer. Sw. dial, gly, glyt, glut, sport,
lingoti, to hover. Dan. glente, kite, OE. derision ; g'dra gly, to make sport of, to
glent w. ysglentio, to slideand in like ;
deride. ON. hlaja, to laugh, hlcegja, to
manner E. glead from glide. divert, to cause to laugh ; Meet, laughter,
Gleam. Glimmer. — Du. glimmen, sport, Gr. yeXow, I laugh.
— —
glimpen, ignescere, candere. — Kil. Pl.D. To Glee. Gley. Gly. To squint.
glimmen, glimmern, to shine G. glim- Glyare,gloyere or gogyl-eye,limus, strabo.
men, glummen, to glow, shine in a covert
;

— Pr. Pm.
20
;
; ; .

3o6 GLEEK GLISTEN


The elder sister [Leah] he forsoke, in something liquid, miry, and viscous.
For she gliyed seith the boke. E. the slimy substance in a
dial, glut,
Cursor Mundi in Hal. hawk's pannel Fr. glette, the froth of an
;

She had sore eyes. Sc. to gley, gly, to egg, phlegm or filth which a hawk throws
look obhquely, squint. The primary- out at her beak after her casting, glet-
sense of the verb is to shine, then to teux, slimy, flegmy, filthy. —
Cot. Pl.D.
glance, to look. glett, slippery, E. gleet, a slimy discharge.

In the founce ther stonden stonej stepe To Glide. Du. glijdeH,glijen, glissen,
As glente thurgh glas that glowed and glyht. Pl.D. gliden, glien, G. gleiten, glitschen,
Allit. Poems, A. 114. gleissen, Fr. glisser, to slide, slip. There
The gomegfyhi on the grene graciouse leve3, is obviously a close connection between
lb. C. 453.
the notions of a glittering, shining surface
ON. gljd, glcEa, Sw. glance,
dial, glia, to and of a smooth and slippery one. Thus
shine; NE.G^/ir«,(z^/^a, crooked; togledge, we have on. gladr, shining, clear, bright
to look asquint. —
Jam. Gr. yXoioe, slip- Du. ^/a</, bright, shining, sleek, smooth,

Bomhoff. "Devon glidder, slip-
pery; yXom^M, to cast aside glance. Pl.D. slippery.
gliden, glicii, to slip or slide. pery. So ON. glita, to shine, leads to Sw.
To Gleek. To jeer, joke, jibe, or ban- glida, to glide, while both senses are pre-
ter.— B. Du. glicken (parallel with blick- served in the dialectic ^/z'a, to glow, to
en), to shine ; Sc. glaiks, reflection of the shine, and also to glide, slide, flow. So
rays of light from a lucid body in motion E. gloss, glossy, and Sw. dial, glisa, to
to cast the glaiks on one, to dazzle, con- shine, gleam, correspond to G. gleissen,
found glaik, a deception, trick; Jo play
;
Fr. glisser, to slide. E. glatice, to shine,
the glaiks, get the glaiks, to cheat, be is also used in the sense of slipping aside;
cheated. To glaik, to trifle, glaiking, and here indeed we are distinctly con-
folly, wantonness. ON. leika, to play scious that the latter sense is taken from
OE. to lake, to play ; lakin, plaything. the oblique reflection of light from a
Glender. To stare, to look earnestly. smooth surface. The same is the case
— Hal. Also to look aside, to squint. with Sc. glent, glint, to flash, gleam,

Sw. glindra {glengrd Rietz), to shine, glance, also to start aside. ' T' shot corns
to glimmer ON. glingra, to gingle, rat-
; glinted aff his wings lahk rain aff a duck's
tle, to shine delusively. MHG. glander, back.' —
Atkinson. Sw. dial. gla?it, slip-
glitter, shining. pery ; gldnta, glinta, w. ysglentio, to slip,
Gleyme. Slime,* glue. Gley me or slide. In the same way N.^/zVa, to peep,
rewme, reuma gleyme of knyttynge or
;
properly to shine ; E. dial.^/zr^, gleer, to
byndynge togedders, limus, gluten gley- slide. — Hal.
viyn or yngleymyn, visco, invisco. Pr.
;

— To Glie. To squint, to look askew.


Pm. Viscus, gleme or lyme. Ortus in — The elder sister he forsoke,
Way. NE. glime, the mucus from the For she glided, seith the boke.
nostrils of cattle. — Hal. Related to slime, Cursor Mundi.
as Du. glibberig to slibberig, slippery ;
Sw. dial, glia, to gleam, also to glide,
glippen, to escape, to E. slipj glide to slide. See Glide. Compare also gleam
slides Sc. glent to Sw. slinta, to slide. with NE. glim, to look askance. Hal. —
Probably the radical image is the slip- Glender, a slight squint, is the equivalent
periness of a viscous liquid. of Sw. glindra, to glitter. When a sur-
Glib. Slippery, smooth.— B. Pl.D. face is imperfectly polished it only reflects
glippen, N. gleppa, to slip Du. glibberig, ;
slanting light.
E. dial, glaber, glibbery, slippery glafe, ;
Glimmer. See Gleam.

smooth, polite. Hal. Da. glippe, to slip, Glimpse. A flash of light, transient
to miss, to wink Sc. gliff, a glimpse, a
;
glance. Swiss glumsen, a spark, glim-
glance. Lat. glaber, smooth, without hair, men, glnmscn, to glow under the ashes ;

seems from the same source and with- ;


Du. glimpcn, glinsen, to glow, to sparkle.
out the initial g, labi, to slide, lubricus, And little glowworms glimpsing in the dark.
slippery. Lith. glebti, to be slippery. Nares.

Glidder. Slippery. Hal. B. Jonson Da. glinite, to gleam, flash, See Gleam.
speaks of a galley-pot being well glid- To Glisten.— Glister.—Glitter. Du.
dered, i. e. glazed. Sw. glindra, to glim- glistercn, glinstcren, to sparkle, AS. gli-
mer, shine. Da. dial, glidder, slippery sian, glisnian, glistenan, to glisten, ON.
;

gluddre, to smooth a wall plastered with glyssa, glytta, glitra, to sparkle, glitter.
clay. Sc. ghcddry, gloittry, unctuous, A number of related forms are seen under
slippery to gloit, to work with the hands Glass.
;
;

GLOAMING GLOP 307


would doubtless be an error to sup-
It gloomy, overcast. — Hal. Da. glum-
dial,
pose all these forms to be successively mende, scowling ; Sw. dial, glomma,
developed from any one root such as 0as glama, to
stare fixedly. The sense of
ox glat. We should rather suppose that silence is often expressed (with ellipse
the noises, which constitute the original of the negative) by words signifying
image in the expression of visual con- muttering, uttering a low sound. Thus
ceptions, were represented independently Lat. musso, primarily to mutter, signi-
by forms bearing a certain resemblance to fies to be silent, not to speak out G. ;

each other, which was preserved through miicken, to utter a slight sound, is ex-
subsequent modifications when the terms plained to show one's ill-will by a surly
were applied to visual phenomena, giving silence, to scowl. The words at the head
them the false appearance of descent of the article seem to have a similar ori-
from a common root. Thus we have Fr. gin. AS. diunian, to murmur, mutter,
glas, noise, bawling ; Prov. glat, yelp, and thence to keep silence. Gif bisceo- '

cry, chatter of birds, E. dash, clatter, pas dumiath mid ceaflum thser he sceol-
which when appropriated by the faculty dan clipian if bishops mutter with their
' :

of sight produce forms like glass, gloss, jaws (i. e. keep silence) where they ought
glat (polished), glitter, glister. A form to speak out. Bede. Clumiend, murmur- —
closely allied with glisten and glister is ans. —
Lye. Chaucer uses dum,-SiB we do
applied to phenomena of hearing or the mum, by way of an interjection exhorting
sense which apprehends them in Du. to silence.
luysteren, to whisper, or to listen, Pl.D. They sit tin still well nigh a furlong way,
lustern, glustern, AS. hlystan, to listen, Now Paternoster, clum, seide Nicholay,
i. e. to attend to low whispering or rust-
And clujn quoth John, and clum seid Alison.
Miller's Tale.
ling sounds. In the same way Da. knit-
tre, to rattle, craclde, knistre, to crackle, N. klumme, kluntsa, to strike dumb, to
titter, may be compared with gnistre, take away the power of speech by fear or
ON. gncista, to sparkle. The Fr. dclater magic.
is used with reference to both senses. From simple silence to the scowl of iU-
Esclat, a clap, crack ; esdat de lumiere, will is an easy step.
a glimpse or flash of light ; esdatant, She looked hautely, and gave on me a glum.
crashing, cracking, ringing, glittering, There was among them then no word but mum.
flashing. Cot. — Skelton.
Gloaming. AS. glomung, glommung, N. klumsa, speechless, we pass
Thus from
twilight, the time of day when the light
to Lincoln dumpse, reserved, forbidding ;
shines obscurely beneath the advancing
NE. glumpse, sulkiness. ' He did not tell
shade of night like fire under ashes. Da.
me, and he's a dumpse man, I should ha'
dial, glomme, to glow, to begin to burn
or shine ; Swiss glumsen, G. glimmen,
been skarred to ax him.' — Ralf Skirlaugh,
ii. 86.
glummen, toburn in a covert way, to trouble of mind which hinders
The
glow under ashes. Da. glijiite, to gleam then, contrary to the usual
speech is
Pl.D. gliemken, to peep, to dawn.
course of metaphor, transferred to the
Scarcely had Phoebus in the gloaming East material world, and the word gloom or

Yet harnessed his fiery -footed team. F. Q. glum applied to the thickness which dis-
turbs the transparency of air or water.
Ultimately from the figure of sound, sig-
nified by forms like Swiss glumsen, to Pl.D. glum (of liquids), thick, turbid.

rumble, ON. glumra, glymja, to clank. In the same way louring, properly sig-
nifying frowning or scowling, and Sw.
To Gloat.— Glout. To look fixedly,
from desire or absorption in thought. G. mulen (from 7nule, the chaps, snout),
chapfallen, sad, gloomy, are applied to
glotzcn, formerly to shine, then to look
gloomy, overcast weather.
fixedly, to stare ; Sw. dial, glotta, glutta,
to peep.
To Glop. Gloppen. —
To glop, to
to gloppen, to frighten, to feel
-glomerate. Lat. glomus, a ball of stare ;

astonished.
thread glomero, to wind into a ball, to
Thou wenys to glopyne me with thygrete wordez.
;

collect into a mass.


* Gloom. — Glum. — Glumpy. To
Ai'ture in Hal. Morte

glombe, to look gloomy, to frown. B. — ON. gUpa, N. glaapa, to stare, gaze, gape.
'
Whereas ye sat all heavy and glom- Hence on. gldpr, glappi, fatuus, E. gloup-

myng! Chaloner. Clumping, surly, ing, silent or stupid, to be compared
sulky glum, a sour cross look ; sullen.
;
with glout, to stare at, to pout, look sulky,
20*

3o8 GLORY GNAW


as gloppen with glotten, startled, sur- the same way Pl.D. snarren, snirren,
prised. —
B. See Gloat, Glout. snurren, to whirr ;snarre, a spinning-
wheel ; Sw. snorra, to hum like a top,
Glory. Lat. gloria signifies fame, but
the E. glory has quite as much reference purr, sound the r strongly, also to whirl,
to visible splendour as to spoken renown. to turn ; E. snarl, to make a grumbling
ON. glora, to glitter. See Glare. sound, to make knots like an overtwisted
Gloss. Lustre. on. glossi, blossi, cord. Dan. kurre, to coo ; kurre, a knot
flame, brightness ; glossa, blossa, to blaze, or tangle in thread. Sw. dial, korra, to
sparkle, glow. Sc. to gliss, to cast a grumble, purr, whirr, to roll up, to twist,
glance with the eyes. See Glass. snarl (of thread).
Gloss. Glossary.— Gr. yXwao-a, the To Gnash. — Gnast. From a repre-
tongue, a language, a special word, sentation of the sound made by the clap-
whence glossarium, a dictionary. ping of the teeth. Fin. naskata, to clap
Glove. ON. glofi- or knap the teeth ; naskia, to smack the
To Glow. See Glede. jaws, as a pig in eating Da. gnaske,
;

Glue. Fr. glu, birdlime w. glud, ; knaske, gnidske, Sw. gnissla, to crunch,
tenacious paste, glue. Lat. gluten, glue. gnash, grind the teeth Du. knasschen,
;

The fundamental idea is shining, then knaspen, knarsen, knarren, to gnash G. ;

shppery, slimy, tenacious, gluey. Sc. knastern, knattern, to crackle, rattle. OE.
gleit, gle'ft, to shine, glid, glad, glaid, gnastej to gnaste, or gnasshe with the
Pl.D. glett, slippery. ON. glceta, wet. teeth, grincer. — Palsgr. in Way. ON.
Fr. glette, E. dial, glut, phlegm, slime ; gnista t'onnum, to gnash the teeth.
Sc. glidder, slippery, gludder, to do dirty Gnast or Knast. The wick or snuff
work ; to gloit, to work in something of a candle. Lichinus, gnast of the can-
liquid, mii-y, or viscous. Lith. glittus, dell, candell weyke ; gnast, knast, emunc-
smooth, slippery, slimy, sticky. Compare tura.— Pr. Pm. Your strengthe shall ben
also Gr. y}^iaxpoc, slippery, tough, glutin- as a gnast of a flax top (favilla stupae
ous yXoiog, slippery, nasty, clammy.
;

VulgO Wicliff. In the latter version
Glum. See Gloom. gnast is replaced by deed sparke, or deed
To Glut.— Glutton. The sound of —Way.
sparcle. I should without doubt
swallowing is represented by the syllables refer it, with Way, to O'S.gtieisti, a spark,
glut, glop, glup, gluk, gulp, gulk, giving were it not for the Pol. knota, the wick or
Lat. glut-glut, for the noise of liquid snuff of a candle, Lith. knatas, wick.
escaping from a narrow-necked opening ; Thus the OE. gnast, or knast, may proba-
glutire, to swallow Fr. glout, ravenous,
; bly be identified with Pl.D., Da. knast, a
greedy w. gloth, glwth, gluttonous ;
; knot, knag, gnarl in wood, originally sig-
Cat. glop, a mouthful N. glupa, gloypa,
; nifying (like •wicK) a knot or tuft of
to swallow, eat greedily Sw. glupsk,
; fibrous materials dipped in grease. See
ravenous E. glubbe, to swallow up, glub-
; Knot.
ber, a glutton gulp, gttlk, gulch, glutch, Gnat. Sw. knott, gnadd, a midge.
to swallow. Hal. — ;

Fr. glouglouter, to From the humming sound with which it


guggle, sound like a narrow-mouthed pot signals its attack. Sw. knota, to murmur,
when it is emptied. grumble. N. gnette, knetta, to crackle,
Glutinous. Lat. glutinosus, from glu- rustle, give a faint sound. Dae gnatt
ten, glue, paste. ikje 'ti'naa, there was not the least sound

To Gnarr. Gnarled. To gnarr or from him. G. iniicke, a midge, stands in
gnerr, to growl, snarl, grumble. Better ' the same relation to mucken, synonymous
is a morsel of bread with joy than a house with N. gnette. Nicht einen muck von
full of delices with chiding and gnerring' sich geben, not to give the least sound.

-
Chaucer. Du. gnorren, knarrcn, knor- To Gnaw. on. gnaga. Da. gnavc, G.
ren, grunnire, fremere, frendere, to growl, nagen, Du. knageii, knauwen, to gnaw.
snarl Sw. knarra, to creak ; knorra, to
; —
To naggle, to gnaw. Hal. From the
murmur, growl, Dan. kniirre, to growl, to sound of the teeth against a hard sub-
purr as a cat. Then, because a body stance. Fin. nakkia, G. knacken, to rap.
spinning rapidly round makes a whirring The same sound is also represented
sound while the string to which it is sus- with a final/ or b, t or d. G. knappen,
pended knots and twists, Sw. knorla, to to craclde, gnaw, eat ;knaupeln, to gnaw
twist, to curl E. gnarr, a hard knot in a
; a bone, Du. knabbelen, to gnaw, gnash,
tree —B. ; gnarled, knotted. I gnarre in E. nibble J Fin. napista, leviter crepo, inde
a halter or corde, I stoppe one's breath murmuro (knarren, murren) natista, to ;

or snarle one je etrangle. : Palsgr. In — sound like gnawing mice natustaa, to;

GNOSTIC GOBLET 309


gnaw ; G. knattern, to crackle ; Da. gnad- Another arrangement gives E. AiSiX. glubbe,
dre, to grumble. to suck in, to gobble up (Hal.) CzX.glop, ;

Gnostic. Gr. yvuffriKoc, possessing the a gulp, draught, sup, mouthful of liquid.
faculty of intimate knowledge, from The same idea is conveyed by Yt.gobj
yiyvaicTKW, tO know. avaler tout de gob, to swallow at a gulp.
To Go. —Gang.
on. ganga, perf. geci, '

The little land he had the lawyer swal-
hefi gengid; JI. ganga, gaa, to go on —
lowed at one gob.' Barry in R. Fr. gober,
foot, walk. G.gehen,gegangen, Da. gaen, to gobble, gulp down, eat greedily. From
to go. the image of gobbing or gulping is taken
Goad. Properly a rod. Goad, an ell a designation for the throat, mouth, chops.
English. —B. See Gad. Fr. Prendre un homme zm gobet,XQi take
Goal. Gael, gea/, white, anything him unawares, properly, to seize him by
white, a mark to shoot at. The Gael, the throat. E. gob, an open or wide
however seems an unlikely source for a —
mouth. B. Gael, gob (contemptuously),
word of this nature, nor does it appear the mouth Pol. g^ba. Boh. htcba, the
;

that the mark in shooting was ever known mouth, chops Illyr. guba, snout.
;

by the name oi goal in E. A more plausi- Again, we have Fr. gobet, a mouthful,
ble origin may be suggested in It.galla E. gob, gobbet, a lump, bit, morsel.
or gala, a bubble ; stare a galla, to float, He gaping wide his threefold jawes
and metaphorically to prevail, to get the Al hungry caught that^w^^f. Phaer. —
upper hand, to carry the day. The Fr. Gubs of gold. Bale. To work by the —
avoir le gal is used in precisely the same gob, by the piece or job. Hal. —
meaning (Trevoux), and the expression It must be observed Jiowever that in
was introduced into E. as to get the goal. the Walloon of Mons gob is a stroke or
'There was no person that could have blow (a notion often connected with that
won the ring or got the gole before me.' of a lump), and also a bit or lump. Baye
Hall. Rich. III. nCein eingob, give me a bit. Gob d'homme,
It is obvious from the form of the ex- a stur»p of a man, Chaucer speaks of a
pression that neither in E. nor in Fr. was gobbet of St Peter's sail. Gobbets of '

retained any consciousness of the origin- wood.' Burnet. —


It. gobbo, a hump or

al image, but the expression being spe- hunch.


cially applied to success in an athletic Goblet. —
Gotch. Fr. gobeau, a vial,
contest, such as racing or football, the or strait-mouthed vessel of glass, a great
term gal or goal seems by a literal inter- goblet gobelet, a goblet, or wide-mouthed
pretation to have been affixed to the
;

bowl to drink in. Cot. —


boundary or standard the attainment of The names of vessels for containing
which was the test of victory. Fr. gal, liquids are often taken from the image of
the goal at football. Trevoux.— pouring out water, expressed by forms re-
On the other hand comp. Lith. gdlas, presenting the sound of water guggling
end, extremity, aim ; ende, zweck, ziel ;
out of the mouth of a narrow-necked ves-
Let. gals, end, point, extremity. sel. Thus It. gozzare, to revel, properly
Goat. ON. geit, a female goat ; geit- to guzzle, Swiss ^o^j-i:A^&, to plash, sound
ha/r, a male goat. as water shaking in a vessel, are con-
Gob.—Gobbet. See Gobble. nected with It. gogzo, a cruse, any glass
To Gobble, i. To make the guttural with a round body and long narrow neck
cry of the turkey-cock to gabble, chat-
; (Fl.), and E. gotch, a large pitcher Hal. ; —
ter. Cat. parlar a glops, to hurry out Fr. godailler, to guzzle, or make good
one's words. cheer, Swiss gudeln, gutteln, to guggle,
2. To swallow hastily, from the noise sound as water in a vessel, with Yx.godet,
of swallowing, as gutfle, guzzle, guggle, a jug. It. gotto, a pot, or drinking-glass ;
Fr. godailler, from other representations and perhaps Swiss guggeln, to guzzle, E.
of the same sound. In Fr. degobiller, guggle, with E. jug. So also Hesse klun-
Du. gobelen, ON. giibba, to vomit, the term ker, a narrow-mouthed flask, from the
is applied to the upward instead of down- clunking sound. ' Bauculum, ein ghud-
ward gush. In these imitative forms the dorf, quod effimdendo sonitum facit, dass
position of the liquid is very variable, and gliinckelt.' Guttrof, ein geschirr das
'

it is easily lost or inserted, as we have unten weit und oben eng ist die da kut- —
often had occasion to see. Thus gobble tern, klunckern, oder wie ein storch
is related to gulp, as G. schwap'peln to schnattern wenn man drauss trincket.'

Du. swalpen (Kil.), to dash or splash, E. — Kurhess. Idiot. In the same way Fr.
gobelet.
wamble to walm, spatter to spurt, &c. gobeloter, to guzzle or tipple,
;

3IO GOBLIN GOOL


gobeati, a drinking-glass, and possibly Cost of Caergwyn. It will be observed
Bret, gdb, c6p, a cup, seem connected that the Kobold in Germany is peculiarly
with E. gobble, representing the sound of a miner's superstition, while Cardigan-
liquids in the throat. The OE. jub, a shire has been a mining district from the
jug, shows the change of the initial to g times of the Romans. From his knock-
/, as va.jug, compared with guggle. ing propensity the Kobold is sometimes
Goblin. Fr. gobelin, a Hobgoblin, called Meister Hammerling.
Robin goodfellow, Bug. Cot. The Gob- — God. G. gott; Pers. khoda.
lin was generally conceived as a super- —
Gog. Goggle. To gog, cog, jock,
natural being of small size but of great jog, shag, shog, are parallel forms expi-ess-
strength, dwelling underground in mounds ing motion brought to a sudden stop.
or desert places, not generally ill-disposed See Cog. Gog-mire, a quagmire, or
towards man, and in some cases domes- shaking bog. Gael, gog, nod gogach, ;

ticated with him and rendering him serv- nodding, wavering ; gog-cheannach, nod-
ice. Hence the frequent addition of a ding, tossing the head in walking gog-
familiar appellation, as in Hob-goblin, shuil, a goggle-eye, a full rolling eye. B.
;



Hob-thrush. Cot. in v. Lutin. It was m
To goggle is thus like coggle joggle, to
known in Germany by the name of Ko- be unsteady, to roll to and fro. Then '

bold, and was supposed particularly to passid they forth boystly goglyng with
frequent mines, being thence called Berg- their hedis.'— Chaucer, Prol. Merch. 2nd
geist, Berg-mannchen, or Mine-spirit, Tale. Swiss gagen, to rock, gageln, to
Mine-dwarf. Another German name is joggle. As such expressions as twitter,
Matthew Kobalein, equivalent to E. Hob- chitter, signifying a broken, tremulous
goblin. The Goblin is mentioned by sound, are applied to a tremulous mo-
Ordericus Vitalis, Daemon enim quem
'
tion, so it seems the representation of a
de Dianas fano expulit adhuc in eidem broken sound, the separate elements of
urbe degit, at in variis frequenter formis which are of a jairing nature, are applied
apparens neminem laedit. Hunc ^ulgus to a rougher and more disjointed move-
gobelinum appellat.' He is known in ment. Bav. gagkern, to cluck like a hen,
Brittany by the name of gobilin, and is to stutter, stammer ; Sv/.gaggi, the cluck-
there also supposed to engage in house- ing of a hen, gigagen, to hihaw, bray like
hold drudgery like Milton's Lubber-fiend, an ass. In the same way are related
to curry the horses of a night, for instance. Bav. gigken, to make inarticulate noises,
It is among the Celts probably that the giggle, stutter, and gigkeln, to palpitate,
origin of the name is to be looked for. shiver, tremble.
The Welsh appellation is coblyn, pro- Goit. — Gote. —
Gowt. A
ditch or
perly a knocker, from cobio, to knock, to sluice. — Hal. A
mill-stream or drain.
peck coblyn y coed, a woodpecker.
; Du. gote, G. gosse, a kennel, conduit,
An explanation of the name is given in spout, sink. One of the numerous cases
'

a passage which is the more satisfactory in which there has been an interchange
from the fact that the writer seems to of an initial d and g. Prov. dots, Fr.
have no idea of any connection between doit, doiz, Mid.Lat. doitus. '
Concessi
the word goblin and the superstition he dictis fratribus stagnum de Placeio et
is describing. People will laugh at us
'
nemus, cum terra quae est per duos doitos
Cardiganshire miners,' says a correspon- usque ad molendinum de Placeio, sicut
dent quoted in Bridges' Guide to Llan-
'
doitus exit de valle de Tesneres.' Carp. —
dudno,' who maintain the existence of
'
Lang, goussa and doussa, to give a
knockers in mines, a kind of good-natured douche. See Dock.
impalpable people, not to be seen, but Gold. ON. gull, gold, gulr, yellow.
heard, and who seem to us to work in Golf. A Scotch game in which a ball
the mines. The miners have a notion is driven by blows of a club. Du. kolf,
that these knockers or little people, as we a club speelkolf, a bat to drive a ball
call them' (compare (J. berg-mannchen — ;

kolfball, a ball used in such a game.


Adelung), 'are of their own tribe and pro- Gondola. It. gondola, dim. from ^o«(/(?,
fession, and are a harmless people, who a small boat, which in its turn is from
mean well.' ' He said that the lad had a Gr. kokJu, a drinking-cup.
great faculty— he could hear the knockers. Good. G. gut, Gr.oiyafloc.
The what ? asked Anna. The knockers, Gool. —Gully. A ditch,trench, pud-
repeated he, for the Welsh fancy that
they hear the spirits of the ore at work in
dle. — B.Gully-hole, <i.svnk. Swiss giille,
mist-giille, a puddle, the drainings of a
the yet unopened mine.'— Mrs Howitt, dung-heap. Du. Guile, palus, vorago.
;;

GOOSE CORSE 311


gurges. —
Kil. Limousin goouUia, gaoul- gare, garre, a point, peak, sharp stalk of
lio, 3. puddle. From the sound of water grass or heath. Hence E. gore, to pierce,
•guggling or splashing. Fr. dial, gouiller, transfix with a pointed instrument as a
to splash, dirty gouillat, a puddle goule,
; spear or the horn of an animal, now
;

a throat (Jaubert) goulot, the pipe of a


; almost confined to the latter application.
sink or gutter. See Gullet. Fin. kairi, a borer, also a gore or angular
Goose. See Gander. piece in a garment. AS. navegar, an in-
Gooseberry. Corrupted from G. kratis- strument for boring, where the
sense of
beere,krausdbeere{ot]\e.rw\s&stachel-beere), piercing is expressed by the syllable
gar,
Du. kroes-, kruys-, kroesel-besie, Lat. uva the former part of the word being ex-
crispa, from the upright hairs with which plained under Auger.
the fruit is covered. G. kratis, crisp, Du. Gorge. Fr. gorge, a throat It. gorgo, ;

kroesen, kruysen, to curl, the notion of a gurgle, a bubbling or swallow of waters,


curly and of bristly hair being commonly a gulph, whirlpool, a roaring noise, or
expressed by the same term. Compare vehement boiling of waters, a spout or
It. riccio, a curl, also the bristly husk of gutter— Fl. gorgogUo, a gargling or rat-
;

a chesnut ; arricciarsi, to stand on end. tling in the throat gorgare, gorgheg- ;

The form kroesel-besie gives rise to Mid. giare, to gurgle with violent boiling, to
Lat. grossiila, crosella, Fr. groiselle, gro- purl and bubble. Obviously from a re-
selle. presentation of the gurgling or guggling
The idea of an undulating, curly sur- sound made by the motion of air and
face is commonly expressed by the figure water intermixed. Lat. giirges, a whirl-
of a broken, quivering sound. Fr. gr-e- pool. Arab, gjiarghara, a gargle, rattle
ziller, to crackle, shrivel ; Prov. grazillar, in the throat. Esthon. kurk, G. gttrgel,
to twitter G. krduseln, to trill, quaver, the gullet, throat.
;

waTble, also to curl. See Curl, Frizzle. Closely allied to a series of forms in
Gorbelly. A
glutton, or greedy fel- which the r is replaced by an /, gulch,
low. — B. AS. and N. gor, filth ; in N. gulp, gulf, gully, &c.
also applied to the half-digested food in Gorgeous. Fr. gorgias, gourgias,
the stomach of a ruminating animal, or gawdy, flaunting, sumptuously clothed ;
generally the contents of the intestines glorying or delighting in bravery, also
;

gorvaamb, the first stomach of a rumin- proud, lofty, stately, standing on his pan-
ating animal gorkaggje, gorpose (a gore- tofles.
; Cot. —
Se gorgiaser, to flaunt, to
tub, or gore-sack), a gluttonous, lazy fel- be proud of the bravery of his apparel.
low gora, to stuff oneself E. Gorcrow Probably ametaphorfromthe strutting self-
;

(a consumer oi gore, or filth), ON. gorbor, importance of a peacock or turkey-cock.


a raven. So from jabot, the craw, faire jabot, se

Gore. I. Clotted blood. B. as. gor, glorifier, faire I'orgueilleux. Diet, du bas —
wet filth, mud, dung, blood ; N. gor, wet Langage. In the same way se rengorger,
mud ; gorbotn, a mucldy bottom gormyr, to bridle, to hold back the head and
;

a soft swamp of mere mud. OHG. horo, thrust forwards the throat and chest
mud, oose ; horawig, muddy, dirty. (gorge) to play the important, affect an
;

Gore. 2. To Gore. Gore, the lap or air of pride. So G. briisten, properly to


skirt of a garment ; a pointed piece let in- hold up one's breast, figuratively to be
to a garment to widen it. proud, to be pompous, to bridle up one-
The Du. gheere was used in both these self. Sich nuf etwas briisten, to be proud
senses ;
gheere, gheerene, lacinia, sinus of a. thing. Bohem. hrdlo, the neck,
vestis, limbus, et pars qua largior fit ves- throat hrditi se, hrdnauti, to be proud,
;


tis. Kil. It. gherone, the gusset, gores to be puffed up, to strut.
of a shirt or smock, side-pieces of a cloak Gorgon. Gr. ropywEg, Lat. gorgones,
also the skirts of a coat. Fl. —
Fr. giron, the three daughters of Phorcys.
the lap or bosom. Gormandise. Fr. gourmand, a glut^
The original meaning seems to be a ton. The verb must have signified to
point or corner, then the corner of a gar- eat greedily, though only preserved in
ment, lap, corner-shaped piece let in to a 'Randiix gourmer, to taste wine, Sp. gor-
garment. Compare Lap. skaut, a point mar, to vomit. Compare Du. gobelen,
aksjo-skaut, the point of an axe skautek, ; Fr. degobiller, to vomit, with E. gobble, to
pointed, angular ; ON. skaut, lap, lappet, eat voraciously. Gourmouylha, gour-
skirt, identical with G. schoos, bosom. jnouira, to make a noise with water in
The sense of point is preserved in as. rincing the mouth. —Diet. Castrais.
gar, ON. geir, a spear, or ja^'elin N. ;
Gorse.— Gorst. A prickly shrub, the
; ;;;;

312 GOSHAWK GRAB


of waste places. From w.
gores, part affected of which we preserve an-
growth ;

gorest, waste, open. A


gorsty bit, in the other instance in the gutta serena, or loss
Midland counties, is a piece of ground of sight without visible affection of the
overgrown with furze. Limousin gorsso, eye. The Sp. has gota arterica, or gout,
place covered with stones and brambles ; disease of the joints ; gota caduca, the
degourssa, to clear land for cultivation. falling sickness, or epilepsy ; Du. goete,

Bret, lann, gorse ; lannou (in the pi.), the palsy.


waste places. In the Fr. parts of Brit- —
Govern. Governor. Fr. gou7jerner,
tany the plant gorse is called lande, the Lat. gubernare.
name given to the barren, shrubby plains Gown. It. gonna, W. gwn, a gown
about Bordeaux. gwnio, to sew, to stitch.
Goshawk. A hawk used in the chase —
To Grab. Grabble. A large number
of geese. G. ganseadler, goose-eagle. of words are found in English and the
'Auca, gosj aucarius, gos-hafuc' — Gl. related languages, apparently springing
'^Ifr. from the root grab, grap,graf, with senses
Gospel. AS. Godspell; ON. guds-spiall, having reference to the act of seizing or
the word of God. Goth, spillon, to tell clutching. To grab, to seize ; to grabble,
AS. spell, ON. spiall, discourse, tidings. to handle untowardly, to feel in muddy

Gossip. Godfather or godmother, re-



places B. ; ' Grabling in the dark with-
out moonlight through wild olive-trees
lated in the service of God. AS. sib, pea'ce,
alliance, relationship sibscipe, Du. sibbe,
;

and rocks.' North's Plutarch in R. To
ON. the same class belong grapple, gripe,
gesibbe, G. sippschaft, relationship ;

grasp, grope.
gudsifiar, spiritual relationship.
At the present day the word is hardly Sw. grabba, to grasp, Du. grabbelen,
used except in the sense of familiar chat, to seize greedily, to scramble for Lith. ;

tattle, the most familiar intercourse. So grebti, to seize or grasp at anything


graibyti, to feel, handle, feel for ; greblys,
Fr. commere, godmother of one's child,
rake Illyr. grabiti, to rake, to rob
or fellow-godmother, also a tattler, gos- a ;

sip ; commerage, tattling, gossip. Die grebsti, to scratch, scrape, comb wool.
alberne weibertratcherei dieser gevat- Pol. grabid, to seize, to rake, grabki, a
terinnen : the silly tattle of these gossips. rake, or fork Bohem.
hrabati, to rake or
;

—Sanders. Pol. Mm, godfather kumcU scrape Russ. grablif, to pillage, steal
;
;

sie, to live on the most familiar terms.


G. grappeln, grapsen, to grope ; It. grap-
pare, to seize greedily upon, grapple, or
Gossamer. Properly God- summer.
catch with a hook; graffiare, to hook,
Prestis crowne that flyeth about in som-
mer, barbedieu. —Palsgr. 0. der sommer, scratch, scrape, gripe. Goth, greipan,
ON. greipa, Dan. gribe, G. greifen, to
fiiegende sommer, sommer-fdden (sum-
seize; Dan. ^g'r^^, a dung-fork ; 'Fr.griffe,
mer-threads), Marien faden, Unsrer lie-
claw.
ben frauen faden, from the legend that
the gossomer is the remnant of our
The radical image seems the sound of
scraping or scratching, suggesting the
Lady's winding-sheet, which fell away in
idea of scraping together, obtaining pos-
fragments when she was taken up to
session by violent means, seizing. Hence
heaven. It is this divine origin which
is indicated by the first syllable of the E.
a designation is found for the instru-
term. In like manner the t^^dy-cow is
ments of scratching or clutching, claws,
hooks, forks, rakes, and thence again are
in Brittany la petite vache du bon Dieu,
foiTTied verbs expressing the actions of
in G. Marien-kdfer, or Gottes kiihlein.
such implements. Lat. crepare, to creak;
Gotch.. An earthenware drinking ves-
Ptg. carpir, to cry, to scrape ; ON. skrapa,
sel with a belly like a jug. It. gozzo, a
to creak, grate, jar, skrafa, to sound as
glass with round body and narrow neck
dry things rubbed together; N. skrapa,
;

gotto, a drinking-glass. See Goblet. Dan. skrabe, to creak, make a harsh


Gouge. Sp. gubia, Fr. gouge, a hol- grating noise ; Pol. skrobad, to scrape, to
low chisel. Pol. kopad, to dig, hollow, scrub. Bret, skraba, to steal skrapa, to ;

scoop out. clutch, to seize, to rob krafa, krava, to


;

Gourd. Lat. cucurbita, Fr. cougourde, scratch, to seize krapa, to hook, to seize
;

gourde. by violence w. krafu, to scrape Lang.


; ;

Gout. From gutta, a drop. A


rem- grapa, lightly to scratch the earth; Gr.
nant of the medical theory which attri- ypii^eiv, to write (properly to scratch) ;
buted all kinds of disorders to the settling Gael.^riM, sgriobh,\sx\\.e. sgriob, scrape, ;

of a drop of morbid humour upon the scratch, comb ; N. grava, to scrape, to


GRACE GRANGE 313
rake together G. grabeu, to grave (i. e.
; shining surface, bloom of the human face.
to scratcW in stone or metal, to dig. No doubt the term may have its origin in
Grace. Lat. gratia, from grattts, the finer or coarser grains of which stone
pleasing It. aggradire, to please. Lith.
; is composed, and the expression may
graz'us, fair, agreeable ; grai'ilas, orna- have been transferred from stone to wood
ment. Gael, gradh, love, fondness gradh- ;
and leather, but the former explanation
ach, lovely, dear ; A
graidh, my dear. appears to me most probable.

Grade.— Gradient. Gradual. Lat. Grains. Brewer^ Grains. See Drain.
gradus, a step, gradior, to advance by The Grains. A
harpoon, fork for
steps. striking fish. Dan. green, branch, bough,

Graff. Graft. Fr. greffe, a slip or prong of a fork. Sc. grain, gram,, branch
shoot of a tree for grafting ;Du. greffie, of a tree, or of a river, prong of a fork.
a cutting either for grafting or setting in lUyr. grana, a branch, an arm of a river.
the ground, also a style for writing. From See Groin.
Lat. graphium, a style, or pointed instru- -gram. Gr. •yjja^M, originally only to
ment for writing on waxen tablets. Gra- '
grave or scratch, then to write or draw
phium vel scriptorium, grcsf' Gl. ^Ifr. — ;

ypaiiiia, what is written or drawn, a letter,


In like manner Sp. mugron, a sprig or a writing or drawing.
shoot of a vine, from Lat. mucroj Mod. Hence Anagram, a writing whose let-
Gr. Kevrpifffia, a graft, Kfvrpovw, to graft, ters are to be made up again (in a differ-
from Ksv-pov, anything pointed. Grafting ent order) Epigram, a short writing on
;

was often called the penning of trees. a subject Diagram, a figure, plan, what
;

Grail. — Greal. The San-greal {saint- is marked out by lines ; Telegram, what

greal, the holy dish) was the dish out of is written from afar.
which our Lord ate at the Last Supper, * Gfamary, Magic. Jam. Fr. gri- —
and in which Joseph of Arimathea caught m.oirej mots de la grimoire, conjuration,
his blood at the crucifixion. • exorcisms. Cot. —
Yet true it is that long before that day Perhaps from Fris. grijmme, nacht-
Hither cartie Joseph of Arimathey, grijvime, ghost, bugbear ; grijmmerye
Who brought with him the \io\y grayle they say, (spookerij, bang-makerij), ghost-walking,
And preacht the truth. — F. Q. in R. terrifying. —
Epkema. And probably the
Lang, grazal, grezal, a large earthen appellation arose from the roaring noise
dish or bowl, bassin de terre de gres. made by the person representing a ghost
Grais, g'rez, potter's earth, freestone. for the purpose of striking terror. AS.
Prov. grasal, grazal; 'un grasal ou jatte grimetan, to roar ; Fr. gribouillis, the
pleine de prunes.' —
Raynouard. Grais rumbling of the bowels, gribouri (as G.
ox grls seems the Latinised form of the polter-geist), a rumbling goblin ; Sw. dial.
Breton krdg, hard stone ; eur pSd krdg, grimi, noise, disturbance, bluster.
un pot de grfes. So N. gryta, a pot, from ¥r\s. grijmgruwle, terror. "But grimoire
griot, stone. may merely signify gibberish, the unin-
Grain. Scarlet grain or kermes is an telligible mutterings of the conjuror, as E.
insect found on certain kinds of oak, from grimgribber, the technical jargon of a
which the finest reds were formerly dyed. lawyer. Hal. —
The term grain is a translation of Gr. Grammar. Fr. grammaire, Prov.
KOKKOf, given to the insect from its re- gramaira for grammadaria, from Lat.
semblance to a seed or kernel, whence granimaticus, Gr. ypa/ifiaTiKbg. Sch. —
the colour dyed with it was called kokkwoq, Grampus. From Lat. grandis piscis,
or in Lat. coccineus, as from kermes, the or perhaps crassus piscis, Fr. gras pois-
oriental name of the insect, It. carmesino, son, as porpesse iromporais piscis. ' There
crimson. we saw many grandpisces or herringhogs
The term grana is applied in Sp. as hunting the scholes of herrings.' ^Josselin,
well to the dye itself as to the cloth dyed

1675, in Webster. 'Le flet et le pourpeis
with it, and also metaphorically to the et I'estourgeon et le poisson qui est nommd
fresh red colour of the lips and cheeks. crassus piscis.' —
Metivier, translation of
Hence probably the grain ai wood or of the Tablier de Fecamp, 12 16.
leather, the ornamental appearance of the Granary. Granulate. —
Lat. grana-
surface dependent on the course of the rium, granum.
fibres. The grain of leather is the shining Grand. Lat. grandis, large, plentiful.
side, in Fr. grain, or fleur de cuirj fleur Grange. A
barn, receptacle for grain
in the sense of brilliancy, lustre. The or corn, then the entire farm. Mi,d.Lat.'
Sp. tez is explained by Neumann grain. granea, granica, a barn, from granum,
; —

3H GRANGE GRANT
corn. '
Si enim domum infra curtem in- made satisfaction to the mayor of the
cenderit,aut scuriam (dcurie) a.ut graneam town and the creditor. ' Solvat dominis
vel cellaria.' —
Leg. Alam. in Diez. 'Ad decem libras vel alias gratificet cum eis,'
casas dominicas stabulare, fenile, grani- or otherwise come to agreement with
cam! —Leg. Baiuw, ibid. From the first them, make satisfaction to them. ' Icel-
Guillame compta eX fit gr^ k I'oste de
of these forms It. grangia (a barn for lui

corn, a country farm —


Fl.), Fr. grange j I'dcot.de lui et ses compagnons,' satisfied
from the second the OFr. granche, in the the host for the scot of him and his com-
same sense. Fr. granger, grangier, a Faciemus vobis grantum nos-
panions. '

farmer. Da. lade, trum de dictis mille et quingentis marchis


a barn, is applied, as
E. gratige, to the farm belonging to a et tenebimus ostagia apud Leydunum
monastery. donee integre de dictis 1500 marcliis fuerit
To Grange. To truck or deal for satisfactum where facere grantujn is :
'

profit. The ruffianry (brokerage) of obviously to make satisfaction by actual


'

causes I am daily more and more ac- payment of the money.


quainted with, and see the manner of We have next the verbs gratare, gran-
dealing which cometh of the Queen's lare, gratificare, Fr. grier, in the sense of
straitness to give these women, whereby doing an agreeable thing, bestowing a
they presume thus to grange and truck gift, making over an interest, assenting to
causes.' — Birch. Mem- of Q. Eliz. in R. an arrangement. Quia illud dictis ab- '

From grange, a farm, Sp. grangear, to bati et conventui gratavi et in verbo veri-
farm, till, and thence to gain or acquire tatis concessi.' Ego in bono proposito '

grangeo, gain, profit. et sano concessi et gratatus sum prascep-


Granite. A kind of stone formed of tori et fratribus militias Templi unum
grains of different minerals compacted sestarium mestillii.' Item nos episcopus '

together. It. grant to, kernelly or corny, supradictus grantamus, laudamus, com-
as honey, figs, soap, or oil in winter also mittimus et concedimus domino comiti
;

a kind of speckled stone. Fl. — in feudum.' The corresponding terms in


frrant. Much difficulty is thrown on French are loons, grSons, appr(Juvons.' '

the etymology of this word by the con- If the foregoing forms had stood by
currence of forms which can hardly be themselves, the derivation from gratus
traced to a common origin. would not have been doubtful, but paral-
From Lat. gratus is formed It. grado, lel with these are found graantum. {ad
Prov. grat, Fr. grS, will, liking, consent, suum graantum, to his satisfaction
and thence It. gradire, aggradare, aggra- Carp.), graantagium (Fr. granleis, pay-
dire, Vr.gre'er, agreer, E. agree, to ap- ment, satisfaction —
ibid.), Fr. craanter,
prove, allow, give consent to. In Mid. creanter, creancer, to promise, engage for,
Lat. grains, or gralum, was used as to bind oneself, crcancie, crdanclie, creant,
a substantive ' sine gratu meo,' without
; crant, assurance, contract, engagement,
my consent. Idem feodum a manu mo-
'
obligation. Now
it is hardly possible
nachorum alienare non possumus nisi that grant could be converted by mere
grata at voluntate Ducis Burgundise.' corruption into graant, creant, the double
' Nos
dedimus in alio loco praedicto Bal- a in the OFr. being an almost certain
duino excambium illius terras ad gralum sign of the loss of a d, as in aage from
suum,' to his satisfaction. The insertion edage, caable from cadable, baer, beer,
of the nasal converted gralum into gran- from badare. On this principle Fr. a/-
lum, in the same sense. Et si non pos-
'
ance would be the equivalent of a Lat.
sim warantizare dabo ei escambium alibi credentia, trust, confidence, assurance
ad suum graiitujn et valitudinem illius '
Ego B. archiepiscopus accipio te Ray-
ten-ffi,' to his satisfaction according to the mundum in fide et credentia mea loco
value of the land. Ad grantum et vo-
'

luntatem Archiepiscopi Remensis.' Fa-


sacramenti.' — Chart. A.D. 1157, in Carp.
OFr. craanl, believing. ' Sire si com
ce7'e gralum 3.r\&facere grantu7n, or gra- c'est voirs et s'en somes craanl.' Roquef.—
tijicare, are found indifferently in the The Bret, cred, the root oicredi, Lat. cre-
sense of making satisfaction. Et si de- '
dere, to believe, is used in the sense of
bitor inventus fuerit in civitate antequam assurance, obligation, security, criance,
gratum suiimfecerit, tamdiu tenebitur in
carcere donee redimatur de centum solidis
caution, garant. —
Legonidec. The pro-
nunciation of the N. of France, which
— turn jurabit se non reversurum in dic- regularly changes an initial gr into cr
tam civitatem donee /fircr//^rn/«;« ma- (converting gras, grappe, grand-dieu, into
joris et creditoris,' until he shall have eras, crappe, crand-dieu — Hdcart), would
; ;

GRAPE GRAVEL 313


leave so little difference between cranter, * ToGrate. It is probable ^\^.t grate,
to confer an advantage, from gratus, and as applied to scraping nutmeg or ginger,
craanter, to assure, from credei-e (both is directly taken from Fr. gratter, to
used with equal frequency in legal instru- scratch, scrape, rub, the equivalent of G.
ments in the act of transferring a right) kratzeti, ON. krassa, to scrape or tear.
that it is not surprising if the two were On the other \2s1iigrate, expressing harsh
confounded. We find accordingly the^ sound, would seem to be a development
oi gratus united with the aa of craanter, of the root gar, kar, representing sharp
and gratare, grantare, used in the sense sound, as shown in Lat. queror, to lament,
of creantare. Super istas pactiones
'
G. guarren, to cry, mhg. kerren, qjcei-ren,
omnes ssepe nominati Domino de Leg- to give a sound, to cry, to creak like a
niaso graantaverant (engage, pledge wheel ;Swab, garen, garren (knarren),
themselves) quod tenebunt, &c.' Prje- '
to creak Sp. chirriar, to creak or chirp ;
;

missa omnia at singula immobilia tenere 'S.-jar, to sound harshly Lat. garrire, to
;

et fideliter adimplere promiserunt et gra- chirp, to chatter. The addition of a fre-


taverunt' quentative termination is shown in Bav.
Grape. Fr. grappe de raisins, a bunch garrezen, Lesachthal gerrazen, guerra-
of grapes It. grappo, a seizing dar di zen (D. M. ii. 346), to creak
; ; MHG.
;

grappo, to seize grappa, the stalk of


; grdzen, to cry harshly. Man horte diu
'

fruit, the part by which it is held grap- ors dS, lute grdzen.' ON. grata, to cry.
;
'
pare, graspare, to seize, grappola, a hand- Walach. carti, to creak as a wheel.
ful, as much as one's hand can grasp at Grateful.— Gratitude. Gratify. Lat. —
once, grappo, graspo, grappo to, graspolo, gratus, pleasant, acceptable, graiitudo,
a bunch of grapes. See Grab. the emotion of a thankful spirit grati- ;

Graphic, -graph. Gr. ypa^u, I wiite, ficor, to do what is agreeable or oljliging.


inscribe ; ypa^ij, a drawing, writing Grateful presents an instance of an E.
ypa^iKOf, suited for writing. suffix attached to a purely L. word. See
Grapnel. A small anchor composed Grace.
of hooks turned in opposite directions. —
Grave. Gravitation. Lat. gravis,
Yx. grappil, grappin, the graph of a ship. heavy, weighty, severe.
— Cot. See Grab. Grave. A burying-place. G. grab,
To Grapple. It. grappare, aggrap- Du. graf, grave, Pol. grdb, grave, tomb.
pare, to clutch, to grapple dar di grappo,
; Lith. grabas, a coffin, grabe, growa, a
See Grab.
to seize. ditch. Du. grave, a ditch, furrow, any-
To Grasp. It. graspare, to grasp, to thing dug, a spade graven, to dig. See
;

grapple. Grab.
Bav. raspeln, raspen, to scrape. ' Im- To Grave. Fr. graver, to carve ; G.
merzu auf einer saiten raspen^ to be graben, Du. grav^, to carve, to dig.
always scraping on one string. Also to Compare Bret, krof, krav, scratch, and
scrape together, to grasp. Sie raspen '
(with inversion of the vowel) AS. ceorfan,
das nie ihr ist in ihren sack,' they scrape to carve.
into their sack that which is not theirs. * Gravel. gravella, gravel, sand,
It.
Swab, raspen, to pluck, to gather. Hres- grittiness, gravel in a man's
also the
pan, coUigere, vellere gahresp, prsedia bladder or kidneys. Fl. —Fr. grave,

;

(forprseda). Schm. Sp. raspar, to rake, greve, sand or gravel, a sandy shore
scrape, to steal. See Grab. gravelle, gravois, gravier, small gravel,
Grass, as. gcsrs, gras, u. gars, gras, D sand gravelie, tartar, the stony sedi-
;

grass ; grase, groense, groese, the green ment that forms in wine.
sod, cespes gramineus. Kil. The N. — The analogy of G. graus, rubbish, frag-
gras applies to every green herb gras- ;
ments ; gries, gravel, chips of stone (from
bruni, a nettle ; gras-garSr, a kitchen- grieseln, to fall in small particles), leads
garden. There can be little doubt that to the suspicion that Fr. grave, gravier,
the word is from the same root with grow, gravel, corresponds to G. graup^, grail-
of which also Lat. gramen is a participial pel, Holstein gruben, gruven, crushed
form. Du. groese, vigour, growth, in- corn, pearl barley, anything in small
crease ; Dan. grade, vegetation, growth. lumps as hail, &c., from graupeln, to fall
Grate. A
frame composed of bars in particles, corresponding to Pol. kropii,
with interstices. Lat. crates, It. grata, to fall in drops, kropla, kropka, a drop, a
grate, a grate, hurdle, lattice. Lith. kra- dot, Russ. kroplio, I sprinkle, Serv. krop-
tas, krotas, a grate, grated window ; Pol. lenje, sprinkling. Krupor, grots, pearl
krata, grate, lattice. See Crate. barley. Krupy padaja, it falls in grains,
— — — ;

3i6 GRAVES GREET


It is a hoar frost. It. grebare, to rammel, thing down in black and white for com-
rubble [i. e. to fall in ruins] grcbdno, mitting it to writing, Fr. griveUe, a scroll
rubble, stones of ruinous walls.
;

— Fl. Let. or schedule. —Cot. Doubtless also it is


graut, to fall in dust and rubbish grub- ;
from its particoloured face that the badger
buli, gruhbtiUs, rubble, broken ruins of is called gray, as the general colour of

walls. Lith. gruwu, grusti or gruti, to the fur is not more gray than that of the
fall in ruins gruwus, ruinous. rabbit or hare.
Graves. — Grraving-dook.
;

Graves, the It is remarkable that there seems to be


dregs at the bottom of the pot in melting a connection between X)\i.graauw, grouw,
tallow. To grave a ship is to smear the gray, and grouwen, to shudder (Kil.),
hull with graves (for which pitch is now graauwen, to snarl or growl (Bomhoft;,
substituted), and a graving-dock is a as between grijs, gray, and grijsen, to
dock from which the water can be let off snarl, grijzjen, grijzelen (Epkema), G.
in order to perform that operation. Sw. graiisen, to shudder ; and this widespread
Ijus-grefwar, tallow graves ; Pl.D. grebe, relation leads to the supposition ihzigray
greve, G. gruben, grieben, griefen, OHG. and grijs, Fr. gris, are radically con-
griebo, griubo, quod remanet in patella
' nected. It is shown under Grisly that
de carnibus frixis.' Apparently from the radical sense of grizzled or gray is
OHG. grieben, greuben, graupjan, to fry, dusted or powdered over, and as grizzled
to melt in a pan. ' Frixare, grieben, and Fr. gris are from gresiller, to fall in .
;'
rosten ; frixus, geschmelzt, gegreubt powder or small particles, so perhaps
• —
cacraupta frixam.' Gl. in Schm. Gi- gray may be explained from Let. graut
roupitj groubit, friget gigroubit, olio (where the t is only the sign of the in-
frigatur kacraupit, frixum. —
Graff. Gri- finitive), to fall in dust or ruins, whence
upo, G. grapen, a pan. griihbulis, grtibbuli, rubbish, fragments.
On the other hand the radical signifi- Lith. gruwu, grusti or gruti, to fall in
cation may be lump, separate bit, from ruins ; gruwus, ruinous. See Gravel.
the same root with G. graupen, small To Graze. To scratch, to rub, to pass
lump, hail, grain, Russ. krupcl, grits, along the surface ; Lang, grata la tere,
ktupitzui, crums, Serv. hrupitza, bit, frag- to scratch the ground, to skim over the
ment, Illyr. krupa, krupitsa, hail, grits, surface (efifleurer).
grain. See Gravel. OQ. grdbelein, small Grease. It. grascia, grassa, grease ;
bits of bread fried in grease (Schm.), would Fr. gras, fat ; graisse, grease ; Gael.
square with either derivation. In the creis, grease, tallow. Lat. crassus, thick,
glossaries cited by Dief cadula is ren- fleshy, fat.
dered smalz-grieffe, -grib, -croppej bring- Great, g. gross, Du. groot.
ing us to Yorkshire craps or tallow-craps. Greaves. Armourfor the leg. Fr.
Cracoke {trawke or crappe, H. P.), relefe greve, the shin, shin-bone greviire,
of molte talowe or grese. Pr. Pm. — Bav. wound —
;

on the leg. Pat. de Champ. Sp.


griegken, graves. The hard skin of roast grevas, greaves.
pork scored in lines is called crackling, Greedy. Goth, gredags, hungry ;
pro-
and the same term is given in Scotch perly crying for food.
Acts to the refuse of melted tallow.
Papelotes [pap, gruel],
Jam.
* Gray. on. grdr, AS. grrng, Pl.D. — to aglotye with here gurles,

graag, grate, Du. grauw, grouw, gray.



That greden after fode. P. P.

Gr. ypatc, ypaSe, ypaia, an old woman. The — to satisfy their children that cry after
Graiai, according to Hesiod, were so food. In like manner G. begierig, de-
called from being born with gray hair. sirous, greedy, may be explained from
OHG. grdw, grd, canus,griseus, anilis. gieren, which, according to Japix, is used
Fris.gravelgrcM, gray grdveling, twi-
;
in Friesland in the sense of crying.
light, the gray of the evening ; Dan. Green. The colour of growing herbs.
grcevling; Du. grevel, grevinck, Sw. ON. gre^, at groa, to grow, to flourish ;

grdfsvin, a gray or badger, as Yv.grisard, grcenn, green. Du. groeyen, to grow


ixomgris, gray. groen, green. In like manner Lat. virerc,
The original meaning is probably parti- to flourish, viridis, green» Lith. zdlas,
coloured, as seen in Fr. griveU, speckled, green, zelti, to become green, to sprout,
black and white, or dun and white (Cot.) ; grow.
whence grive, E. dial, gray-bird, a thrush, To Greet. Du. groeten, gruetcn, to
from its speckled breast. So also, in the salute, also to irritate or provoke, to ac-
same way that we speak of taking some- cuse. — Kil. OHG. grosjan, gruozjan, ir-
;

-GREG- GRIN 317


ritare, provocare, salutare. w. gresaw, The origin is the representation of a
a welcome. crackling or chirping sound by Fr. gre-
-greg-. Lat. grex, gregis, a flock, herd siller,grisler,griller, to make a noise like
as in Egregious (taken out of the com- broiling meat, or the note of a cricket.
mon herd, select, excellent), Congregate, From the notion of a broken or quaver-
&c. ing sound we pass to that of a quivering

Grenade. Grenadier. Fr. grenade, movement in Fr. griller, Du. grillen, to
a pomegranate, also a ball of wild-fire shiver, or trernble ; griller d'itnpatience,
made like a pomegranate. Cot. An iron— to tremble with eagerness.
case filled with powder and bits of iron, To Grill. Fr. griller, to broil. From
like the seeds in a pomegranate. the noise of frying or broiling. See last
-gress. Lat. gradus, a step gradior, ; article and Brilliant.
gressum, to step, to go. Aggression,
Grimace. Fr. grimace, a crabbed
Congress, Progress, &c.
Greyhound, on. grey, grey-hundr, a look, wry mouth. The noises made by
an angry animal are represented by the
bitch.
syllables grain, grim, grom, which are
Grid-iron. Griddle, —w. greidio, to
thence applied to the various expressions
scorch or singe greidyll, a griddle, an
;
Du. grim-
of anger, vexation, ill-temper
;
iron plate to bake cakes on, gridiron,
men, to snarl, grin, cry, make faces,
bakestone Gael, gread, burn, scorch ;
;

Sw. grddda, to roast, bake ; grddd-panna,


pucker up the face, wrinkle. Kil. It. —
grima, wrinkled.
a frying-pan.
The terms for roasting, broiling, frying
* To Grime. —
Begrime. Sw. dial., n.
are commonly taken from the crackling
grima. Da. grime, a spot or streak of dirt
sound of the grease dropping in the fire. on the face, ON., AS. grima. Da. grim.e, a
Fr. greziller, to crackle as flesh on coals,
mask (a blackened face) grim, griim, ;

soot; grime (Moth), 'Dm. griemen, gremen,


to frizzle, grediller, to frizzle, crumple, or
pucker with heat. Cot. — begremen, begremelen (Kil.), begrommelen,
to blacken, begrime, spot gremel, Fr.
Grief. Fr. grief, aggrievance, oppres- ;

.^rzwaz'/// (J aubert), spotted, particoloured;


sion, trouble grever, to oppress, over-
charge, disquiet. Cot.
;

— Sc.gnimmel, Sw.grums, grummel, dregs,


It. gravare, to
mud grumla, to make thick,
grounds,
aggrieve, oppress. From Lat. gravis, ;

to trouble ; ON. grama, filth, dirt ; It.


heavy. We speak of heavy-hearted, heavy
in spirit. '
And he took with him Peter groma, gromma, scurf or dirt that
anything, slime of fish, crust
and the two sons of Zebedee, and began sticks to
that forms in wine vessels, roughcast on
to be sorrowful and very heavy.'
word only known in ordi- a wall, dregs or
mother. The radical
* Grig. A image may be the sprinkling or powder-
nary speech in the proverb, As merry as
ing over, letting fall in small particles, as
a grig. It is used provincially in the
sense of a grasshopper or cricket. Ten-
shown in the case of Grisly. A griming
nyson in The Brook ' speaks of ' high- of
'
snow or of ashes is a sprinkling. Fr.
gremiller, to crumble gremille, grou-
elbowed grigs that leap in summer grass.' ;

a crum, clot, single


And this is undoubtedly the sense which millon, groumignon, one of a bunch of
berry grume, grime,
the word bears in the proverb, the cricket ;

or grasshopper from their lively chirp


berries Jaubert
mel, a pellet.

grume, a grain gru-
— ;

Roquef Lat. grumus, a


;

having always been taken by the writers


little heap. E. crum, criin, a small bit.
of fable as the type of a careless, joyous
life. Up bounded the long line of Otando
' To Grin. The representation of the
men to the rescue, laden with provisions sounds expressive of ill-temper gives rise

and as merry as crickets' Du Chaillu, to a series of forms of much general re-
Ashango, p. 154. as. grceghama (the semblance. Du. grimmen, griisen, griin-
gray-coated), a cricket, grasshopper. sen, to grin, snarl, grind the teeth, wry
'
Fugelas ^\-a%i.'Ca,%y\\.e.'Ca gmghama'' —
the mouth, cry; grinnen, grinden, to grin,
birds sing, the cricket chirps. or zmx\; grijnen, to grViXahXz, grijnig, ill-
Grill. Cold, shivery. humoured ; N. grina, to wry the mouth,
While they han suffred cold full strong, curl the nose, griiiall, sour-looking,
In viether& grille and derke to sight. —
R. R. harsh, raw (of the weather) Fr. grander,
.

In the original, par le froid et divers grogner,to snarl, scold, %mmh\e, grancer,
temps. Du. grillen, to shiver ; grillig, to roar as the sea, grincer, to grind the
frilleux, shivery, grillig weer, cold, raw teeth ; It. grignare, to snarl as a dog, to
weather. grin. Lat. ringi, to snarl, to be angry, to
— ——

3i8 GRIND GRIT


grin, oropen the lips, whence rictus, the particles as snow, hail, sand, to shudder.
open mouth, gaping jaws.
'
Das seinem alten zuhorer ein schauder
To Grind. The primary sense of the iiber die haut rieselte' which made a —
word is in all probability the grinding of shudder creep or trickle over his skin.
the teeth, regarded as a symptom of ill- Sw.' rysa, to shudder ryslig, horrible.

temper, and designated by representa- Grisly, 2, or Grizzly.


;

Grizzled. —
tions of the snarling sounds of an angry Speckled, of mixed colour, of mingled
animal. Du. griinme7i, grinnen, grinden, black and white. G. greis, an old man,
ringere, hirrire.— Kil. But perhaps the gray Du. grijs, Fr. gris, It. griso, grigio,
;

long i of ^n«(? brings it nearer Du. grij- gray. We have explained in the last
sen, grijnsen, ringere, fremere, frendere article the origin of G. grieseln, gruseln,
(Kil.), with the corresponding Fr. grincer, to fall in morsels or small particles, Fr.
to grind the teeth. G. griesgram, grum- gresiller, to drizzle, reem to fall ; gresilU,
bling, out of temper. From grinding the drizzled on, covered or hoar with reem.
teeth the term is transferred to the break- Cot. To this last exactly corresponds E.
ing small by a mill. In these imitative grizzled, applied to what has the appear-
words the interchange of an initial /rand ance of being powdered or covered with
gr is very common. So Lat. fi-emere, to small particles. So Fr. cendri, gray, as if
murmur, grumble, rage at, corresponds to powdered with ashes. Swiss grieselet,
Du. grimmen, as Lat. frende7-e, to gnash griesselig, grainy, lumpy ; griset, grisselet,
the teeth, also to grind or break small, to grieselet, speckled.
E. grind. See Grist, Grum. Grist. Grain brought to a mill to be

Grip. Grpove. Du. griippe, grippe, ground. Fr. gru, grus, grut, grust, grain
groeve, a furrow, ditch, groove, gruppel, either for grinding or for making beer.
greppel, a little ditch, kennel. G. grube, Le suppliant conduisit une charret^e de
a pit, ditch, hollow dug in the ground, grain ou gru pour mouldre au moulin. —
from graben, to dig. See Grab, Grub. MS., A.D. 1477, in Due. Hensch. In the
Gripe. Du. grijpen, G. greiffen, to same sense grust, A.D. 1383. Sometimes
seize; Fr. griffe, claw, talon, griffer, the word has the sense of bran. The
gripper, to clutch or seize ; It. graffiare, grinding of corn is taken from ihs grind-
to scratch, scrape, hook, gripe ;grifo, a ing or gnashing of the teeth, and in the
gripe, claw, or \2\<ya., grifare, to clutch. same way grist, corn to be ground, seems
See Grab. properly to signify grinding. Grist, to
Grisly, i. Frightful, horrible, what —
gnash the teeth Hal. grist-bat, gnash- ;

causes one to shudder. G. dial, grmien, —


ing of the teeth. Layamon. Pol. grysd,
grausen,grdsen,grieseit,grieseln,gruseln, to gnaw, nibble Du. krijsselen, krijssel-
;

grisseln, grossein, Fris. grese, Sc. grise, tanden, to grind the teeth.
'growe, groose, to shudder ; E. dial, grow, Gristle Universally named from the
.

growze, to be chill before an ague fit. crunching sound it makes when bitten.
Hal. Grysyl, horridus, terribilis. — Pr. Pm. AS. grystlan, Du. krijsselen, krijssel-tan-
G. grdsslich, Tris.'grislik, terrible. den, E. dial, grist, to gnash or grind the
The radical image is the rustling sound teeth ; Pol. grysd, to gnaw. Swiss kros-
made by the continued fall of a number pelen, to crunch ; krospele, gristle. Du.
of small particles, whence the significa- knospen, gnarsen, to gnash ; knospelbeen,
tion passes to the idea of drizzling, trick- gnarsbeen, gristle. So we have Boh.
ling, shivering. Sc.grassil,grissel,girs- chraustati and chraustdcka, Illyrian hers-
sil, to make a rustling or crackling noise ; kati ox herstati and herskav, herstav j
Fr. greziller, to crackle ; gresiller, to Ma^.porczogni, to cracVit, pores, gristle;
hail, drizzle, sleet, reem to fall. — Cot. Alban. kcrtselig, I crunch, kertsc, gristle.
' There
was a girstUn of frost this morn- Grit. Sand, or gravel, rough hard par-
ing ' (Jam.), i. e. a sprinkling. G. grteseln, ticles. —
Webster, as. greot, sand, dust.
to fall in small particles, to trickle, and Thu scealt greot etan, thou shalt eat dust.
thence to shudder, which is felt like a ON. grjot, stones N. grjot, stone, peb-
;

trickling or creeping over the skin. ble ;Sw. dial grut, griid, gravel, par-
.

Gruselen, formicar cutis. — Stalder. ' Fine ticle, small bit ; Da. dial, gryt, a small
geschichte die uns eine giinsehaut iiber bit, trifle Sc. gretc, sand, gravel
; MHG. ;

den riicken grieseln lasst.' '


Dass mir's griez, griiz, grain of sand, gravel, least

durch die haut grdsselt' Sanders. In bit ;Lang, grut, a single berry, a grain.
the same way AS. hristlan, to rustle, is ' N'a un grut :' he has a grain of it (of
connected with G. rieseln, to make a rust- folly). —
Diet. Castr. AS. 'nan^fi and-
ling sound, to trickle, to fall in small gytes :
not a particle of understanding.
'
;

GRITS GROOM 319


Boetliius. P1.D. grut, gruus, rubbish, doves grwnan, to make a droning
; noise,
fragments gnti un murt, what is broken to
; hum, murmur. Fr. grander, to snarl,
to pieces. Du.^ra/, trash, refuse. Lith. grunt, groan, grumble. Prov. gronhir,
grudas, a grain of corn, pip of fruit, drop gronir, Fr. grogner, to mutter, murmur.
of dew, morsel of something to eat ;Let. Groat. Pl.D. grote, originally grote-
gratids, a grain. Gr. ypirr}, Lat. gruta, schware, the great schware, in
contradis-
scruta, trash, frippery, seem to come from tinction to the common or little
schware of
the same source.
It is shown under Grisly that from the
which there were five in ihe. grote. Brem.
Wtb.

representation of a rustling sound are Grocer. Fr. grosserie, wares uttered,
formed Fr. gresiller, to drizzle, to fall in or the uttermg of wares, by wholesale
;
reem or hail, G. grusehi, grieseln, to fall marchant grassier, one that sells only by
in small particles, to trickle down, and the great, or utters his commodities by
from the same source are doubtless Let. wholesale. Cot. —
graitt, Lith. gruti, grusti, to fall in dust Grogram. Fr. grasgrain (coarse-
and ruins. From these verbs must be grain), a kind of stuff.
explained G. gratis, Let. grausli, rubble, Groin, i. The snout of a swine. From
fragments, Swiss griesel, drift of fallen the grunting of the animal. It. grugnire,
stones, G. gries, griess, coarse sand, grugnare, to grunt grugna,^ grugnala,
;

gravel, Du. gntis, gries, dust, sand, snout of a pig ; Prov. gronhir, Fr. gra-
gravel, Sw. grut, gravel, coarse sand, gtier, grongner, OE. to groin, to grunt
rubble, rubbish, Pol grnz, rubbish, rub- Fr. groing, groin, snout ; E. dial, grunny,
ble, gruzla, clod, clot, Fr. grus, skinned snout of a hog gruntle, muzzle.
grain, gruel. —
Cot. It is a slight modifi-
;

The gallows gapes after thy graceless gruntle.


cation from the final s of grus, gries, to Dunbar.
the / of grit, grot, grutj and the same Metaphorically OFr. graing, cape, pro-
variation is found in the representative montory, tongue of land jutting into the
forms at the root of the entire series.
Cot. gives gretiller, as well as greziller,
sea.— Roquef. Hence E. groin, a wooden
jetty built into the sea for the purpose of
to crackle. E. dial, crottles, crumbs, also letting the gravel accumulate against it
the pellety dung of the rabbit, hare, goat, for the defence of the coast.
seems to be named from its pattering From the same source is the old name
down in separate particles. Northamp- of ' The Groin,' erroneously supposed to
ton _grz/&, to crumble off, pairs off with be a corruption of Corunna.
G. griesehi. The dirt grittles from your
'
Portum Verrinum sic intravere marinum.
shoes.' In the same way we have Sc. [Vocatur le Groyne, et est in mare ut rostrum
driddle, Sw. dial, drettla, to spill or to porci ubi intraverunt terram.] — Polit. Poems,
let fall in small portions, alongside of E. Cam. Soc. 112.
drizzle. Betwix Cornwall and Bretayne
Grits. — Grrots or Groats. Du. grut, He sayllyt and left the gntnyie of Spainye
;

[i. e. Corunna]
gort, G. griitze, Pol. griica, Lith. grucze, On northalff him ;and held thair way
Lang, gruda, grain husked and more or Quhill to Savill the Graunt cum thai.
less broken, or sometimes the food pre- Barbour.
pared from it. The formation of the 2. Groin, formerly more corxtz^Xy grine,
word may be illustrated by Lang, grut, a the fork of the body, as Yx.Jourchiire, a
single berry, a grain of anything, whence fork-like division, the part of his body
gruta, gntda, to pick the grapes from the whence his thighs part. —
Cot. Dan.
stalks;
gruda also, as Da. dial, grotte, green, branch of a tree, prong of a fork ;
grutte, to grain corn, i. e. to grind off the S w. gren, branch, arm of a stream, the fork
skin, leaving the eatable grain alone. of a pair of trowsers grena sig, to fork, or
;

Lang, gruts, grains of maize so treated. separate in branches ; rida grensle, en-
See Grit. fourcher un cheval, to ride astride. Sc.
The same connection between the de- grain, grane, branch of a tree or a river.
signation of a grain or of grits or ground In the same way Lap. suerre, the branch
corn, and of gravel or small stones, is of a tree or of a river, also the groin.
seen in N. grjoji, food prepared of corn or Groom. Du. gram, a youth. Kil. —
meal, gruel, Sw. gryn, grits, groats, Swiss Grome, grume, a lover, a warrior, and
grien, pebbles, gravel. like puer in Lat. and garqon in Fr. it is
Groan. Directly imitative. Du. groo- also used for servant. Jam. —
nen, gemere. w. grwn, a broken or Every man shall take his dome
trembling noise, a groan, the cooing of As well the mayster as <ias grome. Gower. —
;

320 GROOVE GROW


Fr. gramme, serviteur, voiturier ;
gromet, stone ; steen gruus, rubble of old walls ;

grometel, serviteur, garqon de marchand teegruus, the grouts or spent leaves of



ou d'artisan. Roquef. In modern E. it tea.— Schiitze. Grout-ale, poor ale run
is appropriated to a servant attending on from the grouts or grains of the first
horses. In our old Parish Registers it is brewing. — Hal. See Grit.
sometimes used for bachelor or unmarried Grove. — Greve. Greaves, trees,
man. ON. gromr, homuncio. Egills. — A boughs, groves. — Hal.
parallel form with Goth, guma, OHG. So gladly they gon in greves so green.
gomo, OE. gome, man. OSax. brudigumo, Sir Gawaine and Sir Gal. in Jam.
E. bridegroom. AS. graef, a grove.
Groove. Du. groeve, a furrow, ditch, Grovelling:. Grouf. — Sc. on groufe,
pit G. grube, a pit, hole, grave, from
; agruif, flat, with the face downwards.
graben, pret. grub, to dig. See Grab. Agrui/lay some, others with eyes to skyes.
Du. groeven, to engrave, hollow out. Jam.
Grope. To feel with the hands. Lith. Sterte in thy bed about full wide
grebti, to grab (greifen nach etwas), to
And turn full oft on every side,
Now downivard groufe and now upright
seize, graibyti, to grab, handle, grope.
Cat. grapas, claws, hands ; a quatre gra-
[i. e. with face upwards]. — R. R.
The addition of the adverbial termina-
pas, on all fours. See Grab.
tion ling or lings, as in darklings, blind-
Gross. Thick, coarse. Lat. crassus,
lings, &c., gave grqflings, face down-
Fr. gros.
ward.
A Gross. The great hundred of twelve
Therfor grofiynges thow shalle be layde
dozen.
Then when I stiyke thow shalle not see.

Grotto. Grotesque. It. grotta, a Towneley Mysteries.
cave, den, cellar. Fl. —
Fr. dial, crotter,
Grovelynge or grovelyngys, adv. resupine
to dig, encrotter, to bury Vocab. de — — Pr. Pm.
Berri ; crottot, pit, little hole Pat. de — Horman translates wzV/^ slepynge groue-
Champ. ; crotton, a dungeon. — Roquef.
lynge hy prond infaciem dormitione.
From the sense of scratching, expressed
The ON. has d grufu corresponding
by grat (Fr. gratter, to scratch), as G. exactly to on groufe, agruif, above men-
grab, grube, E. grave, from the same
tioned. Atfalla, liggja, &c., d grufu, to
sense expressed by grai.
fall, lie, &c., face downwards. It has
Grotesque is the style in which grottoes
besides the verbs grufa, grufla, to bend
were ornamented.
Ground.
down the head, lie face downwards, to
Goth, grundus [grundu-
vaddjus, ground-wall, foundations) ON.
scramble on all fours. — Fritzner.
;
The radical image is shown in It. gruf-
grunnrj Lith. gruntasj Pol. grtmtj
fare, gnfolare, to grunt, [and thence] to
Gael, grunnd.
grub or root up the ground with the snout
Group. It. gruppo, a knot or lump of
anything. W. crwb, crob, a hunch.
as a hog doth. Fl. —
Hence grifo, the
snout, and E. grovel, grubble, to work
Grouse. Otherwise called the grey-
with the snout in the ground.
hen From Fr. griais, griesche, speckled,
.

Okemast and beech and Cornell mast they eate


grey. Poule griesche, a moor-hen, the Grovelling like swine on earth in foulest wise.
hen oi\h& grice or moor-game. Cot. — Chapman.
Grout. ON. grautr. Da. grbd, Du. Whoever tasted lost his upright form
gruyte, gorte, E. grout, gruel, properly And downward fell into a grovelling swine.
consisting of grots boiled with water, but Comus.
often of meal and water. The word is To grub to root in the ground like a
is
then applied to other matters of similar pig, and in Suffolk to lay a child grub-
consistency, especially to thin mortar bling is to lay it face downwards. Moore. —
poured in between the joints of stones for Again, the image of a pig rooting with
the purpose of solidifying a structure. the snout gives Dan. dial, grue (of a
See Grits. ploughshare), to dig its nose into the
Grouts. Nowcommonlycalled^o^^rfj, ground. Skaret gruer ikke nok:' the
'

the dregs of tea or coffee, t^.grut, dregs point of the share is not enough bent
^rato/, grouty, muddy Tlw.grute, gruyte, downwards. At ligge paa gru or nase-

;

dregs Kil. ; grut, refuse, trash, what is gruus, to lie groveling.


cast out as small and useless Gael. ; To Grow. I. ON. groa, Du. groeyen,
grtiid, dregs. A
parallel form with Du. to grow, flourish, heal.
gruis, rubble, fragments, chips, bran ;
Pl.D. griius, rubbish, coarse sand, broken
2. To grow, to be troubled. B. To —
grow or gry, to be aguish grousome, ;

— —

GROWL GRUEL 321


fearful, —
loathsome. Hal. Dan. grit, (often pronounced as
groffle or gruffle), to
horror, terror, gnie, to shudder at G. ; poke about as with a stick in a hole, to
grauen, to have a fear united with shiver- feel about among a number of things for
ing or shuddering ; Du. grouwen, gru- —
one in particular. Cleveland Gl. Grub-
welen, gruwen, to shudder at. Perhaps bare in the erthe or other thynggys
from the connection between vibration {grovblare, H. growblar. P.), fossor, con-
and sound. Fris. groiiweti, grouweljen, fessor ; grubynge (grublyng, H. grow-
to thunder— Epkema ; Lith. graiijit, blinge. P.), confossio. — Pr. Pm. '
He
grauti, to thunder ; gruhaii, gru-
Illyr. looked at the fish, then at the fiddle, still
vati, to boom like cannon, to resound. grubbling in his pockets.' Spectator. —
The Yxis-groitweljen leads to Yr. grouu'r, Pl.D. grubbeln, grabbeln, grawweln, to.
grouiller, to rumble, also to move, stir, feel over with the hand, to grope about, to
scrall. Y\X).gnden, to shudder at, to have grub in the dirt. There may perhaps
hon'or of. Fr. (Jura) grouler, to shiver. here be some confusion of forms from
H^cart. A shuddering is like a creeping different roots, and gj-ub may be from the
over the flesh. The growing or grauling same source with grovel, to root as swine,
of an ague is the shuddering or creeping an act which affords a most familiar
feel which marks the approach of the fit. image of grubbing up. The final b ap-
Another synonymous form is growze, to pears in Suffolk grubblins, for grovelings,
be chill before the beginning of an ague or face downwards, and in Sw. dial, grub-
fit (Hal.), corresponding to G. grausen, as bla, to mutter, compared with It. grufo-
grow to G. grauen, to shudder. The lare, to grunt or root as swine.
growing or grotiling of an ague is the Grudge. Griitchyn, gruchyn, mur-
shivering which marks the first approach muro. Pr. Pm. —
Fr. gruger, gruser, to
of the fit. grieve, repine, mutter Cot. ; groucer, —
Growl. A muttering, snarling sound. grouchier, groucher, to murmur, reproach,
Rouchi grouler, to grumble, mutter, rum- complain. No man was hardi to grucche
'

ble ; N. gryla, to grunt, growl, bellow (either to make pryvy noise, mutire
Fr. grouller, Vulg.) agenus the sones of Israel.'- —
;

Gr. ypvWiZu), to grunt ;

grotiiller, to rumble. Wicliff in Way. Gr. ypv^ttv, to say


Grub. The origin of this word may ypv, grumble, mutter fivKuv ixfirc ypv- ;

perhaps be illustrated by It. gargoglia re, jfiv, not to let a syllable be heard.
to rumble or growl in the bowels, to bub- Then, as grumbling is the sign of ill-
ble, boil, purl, or spring up as water, also temper, to grudge, to feel discontent ;
to breed vermin or wormlets ; whence grudge, ill-will. The It. cruccio, coruccio',
gorgoglio, gorgoglione (Lat. curculio), a Fr. courroux, wrath, has the same origin,
weevil breeding in corn. The root, re- although much obscured by the insertion
presenting a broken confused sound, is of the long vowel between 'the c and r.
applied to an object in multifarious move- Fr. courechier is found exactly in the
ment, as boiling water, then to the gener- sense of E. grudge.
al movement of swarming insects and to That never with his mowthe he seide amys
an individual insect Lang, gour-
itself. Ne groched agens his Creatour iwis,
goulia, Fr. groiigouler, grouiller, groul- [sa bouche n'en parla un seal vilain mot encuntre
ler, to rumble or croak as the bowels, the
son Creatour.]
And lilce in the same manere tho
two latter also to move, stir, swarm, Suffrede Nasciens bothe angwische and wo^
abound, break out in great numbers ; And nevere to his God made he grochchenge,
grouillis, a stirring heap of worms It. Nethir for tormentis ne none other tliinge.
garbuglio, Fr. grabuge, a great stir, coil,
;

[tout autresi souffri Nasciens ses grans peines —


garboil, hurly-burly, gribouiller, to rum- assez en boin gre sans courechier ne k Dieu

ble ; Pl.D. kribbeln, to simmer, to bubble



ne a autre.] St Greal, c. 27, 63.

up, to stir, crawl, be in general motion ; On the same principle, G. groll, ill-will,
swarm, crawl griibeln und
G. kriebeln, to ;
spite, may be compared with E. growl.
grabbeln, to be stirring and swarming in The grudging of an ague is a modifi-
great multitudes, as maggots or ants. cation of the synonymous grouse, men-
Kiittn. Hence e. grub, a maggot, as It. tioned under Grow, 2 as Fr. gruger, of
;

gorgoglio, from gorgogliare. Pl.D. grusen, to crumble or break into


* To Grub. To dig up something small bits. I groudge as one dothe that
buried in the ground, as the stumps or hath a groudging of the axes, je frilonne
roots of trees. Yorks. grab, to probe, to z.n& je fremis.' —
Palsgr. in Way. See
examine, as the hand dives into the corner Grisly.
of the pocket —
Whitby Gl. ; to grobble .Gruel. Fr. gruau, gruant, oatmeal,
21

322 GRUFF GUILD


groats— Cot. ; gruel, gruez, meal.— Gudgeon. Lat. gobio, Fr. gouvion,
Roquef. Bret, groel, gourel, groats ; w. goujon, a small slimy fish. Rouchi, Cha
grual, gruel. N. grant, Dan. grod, por- passe come -im gouvion, that is easily
ridge ; Lang, gruda, husked oats or swallowed. Faire avaler des gouvions,
grain, more or less broken in husking ; to make one believe a lie. Hdcart. —
gruda, to husk or pill grain, to pick Hence to gudgeon, to deceive, befool.
grapes, skin beans, from gru, grut, a Gudgil-hole. A
place containing
single berry, a grain. —
Diet. Castr. Lith. —
dung, water, and any kind of filth. Hal.
grudas, a grain of corn, pip of a fruit, Swiss Rom. guadzouilli, to dabble in
drop of dew. See Grits. wet. — Bridel.
Gruff. Churlish, dogged.— B. Pro- Guerdon. Fr. guerredon, guerdon. It.
perly hoarse in tone. To gruffle, to growl. guiderdone, recompense, reward. From
— Hal. Grisons grufflar, snore. vex- to OHG. widarlon, AS. witherlean, with a
change from / to d, perhaps through the
To express discontent or
gri{ff, to
ation —Atkinson ; grunt,
to snore.
to influence of Lat. do7ium. t AS. wither,
Whitby Gl. It. gruffare, grufolare, gro- against, in return for, and lean, reward.
folare, to grunt. —
Fl. See Grim. — Diez.
Grum. — Grumpy. E. dial, grunt, Guess. Du. ghissen, to estimate, reck-
grumpy, 2ca%rj, surly, sulky — Hal. ;
grum, on, guess ; ON. giska (for gitska), N.
sour-looked —
B. AS. grom, grum, fierce.
; gissa, Dan. gisse, gjette, Walach. gici
Da. grum, ferocious, atrocious. G.gram, (Ital. £), to guess, gicitoriu, a diviner,
trouble, sorrow ; grimm, wrath, rage ;
guesser.
grimmig, raging, stern, crabbed Gael. ; A frequentative from ON. geta,to get,
gruaim, a surly look gruama, sullen, ;
conceive, think, make mention of (i. e. to
gloomy ; Manx groam, a sad or sullen pronounce one's opinion). At geta miiini,
look. All from the expression of angry in my opinion. Geta gods til, to augur
feelings by muttering or snarling sounds. well of.
Bav. gramen, to grind the teeth gries- ;
Guest. Goth, gasts, stranger ; gasti-
gramen, to murmur W. grem, murmur-;
gods, Gr. <pi\6^£vog, hospitable ; G. gast,
ing, grinding the teeth grwm, a mur- ;
ON. gistr, Russ. gosty, Bohem. host, Pol.
mur, a growl (Spurrel). Du. grimmen, goH, guest. Lap. quosse, guest, quos-
to snarl, growl, grin, grind the teeth, rage, sotet, to entertain, quossot, to act as
cry ; grommen, Yr. grommeler, E. dial. guest ; W. gwest, visit, entertainment,
grumph, to grumble, growl. Pro^. gri- inn, lodging, gwestai, a visitor, guest ;
'

mar, to groan, sigh ; grim, morose, sad. Bret, hostiz, guest, host. The Lat. hostis,
To Grumble. Fr. grommeler, Du. enemy, supposed to be connected through
grommen, gj-ommelen, to murmur, mut- the sense of stranger, is probably from a
ter ; Sw. dial, grubbla, grummsa, to different source.
mutter discqntentedly w. grwm, a mur- ; To Guggle. Fr. glouglou, Mod.Gr.
mur, growl grymial, to grumble, scold.
;
•fKoiiKkov, guggling, the sound of water
G. brummen, to growl or mutter, is a mixed with air issuing from the mouth of
parallel form. a vessel; koukXovkiJu, Svii^s guttgeln, gun-
To Grunt. Lat. grunnire, Fr. grog- scheln, to guggle, giiggeln, to tipple ; Pol.
ner,grongner, G. grunzen, to grunt, growl, glukad, to rumble in the belly.
mutter ; Fr. groncer, to roar as the sea —
Guide. Guy. It. guidare, Fr. guider,
in a storm, grander, to snarl, grunt, grum- guier, exhibit the Romance form corre-
ble. sponding to G. weisen, Du. wijsen, Sw.
Guard. Defence, protection. It. visa, to show, direct, guide. G. jemanden
guardare, to look, guard, ward, keep, zurecht weisen, to show one the right
save, to beware Fr. garder, to keep, way.
; Sw. visa honoin in, show him in.
guard, watch, heed, or look unto garer, From G. weise, Du. wijse, ghijse, Bret.
to ware, beware, take heed of. — ;

Cot. The gis, kiz, w. gwis, Fr. guise, the wise,


senses of looking after and taking care of mode, way of a thing. See Guise.
or guarding against are closely united. Guild. Dan. gilde, feast, banquet,
' Now
look thee Our Lord.'— P. P. To guild, or corporation P1.D. gilde, a com- ;

look seems to have been the original pany, corporation, society of burghers
sense of Lat. servare. 'Tuus servus meeting on stated occasions for the pur-
servet Venerine facial an Cupidini,' let pose of feasting and merrj'making. The
your slave look. Plautus.— Serva J as primary meaning is a feast, then the
Fr. gare ! look out take care
! company assembled, and the same trans-
1

For the origin of the word see Gaure. ference of signification will be observed

GUILE GULF 323


in the word company itself, which signi-formerly in use in Germany. Crusius,
fying in the first instance a number of in his Swabian Chron. translated by
persons eating together, has come to be Moser. 1733, says: Formerly behead-
'

apphed to an association for any purpose, ing was not done in Germany with a
and in the case of the City Companies to sword, but with an oaken plank on which
the very associations which were formerly was a sharp iron. This plank was like a
denominated Guilds. flogging-bench, had on both sides upright
It is a mistake to connect the word slides (grund-leisten), on which the plank
with the G. geld, payment. The real de- was under that a sharp cutting iron.
;

rivation is to be found in W. gwyl, Bret. When the poor man was bound on the
goel, gouil, a feast, or holiday, gou^lia, bench, as if for flogging, the executioner
to keep holiday ; Gael, (with the usual (truckenscherer) let fall the plank which
change from the w. gw toy initial), y^z7/, hung by a cord, which with the iron struck

a feast, holiday, fair, or market Manx off his head.' Deutsch. Mundart. iv. 225.
;

ealley, festival, sacred, hallowed. The Guilt. Properly conduct which has to
Irish _/^//, or feighil, is explained the vigil be atoned for, which has to be paid for.
of a feast, sometimes the feast itself, Swiss giili, 'Da.n. gfeld, debt. O'N. gialld,
leading to the supposition that the word debt, return of equivalent. In the same
is a mere corruption of Lat. mgilicB. way Dan. skyld, debt, guilt, offence, G.
But the W. and Bret, forms could hardly schuld, a fault, guilt, crime, also a debt.
have been derived from that origin, and AS. gildan, Dan. gielde, G. gelten, to re-
we find a. satisfactory explanation in a quite, pay, atone, to return an equivalent.
native root, w. gwylio, to watch, be ' He ne meahte mine gife gyldan.' He
vigilant, to look for ;
gwyled, to behold, could not requite my gift. Caedm. Vor- —
to see, gwylad, keeping a festival, the let ous oure yeldinges, ase and we vorle-
notion of keeping or observing being teth oure yelderes and ne ous led naght
commonly expressed by the figure of into vondinge ac vri ous uram queade
looking. Bret, gwel, look, sight, action Paternoster in Dialect of Kent, 1340, in
of seeing. In a similar manner from Reliq. Ant. p. 42.
wake, to be vigilant, to watch, we have Guise. Fr. guise, w. gwis, Bret, giz,
the wakes, the festival of the patron kiz, equivalents of the G. weise, E. wise,
saint, W. gwyl-mabsant, G. kirchweihe mode, way, fashion. The word is very
{weihen, to consecrate), where the ideas widely spread, being found with little
of waking or keeping and consecration alteration in fornj in the same sense in
or holiness are connected together in the some of the Siberian languages. Wotiak
same way as in yi.zxiy.fe alley. kyzi, manner nokyzi, in no-wise. Other-
;

The Du. form guide, a feast (populare wise we might find an explanation in the
convivium), also a guild or corporation, Bret, giz, kiz, the fundamental meaning
closely resembles Goth, dulths, Bav. duld, of which seems to be footsteps, whence
a. feast. Osterduld, Easter. In modern the sense of a track or way, mode or
times duld is applied to a fair or market, fashion, might easily be developed. Bret.
commonly kept on the saint's day of the mond war hi giz, to go back (literally to
place. Dulden, like Bret, goelia, to so- go upon his giz), can only be explained
lemnize. Tuldan, celebrare tultlih, so- by giving to giz the sense of footsteps.
;

lennis. — Kero in Schmeller. Guitar. Fr. guiterre, guiterne, a git-


— Cot. Lat. cithara, a harp.
Gruile. OYr. guille, deceit, fraud ; Du. tern.
ghijlen, ludificare, fallere. —
Kil. Pl.D. Gules. red or sanguine
Fr. guetiles,
gigeln, begigelti, to beguile, properly to in blazon. — Cot. From the red colour of
deceive by juggling tricks, from gig, ex- the mouth. Gueule, the mouth, throat,
pressing rapid movement to and fro. See gullet.
Gig, Dodge, Juggle. The same contrac- Gulf. golfo, a gulf or arm of the
It.

tion is seen in the parallel form wile, AS. sea, a pit, deep hole, whirlpool.— Fl. Fr.
wigele, from the notion of wiggling or golfe, a whirlpool or bottomless pit, also
vacillating. 'And wigeleth as fordruncen a bosom or gulf of the sea between two
mon that haveth imunt to vallen.' An- — capes. —
Cot. The G. meer-busen, Lat.
cren Riwle. as. gewiglian, to juggle, sinus, bosom, gulf, would point to a de-
conjure. rivation from Gr. KoX^roe, of exactly the
Gruillotine. The well-known imple- same meaning with Lat. sinus. But the
ment said to be invented by Dr GuiUotin sense of whirlpool, abyss, must be from
in the French Revolution. It was however Du. gulpen, golpen, E. gulp, to swallow ;
but the revival of a mode of execution ODu. golpe, gurges, vorago. Kil. —
The
21 *

3?4 GULL GUN


truth appears to be that here, as in so oneself, to wet oneself up to the knees,
many other cases where we are puzzled dirty the bottom of one's clothes, gollha,
between two derivations, they may both a puddle ; gotholli, gollotzi, guaUotsi, to
be traced to a common origin. have We sound like fluid in a cask. Fr. goule,
only to suppose that the meaning of KoXffof
— —
mouth, throat Jaubert gouler, to flow;

Pat. de Champ. ; goalee, goulette, a


was originally the throat or swallow, then
the neck, and was finally applied to the gulp or mouthful of wine ; goulicement,
bosom in the same way that the neck is greedily, like a gully-gut ; Lat. gula, the
frequently made to include the bosom in throat. All from the sound of water
common speech. mixed with air in a confined space. Sc.
Gull. I. A sea-mew. It. gulone, w. guller, buller, to make a noise like water
gwylan, Bret, gwelan, from the peculiar forcibly issuing through a narrow open-
wailing cry of the bird. Bret, gwela, N. ing, or as when one gargles ; to guggle.
Fris. gallen, to weep. E. dial, to gowlc, —Jam.
Gulp. — Gulch. Du. golpen, ingurgi-
to cry.
For unnethes is a chylde borne fully tare, avid^ haurire. Kil. —
Lang, gloup,
That it ne begynnes to gowle and cry. a gulp or mouthful of liquid gloupel, a ;

Hampole in Hal. drop E. dial, giclk, to gulp or swallow.


;

G-zA. faoileann,faoilleag, a sea-gull. Da. dial, gviilpe, to make a noise in the


2. A dupe. To gull, to deceive, de- throat in swallowing liquids. Han '

fraud. A metaphor from the helplessness drikker saa det gvulper i ham.' N. gulka,
of a young unfledged bird, on the same Da. gulpe, to gulp up, disgorge, vomit,
principle that the Fr. tiiais, a nestling, is kulke, to gulp kiilk. Fin. kulkku or
;

applied to a simpleton ; a novice, ninny, kiirkku, the gullet ; E. gulch, a gully or


witless and inexperienced gull. Cot. The — s\«allow in a river. All from a represent-
meaning oi gull is simply unfledged bird, ation of the sound made in swallowing
in which sense it is still used in Cheshire. liquid.
As that ungentle^// the cuckoo's bird. — H. iv. Gum. Lat. gummi, Gr. Ko/i/^i, gum,
It is especially applied to a gosling in the the congealed juice of trees.
South of England. Gumption. Understanding, intelli-
gence. From gaum, to observe, attend
'And verily 't would vex one to see them, who
design to draw disciples after them, to lead a crew
to, understand.
* Gums.

Atkinson.
ol gulls into no small puddles by having obtained Du. gumme, G. gaumen, the
the repute of being no meanly understanding palate Lang, goum^, a goitre or swelled
;


ganders.' Trenchfield, Cap of grey hairs, p. 8, throat. From Da. gumle, to mumble,
1671. Sw. dial, gummsa, gai?isa, gemsa, gimsa,
Probably from Da.n.guul, Sw. gul, yellow, jamnda, jumla, to chew slow and with
from the yellow colour of the down, or difficulty, probably, like the synonymous
perhaps of the beak, as in Fr. bijaune, niuinsa, mumla, E. nijcmp, mumble, imi-
properly yellow beak, a young bird with tation of the sounds made in chewing
yellow skin at the base of the beak, me- like a toothless person with the lips closed.
taphorically 'a novice, a simple inex- Gun. The signification of the word at

perienced ass, a ninny.' Cot. \\.. pippi- the earliest period to which it can be
one, a pigeon (properly a young bird, traced is clearly shown in the Practica of
from pippiare, to peep or pip), metaphor- John Arderne, a surgeon of the time of E.
ically a silly gull, one that is soon caught 111., cited by Way in Pr. Pm., who, after
and trepanned. Fl. —
Hence a pigeon, giving a recipe for a kind of 'fewe volant'
a dupe at cards. consisting of charcoal, sulphur, and salt-
Gullet. —
Gully. Fr. goulel, a gullet, petre, proceeds cest poudre vault \ — '

the end of a pipe where it dischargeth gettere pelottes de fer ou de plom ou d'
itself, the mouth of a vial or bottle gonlot, areyne oue un instrument qe I'em appelle
;

a pipe, gutter, e. gully-hole, the mouth goime.' The sense is marked with equal
of a drain where the water pours with a clearness where the word is used by
guggling noise into the sink ^sn. giillcn, Chaucer in the House of Fame,
;

Swiss giille, a sink Champagne goillis,; Swift as a pellet out of aguniie


ordure Du. gullen, to swallow greedily,
;
When tire is in the pouder runne.
suck down ; E. gull, to guzzle or drink The ordinances of the household of E.
rapidly.— Hal, guile in drink as great
I III. which commence 1344, printed by
drinkers do [swallow with a noise]. Je the Ant. Soc, enumerate Ingyners 57, '

engoule. — Palsgr. 576. Swiss Rom. Artellers 6, Go7iners 6.' It must be ob-
gollhi, gaula, to bedabble, bedrabble served that the name is exclusively English,
— — .

GUNWALE GYVES 325


and it may
well be that it appeared first in compared with bumba, to resound, on.
the designation of the gunner, from Fr. gutla, to sound as liquids in a cask.
guigneur, an aimer with one eye, as a His guts began to gotheUn
gunner taking his level ; guigner, to wink As two greedy sows. P. P. —
or aim with one eye, to level at a thing Swiss gudeln, gudern, to guggle, pad-
winking. Cot. —Introduced into English, dle, rumble in the bowels giidel, the
;

where it suggested no reference to the paunch. G. kutteln, guts,'tripes, garbage ;


idea of aiming, the word would seem to entkutteln, to gut. Pl.D. kiit, guts, bowels
be taken from the new-fangled implement kiit'n, to gut. —
Danneil. Du. kuii, spawn
;

which the gunner worked, and to which or roe of fishes. Sc. kyte, the belly.
the name ^
gun would naturally be given. Gutta-perch.a. Malay gatta, gum.
Gunwale. Wales are outward timbers Crawford.
in a ship's sides on which men set their Gutter. Fr. gouttiere, a channel or
feet when they clamber up, and the gun- gutter esgout, a dropping of water as
;

wale is the iuale which goes about the from a house-eaves, also a little sink,
uttermost strake or seam of the upper- channel, or gutter.
most deck in the ship's waist. Bailey. —
From the noise of water dripping, Pl.D.
Gurgeons. The siftings of meal. Fr. guddern, to gush out, to fall in abund-
gruger, to granulate, crunch, crumble. ance. Dat water guddert vain dake, the
Du. gruizen, to reduce to gruis, or small water pours from the roof. De appel
bits. Fr. gi'us, grits. See Grits, Grist. guddert vam boom, the apples shower
Gurnard. —Gurnet. Fr. gournauld, down from the tree. From some such
grougnaut (Cot.), now grenaut, from form has arisen Lat. gutta, a drop.
grogner, to grunt, grumble. The Gur- Guttle. Guzzle.
'

To eat and drink
net is known to emit a peculiar grunting with haste and greediness. From the
sound on being removed from the water, sound of liquids passing down the throat.
to which disagreeable habit it owes its ON. gutla, to sound as liquids in a cask.
designation.'— N. & Q. Mar. 9, 1861. An- Swiss gudeln, gudern, guiteln, gutzeln,
other Fr. name is grondm. In Norway to shake liquids in a flask, to dabble in
it is called knurfisk, from Dan. knurre, liquids ; gudlig, thick, muddy from shak-
to grumble, mutter also hurr, equivalent ing. Lat. glutglut, for the sound of liquid
;

to OE. whur, to snarl. Gronder, to whurre, escaping from the mouth of a narrow-
yarre, grunt, grumble. Cot. — necked vessel; glutio, to swallow; Swiss
To Gush. G. giessen, Du. gosselen, to gieseln, to gormandise. Fr. desgouziller,
pour Swiss gussehi, to dabble in wet, to to gulp or swill up, to swallow down.
;

sleet gusslig, muddy, thick (of liquids) Fr. godailler. It. gozzare, gozzavigliare,
;
;

gussUte, slosh, dirty mixture. E. dial. to make good cheer, to guzzle, guttle. It.

gushil, a gutter gudgil-hole, a sink.


;
gozzo, a throat.
From the sound of dashing water. I Guttural. Lat. gutttcr, the throat.
gowsske, I make a noise as water doth Probably from some such form as those
that Cometh hastily out je bruis. :
mentioned in the last article.
Palsgr.
Gymnastic. Gr. yv\ivaiu>, to train in
Gusset. Fr. gousset, a fob or pocket, muscular exercises, which were practised
and thence the arm-pit, the piece of cloth naked. Vv^voq, naked.
or of chain mail which covers the arm-pit Gyves, w. gefyn, fetters. Bret, kef,
in a shirt or a suit of plate armour. trunk of a tree, stock or stump, log of
From Fr. gousse, It. guscio, the pod or fire-wood, fetter, manacle. It is the same
husk of pease, beans, &c. word with Lat. cippus, a stake, Fr. cep,

Gust. Gusto. Lat. gustus, taste, or the stock of a tree, a log, or clog of wood,
such a one as is hung about the neck of
the sense of it.

Gust. ON. gustr, giostr, a cold blast a ranging cur; [hence] ceps, a pair of
of wind, guscio di vento, agreeing with
It.
stocks for malefactors, also (less properly)
shackles, bolts, fetters, &c. It. ceppo in
E. dial, gush, gussock, a gust.
Guts. Perhaps so named from the all the same senses.

rumbling sound, as ON. bumbr, the belly,


326 HABERDASHER HAG

H
Ha'berdasher. Haberdashers were of to signify a stroke with a sharp instru-
two kinds, haberdashers of small wares, ment or an effort abruptly checked. Sw.
sellers of needles, tapes, buttons, &c., and hacka, to chop, hack, hoe, to peck, pick,
haberdashers of hats. The first of these chatter with the teeth, stammer, stutter,
would be well explained from ON. hapur- cough constantly but slightly (Rietz), as
task, trumpery, things of trifling value, we speak of a hacking cough hakkla, to ;

scruta frivola, ripsraps. —


Gudm. A poor stammer, to cough.
petty haberdasher (of small wares), mer- The
Fr. hacher, to mince, prpduces e.
cerot. — Sherwood. hcish word of modern introduction),
(a
The haberdasher of hats seems named properly to mince, then to dress meat a
from some kind of stuff called hapertas, second time, because meat so dressed is
of which probably hats were made. La ' commonly cut into small pieces. Hachis,
charge de hapertas, yX\d.' Liber Albus, — a hackey or hachee, a shced gallimawfrey
225. Les feez de leyne d'Espagne, wad-
' minced meat. Cot.
or —
mal, mercerie, canevas, — feutre, lormerie, Another application of Fr. hacher is to
peil, haberdashrie, esquireux, et les autres the hatchings of the hilt of a sword by
choses ge I'em acustument par — fee, w\d.' which it is made rough for the hand. To
Ibid. 231. hatch, to make cross cuts in an engraving.
Haberdine. Poor-john. A kind of N. hak, a score or incision.
cod-fish cured. Du. abberdaan, Fr. habor- The hatching of eggs is the chipping
dean, from the last of .which, docked of or breaking open of the egg-shell by the
the first syllable, seems to be formed E. pecking of the bird. G. hacken, to peck,
poor-john, a kind of cheap salt-fish. hecken, to peck, to hatch young. In the
Habit. —
Habitable. Lat. habitus, same way Pol. Mud, to peck, to chip the
from habeo, to have a freq. from which
; egg as young birds do when hatched.
ishabitare, to dwell in, inhabit. Wykluc, to peck out, as the eyes wyklui ;

Habnab. Hit or miss, from AS. hah- sie, to creep from the egg, to be hatched.
ban, to have, and nabban ifie habban), not Hackbut. See Arquebuss.
to have. It. Fatto o guasto, hab or nab, Hacqueton. See Gambison.
done or undone, made or marred. Fl. — Haft. AS. hceft, a handle, holding,
I put it captive ; hceftas, bonds ; hcrfting, a hold-
Ev'n to your worship's bitterment, habnab ; ing hcBftene, captivity.
; ON. hefta, to
I shall have a chance of the dice for it. Dan.
fetter heftr, fettered, hindered.
;
B. Johnson, Tale of a Tub, iv. I.
}iefte to bind, fasten, to arrest. G. haft,
Hack. A cratch for hay.
See Hatch. fastening, clasp ; hold or firmness, at-
Hack. —
Hackney. Sp. haca, OFr. tachment, imprisonment ; in haft sitzen,
haque, haqttet, a pony ; Sp. hacanea, a to be in durance haften, to hold fast,
;

nag, small horse somewhat bigger than a stick. Du.


hecht, heft, handle ; hechten,
pony. It. achinea, Fr. haqiun^e, an am- heften, to fix, fasten, bind ; hegt, hecht,
iDling horse.
heft, handle hecht, fast, firm, tight.
,'

The primary meaning seems a small From the notion of having or holding,
horse as distinguished from the powerful as G. handhabe, a handle, from haben, to
animal required for warlike service then ;
have.
as only inferior horses would be let for Hag. AS. liceges, hcegtesse, ODu. hage-
hire it was specially applied to horses tisse, MHG. hacke, hdckel, hecse, Swiss
used for that purpose. hagsche, a witch lidggele, the night hag,
;

And loved well to have hors of price. a female demon that walks on certain
He wend to have reproved be
Of theft or murder if that he nights, a witch. Hagged is emaciated,
Had in his stable an hackney. — R. R. scraggy like a witch, with sunken eyes.
It has much the appearance of being de- A hagged carion of a wolf and a jolly sort of
dog with good flesh upon 's back fell into com-
rived from E. nag.
To Hack.—Hash.—Hatch. The syl-
pany. — L'Estrange.
Im abgemagerten angesichte, im entzundeten
lable hack, in which the voice is sharply auge der greisin die brandmale des hexenthums
checked, is used in all the Gothic dialects zu erkennen. —Sanders.
—;
! — ;

HAGARD HALE 327


Hagard. Fr. hagard, hagard, wild, the male of the salmon ; AS. hacod, a
strange, froward, unsociable. Faucon pike, a fish with projecting under-jaw.
hagard, a wild hawk, one that preyed for Halberd, A long-handled axe, from
herself before she was caught. The word Swiss halm, the helve or handle of an
seems synonymous with It. ramingo, Fr. axe, and OHG. parten, g. barte, a broad
ramage, E. brancher, signifying a hawk
which has lived among the branches, and
axe. Helm-ackes, bipennis.
tury in Schm.

Gl. 12th cen-

is therefore not tamable like one that is Now has Arthure his axe and the halme grypes.
taken from the nest. Fr. ramage, of or Sir Gawayne and the Gr. Kn.
belonging to branches, also ramage, hag- The word was however early misunder-
ard, wild, rude. Espervier ramage, a stood as if it signified an axe for crashing
brancher, ramage hawk. Cot. — From G. a helmet. Helm-parten, cassidolabrum.
hag, a wood, forest, thicket, grove. — Gl. 15th century in Schm.
Kiittner. The origin of the latter half of the word
Haggis. A
sheep's maw filled with seems from Bohem. brada, a beard, chin,
minced meat. Fr. hachis, a hash. Nor- whence bradaty, having a large beard or
man Patois, haguer, E. dial, hag, to chop chin ; bradatice, a wide-bearded or broad
or hack ; hag-clog, a chopping-block. axe. Gr. -/'ivvi, the under-jaw, is used
To Haggle, e. dial, hag, to hew, chop for the edge of an axe. Comp. also Lap.
or hack, to haggle or dispute to haggle, skaut, the point of an axe, skautja, beard.
to chop unhandsomely. —
;

Hal. To keep —
To Hale. Haul. To pull or drag.
agging at one is to tease or provoke him B. G. holen, to fetch, drag, tow. Athem
not to be confounded with egging one on. holen, to draw breath. Du. haelen, to
The radical meaning of the word is to call, send for, fetch, draw. Fr. haler, to
keep pecking at one, as 'Fx.picoter, or e. hale, haul, tow.
bicker. lis sont toujours a picoter, they It will doubtless seem a far-fetched
are ever pecking at one another, bicker- origin to derive the expression from the
ing.— Tarver. Sw. dial, hagga, to hew, notion of setting t)n a dog, but it is one
hakka, to hack, to peck, to scold, keep that is supported by many analogies.
finding fault with, tease. Pl.D. hick-

The most obvious mode of driving ah
hacken, to wrangle. —
Danneil. Swiss animal is by setting a dog at it, and from
hdggeln, to wrangle. Fris. hagghen, driving an animal to the impulsion of an
rixari. — Kil. Du. hakkelen, to stammer, inanimate object is an easy step. Pl.D.
stutter, haggle. The same metaphor is hissen, to set on a dog de schaop hissen,
;

seen in Fr. chapoter, to hack or whittle, to drive sheep ; Bret, hissa, issa, to incite,
also to haggle, palter, dodge about the to push on, to draw up the sail. Diet. —
price of. —
Cot. Langued. in v. isso. From Fr. hare ! cry
Hail, AS. hagol, hcegle, G. kagel, N. to encourage or set on a dog, are formed
hagl, hail ; hagla, to hail, to fall in drops, harer, to incite, set on, attack, harier, to
trickle ; higla, to fall in fine drops ; higl, harass, urge, molest, provoke, and thence
drizzling rain or snow. NE. haggle, to OE. harr, or harry, properly to drive as a
hail; Sc. hagger, to rain gently. From beast by means of a dog, then to drag by
the pattering sound of hail or rain. Sw. force. '
He haryeth hym about as if he
hacka, to chatter with the teeth ; E. dial. were a traytour. I harye, or mysseentreat
hacker or hagger, to tremble with cold. or hale one, Je harie. I harry, or carry
Hal. by force, je traine and je hercelle.' —
To Hail. I. To wish one health. Palsgr. in Way. '
The corpsof the sayde
Goth. Hails ! AS. Hal wees thu / Hail byshope with his two servauntes were
equivalent to Lat. salve/ be of good —
haryed to Thamys side.' Fabian, ibid.
health. See Hale. And develles salle karre hym up evene
2. To hail a ship is from a different In the ayre als he suld stegh to hevene.
source, and the word should here be Hampole, Ibid.

written hale, Pl.D. anhalen, to call to Then with a derivative el, Fr. harele, out-
one, to address one passing by. Du. cry ; haraler, to tease, to vex ; harele, a
halen, haelen, to send for, call. See To flock or herd (from the notion of driving,
Hale. '
as Gr. afzKr), a herd, from ayw, to drive)
Hair. Du. haer, G. haar, hair. hasler (for harier), haller, haler, to halloo
Hake. A kind of cod. Doubtless or hound on dogs —
Cot. ; OE. harl, to
from having a hook-shaped jaw. N. hake- harass, drive, cast.
fisk, fish with hooked under-jaw, especi- King Richard this noble knight Acres nom so,
ally of salmon and trout Swiss haggen, And harlede so the Sarrazins in
; eohe side about.
!;

328 HALE HALT


That the ssrewen ne dorste in none ende at route. Hallucination. Lat. hallucinari, to
R. G. 487. be in error, to blunder.
Sc. harle, to pull or drag. Halm.— Haulm. The stalk of corn.
G. halm, Gr. KaXaiioQ, Lat. calamus, cul-
About the waUis of Troy he saw quhat wyse
mus, Fr. chaulme, straw.
- Achilles harlit Hectoris body thrys. D, V. — Halo. Lat. halo, Gr. aXuc, the disk of
To haurl, to drag or pull. Hal. — the sun or moon.
On the same principle It. tirare, to Halse. Hawse. -OE. halse, g. Du. —

draw, hale, allure unto Fl., may be con- hals, the neck.
nected with the tarring, tirri7ig, or set- And if so be that thou find me false
ting on of dogs. Another day, hang nie up by the halse.
Hale. Sound, in good health. Goth. Chaucer in R.
hails, sound, healthy gahails, entire
;

AS. hal, healthy, sound, whole, safe ha.1


To Halse. Three distinct words are
;
;

here confounded.
gedon, to heal ; Du. heel, whole, entire,
1. To halse, or hawse, Du. halsen, hel-
unbroken, sound, healthy heylen, heelen,
;
sen, omhelsen, to embrace, take one by the
to heal. ON. heill, whole, sound, pros-
neck, from hals, the neck, as Fr. accoler,
perous. Gr. 8\oc, entire, whole, sound
to coll or clip about the neck, from Fr.
;

vyi7]S Ko' o^of, safe and sound w. holl,


all ; hollol, whole. The root appears in
;
col, cou, neck. Halsyn, amplector. Pr. —
Pm.
Lat. with an initial j instead of the aspir-
2. To halse, or hailse, ON. heilsa, Sw.
ate. Salvus, unbroken, uninjured, sound,
halsa, Dan. hilse, to salute, to wish one
in good health ; salve ! hail salus,!

health, from ON. heilsa, health.


health ; solidus, sound, entire, whole
solus (undivided), alone. Sanscr. sarva,
;
And the eleven sterres halsed him all. P. P. —
all. Manx slane, whole, total, hale 3. To halse, or hawse, to raise, heave, or
;

slaney, whole, healed ;slaynt, health. drag up, from It, alzare, Fr. haulser, haus-
The radical identity of hale and whole ser, to raise. Everything was hawsed '

is shown in "wholesome, healthy. above measure; amerciaments were turned


Half. Goth, halbs, half; ON. halfa, into fines, fines into ransomes.' Sii" T. —
alfa, region, part, side. Swiss halb, the More in R. The word was especially used
side of a body ;sunnet-halb, southwards in nautical matters. It. alzare le vela, to
schatten-halb, northwards. It is probable hawse (now exchanged for hoist, a radi-
that side is the original meaning of the cally different word) sail. He wayed '

word. OHG. in halbo, in latere (montis) up his anchors and halsed up his sails.'—
;

halpun, latere (dominus erit in latere tuo); Grafton in R. The hawse-holes, the holes
alahalba, on all sides. —Graff. Lap. pele, in the bow of a ship through which the
side, half. Mo pelen, at my side ; niubben cable nans in halsing or raising the an-
pelen, on the other side. chor. Fr. haulseree, tlie drawing or
Halibut. A large kind of flat fish. haling of barges up a river by the force
Du. heil-bot, from heil, holy, and hot, bot- of men ashore. Cot. Hence E. halse, —
visch, a flat fish. ON. heilag-Jiski. to tow, halser, or hawser, a thick cord
Halidom. on. heilagr ddmr, things for towing vessels. It. alzana, a halse, a
of especial holiness, the relics of the saints, rope or cable for to Italse, hale, or draw
on which oaths were formerly taken. barges against the stream also a crane ;

Hall. AS. heal, Lat. aula^ It. sala, Fr. to hoise up great weights alzaniere, a

;

salle. OHG. sal, house, residence IJret. halsicr, or he that haleth a barge. Fl.
;

sal (as hall in E.), a gentleman's house in Halt. I. To stop. G., Sw. halt/ hold !

the country. stop Yx.faire halte, to stop, stay, make


!

Halloo. Sp. jalear, to encourage a stand.


hounds to follow the chase. Fr. halle
Cot. —
2. Goth, halts, ON. halltr, lame hall- ;

an interjection of cheering or setting on of tra, N. haltrci, halta, to halt, limp, or go


a dog; haller, to hallow or encourage lame \\'all. haJctcr, chaleter, to limp. ;

dogs.— Cot. The Pl.D. exclamation ^ff//o./ ON. mdlhaltr (jiidl, speech), stammering.
is used as a subst. in the sense of outcry The notion of impeded speech or gait,
halldn, to halloo. —
Danneil.
;

as in stammering or limping, where in-


To Hallow. AS. halgian, to keep holy, stead of flowing in a uniform course the
to consecrate. '
Mi cume thauh hit action seems to consist of a succession
thunche attre, hit is thauh healu-winde.' of jogs or uneven impulses, may be ex-
Though my coming seems bitter, yet it is pressed by forms representing in the first

heaUng. Ancren Riwle, 190. See Holy. place broken sounds, then abrupt move-
. ; —

HALTER HAMES 329


ments or efforts. Thus we have Sc. the opposite direction is an easy step.
hotter, to rattle as thunder; NE. hotter, If the explanation of the cry offered under
to shake, jolt, move limpingly or lamely. Hem be correct it will follow that the N.
'
Hottering on nae better an a lamiter.' homa, Dan. humme, to back (and thence
— Atkinson. Sc. hatter, to rattle, batter, ON. hom, E. ha7n, the rump or back parts
speak thick and confusedly. of the thighs), are from the cry liojmne !

and heuch.
hamm ! back and not vice versS..
!

Helmys of hard steill thai hatterit


2. Bav. hammen, Du. hamme, E. ham,
Gaw. and Gol.
a salted thigh of pork, can hardly be dis-
Hottle, anything unsteady, as a young tinct from ham, the back part of the
child beginning to walk ; to hatch, hatch, thigh. If there be a radical connection
to move by jerks. Bav. hott ! hott ! re- with Sp. jamon, Fr. jambon, ham. It.
presents the jog of a trotting horse. Swiss giambone, any great leg, thigh, gammon
hottern, hotzeln, hotzern, to jolt, jog, or pestle of a beast (Fl.), it must be be-
shake, stumble ; hotzen, to move up and cause It. ga?nba, Fr. jamba, a leg, are
down hotz, hutz, a spring or start ; Sc. from the same source with E. ham.
;

hat, haut, to hop, to limp. Haut stap —


To Hamble. Hamel. OHG. hamal,
an loup, hop step and jump. The Sc. mutilated, hamalon, to mutilate beha- ;

haut would correspond to an E. halt, and melt werdent, truncantur membris.


thus by the introduction of an / from the Graff Probably the translation of AS.
broad sound of the vowel, as in falter, hamelan by to hamstring is a piece of
palter, in jolt compared with jot, in G. false etymology, as that is certainly not
helper, a jolt, compared with Bav. hoppem, the meaning of the humbling of dogs, and
to jog, in Pl.D. taltern compared with E. does not agree with the sense of the word
tatters, we arrive at N. haltra and E. halt, in the cognate dialects. G. hammel, a
to limp castrated sheep Bav. hammel, a wether, ;

Halter, ohg. halaftra, halftra, Du. also a sheep without horns hummel- ;

halfter, halgtre, halchter, halster, halter, bock, a goat without horns NE. hu7n- ;

a halter ; Bay. halfter, halster, a pair of meld, without horns to hummel, humble, ;

braces ON. fiogld, a buckle, noose, han- to break off the beards of barley ; Sw.
;

dle; N. hogd, hovd, hovel, holdr, a noose, dial, hammla, to lop or pollard trees.
buckle. Conpeditus, gehalffter, cum qui- Perhaps the course of derivation may

bus ligant pedes equorum. Vocab. A.D. run from Du. hompelen, to stumble, to
1430, in Deutsch. Mund. iv. limp Sw. dial, hambloter, hamloter (of ;

Ham. I. The back part of the thighs, an old man), stumbling, tottering; E. dial.
not of the knees, as often explained. The Itamel, to limp, to walk lame, and thence
ham-strings are the strong sinews passing in a factitive sense to cause to go lame, to
from the hams to the lower leg. Du. disable from going, to restrain, to disable
ham, hamme, poples. ON. horn, the rump in any way, to mutilate. ON. hamla, to hin-
disable
ham-ledr, leather from the back of horses der one from doing anything, to
or oxen. Thvi setur thu homina vifl him hamla einn at hondum ok fdtum, to
' ;

honum.' do you turn your back to cut off his hands and feet ; hamlaSr, dis-
Why
him? Hama (of horses), to turn their abled by wounds or bonds from
appear-
hamla, hom-
rumps to the weather. N. homa, to back, ing to prosecute his right ;

to move backwards, shift the rump to one luband,


the withy that binds the oar to
side ; Dan. humm£,back a carriage. the pin Du. ha?nme, kuhamme, a shackle
to ;

See To Hamper.
make a horse back for a cow.— Kil.
Fin. humma ! cry to
Heams. The — —
hummastaa, to make a horse back or stop. Haines. Haums.
pieces of wood which en-
According to Outzen the cry homme ! or two crooked
to which the
humme is in general use over Friesland compass a horse-coUar andstuffing
.'
t)f hay
and Denmark, in order to keep a horse traces are fastened.
The
quiet when one approaches him or wants or straw
by which these were prevented
to do something to him. The essential from galling the shoulders of the horse
hamberwe, or hanaborough, a
meaning then is, still be quiet in ac- was called
! !

coarse horse-collar, made of reed or straw


cordance with the G. use of the Pl.D.
hum! humme! to stop a person from —Hal., from berwe, or borough, shelter,
protection against the hames. The same
doing anything, or to make a horse back
into the shafts of a carriage. G. hamm ! elements in the opposite order may be
recognised in E. dial, baurghwan, brau-
cry of prohibition to children; hamm!
hamm ! let alone. From the sense of
it
chin (a collar for a horse made of old
stockings stuffed with straw,— Grose),
stopping to that of backing or moving in
— ;

33° HAMLET HANK


and Sc. brechaine. The straw brechame
' ster. In Du. transformed by a
false
is now etymology to hangmak, hangmat.
supplanted by the leather collar.'
— Jam. Hamper. Mid.Lat. hanaperium. Pro-
The origin of the word hame is seen in perly a receptacle for cups. Fr. hanap,
the Wall, hine, a splint or thin piece of a drinking vessel ; G. ?iapf, a porringer,
wood, corresponding to G. schiene, a bowl, platter.
splint, band to keep things close (arm- To Hamper. Hobble. —
Hopple. —
schiene, bein-schiene, armour for the arm The idea of inefficient impeded action is
or leg). The old writing of the Walloon commonly expressed by the figure of im-
word was xhine, and the change from perfect or impeded speech, an image im-
the hissing sound of sch to that of the mediately admitting of oral representa-
simple aspirate is in accordance with the tion. The signification is then carried
usual course of the dialect. Hine di on to the cause or instrument of impedi-
gorai, attelle de collier de cheval. ment, to the act of hindrance, bringing
Grandgr. It will be observed that the to a stand, confinement. Swiss staggeln,
Fr. attelles (the haumes of a draught- to stammer, is identical with E. stagger,
horse's collar —
Cot.) also signifies a splint. to walk unsteadily, and figuratively we
OFr. eschames, chames, laths, shingles. speak of being staggered by a statement,
Roquef. being brought to a stand by it, stopped
Flem. hae7n, a horse-collar. The word in the course we were proceeding.
is sometimes used in the singular in that On the same principle Du. haperen, to
sense in E. 'The deponent remembers stammer, hesitate, falter, stick fast ; ha-
to have seen her father carry a horse and perwerk, bungling, bad work hapering,
;


hem to Muirtown.' ^Jam. A.D. 1806.
Hamlet, as. ham, a village, town,
stammering, boggling, hindrance, ob-
stacle. — Halma. The nasal pronuncia-
farm, property, dwelling ; Goth, haims, tion gives Sc. hamp, to stammer, also to
Fr. hameau, a village. halt in walking, to read with difficulty,
Probably the fundamental meaning is and E. hamper (in a factitive sense), to
simply a portion, in accordance with the cause to stick, to impede, entangle.
radical sense of the word ham (pars ab- Again we have Sc. habble, habber, to
scissa cujusque rei, frustum Wachter.) — ;
stutter, to speak or act confusedly, to
hamme, hompe, a piece or lunch of some- habble a lesson, to say it imperfectly
thing eatable ; boterham, a piece of bread Du. hobbelen, to jolt, to rock, to stammer,
and butter ; ham, hamme, a piece of and (with the nasal) hompelen, as E. hob-
pasture ivilgheham, an osier-bed. Dor-
; ble, to totter, to limp or walk lame ; Sc.
setsh. ham, an inclosed mead. Barnes. — hobble, to cobble shoes, to mend them in
In the same way certain open pieces of a bungling manner Pl.D. humpeln, to
;

pasture at Cambridge were called Christ's limp, to bungle. Sw. happla, to stam-
Pieces, Parker's Pieces. In Friesland mer, hesitate, stop short ; E. hopple, to
the term ham is used to designate a piece —
move weakly and unsteadily. HaL Then
of marshland, or the piece of land in in a factitive sense to hobble or hopple a
which a village is situated. — Brem. Wtb. horse, to hamper its movements by tying
Hence the name would naturally be its legs together.
transferred to the village itself. Swiss Hand. Common to all the languages
hain, heim, the inclosed plot of land in of the Gothic stock, and probably named
which a house is placed, house, dwelling- as the instrument of seizing. ON. henda,
place. In the same way we have G. XjA. prehendere, to seize.
fieck, a flap, piece, patch, a small piece Handsome. — Handy. What falls
of land, a spot, place, while flecken is the readily to hand. G. handsam, conveni-
common name for a village or small ent ; Du. Iiandsaem, dextrous, conveni-
town. ent, mild, tractable ; OE. hende, court-
To Hammel. See Hamble. eous ; N. hendt, adapted ; hendug, Dan.
Hammer. GD. hammer, on. hamar. hccndig, behandig, handy, dextrous.
A representation of the sound of blows. To Hang, on, hanga, pret. hdckj AS.
Hammock. An American word de- hon, pret. hoh, to hang. In the same
signating the long suspended nets in way O'S.fanga and/t^, •^x^i.fdck, AS.fon,
which the natives slept. 'A great many pret. foh, to fang or get hold of ON.;

Indians in canoes came to the ship to- gatim, pret. gdck, as. gan, to go or gang.
day for the purpose of bartering their The primitive meanmg seems, to fasten
cotton and hamacas or nets in which they on a hook, ox. hack.
sleep.'— Columbus' ist Voyage in Web- Hank. Hank, a rope or latch for
— —;

HANKER HARANGUE 331


fastening a gate, a handle. To have a been joined, a settled contract hand- ;

hank on another, to have him entangled. sala, fidem dextra stipulari, to join hands
To keep a good hank upon your horse, to on it.
have a good hold upon the reins. Hal. —
From handsal, a contract, were named
Hank, an inclination or propensity of the Hansals-stadir, the Hanse Towns, a
mind. confederation of towns on the Baltic and
The fundamental sense of hank is to North Sea united by mutual agreement
cause to hang, to fasten. 'He hankyd for the security of trade. From this
not the picture of his body upon the original the term hanse was applied in a
cross.' —Hooper in R. G. henken, hang- more general sense to a mercantile cor-
en, to hang or fasten something upon poration. Fr. Hanse, a company, society,
another ; gehenk, henkel, what serves to or corporation of merchants (for so it
hang something, a belt, girdle, the ear of signifies in the book of the ordonnances
a pot Pl.D. henk, a handle N. haank, of Paris)
; ; also an association with, or
;

a bunch, cluster of things hanging toge- the freedom of, the Hanse, also the fee
ther. Hank in the sense of a settled or fine which is paid for that freedom
tendency or propensity of mind may be hanser, to make free of a civil company
explained by the G. expression, sein herz or corporation. G. hdnseln, to hansel, to
an etwas hangen, to set his heart upon a initiate —
a novice. Kiittner. Here it will
thing, to fix his affections upon it. be observed we apparently get back to
ON. haunk, hank, a wreath of thread
E. the original form of the word, although
wound round a reel, is from the notion the second syllable of the G. verb is the
of fastening, in the same way that the usual frequentative termination, and not
synonymous hasp is from the same ra- the element sell, signifying to deliver, in
dical notion. the original expression.
To Hanker. To be very desirous of * Hantle. ,A considerable number.

something. B. Du. hungkeren, to seek Jam. From handful, as Northampton
eagerly, applied in the first instance to spunful or spuntle, a spoonful. — Mrs
children seeking the breast. Kil. —
From Baker. Staff, boutle, a boukful or pail-
the whinnying cry by which they make ful. Hesse hampel, a handful.
known their want. Flem. hungkeren, Happy. Happen. Hap, luck,
Hap. — —
hinnire E. hummer, to whinny, as when
;
what we catch, what falls to our lot.
is

the horse hears the corn shaken in the Happy, fortunate, having good hap. To
sieve. The same figure is used in Du. happen, to befall. So NFris. hijnnen, to
janken, to yelp as a dog for a piece of seize with the hand, and reflectively to
meat hy jankt om dat ampt, he hankers happen
;
ON. henda, to seize, also to
;

(aspire avidement) after that office.— happen.


Halma. Fr. happer, to hap or catch, to snatch
Hansel.— Hanse-Town. Hansel, or or grasp at. Cot. —Du. habben en snab-
more fully good-hansel, is an earnest, ben, captare happen, to snap like a dog,
;

something given or done to make good a seize, catch, take.— Kil. Pl.D. Happ,
contract. Happs, imitation of the sound made by
Sendeth ows to gode hans the jaws ; happ'n, to take with the mouth
An c. thousand besans.—Alisaunder, 2930. so as to let the sound happ be heard ;

In the way ofgood-hansel, de bon erre. happig, eager, greedy.— Danneil.


To Hap. Probably a
To wrap up.
Palsgr. Then applied to the first use of
corruption, of whap, from wlap. Lappyri,
a thing, as that which confirms the pos-
session. or ivhappyn' in clothes —involvo. — Pr.

The formation of the word {hand, and Pm. See Lap.


ON. sella, to give, be- Harangue. The old derivation from
AS. syllan, sellan,
stow, deliver) has been commonly mis- the ring or audience addressed in a
understood as if it signified delivery of solemn discourse is probably correct.
possession, giving a thing into the hand Consedere duces, et vulgi stante corond—.
of another. The real import is a striking The MHG. ring was applied to the lists or
of hands, a giving of the hand in token inclosure for a combat, or to the space
of conclusion, making the expression cleared for a combat, just as with us the
synonymous with handfast. AS. hand- ring is the technical term for the inclosure
Sc. hand- in a fight with fists. The term was also
fastan, to pledge one's hand ;

fast, to betroth by joining hands.—Jamie-


applied to the audience in a court of jus-
son. ON. Handsal, stipulatio manu facta, tice, to
the circle of witnesses in a solemn
7o7- From the
an agreement upon which hands have betrothal.— Zarncke,
ii.

332 HARASS HARICOT


first of these senses must be explained It. Harbour. In the Frankish kingdoms
aringo, arringo, a list or tilt yard ; from of the middle ages, when the whole
the second, arringare, to arrange or set scheme of government was military, the
in array [properly to make a ring, to army was taken as the type of the public
place the audience for hearing], also to service in general, and so -heri (g. heer,
make an oration or set speech in public, army) in composition must be understood
to address a ring, [and thence] aringa, in a more general sense than its etymo-
arenga, arringa, a public set speech or logy would import. Thus heribannum,
declaration, an harangue; arringo, arring- properly the duty of military service, or a
ghiera, a pulpit or chair wherein orations money composition for non-performance,
are made, a balcony. —
Fl. The deriva- was applied to any exaction for the public
tion from ring explains the double sense service heribergum (G. bergen, AS. beor-
;

of It. aringo, which would remain un- gan, to shelter) was the duty of lodging
accounted for if arringare, to harangue, the officers of the crown on public service,
were identical with E. arraign, OFr. or a contribution for that purpose. Ut '

aregnier, araisner. Mid. Lat. adrationare. nee pro waitl, &c., nee pro heribergare
The syllable ha in Fr. haratigue repre- nee pro alio banno heribannum comes
sents the h in OHG. hring, as the ha in exactare prsesumat, nisi, &c.' Leg. Car. —
hanap, the h in OHG. hnapfj or the ca in Mag. in Muratori, Diss. 19, p. 53. In
canif, the k in knife. later times the word was applied to shel-
Sarass. Fr. harasser, to tire or toil ter, lodgment, hospitality in general, as in
out, to vex, disquiet, harry, hurry, turmoil. G. herberge. albergo, Fr. auberge, an
It.

— Cot. From the figure of setting on a inn, or house for the harbouring of travel-
dog to attack another animal. Fr. harer lers ; OE. harborough, to harbour, or give
nn chien, to set a dog on a beast harier, ; shelter to.
to harry, hurry, vex, molest. —
Cot. The t was herbarweles and ye Iierboridcn me.
angry snarling of a dog is represented by Wicliff in R.
the sound of the letters rr, ss, st, ts, tr, Then went forth our pinnaces to seek harho-
and as the sounds of the angry animal rffw,and found many good harbours, of the
are imitated in order to excite his anger which we entered into one with our shippes.—
Hackluyt in R.
and set him on an opponent, a variety of
words are formed from the foregoing radi- Bret, herberdhia, to give shelter, lodging,
cal letters with the sense of setting on, hospitality.
inciting, provoking, irritating, teasing, Hard. Close, compacted, difficult.
annoying. We may cite Lat. hirrire, to B. G. ha7-t, N. hardr, Goth, hardus. Gr.
snarl w. hyr, the gnar or snarl of a dog,
; Kapro^, Kparoc,, Strength.
a word used by one who puts a dog for- Hardy. Fr. hardi, Bret, her, hardiz,
ward to fight, a pushing or egging on ;
It. ardito, daring ; ardire, to dare. Fr.
hys, a snarl ; hysian, hysio, to cause to harier, hardier, OE. hardy, hardish, to
snarl, to urge, to set on hys / used in
; excite, set on, encourage. From the figure
setting on a dog. Walach. hirii, to snarl, of setting on a dog, Fr. harer un chicn.
to set on, incite, irritate, se hirii, to quar- W. hyrrio, hyrddio, to set on, irritate, push,
rel. E. dial, to harr, to snarl to hare,
; thrust, drive, make an onset hwrdd, an

;

to hurry, harass, scare. Hal. N. hirra, assault, onset; "R-OMchi hourder les chicns,
hissa, to set on a dog. Dan. irre, to to set them on.
tease, opirre, to irritate, provoke. In the '
Hyrtc hine hord-weard,' the treasure-
same way E. to tar or ter, to set on a dog, —
keeper animated himself. Beovirulf 5183.
to provoke ; Dan. tirre, to tease, to See Harass.
worry. Hare. g. hose.
Harbinger. One sent onto prepare To Hare. To scare or terrify. 'To
harbourage or lodgment for his employer, hare and rate them at every turn is not
thence one who announces the arrival of to teach them, but to %ex and torment
another. —
them to no purpose.' Locke on Educa-
AS. heribyrigan, OE. harborow, Sc. her- tion. Fr. harer un chien, to set on a dog.
bery, herbry, to harbour or give lodgment See Harass.
or quarters to. Hence herbryage, har- Haricot. A
dish described by Cot. as
bourage, lodging, from which would be made of small pieces of mutton a little
formed harb'ragcr, harbreiigcr, as from boiled, then fried. Hotchepot of many
message, messenger, from scavage, scaven-
ger. Barbour uses herbryour in the same
meates, haricot. Palsg. —
The meaning
of the word seems to be, hacked or chop-
signification direct from herbry. ped, cut up into small bits, the name of

HARK HARRIDAN 333


haricot being also given to a kind of beans harinr, grief, sorrow, injury ; harma, to
the pods of which are sliced for dressing, grieve ; Sw. harjn, anger, vexation ;
in Du. snijboonen, from snijden, to cut. harmlig, provoking. G. harm, affliction,
Wall, halcoter, to joggle, to haggle dial, trouble ; gram, grief, sorrow, vexation ;
;

of Bayonne haricoter, to haggle (Grand- grdmlich, peevish, morose.


gagnage), Rouchi haricotier, a huckster. Harmony. Gr. apitovia, from apfios, a
Harigoter, to jog ; hargoter, to haggle, suiting or fitting together.
wrangle. —
Roquef. The word seems Harness, g. harnisch, armour. Fr.
formed from hack or hag; hacoter, hal- harnois. It. arnese, all manner of harness,
coter, harcotsr. equipage, munition, furniture, or taclding,

Hark. Hearken. Hist. —To hark, for sea or land wearing clothes, also an ;

to whisper. —Jam. on. hark, Bohem. engine or device. Fl. Harnois degueule, —
hrk, noise, hrdiii, to murmur, rustle. belly-furniture, meat and drink. Cot. The —
The effort of listening is directed to catch meaning of the word is thus habiliment,
low sounds ; accordingly we intimate our furniture, probably from Sp. guarnear,
wish that a person should listen by a re- gttarnescer, to garnish, trim, adorn, to har-
presentation of the low sound to which ness mules ; giiarnh, parts of a tackle-fall ;
his attention is to be directed. Thus the guarnicion, garniture, trimming, (in pi.)
Latins represented the low rustling sound armour of defence ; harness of horses.
made by a person moving by the letters Ptg. guarnecer, to provide, furnish, equip.
st ! which were also taken as a command Harp. G. harfe, Fr. harpe. The in-
to listen or to keep still. The correspond- strument was probably named from the
ing E. term is hist / which may be ren- way of sounding it by plucking the strings
dered either hark or be silent
! with a hook or with the fingers.
! See
Hist hold awhile [hem st mane],
! ! ! Harpoon.
I hear the creaking of Glycerium's door, To Harp or Hark back. To return
Colman's Terence in R. to, an old subject.
w. hust, a low or buzzing noise ; husting, The waggoners' cry to make horses
a whisper. back is Devonshire haapl or haap
in
In the same way hark / is originally back! To ha-ape, to stop or keep back.
the representation of a rustling sound, — Hal. The cry in Da. dial, is hop dig!
then an intimation to listen. G. horchen, At hoppe en vogn, to back a waggon.
to listen. In Holstein happen or huppen, to riigge
Harlot. Not originally appropriated huppen. In Westerwald the cry is hiif!
to a female, nor even to a person of bad and thence houfe, to turn back gehouf, ;

character. going backwards. When to haap back


was used in a metaphorical sense among
He was a gentil harlot and a land,
A better felaw sholde a man not find. people who were ignorant of the waggon-
a meaning was given to it as if it
Chaucer. Prol. ers' cry,

A sturdy harlot went hem ay behind was a metaphor from harping on an old
string, or listening to the hounds that
That was hir hostes man, and bare a sack,
And What men yave him, laid it on his back.
have struck the scent behind us. What '

Sompnours Tale. is the use of tormenting yourself by con-

It seems to have simply signified a young stantly harping back to old days?
man, from W. herlawd, herlod, a youth, a Dumbleton Common, 1867; I. p. 156.
stripling, herlodes, a damsel then to Harpoon. Fr. harpon, a barbed iron
;

have acquired the sense of a loose com- for spearing fish, also a cramp-iron har- ;

panion. These harlottes that haunt pin, a boat-hook. From harper, to seize,
'


bordels of these foule women.' Parson's to gripe se harper Vun a I'atUre, to grap- ;

Tale. Harlotry, scurrilitas. — Wiclif.


ple ; harpi, greedy, snatching or grasping
Ephes. c. 5. A
similar developm.ent of at ; harpe, claws, talons ; Lang, arpo, a
meaning is seen in Fr. hardel, hardeau, claw ; arpi, to clutch or scratch. Gr.
a youth, a ribald, vaurien, mauvais sujet. apirdZu), Lat. rapio, to seize, snatch, carry
— Roquef. Hardelle, a young girl. The away.
Harpy. Gr. "Ap-rrma, Lat. Harpya, a
Lat. adulter would seem originally to
have signified no more than a young man. fabled ravening fowl with a woman's face.
Gerro, a tryfelour or a harlott. Medulla. — Harridan. This word is one of those
An harlott, balator, rusticus, mima, jocu- that are to' be explained by the Walloon
lator, nugator, scurrulus. To do harlotry, corruption of an initial sch to h, several
scurrari. —
Cath. Ang. in Pr. Pm. examples of which are given under
Hoaming. On this principle the Du.
Harm. AS. hearm, evil, harm ; ON.
; ;;

334 HARROW HASEL


schaerde, scheure, a breach or nick, be- hars, harsh, rough, pointed, bitter OE. ;

comes Wall, hard (d silent Grandg.), — harske, or haske, as sundry frutys, stypti-
har, haur, breach, nick, gap.— Remade. cus. —Pr. Pm. Harsh or astringent in
Hence hardi, haurd^, gap-toothed. Veie taste is what makes the throat rough and
hardaie, vieille brSchedent, old gap- the voice hoarse, and it will be observed
toothed woman hdrdd-dain, brSchedent, that hoarse is written with and without
;

corresponding exactly to Du. schaerdtan- —


the r {hoos, hoarse, raucus Pr. Pm.), in
dig, serrffi modo dentatus. The simple the same way that we have hask and
union of the elements har, breach, and harsk. He hath a great haskness, gravi
'

dain, tooth, would construct still more —


asthmate implicatur,' Horman in Way.
exactly the E. harridan. In the same 'Dates are. good for the harrishness,
way Westerwald raff, reff, a heckle or or roughness of the throte.' Turner's —
iron comb for plucking off the heads of Herbal, ibid. '
Sorbum, an harryshe
flax, is inSwabia applied to a broken row pear.' — Elyot, ibid.
of teeth. Westerw. zahnrdhj, a gap in * Hart. AS. heart, heoriit, ON. hj'drtr,
the teeth; Swab, raffel, zahnraffel, a OHG. hiruz, G. hirsch, a stag. As Lat.
broken-toothed person, abusive term for ce7-vus shows a connection with Gr. iclpac,
an old woman. Schmid. — Lat. cornu, a horn, the word is supposed
Harrow! A cry of distress, OFr. to mean the horned one, the n of horn, as
hare ! harau ! Crier haro sur, to make the nu of cornu, not being radical. So
hue and cry after. Marauder, haroder, from Magy. szarv, a horn, szarvas,
to cry harrow to cry out upon, exclaim
! horned, a stag.
against, revile. Bret, harao ! cry when Harvest. G. herbst, harvest, autumn ;

one is hooted. Bohem. hr ! hrr / inter- ON. haust, autumn, hausta, to harvest
jection of excitement (frementis), hurrah! Bret. Eost, August, harvest ; eosta, to
OHG. haren, to cry out. Sc. harm ! an harvest.
outcry for help, also often used as a cheer The Du. has oogst, harvest
oogsten, ;

or encouragement to pursuit. to harvest, whence Ihre conjectures that


A harrowing sight is one which leads all these forms, oogst, aust, haust, are
to the exclamation harrow ! from Lat. Augustus, and G. herbst, E. har-
Harrow. Harowe, erpica, et traha, vest, are a further corruption by the creep-

Anglice a slede. Pr. Pm. Dan. harv, a ing in of an r.
harrow. Sw. dial, harv, a hay-rake. Fin. To Hase. To urge, drive, harass,
/mra,a brush-harrowmade of the branches —
especially with labour. Webster. Others
of pine-trees ; harga(a,\.oha.xro\f,hara'wa, explain it, to amaze, to scare. To fright

,

a hay-rake ; Esthon. harrima, harjama, with a sudden noise. B.


to brush, to comb harjas, a brush
; Perhaps from taking away the breath.
karri, a brush, heckle, comb. G. harke, To hase, to breathe short. Hal. N. —
a rake, Fr. herce, a harrow, are probably hcEsa, to pant with fatigue and exhaustion.
other modifications of the same radical But the more probable origin is perhaps
form. the notion of urging, driving, from the cry

To Harry. Herry. To daunt, to (Finnish) has! has ! used in setting on a
fright, to scold at, handle roughly. B. — dog ; hasittaa, to set on, incite, Fr. haser,
Sc. herry, hirry, harry, to rob, spoil, pil- to irritate, vex, stimulate. Roquef. 'Le —
lage, ruin by extortion. AS. hergian, her- suppliant dit a icellui Bordier, Tu as
ian, to plunder, afflict, vex. Fr. harrier, affold mon fils lequel luy repondi que si
;

hardier, to molest, provoke, vex, toil, tur- le haseroit (if he provoked him) que si
moil. ON. heria, to make an inroad on. feroit a lui mesme.' Record, a.d. 1450, —
N. heria, to plague, oppress, ruin. Dan. in Due. Henschel. Lap. hasketet, to set
hcerge, hcerje, to ravage. The origin on dogs Sw. haska fa ndgon, to hurry
;

seems shown in Fr. harer, to set on a dog one on, urge one on ; haska bort, to drive
to attack. See Harass. away.
The word was also written harcw. Hasel. N. hasl, Du. haze-noot, hazel-
The harrowing of hell was the triumphant noot, the common nut. From the con-
expedition of Christ after his crucifixion, spicuous husk or beard in which it is
when he brought away the souls of the enveloped. Dan. hase, the beard of nuts.
righteous, who had died and had been Da. dial, haas, haser, the beard of corn
held captive in hell since the beginning fas, Sw. fnas, the beard of nuts. Bav.
of the world. hosen, fesen, the husk of corn. E. hose
Harsh. G. harsch, hard, rough, aus- was formerly used in the same sense.
tere ; Dan. harsk, rancid ; Sc. harsk. FoUicoli, the hull, hose, peel or thin skin
;

HASH HATCH 335


that encloseth any wheat or rye when it karwa-hassa {Jiarwa^aSx), having shaggy
is green. Fl.— hair as a dog or bear. See Housings.
Hash. Cooked meat cut into small Haste. Hate. —
These words proba-
pieces for the purpose of being dressed a bly both have their origin in the cry has!
second time. Fr. hachis, a hachey or has! (Fin.), used in setting on a dog to
hachee, a sliced gallimawfrey or minced attack or pursue, an act which in one
meat. —
Cot. From hacker, to hack or point of view affords the image of urging
mince. or hurrying on, and in another of hostility,
Haslet. —Hastener. A
hog's haslet, contest, and hate. See Hfeat. Fin. has-
or harslet, the liver, heart, and lights of a ittaa, Esthon. assitama. Lap. hasetet,
pig. Corrupted from hastelets. Fr. has- hasketet, to set on dogs ; Sw. haska or
tille, hasterel, hastemenue, the pluck or hasta p& ndgon, to hurry one on, to urge
gather of an animal. The sense is little one on haska efter odjur, to pursue wild
;

roastings, from Fr. haste, a spit, also a beasts haska ut, to drive out on. hasta
; ;

piece of roast meat. Hastelle, hastellet, d, to threaten, scold ; hasta, to haste ;


hastille, a skewer, splinter, whence E. hastr, hostugr, severe. OHG. hazon, to
hastier, or corruptly hastener, a skreen to hate, to pursue hazjan, G. hetzen, to set
;

reverberate the fire on roasting meat. on, to incite Swiss hatz, anger, rancour,
;

Hastlere, that rostythe mete, assator, as- hatred (Stalder), in Austria, wrangling,
sarius. —
Pr. Pm. OFr. hastier, the rack quarrel E. hasty, easily roused to anger,
;

on which the spit turns to haste, to


; excitable Mid.Lat. asto animo, with hos-
;

roast.— Hal. tile intention adastiare, to provoke to


;

First to you schawe,


I will war It. aschio, rancour, malice ; aschi-
;

Tlie poyntes of cure al by rawe ; are, to bear malice. Fr. haster, hater,
Of potage, hastery and bakun mete. aastir, ahastir, aatir, to irritate, provoke,
Liber Cure Cocorum in Way. Hesser,
excite haster, hdter, to hasten.
;

All from Lat. hasta, a spear, transferred to incite, animate, also to hate. Roquef. —
to the signification of a spit. It is singu- 'Aucuns desdits de Mons aastirent de
lar that the Du. should have arrived by a paroles ceux de Villers.' Record, a.d. —
totally different track at so similar a 1401. Raoulin plain de mauvais esprit
'

form as harst, a roast, herdsten, harsten, respondit au suppliant, Se tu me hastes,


to roast, apparently from heerde, hearth. je te battrai tres bien.'— A.D. 1375. '
Be-
— Kil. AS. hyrstan, to fry. rart dit k Chaiivet que s'il le hatoit que il

Hasp. Hapse. — AS. haps, a lock, luy donroit un bouffeau ou buffe.' A.D.
Lap. hastet, to
latch, or bolt of a door ; G. haspe, hdspe, 1404, in Due. Henschel.
the hinge of a door, catch into which the challenge to fight, may explain Lat. hostis,
latch falls ; ON. hespa, a clasp, buckle, an enemy.
also a hasp or hank of thread ; thread On. etia, to irritate, set on, to contend.
wound round a wheel so as to make a At etia fight with spears.
oddiim, to
closed link. Sw. haspa, a latch, Du. Etias cL einn, maligno affectu concitari in
haspe, haspel. It. aspo, aspolo, E. hasp, a aliquem. At, instigation to fight, contest.
reel to wind yarn on. ^B. — Mid.Lat. atia, rancour. With the initial

From the snapping sound made by a h, OSax. huoti, ; AS. irritatus, infensus

clasp in closing. For the same reason a hettan, to persecute, pursue, on. hata,
clasp is also called a snap, and clapps ! G. hassen, to hate. Goth, hatis, anger,
(whence elapse, clasp) is an imitation of hatyan, to hate. The same equivalence
the same sound. Pl.D. happen, happsen, of forms with and without an initial h is
to snap with the jaws so as to let the seen in OSax. hatol, AS. atol, hateful,
sound happ, or happs, be heard. Dan- — cruel.
neil. Fr. happe, a clasp ; happer, to The connection between the ideas of
snap or snatch. setting on of animals to fight, and the
On the same principle Du. gaspe, angry passions, is also seen in Gael, stuig,
gkespe, a clasp, may be compared with E. incite, spur on, set dogs to fight (Lat. in-
gasp, to snap after breath. stigare), and Gr. btv^oq, hatred.
Hassock. A
tuft of sedge or rushes, a Hat. ON. h'ottrj Fris. hatte.
mat hassock-head, a matted head, bushy
;
Hatch.— Hack. Two words of differ-
entangled head of hair. Hal. —
Sc. has- ent derivations are probably confounded.
I. To hatch, to fasten, from Du.
haeck,.
sock, a besom, anything bushy, a large
round turf of peat used as a seat.—Jam. a hook, Pl.D. haken, to hook, hold fast.
Fin. hassa, a shaggy entangled condition Idt haket, it sticks fast, hseret res to- ;

hassapdd {pdd, head), tangled hair; haken, to button.— Brem. Wtb. ' If in
—;

335 HATCH HAW


our youth we could pick up some pretty broken sound, a quivering movement, to
estate 'twere not amis to keep the door e; tatter, a rag. In the same way we
hatched.' —
Pericles. To this form must have Du. hateren, to falter-;— Kil., hutteren,
be referred the hatches of a ship, the to stammer — Halma, Sc. hotter, to rattle,
valves which shut down the hold ; also shudder, shiver, totter, Swiss hottern, to
hatches, floodgates to stop the course of shake, leading to E. hater, and Bav. hut-
water. B. — ten, a rag. So also Swiss hudeln, to
2. Du. heck, a barrier of lath or trellice- wabble, dangle, compared with hudel, a
work, a grating, gate, portcullis ; E. hatch, rag. See Dud.
a half-door, frequently grated B. hack, — ;
Hauberk. —Habergeon. OFr. hau-
a rack for hay (a grating of rods through berc. usbergo, Prov. ausberc, from OHG.
It.

which the hay is pulled down) ; Sw. hdck, halsberc, AS. healsbeorg, a coat of mail,
a hedge of branches, a palisade, coop for from heals, the neck, and beorgan, to
fowls, rack for horses ; Fin. hakki, a cage cover or defend.
or hurdle made of wattles. The diminutive Fr. haubergeon, a
The root of this second division seems habergeon, is explained by Cotgr. a little
preserved in Esthon. haggo, bushes, coat of mail, or only sleeves and gorget
twigs, rods Fin. hako, g. hawon, fir
; of mail.
branches, whence hakeri, a hut of poles, Haughty. Formerly haul, hautain,
hakuli, a palisade. Walach. hacu, twigs, from Fr. haul, high, hauty, lofty ; haul d,
branches, rods, ha.tsishu,hatshiuga., brush- la main, hautain, proud, surly, stately.
wood. Cot.
To
Hatch.. To break the eggshell and
The fader hem louede alle ynog, ac the geongost
allow the young to come out. See Hack.
Hatchel. Hassel. —
Hackle. — — mest,
For heo was best and fairest, and to hautenesse
Heckle. The toothed instrument for drovv lest.— R. G.
combing flax is widely known by this Such minds as are haute, puffed up with pride.
name throughout Europe. Du. hekel, G. Udal in R.
hechel. Fin. hakyla, Walach. hehela, het-
Lat. alius. It. alto, high ; altiero, Sp.
sela, Magy. hdhel, a heckle. Bohem. altivo, haughty.
hachlowati, wochlowati, to heckle. Haunch. OHG. hlancha, and by the
Probably from the hooks or teeth of loss of the h, lancha, G. lanke, the flank.
which the instrument is composed. And '
On the other hand, by the loss of the /,
yet the same must be better kembed with
It. aiica, Fr. hanche, the haunch or hip.
hetchel-teeth of iron (pectitur ferreis
In the same way the OE. clatch is con-
hamis) until it be clensed from all the nected with catch on the one side and

gross bark and rind.' Holland, Pliny in
latch on the other. See Flank.
R. Haunt. From Bret, hent (correspond-
Hatchet. Fr. hacher, to hack hach- ;
ing to Goth. si7ith, AS. sitli), a way, henti,
ereau, hachette, a hatchet or small axe.
Fr. hanter, to frequent, to haunt.
Rouchi hape, an axe, hapiete, apiete, a To Have. Lat. habere, Goth, haban.
hatchet. Haven, on. h'dfn, OFr. haveiic, havle,
Hate. See Haste.
mod. havre, a haven ON. hafna, to re-
;
Hater. Properly a rag, then in a de- fuse, abstain, desert at hafna bodi, to
;
preciatory sense a garment.
refuse an invitation •vinirnar hafna ;
I have but oon hool hater, quod Haukyn,
honuin, his friends desert him at hafna
I am the lasse to bla.me,
;

sig (to withdraw from the perils of the


Though it be soiled and selde clean. — P. P. sea), to betake oneself to port.
AS. hateru, clothing
G. hader, a rag,;
Havock. w. hafog, destruction, waste.
tatter,worn-out clothes Bav. haiid- ;
Hai hafog / a cry when cows are com-
hadern, handkerchief prang hadern, ;
mitting waste in a neighbour's laud.
frills ; huder, rag, tatter.
hudel, Pl.D.
Perhaps originally a cry of encourage-
hadder, tatter, vcrliaddern, verhiddern, to
ment to a hawk (AS. hafoc) when loosed
entangle, ravel. The designation of a rag
upon his prey.
is commonly taken from the figure of
shaking, fluttering in the wind. Thus in Cry havock ! and let loose the dogs of war.
E. tatter, to chatter — Hal., Du. iatercii, Haw, —Hawthorn, as. haga, a hedge,
to stammer — Halma, Bav. tattern, to piece of enclosed land, dwelling-house.
prattle, to shiver, tattennan, a scarecrow Hence haga-tlwrn, hedge-thorn, haw-
(an image of rags fluttering in the wind), thorn, the fruit of which are haws. G.
we see the advance from the image of a hag, a hedge, enclosure, shrub, thicket
; —
;

HAW HEARSE 337


hag-apfel, a crab ; hage-dorn, hawthorn, hain, hay, grass ; Fin. heina. Lap. suoine,
dog-rose. Lith. szenas, Magy. szena, hay.
To Haw. To make sounds like haw, Hazard. Sp. azar, unlucky throw on
haw, between one's words in speaking. the dice, disaster. It. zara, a die, the
Hawbuck. A Johnny-raw, a silly game of hazard, an unlucky cast zara ;

clown. Swiss holzbock, homo stupidus, a chi tocca, bad luck to him to whom it
incogitans. —
Idioticon Bern, in Deutsch. falls. Mod.Gr. ?dpi, a die Alb. zar, a
;

Mundart. die, luck. Arab, az zahr, a die.


Hawk. AS. hafoc, ON. hatikr, G. hab- Haze.—Hazy. Haze, a thick fog it ;

icht,OHG. hapuh, w. hebog. Lap. hapak, hazes, it misles small rain. —


B. Possibly
haukka. Fin. hawikka, haukka. The im- from ON. and AS. has, hoarse, the signifi-
mediate origin seems preserved in Fin. cation passing on from thickness of voice
hawia, voracious, while the ultimate de- to thickness of atmosphere.
rivation is probably to be found in the To Haze. —Hazle. To dry linen.
root hap, exemplified in Fr. happer, to Hal. Those that by that happy wind of
'

seize, Lap. hapadet, to grasp at. From thine didst hazle and dry up the forlorn
the same root hauki, a pike, known for dregs and slime of Noah's deluge.' —
its voracity among fish, as the hawk Roger's Naaman the Syrian in Trench.
among birds." Fr. hosier, h&ler, to dry in the air, to
To Hawk. I. w. hochi, to hawk, to wither from drought. Rouchi hasi, dried
clear the throat. Magy. hdk, clearing the by the heat, burnt. N. hcEsa, to dry in
throat, phlegm. An imitation of the the wind, to breathe hard ; has, a frame-
sound produced. Dan. harke, to hawk, work for drying hay and corn in the field
harkla, to spit. Sw. has, cocks of hay.
To Hawk. 2. Hawker. A hawker
To Heal.—Health.—Holy. G. heil,
whole, sound, entire, in good health ;
is one who cries his goods for sale about
heilig, inviolable, inviolate, secure from
the streets or ways to hawk, to cry goods
;
injury, sacred, holy. Or. 'oKoq, whole,
for sale. N. hauka, hua, huga, to cry, to
shout. Pol. huk, roar, din, clangour
entire. With an initial s instead of h (as
in Lat. sal, compared with Or. oKq, w. hal)
hukad, to whoop, hoot, hallow, w. hw, a
hoot, hwa, to hallow, to shout hwchw ! we ;
have Lat. solus, alone (undivided),'pa-
rallel with Or. 'i\oq ; salvus, sound, and
a cry of hollo, a shout, scream ; Bret, ioua,
salus {saluf), corresponding to hallow,
ioudha, to cry, to shout Fr. hucher, Pic.
;
health. As the healing of a wound is the
hugiter, to call or cry. Hence Mid.Lat.
joining of the skin and covering up of the
huccus, uccus, cry hucagium, or crida-
;
wound, the word seems connected with
gium, criagium, the duty payable on cry-
helan, to hill or cover, though it is by
mg the sale of wine. ' Chacun tavernier AS. no means clear that the latter signification
de St Nicolas est tenu de nous rendre et
is the earliest in the order of develop-
poier chacun an, pour chacun tonneau
ment.
que il vend en I'an, maiUe pour criage, et
Heam. See Hame.
nous sommes tenus de crier leur vin k
Heap. Pl.D. hoop, G. haufe, ON. hopr,
leur requeste.' —
Record, a.d. 1289, in
AS. heap, a heap, crowd.
Due. Hensch. ' Videlicet quod huca-
To Hear. Hark! hist J list! are all .

gium seu clamor tabernarum et coUatio representatives of a low whispering or


hucagii seu clamoris in Majoria et omne —
rustling sound ; then used interjectionally
jus quod habet in cellerifl, et in coUatione
— to direct attention to sounds of that na-

ejusdem, nobis ^libera manebunt.' A.D. ture, and consequently used in
the sense
1269 in Carp. of listening, striving to catch sound, using
We might be tempted to explain from the ears. It is probable that hear may
this' source the designation of the huck-
have a like origin. Swiss Hor ! an in-
jfe;', who went about the town selling and
terjection used to still an unquiet ox ; Be
doubtless crying their goods. '
Qe nul still ! Hence horen, G. aufhbren, to cease,
hukster estoise en certain lieu mais voi-
be
sent parmi la vile.' —
Liber Albus, 690.
still.

Goth, hausjan, to hear.


But a wider comparison compels us to To Hearken. From hark ! with the
refer huckster to another source^
insertion of an e under the influence of a
Hawser. See Halse. reference to hear.
Hay. Goth, havi, grass ; AS. hedg, Hearse. We
find this word applied
hig, ON. hey, Du. houwe, hauw, hoy (Kil.), to the solemn obsequy at funerals, or to a
grass cut and dried for fodder. Esthon. funeral monument. In modern times it
22
— —!

338 HEART HEAT


isconfined to the carriage in which the ' Ficca facca, faint not, hold out, pull up
coffin is conveyed. 'A cenotaph is an a good heart.' Fl. I —
plucke up my

empty funeral monument in imitation of herte, or I take good herte to me.
which our hearses here in England are Palsgr.
set up in churches during the continuance If thou beest true and honest.
of a year, or for the space of certain And if thou findest thy conscience clear from it.

months.' Weever in Todd. —
Pluck -uf a good heart. B. Jonson. Tale of a
Tub, act 3, sc. 2.
The gawdy girlonds deck her grave,
The faded flowers her corse embrave, Kyng Alisaunder though hym weore wo,

O hevie herse / Shepherd's Cal. He tolc ^ara. god heorte to.—Alisaunder, 6928.

The origin the Fr. herce, a harrow, an


is When the knight perceived that he could
escape no 'way he took a good heart and ran
implement which in that country is made
among the thickest.— Dr Faustus, c. 52.
in a triangular form, not square as with
us. Hence the name of herce or herche As a stag in good condition (a good
was given to a triangular framework of hart) was hunting language called a
in
iron used for holding a number of can- hart of grease (Grisons vacca da grass, a
dles at funerals and church ceremonies. fat cow), to pluck up a good heart seems
Heerce on a dede corce, piramis. Pr. — to have been punningly converted into
Pm. ' In reliquis vero festivitatibus qui- plucking up or taking a hart of grease,
bus accendi solet machina ilia ferrea quae corrupted, when the joke was no longer
vulgo Erza vocatur, pro ilia l_ampadibus understood, into heart ofgrace.
vitreis illustretur.' —
Statut. Abbat. Clu- Hearth,
hearth.
as. heorih, G. herd, area,
niac. in Due. '
Feri4 quinta, &c. et sab- floor, Generally the floor or
bato herchia debet esse ad dextrum cornu ground on which any operation is carried
magni altaris et ibi debent esse 26 cerei on. OG. Berth, the soil. Tacitus (De
illuminati ad matutinas.' —
Volo quod 24
' moribus Germanorum) says, ' In com-
torches et 5 tapers, quolibet taper pondere mune Herthum, id est Terram colunt.'
10 librarum prasparentur pro sepultura Swiss herd, soil, ground, earth ; herdap-
mei absque ullo alio hercio.' Testam.— fel, potato ; herdig, earthen herdelen, ;

Jonan. de Nevil, A.D. 1386, in Due. to have an earthy taste.


Hensch. 'Cujus quidem sepulturte seu —
Heat. Hot. ON. hita, hiti, heat, boil-
funeris nostri exequias more regio volu- ing ;heitr, hot, angry G. hitze, heat,
;

mus celebrare, ita quod pro praedictis ex- passion, anger ; heiss, hot, vehement, ar-
equiis iv hercice excellentias convenientes dent.
regali —in locis subscriptis per executores We have seen under Entice that the
nostros przeparentur.' —
Test. Ric. 11. figure of setting on a dog to fight gives a
Rymer, vol. 8. 75, in Due. Hensch. The designation to the act of lighting a fire,
quantity of candles being the great dis- and even to the materials of combustion,
tinction of the funeral, the name of the in Lat. titio, Fr. tison, a fire-brand. And
frame which bore them came to be used if thesame line of inquiry is pushed a
for the whole funeral obsequies, or for littlefurther it will be hard to avoid the
the cenotaph at whose head the candles conclusion that the G. hitze and E. heat
were placed, and finally for the funeral have their origin in the same figure. If
carriage. the G. hetzen, anhetzen, to set on dogs to
At Poules his masse was done, and diryge fight or attack, to incite, inflame, provoke,
In hers royall, semely to royalte. Sw. hetsa, to set on, to heat, and the like,
Hardyng, Rich. II. in Way. stood by themselves, no one would doubt
Herce, a dede body, corps. Palsgr. — that the idea of heating the passions of
Heart. Goth, hairio, Gr. KapSia, KpaSia, the animal was the foundation of the
KBap, Lat. car {cord'), It. ctiore, Fr. caeur, expression. But when we compare the
Gael, cridne, Lith. szirdis, Russ. serdce, hissing or snarling sounds used in setting,
Sanscr. hrid, hardi. on dogs, Fin. has ! as ! Lap. hos ! Serv.
Heart of Grace. To take heart of osh! Pl.D. hiss! w. hyr ! E. ss ! st! ts
grace or pluck up heart of grace, to be of It. izs! uzz! we find it impossible either
good heart. I take herte a gresse as one to suppose that these are derived from a
dothe that taketh a sodayne corage upon word signifying heat, or to separate the
him. They lyved a grete Avhyle as cow- G. and Sw. forms above mentioned from
ards, but at the last they took herte a the other verbs manifestly founded on
gresse to them. —
Palsgr. the cry of instigation. Lap. hasetet, haske-
Apparently from a punning version of tet, hotsalet, Serv. oshkati, N. hirra, Dan.
the expression to take a good Iteait. tirre, Pl.D. hisscn (e. tiss, to hiss), Sw.
— — ;

HEATH HELE 339


iussa, ,Du. hisschen, hitschen, hiise?i, hus- covered. Swiss hiynmel, skin which forms
sen (Kil.), It. izzare, uzzare, tizzare, on the surface of liquids after standing.
stizzare, to incite, set on, provoke. From —
Heavy. Heft. as. hefig, on. hofugi;
izzare, to provoke, we have izza, anger heavy ; hqfgi, weight, the object of the
FL, and in like manner from G. hetzen, act of heaving. Heft, weight, pressure.
hitze, passion, fury, ardour, heat. Sw. — Hal.
hetsa, to set on, to heat ; hetsig, hot, Hecatomb. Gr. UaToiifSt] (Uarbv, a
burning ; hetta, heat, passion. hundred, and l3ovs, an ox), a sacrifice of a
Heath. Goth, haithi, aypiSg, the open hundred victims.
country ; haithivisks, aypios, wild ; ON. Hectic. Lat. hectica, a fever, from Gr.
heidi, a waste, heldi jorS, waste, barren iKTiKhq, habitual, from 'ijiii, to have, hold.
land, heath ; haucCr, uncultivated land ; Hedg^e. as. hegge, G. hag, a bush,
G. heide, a heath, waste, barren extent of shrub, thicket, enclosure, hedge hecke, a ;

country ; heide-kraut, heath and other thicket, a quickset hedge. Du. haag,
plants that grow on barren wastes. The hegghe, a thorn-bush, thicket, hedge, also
plant heath is no doubt so named from —
a hurdle. Kil. Haag-doom, hawthorn.
growing on barren heaths. Suffolk hetch, a thicket, a hedge. Fin.
Heathen. Goth, haithno, "EWjjvi'e, hako, fir-branches, Esthon. Aag^(7,Walach.
Marc 7. 26. G. heide, a heathen. The haai, bushes, twigs, rods. See Hatch.
word bears a singular resemblance to Gr. To Heed. as. hedan, Du. hoeden, G.
the Gentiles, but if it were derived
fflvij, htiten, to keep, guard, observe. Hoeden
from that source it must have passed de beesten, to watch cattle.
through the form of Lat. Ethnici, which Heel. AS. hel, on. hcell, Du. hiel.
could hardly have produced G. heide. To Heel. as. hyldan, to incline. Hyra '

We must then suppose that it is the andwlitan on eorthen hyldun.' They bent
equivalent of Lat. paganus, meaning ori- their looks on the earth. —Luc 24. 5. ON.
ginally country people, from Goth, haithi, halla, to incline, to lean towards ; hallr,
the open country. Du. heyde, heyden, inclined towards, inclination hella, to
;

homo agrestis et incultus, a clown, a pour — Egilsson; Dan. helde, to slope,


pagan, heathen. — Kil. decline, lean, to tilt a vessel, to pour.
To Heave. Goth, hafjan, ON. hefia, Perhaps this last may be the original
AS. hebbdn, G. heben, to lift. sense of the word. To hele, or hell, to
Heaven, as. heofon, Goth, himins, —
pour out. Hal.
OHG. himil, heaven, G. himniel, a canopy, And belyve he garte helle down the
'

an arched or vaulted covering, the sky, water on the erthe before alle his men.'—
heaven. MS. Hal. ' Hwon me asaileth buruhwes
The sound of v and m immediately be- other castles theo thet beoth withinnen
fore an n frequently interchange. Dan. heldeth schaldinde water ut ' -pour scald-
hevne, N. hemna, to revenge OS^.jaf-
;

ing water out. Ancren Riwle, 246. In
nati, jamnan, always ; as. efne, in com- the same way Fr. verser, to pour, seems
position emne, even, equal ; ON. sofna, to preserve the original meaning of Lat.
Sw. somna, to fall asleep ; ON. safna, AS. vergere, to decline, incline. Spuman-
'

jo»z»/fl«, to collect. There can then be little tesque mero paterK verguntur.' —
Statius.
doubt that Goth, himins and OSax. heb- Heifer, as. heafore, e. dial, heckfor,
an, as. heofon, are from the same root, heifker. Hekfere, juvenca Pr. Pm. —
probably a verb signifying to cover. The hecforde, a yong cowe, genisse. Palsgr. —
word was understood by the Saxons them- Du. hokheling, a heifer, from hok, a pen
selves in this sense. '
Sage me for hvil- or cote. The second syllable of heifer
cum thingum heofon sy gehaten heofon ? may be a modification of G.ferse, a heiferi
Ic the sage for thou he beheleth eall thset Height. See High.
hym beufon byth.' Tell me why heaven Heinous. Fr. haineux, from haine;
is called heaven 'i I tell you because it malice, hate, rancour ; hair, OFr. hadir,
covereth all that is beneath it. —Dialogue to hate. Diez. —
of Saturn and Solomon. A consciousness Heir. OFr. hoir, Lat. hceres.
of the same meaning is indicated in a To Hele.—Hill.—Hile. To cover.
passage of Otfrid quoted by Ihre. So Hillier, a tiler.
himil thekit thaz land. As wide as Thei hiled them I telle thee
heaven covers earth. From the same With leves of a fige tree.
root OSw. himin, the membrane which A poor person says, It takes a great
'

covers the brain ; himmels korn (for him- deal to hill and fill so many children.'
lost korn), skinless barley; hejnlig, secret, Goth, huljan, G. hiillen, to veil or cover,
22*
— —
;;;

34° HELL HEMORRHOIDS


to wrap ; Jiiille, clothing, mantle, cover. without arrangement. Sanders. — See
ON. hylia, to hide G. hiilse, the covering
; Hurly-burly.
of a thing, hull, husk, pod. AS. helan, to Helve. AS. helf, Bav. helb, helben, halb,
conceal, cover. Swiss halm, handle of an axe or hammer
Hell. The place of the dead, or place G. hebn, handle of a tool, stock of an
where the dead are punished. ON. Hel, anchor. OG. helm.-parten, axe with a long
death Hel, Helia, the Goddess of death.
;
handle, halberd.
At sld i hel, to strike dead hel-bldr, ;
Hem. The hem of a garment, from
death-pale, livid ; hel-blinda, fatal blind- the verb to hem, is that which binds round
ness hel-sot, death sickness ; hel-viti,
;
the edges and prevents them from ravel-
the punishment of the dead, whence Dan. ling. It was formerly used in the sense
helvede, Hell. Magy. halni, to die, halott, of a border of any kind, and not merely
a corpse. Gr. HkinQai, to die. a sewing down of the edge as at present
Helm. I. Helmet. Goth, kilms, on. fimbria, limbus, ora. —
Pr. Pm. It is re-
Malmr, G. helm, It. Sp. elmo, Fr. heaume, markable that Sw. stdmma, to stop, to
helmet. NE. helm, a covering. B. OPtg. — staunch, also signifies to hem or border.
elmo, a covering, ' unum ebmim labora- — Rietz. See to Hem.
tum pro super ipsum altare.' — Record, On the other hand it is possible that
A.D. 1087, in Diez. Perhaps the same hem may be a parallel form correspond-
notion of protecting may be the root of ing to seam, as W. hal, to Lat. sal, salt
Du. helm, the creeping grass which pro- but the evidence upon the whole points
tects the sandy shores of Holland. the other way. W. hem, a hem, seam, bor-
From AS. helan, ON. hylia, to cover, der. N. Fris. heam, hem ; suum, seam.
protect hylma, hilma, to cover, hide
;

hilming, concealment ; i hilmingu, under


; — Johansen.
To Hem. To confine, surround, en-
pretext hilmir, protector, (poet.) king.
; close. —R. G. hemmen, to stop the mo-
Lith. szalmas, Russ. schlem, schelom, a tion of a body, to skid the wheel of a
helmet. waggon, to stop the course of water, to
2. Helme or the rothere of a ship, temo, thwart or hinder a proceeding. Sw.

plectrum. Pr. Pm. ON. hjdlm, hjdlmun, hamma, Pol. hamowad, to restrain, check,
rudder hidlmmivblr, Du. hehn-stock, the
; put a stop to ; hamulec, restraint, curb.
tiller. In all probability the helm may The immediate origin is probably the
be the helve or handle by which the ship G. interjection of prohibition Hamm !
'

is managed. OE. halme, handle. Helme (Kiittn.) or Hu7nm ! (Brem. Wtb.) Stop !

of a rothere of a shyppe, la manche du Let it alone ! Hamm


holln (in zaum hal-
gouvernail. Palsgr. — See Helve. ten), to keep under control. Danneil. —
* Help. Goth, hilpan, ON. hialpa, G. The sound of clearing the throat is re-
helfen, Lith. szelpti, to help, to take care presented by the syllable hem ! ex-
of ; gelblti, to help, to save gilbti, to ; plained by Worcester, an exclamation of
receive help pagalba, help, assistance.
; which the utterance is a sort of half-
The sense might well be explained from voluntary cough, and which, being the
OHG. halpa, halba, side, half. To side preparation for speaking, is used for the
with one is to take his part, to help him. purpose of calling to a person at a dis-
So from Fin. puoli, half, side, is formed tance.
puollaa, to side with one, to defend him. He hemmed audibly twice or thrice, which was
Helter-skelter. Sw. huller 07n biil- known in the family as a sign that he wished the
ler, hull om bull, httmmel um drummel, attention of the crowd to be directed to him.
Dyce, Bella Donna, i. 29, 1864.
Pl.D. huller de buller (Danneil), G. holler
di poller, halder de qualder, are interjec- To hem a person (Du. hemmen, hummen),
tional expressions representing racket, to callhim by crying hem B. From !

rattling noise, and thence applied to a thence to the notion of stopping one is

noisy, hurried, disorderly mode of action. a natural transition ; Du. hemmen, sis-

Sw. buller, noise, rattle, bustle G. pol- ; tere, retinere. — Biglotton. We then pass
tern, to make a hammering
noise, to do on to the notion of checking, controlling,
something with noise and racket, Hol- '
confining. See Ho.
ter-polter ! ein fiirchterliches getose.' Hemi-. Gr. %i, signifying half ; jJ^itos,
Sanders. For the element skelter com- half.
pare Sw. skalla, to yell ; Sc. skelloch, Hemorrhage. Gr. aino^payla, a burst-
Gael, sgal, shriek, yell, howl. ^Haider ing forth of blood, al/ia, and pfiyvvju, to
de qualder aus dem Spanischen iiber- break, burst.
setzen reicht nicht hin ;
' hand over head, Hemorrhoids. Gr.a'iiiolipoiQ, ainoppoWoc,
— — ;

HEMP HERON 341


a gushing of blood (alfta, blood, and psw, by a keeper, or the keeper himself, some-
to flow, poos, a flowing). times take their designation from the act
Hemp. Lat. cannabis, Du. hennip,
of driving, as Gr. ayiXi;, a herd, from aya,
G. hanf, ON. hanpr, Lith. kanape. to drive, and in E. a drove of cattle. So
Hen. A female fowl. on. hann, he, from Magy. haiiani, drive, to drive, to pas-
hun, she ; kani, G. ^aA??, a cock huhn, ture cattle; haitsdr, a shepherd. Now
;

henne, a hen. Sw. hannar och honor, the driving of cattle is vividly repre-
cocks and hens, males and females. Dan. sented by the setting on of dogs and
han, he, male ;han-kat, male cat han- the cries used in exciting them.
; So
spurv, cock-sparrow hane, a cock, male from hiss! the cry to a dog, we have
;

of domestic fowl ; hun, she, female of Pl.D. hissen, to set on ; de schaop hissen,
animals, hen of birds. It should be ob- to collect the sheep by the aid of a dog.
served hun becomes hen in the oblique Danneil. In Welsh the cries herr! hyrr !
cases. Pl.D. heeken and seeken, male and representing the snarl of a dog, are used
female of animals, cock and hen of birds. in hounding him on to fight, whence
Hendunan. A
supporter, one who hyrrio (n. hirrd], to set on a dog, and ap-
stands at one's haunch. So It. fiancai'e, parently hyrddio, to irritate, to impel, to
to flank, by met. to urge or set on (in —
push, to drive. Lewis. Roquefort gives
;

heraldry), to support arms. A


sidesman houre ! as a cry to animate a dog, ex-
is a parish officer who assists the church- plaining Rouchi hourder un chie?t, Fr.
wardens. harer un chioi (Cot.), to set on a dog
— —
Hend. Hent. To seize. Goth, fra-, and as the last of these forms seems to
us-hinthan, to take captive OHG. heri- give rise to Fr. harelle, a herd, so from
;

hunta, AS. huth, capture, prey ; OFris. harer, hourder, w. hyrrio, hyrddio may
handa, henda, to seize, ON. henda, to perhaps be explained harde, hourde, herd.
seize, to happen, the connection between Here. See He.
these ideas being shown under Happen. -h.ei-e. -hes. \jaX.hcereo, hcEsi,io%\\c^.
'
1 hente, I take by violence, or I catch, Adhere, to stick to Adhesive, having a
;


Je happe.' Palsgr. Sw. hdnda, to hap- tendency to stick to ; Cohere, to stick
pen. It is perhaps from this sense of together.
the verb rather than from the noun hand —
Hereditary. Heritage. Lat. hares,
that was formed the OE. hende, courteous, hceredis, an heir, Fr. heritage.
agreeable, in accordance with G. gefal- —
Heresy. Heretic. Gr. aVptirie (alpEw,
lig, falling in with the feelings of another, to choose, take), a choosing, an opinion,
complaisant, agreeable. a sect.
The original image is snapping with Heriot. as. here-geata, wig-geat, wig-
the jaws at something; Sc.hansh,haunsh, geatwe, warlike habiliments, from here
to snap or snatch at, violently to lay hold or wig, war, and geatwe, apparatus.
of — Jam. OFr. hancher, to grasp or
; Hi in wig'geatawum
snatch at with the teeth. —
Cot. '
Men Aldrum nethdon.
havyng on her shuldres and on her helmes They in warlike habiliments ventured
sharp pikes that if the olifaunt wold their lives. Beowulf. —
oughte henche or catch hem (posset ap- The latter part of the word is identical
prehendere), the pricks shulde let hem.' with Lith. gdtawos, ready Walach. gata, ;

— Trevisa in Way. ready, complete ; gati, to prepare gatire, ;

Hepatic. Gr. ^^rap, TJTraTog, the liver. apparatus.


Heptarchy. Gr. tjrrd, seven, and Hermit. Gr. tptiiiiTtiQ, a dweller in the
dp^i;, principality. wilderness, a solitary, from ^pijiiog, waste,
Her. Adjective of OE. heo, she. lonely. Fin. erd, journey, fishing or hunt-
Herald. Fr. Mrauld', Mraut ; It. ing expedition ; erdmaa (maa, land,
araldo. OHG. haren, to shout. See region), distant station, desert, unculti-
Harrow. vated place.
Herb. Fr. herbe, Lat. herba. Hero. The Gr. jjpwe may probably be
Herd. Goth, hairda, ON. hjord, G. the equivalent of Lat. vir. The primitive
herde, a herd or flock of cattle ON. hirda,
; sense seems preserved in Fin. uros, adult
to keep, preserve, watch, take care of; male, male of animals, brave man, man
hirda, hirdingi, Du. herder, Dan. hyrde, exhibiting the manly character in an
G. hirt, a herd, shepherd ; hirten, to tend eminent degree ; uro-teko (teko =
act),
cattle. Fr. harde, hourde, the village factum heroicum.
herd, a herd of deer. —
Roquef Cot. —
Heron. Egret. The as. hragra ex-
The collection of cattle driven or tended hibits the most comprehensive form of

342 HERRING HIE


the name, whence, on the one hand, G. hite. is commonly used in the sense of
reiger, Pl.D. reier, and on the other Sw. cheer or encourage.
hdgr, Dan. haire. The augmentative Hibernate. Lat. hyems, winter ; hiber-
termination produces It. aghirone, airone, nus, wintry hibemo, to pas? the winter.
Fr. egron ( —
Vocab. de Berri), hairon, Hicket — Hiccup. —Hiccough.
;

Du.
heron, in contradistinction to aigrette, hik, hickse, huckup, Bret, hik, Fr. hoquet,
egrette (with the ,dim. termination), the OE. snickup, hiccup. Du. hikken, snik-
small heron or egret. Fr. heronceau, a ken, hicksen, OE. yex, to sob. AH direct
young hfiron, gives E. heronshaw. representations of the sound.
The origin of the name is probably Hide. G. haut, Du. huyd, on. huS,
the harsh cry of the bird. W. cregyr, a Lat. cutis, Gr. tsKvToq, skin of a beast. ON.
screamer, a heron ; creg, hoarse. hyda, to skin a beast, to give a hiding or
Herring. Fr. hareng, G. haring. flogging.
Hesitate. Lat. hcesitare, freq. from To Hide. To conceal, to cover. Du.
h(zreo, to stick, stick fast. hoeden, hueden, to keep, protect, cover,
Hetero-. Gr. 'irtfioz, other, as in hete- w. huddo, to cover, shade, darken. N.
rodox, of another («5a) opinion ; hetero- hide, the lair of a beast, hide seg (of a
geneous, of another (ylvoc) kind. bear), to seek covert ; ON. hyd-bjbrn, a
To Hew. ON. hoggva, to strike, to bear in hybernation.
cut AS. heawian, Du. hauwen, G. hauen,
;
Hide of Land. As much as could be
to hew. E. dial, hag, to hack. See tilled by a single, plough. The word is
Haggle. still used as a measure of land in Nor-

Hex-. Gr. 'it,, six ; hexagon, having way.


six (yMrtd) angles ; hexameter, haying six Hideous. Frightful. OFr. hide, hisde,
(ji'sTpov) measures. hidour, hisdour, dread.

Hey-day. Hoity-toity. G. Heyda ! Tel hide en a et telle frdour
Heysa ! exclamations of high spirits, Caoir se laisse de paour.
active enjoyment. Hence E. hey-day, the Fab. et Contes, i, 354.

vigour and high spirits of youth, where Kant ele vit le cors sans vie
the spelling is probably modified under

Hidor ot de ce qu'ele vit. lb. 4, 324.

an erroneous impression that there is La fores estoit Msdouse et faie, the


something in the meaning of the word forest was grisly and enchanted. Diez. —
which indicates a certain period of life. La char par hidour en horame fremist,
At your age flesh in man quakes for dread. — Bibles-
The heyday of the blood is tame, it's humble, worth.
And waits upon the judgment. Two derivations are suggested ; first,
In the same way Sw.
hojta, to shout, from Lat. hispidosus, bristly, rough, his-
explains E. hoit, to indulge in riotous and p'dos, hisdos, as male-sapidus, -sapa'iis,
noisy mirth —
Webster ; to kite up and Fr. mau-sadej vapidus, Fr. fade. This
down, to run idle about the country derivation is supported by OFr. hispide,
Hal. ; highty-tighty, frolicsome, thought- which is explained by Roquefort, sale,
less. —
Thomson. '
He Uves at home, vilain, degoutant, hideux, affreux. On
and sings and hoits and revels among his the other hand it would be more satisfac-

drunken companions.' B. and F. Cot- tory if an origin could be found in a word
grave explains estre en ses gogues, to be signifying dread or horror. In this point
'frolic, lusty, all a-hoit, in a merry mood. of view we have Goth, agis, OHG. agi, ege,
II est k cheval, he is set on cock-horse, AS. ege, fear, dread ; OHG. egidi, egiso,
he is all a-hoight, he now begins to flaunt AS. egisa, MHG. egese, else, horror OHG. ;

it.— Cot. egelih, akislih, MHG. egelich, egeslich,


Hence hoity-hoity, and in a somewhat cislich, Du. heyselich, heisig, eyselick,
weaker sense hey-day, are frequently used eysig, horrible ; eysen, ijscri, to shudder ;
as exclamations implying that the persoi) Da. hceslig, horrible, hideous ; Sw. hisna,
addressed is all a-hoit, in an excited state, to shudder. The adoption of an initial h
or is assuming airs unsuitable to his posi- in the Du. and Scandinavian forms and
tion. Hoity-toity Well to be sure
! ! in Fr. hisdeux, hideux, would be anal-
We have in this exclamation the origin ogous to the course in G. heischen, MHG.
of Fr. halt, liveliness, gladness ; haiter, heischen, eischen, from OHG. eiscSn, to
to cheer up, to like well of, dehaiter, to demand, where the initial h appears in
discourage, to be ill at ease, souhaiter, to the course of the 13th century.
wish which has given much trouble
for, To Hie. AS. higan, Idgian, to en-
to etymologists. In Pembrokeshire to deavour, to hasten ; higen, diligent. To
— — — ;

HIERO- HIND 343


pant explained by Richardson, to blow
is It hath lesse mercy than beare, wolfe, or tyger,
quickly and shortly, and consequently, to And in those countries is called the hyger.
pursue eagerly, to desire with strong emo- Taylor in Nares.
tion and our present word affords an-
; Any sudden inundation of the sea is
other example of the same train of thought. called an egor, at Howden in Yorkshire.
Du. hiighen, to pant Dan. hige, hive,
; '-Kennet in Hal. From ON. JEgir, the
hie efter veiret, to pant, to gasp for god of the sea, then used for the sea
breath ; hige, to pant for, to covet. In itself -^gja, to frighten ccgir, terrifier ;
;

the same way the Lat. aveo, to desire cegiligr, terrible. i

earnestly, to strive for, seems connected Hilarity. The


root of Lat. hilaris,
with Gr. ao), to breathe. Higan, like E. cheerful, seems preserved in Fin. hilaan,
sigh, is a direct imitation ; w. igian, to hillata, ludibundus strepo, lastus tumul-
sigh, to sob. tuo ; hilastaa, strepens ludo ut pueri
Hiero-. Gr. UpoQ, sacred. Hieroglyph- hilaus, strepitus lusorius.
ics (yXiipu), to engrave), sacred sculptures. Hill. Du. heuvel, hovel, G. hugel, hill.
Hierarchy, sacred governance. Pl.D. hull, gras-hull, a mound, tuft of
High. —
Height. as. heah, Goth. grass growing more luxuriant than the
hauks, ON. ha, G. hoch, "W. uchel, high. rest. —
Brem. Wtb. Du. h'obbel, a rising,
Higler.— To Higgle. Higler, one unevenness in the ground. Danneil. It —
who carries about provisions for sale. .
would seem that the radical notion is
Webster. Hegler, one who buys provi- what is heaved up. Fris. Hovel, hoevel,
sions brought up out of the country in a tumour, hunch in the back. Kil. —
order to sell them again by retail. B. —Hilt. ON. hjalt, the guard of a sword
To higgle, to chaffer, to be nice and at each end of the handle fremra hjal-

;

tedious m making a bargain. Webster. tit, the guard or cross-bar which pro-
To higgle is to haggle about petty mat- tected the hand, and efra hjaltit, the
ters, and if higler and higgle stood by. knob or pummel which prevented the
themselves we should without hesitation sword from being dragged out of the
regard higgle as the original and explain hand hjolt (plur.), the two together or
;

it as a diminutive of haggle. But the entire handle. Hilt, garde de I'^pfe.


cflmparison of the G. correlatives seems Sherwood. Du. hille, hilte, holte, holde
to show that higgle is derived from higler (Kil.), OG. heha, hiltze, hiiltz, holcz (Dief.
rather than the converse. Sup. in V. capulus), Boh. gjlce, hilt ; It.
Bav. hugkler, hugkner. Swab, hukler, elza, elso, guard of a sword.
huker, Du, hoecker, hucker, Pl.D. hdker, Hind. I. ON. /zzVzrf, a female deer. G.
G. hoke, hdker, an engrosser, huckster, hinde, hindinn.
provision-dealer; Westerwald hiitschler, Hind. 2. Behind. ^Hinder, g. hin- —
Nassau hitzler, one who carries about ten, hinter, behind. The structure of his
meal or corn in sacks on a horse for sale. own body constitutes the ultimate stand-
Swiss hodeln, hudeln, to traffic in corn ;
ard of position to every individual, and
korn-hudler, an engrosser, regrater of thus the different members of our bodily
com, corn-broker. Bav. hodeln, to drive frame might be expected to supply the
a petty trade hodl-pauern, peasants
; figures by which the relations of place
going to load salt, who bought up corn are expressed. In E. accordingly we
on their route and carried it to dispose of make use of the head, foot, face, hand,
at their market. Alsace hutzeln (West- side, back, in expressing those relations.
erwald. Idiot), Swab, hocklen, to carry The oblique cases of Fin. korwa, the
on the back ; Pl.D. huck-bak, hukke-bak, ear, or pad, the head, are uied adverbially
pickaback. See Huckster. to express the relations of beside or above.
Higre.—Eager.—Aker. The commo- In like manner from hdnta, Esthon. hand,
tion occasionally made in certain rivers the tail, are formed expressions connected
by the meeting of the tide and current is with the idea of what is behind Fin. ;

known by the foregoing names. Akyroi hdnnittdd, to follow hdntyri, a follower ;


;

the sea flowynge, impetus maris.


Pm. Taylor the water poet describes
— Pr. hdnndssd, behind ; Esthon. hdnnaliste,
from behind, reversed. Hence we may
the phenomenon on the coast of Lincoln- explain behind as signifying at the tail or
shire, back of The hinder end is the end at
the tail of To hinder is to put one back-
—the flood runs there with such great force,
That I imagine it outruns a horse wards. So from Galla dubo, tail, duba,
;

And with a head some four foot high that rores, behind, after, in time or space.
It on the sodaine swells and beats the shores ;
— Hind. 3. —Hine. A servant, husband-
— ; ; !

344 HIND-BERRY HIVE


man, peasant. AS. hina, hine (for higna, Hist !—Whist !— Hush ! An inter-
higne), a domestic ; hine-ealdor, the good- jection demanding silence and attention.
man of the house hine-man, a farmer,
;
A person in a savage state of society ap-
higna-fesder, paterfamilias. The word prehending nocturnal danger would have
properly signifies member of a family, in his attention on the stretch to catch the
which sense the Sw. hjun is used at the faint rustling sounds made by the most
present day. De dro fyra hjon i hushal- cautious approach of an enemy. Hence
let, they are four persons in household. in order to intimate to his own friends his
Tjensiehjon, man or maid servant; ar- desire for silence and attention he would
beds-hjon, labourer. Hence elliptically E. imitate the sounds for which he is on the
hine, a domestic labourer. ON. Mon, watch, by such forms as st ! hist ! whist!
family ; N. hjon, married pair. Compare representing the sounds made by move-
1j3.t. famulus vi'i'Ca. familia.
ment of any kind, whisper, mutter ; w.
From AS. hige, hiwa, family ; hiwen, ust, hist, or hust, silence.
servants. See Hive. Lat her yelp on, be you as calm 's a mouse,
Hind-berry. G. him-beere, the rasp- Nor lat your whisht be heard into the house.
Ferguson' in Jam.
berry. As the name of hart-beny, AS.
heort-berg, now corrupted to whortle- W. hust, a low buzzing noise husting, a ;

berry, -whorts or hurts, was given to what whisper, mutter ust, a hist or hush, a
;

is otherwise called the bilberry, the rasp- silence. After janglinge wordes cometh
'

berry was named after the female of the huiste, peace and be stille.' Chaucer. —
same animal, or hind. It. zitto, a slight sound non fare un ;

Hinge. The hooks on which the door zitto, not to let a whist be heard zitto ! ;

is hung. OE. hing, to hang. Du. henghen, hush ! Piedm. siss/, E. dial, tiss, to hiss
to hang ; henghe, henghene, hook, handle, Du. sus ! tus ! hush sus, silence. Dan. !

hinge. — Kil. tys ! hush tysse, to hush, to silence.


!


Hint. Inkling. The meaning of History. Gr. wTopla Wwp, one know- ;

both these words is a rumour or a whisper ing, fully acquainted, from "wriju, I know.
of some intelligence. Parallel with E. Histrionic. Lat. histrio, a stage-
hum, representing a murmuring sound, player .

the ON. has iima (without the initial h), To Hit. ON. hitta, to light on, to find.
to resound ymia {timdi), to whizz, whis-
;
Their hittuz d veginom, they met in the
tle ymta, to whisper or rumour.
;
Hann way. Compare Fr. trouver, to find, with
ymti d thvi, suspicionem dedit, he gave G. treffen, to hit. Bav. hutzen, to strike.
a hint, an inkling of it. Ymtr, rumour Die bock hutzen an einander, butt against
evulgatus, a hint. Dan. ymte, to whisper, each other. lUyr. hitati, to cast, throw.
talk softly, secretly of Sw. hafva hum —
Hitch. Hotch. Hitch, motion by a
om nigot, to have an inkling or a hint of jerk also a loop. To hotch, to move the
;

something. For the change {roraymte to body by sudden jerks. Jam.


hint compare emmet, ant. and lauchin, Swiss gehotzelt seyn, laugh-

Hotchin

Inkling is from a frequentative form of ing till one shakes. Bav. hutschen, to
the same root, on. uml, Dan. ymntel, rock, to hitch oneself along like children
murmur, ymple, to whisper, to rumour on tiieir rumps. Du. hutsen, hutselen, to
Molbech, whence E. inkling, by a change shake, to jumble. Fr. hocher, to shake.
analogous to that which holds between G. Swiss hoischen, to hiccup hoschen, to ;

sumpf3.nd. E. sink; G. schrUmpfen and E. knock hotteren, hotzen, hotzeln, hotzern,


;

shrink. to shake, to jog, jolt. Bav. Hott ! hott


Hip. G. hiifte, Du. heupe, the hip, syllables by which is expressed the trot of
flank, thigh. N. hupp, the flank. Sc. a horse or the jogging movement of his
hips, the buttocks. rider. Hotteln, to jolt.
Hip.—Hep. The fruit of the rose. N. Hithe. AS. hyth, a port, haven.
hjupa, kjupa, Sw. hjupon, Dan. hybe, AS. Hither. See He.
Hive. Goth, hciv, ON. hiu, family,
Hippopotamus. Gr. tTTTroTrora/^ios household hion (pi.), family, husband
;

"iTtiroQ, a horse, and Troraftos, river. and wife. AS. hige, higo, hiwa, a house-
Hire. AS. hyre, Du. huur, G. heuer, hold, family ; hdner-hive, a hen's-nest.
W. hiir, wages, payment for service. Hence a hive of bees, the swarm which
To Hiss. J/iss, whizz, fizz, are imita- constitutes one family or household. Du.
tions of the sound represented. E. dial, lioHivcn, houden, houwelicken, hijlicken,
to tiss, to hiss. Piedm. issd, siss^, to hiss to marry, as. hiwrcedot, a family, G.
on a dog. heurath, marriage.
HO HOBBY 34S
Ho. — Hoa.—Whoa. A cry to stop Romans demanded tribute of Arthur he
horses. Hence to ho, to stop, to cease. sent them instead the body of their king
Fr. ho, interjection to impose silence or on a rich bier, 'and grette Rom-weres
stop an action. Roquef.— alle mid graeten huxe; and said that he
my dere moder, of thy wepyng ho, had sent them the tribute of the land.—
1 you beseifc do not, do not so, D. V. — Layamon iii.
And at a stert he was betwixt hem two, —
Hob. Hobble. The image originally
And pulled out a sword and cried, Ho / represented is action by a succession of
No more, up peine of lesing of your hed. efforts, as Sc. kabble, to stammer or stut-
Chaucer.
ter ; limp, to move unevenly
E. hobble, to
Out of all ho, beyond all restraint. by broken hob, a false step, an
efforts ;

Hoaming sea. A foaming sea. error. —


Hal. Du. hobbelen, to stammer,
Vent. What a sea comes in ! to jolt, to rock as a boat Bav. hoppelen,
;

Mast. It is a hoaming sea. We shall have hoppern, hoppen, to jog up and dqwn, as
foul weather. —Dryden, Tempest in R. a bad rider on a trotting horse. The ex-
Much of the French that has passed into pression is then transferred to what pro-
English belongs to the Walloon or Bur- duces a hobbling motion, Du. hobbelig,
gundian dialect, where an initial j or sch E. dial, hobbly, rough, uneven ; hobbles,
is generally replaced by an h. Thus rough stones ; hob or hub, a projection.
Wal. hauder is the Fr. ichauder, E. scald; The hob of a fire-place is the raised stone
Wal. houti, Fr. escouter, E. scout j Wal. on either side of the hearth between
houvion, Fr. escouvillon, a clout. In the which the embers were confined. Hub,
same way the G. schaum, Fr. escume, cor- the projecting nave of a wheel, a thick
responds to Wal. houmd, to scum the pot square sod, an obstruction of anything,

;

hotimress, a scummer Remade, leaving the mark to be thrown at at quoits, the


no doubt that a hoaming sea is a foaming hilt of a weapon. Hal. —
sea, although we do not apply the term In another direction the sense of a jolt-
sctim to that element. G. see-schaum, the ing, clumsy gait suggests the idea of
foam of the sea. clumping shoes, or of the clown who
Hoard, i. Goth, huzd, treasure, OHG. walks with such a gait. Thus hobnails
hort, AS. hord, treasure ; breost-hord, the are the nails set in the thick soles of a
soul, the treasure of the breast ; Swiss country shoe, thence transferred to the
hord-reich, very rich. nails of a horseshoe hob-prick, a wooden
;

2. A
hoarding is a fence of boards. peg driven into the heels of shoes. Hal. —
Probably from Fris. schardinge, separa- Hob, hob-clunch, a country clown. Hal. —
tion, by the same change which is seen A hob or clown, piedgris. Sherwood. —
in Wall. hArd, from ON. skard, Du. Hob-goblin, a clownish goblin, a goblin
schaerde, a breach, separation, fragment. who does laborious work, where the first
'Alle schardinge, dat is schedinge tus- syllable is commonly taken as the short
chen den huisem und tuinen saU men for H
albert or Robert.
maeken van plancken.' All divisions be- Hobbedelioy. A
youth not yet come
tween houses and gardens shall be made to man's estate, otherwise written hob-
of planks. —
Ost Fris. Landrecht. in Brem. bityhoy, hobbledehoy. Perhaps considered
Wtb. in V. scherung. See Hoaming. as a young cock. Gakerdiha, the cry of
Hoarse, as. and ON. hds, G. heiser, the cock.— Dialect of Henneberg in Fran-
Du. heesch, O Flanders heersch, hoarse. conia. Deutsch. Mundart. iii. 407.

Hoos, hoarse, raucus. Pr. Pm. E. dial. To Hobble or Hopple horses. See
hooze, a difficult breathing in cattle Hamper.
hoazed, hoarse. —
Hal. N. hcesa, to pant,
;


Hobby. Hobby-horse. The horse
breathe hard, to wheeze. is commonly named in children's lan-
Hoary. AS. har, hoary. ON. hcera, a guage from the cries used in the manage-
mattress, gray hair Fr. haire, a hair
; ment of the animal. Thus in e. the cry
shirt ON. hcerSr, comatus, haired, also
; with which we are most familiar is gee !
gray-haired, hoary ; at hcerast, to become to make a horse go, and the nursery
hoary ; hcerulcmgr, having long hair ;
name for a horse is geegee. In Germany
hceru-kall {kail, old man), a gray-haired hott is the cry to make a horse turn to
man. the right (or generally to urge it to exer^
The sense of hoary then would seem to tion), ho to the left, and the horse is called
arise from a singular ellipse. hotte-pard (Danneil), huttjen-ho-peerd
* Hoax. AS. husc, hose, OS. hosk, OE. (Holstein. Idiot.), hottihuh (Stalder), as in
hux, sarcasm, taunt, jeer. When the Craven highly, from the cry hail! In
—— ; !

346 HOCK HODGEPODGE


Finland humma, the cry to stop or back ried. Sc. hut, a square basket used in
a horse, is used in nursery language for carrying out dung to the field, of which
the horseitself. The cry to back a horse the bottom is opened to let the contents
is Westerwald hiifj whence houfe, to
in
Devonshire haap J or
fall out.
To Hod.
—^Jam.To jog.
go backwards.
haap back! Dan. dial, hoppe dig ! back ! Here farmers, gash in riding graith,
From the cry thus used in stopping a Gaed hoddin by their fellows. Burns. —
horse are formed Craven fioupy, Fris. To hoddle, to waddle. Jam. To hodge-i
hoppe, a horse in nursery language to ride gently. — —
Hal. 'Ba.v. hott / hott
Outzen ; Holstein huppe-peerdken, and E. sound by which they express the jogging
hobby-horse, a child's wooden horse. It of a trotting horse or of his rider. See
is apparently from this source that we Halt.
must explain Esthon. hobbo, hobben, Lap. Hoddipeak.
hapos, Gr. "nmoq, a horse, G. hoppe, a What ye brain-sick fools, ye hoddy-peaks, ye

mare, Fr. hobin, E. hobby, a little ambling doddy-poules. Latimer in Nares.
horse, and hobelers, hobiners, the light They count peace to be the cause of idleness,
horsemen mounted on such horses. and that it malceth men hodipekes and cowards.

Hock. Hougli. Hock, the joint of a —
Christopherson, 1554. Ibid.

horse's leg from the knee to the fetlock Du. hoddebek, hobbelbek, stammelbek

hough, the back of the knee. AS. hoh, {bee pour bouche Diet, du bas Lang.), a
the heel, ham (calx, poples, suffrago), stammerer. As hobbelen is to stammer,
hoh-fot, hoh-spor, heel, hoh-scanc, the leg, as well as to jolt or jog, and the senses of
hoh-sin, the ham-string, sinew of the broken speech and broken impulsive
knee. G. hakse, haxe, the knuckle or movement are commonly united, it is
foot-joint of the hind leg in horses, &c. only in accordance with the general

.
Kiittn. To hock, hough, hockle, hox, analogy that the element hod, which has
to cut the hamstring. To hox is also to just been seen in the sense oi jog, should
scrape the heels and knock the ancles in signify stammer in the compound hodde-
walking. —
Hal. bek.
* Hodgepodge. —
The radical signification is probably Hotchpot. Hodge-
the member used in kicking hoh-sin, the podge or hotchpotch has the appearance
;

sinew exerted in kicking. To hock, to of a native term significant of a mash, the



kick (Lincolnshire). Latham. G. hacken, materials of which have lost their original
to dig, break with a pick, peck like a form in the pasty consistency of the mass.
bird; hacke, the heel. He thrusteth them in together, making of them
Hocus-pocus. Hocus-pocus (Du. ho- an hoche-pocke, all contrarye to the wholesome
kus-bokus Halma— ; Fr. hoccus-bocus) is

doctryne of Saynt Paule. Bale in R.
the gibberish repeated by the juggler all In these rhyming forms we should look
over Europe when he performs his tricks. for the root of the expression to the
It has been supposed that they are a jeer second element. We
find accordingly E.
at the sacramental words hoc est corpus, ^iHl. pudge, podge, 2L'^\iAdi\& G.patschen,
;

but it is most improbable that the juggler pantschen. Swab, batschen, Hesse batschen,
(whose interest it is to please everybody) to dabble in the wet, to splash, to tramp
should have made his performances the in mud and melting snow bdtsch-ivetter, ;

vehicle of a flagrant outrage on Catholic or hdtsche-bdtsch, sloshy weather of rain


feeling. and melting snow G. putsch, puddle,
;

Perhaps the rigmarole may have arisen mud pantsch, a mixture of liquors, a
;

from Pol. huk, puk, noise, bustle, clatter. mash Banff, pofch, a puddle, a disor-
;

Narobit! huka-puka, to raise a bustle. dered condition of affairs to potch, to ;

Hod. Atray for carrying mortar ; a trample into mud, to walk through water
coal-scuttle. Fr. hotte, a scuttle, dosser, or mud in a dirty manner, to work in a

basket to carry on the back Cot., G. liquid or semiUquid in a dirty manner.
hotte, a dorser in which grapes are The reduplicative hotchpotch conveys
gathered. the idea of continued patching, of a
Perhaps the radical idea may be shown thorough/o/f/i. Bav. hctsche petsch, haws
in Sc. hot, a small heap of any kind ; a boiled with sugar to a pap.
hot of muck, as much dung as is hodded The reduplicative form of the word is
°'" jogged down in one place. Huddel, a lost in Fr. hochepot, a gallimaufrey, a
heap to liud, to collect into heaps.
; confused mass of many things jumbled
Hal. The hod is then the basket in together. —
Cot. Here then, as in Du.
which a hot of dung or of mortar is car- hutsepot, a haricot or stew of chopped.
;

HOE HOLM 347


meat and vegetables, the word seems to Pull !— Diet. Castr. But as the cry is
be borrowed, and from Fr. again to have used for the purpose of animating each
come back to us in the shape of hotchpot. other to the work, it may be one of the
Hotchepotte, tripotaige hotchepotte of numerous derivatives from the figure of

;

many meates, haricot. Palsgr. setting on a dog. Bret, issa, or hissa, to


Ye hau cast alle hir wordes in an hotchepot. set on, to push, aiid, in nautical language,
Chaucer. to hoist. —
Diet. Lang
In legal phrase a child is said to bring Hold.—Hull. The hold of a ship, the
his special property into hotchpot when hollow part, from Du. holte, abstract of
he mixes it up with the common inherit- hoi, hollow, as truth of true. Het hoi,
ance and takes share and share with the de holte van't schip, the hollow space, the
other children. whole curvature of the ship. P&re Marin. —
Hoe. Fr. houe, hoe, or, as it was spelt Accident has in E. appropriated hold to
by Evelyn, haugh. Fr. houer, to dig up, the inside, hull to the outside aspect of
break up ground with a hoe. Du. hou- the body. Sc. how, hollow, the hold of a
wer, a pick or hoe, from houwen, to hew, ship.
to hack. The hate fyre consumes fast the hcrw,
Hog. Bret. ho<fh, houc'h, swine, from Ouer all the schip discendis the perellus low.

houdha, to grunt. So Lap. snorkeset, to D. V.


gnmt ; snorke, a pig ; Fin. naskia, to To Hold. AS. healdan, Sw. halla, to
make a noise like pigs in eating (g. keep, observe, hold. on. halla, guard,
schmatzen) ; naski, a call for pigs, a pig. custody, support, opinion. Du. houden,
'
In driving or any way persuading this G. halten, to keep, preserve, observe. See
obstinate race, we have no other impera- Behold.
tive than hooe, hooe, in a deep nasal, gut- Hole. — Hollow. Du. hoi, G. hohl,
tural tone appropriately compounded of hollow hohle, Du. hoi, a cave, den, hole ;
a groan and a grunt.' —
Moor, Suffolk
;

holle stemme, a hollow voice, vox fusca,


Words, in v. sus. sus. It is remarkable
used in call-
non clara — Kil.
that these latter syllables are From the dull sound of hollow things.
ing pigs to their swill, agreeing with Lat. Fin. hollata, holista, cavum sonum edo,
sus, while the old cry, mentioned by to give a hollow sound wesi holaa, aqua
;

Latimer, oi pur, pur, puts us in mind of cum sono et copiose fluit w&ki holaa, ;

porcus ON. purka, a sow. the crowd murmurs. Hollastaa, to mur-


— Hoggrel. — Hog-
;

Hog. —
Hoggel. mur hollottaa, to speak confusedly

get. Hoggaster. A
young sheep of
;

holina, a hollow sound, confused mur-


the second year. Devonshire, Hog-colt, mur, noise of waves or of people talking ;
a yearling colt. Du. hokkeling, a heifer, holo, anything hollow ; holo-puu, a hol-
beast of one year old. From being fed in low tree.
the hok or pen. Honde-hok, a dog ken- Holiday. See Holy.
nel schaapen-hok, a sheep cote.
; Holly. AS. holegn, OE. hollen, w. celyn.
Hoggins. Sand sifted from the gravel Hollyhock. Rose d'outremer, the
to be laid on roads. From the jogging garden mallows, called hocks and holly-
motion of the sieve. ON. hagga, to move, hocks. —
Cot. w. hocys, AS. hoc, mallows.
to jog. The
hollyhock was doubtless so called
Hogshead. A
measure for liquids. from being brought from the Holy Land,
Du. ochshood, oghshood, Sw. oxhufwud. where it is indigenous.
Hoiden. A
rampant, ill-bred, clown- He leaped across the dry bed of the winter
ish wench. —
B. But it was not confined torrent, and soon returned in triumph with a

to the female sex. Another form of large bright trophy of pink hollyhocks. Domestic
heathen, Du. heyden, homo agrestis et Life in Palestine, 323.
incultus heydensch, agrestis, incultus,
; Holm.. An island a hill or fenny ;

paganus. Kil. — ground encompassed with brooks B. ; —


To Hoise. —
Hoist. Fr. hisser, Sw. deposit of soil at the confluence of rivers.
hissa, Dan. heise, to hoist, distinct from —
Hal. N. holm, a small island a spot ;

Fr. hausser. It. alzare, E. halse or hawse, distinguished from the surrounding land,
to raise, from Lat. altus. bit of grass among corn separate bit of ;

The origin of hisser may be a repre- pasture. Du. holtn, a mount, sand-bank,
sentation of the heavy breath accompany- river island. AS. holm, water, sea holm- ;

ing a violent tug at a rope. Lang, isso ! am, an ocean-house, ship. Holmas dcelde
cry of men pushing or pulling at a heavj' Waldend ure. Our Lord divided the
load. Anen toutes / isso 1 All at once waters. !
;; ! ;

348 HOLOCAUST HOPE


Holocaust. Gr. oXoKavurov oXoq, the ; orders. Thu ne besceawast nanes mannes
whole, and naiai, to burn (in sacrifice). had, regardest no man's person or condi-
Holograph. Gr. iKoypaip'sai, to write tion. Had oferhogedon halgan lifes, de-
all in one hand ; iiXoe, entire, whole. spised a state of holy life. Csedmon. —
Holster. Now confined to a case for Butan halgum hadum, out of holy orders.
pistols. Du. holster, a case for pistols, Hoof. Du, hoe/, Dan. hov.
soldier's knapsack. AS. heolster, a den, Hook. Du. hoeck, haeck, Pl.D. hahe,
cave, hiding-place, from helan, to cover, Pol. and Boh. hak, a hook. Related to
as ON. blomstr, a flower, firom bloma, to Gr. oyKoe, ayicwXof, aysvpa, ayKWv, bend,
bloom. He sette theostra heolstur; posuit hook, oyKoe, bend, hook, and Lat. uncus,
tenebras latibulum suum. crooked, angulus, a hook, corner.
I wol herborowe me
Hoop. Du. hoep, hoepel, ring, hoop.
There I hope to huhtered be, Hoepeelken, a bunch of flowers. Hoop, a
And certainly sickerest hyding heap, crowd, globe. Swiss htcp, huupp,
Is under humblest clothing. —
R. R. 6i4S- convex hupi, a. knob Fr. houpe, a tuft.
Holy. ON. heilagr; G. heilig, Du.
;

— ;

To Hoop. ^Whoop. Fr. houper, Swiss


heylig. From G. heil, Du. heyl, health. hopen, hupen, huuppen, to call out Bret. ;

See Hail. hopa, to call to a distance. AS. wop, out-


Holiday, Du. heyligh-dagh, a day to cry, lamentation Fris. wop, cry, wopa,
;

be kept sacred, unpolluted by work. to call ; Goth, wopjan, to crow as a cock


Homage. The acknowledgment of ON. op, clamour, cry. Gr. oifi, ottos, voice.
the tenant under the feudal -law that he To Hoot. To cry like an owl to ;

was his Lord's man^ in the terms, Deve- ' make a cry of derision or contempt. Fin.
nio vester homo.' Thence applied to any hutaa, to shout, to call huuto, clamour,;

tribute of respect to a superior. vociferation. N. hut, cry to silence a dog.


Home. See Hamlet. W. hwt I off with it, away hwtio, to hiss !

Homicide. Lat. homicidas homo, and out. Gael. utJ ut! interjection of disap-
csdo, to slay. probation or dislike. N. hussa, to frighten
Homily. Gr. o/iiXia, the act of inter- or drive out with noise and outcry. Bav.
course with one, conversation, discourse ; huss ! huss ! cry to set on a dog, also to
from 'ifiCKoQ, an assembly. drive away dogs, pigs, or birds ; Swiss
Homo-. Homoeo-. Gr. 6/jof, common, huss ! cry of setting on a dog or hissing
joint, agreed ; o/iotoc, like, resembling. a man ; huss use! out off with you! pro-
!

Homogeneous, Homologous, &c. perly to dogs, then to men.


Hone. A fine kind of whetstone, N. To Hop. G. hiipfen, N. hoppa, Du.
hein, hein-bryni, Sw. dial, hjon, a hone, hoppen, hoppelen, huppelen, hobben. Kil. —
w. hogi, to incite, set on, to sharpen ;
From the figure of broken speech, or
hogalen, hogfaen, a whetstone. Fin. hioa, speech by a succession of distinct efforts,
hiowa, to sharpen ; hiwua, to be rubbed, we express the idea of motion by a
worn, polished. succession of muscular efforts, or of
Honest. Lat. honestus, from honos, hopping, as distinguished from equable
honour, respect. motion. Sc. hobble, habber, Swed.
Honey. Du. G. honig, ON. hunang. happla, to stammer, stutter E. hobble, to ;

Honour.—Honourable. Lat. honor, limp Bav. hoppelen, hoppern, hoppen, to


;

honnrabilis. jog up and down. Here, as in so many


Hood. A covering for the head. Pl.D. other cases, the frequentative is the ori-
hoden, hoen, G. huthe?i, to keep, guard ;
ginal form of the word, from whence we
Pl.D. hode, G. huth, guard, keeping arrive at the apparent radical hop, ex-
Pl.D. hood, G. hut, a covering for the pressing a single muscular effort. It is '

upper part of a thing, a hat. Finger-hut, usual to cry to a stumbling man or beast
a thimble ; licht-hut, an extinguisher. —
Hop! Hop!' K'ittner. It is also used
Pl.D. hodjen, hbtjen, a hood. Du. hoeden, to represent the successive beats of con-
to keep, cover, protect hoed, hat, hood.
;
tinued action.
-hood. ON. hattr, manner, custom Hurre Hurre Hop Hop
! ! !

hdtta, to use, to be wont. Bav. hait, the Ging's fort in sausendem galopp !

condition of a thing von jUnger hait


; Hop. G. hop/en, Du. hoppen, Fr. hou-
auf, from youth or youth-head up. Le- blon, OFlem. hommel j ON. hutnall, hops.
diger hait, unmarried state. OHG. heit, Hope. G. hoffen, Du. hopen. In OE.
person, manner. Alio thrio heiti, all the word was used in the sense of simple
three persons. Zi niheincru heiti, in no expectation without reference to any plea-
wise. AS. had, person, sex, habit, state, sure to be derived from the event. So
HOPPLE HOST 349
OG. hoffen. Das thier hofft, verhoffl, i. e. hull, husk, hose, peel or thin skin that en-
stands waiting. Schwenck.— closeth any wheat or rye when it is green.'
To Hopple. See Hamper. — Fl. Dan. dial, haas, haser, the beard
Horde. A Turkish word signifying of corn ; fas, Sw. /;««.?, the beard of nuts;
tribe. OKG./esa, ptisana, siliqua. w. has, hosan,
Horizon. Gr. opi'^u, bound or limit, hose, stocking j/d yn ei hosan, corn in
;

from a boundary.
opoE, its cover, before the ears burst out.
Horn. Goth, haurn, Lat. cornu, Bret. —
Hospice. Hospital. Lat. hospitium,
com, Gr. Kipae, Heb. keren. a lodging for strangers ; hospitalis, con-
Hornet, g. horniss. From the buzz- nected with guests, from hospes, -pitis,
ing noise. W. chwyrnu, to hum, whizz, landlord, entertainer, host, and conversely
snore ; chwyrnores, a hornet. Du. horn- the person entertained, guest. Russ.
sel, horsel, hornet, gadfly horselen, to ; Gospody, the Lord God gospodin, the ;

gad, to buzz hor, a plaything, consisting


; master of the house, lord, gentleman ;
of a toothed disk that is made to spin Boh. hospod, lord ; hospodar, host, master
with a humming noise. of the house, landlord ; hospoda, inn,

Horrid. Horrible. Lat. horreo, to hospice.
shudder. Dan. dial, hurre, to shiver. Host. I. Fr. hostie, the consecrated
Horse, on. hross, G. ross, horse N. ; wafer in the sacrament ; Lat. hostia, a
hors, a mare. Sanscr. hresh, to neigh. sacrificial victim.
Horse-radish, Pl.D. mar-reddik, from the 2. Alandlord. It ospite, Fr. hospie,
ancient mar, a horse, from some notion hoste, hdte from Lat. hospes, hospit'. See
of the plant being wholesome for horses. Hospice.
Horse-courser. Also written horse- 3. An army. In the troubled times
scourser, a horse-dealer, from QYx.coura- following the breaking up of the Roman
tier, couracier, a broker. As one of these Empire the first duty of the subject was
forms was contracted in modern Fr. into to follow his lord into the field when re-
courtier, the other passed in E. into quired. The summons to the perform-
courser. Couratier, mediateur ; de — ance of this duty was -expressed by the
chevaux, maquignon, courtier, marchand. terms bannire in hostem, to order out
Roquef Maquignon, a hucster, broker, against the enemy, or to order out on
horse-courser. Cot. —
Courser of horses ; military service. Quicunque Uber homo
'

courtier de chevaux. Palsgr. — in hostem bannitus fuerit et venire con-


tempserit plenum heribannum componat,'
From the Fr. noun we had formerly to
course, to deal as a broker. i. e. as it is explained, let him pay a fine
This catel gat he mit okering (usury),
of sixty shillings. —
Edict of Charlemagne
And led all his lif in corsing.
in Muratori, Diss. 26. The term hostis
Metrical Homilies of 14th century. then, which primarily signified the enemy
against whom the expedition was to be
The word was then corrupted to scourse, made, was compendiously used for the
or scoss, explained, to B. to change — ; military service itself, and is frequently
change, truck, barter. '
Horse-scourser, taken as synonymous with hostilis ex-

maquignon. Sherwood. For the origin peditio, or exercitalis expeditio, being then
of Fr. courtier, see Broker. used as a feminine noun. A
supplication
Horticulture. Lat. hortus, a garden, is addressed to Charlemagne, ne epis- '

and colo, cultum, to till, dress. copi deinceps sicut hactenus vexentut
Hose. A
stocking, covering for the hostibus' (i. e. with demands of military
legs. Fr. house, houseau ; It. uosa, Bret. service), sed quando nos in hostem per-
'

heuz, euz, G. hosen, ON. hosa. Du. hose, gimus' (which may be translated either,
boots, leathern casings. If a covering when we march against the enemy, or
for the leg be the original meaning of the when we proceed on military duty or join
word, it would find a satisfactory explana- the ranks), 'ipsi propriis resideant in
tion in Gael, cas, cos, the foot or leg ; parochiis.' The same immunity is ex-
cois-eidiadh (literally leg-clothing), shoes pressed in a charter of A. D. 965, nee ab '

and stockings. The Gael, initial c often hominibus ipsius ecclesise hostilis ex-
corresponds to E. h, as cuip, a whip ; peditio requiratur.' In a law of Lothaire
cuileann, holhn or holly. But it is more a certain fine is imposed on those who,
likely that the original meaning is the having the means, neglect hostem bene '

sheath, husk, pod of pulse, grain, &c. facere,' while those are excused who
Bav. hosen, pod, husk ; Dan. hase, the 'propter paupertatem neque per se hos-
beard or husk of nuts. ' FoUicoH, the tem facere, neque adjutorium prsestare
— ;
;

35° HOSTAGE HOVE


possimt.' bandire hoste, to proclaim parent from Dohne's description of the
It.

war. — Fl. dental click of the Caffres, in which ' the


The expression would easily pass from tip of the tongue is drawn in a pressing
military service to the army on duty, and or sucking manner
against the upper
thence to any numerous assemblage. front teeth and gums, and quickly struck
Hostage. No doubt Vossius' deriva- away, so as to make a slight noise or
tion is correct, from obses, obsid', a surety, smack.' The same representative forms,
pledge, hostage obsidatus, hostage-ship, give rise to Yorksh. hutter (Whitby GL),
;

whence obsidaticus, ostaticus, as shown Du. hateren (Hexham, 1647), tateren


by It. statico, stadico, hostage. Mid.Lat. (Bomhoff), G. tottern (Ludwig), to stam-
Obstagia, ein leystunge, birgschafft ob- mer, stutter
;
Ptg. toiaro, stammering.
;

stagium, gisselunge, giselschafft ; obsta- See Philolog. Trans. 1866.


gius, vel obses, gissel {G.geisel, a hostage), Hough,.
See Hock.

eyn frides pfant. Dief. Sup. Hound. hund, Gr. xvav, Kvvoi, a
G.
Hostel. — Hotel. Fr, hostel, hStel, a dog. Perhaps from his howling voice.
lodging, inn, house, residence. Hostler, OHG. hunon, gannire ut vulpes. Dii-f. —
properly the keeper of an inn, but now Sup. Esthon. hunt, hundi, a wolf, from
applied to the servant at an inn who hundama, to howl. Sc. hune, to whine
looks after the horses. From Lat. hos- as children.
pW, guest, hospitium, kospitiiculujn, a Hour. Lat. hora.
lodging-house, inn, place where strangers House. Goth, hus, G. haus, Magy.
are entertained. In Mid.L,at. hospitale hdz, Lat. casa.
was used in the same sense, whence hos- Housel. ON. hunsl, husl, the sacra-
pital, hostel, hotel. See Hospice.
properly the sacrifice, as Fr. hostie,
Hostile. Lat. hostilisj hostis, an ment,
Lat. hostia, the host or consecrated wafer,
enemy, foe. properly the victim sacrificed. Goth.
Hot. See Heat.
hunsl, sacrifice, hunsljan, to offer sacri-
Hottentot. Schouten, who visited the
fice unhunslags, unpropitiable, aairovioq,
;
Cape in 1653, a year after the settlement 2 Tim. iii.
3.
of that colony by the Dutch, says that
* Housings. Fr. housse, a short man-
'
the natives were called by us and other
Europeans Hottentots, by reason of their tle of coarse cloth worn in ill weather by
clucking speech.' Some words,' says countrywomen about their head and
'

Dapper, ' they cannot utter except with shoulders a footcloth for a horse, a
;

great trouble, and seem to draw them up coverlet for a bed (in
which sense it is
from the bottom of the throat like a tur- mostly used in spitles for lepers). Cot. —
key-cock. Wherefore our countrymen A horsecloth, saddle-cloth, cover of chairs,
in respect of this defect and extraordi- of carriages, hammer-cloth.
Spiers. The —
nary stammering in language have given housse of a draught-horse is explained by
them the name of Hottentots, as that Halma as a sheep or goatskin hung to
word is ordinarily used in this sense as a the neckstrap .(collar?). The original
term of derision to one who stutters and meaning of the word seems to be a tuft
stammers in the use of his words.' This or bunch of fibrous matter, a rug or
passage may perhaps only show the very shaggy covering. It may be the original
early period at which the term Hottentot of which E. hassock, a tuft of coarse
grass,

was applied by the Dutch to a man of is the dim. Fr. houssit, rugged with hair
uncouth speech, un homme d'un langage criiu houssus, thick locks or tufts of hair
extremement obscur ou desagrdable. niouton houssu, a. sheep well woolled ;
Halma. a fleece or great lock
houss!i?-e de laitie,
of wool housser, to sweep or dust with
;
In discourse they cluck like a broody hen,
all
seeming to cackle at every other word, so that
a besom or brush. The word iu Lang,
their mouths are almost hke a rattle or a clapper, is 0U7Z0, in Prov. houssa.
smacking and making a great noise with their To Hove. Sc. hove, how, hufe, huff,
tongues. —
Dapper's Africa by Ogilvy, p. 595. is explained by Jam. to swell, to halt, to
It was this clicking or stuttering which tarry, stay, lodge, remain. The proper
seems to have been represented by the meaning of the word is to huff or blow,
syllables hot-en-tot, hot and tot, when the and thence, on the one hand, to puff up or
name in question was given to the natives swell, and on the other to take breath, to
whose uncouth speech excited so much rest, repose. Mr J. Hay says that the
'

attention. That such syllables are well whole body is hoved and swelled like a
adapted to represent the sounds is ap- loaf.'
— ;

HOVEL HUE 351


Morcar. erl of Gloucestre niyd ys ost by side gaining is from the element common to
In ane valleye hovcde the endyne vor to abyde.
the foregoing appellations of a petty
R. G. 218.
dealer. / hucke as one doth that would
To pant and take breath is a natural bye a thynge gode cheape, je harcele.
figure from which to express the idea of Palsgr.
resting from labour, then resting, ceasing, The name may probably have been
waiting. So N. pusta, to breathe, to rest applied in the first instance to a pedlar
a little pust, a short rest.
;
or one who carried his pack upon his
Hovel. A shed open at the sides sup- back. G. hocken (Pl.D. in de hucke sitten),
ported on posts. It is used by W. of to sit in a cowering attitude, G. hocken,
Worcester for a canopy over the head of a aufhocken, Pl.D. op de hucke nemen {up
statue, according to Hal., in which sense —
den hukbak nejhen. Brem. Wtb.) to take
it would exactly correspond to Mid.Lat. —
one on his back. D. M. v. 248. See
capella (see Chapel), and may be ex- Hug. In the same way, from the paral-
plained from Du. huif, huive, a hood, the lel form Swab, hutschen, to shrug or sit

tilt of a waggon. In like manner E. hut cowering, we pass to Alsace hutzlen, to


is related to OG. hot, W. hotan, hotyn, a carry on the back, Westerwald hiltschler,
cap, a hood. On the other hand, the Nassau hitsler, one who carries about
word may be related with OFr. hobe, a meal or corn for sale in sacks upon a
coop or hutch, Fr. Eland, hobette. Champ.
hobe, hobette, huge, hugette, a cabin, hut.
horse —
Westerw. Id.
In Mid.Lat. huckster was rendered
w. hogl, hogldy, a. hovel, may be bor- auxionarius, auxiatrix, from a supposi-
tion probably that the verb to huck was
'

rowed.
To Hover. Properly, of a hawk, to connected with Lat. augeo, auctum, to
keep itself stationary in the air by a quiv- increase, viz. to raise the price.
ering movement of the wings. Du. hugg- Huddle. The radical image seems to
heren, httyveren, kuyveren, to quiver, be a swarm of creatures in broken move-
shiver. —
Kil. Bailey has to hover, to ment, thence a confused mass. To huddle
shiver for cold. It is probably from the is thus to make a confused mass; to
figure of shivering that the word is used huddle on one's clothes, to throw them
in the sense of standing in expectation. on in a disorderly heap to huddle
;

'The landlord will no longer covenant together, to press together in a crowd.


with him, for that he daily looketh after Sc. to hod, to jog, to houd, hoddle, to
change, and hovereth in expectation of wriggle, waddle, rock ; Banff, to howd,

new worlds.' Spenser in Todd. Du. howdle, to move up and down with a
huiverigheid, shivering ; fig. irresolution, slight motion as a thing floating, to rock
hesitation. —
Bomhoflf. a child in the arms, to carry about in a
How. AS. hu, hwa, G. wie, Du. hoe, clumsy manner Sc. howder, to swarm.
;

Dan. hvor. It seems the particle which Menyies o' moths an' flaes are shook,
forms an element of the relative pronoun An' in the floor they howder.
•who, what, and should mean mode, form, Banff, huthir, to walk in a clumsy hob-
specific appearance. bling manner, to do work in a hasty un-
To Howl. Lat. ululare, Er. huUer, skilful manner. Swiss hot tern, to shake;
hurler, G. heulen, Du. huylen, Gr. 6Xo\«- hSderlen, hotterlen, to waddle, totter
l,Hv, to cry out. hoodschen, to crawl hudeln, to flutter,
;

Howlet. An Owl. wabble ; hudern, to entangle. Bav.


Hoy. Du. huy, Er. keu, 2l kind of hudeln, hudern, to do in a hasty and-
vessel used in Brabant either for tracking careless manner. Swab, hudlen, huttlen,
or sailing. to hurry over, do in an imperfect man-
Hubbub. Outcry, disturbance. A re- ner G. hudeln, Du. hoetelen, to bungle.
;

petition of hoop ! representing a cry. Hue. I. AS. heaw, hiw, form, fashion,
Huckle-backed. —Huck-shouldered. appearance, colour ; hiwian, to fashion,
See Hug. shape, transform, p.retend ; hiwung, crea-
Huckle-bone. Hug-bone, hubbon, hug- tion, pretence. Often explained from
gan, the hip, hip-bone. heawan, to cut, as the cut or shape of a
* Huckster. —
To Huck. Du. hoecker, thing. But perhaps heawan, ywan, to
hucker, Vl.Tl.haker, choker, Bav. hugker, show, is a more likely origin, making
hugkler, hugkner. Swab, huker, hukler, appearance the radical meaning of the
a petty dealer, higler, huckster. As w^ word. Bav. hau J look.
argued that to higgle was from higler, so 2. Er. huer, to hoot, shout, make hue
it appeafs that to huck or haggle in bar- and cry. Bret, hua, huda, to cry to
;

352 HUFF HUGGER-MUGGER


frighten wolves, to hoot or cry in de- as E. huckle-backed, crump-backed. Jam.
Du. hurken, as well as hucken, to crouch

rision ; W. hwa, to halloo, to loo, to hoot.

To Huff. Hoove. To puff or blow, — Kil. ; ON. (with transposition of the r),
analogous to E. whiffy or G. hauchen, to hruka, crouching, shrugging ; at sitia i
breathe or blow, from a representation of eirne hruku, as ne. to ruck, to squat on
the sound. the hams.
And blowen here bellewys that al here brayn
On the same principle that the fore-
brestes, .
going are derived from the interjectional
HufI fufi seith that on, haflfafi seith thatother. forms ugh ! uk ! the Bav. hutsch ! interj.
Satireon the Blacksmiths. Rel. Antiq. 1.240. of cold, gives rise to Swab, hutscheln,
To huff up, to puff up, swell with wind. In ' hautscheln, to shiver with cold ; hutsch,
many birds the diaphragm may be easily shivery, and hutschen, E. dial, to hutch,
huffed up with air.'— Grew in Todd. Ex- '
to shrug.
crescences, called emphysemata, like unto Huge. The effect of cold and fear or
bladders puffed up and ^oow^^ with wind.' horror on the human frame being nearly
—Holland's Pliny in R. the same, the interjection ugh! is used
Then, as an angry person puffs and as an exclamation as well of cold as ot
blows, a Miff, a fit of passion to take ; horror and disgust. Hence ug (the root
huff, to take offence to give erne a huff,
; of ugly, ugsome, &c.), in the sense of
to speak like an angry man to one, to shudder, feel horror at ; ON. ugga, to fear
give him a rebuke. Fort joyeux de ce
'
Sc. to ug, OE. to houge, to feel horror at
que le conte avait ainsi espouffS le dit Bret, heuge, aversion, disgust. See Ugly.
procureur,' had given the procureur a The meaning of huge then is, so great as
good huff— Motley 2. 20. to cause terror.
To huff one at draughts is so called be- The knight himself even trembled at his fall,
cause the move is accompanied by blow- So huge and horrible a mass it seemed. F. Q. —
ing on the piece. Dan. blase eti brikke,
to blow on a piece, to huff at draughts ;
In the same way Bohem. hruza, hor-
ror, shudder, also a great number, a fear-
Pol. chuch / I huff you ; chuchad, to
ful number.
blow.
Hug. The
utterance induced by the
Hugger-mugger. Hodermoder. * — —
shudder of cold is represented in differ-
Hudgem.udge. Adverbial expressions
ent dialects by the interjections nghl u ! applied to
what is done in a concealed or
uk / hu! schu ! shuch! Grimm 3. 298 — clandestine manner.
;

Wall, chouk J interjection expressive of And yet I pray thee leva brother
cold. —Remade. From this interjection is Rede thys ofte, and so lete other,
Huyde it not in hodymoke.
formed Du. huggeren, frigutire, to shiver.
— Kil.
Myrc. Instr. Parish Priest, p. 62.

From the same source the E. hug sig- The radical image, as in the case of
nifies the bodily attitude produced by the cuddle, is a whispering together. Banff.
sensation of cold when we shrug together hudgemudge, a side talk in a low tone, a
into a heap with the back rounded and suppressed talking: 'The two began to
the arms pressed upon the breast. I hudgemudge wi' ane anither in a corner.'
'

hugge, I shrink in my bed. It is good To hudge, to rumour, to speak in secret.


sporte to see this little boy hugge in his G. muckeii, to mutter, Swiss muckeln,

bed for cold.' Palsgr. The reference to muggeln, to murmur, to speak secretly
cold is afterwards lost, and the word is of a thing gemuggel, murmur, rumour. G. ;

applied to the mere pressure of anything muck represents a suppressed utterance,


between the arms against the breast. the least sound a person makes when endea-
Parallel forms are G. hocken, Xivi.hucke, vouring to keep still, and thence muckeii,
Sw. huka sig, Tin.siddepaa hug,X.o crouch, to suppress an utterance, to keep still. N.
sit cowering Du. huckschouderen, to ^^SS-: secrecy; mugge, to do anything
;

shrug the shoulders, explaining E. huck- in secret. Sw. le i nijugg, to laugh in


shouldered, crump-shouldered, huckle- one's sleeve. similar train of thought A
backed, hump-backed. may be observed in Lat. mutire,
The introduction of an r (always useful mussare, inussitare (to say mut), to
in the expression of shivering) gives Fris. mutter, say anything in a low voice, to
Iwrcken, to shrug with cold Kil. E. —
be silent, to make no noise, to keep a
;

hurch, to cuddle, hurkle, to shrug up thing secret ; Fr. musser, mucer, to hide,
the back. —
Hal. To hurkle, to crouch, conceal, keep close, lurk in a corner Cot.
— —
draw the body together hurkle-backit, ; Gil que musce les furmens qui ab-
' :
— —

HUGUENOT HUMDRUM 353


scondit frumenta.' — Proverbes 1 1. 36. N. huUa, sulla, tralla, to lull, quiet by
'Don muscee esteint ire munus abscon- : singing in a monotonous voice ; mtclla,

ditum extinguit iras.' lb. 21. 14. Banff. to mutter, speak soft and unmeaningly.
hushmush, a secret talking, a rumour. Hull. 1. The chaff of corn, cod of
In modern use hugger-mugger is rather pease. — B. g. hiille, a clothing, veil,
applied to what is done in a muddling cloke. See To Hill.
or mean and disorderly manner than to 2. The body of a ship. See Hold.
what is done in secret, a sense which Hullabaloo. —
Hurly-burly. Words;
may be illustrated by Banff, huschle^ formed to represent a confused noise,
muschle, a state of great confusion, very hence signifying uproar, confusion. As
often employed to indicate the confusion a singular instance of nearly identical
that may arise in money matters, or when words devised in widely different coun-
anything is done in which many people tries to represent the same image, we
are concerned, a muddle. Huschle, the may cite Turkoman qualabdladh, clam-
noise made by any material (generally our, row, mob, crowd. — F. Newm. Kara-
soft) thrown down or falling of itself. balik s. s. —
Hunting Grounds of Old
In a haschle, in a confused mass. ' The World. lUyr. halabuka, uproar, noise.
aul' fehl dyke cam doon in a huschle aboot Boh. halabala, helter-skelter Sanscr. ;

ther lugs.' Here huschle


huschle- or halahald, shout, tumult, noise. — Benfey.
muschle represents a confused sound, as To Hum. —Humble-bee. g. hum-
of a number of people or of things fall- men, summen, Du. hommelen, Lat. bom-
ing. bire, bombiiare, all from direct imitation,
Huguenot. Swiss Rom. einguenot, to hum or buzz as a bee. G. hummel, a,
Mgueno, protestant (Bridel in v. tsassi), drone, humble-bee ; Lat. boinbus, Gr.
seem to support the most plausible of /36ju/3of, a humming ; PoiijiiXioe, a humble-
the many derivations offered, from G. bee, bumble-bee.
eidgenossen, confederates. To Hum. To delude. To hum and
* Hulk. Formerly a large merchant haw is to stammer and be at a loss what
ship. to say. Hence to hum one in a factitive
sense is to cause him to hum and haw,
Having collected together about fourscore
httlkes (navibusonerariis) .

Golding, Csesarin R. to perplex him. ON. hvums, repressse
Twohulkes wherein certain goods appertain- vocis sibilus, astonishment at hvumsa, ;

ing to Englishmen were taken by Frenchmen. to confound. Hami hvumsadiz


vid, he
Cardinal Wolsey in R. was so confounded he could hardly stam-
It. olca, orca, a great ship or hulk. Fr. mer out a word. On the other hand con-
hourque, oulque, a hulk or huge flie-boat. sider Ptg. zuinbir, to hum, zombar, to
— Cot. The original meaning of the jeer or jest.
Humane. Fr. humain,
Hum.aiL. —
word is probably shown in OE. horrock,
the hold, or place where the cargo was humanus, belonging or appropriate
Lat.
stored. to a man, from homo.
Humble. Humility. Lat. humilis,
O boy that fled to one of the Flemysh shippis

and hid him in the horrok. Capgrave, 234. low, from humus, the ground.
Humbug. A modern terra. Perhaps
The hold may have been so called from for humbug, from a union of hu7n and
NE. hurrock, a heap or quantity, from the buzz, which seem to be taken as signify-
heap of sacks which formed the cargo, ing sound 'vvithout sense.
and was in ON. called bulki, bulk. ON.
hruga, a heap. Sir,against one o'clock prepare yourself,
Tillwhen you must be fasting only take
On the other hand the horrock or hold Three drops of vinegar in at your nose,
;

may have been viewed as the place where Two at your mouth, and one at either ear,
the water collects. Lat. orca, urce2is, To sharpen your five senses, and cry hum.
Lang, dotirc, dourco, a jar Flem. durk, ; Thrice, and then tuz as often. Alchemist. —
tirk, the bilge of a ship. N. hoik, a pail, Preserved or reserved 'tis all one to us,
tub. Sing you Te Deum, we'll sing Hum
and Buz.
To Hull. To
float, ride to and fro
I. Heraclitus Ridens, ii. 56, in N. & Q.

on the water. B. Fr. houle, the waves Buz, quoth the blue fly,
or rolling of the sea. Du. holle or hol- Hum, quoth the bee,
gaande zee, a hollow or agitated sea. Bitz and hum they cry,
And so do we.
2. To coax or fondle.
Catch, set by Dr Arne in N. & Q., June i8, 18S4
She hnlUd him and moUid. him and tooli him

about the necli. Chaucer. Beryn. ' Humdrum. What goes on in a hum-
23
354 HUMID HURLYBURLY
way; long hundred still occasionally used in
ming and drumming or droning
monotonous, common-place. trade reckoning. In Saxon reckoning
Humid. — Humour. Lat. humidus, the term hund forms an element in the
moist, humor, moisture. designation of the decads after three-

Hump. Hummock. Du. hamme, a score hund-seofontig, seventy ; hund-
;

teontig, a hundred ; hund-twelftig, a hun-


lump of something eatable, a piece of
land ; hompe, a hunch, piece cut off dred and twenty. The union of the as.
something ; hompe broods, a hunch of elements hund, tig, may pretty clearly be
bread. OSw. hap, hump, a piece of land. recognised in the Gr. kovtci, Lat. gi?iti,
The immediate origin seems the notion the termination of the decads below a
of a projection, a modification of form hundred, while the same element appear-
which may either be regarded as traced ing in quadringenti, quingenti, 400 and
out by a jogging motion, or as giving a 500, connects hund with Lat. cefitum, w.
jolt to those who pass over it. It must cant. From the Goth, taihun-tihund, a
also be borne in mind that a jolting hundred, it would seem that hund is a
movement is represented by the figure of docked form of taihun, ten, which would
a rattling sound or broken utterance. agree with its appearance in the decads
Thus we have N. glamra, skrangla, to below 100. Hund-seofon-tig, ten seven
rumble, rattle glamren, skraHglen,rong\i,
;
times. The termination red is explained
uneven Du. hobbelen, to stainmer, also
; by Ihrefrom the practice of reckoning on
to jog, jolt, rock; hobbelig, rough, un- an abacus composed of several wires,
even ; E. hobble, to move with an uneven where each bead has a different value
gait ; hob, hub, a projectioij. Then with according to the wire or line on which it
the nasal intonation Pl.D. humpeln, is placed. OSw. rod, a line.
humpumpen to limp ; Bav.
(Schiitze), Hunger. Goth, huhrus, hunger ; hugr-
humpen, Du. hompelen, to limp or stum- jan, huggrjan, to hunger.
ble ; hompelig, rough, uneven E. hump, ; To Hunt. To pursue with hounds.
a projection ; N. hump, a knoll. The See Hound.
same relation holds between E. limp, to Hurdle. Du. horde, a hurdle, fence of
go unevenly, walk lame, and lump, a branches or osiers ; horden-wandt, a
projection, excrescence, piece cut off. wicker wall. G. hiirde, a frame of rods,
And see next Article. hurdle, grate ; hiirdung, a fence made
Hunch. To hunch, to give a thrust with hurdles, which is probably not to be
with the elbow B. —
to shove, to gore
; confounded with E. hoarding, a fencing

with the horns. Hal. The meaning of of boards. Fr. hourdis, wattle-work for
the word is thus a jog with something walls, gave rise to Mid.Lat. hurdicium, a
pointed, and thence a projection (Lat. wicker defence in sieges.
projicere, to strike outwards) then, as ;
Et quEe reddebant tutos hurdicia muros.
the prominent part of a loaf or the like is
the readiest cut off, a hunch of bread, a ON. hurd, a door, properly a wicker gate.
piece separated for the purpose of eating. The origin is Swiss hurd, a pole.
In the same way we have lunch, a Hence Rouchi hour, hourde, a framework
thump, and lunch, a lump or hunch of of poles to keephay from the ground in
bread, or the like ; bunch, to thrust or a barn ; hourdache, a mason's scaffold.
strike, and bunch, a knob while each of ; Perhaps the word may be identical with
these synonyms ending in fh have a E. rod, by transposition of the r.

parallel form in mpj hump and hunch, To Hurl. To make


a noise B. to — ;

lump and lunch, bump and bunch; dump —


rumble as the wind Hal. but now only ;

or thump {dumpling, a knob of dough or to drive through the air with a whirring
paste) and dunch. noise. Sw. hurra omkring, to whirl
Hundred, on. hundraS, from hund round ; Bohem. chrleti, to throw or hurl.
and radjVaXio, reckoning, number. Hund- Du. hor, E. dial, hurr, a toy composed of
margr {inargr, many), to the number of a toothed disk made to spin round with a
a hundred. The term raed, a. reckoning humming sound ; Dan. hurre, to hum
(a counting up to ten), corresponds in Sw. or buzz Swiss hurrli, a humming-top.
;

to the G. zig or E. ly in the formation of Hurlyburly. The whirring noise


cardinal numbers a/lraed,eighty,nj'raed,
; made by a body moving rapidly through
ninety, and sometimes the hund-racd the air is represented in G. by hrr!
comprised twelve raeds instead of ten. hurr! brr ! burr 1 'Hrr! weg ist^s :'
This was called the hundraed tolfraed, of whizz ! it 's gone. The representative
twelve tens or 120, corresponding to our I
syllables are then variously combined to
—!
! ;

HURRA HYDR- 355


signify bustle, noise, disturbance. G. Belongs to the same imitative class as
hurliburli, hurlurliburli, with rapidity hurl, hurly-burly, Sec. N. hurra, to
and violence (Sanders) ; Fr. hurluberlu, rattle.
hurlubrelu, hustuberlu (Jaubert), in a Husband. From
on. bua (the equiva-
bouncing way, abruptly. Pl.D. huller- lent of G. bauen, Du. bouwen), to till, cul-
de-buller, Sw. huller-om-buller, Du. tivate, prepare, are bu, a household, farm,
holder-de-bolder, head over heels, con- cattle ; buandi, bondi, N. bonde, the pos-
fusedly, in a hurry. sessor of a farm, husbandman hiisbond ;

Hurra ! Exclamation of excitement. or husband, the master of the house.


Bav. hr ! hrr! interjectio frementis. Probably Lap. banda, master, kate-banda
Hurricane. Fr. ouragan, Sp. huracan, {kdte, house), master of the house, with
from a native American word probably the derivative bandas, rich, may be bor-
imitating the rushing of the wind. Comp. rowed from the Scandinavian.
E. hurl, to rumble as the wind hurlwind,
; Hush. See Hist.
a whirlwind ; hurleblast, a hurricane. Husk. Du. hulse, hulsche, husk, chaff,
Hal. covering of seeds, huysken, case in which
To Hurry. This word had formerly anything is kept, also as hulse, the pod,
a stronger meaning than that in which it chaff, or seed-vessel. —
Kil. The Walach.,
is now commonly used. It is explained which changes k for p, has hosp'a, husk,
by Junius violenter dejicere, raptim pro- chaff, pod.
pellere. The origin is a representation of Hussar. Magy. huszar, a light horse-
the sound made by something rapidly man, skirmisher, soldier adapted to harass
whirled through the air. Thus G. husch the enemy. From Swiss hussj Magy.
is explained by Kiittner, a term express- usz ! uszu! cries used in setting on a
ing quick motion accompanied by a hiss- dog, are formed Du. hussen, huschen,
ing sound, and it as well as hurr I are Magy. uszitani, huszitani, to incite, set
used interjectionally in the sense of quick! on to attack N. hiissa, to chase with
;

make haste Swiss hurrsch, a sound in-


! noise and outcry. See Harass, To Hurry.
tended to express a rapid action accom- Hussy. Corrupted from hus-wife.
panied by a whizzing sound, whence in- Hustings. The municipal court of
terjectionally, hurrsch / out with you the city of London, where probably the
OHG. hursc, quick ; hurscjan, arhurscjan, elections were first conducted, and hence
to hasten. Kehursche dina chumft, hasten the name may have been transferred to

thy coming. Notker. G. hurtig, quick, the polling-booths at an election, on.
brisk. The Teutonista gives huri ! as a thing, Dan. ting, court of justice, assem-
cry to urge on horses. '
Huri est inter- bly. The husting was the house or do-
jectio festinantis quod loquitur auriga mestic court.
equis quando pellit currum vel redum vel To Hustle. To shake or push about.

hujusmodi.' Jun. The equivalent cry in
France and Italy is arrij harri! (a cart-
Hustle-cap, a game in which halfpence
are shaken about in a cap and then
erly voice of exciting — Cot.), whence Sp. thrown into the air. Du. hutsen, hutselen,
arriero, a driver of mules. Arri.' arri to shake to and fro ; N. huska, huste, to
5a, debout, debout, cry to excite to
ca, rock, swing. Fr. houspiller, to pull about,

work. Diet. Castr. Harrer ! quicker ! tug each other like fighting dogs Champ. ;

an exclamation to a horse in Townley hoitrdebiller,X.o shake, hourballer,to ill use.


Mysteries. —
Hal. Hut. w. hotan, hotyn, a cap, hood,
Hurst. Du. hxtrst, a brake, bushy OG. hot, a cap. Digitabulum, finger-
'

place ; Swiss hurst, a shrub, thicket G, ; huot, -hot, -hut. — Dief. Sup. OSax. hutte,
horst, a tuft or cluster, as of grass, corn, care, protection. — Kil. Du. hut, hutte,
reeds, a clump of trees, heap of sand, hut, cabin.
crowd of people. Hutch.. Fr. hiicfte, a chest or bin
To Hurt.—Hurtle. Du. horten, Fr. Champ, huge, hugette, a coffer, shop, hut,
heurter. It. urtare, to dash against, w. cabin. Du. hok, a pen, cote for animals ;
hwrdd, a stroke, blow, brush, onset, konijnen-hok, a rabbit-hutch ; N. hokk, a
hyj-ddio, to drive, thrust, butt, irritate. To small apartment, bedchamber.
hurtle, to clash or dash together, is the Hybrid. Lat. hybrida, a mongrel,
frequentative form of the same root. animal born of heterogeneous parents^
And whenever he taketh him he hurtlith him explained from Gr. i5/3/otc, outrage, viz. an
down. —Wiclif, MaA 9. outrage on the laws of nature.
The noise of battle hurtleth in the air.
Hydr-. Gr. vSi»(t, -utoq (in comp.
Julius Csesar. BSpo-), water. Hence hydraula a
(avXog,
23*
; ;

356 HYDRA IF
pipe),an organ sounded by water, then iijr£p/3o\77,excess, going beyond the mark,
transferred to a machine driven by water ;
excessive praise.
hydraulics, the science of fluids in action. Hyphen. Lat. hyphen, from Gr. i-^iv
Hydrogen, what generates water ; hydro- {i)if eV, under one), together.

phobia (^6/3oe, fear), the disease charac- Hypo-. Gr. vno, Lat. sub, under.
terised by dread of water, &c. Hypochondriac. Gr. x°vSpot, a car-
Hydra. Gr. vSpa, a water-serpent a tilage ; TO. vTToxovSpia, the soft part of the
;

fabulous monster so named. body under the cartilage of the breast,


Hyena. Gr. xni\via (from vq, a sow, the supposed seat of the disorder.
swine), hterally, a swine-hke creature Hypocrisy. Gr.
iffoKpiVo/iai, to answer,
from the rigid hair along the back. to speak
in dialogue, play a part upon
Hygrometer. Gr. iypof, damp, humid, the stage, met. to play a part, dissemble,
and fitrpav, a measure. pretend ; vwoKpwiQ, -aia, playing a part,
Hymen. Gr. 'Y^uijv, a name of the hypocrisy, outward show.
deity of marriage, a nuptial song. Hypothesis. Gr. viroSnaiQ {virb, under,
Hymn. Gr. ii/uvof, a song, a poem to and rlSiriiu, to set, place), a placing or
the honour of God. setting under, something set under, a

Hyper-. Hyperbole. Gr. ii?r^p, above foundation, a supposition or assumption.
or beyond ; i7ripl5d\>.i,) (/SaWw, to cast or Hysteric. Gr. varEpiKog, pertainmg to
throw), to overshoot, exceed ; whence affections of the (ioHpa) uterus.

I. G. ich, ON. eg, Lat. egc tyw, tStdiTris TovTov Tov ipyov, unacquainted with
Sanscr. aham. thiswork ISiiurai Kara tov ttovov, persons
;

Ice. ON. is, G. eis, Du. ijs. The Pl.D. unaccustomed to labour ISiivrtie rif Xoyip,
;

aisen, Du. shudder, which have


ijsen, to rude in speech.
been indicated as the origin of our word, Inscius et brutus, simplex, idiotaque, follus,
are probably themselves derivatives, in ' Indoctus vel insipidus conjungitur istis.
accordance with Fr. se glacer d'horreur, John de Garlandi& de synonymis.
d'dpouvante. Magy. jeg. Lap. jdgna, The word was used in the 1 6th century in
Fin. jdd, Gael, eigh, eidhre, eighre, w. ia, a weaker meaning than at present. Idiot,
ice ; Bret, ien, cold. neither fool ne right wise ; half innocent.
Icicle. AS. tses gicel, Pl.D. ishekel,
Du. ijskekel, iskegel, N. isjukel, isjokul,
— Fr. Pm.
Idle. Empty, vain, unemployed. G.
Da. ON. j'dkull, piece
dial, isegel, icicle.
eitel, Du. ijdel. lidel van hoofde, mad ;
of of ice, jaki, piece or mass of
ice, field
haerinck, a shotten or empty her-
Hann er stoSugr eins og jaki, he ijdelen
ice.
stands as steady as a block of ice. Sup-
ring. Kil. —
Jedel (of texture), loose, not
tight, pierced with many small holes ;
posed by Aufrecht to be of the same stock
with Olr. aig, Gael, eigh, "W. id (for ia£),
jedcle plaats, an empty place. Halma. —
ON. audr, empty, vacant G. ode, waste, ;
ice.
void, desert Fr. vuide, voide, empty,
Idea.— Ideal. Gr. ilka, look, appear- ;

ance, of a thing, its fancied form.


waste, wide, hollow. Cot. —
Identical. From Lat. idem, the same, Idol. Idolatrous. —
Gr. v.la\av, a
whence Fr. identity, identifier, identique. likeness, representation, of a god, namely,
Idiom. Gr. Idiwfia, a peculiarity of, or an image.
mode of expression peculiar to, any given Idyll. Lat. idyllium, from Gr. dliiK-
language, from iSwe, private, personal, Xiov, a brief poem.
peculiar to one in particular. Goth, iba, num, whether? jabai,
If.
Idiot. From Gr. iSiog, one's own, pri- if OHG. ibu, ubaoba, ob, if, whether
;

vate, tliuiTtie, a private person, one who hence condition, doubt ano ibu, without
;
has no professional knowledge, unprac- doubt, without condition, as OFr. sans
tised, unskilled in anything. Mod.Gr. nul si. Du. of, oft, if, whether, or G. ob, ;
; —

IGNEOUS IMPREST 3S7


whether, on. ef, if efa, ifa, to doubt;
; worse ; empirer, to make worse, impair.
OSvi.jefwa, to doubt, suspect. To Impeach. Prov. empachar, em-
Igneous.—Ignite. Lat. ignis, fire. paitar, to embarrass, hinder
Ignoble. — Ignominy. — Ignorant. hindrance. It.
; empaig,
impacciare, OFr. em-
From the root of Lat. gnosco, to know, pescher, to encumber, trouble, hinder.
are formed gnarus, knowing, skilful, no- Poitrine empesMe, obstructed chest;
bilis (for gnobilis), illustrious, widely- empescher lefief, to take legal possession
known, nomen (for gnomen), name, fame. of the fief. To impeach one of treason
Hence with the privative in-, ignarus, is to fasten a charge of treason upon him.
unknowing or unknown ignoro, not to ; Now the notion of encumbering, clogging,
know ignobilis, of no reputation igno-
; ; or impeding is very generally taken from
minia, discredit, ill-fame. the figure of entangling with a sticky
Ilk. The same. See Such. material. Sc. claggy, unctuous, miry ; to
111. Goth, ubils, G. ubel, evil. ON. dag, to daub with clay, to clog ; and
illr, evil, bad. clag is used in a forensic sense for en-

Image. Imagine. Lat. imago, -inis, cumbrance, burden on property, or for
a resemblance orrepresentation of a thing. impeachment on character. In the same
According to Festus from imitor, to imi- way G. kutnmer (the equivalent of E.
tate. cumber, encumber), sometimes used for
Imbecile. Lat. imbecillis, feeble ; ex- the dirt in the streets, signifies arrest,
plained as if it signified one without a seizure, attachment of goods. To pester,
{paciilus) staff. But the sense is rather to embarrass, trouble, encumber, is the
one who leans upon a staff. Fr. eiiipaistrir, to entangle in paste or
To Imbrue. It. bevere, to drink, few^- glutinous material.
rare, to give or to cause to drink. the On In like manner the root of It. impac-
same principle Fr. beuvre (Pat. de Berri), ciare may be G. patsche, puddle, mud,
to drink, would form beuvrer, to cause to from patschen, to paddle. Einen in der
drink, whence (by the same inversion as patsche stecken lassen, to leave one stick-
found in Fr. breuvage, bruvage, from ing in the mud, leave him in the lurch.
beverage) embreuver, to moisten, soak in, It. impacciuccare, to bedaub. — Fl. It
soften with liquor ^embruer, to imbrue
; may however be from Gael, bac, stop,
or bedabble himself with. Cot. — hindrance, as indicated under Dispatch.
To Im.biie. Lat. imbuo, to moisten or Imperial. —Imperative. Lat. impe-
soak. Bua was a nursery word for drink. command, dominion, empire.
riiim,
Imitate. Lat. imitor, imitatus. Implement. What is employed or
Immaculate. Unstained. Lat. ma- applied in the exercise of a trade. Fr.
cula, a spot or stain. employer, emplier, to employ.
Immense. Lat. metior, mensus, to To Imply. Lat. implicare, Fr. im-
measure immensus, unmeasured, beyond pliquer, to enfold, enwrap, involve.
;

measure. See Measure. Import. Sense or meaning. B. See —


To Immolate. Lat. mola, meal with Purport.
salt sprinkled upon the sacrifice ; immolo, To Importune. —Importunate. Lat.
-as (so to dress the victim), to offer, to importunus, unseasonable, inconvenient,
sacrifice. troublesome, seems to be formed as the
Imp. A scion, shoot, graft, figuratively opposite to opportunus. Hence to im-
offspring, a child, but now only applied portune, to be troublesome to. See Op-
in a bad sense, a child of Hell. portune.
The origin is Du. pate, Dan. pode, Imposthume. A corruption of Fr.
Pl.D. faot, a shoot, slip whence Pl.D. apostume, apostime, from Gr. ajroorn/ja
;

paten, inpaten, Du. pooten, inpooten, to (literally, what separates or stands apart),
plant, to set ; an abscess.
Dan. pode, Limousin em-
peouta, Bret, Impregnable. What cannot be taken.
embouda, ohg. impiton,
impten, AS. ijnpan, G. impfen, to graft OYx.pregner, l-aX. prehendere, to take.
in the Salic laws impotus, Limousin em- Imprest. Money given out for a cer-
peou, a graft. The total squeezing out tain purpose to be afterwards accounted
of the long vowel is remarkable. The for. There remaineth in sundrie pro-
'

Du.pote is related to E.put, as Du. botte,. vicions as well with certein money de- —
Fr. bouton, a bud, to Du. batten, Fr. livered imprest for the provision of the
bouter, to put forth as a tree in the household, who have not yet accounted
spring. —
Cot. for the same.' In provicion £ Jn ' — .

To Impair. Lat. pejor, ¥r.pis, pire, prest viz. in the hands of, &c.'£—
; — ;

35« IMPUDENT INSTIGATE


-Household account of Princess Elizabeth, fundamental signification, were used for
Camden Miscell. vol. ii. In prest, in servant. It /ante was used for an attend-
ready money. ant, a man or woman servant, a knave or
Impudent. Lat. impudens, shame- varlet upon the cards, a footman or sol-
less pudeo, to be ashamed pudor, ; dier serving on foot fanteria, infantry,

; ;

shame. As shame is the painful emotion foot-soldiers. Fl.


produced by the reprobation of those to Inferior.— Infernal. Lat. infra, be-
whom we look with respect, or of our neath, below ; inferior, nether, lower
own better self, it is probable that the infemus, nethermost, lowest.
word is derived from the interjection of Ingle. Fire. Gael, aingeal, fire, light,
reprobation, Pu ! Phu ! Fu ! Fi ! ori- sunshine.
ginally expressing disgust at a bad smell Ingot. Originally the mould in which
Phil ! in malam crucem. Plant. Pudet — the metal was cast, and not the bar itself.
me, shames me, they cry pu ! upon
it The alchemist in the canon yeoman's tale
me. See Putrid. gets a piece of chalk and cuts it into the
In-. Ig-. I1-. Im-. Ir-. Lat. in, Gr. shape of an ingot which will hold an
Iv, in, on. In comp. it usually corre- ounce of metal.
sponds to Gr. av-, E. un-, as in incon- He put this once of copper in tlie crosslet,

stant, inaccurate. Before words begin- And on the fire aswithe he hath it set
ning with a labial the n is changed to m, And afterward in the ingot he it cast.
as in impenitent, imbrue, immense. Before G. einguss, the pouring in, that which is
g, I, and r, the n is assimilated with the infused, a melting vessel, ingot mould,
following consonant, although, as in the —
crucible. -Kiittn. From eingiessen, Du.
first of these cases the g
is not doubled, ingieten, to pour in, cast in.
the n seems to be simply lost. Thus we Inguinal. Lat. inguen, the groin.
have Lat. ignarus for, in-gnarus, ignobilis Ink. Gr. lyKavanv, Lat. encaustum,
for in-gnobilis. Illegal, what is contrary
.
the vermilion used in the signature of the
to law ; irrepressible, what cannot be emperor. Hence It. inchiostro, incostro,
repressed. Fr. encre, enque. Wall, eng, enche, Du.
Incendiary. Lat. incendium, a burn- inkt.
ing, from incendo, to kindle ; candeo, to Inkle. Tape, linen thread. Fr. li-
glow, to be on fire. gneul, lignol, strong thread used by shoe-
Incense. From Lat. incendo, incensum, makers and saddlers lignivol (corre- ;

to kindle, to set on fire, we have to incense


sponding apparently to It. ligniuolo),
in a met. sense, to kindle wrath. shoemaker's thread. Roquef. From tlie —
'
From the same source Fr. encens, E. first of these forms are E. lingel, lingle,
incense, a composition of sweet gums for lingan.
burning in churches. Nor hinds wi' elson and hemp lingle.
Incentive. Lat. incino, to sing or Sit soling shoon out o'er the ingle.
make music to incentivus, that sings or
;
Ramsay in Jam.
sounds to, and thence (from the incite- The second form lignivol may probably
ment of martial or dance music), that explain OE. liniolf. Lynyolf or inniol/,
stirs up or incites to. Non tubse solum, threde to sow with schone or botys, in-
sed etiam Spartans tibiae incentivzim
dula, licinium.— Pr. Pm. The loss of the
aliquod feruntur habuisse. —
Paneg. ad initial
/, of which we have here an ex-
Constantin.
ample, would convert lingle into ingle or
Incli. Lat. uncia, the 12th part of a From Lat. linuni, flax, Fr. ligne,
inkle.
pound, as an inch is the i3th part of a a line Fr. linge, linen, cloth of
Sc. ling, ;

foot. '..
flax; Sc. linget-seed, flax-seed.
Indigenous. Lat. indigena, a native, Inkling. See Hint.
born in the country (in question). Indu, Inn. ON. inni, within inni, a house, ;
indp, and endo are given as old forms of
the lair of a wild-beast inni-bod, a feast ;

in, corresponding to Gr. Iv^av and Ivtoz,


at home. Sc. in, inn, lodging, dwelling.
within. 'Ej/Joytvije, born in the house.
Indite. OFr. endicter, from Lat. in- The Bruys went till his innys swyth (to his
dico, indictus.
lodgings) .
— Barbour.
Infant. —
Infantry. Lat. infans, a To Inn. To bring in, carry home. I '

child before the age of speech, from in, /««<', I put into the berne.' Palsgr. —
negative, a.Tid /or, fari, Gr. ^tifti, to speak. Inquest. Lat. inquirere, Fr. enqtcerre,
Fr. enfant, child, son. Then as Lat. to inquire enqueste, an inquiry.
;

puer, a boy, or E. knave, with the same Instigate. Lat. instigo, to incite, prick
— '

INSULAR IRRITATE 359


forward Gr. ariZ»>, to prick ; anyfiri, a
; pression of angry passion, and are a'so
prick, point ; anyiiog, a pricking. imitated by man in the cries used to
Insular. Lat. insula, an island. rouse the passions of the animal and

Integer. Integral. Integrity. Lat. — excite him to attack. Thus -from the
integer, entire, properly untouched, from same root are developed forms signifying
in and tago, tango, to touch. snarl, anger, incite, set on. From the
Inter-. Lat. inter, between, among ; continued sound of the letter r, the littera
as in Intercede, Interject, Interlude. hirriens, are formed Lat. hirrire, W. hyr-

Interior. Internal. Lat. intra, with- rio, E. harr, to snarl ; Fin. Ari, snarling
in ; interior, further in ; internus, inner- like a dog, angry; drista, to snarl, to
most. rage, ir4 fremere drryttda, to set on,
;

Interloper. Du. enterloper, a contra- irritate, make angry. The cry used to
band trader, one who runs in between incite a dog is represented in w. by
those legitimately employed. Du. loopen, the interjection herr! hyrr! Richards, —
to run. agreeing with N. hirra, to incite, and
Intoxicate. Lat. toxicum, Gr. Toltsov, (without the initial h as in Lat. ird) Dan.
poison, said to be from rdSov, a bow with irre, opirre, to tease, to provoke, incite ;
the arrows belonging to it, from the latter G. veriren, verirren, exasperare. Dief. —
being smeared with poison. Supp.

Intrigue. Intricate. It. inirico, in- —See
Iris.Iridescent,
Irritate.
Gr. ipif, the rain-
trigo, intrinco, any intricateness, en- bow.
tangling trouble, or incumbrance. Fl. — To Irk.—Irksome, as. earg, slothful,
Lat. intrico, to entangle ; extrico, to dis- dull, timid ON. argr, recusans, reformi-
;

entangle, extricate. Tricce, impediment, dans.' — Andersen, as. eargian, torpes-


trifles. cere prje timore, Sc. ergh, to feel reluctant,
To Inveigle. To allure, entice or to refrain from for timidity.
deceive by fair words. B. From It.— Dear Jenny, I wad speak t'ye wad ye let,

invogliare, to make one willing, longing, And yet I ergh, ye're ay sae scornfu' set.
or desirous. — FI. '
She gave them gifts Ramsay in Jam.
and great rewards to inveigle them to To irk is to make one ergh, to dull one's
her will.' — Indictment of AnnBoleyn in inclination to action, to tire or become
Froude. It is probably from a false no- weary.
tion of the etymology that we find it spelt My spouse Creusa remanit or we came bidder,
aveugle. '
The marquis of Dorset was Or by some fate of God's was reft away,
so seduced and aveugled by the Lord Or gif sche errit or irkit by the way. D. V. —
Admiral that, &c.' —
Sharington's con- —Erravitne vi4, seu lassa resedit.
Froude, v. 132.
fession, A.D. 1547, in Iron. Goth, eisarn, Du. iser, tsern, G.
Invidious. Lat. invidia, envy. eisen,w. haiarn, Gael, iarun.
Invite. Lat. invito. Irony. Lat. ironia, from Gr. tlpuvela,
Invoice. A
bill of particulars sent an assumed appearance, pretence ; ttpuv,
with goods. The word could never have one who speaks with a sense other than
been formed from Fr. envoi, the envoy or the words convey, a dissembler.
concluding address with which a publica- To Irritate. Lat. irritare, to incite,
tion was formerly sent into the world. stir up, provoke. \
compound of z>/ and
As most of our mercantile terms are a simple ritare, and not a frequentative
from It., we may with confidence trace of the root irr seen in Dan. opirre, G.
the derivation to It. avviso, notice, in- verirren, N. hirra, J"in. drryttda, to pro-
formation, by the insertion of an n, as in voke, mentioned under Ire.
Fr. attiser, E. entice. The invoice is in The snarling sounds of fighting dogs
fact a letter of advice (It. lettera a'av- are imitated by different combinations of
viso), giving notice of the despatch of the letters r, s, t ; rr ! ss ! st J ts ! tr !
goods with particulars of their price and rt ! giving rise to so many forms of the
quantity. verb signifying to set on, to attack, or
Iodine. Gr. Mtis, of a violet tinge or quarrel, on the principle explained under
colour. the head above-mentioned. Thus, from
Ire. Lat. ira, OFr. ire, iror, anger; the imitation by a simple ;•, are formed
ird, irii, irieus, irous, angry; AS. irre, Lat. hirrire, to snarl, n. hirra, to incite,
anger, yrsian, to be angry. Lat. ira, wrath ; from the sound of s,
The origin is in all probability a repre- Pl.D. hissa, Du. hissen, hisschen, hus-
sentation of the snarhng sounds of quar- schen, to set on ; from st, Bohem. stwati,
relling dogs, which exhibit a lively ex- Gael, stuig, to set pn, and perhaps Gr.
—!
; —

3-30 ISINGLASS JACK


arvyoQ, hatred ; from ts,izz / U2Z
It. Iso-. Gr. equal, as in isothermal,
iffof,

cries to set on a dog— Muratori, izzare, of equal heat ; isochronous, of equal time,
adizzare, Sw. hitsa, G. hetzen, to set on, &c.
It. izza, anger ; and, with the vowel in- Issue. Fr. issu, sprung, proceeded
serted between the consonants, Fr. User, from, born of, from issir, to go out, to flow
E. tice, entice, Sw. tussa, to incite, pro- forth, and that from Lat. exire, to go out.
voke from tr, E. to ter or tar, G. zerren,
;
-it. Lat. eo, itutn, to go ; whence
to provoke to anger ; and from rt, G. exitus, an exit or going out, transitns, a
reitzen, Du. ritsen, Sw. r<;&, Lat. irritare, transit or going through.
to provoke, incense. To the same root It. Du. het, it ; ON. hi?in, hin, hitt,
may be referred Gr. i^it, -iJog, Lat. rixa ille, ilia, illud.

(for ritsd), strife, Gr. tpMlu, to provoke. Itch. Ichyn or ykyn or gykyn, prurio.
Isinglass. G. hausenblas_, the bladder — Pr. Pm. G. }iicken,to itch. The de-
of the (hausen) sturgeon, as well as the signation is taken from the twitching
preparation made from it, by us corruptly movements to which itching irresistibly
called isinglass, probably from connect- impels us. Swab, jucken, to hop or
ing the name with the employment of the spring Bav. gigkeln, to shiver, or twitch
;

substance in icing or making jellies. under the influence of tickling, desire,


— —
Island. Isle. Isolate. The spelling anger. Das herz gieglet ihm ; cor ei sub-
of island has been corrupted, and the sultat. Einige gigeln so gewaltig nach
etymology obscured, by the influence of dem heuraten j —
itch so for marriage.
isle, a word from a totally different root, Ergigkern, to cause to tremble, to frighten.
viz. Lat. insula, It. isola, Fr. isle j while Gigken, gigkeze?z, to utter broken sounds,
island, AS. igland, is properly eye-land, a to stutter, giggle. —
Schmeller. Then from
spot of land in the midst of water, as the broken sounds the signification passed on
eye in the midst of the face. Fris. ooge, to abrupt movements.
eye, and also island, as in Schiermonni- Iterate. Lat. iteruin, again, a second
kooge, the white monk's isle, Spikeroge, time.
Wangeroge, islands on the coast of Fries- Itinerant. Lat. itinerari, to take a
land. AS. ig has the same sense in Scea- journey, from iter, itineris, a journey,
pige, Sheppey or Sheep's Island. Dan. route.
'die, eye, o or de, isle. The true etymology Ivory. Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur.
is preserved in eyot, ait, a small island in Ivy. AS. ijig, G. epheu, OHG. ebeheiie,
W. eiddew, Gael, eidhean.


To Jabber. Javer. The sound of mon man. Jaques, nias, sot, grossier.
noisy, indistinct, unmeaning utterance is Roquef. Jaquerie, an insurrection of the
represented by the simplest combinations peasants. The introduction of the word
of gutturals and labials, babble, gaggle, in the same sense into England seems to
gabble, Sc. gabber ; and with the initial g have led to the use of Jack as the familiar
softened to /, E. jabber, gibber, javer, Fr. synonym of John, which happened to be
jaboter, to mutter, chatter, tattle. Jan- here the commonest name, as Jaques in
gelyn ox javeryn, garrulo, blatero, garrio France.
— Pr. Pm. ; javTer, idle silly talk Since eveiy Jack became a gentleman,
javvle, to contend, wrangle Hal. — Fr.;
There's many a gentle person made a Jack.
javioler, to gabble, prate, or prattle. Rich. III.
Cot. The term was then applied to any me-
-jacent. IjzX.. jaceo, to \\e.. chanical contrivance for replacing the
Jack, I. The Jewish Jacobus was personal service of an attendant, or to an
corrupted through Jaquemes, to yaqucs implement subjected to rough and fami-
in France, and James in England and ; liar usage. Jack of the clock, Yx.jacquclet,
Jaques, being the commonest Christian a mechanical figure which struck the
name in the former country, was used as hours on a clock. A roasting-jack is a
a contemptuous expression for a com- contrivance for turning a spit by means

JACK JAM 361

of a heavy weight, and so superseding the signify to cause to pant, or show signs of
service of the old turnspit. A jack, a exhaustion.
screw for raising heavy weights. Aboot- Jag. Jig. Jog. — We
have had oc-
jack (g. stiefel-knecht, literally boot-boy), casion, under Gog and elsewhere, to re-
an implement for taking off boots. Rou- mark the way in which the roots repre-
chi gros-jacgue, a large sou. —
H^cart. A senting in the first instance tremulous or
jack-towel, a coarse towel hanging on a broken sound are applied to signify quiv-
roller forthe use of the household jack- ;
ering or reciprocrating movement, or the
boots, heavy boots for rough service ;
kind of figure traced out by bodies in
black-jack, a leathern jug for household motion of such a nature. Now the sylla-
service jack-plane, a large plane for bles gig, gag are often used in the repre-
;

heavy work. sentation of harsh broken sounds Gael. ;

Jack. 2. Jacket. The E. jack, Fr. gagaich, Bret. gagH, to stutter E. gag- ;

jaque, \X.. giacco (whence the dim. jackets gle, to cry as geese ; Swab, gigacken, to
Fr. jaquette, a short and sleeveless coun- gaggle as geese, bray as an ass Swiss ;

try coat —Cot.), is another example of gigagen, to bray Bav. gagkern, gagke-
;

the depreciatory application of the term zen, to cluck as a hen, cough harshly and
in the sense of substitute or servant. A abruptly, to stutter ; gig^ezen, gigken, to
jack was properly a homely substitute for utter broken sounds, stutter, giggle ; gick-
a coat of mail, consisting of a padded or gack, in nursery language, a clock, from
leather jerkin for defence, with rings or the ticking of the pendulum (D. M. v.) ;

plates of iron sewed on it. Fr. jaque- Gael, gog, the cackling of a hen, also the
mard, a wooden image against which to nodding or tossing of the head E. gog- ;

practise tilting, a jack of the clock, also a mire, a quagmire, shaking mire Swab. ;

coat or shirt of mail. —Cot. Rouchi jaco- gagen, gagelen, to jog, jiggle, move to and
tin, a jacket, iroiajacot, dim. of y agues. fro ; Swiss gageln, to shake, be unsteady
Jackanapes. A coxcomb Jack the as a table gagli, a giglot, a girl that
;
;

ape, a monkey. can't sit still. Then, with the initial g


Jack of Dover. softened to a j, E. j.ag or jog, an abrupt
movement, a thrust brought to a sudden
Full many a pastie hast thou lettin blode,
stop, a projection, indentation.
And many a Jack of Dovyrhast thou sold
That hath been twyis hot and twyis cold. Some jagit uthers to the heft
Chaucer, Prol. to Cook's Tale. With knives that sheip could scheir.
The Dance. Evergreen.
In accordance with the E. use of jack, to
signify anything used as a substitute or
The North and South Joggins are in-
dented on opposite sides of a river
cliffs
put to homely service, Fr. jaques is a
in Nova Scotia, which seem to jog in and
name given by pastry-cooks, implying
jog out in correspondence with each other.
that a piece of meat or pastry is old and

hard. Roquefort in v. Jaquet. The re- — Lyell. K joggle in masonry is a pro-
jection in a stone fitting into a hollow in
maining part of the expression is proba-
the adjoining one for the purpose of bolt-
bly a punning repetition of the same idea.
ing them together
I am informed that a heated-up dish is
still among the waiters called a dover or
The prefix of an s in w. ysgogi, to
shake, unites the forms having an initial
doover, doubtless do over.
Jack-pudding. A
buffoon or jug- g or j, with E. shag or shog, to shake or
gler's servant set to entertain the crowd
jog— Hal. shaggy, jagged, rugged ; ice-
;

shoggle, a projecting point of ice ON.


by coarse tricks, among which eating in
;

skaga, to project skagi, a promontory.


;
a ridiculous manner pudding, soup, &c.,
The thin vowel in jig, jiggle, imphes a
occupi-ed a conspicuous place.
lighter movement of a similar kind to that
I had as lief stand among the rabble to see a
signified hy jag or jog.
jack-pudding eat a custard as trouble myself to
Jail. See Gaol.
see a play.—Shadwell in Nares.
* Jakes. A
privy in Devonshire any
;

G. hans-wurst {Jans, Jack ; wurst, pud- —


kind of filth. Hal. G. gauche, jauche,
ding) ; Fr. 'Jean-potage, Jean-farine, a filthy stinking liquid mistgauche, the
;

showman's buffoon. drainings of the dunghill ; schiffgauche,


Jade. To jade, to wear out with ex- bilge water. Probably the word signifies
ertion ; jade, a worn-out horse. Sp. ijada, only slops, splashing. See Jaw, 2.
the flank, from Lat. iliumj ijadear,jadear, Jam. The thickenedjuice of fruit. Mod.
the flanks to play, to pant, palpitate; Gr. iovpil, broth, juice, i^ov/jl tUv TriapitcHiv,

jadio, palpitation. Hence to jade would juice of fruit.


—; '

362 JAM JAW



To Jam. To press in between some- sounds not understood. It. gergo, ger-
thing that confines the space on either gone, Fr. jargon, gibberish, fustian lan-
side like the jambs of a door ; to fix be- guage, a barbarous jangling. Cot. —In
tween jambs. the same way Wall, gazouy, to warble, is
also used in the sense of speaking jargon.
In a stage-coach with lumber cramm'd,

Between two bulky \iodX^^ jamm d. Lloyd Fr. patois, explained by Palsgrave (p. 261)
in R.
as the recording of birds, is now used to
Jamb. Fr. jambe, a leg, also the signify a provincial dialect.

jaumb or side-post of a door. Cot. See Jatindioe. Fr. jaunisse, the yellow
Game. disease ; jaune, yellow.
To Jangle. Formerly to chatter as a
bird, then to chatter, talk idly, tattle,

Jaunt. Jaunce. Two ways of writing
the same word, as Fr. tancer becomes E.
wrangle, quarrel. taunt. The fundamental meaning is to
Thy mind is lorne, iao-ajanglest as a jay. jolt or jog. To jounce, to bounce, thump,
Man of Law's Tale in R.
and jolt, as rough riders are wont to do.
Lang, jhangla, to cry, to yelp. OFr.
jangler, to prattle, tattle, jest, flatter, lie.
— Forby.
tired by yaa»««/
— Roquef. Lilce jingle, the representa-
SpurgalWd and BoUngbroke.
Rich. XL
tion of a clattering sound. G. zank, chid-
ing, jangling. Du. jangelen, janken, to Fr. jancer un cheval, to stir a horse in
yelp. the stable till it be swart withal also as ;

Janty. Fr. gentil, pretty, agreeable. E. jaunt. —


Cot. Manx jonse, a jolt or
To Japan. To varnish, because the wince ; jonseragh, wincing, acting in a
best kind of varnished goods came to us wild, untamely manner. —
Cregeen. Sw.
from the country of Japan. dunsa, Dan. dundse, to thump, to fall
To Jape. The same softening of the heavily.
g which is seen in jabber compared with A jaunt or jance is then used in the
gabble connects the OE. gab, to lie, mock, sense of an outing for pleasure or exer-
deceive, vii'Csxjape. The radical meaning cise, as Fr. alter se faire cahoter unpeuj
is chattering, idle talk. Fr. japper, to S'vf.fara ut at skakapd sig, to take a jog,
yelp, in low language is used in the sense to take exercise.
of chatter. —
Gattel. Avoir bone jape, be7t
Faith would I had a few Taorsjeances on't,
del jape, to have the gift of the gab. An you say the word send me to Jericho.
H^cart. N. gjeipa, to make a wry face, B. Jons., Tale of a Tub, ii. 4.
twist the mouth.
Javelin. Fr. javelin, a weapon of
*
Jar. Fr. jare, Sp. jarra, It. giara,
a size between the pike and the partizan
from Arab, garrah, a water-pot. Diez. — javelot, a gleave, dart, or small javelin. —;

But It. giara has also the same sense as It. giavellotto, giaverina, a javelin
Cot.
Fr. gris, sand, gravel, sandstone. Giara
then, like Prov. grasal, may originally be
that may be hurled as a d.art. Fl. —Bret.
gavlod, gavlin, MHG. gabilSt, OE. gave-
a pot-de-gris, an earthen pot. See Grail. Neumann ex-
lock, a javelin or dart.
To Jar. To creak, make a harsh
plains Sp. jabalina, as a boarspear, from
noise, as things that do not move
jabali, a wild boar, but the double form
smootlily on each other. Hence jar, dis-
of the word is against that derivation.
agreement, variance, quarrel. Christians
'

Jaw. Jawe or cheek-bone, mandibull.


being at jarre among themselves.' Bale — — Pr. Pm. Fr. joue, the cheek, was for-
in R. Swab, garren, Bav. garrezen, to
merly used in the sense of throat, jaws.
creak like a wheel or shoe, or the hinge '
Garde la ley et le conseil et vie ert a ta
of a door Sp. chirriar, to creak or chirp
;
alme et grace k tes jowes : —
et erit vita
Lat. garrire, to chirp, to chatter.
Jargon. Properly the chattering of
animae tuae et gra.i\dLfducibus tuis. Pro- —
verbes.
birds, analogous to forms like AS. cear-
kian, OE. chark, chirk, to creak or chirp
The cries of different animals, yelping
;
of dogs, chattering of birds, give rise to
Lith. kirkti, to creak or cluck karkti, to
whirr, cluck, gaggle
;
numerous depreciatory expressions for
czirksti, to chirp,
talking, and thence furnish designations
;

twitter Magy. csergeni, to rattle, rustle.


of the mouth, throat, jaws, as the instru-
;

Yx. jargonner, to gaggle as a goose ; jar-


ment of talk. Thus from Pl.D. kiffen,
gouiller, to warble, chirp, or chatter.
keffen, to yelp, is kiffe, the jaw from ;
But she withal no word may sowne Du. kaeckelen, Fr. caqueter, to cackle, is
But chitre, and as a birdy«?y«o««.^Gower in R.
Pl.D. kdkel, in the same sense as kiffe,
Hence figuratively for an utterance of the instrument of talk. Holt dog ecnmal
— — ;.

JAW JIB 363


de kakel, hold your jaw one moment. Altieri. Rouchi, girie, tromperie, mau-
Hence, throwing off the frequentative vaise plaisanterie. —
H^cart.
termination, Du. kaecke, the jaw, cheek. Jelly. Fr. geUe, the juice of meat or
So from gaghelen, to gaggle, Fris. gaghel, fruit which congeals on cooling ; geler,
the throat, palate —
Kil. ; from Wall. to freeze.
chawer, to cheep, cry, chaweter, to chatter •
Jeopardy. From Fr. jeu parti. Mid.
as daws, E. chaff, to chirp, chatter {chaf- Lat. jocus partitus, an even chance, a
finch, a chirping bird ; chough, a chatter- choice of two alternatives.
ing daw), we pass to chaff-bane (Hal.), Dan moine/jS vos partirai
chaw-bone (Palsgr.), jaw-bone ; chavel, Deus geus, li malvfes lesserez,
chawl, choivl, the jaw. Dan. kicsvle, to Et ^meiUour vos en tanrez.
To kaw, to cry Fab. et Contes, 4. 24.
wrangle, kiave, the jaw.
as rooks or daws, to gasp for breath, leads
Or regardez que vous ferez
Que je vous vueil un geu parHr,'^-Vo\6.. 4. 293
to Du. kawwe, a daw kauwe, kouwe, a
;

jaw, throat, cheek. Again, from gabble, Jerk. —Jert. Alashof awhip, ahasty
confused talk, passing into javvle, to con- pull or twitch. — B. 'A shake, _7Vr/, or
tend, wrangle (Fr. javioler, to gabble blow with the cord of a caveson.' Cot. —
Cot), jaul, to scold or grumble (parallel w. terc, a jerk or jolt.
with Dan. kicBvle), —
Hal., to jaw, to Jerkin. Lang, jhergaou, an over-coat
wrangle, we have gab, the mouth, the Fr. jargot, a kind of coarse garment worn
facuhy of s^sQch., jowl, joll, the jaw, and by country people. Cot. —
Du. jurk, a
(with the same relation to jowl as was child's slop or pinafore. OFr. jasgue, a
seen in kaecke, the cheek, compared with quilted jacket worn under the cuirassj
kdkel), Fr. jowe, e. jaw. It will be ob- jazequen, a coat of mail. Roquef. —
served that an initial k or ch frequently Jest. See Gest.
interchanges with j, even in the same Jet. Fr. jaiet, Lat. gagates. '
The
language ; Fr. joffu, E. chuff/ ; E. jowl, geat which otherwise we call gagates car-
chowl, jaw, chaw, Du. kauwe, Dan. I'ieth the name of a town and river both
kiceve. in Lycia called Gages.' Holland, Pliny —
Jaw. 2. Sc./aje/, the dash
Jawhole. inR.
of the sea ; jaw-hole, a gully-hole, sink To Jet. To strut, to carry the body
where slops are thrown. Fr. gachis, stately or proudly. '
I iette with facyon

splashing Q.gaufhe, slops mist-gauche, and countenance to set forthe myselfe, je


;

the draining of the


;

dunghill ; schiff- —
me braggue.' Palsgr. in Way.
gauche, bilge-water. From Lat. jactare. It. giattare, OFr.
jacter, jatter, to brag or vaunt, also to
Jay. A
bird noted for its chattering
swing, toss, shake up and down jac-
Fr. geai, gat, a jay, chough, daw ;
cry.
Sp. gaio, graio, a jay ; Du. kauwe, kae,
tance, bragging, proud ostentation. — Cot.
;

In the same way Lith. mesti, to cast ;


a daw.^Kil. Russ. gai, croaking, E.
metyti, to cast to and fro, to brag, to strut.
caw, cry of rooks. Compare It. gazza, a
Jetty. Fr. jettSe, a cast, also a jetty
pie, with gazzerare, Fr. gazouiller, to
or jutty, a bearing out in buildings, also
chirp, warble.
the bank of a ditch, or the earth cast out
Jealous. Fr. jaloux, from Lat. zelus,

o/itwhen itis made. Cot. Jetteis, earth
zeal, emulation, jealousy.
cast out of a ditch. —
Roquef. Hence E.
-ject. Lat. jacio, jactum, in comp. jetty, a bank carried out into the water.
-jicio, -jectum, to cast, throw, whence Jewel. Fr. joyau, jouel. It. gioia,
typr. jecter, Fr. jeter, to cast, to put or joy, delight, a gem, jewel, a precious
push forth, and the compounds inject, thing ; gioie,gioieUe, all manner of jewels.
eject, •project, &c. Fl. —
See Joy. In Mid.Lat. by errone-
Jeer. Written geare, geere by Spencer ous etymology /(?£«;/£.
and Gascoigne. Junius 'has jeer, yeer, to —
Jewise. Juise. Fr. juise, judgment,
deride, for which he cites Du. gieren, irom judicium, as ben^iqon, from benedic-
cum stridore et strepitu alicui illudere. tio. Si proeves varient eient juyse de
'

Gieren, to cry loudly, to holloa. — Halma. pyloric et la partie perde sa demande.'


The form yeer tells against ON. dAra, to Lib. Alb. 665.
make sport of, from ddri, a fool. Florio To Jib. To start backwards. The
has giara, giarra, a cheating trick or jib-sail is a sail which shifts of itself from
cozening deceit giarrare, giarare, to
;
side to side as required by the wind. Du.
sand, to gravel, by met. to cheat or coney- gijpen (of sails), to turn suddenly,
catch. Giarda, mockerie, jest, trick.— I
Halma. OFr. regiber, regimber, to kick
— —

364 JIFFLE JORDAN


or wince. '
Uor al so Northern pronunciation, JocK), in the
sone so thet flesch
haveth al his wil, hit reglbbeth anon ase sense of a person if in inferior position.

fet kalf.'^ Ancren Riwle 130. Jibby, a Jotky was specially applied to the servant

gay frisky girl. Hal. who looks after horses, now almost con-
To Jifiae.— Ji%-. To jiffle, to be rest- fined to the rider of a race-horse.
less. — Hal. A jify is an instant, a turn To Jog. See Jag.
of the hand. To jib, to turn rapidly Join. Juncture. —
Fr. joindre, from
back ; Fr. gibelet, a gimlet, an instrument Lat. jungere, the nasalised form of the
that pierces by turning round W. cipio, same root which gives Gr. Ztiyw/u, to
;

ysgipio, to snatch. join, ivyov, a yoke.


Sanscr. yuj, join.
Jig. To move to and fro or Joist. The joists are the sleepers on
up and
down, a merry dance jiggetting,}o\'(vs\g, which the floor of a room is laid, the bed
;

shaking, going about idly ; a jigger, any of the floor. Gyst, that gothe over the
piece of machinery that moves with re- flore, solive, giste. —
Palsgr. in Way. Fr.
ciprocating action. Fr. jiguer, to throw giste, a bed, place to lie on, from gesir,
the legs about. — Pat. de Champ. Hence La.t.jacere, to lie. The term sleeper, with
vulgarly gigues, the legs, and gigot, a leg which railways have made us so familiar,
of mutton. Bav. gigl (contemptuously), is a repetition of the same figure.
the feet— D. M. v. See Jag. Joke. Lat. jocus, jest, sport jocari. ;

Jilt. Sc. gillet, a giddy girl, probably It. giocare. Pro v. jogar, Fr. jouer, to
for giglet or giglot, a flighty girl giglet sport, to play.
;
'
The root of the word

Fortune.' Shakesp. To jilt one is to seems preserved in Lith. jugstu (Eng.
behave to him like a jillet, to be incon- j) or jungu,jugti, to be merry ; jaugtis',
stant to him. pajugti, to rejoice jugulis (exactly cor-
;


K jillet broke his heart at last. Burns. responding to n. juggler), one who makes
sport for the company, a jovial person.
To Jingle. An imitative form like Jolly. It. giulivo, Fr. joli for jolif,
tingU or G. klingeln, to which last it is gay, fine, also merry, jocund
jolieti,

;
related as chink to clink. Comp. also Fr. joliveti, prettiness,
mirth. Cot. Not
clinquaille, quinguaillc, chinks, coin. from Jovialis, but from ON. jol, 'E.yule,
Cot. Da. gungre, to resound, ON. glingra, Christmas, the
great season of festivities
to jingle. 'Let. jwingsch ! (Jcr.j) repre-
in rude times.
sents the sound of a mowing scythe or a joelen, to live
Diez. — N. jula seg, Du.
a joyous life, to make
glass window breaking jwingschkeht, to merry.
;

jingle iklingcrn), as when a window is


Jolly-boat. 'Da.Ti. jolle, a. yawl, jolly-
beaten in.
To Job. I. To peck, to strike with a boat. The original meaning is probably
as in Fr. jalle,jalaye, a bowl ; Du. jol-
pointed instrument. Byllen or jobbyn as
leken, a trough. Dan. jolle afsted, to
bryddys, jobbyn with the byl, rostro.
The nut-jobber is a synonym of bowl See Gallon.
along.
Pr. Pm.
the nut-hatch, a bird which breaks open To Jolt. The representation of the
nuts with blows of the bill. Bohem. sound of a blow admits of infinite varia-
dubati, Pol. dziobad, to peck ; dziob, Gael. tion. To jot, jotter, to jolt roughly
gob, the beak of a bird. Forby to jock, to jolt. Hal. To julk,
; —
Job. 2. An undivided piece of work. to sound as liquor shaken in a cask
Jobbel, jobbet, a small load.— Hal. To Forby, to shake, splash, jolt. Hal. To —
work by the job, to undertake a definite jolle, to knock. He jowTd their heads
piece of work. —
In the same sense, to together. Mrs Baker. A joult-head, or
work by t\\e gob (Hal.), i.TiA gob, gobbet, a. jolter-head, like logger-head, seems to be
lump or portion. Wall, gob, a blow, a from the notion of wagging the head to
piece ; gob a' homme, a dump of a man. and fro, and not from the idea of thick-
Baye m'ein ein gob, give me a bit of it. ness.
--Sigart. Pl.D. stoot, a blow, a job or Jonquil. Vr. jonquille, Sp.junguilla,
piece of work done at one time. Brescian the sweet yellow Narcissus with rush-like
bbt, a stroke, blow laiird, a bbt, to work
;
leaves. 'LaX. juncus, rush.
by the job. Jordan. Properly an earthen pot,
Jobation. Tojobe (at the university), synonymous with gally-pot, Du. glei-pot,
to reprimand. —
B. Jobation is still in a clay or earthen pot. Like gally-pot, in
use for a taking to task, such as Job re- modern times the term was specially ap-
ceived at the hand of his friends. plied to the vessels in medical use. Our
Jcckey. From Jack (or, with the host in the Canterbury Tales, addressing

;

JOSTLE JUBILANT 36s


theDoctor of physick, invokes blessings Ce m'est avis qu'en Louneis,
upon Justerent li dux e li reis.
Chron. Norm.
—thy urinalles and \hy jordanis. —the Duke and the King met
2.

together.
10260.

Hollinshed speaks of a pretended 'phy- Mon champ joute au sien, my field


sicus et astrologus ' being exposed with abuts upon his,as G. stosst daran, liter-
two 'jorden pots ' hung round his neck, ally, strikesagainst it.
for having deceived the people by a false The origin may be traced to ON. thys,
prediction ; ' duE ollce quas jordanes vo- OHG. thicz, doz, OSw. dyst, dust, noise,

camus.' Walsinghamin Jam. Dan., Sw. uproar, tumult. Dero wellono doz, fragor
jord, earth. In like manner Northampton u ndarum .
—N
otker.
jurnut, a pig-nut, for earth-nut. Med dyst swaat .stanga gingo sunder.
To Jostle. To thrust or push with With a crash, so that their spears ilew in sunder.
the elbows. — B. A frequentative from Chron. Rhythm, in Ihre.
Q^x. jouster. See Joust. Dan. dyst, combat, shock, set-to Vove .

Jot. To jot, to touch, to jog, to nudge. en dyst med en, to try a fall with one.
— Hal. Ijotte, I touch one thynge against Hence rdnna diost, or rida diust, to joust.
another, je heurte. What needes thou to Jovial. Cheerful, merry ; qualities
jotte me with thine elbowe ? —Palsgr. Du. supposed to belong to one born under the
jotten, Fris. jottjen, jotskjen, to jolt. influence of the planet Jupiter or Jove,
Epkema. To fall jot on one's rump, to as melancholy was promoted by the in-

plump down. Forby. To jot a thing fluence of Saturn.
down, to note it in a book at the moment —
Jowl. Jole. Properly the jaws, throat,
it occurs. gullet, often specially applied to the head
Then from the connection so frequently of a fish. Ajoll of sturgeon. B. and F. —
observed between the ideas of a short Geoules of sturgeon. —
Howell. Brancus,
movement and a lump or piece of some- 3.gole, or a ckawle. Vocab. in Pr. Pm. —
thing, jot is used for a small portion, V. Chavylbone. Jolle, or heed, caput.
what is jotted or thrown down at once. yolle of a fysshe-teste. Jawle-bone of a
The resemblance to Gr. twj-a is acci- wildebore. Pr. Pm. and notes. — '
The
dental. Comp. Sw. dial, datta, a touch, chowle or crop adhering to the lower side

a blow ; detta, to fall ; dutta, to touch or of the bill.' Brown. Vulg. Err. in R.
nudge one ; dett, a dot or speck, a lump, The E. forms seem to have equal claims
bit ; dott, a wisp or tuft of hay, wool, to a Fr. and AS. ancestry ; OFr. gole,
&c. E. dot, a small portion ; a dot of golle, geiile, Fr. gueule, the mouth, throat,
phlegm. The interchange or equivalence gullet, also the stomach itself ; gueuUard
of an initial d and / is of frequent occur- (the equivalent of E. Jowler, Chowler), the
rence, as in jag, dagj job, dab, a lump ; muzzle of a beast, also a wide-mouthed
'S.. jounce, and Sw. dunsa, to thump.

— fellow. —
Cot. On the other hand, as.
Journal. Journey. From Lat. dies, geagl, jaw, throat, geajlas, geahlas, the
a day, came diurnus, daily, and thence jaws. Viewed in connection with the
It. giorno, Yx.jour, a day, with their de- latter forms, jowl or jole would differ from
rivatives ,journal,!i notice of daily events jaw only in the addition of a final el or /,
journie, a day's work, a day's travel or and the same relation is seen between
journey. The original sense of the word chowl or chawle, and Du. kaiiwe, kouwe,
is preserved in journeyman, a workman kuwe, throat, gullet, cheek, jaw, chin,
at daily wages. gills.— Kil.
Joust. It. giostrare, Fr. jouster, to Joy. Lat. gaudere, gavisus sum; It.
tilt. Derived by Muratori from It. chios- godere,gioire, OPtg. gouvir, Yxoy. gauzir,
tro, chiostra, Lombard ciostra, the en- jauzir, Fr. jouir, to enjoy ; Ptg. goivo,
closed yard in which a tournament was Prov. gaug, joi, It. gioia, Fr. joie, joy. —
held. But the word has a more extended Diez.
meaning than this derivation would ac- Jub. A
jug.
count for, and the radical signification With brede and cheese and good ale in &julle.
seems to have reference to the shock of Miller's Tale.

the combatants. Limousin dzusta {dz = It. gobbio, gozzo, 3. bunch in the throat,

Eng. j), to knock at a door ; P>. jouster, goitre, craw, or crop of a bird, by met.
jouter (whence -E. jostle), properly to any glass with a round big body. Fl. —
knock, then, with softened significance, See Goblet.
to meet together, to join, to abut. See Jubilant. Lat. jubilare, to shout for
Jot. joy.
— — — ;

365 JUDGE JUNKET


Judge.— Judicious. Lat. judex (Jus sugar.— Cot. From Arab juleb, jul&b,
dico), giudice, Yr.juge.
\\.. 'Pe.ns. gul-db, rosewater. — Diez.
Jug. A
vessel for drink. Jug or To Jumble.—Jumbre. To rumble,
Judge was formerly a familiar equivalent then to shake together. I jwnbylle, I
of Joan or Jenny. Jannette, Judge, make a noyse by removyng of heavy
Jennie (a woman's name) Jehannette, thynges.
; I jumble as one dothe that
Jug, or Jinny.— Cot. Now the vessel can [not?] play upon an instrument, je
which holds drink is peculiarly liable to brouille. Palsgr. —
familiar personification. We
have black- ^sjombre no discordant thing ifere.
jack (a jack of leather to drink in Min- — Chaucer. Fr. and Cr. 2. 1037.
sheu), a leathern jug Susan, in the dis- Da. skumpe, skumple, to shake, jolt.
; N.
trict of Gower, a brown earthenware Fris. shumpeln, to jolt N. skumpla, to

;

pitcher. Philol. Proceed. 4. 223. But shake liquid in a vessel.


see Goblet. To Jump. Sw. guppa, to rock, to tilt
* Juggler. —
To Juggle. The jug- up Bav. gumpen, to jolt, spring, jump
;
;

gler was a person whose business was to gumper, the plunger of a pump. Con-
find amusement for the company on fes- nected forms are OFr. regiber, regimber,
tive occasions by music, recitation, story- to )ii\<^, giber, to throw about the arms or
telling, conjuring, &c. The word is com- legs ; Lang, ghimba, to jump, to kick.
mon to all the Romance dialects, from Sw. dial, skumpa, to jog, jolt, jump, run
whence it has passed with more or less to and fro ; N. skumpa, to shove, to nudge
corruption into the other European lan- Da. skumpe, skumple, to shake, jolt. It.
guages. It takes its rise in Lat. jocus, inciampare, to stumble or trip upon.
sport, jest, jocor, to sport, to play, jocu- Jump. 2. A throw, cast, hazard.
lator, a jester, joculatio, festivity, sport.
Our fortune lies
'
Joculationes cantusque exercebunt.' Upon faajamp. —Antony and Cle.
Firmicus in Fore. From joculator were
Plump, without qualification or condition,
formed It. giocolatore, OFr. jugleor, 7r.
exact.
jongleur, and E. juggler, while It. gioco-
I'll set her on
laro, giullaro, Sp. Prov. joglar, point to ;

Myself the while to draw the Moor apart,


jocularis as their immediate origin. And bring him jump where he may Cassio find
Diez. G. gaukeler, Du. guycheler, kokeler Soliciting his wife.
(ludius, gesticulator, mimus, joculator shall find it make jump six hundred
Ye
Kil.), with Boh. kuglar, keykljr, Pol.
kuglar, are probably borrowed. In a
sixty six. —
Bale in R. In this sense the
word, like the synonymous plump, re-
passage cited by Roquefort, where z- jong-
presents the sound of a lump thrown dotal
leur recites his different arts of entertain-
in the midst. Jum, a sudden jolt or con-
ment, he begins, Ge suis juglerres de
'

cussion from encountering an object un-


vielle' —
I am a player on the vielle. He awares.
soon comes to tricks of sleight of hand. Junior. Lat junior, compar. o{juve-
Bien sal joer de 1' escanbot (exchange) nis, young. See Young.
Et si sai meint beau geu de table, Junk.-—Junt. Junk, a lump or piece.
Et d' entregiet (sleight of hand) et d' artumaire
(magic)
— Hal. Old junk is cable or thick rope
cut up into short lengths for the purpose
Bien sai un enchantement faire.
of unravelling. A good junt of beef.'
'

It i§ from
this latter part of the juggler's Allan Ramsay. Swiss'jante brod, a hunch
art that the verb to juggle has acquired of bread. Idioticon Bernense. —
Parallel
the sense of conjure, trick, dehide. forms are chunk, a log of wood chump, ;

Jugular. Lat. jugulum, the throat. a log or thick piece. The chump-end
* Juice. Jows of frutys or herbys or of the sirloin is the thick end. Cob, a
other lyke. Jus, succus Pr. Pm. — Fr. lump or piece cobbin, a piece of an eel
— —
;

jus, juice, sap, moistiire, broth Cot. Lat. Hal. ON. kubbr, a short thick piece
; ;

jus, jusculum, liquor of things boiled, N. kubba sund' ein stock, to cut a stick to
broth, pottage The meaning of juice bits kubb, kumb, knubb, a short thick
. ;

corresponds more exactly witli Lat. sjic- piece.


cus, which in Lang, becomes jhuc, Sp. Junk. 2. Malay yw/g-, a vessel of con-
jugo. Lang, jhuca, to suck.
Julep. It. gitclebbe, Fr. julep, a drink
siderable size.
Junket.
Crawford. —
It. giuncata, any junkets,
made of distilled waters and syrops, or of viz. dainty fresh cheese, so called because
a decoction sweetened with honey or brought to market upon fresh rushes.
; — . ;

JURIS KEEL 367


— FI.Thus we may see on Yorkshire right, law, equity; whence jufare,
to
cheese the marks of the straws upon affirm with legal rites, to swear ; jurata,
which has been set to drain. Fr. jon-
it Fr. jur^e, a jury or selection of men
cade, a certain spoon-meat made of cream, sworn to administer the law ; jurist, one
rosewater, and sugar. Cot. —
The name skilled in the law, &c.
oi junket is still given in Devonshire to a Just.— Justice. h3.t. Justus, what is
similar preparation. Sc. sunkets, pro- in accordance with (Jus) the rights of
visions, food. men.
From delicacies of the foregoing de- To Jut. Fr. jecter, jetter, to cast,
scription, to junket has come to signify to throw, put or push forth forjetter, to

;

feast, to frequent entertainments. jut, lean out, hang over. Cot. Lat. jac-
Juris. —Jurist. —Jury. Lat. jus, juris. tare, to throw.

K
To Ka-w.— To Keck. To kaw,
seem originally derived from the repre-
to
fetch one's breath with difficulty. To
sentation of a sharp sound. The sylla-
keck, to make a noise in the throat by ble kik, in Sw. kik-hosta, represents the
reason of difficulty of breathing B. —
to shrill sound of the throat in whooping-
retch, hawk, clear the throat. Hal. cough. — ;

OE. chykkyn^SiS hennys byrdys


Hence keeker, squeamish. G. kauchen, (to peep as a young chick) pipio Pr. Pm. —
keichen, to gasp for breath ; Du. kichen, Chick is also used to represent the sound
to pant, cough, sob Lap. kdkot, kaklot, made by a hard body breaking, and
;

to nauseate, properly doubtless to retch. thence a crack or chip, and it is perhaps


Kebbers. Refuse sheep taken out of from the image of the light shining
the flock.— B. Kebbers or cullers drawn through a crack that the notion of peep-
'

out of a flock of sheep.' —


Nomenclator ing is derived. Thus we speak indiffer
in Hal. From Du. kippen, to pick out, ently of the peep of day, or crack of day.
to cull. But It may be simply from the notion of
— —
Kecks. Kecky. Kex. The dry hol- shining, so often expressed by a root
low stalks of last year's growth, especially originally representing a sharp sound.
of umbelliferous plants. Kex, an elder Lap. kiket, to shine.
pipe. —Sherwood, w. cecys, reeds, canes KeeL on. kjolr, kjoll, keel of ship,
cecysen, cegid. Corn, cegas, Bret, cegit, and poet, a ship ;. AS. ceol, OHG. kiol, a
Lat. cicuta, hemlock. ship, G. kiel, Fr. quille. It. chiglia, the
Kedge. i. A
small anchor, on. ^a^^z, keel of a ship. The word seems to have
a cask fastened as a float to the anchor passed from the Gothic to the Romance lan-
to show where it lies. From the float guages, and perhaps the G. kiel, the quill
the name seems to have been transferred or stem of a feather, may exhibit the figure
to the anchor itself. from whence the keel of a vessel takes its
2. Brisk, lively. Kygge {kydge, H.), or name, the ribs of the vessel parting off on
joly, jocundus, hilaris. —
Pr. Pm. Sc. cady, each side like the web of a feather from
keady, caidgy, caigie, wanton, lascivious, the midrib or stalk.
then cheerful, sportive. OSW. kdt, lasci- Keel. 2. Kayle. Skayle. G. kegel, —
vious, also cheerful Da. kaad, wanton, Fr. quille, nine-pins. Du. keghel, kekel,
;

frolicsome. Sw. kdttjas, to be on heat. icicle. OHG. chegil, kegil, a pin or peg
Sc. caige, to wax wanton. Sw. dial. zelt-kegil,a tent-pin. G. keil, a wedge.
kdgas, to be eager kdgg, libidinous, on
; If the element -icle in icicle signify ice, as
heat. Lat. catulio, to caterwaul, to be on we have supposed, and has no reference
heat. to form, would seem that kegel in the
it

Kedge-belly. A glutton ; ,S^(^, pot- sense of cone or peg radically signifies


bellied ;kedge one's beUy, to stuff one's
to something in the shape of an icicle.
belly. N. kaggie, a keg, small cask, jar, To Keel.
a heap or close-packed mass figura- ;
While greasy Sue doth keel the pbf
tively, a round belly, thickset person.
To Keek. N. kika, Du. kijcken, to Commonly explained to cool, or by
peep. Keek, peep, and teet are all used others, to scum. The meaning however
in the sense of looking narrowly, and all which would best suit the context is to
368 KEELSON KEVEL
scour, a sense warranted by the patois of of 1385-96, 'pro ij kympe allec ' for two
barrels of herrings. Da. dial, kitner, a
central France, where we have quillmd,
slippery, polished, shining ; acqiciller, to cooper. In Bremen kimker is a cooper
scour. who makes tubs, not casks.
y'acquillais pfieles et p6eIons,
To Ken. on. kenna, n; kjenna, to per-
Les marmites et les chaudrons. ceive by sense, recognise, observe.
Kennel, i. Fr. chenal, a gutter or
Equiller la vaisselle, to scour. Quiller,
kennel Lat. canale, pipe, channel, water
;

as couler, to slip or slide. — Jaubert. conduit.



Keelson. Kelson. The piece of tim- 2. Fr. che7iil. It. canile, a place where
ber lying upon the keel in which the mast dogs are kept. Lat. canis, dog.
is stepped. Kenspeekle. Northampton skench-
The topmast to the keelsins then with halyards back, easy to recognise, conspicuously

down they drew. Chapman, Homer. marked. Sw. kanspak, N. kjennespak,
Dan. kiol-svin, N. kiole-svill, from svill, ready at observing, quick at recognising
G. schwelk, a sill or beam on which some- what has once been seen, from kjenna,
thing rests in building. to recognise, and ON. spakr, wise, prudent.
Keen. G. kiihn, daring, bold auf ; So Sw. dial, minnespak, good at remem-
etmas kiihn seyn, to be keen after some- bering. In E. kenspeekle the sense is
thing kauf-kiihn, eager to buy. OSw.
;
inverted, so as to indicate a quality of
kdn, kyn, quick, prompt, daring. the object instead of the observer, the
To Keep. as. cepan, to observe, be latter part of the word being modified as.
intent upon ;, cepan his hearnies, to seek if to signify the marking by which the
his injury fleames cepan, fugam capes-
;
object is distinguished.
sere, to be intent upon flight. To take * Kerb. A.stone laid round the brim
keep of a thing, to take notice of it. To of a well, &c. B. —
Any edging of strong
keep a day holy is to observe it as holy solid stuff which serves as a guard to
to keep your word, to observe it. Fris.
;


something else. Todd. ' Elm scarce has
kijpen, to look. Epkema.— similar A any superior for kerbs for coppers.'—
train' of thought is seen in the case of Evelyn.
hold, the primitive sense of which seems Perhaps for crib, which is technically
to be that which is now expressed by the used in the sense of a strong wooden
compound behold. framework. It may, however, be simply
'Keg. N. kaggje, a small cask, a jar ; curb, as it is often spelt.
w. cawg, a bowl ; Sc. cogue, cog, a hooped Kerchief. Fr. couvrechief, a covering
wooden vessel, a pail ; Gael, cogan, a for the head OFr.
chef, chief, head.
;

small drinking-dish. Kernel, ON. kjarni, pith, heart,


i.
Kell. A
child's caul, any thin skin or kernel Fr. ceriieau, kernel of a nut, &c.
;

membrane any covering like network


; ; G. kern, pip of fruit, core, inmost or best
the net in which a woman's hair was con- part of a thing, pith of a tree. Probably
fined. —
Hal. Rim or kell wherein the
'
from korn, grain kornen, kernen, to
;


bowels are lapt.' Fl. See Caul. reduce to grain.
Kelter. Readiness for work. He is 2. Fr. carncan, crcneaii, the battlement
not yet in kelter. Skinner.— Sw. dial. of a wall creneU, imbattled
; cren, a ;

kiltra sig, to kilt oneself, or tuck up one's notch, nick, jag. See Cranny.
clothes, as one preparing for work, operi Kersey. Fr. carisee, creseau, Sw. ker-
se accingere. sing.
* Kemlin. — Kimnel. A flat tub used Kestrel. Burgundian cristel, Fr. cres-
in brewing, for scalding pigs, or the like. serelle, quercelle, a hawk of a reddish
I<emplin,kemlings (B.), kembing (Hal.), a colour. The G. synonym rothel-weihe,
brewer's vessel. Du. kam, kamme, a from rothel, raddle or red chalk, points
brewery.— Kil. OFr. cainbc, a brewing. to an origin in G. rod-crite, creta rubea.
'Nus ne puet faire cainbe, ne brasser — Dief Supp.
chervoise ne goudale sans son congid.' Kettle. G. kesscl, Goth, katil, Bohem.
It may be doubted however whether Russ. kotel,
the word is not rather connected with Sw. Kevel. A bit for a horse, gag for the
dial, kinib. Fin. kimpi, a cask stave, corre- mouth. Kevel, mordale, camus.' Pr. —
sponding to Pl.D. kimm, E. chimb, the Pm. N. kjevla, to gag a kid to prevent
projecting ledge of a cask. Sw. dial. it sucking. ON. kefli, Dan. kievle, a short
kimma, a tub, cask birkimma, a beer ; staff, peg, rolling-pin. W. ccf, Lat. cippiis,
cask. Mr Atkinson cites from a record a stock. See Gyve.
— — ——

KEY KIDDIER 369


Key. AS. ccEg, Fris. kay, Lat. clavis,
I. signifying abrupt impulsive action. Tyrol
Gr. fcXti'f, K\»jfe, a key of a lock. The gageji, goglen, to gesticulate, to toddle as
Lat. and Gr. forms are from claudere, a child ; gicken, to stick ; gigl, a con-
clausum, kXsi'u, to inclose or shut, as G. temptuous expression for the feet. Fr.
schliissel, a key, from schliessen, to shut. dial, giguer, gigasser, to leap, throw about
Thus analogy would lead us to derive the legs ; gigailler, s'^battre, s'agiter.
key from w. can, to shut, making it Jaubert Gl. du Centre de la Fr. Gigue,
identical with w. cae, an inclosure, hedge, gigot, a leg. —
Diet, du has lang. Hence
garland, Bret, kae, a hedge, or dyke. may be explained W. cicio, to kick ; cic, a.

It is remarkable that Walach. kyae or foot ; cicwr, footman —Jones ; cicwyr, in-
kyi, a key, an undoubted descendant of fantry. — Richards.
Lat. clavis, is almost identical with the The same correspondence between the
E. word, and perhaps this identity in the expression of abrupt utterance and mus-
derivatives may proceed from a radical cular action of a similar kind is seen in
unity of the parent forms, teaching us to stammer and stamp j stutter and G. stos-
regard w. cau, the origin of cae, an in- sen, to hit or kick Pl.D. staggeln, to
;

closure, and of E. key, as the analogue of stammer, and E. stagger j Sc. habble, to
Lat. claudo, the origin of clavis. The stammer, and E. hobble.
/ of claudo might easily fall away, as the —
Kickle. Kittle. Ticklish, unsteady,
/ of G. schliessen, or Sw. sluta, in E. shut, easily moved. Kickish, irritable ; kiddle
while the final d
disappears as com- (of the weather), unsettled. Hal. N. kita, —
pletely in Gr. kKuio as in w. cau. Evi- to tickle, to touch a sensitive place ; kitl,
dence moreover that cae had once a final tickling, irritation, shrug ; kitla, to tickle,
d may be found in Du. kade, kaai, kae, a touch a sore place, to rub one's shoulders
dyke or causey ; zomer-kade or kaai, a— or arms ; ON. kida ser, to scratch oneself.
dyke which confines the waters in sum- Sw. dial, kikklot, rickety, unsteady.
mer only winter-kaai, one which with-
; Kickshaw. From Fr. quelquechose,
stands the winter floods. something, applied to an unsubstantial
Key. 2. ftuay. Fr. quai, Ptg. caes, nicety in cookery, and thence extended to
Bret. kae. The Bret, kae, inclosure, unsubstantial gratifications of other kinds.
hedge, dyke, as well as quay, and Du. * There cannot be no more certain argument of

kade, kae, dyke, causey, would look as if a decayed stomach than the loathing of whole-
a quay was regarded in the first instance some and solid food, and longing after fine quel-
queschoses of new and artificial composition.'
simply as a dyke or embankment along
Bp. Hall in N. and Q. Fricandeaux, short,
'

a river's side. But the true explanation skinless, and dainty puddings, or quelkchoses
seems to be that given by Spelman, made of good flesh and herbs chopped together.'
'Caia, a space on the shore compacted — Cot. (Brainsick.) Yet would I quit my pre-
'

by beams and planks as it were by keys' tensions to all these rather than not be the author
of this sonnet, which your rudeness hath irre-
The name of key is given in construction coverably lost. (Limberham.) Some foolish
to any bond used for firmly uniting se- French quelquechose, I warrant you. (Br.)
parate parts. Thus key-stone is the stone Quelquechose I O ignorance in supreme perfec-
which binds together the two sides of an tion He means a hekshose. (Lim.) Why
!

arch. Key, to knitte walls togedyr,


^ then a kekshoes let it be, and a kekshoes for your
clef.' —Palsgr. ^
Key, or knyttynge of
song.'— Dryden, Kind Keeper.
two wallys in unstabylle grounde, lora- Kid. I. ON. kid, a young goat G. ;

mentum (concatenatio lignorum, as the kitze,a female cat, a goat kitzlein, a kid.;


word is elsewhere explained Dief. Supp.) See Kindle.
vel caya. Keyage, or botys stonding, Kid. 2. Kidnap. In rogues' slang
ripatum.'-^Pr. Pm. kid is a child, agreeing with Lith. kudikis,
Kibe. A
sore on the'*heel. Devonsh. a child. Hence kidnap, to nab or steal
kibby, sore, chapped. — Hal. children.
To Kick. Words signifying vibratory 3. A brush-faggot, w. cidys, faggots ;

or abrupt movement are commonly taken cidysen, a single faggot.


from sounds of a similar character. Now 4. A
pannier or basket. Hal. Possi- —
Bav. gagkern, gagkezen, kackezen, kick- bly connected with the last sense as being
ern,kickezen, are used to represent abrupt made of twigs. Bav. kotz, kotzen, kiitzen,
sounds, such as the clucking of a hen, a hod or basket for carrying on the back.
dry short coughing, stammering, tittering, Boh. koss, a basket, anything made of
giggling. Gigkgagk, in nursery language wicker. '

'
a clock, a ticker. Hence gig, gag, kik, Kiddier. Cadger. — packman or A
appear as roots from whence spring forms travelling huxter. Kiddier, kidger, one
24
;
' .

370 KIDDLE KING


who buys up fowls, &c., at farm-houses, lander is so called from resembling an
and carries them to market. —
Forby. ordinary petticoat kilted up for conveni-
Persons who bring fish from the sea to ence of walking. Sw. kilta bam, to
Newcastle market are still called cadgers. swathe an infant, to make a bundle of it.
—Brocket. As pedler, pedder, from the Kin. Kind.— AS. cyn, Goth, kuni,
fied or basket in which he
carries his kind, family, race kuns, kunds, related,
;

wares, so it is probable that kiddier, cad- of the same family ; aljakuns, of another
ger, are from kid. See Kid, 4. family, foreign. AS. n<zddrena cyn, gener-
Kiddle. A
basket set in the opening ation of vipers moncyn, mankind, on.
;

of a weir to catch fish, an implement fre- kyn, race, family, sex ; kynd, offspring
quently denounced in our old municipal Du. G. kind, child, e. kind, kindly, ex-
laws, probably on account of its destruc- press the loving disposition towards each
tiveness. Fr. quideau, a wicker engine other proper to the members of a family.

whereby fish is caught. Cot. Bret, kidel, When Hamlet accuses his uncle of being
a net fastened to two stakes at the mouth '
a more than kin and less than kind
little
of a stream. —
Legonidec. From kid in he simply contrasting the closeness of
is

the 3rd and 4th senses. Boh.^cjj, basket, the connection with the absence of cor-
anything made of wicker kossatka, a
; responding affection.
wicker cage for fishing. The origin is as. cennan, to beget, the
* Kidney. root of which, cen or gen, is somewhat
Take tho hert and tho mydrav and the kidiiere. masked in the reduplicate forms, Lat.
Liber cure cocorum, p. 10. gigno (gigeno). Or. yivo/iai (ytyci/o/ioi, yi'y-
In the receipt for hagese, p. 52, the kid- vo/iai), but is manifest in the derivatives
ney is called nere simply. G. niere was genitus, genus, gens, yivoq, offspring, race,
used for the testicles as well as the kid- kind, sex, yivta, yhtBKov. Bret, gana,
neys, being both glandular bodies of genel, to beget w. cenedl ( Or. yiviQ-
; =
similar shape ; entnieren, to castrate. \ov), a race GaeL gin, beget ; gineal,
;

Hence kidnere maybe quid nere, the nere offspring ; cine, cineadh, race, family.
of the quid, on. kvidr, Sc. kyte, kite, the To Kindle. i. To produce young,
belly. applied to cats and rabbits. Probably a
Kilderkin. Du. kindeken, kinneken, nasalised form of kittle, notwithstanding
a small barrel. Comp. Du. kind, E. child. w. cenedlu, to beget. It may be observed
To Kill. AS. cwellan, to kill cwelan, that Dan. killing (for killing) is applied
;

to die. to the young of both the hare and the cat.


And preyid him that he wolde to him sell See Kitten.
Some poison, that he might his rattis ?««//. 2. To produce fire. on. kynda, to set
Pardoner's Tale. fire to ; kyndill, a light, torch, candle N. ;

The primitive meaning seems as in kvende, chips and shavings for kindling
Dan. qucele, to strangle, choke, smother. fire kyndel, kynnel, a torch, whence E.
;

G. qualm, a suffocating fume, thick va- cannel coal, coal that burns like a torch.
pour ; Fin. kuolla,to die, to lose strength Lat. candere, to shine, to glow ; incen-
and vigour kuolen weteen, aquS, suffo- dere, to kindle, inflame, incite.
;

cor kuolettaa, to kill.


; If choking be the Probably a metaphorical application of
primitive meaning, we may observe a like the idea of giving birth to, expressed by
relation between Fin. kuolla and Lat. the root gan, gen, ken, in accordance with
collum, neck, as between necare, to kill the analogy which leads us to speak of
(properly to choke), and E. neck. the extinction of life or extinction of flame,
Kiln. An oven for burning bricks or although in this case the metaphor runs
lime, drying malt, &c. w. cylyn, OSw. in the opposite direction.
kolna, kiln ; N. kylna, a drying-house for Kindred, Tfife latter part of the word
corn. Sw. dial, kylla, kolla, kolna, to is AS. raden, condition, equivalent as a
kindle fire. Lat. colina, culi?ia, the termination to E. ship. On tha rcedenne,
kitchen or fire apartment. See Coal. on the condition. Leg. Inae. 63. Gefer- —
Kilt. The radical meaning of the word rceden, companionship vicegraden, re- ;

is preserved in Sw. kylsa, a bunch or lationship ; teon-raden {teonan, to accuse,


cluster, Du. kildt brods, a hunch of bread. reproach), quarrel, dispute ; e. hatred, the
Kldderna sitta i en kylsa, her clothes condition of hate.
hang all in a bunch. Hence OSw. op- King. G. konig, on. konungr, kongr,
kilta,Dan. kilte, to kilt one's clothes, to king. Lith. kunigas, kuningas, Lett.
truss or gather them up into a bunch. kimgs, lord, noble, an address commonly
The kilt or short petticoat of the High- given to the pastor ; Lit. kuningene, the

KINK KNACKER 371


pastor's wife ; Lett, kundziba, dominion ; cudio, to hover— Pugh ; citd, velocity,
keninsch, king. Said to be from Goth. flight. — Spurrell. So Lith. lingoti, to
kuni, race, signifying head of the race, as hover ; linge, kite.
Goth, thiudatis, a king, from fhhida, a 2. A belly.
See Cud.
people. But suspicion is raised by forms Kith. Acquaintance. AS. cuth, G.
like Tartar ckan, Wotiak kun, king, empe- kund, known. From AS. cennan, G. ken-
ror, kunleii,queen, kunoka, lord, chief. nen, to know. Kith and kin, acquaint-
* Kink. Du. Sw. kink, a twist in a ance and relations.
cable, &c. Also a rheumatic stiffness of Kitten. —
Kitling. —
To Kittle, n.
any part, as a stiff neck (Atkinson), a kjetla (of cats), to bring forth young
;
crick in the neck. ne. kench, a twist or kjetling, a kitten Fr. caller, to kittle as
sprain. —
Hal. Kneck, among sailors, is — ;

a cat. Cot. ' Gossype, whan your catte


explained by Bailey in exactly the same kytelleth I pray you let me have a kyt-
sense as kink, viz. the twisting of a rope /yngc'—Valsgr. in Way.
or cable as it is veering out. It seems to At first sight we have no hesitation in
me probable that kneck or knick is the regarding kittle and killing, as well as
original form of the word (analogous to kitten, as derivatives from the parent cat,
crick above mentioned), representing in but it may be doubted whether the name
the first instance a short quick move- of the animal be not derived from the
ment, a turn or twist. ON. knickja, hnyk- verb signifying to bring forth young,
kja, to snatch, to clench or turn back the rather than vice versa. Bohem. kotiti se
end of a nail, &c. hnickr, hnykkr, a
; (of sheep, cats, dogs, &c.), to produce
snatch, a trick, a twist in wrestling. young Lat. catulus, a whelp
; Dan. ;

To Kink. Said of children when


i. killing (for killing), the young of hares
their breath is long stopped through or cats. To the same root apparently
eager crying or coughing. B. An imita- — belong G. kitzlein, E. kid, a young goat ;

tion of the shrill sound of drawing the G. kitze, a she-goat, she-cat, and possibly
breath under such circumstances. Chin- the word cat itself may have the same
cough, king-cough, Du. kick-hoest, kink- origin, as the names of animals are ori-
hoest, whooping-cough. Sw. kikna, to ginally very ill defined, and the designa-
have the respiration stopped kikna af ; tions of general relations of age or sex
skratt, to chink with laughter. are apt to be appropriated to particular
Kirtle. AS. cyrtelj Sw. Dan. kjortel, species. Thus the word
stag, which
a garment either for man or woman. seems properly to signify.a male, is in E.
Kiss. Goth, kukjan, G. kiissen, W. appropriated to the male deer, while N.
cusaw, cusannu, Gx. Kwiui (fut. kvo-u, stegg is a gander or male fowl \. bitch, ;

Kvadui), to kiss ; Sanscr. kuch, kus, ON. a female dog Fr. biche, a female deer.
;

koss, kiss. Knack. A


snap with the fingers, a
'
Analogy would lead us to seek the de- trick or way of doing as it were at a
rivation in a word signifying mouth. N. snap.
mutt, mouth, mutte (in nursery lang.), to Knacks we have that will delight you,
kiss Lat. os, mouth, osculum, kiss Boh.
; ; hand that will invite you.
Sleight of
huba (=Gael. gob, E. gab), the mouth, B. Jonson in R,
hubicka, kiss; Prov. cais, mouth, jaws, a knock, crack, &c. In the
Ir. cnog,
acaissar, to kiss. In the same way Goth. same way, from Du. knappen, to snap,
kukjan may be compared with N. kok,
knap, alacer, celer knap-handig, dexter,
;

throat, swallow.
Kit. I. A pail, bucket. Tin. kit, kitte,
manu expeditus. Kil. —
Avoir le chic, to
have the knack of doing something.
a hooped beer-can. Jaubert.
2. Brood, collection. Du. kudde, a Knick-knacks, trickery, gesticulation,
flock Bav. kiitt, a covey of partridges
; ;
articles of small value for show and not
Swiss kUtt, an assemblage or crew of for use.
people Sette Commune kutt, kutta, an
;

assemblage kutte va bei, a swarm of But if ye use these knick-knacks.


;
This fast and loose with faithful men and true,
bees kiitten sich, to assemble.
;
You'll be«the first will find it.— B. & F. in R.
Kitchen. Lat. coquina. It. cucina, G.
kUche, Du. kokene, keiiketiej from Lat. Knacker. A sa'^dler and harness-
coquere, to boil. See Cook. —
maker Forby; one that makes collars
Kite. I. A
bird of prey. w. cM, and other furniture for cart-horses.—
kite ; cudyll y gwint, the kestrell or Grose S. & E. country words. Doubtless
wind-hover. Bret, kidel, a hawk. From from ON. hiackr, a saddle,
24*
372 KNAG KNOB
At the present day the name oi knacker a stout boy. So also ON. hnaus, a clod ;
is chiefly known as signifying one whose Sw. knos, a knoll Dan. knos, a lad.
;

business it is to slaughter old worn-out Lang, esclapo, a slab of wood, chip, lump
horses, an office analogous to that of the of stone una beV esclapo de Jilio, a fine-
;

German Schinder or Abdecker, the flayer, grown girl.


who had to dispose of the bodies of dead To Knead. ON. h7iocta, gnySa, Du.
animals, and of course first stripped off kneeden, G. kneten, to knead V>3S\.. guide,
;

their skin, the only part of any value. to rub ;Pl.D. gnideln, to smooth by rub-
It would seem that in England this office bing with a flat implement. W. cnittio,
fell to the Knacker or coarse harness- to strike, twitch, rub gently ; .Bohem.
maker, as the person who would have the hnetu, hjijsti, Pol. gnies'if, to press or
best opportunity of making the skins pinch (as a tight shoe), to knead.
available. In Flemish patois loroin is ON. gnyr, tumultus, strepitus ; gnya,
the skinner of dead beasts, from lonim, a gnuddi, to rush violently, to rub, to knead.
strap. —Vermesse. Stormurinn gn^r d hicsum, or gtia;dir d
Knag. A projection, a knot in wood. husum, the storm beats upon the house ;

'The great horns of beetles, especially gnydr, the rushing of waters.


such as be knagged as it were with small —
Knee. Kneel. G. knie, Gr. yaw, Lat.
teeth.' —
Holland, Pliny in R. A word
formed On the same plan withy'i^^ or cog, Knell. Sw. ,5«a//, explosion, loud noise,
signifying in the first instance a sudden ^. gnell,gnoll, noil, shrill cry ; Mid.Lat.
jog, then the corresponding projection in nola, a bell ; Dan. knald, crack of a whip,
the path of the jogging object, a projec- explosion.
tion from a solid surface. Ir. cnag, a Knick-knack. See Knack.
knock, crack ; cnagach (properly jolting), Knife. Du. knijf, G.kneif, C3.t. ganivef,
rough or uneven ; Sw. knaglig, rugged ; knife ; Fr. ca7tif, penknife. An instru-
Dan. knag, a crack, crash, a wooden peg, ment for nipping or snipping ; G. kneifen,
cog of a wheel. It. nocco, nocchio, any kneipen, to nip or pinch ; kneip-schere,
bunch, knob, snag, or ruggedness in tree snippers Du. knippen, snippen, to clip, ;

or wood. Fl. — shear ; knip-mes, a razor ; W. ctieifio, to


Knap. To snap, to break with a clip, shear, poll.
snapping noise. G. knappen, to crackle, Knight. Properly a young man, then
crack, to gnaw, bite, nibble, to nip, twitch a man at arms, fighting man ; n-ar' Uoj;j>,
or break off; also as E. knap (among the soldier who fought on horseback with
hunters), to feed upon the tops of leaves, armour of defence. AS. cniht, a boy, youth,
shrubs,'&c.; to knapple, to gnaw off. —
B. servant ; cniht-cild, man-child. Swiss
Fin. nappata, to snap at, pluck, snatch, knecht, strong active youth ; knechten, to
nappia, to pluck as berries ; Du. knappen, put forth strength, show activity.
to snatch, to nab. The word is so exactly synonymous
Knapsack. From the notion of chew- with G. knabe, knappe, E. knave, that we
ing or gnawing, G. and Du. knappen ac- are disposed to attribute to it a like origin
quires the sense of eating. Wir liaben in Du. knocht, a knot. Kil. —
nichts zit knappen, we have nothing to To Knit. To form knots, to make a
eat. Hence knapsack, a provision-sack. texture, like that of stockings, formed of
Knave, as. cnapa, G. knabe, knappe, a succession of knots ; also to bind toge-
a boy, youth, servant, a depreciatory ther. Pl.D. knultc, a knot ; knutten, to
term of address to an inferior. make into a knot, to knit. See Knot.
But he that nought hath ne cor.veiteth to have

Knob. —Knop. —Knock. The sound
Is rich, although ye hold him but a knave.
of a crack or blow is imitated by the syl-
W. of Bath. lables ktiap and knack, with such varia-
tions in the vowel and in the character of
Du. knegt (the equivalent of E. knight), the final consonant as may seem to suit
a boy or servant, as well as knape, have the nature of the particular sound in ques-
acquired a depreciatory sense analogous tion. Hence are developed two series of
to E. knave. Hy is een knegt, ffn knape, forms, ending in a labial and a guttural
he is a rogue. respectively, and expressing ideas con-
The original meaning is probably a nected with the notion of striking, as the
lump (of a boy), from knap or knop, a blow itself, the implement with which it
knob or bunch, as the woiii boy itself is given, the track of the blow, a pro-
has formerly been explained on the same jection, jutting out, prominence, lump.
principle. Gael, cnap, a knob, knot, lump, Thus, with a labial termination, we

;; ;;

KNOCK LACHES 373


have Gael, cnap, to strike, to beat a gnosco, to know. The original root seems
;

button, lump, boss, hillock; w. cnwpa, a to be gen or ken, with the sense probably
knob, a club E. knap, the top of a hiU, of seize, get, apprehend.
;

or anything that sticks out —


B. knop, a ;It is singular that the Lat. cognoscere
bud ; Du. knoppe, knoop, a knot, a bud should be reduced in the course of degra-
;

G. knopf, a knob, button, ball, head Pl.D. dation to a form nearly identical with E.
;

knobbe, knubbe, anything thick and round, know. Cognoscere, Namur conoche, and
a knotty stick, a flower-bud ; knobken, a thence by the change usual in Walloon
small loaf ; Dan. knub, a log, block of the sound of sch into h, Wall, kinohe,
knubbet, knotty ; knubbe, to bang, to to know.
thrash. Rnowledge. Formerly knowleche, the
With a guttural termination, G. knack, last syllable of which is the ON. leik, N.
a crack or snap niisse knacken, to crack leikje, usually employed in the composi-
;

nuts ; Gael, cnac, crack E. knock, to tion of abstract nouns.


; In AS. and OE.
strike ; Gael, cnoc, a hillock, eminence it took the form of lac or leicj AS. reaf-
;

w. cnwc, a knob, lump, bunch Ir. cna-


; lac, robbery OE. schend-lac, derision
;

gaim, to knock, to rap cnagach, rough, wouhlac, seduction ; fear-lac, fear god-
;

uneven ; cnagaid, hump-backed ; Gael. leic, goodness Ancren Riwle Pl.D. — ;


;

cnag, .a knob E. knag, a projection.


; bruut-lag, e. -wedlock. It is remarkable
Knock. See Knob. that the termination lik has exactly the
KqoU. a round hillock ; a turnip. same force in Turkish Jichigi-lik, the ;

B. An expression of the class of those trade of a cooper ; kalem-lik,the function


explained under Knob. ON. hnalla, to of a pen adem-lik, the quality of man ; ;

beat with a stick; knallr, a cudgel; G. dagh-lik,, mountainous country ; beyaz'


knollen, a knob, bunch, lump, figuratively lik, whiteness (bakmak, to look) bak- ;

a clown. P1.D. knulle, a hunch, a mak-lik, the act of looking. Turk, lika,
crumple. face, countenance OE. laches, looks, ges- ;

Knot. Another of the forms signify- tures. Layamon. —


ing a knob or projection, derived from Knuckle. Du. knokel, the knotty or
the image of knocking or striking. Du. projecting part of the joints knokels van ;

knodse, knudse, a club knodsen, knudsen, den rug-graet, the vertebrse of the back ;
'

to beat ; knodde, a knuckle, a knot ; knut- knoke, knock-been, the ankle knoke, a ;

tel, a cudgel; Pl.D. knutte, G. knote, a knot in a tree, a bone, because the bones
knot Lat. nodus, a knot, knob.
; Dan. in the living body become conspicuous at
knude, knot, bump, protuberance. See their projecting end G. knochen, bone ; ;

Knob. knochel, a knuckle, knot, or joint, the


BLnow. AS. cnawan, OHG. cnahen, joints of the fingers., ankle, toes. See
Sanscr. jn&, Pol. znai, Lith. zinoti (i Knob. =
Fr.y), Gr. yiyj/turKw, Lat. {genoo, genosco)

Label. OFr. lambel, a shred or rag latz. It. laccio, Fr. lacqs, a lace, tie, snare,
holding but little to the whole, a label noose Prov. lassar, lachar, Fr. lacer, to
;

lambeaux, rags, tatters. Lambeaux or lace, bind, fasten. The lacing is thus
labeaux was also the name given to the the binding of a garment, and the name
fringe (laciniis) hanging from the military has been appropriated to the border of

cloak Due. ;OE. lamboys, the drapery gold or silver tissue, of silk or open thread-
work used as an ornamental edging to
which came from below the tasses over the

thighs. Hal. G. lappen, a rag, lap, lobe garments of different kinds. See Latch.
Lacerate. Lat. lacer, torn, ragged
lumpen, a rag, tatter ; It. lembo, the skirt
or lap of a garment, anything that flaps lacinia, a jag, snip, piece, rag, lappet of a
or hangs loose ; Milan, lamp, a lap, skirt, gown. Gr. XaKi'c, a rent, tatter ; XaniZa,
rag, slice. See Lap. to tear. From the sound of tearing, Gr.
Xao-Kw, iXamv, to crack, creak, sound,
IiabiaL Lat. labium, a lip.
Labour. —Laboratory. Lat. labor. scream.
Laches. Negligence.
Lace. Lat. laqueus, Prov. lac, laz,
— —• — ;

374 LACK LAD


Then cometh lachesse, that is, he that whan he Than they of Haynault bought little nagges to
beginneth any good work, anon he wol forlete ride at their ease, and they sent back their lac-
and stint it. —
Parson's Tale; kettes and pages.— Bemers, Froissart in R.

OFr. lasche, remiss, faint ; Lat.


slack, Fr. laquais, a footman ; OFr. naquet, na-
laxus, loose. See Loose. quais, an attendant at a tennis-court

Ijack. I. Iiake. Xiacker. Lack, an naqueter, to stop a ball at tennis, also to
East Indian resin of a red colour, the pig- wait at a great man's door, to observe
ment extracted from which is Lake. Fr. dutifully, attend obsequiously. — Cot.
lacque, sanguine, rose or ruby Colour. — The name seems to be taken from the
Cot. Lacquered ware is ware covered nacket's office of catching the ball. Fr.
with a varnish of lack. '
The lack of nague-mouche, a fly-catcher. A sharp
Tonquin is a sort of gummy juice that sound is represented by the syllable knack,
drains out of trees. The cabinets to be as in G. knacken, to crack, Fr. iiaquer, to
lackered are made of fir or pine tree.' gnaw with a snapping sound like a dog ;
Dampier in R. Du. lak-werk, lackered naqueter des denS, to chatter with the
ware. The name is then extended to teeth. Thence the term is applied to any
other kinds of varnish. Fr. lacre, a .ce- quick abrupt movement, as in the sense
ment of rosin, brimstone, and wax. Cot. — of catching, or in Bav. knacken, a stroke ;
Fr. naqueter de la queue, to wag the tail.
It. lacca, white lead, also a kind of white
varnish ; laccare, to paint or daub over The interchange of an initial / and n is
with lacca, to paint as women do their not infrequent, as in It. livello and nivello,
faces. — Fl. Lat. lympha and nympha; N. lykjel and
2. Lack had formerly two senses, iden- nykjel, a key Sp. lutria and
; nutria, an
tical with those of Du. lack, laecke, want, otter.
defect, fault, blame
laecken, to decrease,
;
Laconic. Gr. Aokidvikoc, after the man-
become deficient, also to accuse, to blame. ner of the Lacones or Spartans.
Of these senses the notion of fault or Lacteal. Lat. lac, lactis, milk.
blame might be incidental to that of de- liad. —
Lass. Lad was formerly used
ficiency or want, but it is probable that in the sense of a man of inferior station.
the two uses of the word are from totally Sixti and ten
different sources. Starke laddes, stalworthe men. Havelok. —
The origin of lack, want, is seen in To make lordes of laddes
Swab, lack (properly slack), slow, faint. Of land that he winneth,
To lack then is to become slack, to cease, And fremen foule thralles
to be wanting. In like manner G.Jlau,
That foUwen aoght his lawes. P. P. 1325. —
faint, feeble diese waare wird flau, this
When laddes weddeth leuedies.
;
Prophesy of Thomas of Ercildoune in
article lacks or is no more sought for Havelok. Gloss.
Kiittner,the demand becomes slack. Du.
It would seem to be the same word with
laeckende wa^r^merxdecrescens laecken, ;
OHG. laz, libertinus (G. freigelassner) ;
minuere, decrescere, deficere paulatim,
manumissus hantlaz, libertus.
deesse. —
Kil. Namur lauk, slack Wall. frilaz, ;
Graff ' Sunt etiam apud illos (Saxones) qui
;

laker, to slacken, cease, give over. / n' edhilingi, sunt qui frilingi, sunt qui lazzi
Idke nin d' ploure, it does not cease to
rain. —
Grandg. Again, from E. dial, lash,
illorum lingua dicuntur, Latini vero lin-
gui hoc sunt nobiles, ingenui, atque
— Nithardus
;
lask, slack, loose, watery ; to lask, to
shorten, lessen. — Hal. serviles.'
Du.
in Graff'.
a peasant bound to certain rents
laete,
G. lasse,

On the other hand


lack, in the sense of
and duties, corresponding to our copy-
blame, seems to be for clack, clag, Pl.D.
hold tenures. The word is Latinised in
klak, klaks, G. kleck, a spot, blot, stain,
various ways, litus, lidus, ledus, adscrip-
disgrace einem enen klak anhangen, to
;
titius, servus glebas. - Duo. Et Saxones '
fixa blot upon him. Sc. clag, an encum-
omnes tradiderunt se illi et omnium ac-
brance, charge, impeachment. He has '

cepit obsides tarn ingenuos quam et lidos!


nae clag till his tail,' no stain on his cha-
racter.

Annales Franc, ibid. In the Frisian
laws the composition of a litus was double
He was a man without a clag. that of a slave and half that of a freeman.
His heart was franlt without a flaw.
Mid.Lat. leudus, leudis, a vassal, subject,
Pl.D. een lak, (or more frequently) enen AS. leod, a people, G. leute, people, Goth.
klak in de ware smiten, to find fault with jugga-lauds, a young man, may probably
wares ; Sw. lak, vice, fault. be
liackey — Iiacket. The
distinct.
difficulty in identifying E. lad with

LADDER LAKE 37S


OHG. laz arises from the fern, lass (for Bozj krawicka, God's little cow, has the
laddess), which is not in accordance with same meaning. The comparison of a
the Sax. idiom, and would look like a beetle to a cow seems strange, but in
derivation from W. llodes, a lass ; llawd, other cases the name of cats, dogs, sheep,
a lad. are given to insects of different kinds,
* Iiadder. AS. hlcedre, OHG. hleitar, and Pol. krowka, little cow, is the name
G. leiter (fem.), Pol. letra, a ladder. given to the dung-beetle. The large
Possibly the word may signify a pair of black beetle, popularly called Devil's
poles or spars. G. latte (in some cases), a coach-horse, is in ON. J'dtun-oxi, the
bar or pole, a young, slender, and straight Giant's ox, the Jotun in Northern mytho-
tree in a forest. — Kuttn. P1.D. lade, the logy filling the place of the Devils in
shoot of a tree. — Brem. Wtb. Laede (ger. Jewish, while the ox or beast of the
sax. sicamb.), tabula, asser. — Kil. AS. plough is exchanged in modern times for
latta, asseres. — Lye. Sw. Iddda, Da.
dial. the more conspicuous coach-horse.
dial, latter, vognlcetter, or hirer, E. dial. The other name. Lady-bird (by which
ladders, lades or ladeshrides, the frame- Lady-cow is being rapidly supplanted),
work of bars fixed on the side of a wag- was probably given as seeming more ap-
gon to carry corn. Sw. dial. Idder, two propriate to a flying creature but bird ;

spars fastened to each other at a certain may here be a corruption of bode or bud,
interval, and used as the framework of a a name given to insects of different kinds,
waggon to carry casks or large stones. G. as sham-bode, dung-beetle, wool-bode,
lade, a framework of different kinds. Du. —
hairy caterpillar. E. Adams on names
laede, weverS-laede, the comb or reed, of insects in Philolog. Trans.
composed of two rods fastened to each To Lag. To trail behind, to flag. As
other by a number of teeth (like a ladder) in muscular exertion the limbs are made
between which every thread of the warp rigid, the idea of the opposite condition,,
passes singly. See Lathe. faintness, laziness, slowness, is expressed
Lade. i. Lade, a ditch or drain. by the figure of what is loose or slack.
Hal. A lade, mill-lade, or mill-leat, is W. Hag, loose, slack, sluggish ; Gael, lag,
the cut which leads water to a mill. as. feeble, faint ; Esthon. lang, lank, loose,
lad, a canal, conduit Du. leyde, tuater-
; slack Gr. Xayopof, slack, pliant Xayyajo),
; ;

leyde, acquasductus, aquagium. —


K. AS. Xayyew, to slacken ; Bav. lugk, loose, not
Icedan, Du. leyden, to lead. tight.
• To Lade. —Load. —
Ladle. Last. — The origin of all these terms is a repre-
ON. hlaSa, to lay in regular order, to pile sentation of the sound of a loose body
up, to build a wall, to pack herrings, to flapping or rattling. E. dial, log, logger,
pave a floor ; Mad, anything piled up or to oscillate, shake as a loose wheel ; G.
laid in regular order ; Da. lade, to load, locker, loose, &c. See To Log.
OHG. hladan, G. laden, to load. AS. LagOQn. Lat. lacuna, a ditch, pud-
hladan. Mod, geMaden, to pile up, to dle, drain, a hole or hollow place, a
little

load, also to draw water, to bring bucket gap ;It. lacuna, laguna, a moor, wash,

after bucket to the receptacle, analogous fen, ditch where water stands, a drain.
to piling up objects on a heap. Hlcedle, a — Fl. Sp. laguna, 'stagnant waters,
ladle or implement for lading liquids. marshes.
nicest, ON. Mass, G. last, the loading or Lair. A lying place, now confined to
burden of a ship, E. last, a certain quan- a lying place for beasts.
tity of com, fish, wool, &c.
The mynster church, this day of great repayre,
In a secondary sense to lade (of ships) Of Glastenbury where now he has his leyre.
is to let in water, to leak. Hardyng in R.
—the ship Du. leger, bed, sleeping place, lair of a
Whiche was so staunche it myghte no water lade.
beast, camp or place occupied by an
Hal.
army ; Dan. leir, camp ; from Du. leg-
Lady. as. Mcefdig. gen, to bedden, te velde leggen, to
lie te
Lady-cow. —Lady-bird. The name lie in bed, to camp.
;

AS. leger, a lying,


of a well-known, small, spotted, hemi- whether in the grave or in bed legeres ;

spherical beetle, dedicated to Our Lady, wyrthe, worthy of burial also the cause ;

as appears by the German name Marien- of lying or disease; place of lying or


kafer or Gottes-kUMein, in Carinthia bed ; lying with or adultery ; leger-gyld,
FrauenkUele. In Brittany it.is. called la OE. lair-wite, a fine for adultery.— B.
petite vache du bon Dieu, and Bohem. Lake, i. A pigment. See Lack.
. ;

376 LAM LANE


2. Fr. lac, Lat. lams. basket; taHterlaniaut,tn?izs; tantern,\.o
To Lam. To give a beating to. ON. tattle, to trifle. Equivalent expressions
lemja, to give a sound drubbing, N. Imnja, are Lang, ta-ta-ta ! Fr. tarare ! a fiddle
to beat. Du. lain-slaen, enervare verbe- stick pshaw (Boileau) and also lan-
! ! ;

ribus ; lam, flaccid, languid, vi^eak lainme ; turelu! lanturlu! fudge! stufi"! (Spiers),
Udeti, membra dissoluta Piedm. lam,
; nonsense (Tarver), of which the promi-
!

loose, slack. To lam


then would be to nent syllable, lant (as tant in o), has
beat faint, to exhaust with blows, anal- been made the basis of verbs signifying
ogous to Dan. 7nor-banke, to give a sound to talk nonsense, to trifle lantiberner, to
;

drubbing, literally to beat tender. weary with idle stories (Diet, bas lang.)
Lamb. Esthon. lammas, lamba. Fin. lanterner, to talk nonsense, trifle with, to
lammas, lampaan, a sheep lampuri, a ; fool (Spiers) ; lantiponner, to talk non-
shepherd. Lap. libbe, a lamb. sense, to trifle, harceler quelqu'un en le
Lambent. Lat. lambo, to lick with tiraillant. —
Trevoux. Then as lantiberner
the tongue. A nasalised form of lap. seems contracted to lanterner, so lanti-
Lam.e. Broken or enfeebled in some ponner would produce lamponner, ex-
of the members. Serv. lomiti, to break ; plained by Cot. as synonymous with
loman, broken, tired Pol. lamad, to
; lanterner, to dally or play the fool with,
break lamanie
; w
nogach, gout in the to cog, foist, fib.
. The primary meaning
feet ; ban. la}n, palsied, paralytic ; Du. of lampoon then would be a piece of*
leme, lemte, mutilatio, vitium Kil. ON. — ; foolery or nonsense, making fun of a
lami, broken, enfeebled, impaired ; Iciini, person, and incidentally a satirical attack.
a break, fracture ; lama, to weaken, im- * Lamprey. Fr. lamproie. It. lam-
pair ; lam, a fracture, enfeebling ; lama, preda, Lat. lampetra, ' a lambendis petris,'
membris fractus vel viribus ; fot-lama, —
from licking stones. ^Voss. In support
far-lama, incapacitated in the feet, in the of this etymology Trench cites the OE.
power of walking. names suckstone and lickstone. ' little A
It must be admitted that the meaning fish called a suckstone, that stayeth a
oilame sometimes approaches very closely ship under sail, remora.' Withal. —
that of Du. laf, lam, flaccid, languid, Lance. —Lanceolate. —Lancet. Lat.
weak ; Pied, lam, loose, slack ; N. lama, lancea, Gr. Xoyxi; a lance, spear, spear-
lamen, fatigued, exhausted, unstrung. head.
Comp. Du. lammelick, languid^, remissd, Land. Goth., on. latid.
segniter, with E. lamely ; lam.m,e sanck, in- Landscape. A delineation of the land,
conditum et ineptum carmen, a lame from AS. sceapan, to shape or form. So
production ; lamme leden, membra dis- 'Si.fiellskap, the outline of a range of hills.
soluta ; lam-slaen, enervare verberibus, Eg kienne land 'e paa fiellskap, I know
to disable or make lame by blows the land by the line of hills.
Lament. Lat. lamentari. Lane. Lawn. Du. laen, an alley, —
Lamina. —Laminate. Lat. opening between houses or fields.
lamina, Sc.
a thin flake or slice. loati, loaning, an opening between fields
Lammas. On the first of August, the of corn left uncultivated for the sake of
feast of St Peter *ad Vincula, it was cus- driving the cattle homewards. Jam.
tomary in AS. times to make a votive Fris. lona, lana, a narrow way between

offering of the first-fruits of the harvest, gardens and houses. Dan. dijU. laane,
and thence the feast was termed Hlaf- lane, a bare place in a field where the
masse, Lammas, from hlaf, loaf In the corn has failed lane, an open or bare ;

Sarum Manual it is called Benedictio place E. lawn, lawnd, an open space be- ;


novorum fructuum. Way in Pr. Pm. tween woods w. llan, a clear place, area, ;

Lamp. Gr. Xa/urag, whence Lat. lam- or spot of ground to deposit anything in.
pas. Gr. XeSfiTTw, to ring, sound loud and The fundamental idea is probably the
clear, then to give light, to shine. ON. opportunity to see through gi\«en by an
glam,glamr, clang, rattle, noise ; glajnpa, opening between trees or the like N. ;

to gleam, glitter, shine. glana, gleine, to stare, to look steadily, to


Lampoon. The syllables taterletat, open (as clouds) and leave a clear space ;
tanterlantant, representing sound with- glan, an opening among clouds glanen
;
out sense, are used in Pl.D. as interjec- (of a wood or of clouds), open, separate,
ticins, like fiddlededee ! expressing con- so that one may see through glenna, a
;
tempt for what a person says. Taterlet&t, clear open space among woods, grassplot
a toy trumpet, or the noise which it between cliffs and wood gleine, an open
;
makes ; ene olde taterletat, an old tattle- space.
; ;

LANGUAGE LASH 377


Language. Lat. lingtia, a tongue, Lap.— Lappet. The flap or loose skirt
language, whence Fr. langue, langage. of a garment. \JC«s.flap, clap, slap, a re-

Languid. Languish. Lat. langueo, presentation of the noise made by a loose
to be faint, without life and spirit. Gr. sheet striking against itself or any surface.
Xayyiu, Xayya^w, to slacken, give up ; Xay- ON. lapa, slapa, to hang loose ; Du. lab-
a loiterer. See To Lag.
yojv, beren (of sails), to shiver in the wind G.

Laniard. Lanyel. Lauget. — It is lapp, slack lappen, anything hanging
;
;

probable that langet, langel, lanyel, a loose, rag, tatter, clout ; bart-lappen, the
strap or thong, tether, strip of ground, wattles of a cock ; ohr-ldppchen, lobe of
must be separated from Fr. lanikre, E. the ear AS. Iczppa, a. lap or lobe of the
;

laniard, a narrow band, a thong lanier, liver.


the lash of a whip. —
Forby. The former
;

A
lapwing is a bird ^h-A flaps its wings
are certainly from Lat. lingula, a little in a peculiar manner as iLflies.
tongue, narrow pointed object. It. lingtia, To Lap. I. Fr. tapper, to lap or lick
a langet or spattle, linguella, lingiietta, up; Gr. XditTM, to lap, then to drink
the point or langet of a pair of scales, a greedily ; Lat. lambere, to lick ; Fr. tam-
tenon. —
Fl. Langot of the shoe, latchet. per, to drink, to swill. In E. cant the
— Kennett in Hal. Langelyn or bynd term lap is used for liquid food, wine,
.
together, coUigo, compedio. —
Pr. Pm. pottage, drink. From the sound of lap-
Laniire op the other hand seems from ping up liquids with the tongue.
longiere (a long narrow towel —
Cot.), sig- 2. To lap or wlap, to wrap. '
Lappyn
nifying a strip. Limousin loundieiro, Fr. or whappyn yn clothes, involve.' ' Plico,
allonge, piece that one adds to lengthen to folde or lappe' —Vr. Pm. 'He was
anything. Allonge or lotige was also •wtappid in a sack (obvolutus est sacco).'
used in the sense of It. langolo for the Wiclifif.— P'rom the. root wlap spring
lunes or leniins of a hawk, the leather It. invituppare, Fr. envelopper.
thongs by which his legs were attached To lap in the present sense is to bring
to the wrist in carrying him. Fr. longe, the lap or flap of the garment round one ;
Wal. long, signifies also a long strap fast- the forms wlap and flap corresponding
ened to the halter of a horse, whence the together, as Du. wrempen and 'E. frump.
expression to lu7ige a colt, in breaking Lapse. Lat. labor, lapsus, to fall, sink
him hold him with a long rope and down.
in, to
drive him round in a circle. Larboard. The left side of the ship
The g of long disappears occasionally looking forwards. Du. laager, OE. leer,
in the Fr. dialects, as Wal. Ion, slow, left. Clay with his hat turned up o' the
'

long, far. —
Remade. Lim. loung, loun, leer side too.' —
B. Jonson in Nares. Du.^
slow, tedious, long. It. lungi, Fr. loin, far laager-hand, the left hand, from laager,
eslongier, eloigner, to put to a distance. lower, as hooger-hand, the right hand,
Bret, louan, a thong or strap, especially from hoog, high. It is, however, against
that by which the yoke is fastened to the this derivation that the word is written
ox's head. laddebord in the Story of Jonah, AUit.
Lank. Du. slank, G. schlank, slender, Poems of xiv. Cent., E. E. Text Soc.
pliant. A
nasahsed form of the root Larceny. Fr. larcui, robbery, from
which appears in E. slack, Gael, lag, weak, Lat. latrocinium, robbery ; latro, a rob-
faint, with the fundamental signification ber.
of absence of rigidity. Du. lank, the Lard. Lat. lardum, bacon, bacon fat.
flank or soft boneless part of the side ; Bret, lard, fat, grease ; tarda, to grease,
Devonsh. lank, the groin. to fatten.
Lansquenet. G. lanzknecht, a soldier Large. —
Largess. Lat. largus, of
serving with lance. great size, copious, liberal, .whence Fr.
Lantern. Fr. lanterne, Lat. laterna, largesse, liberality, gifts.
Lark. AS. laferc, Sc. laverock, Du.
as if from AS. leoht, light, and -em, place,
an element seen in domern, judgment- leeuwercke, lewerck, lercke.
place, heddern, hiding-place, baces-ern, Larrup. To beat. Du. larp, a lash ;
oven, and lihtes-ern, a lantern. In lu- larpen, to thresh in a peculiar manner,
cerna the same element is joined with lux, bringing all the flails to the ground at
lucis, light. once. — Bomhoff.
To Lash. I. To strike with a sound-
The spelling of lanthorn, which so long
prevailed, was doubtless influenced by ing blow, as when a whale lashes the sea
or a lion his flanks with his tail. To
lash
the use of transparent sheets of horn for
out, to throw out the heels with
violence
the sides of the lantern.
; : ;

LASS L.ATHE
378
lasher, a weir, from the dashing of the
mand), so to last, from Goth, laist, AS.
is to tread in one's
water. Like clash or slash, a represent- last, a trace, footstep,
Esthon. laksuma, footsteps, to follow, to fulfil
ation of the sound.
to smack, to sound like waves when they Span thu hine georne
lashthe shore. G. klafschen, to yield that Thaet he thine lare lassie :

sound which represented by the word urge thou him zealously that he may fol-
is
klatschj lashing with a whip, clapping of low thy instruction. Csedm. x. 1. 58. —
the hands, clashing of arms. —
Kuttn. Du. Goth, laistjan, afarlaistjan, to follow
kletsen, to clash, clack, crack, to fling; after ;
fairlaistjan, to attain. The legal
klets, lash, slap. expression in pursuance of is used in the
2. To bind or fasten anything to the sense of in fulfilment or execution of
ship's sides. —
B. Du. lasch, a piece set on To Xiatcli. To catch. AS. laccan,
or let into a garment, also the place where gelcBccan, to catch, to seize ; Gael, glac,
the joining is made, the welding of two catch. The word seems to represent the
pieces of iron together, splicing of rope- sound of clapping or smacking the hand
ends ; lasschen or lassen, to join two down upon a thing, or perhaps the snap
pieces together ; Dan. laske, to baste, of a fastening falling into its place.
stitch, mortise ; N. laskje, a gore or patch —
Xiatch. liatchet. From Lat. laqueus,
aarelaskje, the patch of hard wood let are formed Fr. lags, It. laccio, any latch
into an oar to protect it from the rul- or lachet, binding-lace or fillet, halter,
locks Bav. lassen, einlassen bretter in-
;
snare to catch birds or beasts Fl. —
einander, to scarf boards together, to let Rouchi IcLche, a noose, leash, lace lachet, ;

one into the other die gelass or gelassen,


; as Fr. lacet, a tie or fastening. Pol. lapai,
the joining. to catch, corresponds to E. latch, as snap
Iiass. See Lad. to snatch, clap to clack; Lat. capere, to
Ijassitude. Lat. lassus, weary. E. catch.
liast. Contracted from latest, as
I. Iiate. latr, OHG. laz, slow ; G.
ON.
best from dels/. G. le/zl; Bav. lesst, Pl.D. lass, negligent, lazy; Bav. lass,
faint,
les/. Zi su
lazzosi,
lezzist, ; zu demum slack, loose, slow. The radical meaning
de7n les ten, extreme. —
Gl. in Schmeller. is, doubtless, slack, unstrung, then inact-
2. A
burden. ON. hlass, as. hlcest, Du. ive, slow, behindhand. See Loiter.
G. last, a load ; ON. hlada, to load, to -late, -lation. Lat. fero, latum, to
pile up, G. laden, to load. bear, bring ; confero, to bring together ;
3. The form of a shoemaker. 'Dn.leest, collatio, a comparison, whence to collate,
make, form, shape model, to compare to translate, to carry over
; G. leisten, ; ;

jnould, form, size. Ein Spanischer ross, prcelatus, advanced before the r^&t,a. pre-
'

ob es gleich klein von leist, ist es doch late j oblation, an offering ; legislate, to
adelich von gestalt,' though small of size carry laws.
is noble in form. '
Ein pfarrer soil ein Iiatent. Lat. lateo, to lie, or be con-
bildner und leist sin zu leben sinen un- cealed, or unnoticed.
terthanen,' a pastor should be a model to Iiateral. Lat. latus, lateris, a side.
his parishioners. Iiath. Lattice. Fr. Du. G. latte, a —
The origin is probably AS. last, Goth. thin piece of cleft wood G. latte is also ;

laist, trace, footstep wagen-gelaist, the used for a pole or rod, a young slender
;

trace of the wheel ; the impression of a tree in a forest. The primary meaning
thing showing the size and form without is doubtless the shoot of a tree. Russ.
the substance of the original. loza, a rod, branch, twig ; G. lode, a
To Last. Properly, to perform, but sprig or shoot Bret, laz, a pole, fishing- ;

now confined to the special sense of per- rod ; W. Hath, a yard, or measure of three
forming the duty for which a thing is feet ; Gael, slat, a switch, wand, yard.
made, enduring. When we say that a Fr. lattis, E. lattice, lath-work.
coat will last for so many months, we Latb.e. turner's frame, called by A
mean that it will serve the purpose of a Cot. a lathe or lare. G. lade, a frame,
coat for so long. G. leisten, to fulfil, per- what holds or incloses something else
;

form, carry out. And thei ben false and the framework of a plough or harrow, a
'

traiterous and lasten noght that thei chest, coffer, receptacle. Kinnladen, the
bihoten.' —
Sir Jno. Mandeville. jawbones in which the teeth are held;
As Lat. sequi, to follow, gives exsequi, beltlade, a bedstead kamtnlade, the ;

to follow but, perform, accomplish ; or basis which holds the teeth of


a wool-
G. folgen, to follow, befolgen, to perform card tischlade, a drawer. Du. laede,
;

ipefehl befolgen, to perform one\ com- laeye, a receptacle, case, chest


; laede van
; — ; ;;

LATHER LAY 379


de waege, the receptacle for the tongue laid with fresh-washed linen, to perfume
of a balance. Commonly connected with and preserve it from mildew. It. lavanda,.
E. lade, to lay up, lay in order. Line. a washing.
lath, to place or set down. —
Hal. ON. Laver. A sea weed, otherwise called
hlada, Sw. lada, OE. lathe, a barn, a re- sea liver-wort, looking as if the word
ceptacle for hay, corn, &c. See To Lade. were a corruption of liver.
It is possible, however, that the radical Lavish. Prodigal. Fr. lavasse, or
meaning may be a construction of bars lavace d'eaux, an inundation. The idea
or rods. Laede, tabula, asser. —
Kil. See of unthrifty dealing is often expressed by
Ladder. the dashing abroad of water. It. guaz-
Lather, ne. lather, to splash in water. zare, sguazzare, to dabble or plash in
— Hal. ON. lodra, to foam ; lodr, foam water guazzare, to lavish in good cheer
of the sea ; Sw. sap-loder, soap-suds
;

sguazzare, to lavish his estate FI. ; Sw. —


Bav. loder, suds, dirty water from wash- pluttra, properly to dabble, correspond-
ing Swiss ladern, Idttern, flddern, pldt-
; ing to Sc. bluiter, in a similar sense, and
tem (from an imitation of the sound), to to Dan. pludder, slush, mire Sw. plut- ;

dabble in water, make wet and dirty, let tra bort penningas, to squander money.
fall liquid dung (of cows) kuhpldder,
; And squander itself is a repetition of the
cow-dung ;verldtteren, to dawb with same metaphor.
cow-dung ; G. pldtschem, to paddle or Law. ON. lag, order, method, custom,
dabble in water ; Dan. pladder, mud, law. From leggia (hefi lagt), to lay. So
mire. Lat. statutum, statute, from statuere, to
Iiatiner. Fr. latinier, one who speaks lay down ; G. gesetz, law, from setzen, to
Latin, an interpreter. set Gr. Ocaiiog, law, from nBtiiu, to lay.
;

Iiatitude. Lat. latus, broad. Lawn. I. See Lane.


Latten. Brass, tinned iron. Fr. laiton. 2. A kind
of fine linen, Fr. linon, from
It. latone, ottone, brass latta, tin plate.
; which however the E. word can hardly
From being used in the shape of plates. have been derived. Sp. lona, canvas, a
— Diez. Piedm. lata, thin narrow piece texture agreeing with lawn in being open
of iron or other metal, plate, blade. Way and transparent. It is remarkable that
cites a document of the 15th century lawn, an open space between woods,
which speaks of 'latten, or CuUen (Co- seems to be so called from the oppor-
logne) plate.' tunity affords of seeing through.
it

Iiaudable. —Laudatory. Lat. laus, Lax. -lax. Lat. laxus, loose, slack
-dis, praise. laxare, to make loose, relax.
Laugh. lachen, Du. lachachen,
G. Lay. Laity. — \. Lat. laicus,,-'OYlG.
lachen — Kil.from the sound.
;
leigo, laih, leih, Du. leek, from Gr. Xaindq,
To Launcb.. Fr. lancer. It. lanciare, of the \aog or people, as opposed to the
violently to throw, hurl, dart ; lanciare clergy.
un cervo, to rouse a stag. Probably 2. A
song, metrical tale. Prov. lais,
lancia, a lance, is from the verb, and not song, piece of poetry, song of birds, clang,
vice versS. ; a weapon to be hurled. A cry lais dels sonails, the sound of bells.
;

nasalised form of e. lash, to throw out. Tuit ^escridon a un lais, all cried out

Laundry. Laundress. It. lavare, —
with one voice. Rayn. As the old Fr.
to wash ; lavanda, suds, anything to poets (as Diez observes) regard the lay
wash with Fr. layage, washing lavan-
; ;
as specially belonging to the Bretons, it
dilre, a washerwoman ; Sp. lavadero, a is natural to look to the Celtic for the

washing-place ; lavandero, a washer ; la- origin of the word.


vanderia, the wash, linen for washing. Les cuntes ke jo sai verais,
Dunt U Breton unt fait lor lais,
To the last of these forms corresponds E. Vus cunterai assez briefment.
laundry, the washing department, and Marie de Prance.
from laundry is formed laundress.

Laurel. Laureate. Lat. laurus, the W. llais, a sound, note, tone, voice
laoidh, laoi, a verse, hymn, sacred poem
; Gael.
one crowned with
laurel, laureatus, laurel.
Lave. — Lavatory. Lat. lavare, to ON. hliod. Hod, voice, sound, also as as.
leoih, a lay or short poem ; G. lied, song
wash, bathe, lavator, one that washes.
Goth, liuthon, psallere, to sing hymns.
Radically connected with ON. I'dgr (g.
lagar), AS. lagu, water, liquid. ON. laug,

Lay. 3. Lea. ^Laystall. Lay-land
bath, water to wash in ; lauga, Da. love, or fallow-land might plausibly be ex-
plained land laid up from immediate use,
to bathe, to wash.
Lavender. Fr. lavende, from bemg in accordance with Sw. Idgga igen. en.
— — ; ;.

38o LAY LEAK


dker, to lay up a field or leave it fallow. morsel to eat. — Roquef. Leche, liche,
But the word is undoubtedly the analogue liquette, a morsel.
lisquette, Pat. de —
of Du. Udig, leeg, empty, vacant, fallow ; Champ. Properly a tongue, from lescher,
ledig-land, G. leede, lehde, an unculti- to lick, as G. lecker, the tongue of cattle,
vated piece of ground ; der ledige stand, from lecken.
unmarried life, celibacy. Lead. Du. load, loot.
Let wife and land lay return.
till I
To Lead. on. leida, to lead leid, ;
lie
B. and Fletcher. track, way at snua d leid, to turn on his
;

traces, to turn back. The Goth, laiihan,


Another form of the word is e. ley, lea,
ON. lida, to move on, go, pass, would
AS. leag, leak, the untilled field, pasture.
seem to be a derivative, related to leida,
Plenty shall cultivate each scaup and moor, 3.5 jacere, to lie, to jacere, to cast, or as G.
Now lea and bare because thy landlord's poor.
liegeft, E. to lie, to G. legen, E. to lay.
Ramsay.
Though many a load of marl and manure laid Leaf. G. laub, Du. loof, loove, the
Revived his barren leas which erst lay dead. leaves of trees. The radical meaning
Bp Hall in R. seems something flat. Magy. lap, the
A clover-ley is a field in which clover has leaf of a book Lith. Idpas, a leaf ; la-
;

been sown with the former crop, and palka, the shoulder-blade.
which is left without further cultivation League, i. Mid. Lat. leuca, Fr. lieue,
after the crop is carried. Dan. dial, lei, a measure of distances, properly the stone
fallow ; hid ager, novalis ; leid jord, which marked such a distance on the
cessata terra. —
Molbech. public roads. 'Mensuras viarum, nos
Laystall. Properly lay-stow, where miliaria, GrEeci stadia, Galli leucas.' Isi- —
lay has the same sense of vacant, unoc- dore in Dief. Celtica. Gael, leug, leag, a
cupied, as in lay-land, an empty place in stone liagan, an obelisk ; W. llech, a stone
;

which rubbish may be thrown. 'The 2. Fr. ligue. It. legua, an alliance, from
place of Smithfield was at that daye a Lat. ligare, to bind.
laye-stowe of all order of fylth.' Fabyan —
Leaguer, i. Du. leger, a lying, lying-
in R. place the lair of cattle, lying-place of an
;

Lay. 4. Layer. A lay, a bed of mor- army in the field ; belegeren, to beleaguer
tar.— B. In the same way Fr. couche, a or pitch one's camp for the attack of a
layer, from coucher, to lay. Du. laag, fortress whence leaguer, a siege, having ;

lay, layer, bed, stratum ; leger, a lying essentially the same meaning with the
place. P1.D. lage, a row of things laid in word siege itself, which signifies the seat
order, tier of guns ; afleger, a layer or taken by an army before a town for the
offset of a plant laid in the ground to same purpose.
strike root. 2. A snxall cask. G. legger, wasser-
To Lay. ON. leggia, G. legen, to lay ;
legger, Sw. watten-le^gare, water-cask in
ON. liggia, G. liegen, to lie, to lay oneself a ship. Probably from ON. I'ogg, N. logg,
down. The first of the two seems the pi. legger, Sw. lagg, the rim of the staves
original form, with the sense of thrusting, of which a cask is made ; lagga, to set
casting, striking. Sw. Icegge pa en, to
_
staves together ; lagger, laggbindare, a
lay on, to strike ; ON. hoggva och leggia, cooper; ON. lagg-wiS, wood for cask-
to strike and thrust ; lag of kesio, a making.
thrust with a javelin ; Sw. lagga til Leak. Du. lekken, water to penetrate,
lands, to reach the shore ; lagga sig, to to drip lekwijn, wine that leaks from a
;

lie down. cask ; lekzak, a bag for straining. The


In the same way Lat. jacere, to cast radical meaning seems, to drip. Lith.
jacere, to lie. laszas, a drop laszSti, to drip, to leak.
Lazar. —Lazaretto.
;

Lazar, a leper, E. latch-pan, a dripping-pan latch, leech, ;

from Lazarus in the parable. Du. La- a vessel pierced with holes for making
zarus-haus, a lazaretto, hospital for lepers, lye ; leach-troughs, troughs in which salt
pest-house. is set to drain leeks, drainings ; to leek
;

Lazy. Bav. laz, slow, late ;Du. losig, off, to drain, and hence to leek on or latch
leusig, flaccid, languid, slack, lazy— Kil. on, to add fresh water after the first wort
Pl.D. losig, lesig, loose in texture, slow,
weary ; G. lass, slack, slow, dull.
has been drawn off in brewing. Hal. —
Sw. bjork-laka, the juice of birch-trees ;
Lea. See Lay. sal-laka, brine laka pa, as E. to leek, or
;

To Leach. In carving, to cut up. Fr. latch on in brewing. The same root is
lesche, a long slice or shive of bread. seen in Lat. liquo, to strain, filter, melt
Cot. Lechette, lisquette, a tongue of land. liquatum viimm, strained wine ; liquari.
——;;

LEAM LECHERY 381


to melt away ; liquor (as Sw. lakd), juice, Gl. Isidor. From laxo, Fr. laisser, to let
liquid. go. Bav. gel&ss, a noose for catching
Iieam. A parallel form with gleam. birds.
ON. Ijomi, splendour ; ljo7na, to shine. Not to be confounded with Fr. lacqs.
Glemyn or lemyn as fyr, flammo ; —as It. laccio, Sp. lazo, a slip-knot, snare,
light, radio. Pr. Pm. — tie.
Here, as in so many other cases, we are Leasing. OE. lies. Goth, laus, emp-
able to trace the designation of phenomena ty, vain lausavaurds, an idle talker
; ;

of sight after those of hearing, on. N. Ids, loose, lascivious, shameful AS. ;

hljomr, resonantia, clamor ; n. Ijom, re- leas, empty, false ; leasian, to lie, leasere,
sonance, echo AS. hlemman, to crackle
; a liar ; Du. loos, pretence, false sham ;

as flame Mem, a sound.


;
^
looze wapenkriet, a false alarm ; loose
Lean. AS. hlcene, lane, Pl.D. leen, deur, a false door.
slender, frail, lean ; It. leno, lean, meagre, Least. See Less.
faint, feeble, also leaning towards, easily Leat of a Mill. From G. leiten, to
credulous, and yielding to fair words. lead. Das wasser in einen garten leiten,
Fl. The radical signification seems to be to convey water into a garden. Einen .

what leans from the want of sufficient fluss anders wohin leiten, to turn the
substance to keep it upright, hence feeble, course of a river ; wasser-leitung, aque-
thin, spare in flesh. duct, conduit, canal. See Lade.
To Lean. AS. hlynian, Du. leunen, G. Leather. g. leder, w. llethr, Du.
lehnen, Dan. Icene, It. lenare, to lean, to leder, leer, Bret. ler.
bend towards. Russ. klonif, to bow To Leather. In familiar language, to
down klonishsya, to slope, incline, tend
;
thrash or beat one ; and Swab, ledern is
to ; Gael, claon, incline, go aside, squint used in the same sense. So we speak of
claointe, bent, sloping ; Gr. kXiVm, to make giving one a good hiding, as if it were
to bend, turn towards, turn aside Lat. ; meant as a dressing of his hide or skin,
clino (in composition), to bend towards. and similar expressions were current in
To Leap. on. hlaupa, to run, spring ;
Latin. Corium perdere, —
redimere, to
hleypa, to make to spring, to shoot for- suffer blows, —forisfacere, to deserve
wards hlaupast, to escape, elope
;
G. ; them.
laufen, to run. Leave. Permission. AS. leaf, geleaf,
Leap-year. on. hlaup-ar, the inter- Pl.D. lof, love, ON. lof, permission ; lofa,
calary year which leaps forwards one day leyfa, G. erlauben, AS. lyfan, alyfan, to
in the month of February. The Du. permit. The radical meaning, as shown
schrikkel-jaer has a similar meaning, under Believe, is applaud, approve, and
from schrikken, to spring or stride ; in a weaker degree, allow, permit.
schrik-schoen, skaits. To Leave. Goth, laiba, AS. laf, ON.
To Learn. Goth, leisan, to know leifar (pi.), Gr. \017r6c, leavings, overplus,
laisyan, AS. Icsran, Sw. lara, G. lehreji, to remainder ; ON. leifa, Gr. Xtiirtiv, Xifnra-
teach ; Du. leeren, to teach, to learn ; AS. viiv, to leave ; Goth, aflifnan, Sw. blifwa,

leornjan, G. lernen, to learn. OHG. Ura, G. bleibein, to remain. Carinthian l&pen,


AS. Idri, E. lore, learning. Goth, laisa- to leave remaining ; lapach, remnants.
reis, a teacher. Leaven. Fr. levain, the sour-dough
Lease. Fr. lais, laissement, the lease or ferment which makes the mass pre-
or instrument by which a holding of any pared for bread rise in a spongy form;
kind is let to a tenant, or given into his from lever, Lat. levare, to rise.
hands to turn to profit. The lessor sxA —
Lechery. Licborous. From Fr. les-
lessee are the persons who give and accept cher, lecher, to lick, were formed lescheur,
the lease respectively. Fr. laisser, G. las- lechereau, a lapper up of, a lickdish, slap-
sen, to let lass-gut, lass-hain, a farm or sauce, lickorous companion. Cot. —Ld-
;

wood let for a period at a certain rent, cherie, gourmandise. —


Diet, de Berri.

Bav. verlassen einem etwas, to let some- From G. lecken, to lick, lecker, dainty,
thing to one on lease. lickerish, nice in food ; in familiar lan-
To Lease. To glean. Goth, lisan, guage, a lively degree of a sensual desire.
las, lesun, to gather ; Lith. lesti, to peck Der lecker steht ihm darnach, his chaps
as a bird, to pick up. water at it, he has a letch or latch for it,
Leash. Mid. Lat. laxa, Fr, laisse, as it would be expressed in vulgar E.
a leash to hold a dog, a bridle or false
lesse,
Latch, a fancy or wish.— Hal. E. lickerish,
lickorous, dainty. Lat. ligurire, to lick,
rein to hold a horse by, any such long
string. Mid.Lat. laxamina, habense to be dainty in eating, eagerly to long for.
; — ;

282 -LECT LEE


The gratification of the palate was then E cantin gli augelli ogni in suo latino. — Dante.
taken as the type of other sensual plea- Fr. latinier, an interpreter.
sures, and G. leckerer is not only a dainty- Theforegoing explanation would never
mouthed man, but in a wider sense one have been qbestioned if it were not for
who makes the gratifying of his appetites the use of Kid or lede in the same sense
his chief business. — Kiittn. OFr. l^cheor, as leden. Ilk land has its ain leid.~5c.
lecherres, lescheur, glutton, epicure, one prov.
given to the pleasures of- the table or the Translait of new thay may be red and song
companion. The
flesh, adulterer, loose Ouer Albion ile into your vulgare lede,
E. lecheryhas become exclusively appro- D. V. in Jam.
priated to the applied sense, while in ON. hliof, a sound, the sound of the voice
France Ucherie, as we have seen, pro- Jilioda til, to address one hlioda, Sw. ;

vincially retains the original meaning. lyda, to signify. Huru lydde brefvetf
The same train of thought which pro- what did the letter import ? Lagen lyder
duced the change of meaning in lechery sd, so the law says. Late, cry, voice.
led in the middle ages to the use of Lat. Foglar hafva olika Idten, fowls have dif-
luxus, luxuria (classically signifying ex- ferent notes.
cess in eating and drinking), in the sense Ledge. A narrow strip standing out
of fleshly indulgence luxus, bose lust
;
from a flat surface, as a ledge of rock, the
luxuriosus, horentriber. —
Dief. Supp. ledge of a table. ON. logg, Sw. lagg, Sc.
'
Oncques n'orent compagnie ne atouche- laggen, the projecting rim at the bottom
— —
ment de carnelle luxure.' St Graal, c. of a cask. Ledgins, the parapets of a
xxix. 152. In the E. translation 'nether
in weye of lecherie lay hire by.' And pro-
bridge. —
Jam.
Ledger. A leiger or ledger ambassa-
bably this use of luxuria in the sense of dor was a resident appointed to guard the
lechery may justify the conjecture that interests of his master at a foreign court.
hixus in the primary meaning of excess
in the pleasures of taste has the same
Now gentlemen imagine that young Cromwell's
in Antwerp, leiger iot the English merchants.
origin with G. lecker, E. lickorous, and Fr. Lord Cromwell in Nares.
Idcherie, in a representation of the sound
Return not thou, but legeir stay behind
made by smacking the tongue and lips in And move the Greeklsh prince to send us aid.
the enjoyment of food. The Gr. yXuKug, Fairfax Tasso, ibid.
and Lat. dulcis (for dlucis), sweet, seem
to show that the sound of a smack was The term was also applied to other cases
represented by the syllable gluck or dluck, in which an object lies permanently in a
which when softened down to luck would place. A
ledger-bait in fishing is one
supply the root of luxus. See Luck.
'fixed or made to rest in one certain place
-lect. —
Xiecture. Lat. lego, ledum, to when you shall be absent from it.' — Wal-
pick, gather, thence to read. Hence Elect, ton.
to choose from; Collect, to gather to- It happened that a stage-player borrowed a
rusty musket which had lien long leger in his
gether Select, to pick out and lay apart.
;

Lede. A kettle.

shop. Fuller in R.

And Ananias fell down dede Hence leiger-books are books that lie
As black as any lede. — Manuel der P^ch^s. permanently in a certain place to which
Ir.luchd, a pot or kettle. they relate. Many leiger-books of the
'

Drum-slede, a kettle-drum. — Fl. in v.


monasteries are still remaining, wherein
they registered all their leases.' H. War- —
nacchere.
Ledeu. Speech, language. ton in R.
In modern book-keeping the term
The quelnte ring ledger is applied to what the Fr. call the
rhurgh which she understood wel everything
grand livre, the principal book of account.

That any fowle may in his leden sing. Chaucer.
The origin is Du. legger, he who lies
From AS. lyden, leden, Latin, the Latin or remains permanently in a certain place,
speech, then language in general. Of the supercargo, or person appointed to
Ledene on Englisc, from Latin into e. look after the interest of the owners of
He cuthe be dale Lyden understanden, he the cargo in a ship, their leiger-ambassa-
could partly understand Latin. —
Pref. dor in that respect ; also an old shop-
Hept. Mara is on ure lyden, bitemes, keeper, a book that does not get sold.
Mara in our language is bitterness. The Lee. Shelter. Lee-side, hliebord, the
same application has taken place in It., sheltered side of the ship. Lee-shore,
the
where latino is used for language. shore opposite the lee-side of the ship.
;

LEECH LEPIDOPTERA 383


and consequently the shore exposed to tion laet-banke, the court of the tenants,
;

the wind. as. hleo, hleow, shade, shelter. court-leet. In England court-leit is the
ON. hlifa, hlja, N. liva, to protect, shelter ; court of the copyhold tenants, opposed to
ON. a shield (Lat. clypeus), defen-
hlif, court-baron, that of the freeholders of a
sive armour. Du. luw, shelter from manor, copyhold being a servile tenure.
the wind. Het begint te luwen, the See Lad.
wind abates. Dat luwt wat, that gives Left. Du. lucht, luft, Lat. Icevus,Yo\.,
some relief. Luwte, AS. hleowth, place Boh. lewy. Perhaps the light hand, in
sheltered from the wind, apricitas. Hence opposition tothe stronger, heavier right ;

Sc. lythe, shelter, and met. encourage- AS. swithre, the stronger, the right hand.
ment, favour. The
lythe side of the In Transylvania licht is used ior schlecht,
hill. Possibly the radical image may poor, slight. Fris. lichte lioeden, the
be shown in ON. hliit, side, slope of a common people. Boh. lewiti, to slacken-;
hill. lewny, moderate.
light,
Leech. A physician, healer, then the Leg. ON. leggr, a stalk or stem ann- ;

blood-sucking moUusk used


for medicinal leggr, the upper joint of the arm hand- ;

purposes. on. laknir,


Goth, leikeis, leggr, the forearm ; gras-leggr, a stalk of
lekeis, a leech, leikinon, to heal Boh. ; grass.
lek, medicine ; leciti. Fin. Idaketa, Gael. —
Legacy. Legate. Lat. legare, to de-
leighis, to heal. pute, to assign, to bequeath by will.
We are inclined in the first instance to Legal. — Legislate. — Legitimate.
suppose that the notion of curative efforts Lat. law.
lex, legis,
may be taken from the type of an animal Legend. — Legible. legendus,
Lat.
licking his wounds ; Gr. \iixtiv, Goth. p.pcpl. fut. oi lego, I read. See -leet.
laigon, Gael. Ugh, to lick. But it is more Leguminous. Lat. legumen, pulse, as
likely that the radical idea is the applica- pease and beans. Explained from lego,
tion of medicinal herbs. Esthon. rohhi, to gather, as being gathered by hand.
grass, herb, potherb, medicine ; rohhi- Leisure. Fr. loisir, from "LaX. licere,
tsema, to apply medicaments. Lettish as plaisir from placere. Diez. Prov. —
sahle, grass, herb ; sahles (pi.), medicine, lezer, lezor, leisure, permission, oppor-
sahligs, medicinal. Bret, louzou, Uzeu, tunity. OFr. leist, loist, licet, it is per-
pot or medicinal herbs ; louzaoui, to use mitted, lawful.
it is

medicaments, dress a wound louzaouer, ; Leman. A


mistress, for lefman, from
Uzeuour, a herborist, mediciner. w. AS. leof, loved, dear, as woman for wif-
llysiau, herbs ; llyseua, to collect herbs. man.
Manx Ihuss, leeks, lentils, herbs ; lus-thie, Thys mayde hym payde suythe wel, myd god
houseleek. The final s exchanges for a k wille he hire nom
(which is probably the older form) in And huld hyre as a lefmon.—R. G. 344.
Russ. Bohem. luk, G. lauch, ON. laukr,
E. leek, potherb, onion, whence in all

To Lend. Loan. on. Ijd, Goth.
probability the lock or lick, G. luege, leihvan,G.lehen ioleadimOTisy aXmter&st ;

which forms the termination of many of lehen, a fee, or estate given in respect of
our names for plants ; hemlock, charlock, military service ON. Idn, Dan. laan, a loan,
;

garlick, houseleek, Swiss wegluen, wild thing lent OHG. lehanon, G. lehnen, Sw.
;

endive; kornluege, galeopsis laaanum. lana, to loan or lend.


Length. Long.
It is to be remarked that houseleek was
cultivated as a vulnerary. Gael, luibh, Lenient. —See
Lenitive. Lat. lenis, mild,
soft, gentle. ON. len, lin, Da.
linr, Sw.
luigh, herb, plant.
Leek. See last article. lind, G. linde, gelinde, soft, gentle, pliable.
To Leer. See To Lour. Lent. AS. lengten, lencten, lanten, Du.
Lees. Fr. lie, sediment of wine Lang. ;
lente, OHG. langez, lenzo, lenzen, G. lenz.

ligo, sediment, dregs, mud. Wall, lize, Swab, glentz, Sw. ladig, lading, lading,
Namur lige, yeast. Bret, lec'hid, sedi- laing, laig, spring.
ment, from lec'hia, to lay, to set down,
Leopard. Lat. Leopardusj supposed
w. llaid, mire. by Pliny to be the issue of a she lion
Leet. G. lasse, lass-bauer, the name lleana) by a male panther {pardus).
Leper. Gr. Xtirpbg, scaly; the skin
given in many parts of G. to tenants sub- with the
ject to certain rents and duties. Lass- becoming scaly on those afflicted
leprosy \cTrie, a scale, husk, peel.
bank, the court of the lassi, court leet ;

Lepidoptera. Gr. XcTrlg, XiirLSas, a


Lass-schopfen, leet-jury. Du. laet, a pea-
sant tenant, subject of a certain jurisdic- scale, and irrtpov, a wing.
;

384 LESION LETTUCE


Lesion. Lat. Icedo, Icesum, to hurt, restless, and the like, is G. los, loose, free
injure.

los-binden ein pferd, to untie a horse, to

Less. Iieast. In all kinds of action set him loose. Nun bin ich von ihin los,
the idea of relaxation is identical with now I am free of him ; namenlos, rastlos,
that of diminution. We
say indifferently, without a name, without rest.
his zeal never for a moment relaxed, or Xjessee. See Lease.
never grew less ; Lat. remittere is ex- Iiesson. Lat. lectio, the act of read-
plained by Andrews to loosen, slacken, ing {lego, I read), whence Fr. le^on, Prov.
relax, and also to abate, -decrease ; as leisso, lesso.
slack by Richardson, relaxed, weakened, To Let. To let is used in two senses
diminished. The sinking of the waters apparently the reverse of each other, viz.
is expressed in Genesis by decrease, in 1st, to allow, permit, or even take mea-
Chaucer by aslake, or slacken sures for the execution of a purpose, as
The water shall aslake and gone away when we say let me alone, let me go, let
Aboutin prime on the nexte day. me hear to-morrow ; and, 2nd, to hinder,
Now the root lass is widely spread in the as in the phrase without let or hindrance.
sense of loose, slack. It. lasso, weary, The idea of slackening lies at the root
faint ; Fr. lasche, slack, flagging, faint ; of both applications of the term. When
W. llaes, Bav. lass, OE. lash, slack, loose. we speak of letting one go, letting. him do
And in OE. less was written lass; the something, we conceive him as previously
lasse Bretaine. R. G. 96. — To lass, less, restrained by a band, the loosening or
or liss are constantly used in such a man- slackening of which will permit the ex-
ner that they may be explained with equal ecution of the act in question. Thus Lat.
propriety to slacken or to diminish, to laxare, to slacken, was used in later
grow or make less. times in the sense of its modern deriva-
The day is gone, the moneth passid, tives. It. lasciare, Fr. laisser, to let. Laxas
Hire love encreaseth and his lassetk. desiccare, let it dry ; modicum laxa stare,
His love slackens, grows weak, or becomes

let it stand a little while. —
Muratori, Diss.
less. '
For their strength dayly lassed.' 24, p. 365. So from Bav. lass, loose,
Froissart in R. In the following passage slack, slow, G. lasseti, to permit, to let.
the abstract idea of diminution is more The analogue of Bav. lass is on. latr,
distinct. lazy, torpid, slow, the original meaning
So that his owen pris he lasseth of which (as observed under Late) was
Wlien he such measure overpasseth. doubtless slack, whence E. let, to slacken
In the application to pain it is commonly (some restraining agency), to permit.
written less or liss. At other times the slackness is attribut-
But love consent another tide ed to the agent himself, when let acquires
That onis I may touch and kiss, the sense of being slack in action, delaying
I trow my pain shall never /wj.— R. R, or omitting to do.
_
— shall never slacken or abate. And down he goth, no lenger would he let.
And with that word his counter door he shet.
And thus with joy and hope well for to fare
Arcite goth home lessid of his care Chaucer.
;

— i. with his care abated or diminished.


e. The Duke of Parma is ill and will not Id to
send daily to the Duke of Medina Sidonia.—
G. leschen, to slake, to abate the strength
Drake to Walsingham in Motley.
of, and thence to extinguish fire.
Da. lade, to let, to permit or suffer some-
Like a man that hurt is sore thing to be done also to omit lade of,
;
And somdele of aking of his wound
is
;

to leave off. Goth, latjan, galatjan, to


Ylcssid well, but heled no dele more.
delay.
Chaucer in R.
Then in a causative sense, to let one
When had thus acquired the sense
less
from doing a thing, is to make him let
of feebler, smaller, in weaker degree, a
or omit to do it, to hinder his doing it.
superlative was formed in analogy with
Bav. laz, late letzen, to retard, impede,
most, best. Lest in the sense of Lat. quo
;
' v
hinder. >

minus, to the end that not, was originally


less.
Lethargic. — Lethe. Gr. X^e^j, ob-
livion, whence XtiBapyog {iipybg, inactive),
But yet ksse thou do worse, take a wife.
drowsy, forgetful.
KriOapyiKbg,
Chaucer. Letter.— Literal.— Literature.
— i. e. in abating or slackening the tend- littera, whence Fr. lettre, letter.
Lat.
ency to do worse. Lettuce. 'L'AX.lactuca,Yx.laitue,6.i:MhX.-
2, -The termination less in hopeless, less from the milky juice.
LEVANT LIBERAL 385
To Levant. To run away from debt. form ; lygn-eld, lygnn-eld, ODan.
OSw.
Sp. levaiitar, to raise levantar el campo,
; lugn-eld, lightning.
as Fr. lever le pig net, to decamp. Levity, -levi-. Lat. //toj, light, trifling,
Ijevee. See Levy. vain ; allevio, to make light.
Level. Lat. libella (dim. of libra, a —
Levy. Levee, -lev-. Levant. Fr. —
balance, also used in the sense of a lever, to lift, raise, set up, also to levy,
plummet), It. /zV^/Zd, a plummet. 'Locus collect, gather. —
Cot. The E. levy is from
qui est ad libellam aequus.' Varro. The — the form levde, the act of raising or ga-
OFr. \iiAlivel, lipeau, while in modern thering. Levee de soldats, a levy of sol-
niveau, as well as in It. nivello, the in- diers ; —
des imp6ts, a levy of taxes. The
has been exchanged for an n. Level,
itial / Scotch say to lift a debt, to obtain pay-
rewle, perpendiculum. Pr. Pm. Levell, — ment, to get it in. Se lever, to rise or get
a ruler, niveau. Palsgr. — up ; le lever dii roi, the attendance of
Lever. Fr. levier, an instrument for the French courtiers on the getting up of
raising weights, from lever, to raise. the King. Hence e. levee, a compli-
Leveret. Lat. lepns. It. lepore, Fr. mentary attendance of guests on a person
lievre, a hare It. lepretto, a leveret or
; in authority. From the ppl. pr. levant,
young hare ; Fr. levreter, a hare to have the rising of the sun, we have the Levant,
young levreteau, levrault, a leveret. the region of the East, specially applied to
—Lessel.
;

Levesell. A shed, gallery, the countries under the dominion of the


portico. Turk.
He looketh up and doun till he hath found Lat. levo, to raise, is undoubtedly con-
The clerkes hors, there as he stood ybound nected with levis, light. See To Lift.
Behind the mille, under a levesell. Reve's tale. — Elevo, to raise up, to elevate.
Lewd. Originally illiterate, untaught,
The gay levesell at the taverne is signe
of the wine that is in cellar. Parson's — as opposed to the educated clergy; then,
inferior, bad,, wicked, lustful. AS. IcEwd,
tale.
/iswrf^, laicus.— Bede 5. 6. 13. 14. Latwede
The a shade of green
branches
original sense
; G. laube,
is
Pl.D. love (from

man, laicus homo. jElfric. Gram. CEg- '

ther ge preosthades,ge munuchades menn


laub, foliage), an arbour, hut, gallery,
and that Icewede folc ' as well the men
:

portico. Dan. lovsal, Sw. Iqfsal, a hut


Dan. lovsals-fest, the of the priesthood and monkhood as the
of green branches
feast of tabernacles.
;

The termination lay people. Lye. —


From lead, people ;
OFris. Hoed, litced, men, people, common
sal is frequently used in G. to form sub-
people lichte lioeden, the laity. Liuda-
;
stantives from verbs ; triibsal, tribula-
scheusal, an object mon, liodamon, man of the people. Russ.
tion schicksal, lot ;
liodi, the people ; liodin, liodyanin, a
;

of aversion, &c.
secular person.
Levigate. Lat. levigare or Icevigare,
Lewde, not letteryd, illiteratus ;— un-
to make smooth, from lavis, smooth,
knowynge in what so hyt be, inscius,
polished.
ignarus. —
Pr. Pm. Leude of condycions,

ynge
Levin. Lightning.
that brenneth.'— Ortus.
Fulgur, leuen-
'

To levyne
'
maluays, villayn, maugraneux. Palsgr. —
or to smyte with lewenynge.' —
Cath. Leude or naughty wine, illaudatum vel

spurcum. Horman in Way.
Ang. Fulgur, fulmen, lewenyngesj ful-
'

lewnes:—y[.S,. Vocab. in Way. Lexicon. Gr. Xtfi/cov, from Xe|i£, a


gurat, (it)

It is evidently identical with N. Ijon, Ijim,


word ; Atyw, I speak.
Dan. lyn, lynild, Sw. dial, lygna, lyvna, Liable. Commonly explained from
'
lightning, a flash of lightning. The Lat. ligo, Fr. Her, to bind ; under obliga-
proper meaning of the word seems flash ; tion to. But no Lat. ligabilis or Fr.
lynende dine, flashing eyes. Fabian in liable is brought forwards. The word
describing a comet says that out of the '
seems purely English, and it looks as if
East part appeared a great levin or beam it were barbarously formed from the
verb
of brightness, which stretched toward the to lie as inclinable from incline, with the
said star.'— Way in v. So many words sense of lying open to.
connected with the idea of shining are —
Libel. Library. Lat. liber, a book,
found with initial gl as well as a simple /, whence libellus, a little book, famosus
that we may probably connect le-wen or libellus, a scandalous publication libra- ;

levin with Sc. gleuin, to glow. rium, a chest or place to keep books in.
So that the cave did gleuin of the hete.— D. V. Liberal.—Liberate.— Liberty. Lat.
to lighten, seems the older liber, free.
But N. lygne, 25
;;

386 LIBERTINE LIFT


Libertine. Lat. a freed
libertintis, lougen, lougnen, negation, falsehood ;

man, Fr. libertin, a dissolute person, one OS. lognian, AS. lygnian, to deny, Lett.
freed from moral restraint. leegt, to deny, refuse. So in Gael, breug,
License, -licit. Lat. liceo, licitum, a lie breugaich, give the lie, gainsay.
;

to be lawful, whence Ucentia, permission The fundamental meaning of a lie is vain


to do a thing, unrestrained action. Illicit, idle talk, and to deny or refuse is to make
unlawful. the speaker talk in vain. Gael, leog, idle
Xich. Lich-gate, the gate where the talk leogair, trifler ; Ir. liogam (as Gael.
;

corpse is set down on entering a church- breug), to flatter. In a Vocab. A.D. 1470,
yard to await the arrival of the minister. cited by Adelung, loggen is translated
Lich-wake, the watch held over a dead nuga, derisio.
body. Goth, leik, G. leiche, AS. lie, lice, The origin seems preserved in the Fin-
corpse. nish languages, where Fin. liika, Esthon.
To Lick. I. G. lecken, Goth, laigon, liig signify by, beside, beyond what is
Or. Xei'xw, It. Ifccare, Lith. lakti. Fin. natural or right. Esthon. jominne, drink
lakkia, Russ. lokaf, to lick or lap, to sup liig-jominne, drunkenness juus, hair, ;

up liquids with the tongue. Pers. laq- liig-juus, false-hair, a wig iiimmi, a ;

kerden, literally to make laq, to do what name, liig-nimmi, a nick-name, surname ;

is characterised by the sound laq, shows te, a way, liig-te, wrong way, by-path
the imitative character of the word in the and pajatus, speech, liig-pajatus, false-
clearest light. hood, trifling. Bret, gaou, awry, wrong,
2. To beat. w. llach, a slap ; llachio, false, gaolavarout, to lie.

to slap, to thresh ; llachbren, a cudgel. Lief. —


Liever. As lief, as soon ;

Lioorous. See Lechery. liefer or liever, rather. Du. lief, dear,


* Lid. AS. hlid, gehlid, a covering, pleasing, acceptable dat is inij lief, I
;

door. In the AS. Gospel, Matt, xxvii. 60, am glad of it ; lief hebbe?i, to love. See
it is said that Joseph rolled a great stone Love.
for a hlid to the sepulchre. OHG. hlit, Liege. Allegiance. — The Mid.Lat.
lid, covering ; uparlid, covering, the litgius, ligius, Prov. litge, lige, Fr. lige,
mercy-seat (which covered the ark). was a term of the feudal law, signifying
Pl.D. lid, cover ; ogenlid, G. atigenlied, the absolute nature of the duty of a tenant
eyelid. OFris. hlid, lith, covering, roof; to his lord. Liegeman, a tenant who
'mit ene plonckene hlide:' [a well] with a owes absolute fidelity liege-lord, the lord
;

covering of planks. The foregoing would entitled to claim such from his tenant.
be satisfactorily accounted for from AS. Mid.Lat. litgancia, ligiantia, ligeitas,
hlidan, behlidan, to cover, close, OFris. &LC., allegiance, the duty of a subject to
hlidia (Stiirenberg), to cover, but the ON. his lord.
seems to indicate that the primary sense The notion that the word was derived
is an opening, then what closes it up, in from Lat. ligare, signifying the tie by
the same way that the primary sense both which the subject was bound to his lord,
of door and of gate seems to be an open- appears very early, but is not entitled to
ing or passage- ON. hlid, a vacant space, more respect on that account. The deri-
an opening, gap in a hedge, dyke or wall vation adopted by Due. is far more satis-
closed with a hatch or gate. It is ap- factory from litiis, lidus, ledus, a man
;

plied to the vacant space on a wall where of a condition between a free man and a
one of a row of shields has been taken serf, bound to the soil, and owing certain
down, to a pause in a battle. Gardshlid, work and services to his lord. Litinio-
opening in an inclosure, gate, wicket. nium, lidimonium, litidium, the duty of a
Da., Sw. led, wicket, gate, barrier. litus to his lord. See Lad.
To Lie. I. Goth, ligan, lag, legum, Lien. An arrangement by which a
to lie ; lagjan, to lay ; Fris. liga, lidsa, certain property is bound to make good
lidisa, lizze, to He ; Russ. lojii (Fr.j), to a pecuniary claim. Fr. lien, from Lat.
lay; down. Lat. legere, to
loj'itsya, to lie ligamen, tie. See Limehound.
lay, as appears from colligere, to lay to- Lieutenant. One holding the place
gether, to collect. Gr. Wytiv, originally of another. Fr. lien, place, and tenir, to
to lay, then to lay to sleep ; ViytnQai, to hold.
lie, \ix°Q, a couch, bed. Serv. lojati, to Life. —Live. Goth, liban, G. leben, to
lay ; legati, to lie. ON. leggia, to lay ; live ; leib, body. Du. liif body, life.
l^g.?''^, to lie. See Lay. Lift. OE. lift, hift, the skj-, air.
2. Goth, liugan, G. liigen, Slavon. lii- Tho hurde he thulke tyme angles synge ywis,
gati, Pol. lga&. Boh. hlati, to lie. OHG. Up in the Ivfte a murye song R. G. 2S0.
LIFT LIGHT 387
Goth, luftus, the air Pl.D, lucht, lugt,
; lupfen, Lat. levare, as compared with lift,
Du. luckt, locht, air, sky, breath ; N. lukt, is no essential part of the root of light.
ON. lopt, air, sky. Ligament. —Ligature. Lat. ligare,
Pl.D. lucht signifies hght as wallas air, to bind, tie.
and the enjoyment of the two are so inti- Light. I. Goth, liuhath, light lauh- ;

mately connected that we can hardly moni, lightning ; G. licht, light ; ON. lios,
doubt the identity of lucht, light, with Gael, leus, Lat. lux, light ; lucere, Bret.
and must suppose
lucht, lugt, luft, air ; luc'ha, luia, Fr. luire, to shine ; W. Mg,
that luft has arisen from lucht by the light ; lygad, the eye ; llugorn, Lat. lu-
same tendency to soften aspirates which cerna, Gr. Xix""!.', a light, lamp, &c. ; Bret.
is seen in the pronunciation of cough, as lugem, shine, brilliancy ; Gr. \ivKoq,
compared with the spelling, or in E. soft, white ; Xuk;/, the dawn ; Sanscr. luj, lok,
compared with G. sacht. The absence of loch, shine, see.
light and air is expressed in Du. by the 2. G. leicht, Du. licht, leycht, ON. lettr,
same word bedompt, signifying dark, ob- Pol. lekki. Boh. lehky, Serv. lak, Russ.
scurcj and also close, stifling. Bomhoff. — legok, Sanscr. laghu, Lat. leids, of small
Gr. a'lSia, to light up, blaze ; diff^p, the weight, easy. The Gr. iKaxvQ, small,
lift, sky. mean, is generally recognised as identical
To Lift. Pl.D. liiften, lichten, to raise with levis, which it unites with the Slavo-
into the (Pl.D. lucht, OE. luft) or air.
lift nian forms.
Liiften is also usedin the sense of giving As lightness is a tendency upwards to-
air. ON. lopt, air, sky d lopt, up in the
; wards the light and air, it may take its
air, aloft ; lopta, Dan. I'dfte, to raise or designation either from light {lux), or
lift. Swab, lupf a breathing, moment of from Pl.D. lucht, the lift or air, words
breath-taking (comp. Pl.D. lucht haUn, which have been shown to be radically
to draw breath) ; lupfen, to lift ; AS. hli- identical. The air is the most common
fian, to rise up, to raise or lift. type of lightness, and it is besides the
It must be admitted that the idea of only thing which interposes no impedi-
lifting may also be explained as making ment to the passage of hght. Thus light-
a thing light, making it rise upwards, and ness and light are naturally associated
the verb seems often to be formed in this together ; heaviness and darkness. N.
manner. Thus from Lat. levis, light, let, light (levis) ; letta (of the weather),
levare, to lift ; from Bohem. lehky, light, to clear up, to become bright and un-
lehciti, to lift. Pl.D. lichten may be
The covered. See Lift.
formed either from lucht, the air, or from To Light.—Alight. The different
licht, light, and it is used as well in the senses of the verb to light afford a good
sense of lift as of that of lighten; die instance of the intimate association in our
anker lichten, to weigh or raise the an- mind between light and air. To light on
chor ei7i schiff lichten, to lighten a ship,
; a thing, to fall in with it, is to have light
to take out the cargo die casse lichten,
;
on it.

to take money out of the chest, an appli- I hope by this time the Lord may have blessed
cation which may be compared with E. you to have light upon some of their ships. ^-
Carlyle's Cromwell, 2. 384.
shop-lifting, removing goods clandes-
tinely from a shop, or Sc. to lift a debt, In the same way the native of New Hol-
perhaps to empty or make void the debt, land to signify meeting with a thing says
to receive the money. Lower Rhine lofte, that it makes a light. 'Well me and
to steal, Goth, hliftus, a thief, hlifan, to Hougong go look out for duck aye, aye, ;

steal, may be connected with as. hlifian, Bel make a light duck.' Which rendered
to raise, by Fr. enlever, to take away. into English would be, '
We
don't see any
Dan. not heavy, lette, to lighten,
let, light, duck ' [don't meet with or light on any],
to lift, to weigh anchor. — Mrs Meredith, Australia. In Pl.D. a
The vacillation in the apparent deriva- similar idea is expressed by reference to
tion of all these words may be explained the air. Het was as wen he uut der lucht
by the ultimate identity of the parent full, it was as if he fell out of the lift or
stocks. Lightness is a tendency upwards, air ; of one who unexpectedly comes to
towards the light and air. To make a light.
thing light (in the sense of not heavy) is To alight from horseback, to light ^x^o^a.
to bring it towards the light, or, what is the ground, are probably to be understood
radically the same word, towards the lift from the notion of lightening the convey-
or air. It must be remembered that the ance on which the agent was previously
final /, which is lost in AS. hlifian, Bav. borne. Dan. let, light, not heavy ; lette,
25 *
. ;

388 LIGHTEN LIKE


to lift, up, to raise; anker, to
at Utte wikked-lokest. —
P. P. In Finn, where
weigh" anchor ; at lette een af sadelen, to the sound of k is frequently softened to
raise one from the saddle, to help him to that of y, the Lap. lake becomes lai,
alight. genus vel indoles rei, explaining Lat.
Ligliteii. —Lightning.
Goth. Uu- -lis, G. -lei, and E. -ly. Fin. silld Idilld, in

hath, light Uuhtjan, lauhatjan, to light-


;
that manner. Niin on laini {-ni meus), =
en ; lauhmoni, lightening G. licht, light, ;
that is my habit. Mitdlaija, of what
leuchten, to lighten ; W. Mg, light, Uuch- kind ; kahtalaija, G. zweierlei, of two
ed, AS. liget, flash, lightning. So far kinds. Esthon. luggo, lukko. condition,
lightning seems simply to be regarded as manner, thing.
a flash of light, the type of brilliancy, but The same element may be recognised
in other cases we meet again with that in OE. leche, IcEche, looks, countenance,
singular confusion of the ideas of light likeness.
and sky or air, which has been observed Lathlece'/fSC/^^j
under Lift and Light, and the phenome- Heo leiteden mid egan. —Layamon Brut i. So.

non regarded as sky-fire. N. lukt, air,


is
ON.
—loathly looks they flashed with their
sky, heavens luktmg, lightning
; ;
eyes.
lopt-eldr, sky-fire, light-
lopt, air, sky ;
He — thas worde seide,
ning. Mid —
seorhfulle laiclien Ibid, x . 145.
Iiigliten. Pl.D. lichten, to lift, to
lighten. Ein schiff lichten or leichten, to
— with sorrowful looks.
lighten or unload a ship die kasse lich-
He gealp that he wolde fleon
ten, to take money out of the chest ; eine
;
Onfugeles —Iceche. Ibid, i. 122.

tonne /,, to empty a cask ; die anker /., to


— ^he boasted that he would fly in the
weigh anchor. image of a fowl.
Lights. G. die leichte leber (the light Goth, fnanlicha, OHG. manalihho, AS.
liver), the lungs, from their light spongy manlica, an image, representation of a
texture. Russ. legkij, light legkoe, the ; man.
lungs. The course of development is probably
- Like. -ly. The Goth, termination look, countenance, appearance, form,
leiks, equivalent to Gr. -^(Koe, Lat. -lis, G. mode of being. Pers. lika, facies, vultus,
-lich, and used to indicate the
E. -ly, is forma — Diefenbach ; Serv. lik, counte-
nature, form, or appearance of a thing. nance, Russ. lichiko, little face, litze, the
Goth, galeiks, of common form, alike ; face, mien, person, agent.
samaleiks (Lat. similis), of the same In like manner from Lap. muoto, face,
nature, like ; sildaleiks, wonderful ; sva- appearance, form, image, is formed muo-
leiks, so-formed, Gr. rtjXiKoc, Lat. talis, tok, like ;miio tolas, likeness. Attje
such ; hvileiks, TrjjXiKof, qualis, how- muotok, like his father, having the form
formed, which. of his father. In Fin. the same word con-
The same element is preserved as a veys the sense of Lat. modus, of which
substantiveword in Lap. lake, mode, indeed it probably explains the origin ;

manner. Kutte lakai, kutte laka, in niin modoin, in that manner monella ;

what manner ? how ? Paha-laka, in bad niodolla, in many manners. It then forms
manner, badly inainetes laka, blame-
; an adjectival termination, muotoinen
lessly. The addition of an adjectival (contracted to moine?i), alicujus forms,
termination produces a form, lakats gestaltet, ahnlich, equivalent to Lap. lakats
(sometimes standing by itself), equivalent above-mentioned sen muotoinen or sem-
;

to Goth, -leiks or Lat. -lis. Tjaskeslakats, moineii, of that nature (as from lai, sen-
of cold nature, chilly kdlkoslakats, of
; lainen, in the same sense) isansa muo- ;

slow nature, slowish aktalakats {akta,


; toinen {isd, father), like his father. So
one), OHG. analih, AS. anlic, G. dhnlich, also from kuwa, form, figure, image, ku-
of one nature, equal, like ; Lap. tolakats, •wainen, resembling from hahmo, form,
;

like thee, thine equal ; tannlakats, Lat. appearance, hahmoinen, resembling. The
talis, like this ; mannlakats, qualis, like Lap. has also wuoke, form, figure, appear-
which. A
remarkable approach to the ance, manner (perhaps from the same
Lap. form is preserved in the OE. lok, root with Gr. ukus, I seem, tiiciiv, an image
used in forming the comparative and with the digamma F'ukm, Fukujv) tan ;

superlative of adjectives in liche. Thus wuokai, in this manner, as tan lakai


from grisliche, grisly, Robert of Glouces- above-mentioned. Hence wuokak, like,
ter forms grisloker, and in the same way equal, and wuokok or wuokasats, as an
we find hastilokest —
R. G., lightloker, adjectival termination equivalent to E. ly;
;

LIKE LIMEHOUND 389


piddnak-wuokasats, or piadnak-lakats, loose trailing garment ; Idmmelen, to
dog-like ; akta-wuokok or akta-lakats, swag, hang loose as stockings ill-gar-
uniformis, aqualis. tered ; lampohr, langohr, a hanging ear
;
To liike. N. lika, Lap. likot, to be to Idmpen (G. lapperi), a flap, piece hanging
one's taste, to find to one's taste. N. loose, rag, dewlap of an ox Swab. ;

Kor lika du dee ? how do you like it ? lumm, fagged ; lummelig, lummerig,
Lap. Tat munji liko, that likes me well, hanging down, having lost its stiffness ;

it gratifies my taste. As the gratification lump/, spongy, soft lummeUn, liimpeln, ;

of taste is the primary type of all enjoy- limpeln, to act carelessly and indiffer-
ment, it may be suspected that the root ently.
of our present word is the same repre- Lim.bo. A
place in the outskirts of
sentation of the smacking of the tongue Hell in which the souls of the pious, who
which gives rise to E. licorous, licorish, died before the time of Christ, were sup-
dainty, given to the pleasures of taste. posed to await his coming, and where
See Lechery. To like then, or it likes the souls of unbaptised infants remain.
me, would be exactly equivalent to the G. '
Limbus ponitur pro quadam parte in-
schmecken. Wie sckmeckt ihnen dieser ferni, quatuor enim sunt loca inferni,
wein f How do you like this wine ? scilicet infernus damnatorum, limbus
Diese antwort schmeckte ihm gar nicht, puerorum,purgatorium, et limbus Tpaimra.'
the answer was not to his liking. Swiss — ^Joh. de Janua in Due.

gschmoke, placere. Idiot. Bernense. So Then applied to a place of confine-
in Du. monden, to please, from niond, the ment, Fr. limbes, the purgatory of un-
mouth. Dit antwoord tnondde den koning baptised children also a low and un-
;

niet ; did not please the king. Epkema — savoury room in prisons. Cot. In limbo, —
in V. muwlckjen. in prison. The
It. lembo, a lap
origin is
Lily. Lat. lilium, Gr. Xupwv, OHG. or skirt of a garment, hem, border. See
lilja. The original sense of the word Limber 2.
may probably be preserved in Esthon. Lim.e. i. Anything used for sticking

lil, lillik, lilli. Alb. Ijoulj, a flower things together hence applied to two
;

Basque lili, a flower, also to blossom. very different substances, glue or bird-
Mod.Gr. XovXovdi, a blossom XouXou- ; lime, and the calcareous earth used as
SidZd), to flourish, bloom, blossom. cement in building. G. leim, Du. lijm,
Limb. AS. Urn, Da. lem, a joint of glue,any viscous substance which joins
the body on. limr, branch, bough,
; bodies together. Kiittn. —
on. lim, glue ;
limb. The word might plausibly be de- veggia-lim, wall-lime, lime, mortar. It
rived from the notion of joining. Loketh ' is the same word with Lat. limus, slime,
that ye beon euer mid onnesse of one mud, E. loam, Du. leem, clay, terra ar-
herte ilimed together.' —
Ancren Riwle, gillacea, lenta, tenax, glutinosa Kil., and —
256. Limunge, joining unlimed, se-
; with slime, any viscous, semi-liquid, gluey
parated. —
Ibid. The i however of on. material. Slime had they for mortar.'
'

Um, glue, lime, is long ; of limr, limb, — Genesis. Esthon. libbe, smooth, slip-
short. See Lime. pery. Lith. limpu, lipti, to stick lippus, ;

The limb moon, in astronomy,


of the sticky ; Pol. lep, bird-lime, lepid, to glue,
is a different word, from It. lembo, skirt, paste, mould, lipki, gluey Boh. lipati, to ;

border. See Limbo. stick, mould in clay; lepiti, to paste,


Limber, i. we. limbers, shafts. The glue, daub.
limber of a gun is the shafts with their 2. A
lime-tree is so called from the
pair of wheels. In nautical language glutinous juice of the young shoots. A
limbers are the rollers laid under a boat bud or twig held in the mouth speedily
when it is drawn up on the beach. Fr. becomes enveloped in jelly, and it pro-
limon, shafts. See Linchpin. bably was used for boiling down to bird-

Limber. 2. Limp. The radical sig- lime. Pol. lep, bird-lime, lipa, lime-tree.
Limeliouud. A
dog held in a leash,
nificance is the same as that of flabby,
flaggy, or flaccid ; not having strength to a greyhound. Fr. limier, a bloodhound
stand stiff, to flap upon
and so tending or limehound. — Cot. From Lat. ligamen,
itself, supple, pliant, w. llabio, to slap ; a tie, OFr. a packet; Lang.
liameti, a tie,
llibin, llelpr, flaccid, drooping ON. litnp- ; liama, to tie up in a bundle Piedm. ;

iaz, to faint, become slack. Swiss lam-p- liamet, a tape, little tie of riband Milan. ;

en, to hang loose, to fade, to move in ligamm, Bret, liamm, band, tie Grisons ;

a spirits -ss manner ; lampig, lampelig, ligiar, liar, to bind ; ligiom, liom. Ham,
faded, loose, flabby, hanging ;
gelamp, a a band.
— ;; — ;

390 LIMIT LINGUIST


Limit. Lat. limes, limitis, a bound, To Line. Sw. dial. Una, to double a
terminating point or line. garment on the inside with lijien, then
To Limn. Fr. enlumiiier, to illumin- with any other texture.
ate, to sleek or burnish, also to limn ;
Linen. Lat. linum, G. lein, ON. lin, flax.
enlumineur de livres, one that coloureth Ling'. I. N. laanga, Dan. la?ige, Du.

or painteth upon paper, an alluminer.— linge, lenge, a kind of codfish.


Cot. '
Excellent— for the neatness of the 2. A kind of heath. ON. ling, any
handwriting, adorned with illummation, small shrub, especially heath. N. blaabcer-
which we now call lunning, in the mar- lyng, the bilberry plant.
gin.' —Wood, Fasti in R. LingeL Two words seem'confounded,
of which the first signifies a little tongue
Limp. See Limber.
To Limp. Pl.D. Iwnpen, lulken, luii- or thong of leather (B.), from Lat. ligula,
scken, to hmp. Dan. lumpe, to limp, go lingula, any tongue-shaped object, pro-
lame. Fr. clope7', doquer, docker, to montory, spatula, tenon. Fr. ligule, a

limp Cot. dampin, qui marche diffi- little tongue, lingell, tenon.
; Cot. Sc. —
cilement.— Vocab. de Bray. Lith. klum- langel, langet, linget, a tether NE. Ian- ;

bas, lame of one leg, limping khunbis, got, the latch of a shoe.
; Grose. —
lame of one leg, a bungler klumboti, to ; In the second sense lingel is used for
limp klumbenti, G. klopfen, to knock at shoemaker's thread, from Fr. ligneul,
;

a door ;klumpu, klupti, to stumble shoemaker's thread, or a tatchingend.


;

klumpas, a wooden shoe ; E. dial, dump- Cot. 'Lingell that souters sew with,
ers, thick heavy shoes to dump, to chefgros, lignier. Lynger, to sew with,
tramp, to dunter, to walk clumsily,
;

poulcier.' Palsgr. in Way. — Liniel is


Hal. still used in this sense in the north of

The fundamental image is the dump- England, and lingan in Scotland. See
ing gait of a lame man, consisting of a Laniard, Inkle.
succession of knocks, represented by the Linger. G. verldngeru, Du. lingen,
Fr. dop, dak, in doper, doquer (softened verlangeti, verlengen (Kil.), to lengthen
to dodter) aller dopin-dopan, to go out, to be long about a thing.

;

dop-dop, to limp. G. klopfen, to knock. Lingey. Limber. B. Bav. lunzig,


The same relation is seen between E. soft, limber. See Loiter.
dundi, a. thump or blow (Hal.), and Sc. -lings. -long. -linges or longes,
dinch, Lap. linkot, to limp linkes, lame ; ling, long, were frequently used as an
Sw. lunk, jog-trot bmkapd, to jog on.
; adverbial termination in the older stages
Limpid. Lat. limpidus, transparent, of our language. AS. on bidding, back-
clear. ward neadunga, -inga, OE. nedelingis,
;


To Lin. Blin. To cease properly nedelonges, of necessity ; darklings, in
;

to slacken ? G. linde, Lat. lenis, soft. the dark ; grovelyngys or grovdynge


Linchpin. Bav. Ion-, lunnagel, loner, (Pr. Pm.),face downwards. Q.blindlings,
iN. lunnstikke, Pol. Ion, Bohem. launek, blindly ; riicklings, backwards, rittlings,
ODu. lunisa (Schm.), as. lynis, Pl.D. sitzlings, &c. The element has much re-
I'dnse, liinse, Itinsdi, the peg that holds semblance to Sw. lunda, lonnom. Da. /««-
the wheel on the axle. des, Goth, laud, in the expressions salunda,
ON. hlunnr, limbers, in nautical lan- Goth, svalaud, in such wise samma' ;

guage, the bars of wood on which a boat lunda, Goth, samalaud, in the same way,
is dragged ashore or supported when so Sw. dial, skakker lonnom, in shaking wise,
dragged up hlummr, the handle of an as if one had a fever.
;

oar. Gael, lunn, a spoke or lever, the The origin of these last is referred
shaft of an oar. OHG. lun, obex, paxil- by Ihre to Goth, ludja, face, laudja,
lus ; Ian, clavus in axe." —
Gl. in Schm. form.
Swab, lanne, land, shafts lander, a lath
; ON. lund, mind, disposition, will, mode,
G. geldnder, ha-nnisters. Mid.Lat. lonum, wise. A
allar lundir, by aU means
spoke of a wheel limo (Fr. limon, shafts), med lengom lundom, in nowise.
; Fin.

a linch-pin. Dief. Supp. luonto, form, disposition, nature ; w.

Line. Lineage. Lineament. — Lat. Ihcn, form, likeness, shape yn llyn, in ;

linea, originally a linen thread or string, this manner.


a fishing-line, then a line, track or trace, Linguist. Lat. lingua, the tongue, a
the line of descent from father to son, language.
whence lineage, a line of ancestry linea- There can be little doubt that lingua
;

ments, the lines of the features ; to de- is from the same source with lingo, lic-
lineate, to trace out. tum, to lick, viz. from the smacking or
;

LINIMENT LIST 391


clacking of the tongue in the enjoyment /labbe, mouth Lith. lupa, lip lupos
lip, ; ;

of food. See Deliglit. (pi.), mouth Zulu lebe, under-lip of


;

Liniment. Lat. lmimentum,ixo\a linio, animals ; Amakosa


umlebe, lip.
to rub softly, to besmear. From the sound made by the tongue
Iiink. I. ON. hlekkr. Da. lanke, a and lips in lapping. Lat. lambere, w.
chain, fetter hlekkjahund, Da. lanke-
; lleipio, Bret. Upa, to lick Sw. Idppja, ;

hund, a banddog lankeled (led, limb,


; to lap ; Idppja pd allt, to taste of every-
joint), link of a chain. N. lekk, a ring, thing. Fr. lipp^e, a mouthful ; Uppic,
link, tether, especially one made of withy thick-lipped.
lekkja, a chain. The radical image seems Liquid.— Liquor. Lat. ligueo, to melt,
to be a crook or bending. Sw. dial, lynka, to flow.
ON", lykkja, crook, bending, twist. G. Liquorice. It. lecurizia, Fr. regUsses,
lenken, to bend in a certain direction, to Gr. yXvKvppil^a {yXvKvg, sweet, and pi?a,
turn, to steer lenksam, pliable, supple ;
; root).
gelenk, a joint. Lith. linkti, to bow, to -llsion. -lide. Lat. Icedo, lasum, in
turn ; lenkti, to bend in a certain direc- comp. as shown
-lido, to hurt, properly,
tion ; linkes, bent ; linkus, pliable. Fin. by the compounds, to strike. Hence
lenko, a bending, anything bent ; lenkki, Elision, from elido, to strike out Colli- ;

a hoop, withy band. sion, from collido, to strike together.


2. A torch of pitched rope or paper. To Lisp. Du. lispen, lispelen, Sw.
Probably from Du. lonte or lompe, a gun- laspa, to lisp, speak imperfectly G. fiis- ;

ner's match of twisted tow, by a change pern,flistern, to rustle, whisper.


similar to that which we see in G. To List.— Listless, as. lystan, to
schriimpfen, E. shrink j G. sumpf, E. have pleasure in, to raise desire, or give
sump, sink. See Linstock. pleasure to. Me lyste, it pleaseth me.
Jjinnet. Fr. linotte, G. lein-finke,flachs- nu now desirous
The lyst liotha, thou art
finke, from feeding on linseed, the seed of of songs. Dan. lyste, to desire, take plea-
flax. linosa, flax-seed, a linnet.
It.
sure in.De kanfaae hvad de lyster, you
Linstock. A
short staff of wood split, can take what you list. ON. lyst, plea-
which holds the match used by gimners sure, desire. Pl.D. lusten, geliisten, to
in firing cannon. B. —
Sw. luntstake, Du. desire. Mi
lustet nig meer, I have no
lompe, lonte, a gunner's match, made like more appetite. Dat luste ik nig, I do
a loose rope of twisted flax or tow. Kil. — not like it, have no taste for it. G. lust,
As lompe signifies also a rag, the name, pleasure.
as Ihre and Adelung suggest, is in all Listless is the condition of one who has
probability taken from the match having no pleasure in his work, and therefore
been made in the first instance of twisted acts without energy.
rags. The form lonte may be a corrup-
Ainsi s'avanc^reiit de grand volenti tous che-
tion of lompe, but it is by no means valiers et ecuyers et prirent terre. Froissart, 4.—
necessary to make that supposition. The 0. 18.
term lompe, G. lumpe, liimpeii, a rag, is my work
I haue nothing so good lust to as I
from a root signifying fluttering or flap-
which many mo-
had yesterday. —Palsgr.
ping, hanging loose, of
difications are given under Limber. Now List. It. lista, listra, any kind of list

this image is often represented by forms or selvedge, a guarding or border about


with a final d, nd, n, as well as by those any garment, [hence] the lists of tilting
with a final b, mb, m. Thus we have Du. or tournaments, also a row, file, or rank
slodderen, as well as slobberen, to flag or of anything set in order. Fl. G. leiste,—
bag ; sluns, loose ; PLD. slunten,
slons, a stripe or strip Du. lijst, edge, border,
;

slunnen, rags ; sluntje, Du. slodde, slojnp, margin, strip, catalogue. The It. liccia,
a slut. Da. dial, lunte is used for a lizza, list or selvedge of cloth (FL), lists
twisted band of
straw, hay, or sedge, to of a tiltyard, Sp. liza, Fr. lices, lisse, the
bind sheaves or the like. fence of a tiltyard, lisiere, list of cloth,
Lintel. Fr. linteau, Sp. lintel, diniel, hem of a garment, outskirt of a wood,
the head-piece of a door or window. B. — can hardly be distinct, though they seem
Probably from the form Ion, lunn, or to have come through a different channel
lund, signifying a timber, pole, or bar, from the forms with a filial /, and may
mentioned under Linchpin. probably spring direct from a Celtic
Lion. Lat. leo, -nisj Gr. Xiioi/. source, while the final ^ is a Teutonic
Lip. Lat. labium, Gael. Hob, Hop, lib, modification of the same ultimate root.
Wall. Upe, Sw. Idppe, lip Vulg. G. labbe.
;
Bret. Uz, haunch, border, skirt lizen. ;
392 LISTEN LIVELIHOOD
selvedge, list, border; Uz, OFr. delez,
A clerk had litherly beset his while.

beside, near ; w. ysilys, side, flank.


But if he could a carpenter beguile. —Chaucer.
Luther laws, bad laws luther dede, ;

Dehors
De bon mur
les murs a unes rampart)
lices (a
fort a carneaux bas. —
R. R. wicked action. R.G. —
Du. lodderen int
bedde, in de sonne, to lie lazily in bed, to
Without the diche were listis made
lounge in the sun. Lodder, a loose, lux-
With wall batailed large and drade.
Ibid. Chaucer, 4200. urious man ; lodderigh, lodderlick, scur-
Listen. We might readily derive AS. rilis, luxuriosus, meretricius. Kil. Swab. —
hlysfan, to listen, from ON. Must, an ear ;
lottern, umlottern, to lounge about. The
idea of looseness is conveyed by a repre-
at hlusta til, or at leggia hlustir vid, to
sentation of the flapping sound of loose
give ear to, to listen. But probably Must,
clothes, or the splashing of liquids. Du.
the ear, is so called as the organ of Usten-
lobberen, to trample in water or mire
ing. w. dust, ear, Gr. skba, to hear. The ;

slobberen, to slap up liquids, slubber up a


probability is that the sense of listen is
developed in a manner similar to that of

business Bomhoff; slobberen, slodderen,
Mst ! or hark / signifying in the first in- to flag, hang loosely —
Kil. ; slodder, slod-
derer, a slattern, sloven ; Gael, luidir, to
stance a low rustling sound, then the
paddle in mud or water ; ludraig, to be-
direction of the attention to catch or
spatter with foul water ; ludragan, an
watch for such a sound. The Du. luys-
untidy person, ludair, a slovenly person.
teren signifies to whisper, and also to
listen Pl.D. lustern, glustern, to listen. Esthoh. loddisema, to hang loose ; lodda-
;
ladda, loose and slack. Swiss lodelen,
OHG. Mosen, AS. Mosnian, Bav. losen,
Swiss lodelen, not to be properly tight ; lodel,
lusen, lusnen, lustern, to listen.
lodeli, a lazy, litherly man.
lisele, to speak in a low voice ; Carinth-
ian lisen, to be still, to listen. ^Deutsch. — Lith.0-. —
Lithograph.. Gr. XiSoj, a
stone ; lithograph, a drawing on stone.
Mundart. AS. Mysa, Miosa, fame, glory,
must originally have signified rumour, a

Litigate. Litigious. Lat. lis, litis,
strife, a law-suit, whence litigare, to go
buzzing sound.
In like manner on. hljoS, IjoS, Da. lyd, to law. As stlis was an ancient form of
lis, it may be conjectured that the word
sound, voice also silence, a hearing
; ;
originally signified a taking of sides, from
ON. Myda, OE. lithe, to listen Da. lyde ;

(to listen to), toobey. See To Lithe. W. ystlys, a. side. To bandy words (from
It. banda, a side) is to conflict in words.
Litany. Gr. Xiravtia, a supplicating ;

Xir^, prayer \in<so\>.ai, XiTo/iai, to pray.


; All side in parties and begin the attack. — Pope.
Iiith. — Lithe.
Goth, lithus, AS. lith,
Du. lid, G. glied, a joint, limb, bodily See Plead.
member. ON. lidr, a joint, knot N. lide, ;
Litmus. Du. lakmoes, an infusion of
to bend the limbs lidig, what bends or ;
a lake or purple colour ; moes, pottage,
moves with ease, pliable, convenient. E. broth.
lithy, lithesome,
lithe, lissome, active, Litter. lit, bed), the
Fr. litiire (from
supple, pliant, gentle. bedding of or straw on which they
cattle,
To Lithe. lie, whence E. Utter, things strewed about
To relate, to listen.
in confusion.
Lystenith now to my talkynge
Of whom you lythe. MS. Hal.
I wylle — Fr. litilre signifies also, as Lat. lectica,
And under lynde in alaunde lenede I a stounde It. lettiga, Sp. lechiga, a covered couch
To lithen here laies and here loveliche notes. in which one is borne by men or horses ;

P.P. lechigada, Fr. ventr^e, portde d'une truie,


ON. Mjod, sound, voice. T einu hljodi, &c., a litter of pigs, puppies, &c., the col-
with one voice. HljocCa or Ijoda, to re- lection of young which the mother has
cite. The word was then elliptically carried in her belly at one time as in a
used for an opportunity of speaking, si- litter.
lence, attention. At beidaz hliods, to re- Little. Goth, leitils, ON. litill, OHG.
quest a hearing. Hence hlyda d, to listen. luzil, Du. luttik, OE. lite, lute.
Lith.er. —
Luther. Loose in a moral Littoral. Lat. littus, littoris, the sea-
sense, without energy, bad. G. liederlich, shore.
loose, disorderly in business or conduct. Liturgy. Gr. XHroupyi'a, a public ser-
Ein liederlicher, schlotteriger mensch, a vice or ministration, from Xetroi; (Xaoc, Xiiif,
man negligent in dress, whose clothes people), public, and fpyw, to work.
hang loose and dangling. Liederlich ar- To Live. See Life.
beiten, to work slightly, carelessly, slubber Livelihood. Properly lifelode, way of
a thing over. life, from ON. leid, AS. lad, way. Lyvely-
;

LIVER LOB 393


hede or quickness, vivacitas lyvelode, or
; conduct ; leidarstiarna, loadstar, star of
lyfehode, victus.— Pr.
Pm. ohg. libleit conduct ; leida, as. ladan, to lead, con-
mensura victus.—Regula Sti. Ben. in duct.
'

Schilter.
Loaf. AS. hlaf, Goth, hlaibs, hlaifs,
I —
bidde mi paternoster and mi crede Russ. chljeb, Pol. chleb. Fin. laip, bread,
That God hem helpe at here nede loaf Lat. libum, a cake.
That helpen me mi lif to lede. ;

Wright, Anecdota Litt. Dame Siriz, To Loaf.—Loafer. loafer, in mo-A


p. 7.
dern slang imported from America, is an
Mod.Gr. TTopof, way, road vopoq ttjs
;
idle lounger, perhaps from Sp.
Juqf, way of life, livelihood. See Load- gallofear,
to saunter about and live upon alms
stone. ;
gallofdro, idle, lazy vagabond. Orisons
Liver, as Iz/ere, G. !e6er, liver. Russ.
.

gaglioffa, a scrip (the badge of a beggar)


liver', the pluck, or liver, lungs, and wind-
or pocket. But more probably perhaps
pipe. Perhaps the liver, from colour and
from G. laufen, to run, to go to and fro,
consistency, may be regarded as a mass
to haunt whence gassenlaufer, an idler
of clotted blood, on. li/raz, g. leberen, ;

of the streets ; irrlaiifer, landlaiifer, a


to clot, congeal; gelebert blut, clotted
blood. Da. dial, lubber, anything coagu-
landlouper or vagabond. Sanders.
Loam. AS. lam, Du. leem, G. leim,

lated E. loppered milk, curdled milk.
;
lehm, clay, tenacious earth. Lat. limus,
Livery. Fr. livr^e, from livrer, to
mud, clay. See Lime.
deliver; something given out at stated
Loan. ON. Idn, a loan, to be distin-
times and in stated quantities, as clothes
guished from laun, G. lohn, AS. lean, a
of a certain pattern to distinguish the
reward, wages. See Lend.
servants or adherents of the donor, or the
To Loathe.—Loth. as. lath, hateful,
supply of victuals or horse-provender to
which certain members of the household
evil, injury. Me lath wees, I was loth ;
Code tha laihustan, the most hateful to
were entitled. Lyvery of cloth or other
God. G. leid, what is offensive to the
gyftis, liberata, liberatura. — Pr. Pm. feelings. Weder zu Hebe noch zu hide,
Livid. Lat. Uvea, to grow pale, wan, neither from love nor hatred. Es thut
discoloured.
mir leid, I am sorry for it. Du. leed,
Lizard. Fr. Uzard, It. lucertd, lusar- grief, sorrow, evil, injury ; leeden, taedere,
do, Lat. lacerta. Bret, glazard, a green
fastidire. Fr. laid, loathly, ugly.
lizard, from glaz, green. The original image is probably the
Lizard-Point. From having been a
disgust felt at a bad smell. Bret, louz,
place of retirement for lazars. Several stinking, dirty, impure, obscene, ugly.
places in a like situation are known by
Lathandii used in the Flyting of Ken-
this name in Brittany, where there is now
nedy and Dunbar in the sense of stinking.
commonly a ropewalk, ropemakers being
Laithly and lowsy, lathand as a leek.
a proscribed race, supposed to be leprous.
Loach. Fr. loche, a small freshwater —
Lob. Looby. The radical image is
fish, which possibly is named from being of something not having strength to sup-
taken under stones. Bret, loc'ha, to stir, port itself, but hanging slack, dangling,
take up, remove from its place ; lodheta, drooping. To lob, to hang down, to
to take up the stones of the shore in look- droop to lob along, to walk lazily, as
;

ing for small fish. Speaking of the loach, one fatigued lob, looby, a clown, a dull,
;

Yarreli says, Its habit of lurking under


' lumpish, lazy, or awkward person.
stones often prevents its being observed.' Grete loties and long, and loth were to swynke.
— Brit. Fishes, i. 376. P. P.
The miller's-thumb, the hiding loach, But as the drone the honey Tiive doth rob,
The perch, the ever-rubbing roach. Browne. — With worthy books so deals this idle lob.
Load. AS. hlad, load ; hladan, to Gascoigne.
load ; ON. hladi, a heap ; hlacta, a barn ; Du. loboor, a pig or dog with hanging
hlad, a street, road, paved place ; hladinn, ears, a raw, silly youth ; lobbes, a booby ;
piled up, laden; Mass, a load, waggon- labberlot, one who loiters about the streets
load. N. lad, a pile, heap of things laid Wall, loubreie, idleness, vagabondage ;
-•
in order. ON. lubbaz, to loiter about, segniter volu-

Loadstone. Loadstar. AS. lad, on. tari ; lubbi, a dog with shaggy coat and
leid, a way, journey. AS. Idd-man, a hanging ears, a lazy servant ; Fin. luop-
leader, director ; Iddscipe, a conducting. pata, to do anything slowly ; luoppio, a
ON. leidar-bref, a safe-conduct; leiddr- sluggard ; W. llabi, llabwst, a long lub-
stein, a loadstone, stone of the way or of ber, big clouterly fellow.
394 LOBBY LOIN
The origin of all tliese term's seems to Loft. —Lofty,on. lopt, the sky or
be a representation of the sound of things air, open space in the roof at the
also the
of a flabby or loose structure flapping top of a house ; d lopt, on high, aloft.
upon themselves, dangling, or dashing. Dan. loft, ceiling, loft. See Lift.
Da. flabberen, to flag, flap as sails ; lab- * Log. An unshaped lump of timber,
beren, to shiver in the wind ; slobberen, to a piece of firewood, in which sense clog
hang loose and slack, to slap up liquids, is also used a Yule-log or a Yule-clog.
;

eat awkwardly ; lobberen, to trample in So we have lump and clump j E. lob, a


wet and mire ; Esthon. lobbisema, to large lump, a clown (Hal.), and Sw. dial.
tattle (the idea of much talking being klabb, a log or block. It is probable that
commonly expressed by terms taken from dob, as well as the weaker
clod, clog,
the dashing of liquids) ; lobbi, sleet, a forms lob and log, are formed on a com-
mixture of snow and rain ; W. llabio, to mon principle. See Clod.
slap. The log of a vessel is a contrivance for

liObby. liodge. Lobby, antechamber, retaining the distant end of a line un-
porch, gallery. G. lazibe (from laub, moved in the water while the vessel runs
foliage, as OFr. foillie, a hut, trorafeuille, on, for the purpose of ascertaining the
a leaf), an arbour, bower formed of the rate of sailing. Originally perhaps a
branches of trees ; lauberhiitte, a booth simple log thrown out behind. To lie
or hut of green branches. Mid.Lat. labia, like a log is to lie perfectly unmoved.
laubia, laubium, an open portico, clois- To Log. —Logger.
To log, to oscil-
ters. ' Dearabulatorium quod propria di-

citur lobiicm, quod fit juxta


Hal. late. —
To logger, to shake as a
domos ad wheel that has been loosened and does

spatiandum.' Joh. de Janua. Orisons not move correctly.
laupia, laupchia, lauchia, labgia, lobgla, to wag
Forby. Dan. logre, —
the tail Sw. dial, loka, to work a ;
gallery in a church, open gallery in front thing to and fro in order to get it loose
It. loggia, an open gallery,
;
of a house. Fr. locker, to rattle, toshake from loose-
banqueting-house, fair porch in the street
ness Bav. higk, lugker, Swiss lug, luck,
side. —
Fl. Fr. loge, a lodge, shed, cote
;

G. locker, loose. Esthon. Ibggisema, to


or small house, booth in a market.
rattle, wabble.
Lobster, as. lopust, lopystre, Lat. lo-
custa marina. A
similar interchange of
A parallel series with a dental instead
of guttural termination is found in Bav.
p and k is seen in Dan. visk, E. wispj loiter, loose, slack, and lottern, to shake
N. lopp, a lock of wool, hay, &c., E. lock. ;

die bank lod^t (lottert), the bench jog-


Iiocal. —
Locate. Lat. locus, a place.
gles, is unsteady. Swiss lodelen, to be
Lock. I. ON. lokkr. Da. lok, G. locke,
loose, not properly fast loderii, to dangle,
;

AS. loc, a curl or ringlet of hair ; Idcge-


to hang loose and slack ; Du. loddereii
•wind, curled hair \ Du. locke, vlocke, a
int bedde, to lie loose in bedlodderbank,
;
lock or flock of wool or the like ; on.
a couch. Corresponding forms in the
lockr, a lock of hair, curl.
Lock. 2. —Locker. Goth, lukan, Du.
guttural class are Pl.D. luggern, to he
lazily in bed luggerbank, a couch.
;
loken, luycken (Kil.), on. loka. Da. lukke,
to shut, close, fasten ; /. een inde, to lock
Logic, -logy. Gr. \6yos, a word
one up ; /. op, to open, unlock, on. lok, spoken, XoyiKOf, of or belonging to reason,
a cover, anything that serves for fasten- and to words as exponents of reason ;

ing, shutter, latch, and fig. conclusion, whence 17 {jixi/^ Xoyiio/, the art of reason-
end. Du. luik, shutter, AS. loc, a place ing in words.
shut in, cloister, prison, fold ; also what Logwood. 'Whereas of late years
fastens, a lock. there hath been brought into this realm
Alocker is a receptacle made by a seat of England a certain kind of ware or stuff
with a moveable top. Sw. lock, Da. laage, called Logwood, alias Blockwood.' Stat. —
cover laagebcenk, a locker. Du. loker,
; 23 Eliz. c. ix.
loculamentum, theca. Kil. — Loin. Fr. lombe, the loin. Longe, the
Lodge. Fr. loge, a hut or small apart- loin or flank, the fleshy part of the neck,
ment. See Lobby. Hence loger, to so- back, and reins cut along the back.—
journ, abide for a time which however
;
Cot. Du. longie, loenie, lumbus vitel-
agrees in a singular manner with Russ. linus.— Kil. Wal., OFr. logne, Sc. lunyie,
lojit' (Fr.y), to place, to lay; lojitsya, to loin.
lay oneself down, lie down ; Serv. loja, Usually derived from Lat. lumbus, by
lying place. Illyr. lojiti, to lay ; loj- the common change of mb into ng. Mid.
Hitza, a sleeping apartment. Lat. lumbus, lungus, lende, lem, sdileg-
; — ;

LOITER LOLLARD 395


brat —Dief. Supp. Fr. longite, the loin. letter / is the consonant naturally sounded
— Cot. See Lumbago. with the protruded tongue produces Swiss
To Loiter. —
-Xounge. The Teutonic lallen, E. loll or lillj to lill out the tongue
dialects abound in verbs of a frequenta- as a dog that is weary. Fl. —
Bav. lallen,
tive form, which are used in the first in- to speak thick, as one with too large a
stance to signify the flapping or shaking tongue, and (speaking contemptuously) to
of loose things (frequently also the dash- talk, reminding us of Gr. \dKtiv, to talk.
ing of liquids), then to express a slack Bav. lallen, lullen, to suck as an infant
and unstrung way of doing anything, or Du. lellen, to suck, to tattle, chatter ;
simply a total absence of activity and telle, lelleken, the tip of the tongue, or
exertion. Hence are formed nouns (to any similar object, nipple, uvula, lap of
which the loss of the frequentative element the ear ; Swiss lalli, Bav. teller, the
often gives the appearance of radicals in- tongue ; Dan. lalle, to prattle ; Fin. Idl-
stead of derivatives), signifying the flutter- Idttad, to speak thick, mutter, tattle.
ing object, a slothful, negligent person, or Then from the imperfect speech of in-
adjectives of corresponding meaning. Du. fancy, Bav. gelall, childish play, sport,
slobbem (see "Loh), sloddern,o. schlottem, lovers' toying Pol. lala, a baby ; lalka,
;

to flap, wabble, dangle Swiss lottern, to ; a doll E. loll, to dandle, fondle.


;

joggle Bav. lotterti, lotteln, to waggle, He lolled her in his amis,


— Hal.
;

tremble, go lazily (schlapp einhergehen) ;


He lulled her on his breast.

Fin. lotto, anything dangling Bav. latter, ; Du. lollen, to coddle oneself, warm one-
lottel, loitel, a lazy or loose-living man self over the coals.
latterhank, a couch for repose Du. lod- ; The same transfer from imperfect
deren int bedde, in de sonne, to lie lazily speech to imperfect action, which we have
in bed, to idle in the sun PI.D. luddern, ; seen in famble axi&fitjnble, gives OVi.lall,
to be lazy Du. lunderen, to dawdle (cunc-
; the first imperfect walk of a child lalla, ;

tanter agere) Kil.— Swiss lodelen, I'ode-


; to toddle lalli, a toddling infant
; lolla, ;

len, to be loose, not properly fast lodeli ; to move or act slowly ; loll, lolla, sloth ;
arbeit, loose, imperfect work umelodeln, ; E. loll, to lounge, give way to sloth Du. ;

to loiter about lodel, lodeli, careless,


; lollebancke, a couch, lounging bench
negligent person lodern, to dangle, hang
;
Swiss Uhli (maulaffe), a booby, soft per-
loose and slack, loden, a rag Du. loteren, ; son I'dlen, umelohlen, to lounge about
;

leuteren, to vacillate, loiter, delay—Kil. ; Mod.Gr. \wX6s, silly, foolish Fin. lolli, ;

ON. lotra, to loiter, go slow and lazily. lelli, a lazybones, slothful, effeminate
With a change to the guttural class of person ; lallatella, lollittella, to lead a
consonants may be cited E. logger, to loose or slothful life ON. loll, loth, sloth.
;

shake G. locker, Swiss lugg, luck, loose


;
;
liOllard. The meaning of the word, as
PI.D. luggern, lungern, to lie abed, in- appears from the last article, is simply a
dulge in sloth, luggerbank (as Du. lodder- sluggard. But inOE. to loll yfa.s specially
.

bank), a couch. appHed to the idle life of persons wander-


Then with the passage from the sound ing about and living at other men's cost.
of k to that of ch, which is so usual in For an hydel man thou semest
shake, Other a spille tyme.
Fr. and E. dialects, Fr. locher, to
Other beggest thy lyve
joggle Swiss lotschen, to wabTjle, be
;
Aboute ate menne hatches,
negligent, slack ; timeloischen, to move Other faitest upon Fridays
about as if all the joints were loose lot- ; Other feste days in churches ;

schi, a person of loose character Bav. ; The whiche is lollcrme Ufe.


P.P. P.S14, Wright's ed.
verlatscht, latschet (of things that ought
clammy E. For all that han here hele
to be fast or ^tiff), loose, ;
And here eyen syghte,
dial, louch-eared, having hanging ears.— And lymes to laborye with.
Mrs Baker. The addition of the nasal, And loUeres lyf usen,
as in luddern, lundern, luggern, lungern, Lyven ayens Godes lawe
above-mentioned, converts- Swiss lotschen And love of holy churche. —p. 527.
into luntschen (of clothes), to hang flap- In this sense the term was applied to
ping and dangling, to move lazily ; ume- the devotees mentioned under Bigot, who
luntscherL, to lounge about, he idly about in the 13th and 14th centuries went about
-without sleeping Westerwald lonzen,
; preaching reformation of life, and excited
lumen, to lie in bed out of season Bav. ; the indignation of the church by not join-
lunzen, lunzeln, to slumber, lunzig, soft, ing the regular orders. 'Eodem anno
limber, E. dial, lingey. (1309) quidam hypocritse gyrovagi, qui

Xo liOU.—Lill. The fact that the LoUardi sive De;jm-laudantes vocabantur,


;; .

396 LOLLIPOPS LOOK


Brabantiam quasdam slack das rope slackens,
sell lugget, the
per Hannoniam et ;

mulieres nobiles deceperunt.'— Hocsemms


i. e. when longer than is necessary to
it is

Afterwards the term was appro- reach to the point required. Si lengent
in Due.
iro unriht also sell, they stretch out their
priated to the followers of Wicliff in Eng-
land. Lollaerd, Lollebroeder, Alexianus
wickedness as a rope. Notker. Sint—
monachus, Waldensis. — Kil. kelengit, relaxantur —
Kero Gilengit wer- ;

Amongother opprobrious names given dent, prolongabuntur. Graff. —


A slug is
to the same class of devotees, they were
one who drags on without exertion, is
slack or slow in action, is long about his
also called Beghards, Mid.Lat. Begardi,
Bigardi, a term signifying one who car-
work. To lag behind (w. llag, slack,
sluggish, Gael, lag, faint) is to linger, to
ries a bag, identical with E. beggar.
For they bereth no bagges
be long in coming up.
Ne non botels under olokes, The representatives of Lat. languere
Whiche is LoUerene lyfe. P. P. — (from the root lag, slack, faint) are occa-
IioUipops. It has been shown under sionally synonymous, or are perhaps con-
Loll that the sound made by speaking founded with verbs formed from the adj.
with the protruded tongue is represented long. Fr. languir, to droop, faint, hang
by the syllables lal, lei, lol, whence Bav. the head, also to linger, idle it, be lither.
lallen, to suck, lullen, to suck the tongue, — Cot. Languir dans une prison, to
thumb, &c. ; leller, the tongue. To lull, linger in prison. Donnez lui cela, ne le
to suck. faites pas languir. Languedoc langhi,
My lytylle childe lyth alle lame to be ennuied, to find it long, also, as G.
That lullyd on my pappys. verlangen, to long for. Langhisse de
Slaughter of the Innocents, Coventry Myst. 182. vous veire, I long to see you.
The latter part of the word is htympapa, Loof. The windward side of a ship.
the infantine expression for eating, as To loof ox luff, to turn the ship towards
mama for drink. Papa is used by chil- the wind, and, as a ship to windward of
dren in the Tirol to signify a desire for another has the power of escaping it, if an
eating, and hence they apply the term equally good sailor, aloof, on loof, is out
pappe, pappele, to anything nice to eat of reach.
zucker-pappele, Pl.D. zucker-popp, sweet- It is not easy to make out exactly what
ies, lollipops. — D. M., iv. De pipernit part of the ship the loof originally was.
un de appel, de siben semmelpoppen un Du. loef'vi a rullock or oar-pin, scalmus,
de ein zuckerpopp : the gingerbread and but the loof was a timber of considerable
the appel, the seven cakes and one sugar- size, by which the course of the ship was

plum. OUe Kamellen, p. 4. Sp. repapi- directed it would seem to be the large
;

larse, to overload one's stomach with oar used by way of a rudder, or perhaps
dainties. Pol. papinki, dainties, tidbits. the tiller.
Lollipops would thus signify sucking Weder stod on wille,
dainties. Wind mid than beste,
Lombar-liouse. A pawnbroker's shop. Heo rihten heore loues.
— B. And up drogen selles,
Lithen over saestrem.
They had put all the little plate they had in
the Lumber, which is pawning it. —
Life of Lady The weather stood at will.
G. Baillie in Trench. The wind at the best.
They righted their loofs
Du. Lombaerd, fjenerator, usurarius
And up drew the sails,
Lombaerde, tabema seu mensa usuraria. Voyaged over sea stream.
— Kil. Lombaerd, lopibert, lonimert, Layamon 3, 242.
place where they lend money on pledge.
— Halma. From
the trade of dealing in
Pai^ 3 A. pur un mast de rouge sapin de cent
'

pees longe, un loffe, une verge et une bowespret


money commonly followed by Lombards apertenant k dit mast, £(> 17J. jd. Ascendentes '
'

in the middle ages, whence in London, vero naves et velificantes perrexerunt itaque au-
Lombard Street, the street occupied by dacter obliquando dracenam, quae vulgariter
dicitur lof, ac si vellent adire Calesiam, sed AngU
bankers.

liOne. Lonely. From alone, G. al- —
maris periti subito cum se scivissent ventum
exhausisse (had got to windward), versa dracena
lein, all one, simply one. See Alone. ex transversa vento sibi jam secundo insecuti

Long. To Linger. Goth, laggs, ON. sunt hostes alacriter.' —
Matth. Paris in Bart.
langr, Lat. longus, Pol. dlugi, long. Cotton, p. 108.
Probably from the notion of slackness, Du. loeuen, deflectere sive declinare navi-
which is coincident with that of length gio, cedere. — Kil.
in many cases. Swiss lugg, luck, loose, To Look. Bav. luegen, Swiss lugen,
— ;;

LOOM LOP 357


to look ; higi, a spy-glass, telescope ; to slip away. Sw. diaLi^f^, to gape,
lugen, eyes ; ON. glugga, to spy, look stand ppenj_^/^„£,-«:ack.
narrowly after gluggr, window, hole ;
;
Loop-hole is frequently used in the
Dan. glughul, peep-hole ; Wall, louki, to sense of a secret means of escape, as G.
look, to spy OFr. louquer, Fr. toucher,
; schlupf-loch, a hiding-place, hole into or
to look askance, to squint It. allucciare, ; through which one may slip, a loop-hole,
to fix the eyes on a thing ; Lang, lucado, evasion, or shift. Du. ter gluip, ter stuip,
Wall, loukite, a gleam of light ; loukerote, secretly ; sluipdeur, a, secret door, figura-
a glance, a small opening, peep-hole. tively loop-hole, evasion ; sluip-hoek, a
Xioom. An utensil, tool. lurking-place.
Loose. Slack. Du. los, loose, slack,
The lomes that I labour with
free ; Goth, laus, loose, empty, void, of
And lyflods deserve
Is Patemostre and my primere. — P. P. none effect ; laus vairthan, to come to
nothing ; laus as a termination, less ; —
Lome loome of
or instrument, utensile
; akranalaus, fruitless ; andelaus, endless
webbares craft, telairium. Pr. Pm. Uten- — /a«jj'az'/>4r.r, empty-bellied, fasting ; lausa-
silia, andluman. —
AS. Vocab. in Nat. vaurds, an idle talker ; lausjan, to loose,
Ant. Du. alem, alaem, utensilia ; werck- separate, make void.
alaem, tools.— Kil. Gael, lamp, hand, Loover. A loouer or tunnell in the
handle. roof or top of a great hall to avoid smoke,
To Loom. To show a faint light, to fumarium, spiramentum Baret ; louer of—
be seen dimly, as a ship at a distance or —
a hall, escl&re. Palsgr. Vedetta, a lour
in a mist. It. lume, light, and fig. know- or high lantern on the top of a house.
ledge, notice, hint. Alt. Aver lume, to — Fl. Yorkshire love, lover, a chimney.
have knowledge of a thing. Piedm. lume', Craven Gl. ON. liori, the opening in the
Venet. lumare, to observe attentively. roof of a house to let out smoke, a win-
The word may, however, have come to dow ;N. Ijore, air-hole in the roof to let
us from a Northern source, on. hljdma, out the smoke ; Ijora, to clear up Ijor, ;

Sw. dial, hljumma, lumma, lomma, luma, opening among clouds glira, to peep, to
;

to resound Ijumm, lomm, resonance,


; show light through glira, a streak of
;

sound, rumour lymt, I'dmt, hint, rumour.


;
light, crack in a wall. Pl.D. gluren,
Fd en lymf om, to get wind of. Thence luren, to peep, to lour. See To Lour.
a glimpse or imperfect sight of an object. The accented d and H of the ON. are in
Se ejt lymt, to get a glimpse, on. hljdmar, other cases represented in e. by the aid
it is rumoured. of a vj ON. frd, Yorkshire frav, from ;
Loon. — Iiown. A good-for-no- lazy, ON. diira, E. clover, to slumber ; ON. tiiin,

thinj fellow. TlM.loen, homo stupidus, E. levin, lightning.


insulsus. — Kil. Probably from the notion Lop. Lop-eared, lap-, topper-, lave-,
of inactivity and slowness, as most of —
touch-, slouch-eared Baker, having hang-
these contemptuous appellations ; lungis, ing ears ; lop-sided, having one side hang-
looby, Fr. lambin, G. lummel, &c. Lim. ing down. Fin. loppa, lotto, anything
lou7ig, loun, Rouchi ton, slow, tedious. hanging or dangling ; loppa-korwa, a
ODu. tome, slow, lazy. hanging ear loppa-huuti, a hanging lip
;

Loop. Gael, tub, bend, bow, noose, ON. lapa, stapa, to flag, hang loose ;
loop tuhach, crooked ; tubtin, a curved
;
stapeyrdr, N. tap-oyrt, tav-oyrt, lop-eared.
line tubshruth, a winding stream.
;
The origin is the sound made by soft
Loop-hole. A
peep-hole in the wall or loose things flapping or falling. Du.
of a castle, from whence to shoot in safety slobberen, stodderen, G. schtottern, Esthon.
at the enemy. Lang, loup, a small win- toddisema, to hang loose and slack ; Du.
dow in a roof. todderen. Swab, lottern, to lie loosely
stretched, to lounge ; toppern, Swiss lot-
Lat no light leopen yn at loverne at loufe. — P. P. tern, to shake about, not to hold fast.
Du. luipen, to peep, to lurk ; op zijne See Lob.
tuipen tiggen, to lie in wait ; gluipen, to The form touch-eared may be com-
peep; gluiper, one that wears his hat pared with Bav. latschen, totschen, to go
deep in his face, so as to hide his eyes, about or do anything slackly and lazily ;
vertatscht, tatschet (fii things that ought
one that acts secretly. De deur staat op
be fast or stiff), slack, soft, clammy.
eene gluip, the door is ajar. N. gtupa, to to
gape ; glaapa, to stare ; glop, a hole, an Melting snow becomes tatschet, to be
opening; gloypa, to gape, not to shut compared with E. slush, sludge. Dan.
Dan. gtippe, to wink Du. glippen, slaslte, to dabble, paddle, also (of clothes)
fast ; ;
; ;

-393 LOP LOUT


to flap about-Tfne Bav. latsch, a wide
.;
loquor, locutus to speak, whence EI0-.
mouth, a moutlt-".yitlW«2^cA or hanging quent. Obloquy, Colloquy, &c.
lips ON. loka, to trail, nang Toose' Ukr,
; ; Lord. AS. hlaford, ON. lavardr.
anything hanging. Lore. AS. Idre, teaching. See Learn.
* To liop. Lap or lop, the faggot- Lorinxer. Fr. lorain, is formed from

wood of a tree. Mrs B. It. lappare, to loranien, a derivative of Lat. lorum, a
lap or lop trees. Fl. —
Perhaps to be strap, in the same way as Fr. airain,
explained from Cotgrave's 'estagner, to brass, from aramen, a similar derivative
gueldtrssa, to lop or cutoff their branches,' of as, ceris. Hence Fr. loremier, lorniier,
reminding us of Pl.D. lubben, E. lib, to corresponding to Lat. loraminarius, a
geld. maker of straps. ' Quiconque veut estre
Loppered. Coagulated, of milk or lormiers k Paris, cest k savoir faiseurs
blood. OHG. leberen, gelebern, to co- de frains et de lorains, ' estre le peut
agulate lebermere, congealed sea ; ON.
;
franchement' —
Livre des Mestiers, p.
Ufraz, to clot Dan. dial, bibber, any-
;
222. Cliamp. lorain, lorein, a bridle,
thing coagulated or gelatinous Du. ; strap ; hire, a strap ; lorimier, lormier,
klobber-saen, clotted or curdled cream. a saddler, worker in harness of leather.
The radical image is the flapping of Bret, ler, skin, leather ; leren, strap ; Du.
soft and wet or loose things, which are leder, leer, leather.
commonly expressed by the same term, To Lose. AS. lesan, Goth.., //-aliusan,
as in Dan. slaske, to dabble, paddle, to G. verlieren.
flap as loose clothes ; Du. lobberen, to Lot. Goth, hlauts, G. loss, ON. hlutr,
wade and trample in the mire lobberig, lot hluti, portion hluta, to cast lots,
; ; ;

gelatinous Mag. lobogni, to waver, flut- obtain by lot.


;

ter lobozni, to splash


; Swab, loppern,
; Lotion. Lat. lavo, lautum or lotum,
to be shaky lopperig, loose
; Wester- to wash.
;

wald lappern, to shake to and fro, wabble Loud. ON. hljod, sound G. laut, ;

as an unsound chair, flap as loose clothes sound and as an adj. loud. ;

Swiss labbig, lappig, watery, Idbberete, To Lounge. See Loiter.


watery food Banffsh. labber, to make a
;
* To Lour. To Leer. To lour and —
noise with a liquid, sup a liquid hastily leer are cognate forms descended at no
E. slobbery, wet, sloppy; Du. slobberen, distant period from a common ancestor.
to flap as loose clothes, related to E. slab, The radical image is shown in ON. hlora,
thick, as Du. lobberen to lobberig, gela- hlera, to listen, whence we pass to the
tinous. notion of privily observing, peeping, look-
ing in a covert way. G. lauern. Da. lure,
Make the gruel thick and slab. Macbeth. —to listen, eavesdrop, watch ; Pl.D. luren,
Ir. slaib, mud, ooze. 'The slob embank- to watch in a covert manner, to wait his

ment.' Times, Oct. lo, 1861. opportunity, to keep back in a sly way
The same relation holds good between luurhaftig, of a sly and covert nature ;
Bav. schlottern, to dabble in wet, to flap /. weer, doubtful or suspicious weather,
as loose clothes, and Schlatter, coagulated weather which seems to harbour ill in-
milk, mud, dirt schloti, mud, dirt, thaw- tentions. Luren, gluren (of the weather),
;

ing weather Swab, schludern, to slob- to lour, to look with covert aspect, to
;

ber, spill, slop i geschluder, slops, dirty threaten rain. To lour, to look sour or
liquid. grim, to begin to be overcast with clouds.
It must be observed that when a body B. —
is of a mixed consistency between solid The Du. equivalent loeren shows the
and liquid, it will be considered as thick passage to E. leer, to cast a cunning or a
or thin according to the extreme with wistful look. B. Loeren, to peer, peep, —
which it is compared. A
substance must leer specially with desire to possess one-
;

be of a watery consistence in which we self of something. Bomhoff. N. glira, —


can splash and dabble, and on the other to peep, wink, half close the eyes, to be
hand it is only when a liquid is thickened open so that one can see through. It is
and becomes gelatinous that it is capable mere accident that lour signifies to spy,
of retaining a tremulous or wabbling mo- with covert feelings of ill- will, and leer
tion. Thus words of the same immediate with those of desire.
derivation come to have directly opposite Louse, w. Lau, G. laus.
meanings, as Swiss labbig, and E. slab, Lout. A
clownish, unmannerly fellow.
above-mentioned. B. —
Du. loetc, kloete, homo agrestis,
Loquacious, -loqu-. -locu-. Lat. insulsus, stolidus. Kil. Perhaps from —
; —

LOUT LUBBER 399


the nolion of a lump or clod, a rude, un- of his own proper bowels towards us.'
shaped, inactive thing. Milan, lotta, a Abeokutah and Camaroens, i, 148.
clod; Prov. lot, heavy, indolent, slow. In the Tyrolese dialect schldk (g.
'
Non es lotz ni coartz,' he is not sluggish schlecken, to lick), is used for pleasure,
nor cowardly. Lot, mud, dirt. enjoyment. Es ist mir kei schldk, it is
To Lout. ON. luta, to stoop Sw. luta, ; no pleasure to me er ist zum rdchte
;

to ,stoop, lean, incline,go downwards, schldk cho, he is come at the right mo-
slope, to tilt a cask. The primary mean- ment for enjoyment, at a show, for in-
ing probably like that oiglout, to look
is stance.—D. M. iii. 458. The Lat. delicice,
covertly, look from beneath the brows, meaning originally appetising food, is
and so to hold the head down. n. glytta, figuratively used in the sense of darling.
to peep Dan. dial, lutte (of the weather),
; To look sweet upon one is to look with
to lour, look threatening. loving eyes. Indeed, it is probable that
Love. to love ; Lat. libet,
G. lieben, the act of kissing is a symbol expressive
lubet, pleases
it libens edere, to eat with
j of the feelings entertained towards the
a good appetite ; libido, lubido, pleasure, object of affection by the figure of smack-
dfsire, lust ; Bola. lubiti, libiti, libowati, ing the lips over a deUcate morsel. Thus
to love, to have pleasure in ; libitise, to the expression of devouring with kisses
be pleased ; libost, will, pleasure ; liby, would be but a return to the original
sweet, agreeable, pleasant; libati, to kiss, image.
to taste ; Pol. lubid, lubowa^, to have an On the foregoing theory Lat. voluptas
inclination for, to relish, to like luby, would imply the representation of the
;

lovely, sweet, delicious Serv. lyubav, smacking of the palate, by a root vlup
;

love ; lyubiti, to kiss ; Russ. liobif, to alongside of lub, analogous to Y,. flip, or
Jove ; naliobovatsya, to have pleasure in fillip, for a smack with the fingers, or to
;

lobzat', to kiss. So Fris. muwlchjen, to the old wlap, for lap, It. viluppare, vo-
kiss, also to have pleasure in, from muwlle, luppare, to wrap.
the mouth. Sicilian liccari, to lick, to Low. I. ON. lagr, short, low ; Sw.
flatter, to make love ; liccaturi, a lover lag, Du. laag, low.
licchettu, the flavour of wine ; licchiteddu, Low. 2. ON. logi, Sw. Idge, Dan. lue,
taste, savour. love, AS. IcBg, lig, flame ; Gr. ^\o% l<p^oye),
As kissing is the most obvious mani- 0\oy6f, flame ; ipKiyw, Lat. flagrare, to
festation of love, we might naturally sup- flame, to burn. The origin is. seen in
pose that the word was derived from Du. fiaggeren, to flap, to flutter, from the
these Slavonic words signifying kiss. wavering action so characteristic of flame.
But it is more probable that they have In the sanje way, from Du. flodderen, to
both a common origin in a representa- be in a wavering state, lodderen (properly
tion of the sound of smacking the tongue to hang loose), to lounge, Swiss lodern,
and lips, which gives rise to the Lat. to flap as loose clothes, we pass to G.
lambere, labium, E. lap, lip, Walach. lodern, to waver, to blaze. So also from
liniba, the tongue; Esthon. libbama, to E. logger, Magy. logni, to oscillate, shake
lick ; Fr. lipp^e, a good morsel, a snack; to and fro, Dan. logre, to wag, we are
Bret, lipa, to lick ; lipous, delicate, tasty. led to ON. logi, flame. The same train
It will be observed that the Bohem. of thought is seen in Magy. lobogni, to
libati is both to kiss and to taste, exactly waver, flutter, and lob, flame, lobbanni, to
as E. smack is used in both senses, or as blaze, flame.
NFris. macke, to kiss, compared with To Low. AS. hloivan, Du. loeien, G.
Fin. makia, sweet, well tasted. Now
the luien, to low. Lith. loti, to bark.
pleasure of taste is commonly taken as Loyal. Fr. loyal, OFr. leal, from Lat.
the type of all gratification. The rude legalis. Lex, legis, Fr. loi, law.
tribes met with in a late expedition to- Lozenge. Fr. lozange, a little square
wards the sources of the Nile expressed cake of preserved herbs, &c ., also a quar-
their admiration of the beads shown them rel of a glass window, anything of that
by rubbing their beUies. —
Petherick, form. Cot. —
From Piedm. Sp. losa,
Egypt and the Nile, 448. And Burton Lang, laouzo, a slate, flag, flat stone for
shows that joy and affection is expressed paving, commonly set cornerwise, in
in the same way on the W. of Africa. which the idea of a lozenge mainly differs
'
At the peroration he expressed the glad- from that of a square. Boh. dlazice, a
ness of the Alake to see us at his capital tile ; dlaziti, to pave.
as for himself, he rubbed his bony hands Lubber. Lubbard. —
lumpish, slug- A
on his lean stomach to'show the yearning gish, clumsy fellow. —Worcester. Da.
;; —

400 LUBRICATE LUKEWARM


lubbet, N. luhben, thick, fat, obese luhb, ;
hair or ears. Lugga nigon i skagget, to
lubba, one who is thick and fat Sw. dial. ; pull one by the beard ; i orat, to lug one
lubbig, thick and clumsy ; lubber, a thick, by the ear ; luggas, to pull each other
clumsy, lazy man ; lubba, the same of a about.
woman. Du. lompsch, lumpish, dull, His ears were laving like a new-luggd sow.
lazy lompert, a coarse fellow.
;
See Lob. Bp Hall.

liubrioate. Lat. lubricus, slippery. not easy to say whether the verb is
It is
Xiucid. —
Lucifer. Lat. lux, lucis, light derived from the noun or the converse.
luceo, to shine. Russ. lutsch, lutschA, a Certainly the meaning of the E. verb is
ray lutscMna, a match Serv. lutsch, a
; ; exactly such as would arise from the me-
torch lutscha, a ray of the sun.
;
taphor of pulling by the ear. On the
Luck. G. gluck, Du. luk, geluk, hap- other hand it is not obvious what there is
piness, enjoyment, prosperity, fortune. in common between the ear and the fore-
The appearance of composition with the lock except as affording means of laying
particle ^« in Du. gelick is probably falla- hold of an animal and leading him along.
cious, as it is very common to find parallel In the latter point of view to lug may be
forms with an initial /, and gl, or cl re- to drag along like a rope trailing on the
spectively, as Du. gluypen and luypen, to ground. Swiss lugg, loose, slack ; lug-
spy, E. gloom and loom, glowre and lour, gen, to be slack ; das sell lugget, E. lug,
glout and lotit, clump and lump, clog and anything slow in movement ; luggard, a
log, &c. sluggard ; lugsome, heavy, cumbrous.
The origin may perhaps be found Hal. m
the enjoyment of food taken as the pri- A kind of weight hangs heavy at my heart,
mary type of all pleasure, and expressed My flagging soul flies under her own pitch
by the syllables gluk, glick, lick, repre- Like fowl in air too damp, and lugs along.
senting the sound of smacking the tongue
Dryden in R.
in the enjoyment of taste. Comment '

drags or trails along.
trouves-tu le liquide du Pere L. Parfait Perhaps lug was originally, as Nares
oui parfait, repondit elle en faisant claquer explains it, the hanging portion of the

sa langue centre son palais.' Montepin. ear, then the ear in general. Coles ren-
W. gwefus-glec, a smack with the lips ders it in Lat. auris lobus, auricula in-
;

Gr. -{KiypfLai., to desire earnestly, properly, fima.


as Lat. ligurio, to lick the chops at f Lukewarm. Pl.D. slukwarm, luk-
yXwKuc, sweet ; G. leckerbissen, delicacies. warm, might be plausibly explained from
See Like. sluken, to swallow, swallowing hot. But
Lucre. —Lucrative. Lat. lucrum, w. Ihig, partly, llug-dwym (Spurrell),
half,
gain, profit. llug-oer (Jones), lukewarm {twy?n, hot ;
Lucubration. Lat. lucubrare, to study oer, cold), must be explained from another
or work by lamplight ; from lux, lucis, quarter. The corresponding forms in the
light. other Celtic dialects are Manx lieh, half,
-lude. -lus-. Lat. ludo, lusum, to party, side {lieh-doal, half-blind : lieh-oor,
play, sport, mock ; allude, to jest at, to half an hour) Gael, leas, leath, leth, half,
;

allude in discourse ; delude, to deceive. partly, by {leth-shuill, one eye; leth-


Ludicrous. Lat. ludicer, ludicris, ruadh, reddish ; leth-ainm, leas-ainm,
connected with sport, laughable, from nickname leas-athair, step-father), Bret.
;

ludus, play, sport. lez, haunch, extremity, border, and as a


Luff. See Loof. preposition, near, by the side of ; lestad,
* Lug. —
To Lug. Lug, the ear of an step-father, by-father.
animal, the ear or handle of a pitcher, The sensible image is preserved in
iron pot, or the like. In stave-made ves- Bret, lez, Manx Ihesh, the haunch, hip,
sels the end of the stave which projects whence OFr. delez, hard by, by the side
beyond the rest and serves as a handle is of. N. lid, side, edge paa den eine lia,
;

the lug, whence probably Sc. leglen, a on the one side. The signification of
milking pail with such a handle. The half comes from our bodies being alike
pot lugs are the perforated ears of metal on the two sides, and the Gael, leth is ap-
rising above the brim of the pot and re- plied to a single one of any of the mem-
ceiving the ends of the moveable bow. bers of which we have a pair. The Ir.
The meaning of Sw. lugg is somewhat leath is used with the points of the com-
different, the forelock or hanging hair of pass as E. side J leath-theas, on the south
the forehead Da. dial. Itigget, shaggy.
; side, southwards. From the notion of
Sw. lugga, like E. to lug, is to pull by the what is on the side of, we pass to that of
; . — ;

LULL LUNCH 401


addition, excess, superfluity. The E. be- ro7nmeling, G. geriimpel, old furniture,
sides has the sense of moreover, in addi- lumber. Dan. skramle, to rumble
tion to, and on this principle must doubt- skramleri, lumber, trumpery.
less be explained Ir. hatha, Gael, leas, The foregoing analogies speak so deci-
gain, profit ; Ir. leatha-daighim {daighim, sively in favour of the derivation from the
to give), to increase, enlarge. The G. noise made by throwing things together
beifiame, a byname, is identical with Fr. in a disorderly way, that there is no occa-
siirnom, a name over and above, or sur- sion to argue against the fanciful deriva-
name. The same connection of ideas is tion from the obsolete lumbar, a pawn-
seen in Esthon. liggi, near, hard by, liig. broker's (Lombard's) shop, where the
Lap. like, additional, excessive, superflu- goods are never exposed to the public eye,
ous, which we can hardly avoid identifying and are moreover necessarily kept in the
with the Celtic elements above mentioned. most perfect order.
Compare Lap. like namm, Esthon. liig- 2. To lumber, in the sense of encum-
iiimmi, a nickname or surname, with the bering the decks of a ship, seems to be
Celtic forms, and Esthon. liggi-te ite, distinct from the foregoing. ODu. Iu7n-
way), with Gael, leth-rod, a by-path. In mer, le?nmer, impedimentum, molestia
Lap. likai, besides, the e. translation dis- Kil. ;Dan. belemre, Du. belemlnern, to
tinctly shows the way in which the idea encumber, impede, lumber belemmerung ;

of excess has arisen. der spraak, impediment of speech. Hal- —


To Lull. N. lulla, to sing to sleep ;
ma. This sense seems to arise in arfalo-
E. lullaby, the song used for that purpose gy with Sc. lagger, to bemire, and thence
bill, repose, quiet. The origin is the re- to encumber. Du. lobberen, to wade or
petition of the syllables la la la in mo- trample in the wet Da. dial, lummer,
;

notonous song. G. lallen, to sing without anytiiing semifluid, as gruel or mud.


words, only repeating the syllable la. — Veien staaer i et lummer, the road is all -

Kiittn. Serv. lyu, lyu, cry to a child mud. Lumre en vceg, to daub a wall
while rocking it ; lyu-lyati, to rock with clay and water.
Russ. tilinliokat' to set a child asleep by
, 3. Lumber, sawn or split timber. See
rocking and singing liolka, a cradle,
; Limber.
Esthon. laulma, to sing, laid, a song. —
Luminary. Luminous. Lat. lumen,
From the repetition of na instead of la, a clear light, commonly explained as if
arise Mod.Gr. vava, lullaby, and in Fr. for lucmen, from the root luc of lux, luds,
nursery language, faire nono, to sleep. &c.
It. nanna, a word that nurses use to still Lump. Corresponding to clump, as
their children, as lullaby nannare, to ; log to clog. N. lump, a block, thick
lullaby, sing, rock or dandle children piece; ON. klumbr, klumpr, Dan. klump,
asleep ; niiinare, ninnellare, to rock, sing, a lump Du. lompe, a rag, tatter, piece,
;

lull. lump lompen, to strike, to use one


;

liUmbago. —
Lumbar. Lat. lumbus, roughly. E. lump also represents the
loin. The radical meaning of the word sound of a blow.
is probably the soft boneless part, as G.
•weiche, the flank, from weich, soft. Swab.
And the flail might lump ssN&y — Clare.
lump/, soft, spongy ; Hesse, lumm, slack, In Du. lompe, G. lumpen, a tatter, it
loose, flabby lumbe, the flank or loins.
;
seems to represent the dangling, flapping
To Lumber. To rumble, to move movement of a tatter, and thence to be
heavily with noise and disturbance. Sw. extended to a separate portion of any-
dial. Ijumma, lumma, lomma, Ittmra, thing. Bav. lampeii, to dangle ; lanip-
lomra, to resound. lumber, I make a '
I ende ohren, lop-ears, flapping ears lanip- ;

noise above one's head Je fais bruit. : et, torn, broken, loose. So n. lape, to
You lumbred so above my head I could dangle; lappe, a little piece; lopp, a flock

not slepe for you.' Palsgr. Hence lum- of wool, hay, &c., or of sheep ; Fr. loppe,
ber, old furniture, thrown with noise and lopin, a gobbet, lump, morsel, a lock of
disregard. So from
G. poltern, to racket, wool.
make a polter-kaimner, a lumber-
x\ms,e., Lunar. —
Lunatic. Lat. luna, the
room; Pl.D./()//«r2, racket, lumber. Du. moon lunaris, lunaticus, one affected
;

rommelen, to rumble (I ramble, I make by the changes of the moon, mad.


noise in a house with remevyng of heavy Lunch. Lunclieon.— lump of some- A

thynges Palsgr.) alles door elkander
;
thing eatable. Closely related to lump,
rommelen, to turn things topsyturvy being formed from the flapping sound of
rommelpot, rommelzo, higgledy-piggledy a dangling thing represented by a final k
; —

402 LUNE LURE


instead of p. Bav. lugk, luck, loose take privily. With "a terminal s, OHG.
Picard. logue, a rag ; Fr. loguet, the latch hlosen, losen, Swiss losen, to listen. Then
of a door (from rattling up and down), with a terminal k (as in E. smirk com-
locher, to joggle, make a noise as a thing pared with Bav. smiereti, to smile), OHG.
that is loose Champ, lochon, a hunch of losgen, losken, to listen (zu ze imo los-
;

bread, of which luncheon is the nasalised kende, attentos. —


Graff.), to lie hid ;
form, as lump of Fr. loppe, above men- OFlem. luyschen observare, insidiari, la-
tioned. Lunch also, as lump, was form- tere, latitare. —Kil. G. lauschen, to listen,
erly used for the sound of a blow. Dunche lie listening, lie in wait, look out secretly,
or lunche, sonitus, strepitus ; dimchinge peep ; Sw. dial, luska, to eavesdrop,

or lunchinge, tuncio, percussio. Pr. Pm. privily listen ; N. luska. Da. luske, to
It is in this sense that it is the source of watch an opportunity, lurk, skulk. With
the nearly obsolete lungeous, rough in a final t instead of k, on. hlusta, to listen,
play, violent. corresponding with mhg. luzen, to lie in

Lune. To Lunge. See Laniard. wait for, to lie hid ; luzer, luzener, a
liung. ON. lunga, G. lunge, Du. longhe, listener, eavesdropper, watcher ; hasen--
loose, lichte. As the two last of these luzer, hasenluster, one who snares hares ;
names are from the light spongy texture erluzen, to entrap, get by lying in wait for.
of the organ (Du. loos, empty), the origin In the series with a final r, ON. Mora,
of lung is seen in Bav. luck, lugk, lung, hlera, to listen standa d, hleri, as Da.
;

loose. Aichenholz ist gedigen und hart, staa paa lur, G. auf der lauer sein, to
tannenholz lung und weich, oak wood is hearken privily, to lie upon the lurch.
solid and hard, fir wood loose and soft. Kiittn. Da. hire, to listen, eavesdrop,

Sint kelengit, relaxantur. Kero. Lith. lurk, lie in wait G. lauern, to lie in wait,
;

lengwas, light. lurk, watch, lie upon the lurch or upon


liUngis. A lazy dreaming fellow, a the catch. An der thiir lauern, to listen

slow-back. B. Fr. longis, a dreaming at the door. Die katze lauert auf die
lusk, tall and dull slangam. — Cot. Rouchi maus, lies upon the catch for the mouse.
longiner, to do everything slowly. Piedm. Then with the addition of a formative k,
longh (of persons), slow, lazy, irresolute. as in E. sculk fropi Du. schuilen, to seek
Not so much from long in the sense of shelter, in Fris. smillcn, smilleken (Out-
taking much time as from the original zen), smilke (Junge), to smile, or in G.
notion of slack, inactive. lauer, lurke, lorke, weak wine, swipes, we
Iiupine. Lat. lupinus. It. lupine, a pass to NFris. lorkin, to listen, and E.
kind of pulse, as if from lupus, translated lurk, properly to listen, watch, then to
in Venet. fava lovma, G. wolfs bohne, lie watching, lie hid. Compare Da. dial.
wolfs beans. But possibly the word may der er lurk i veiret, when the weather
really have come from a Slavonic source. although fine shows signs of change, it
Pol. lupina, shell, cod, husk ; lupid, to lours, looks suspicious, with Pl.D. luur-
flay or strip. Mod.Gr. Xou/Si, the pod or haftig weer, suspicious weather.
husk of a bean. Bailey explains lurch, to steal or pilfer,
Iiurch.. I. To be left in the lurch. A to lie hid ; lurcher, one who lies upon
metaphor from the gaming-table. It. the lurch or upon the catch, as G. auf der
lurcio, Fr. lourche, ourche, G. lurz, lurisch, latter, auf der lausche sein. In the sense
a game at tables also a term used when of filch it corresponds to G. erlauschen, to
;

one party gains every point before the obtain by lurking. Pl.D. luksen, privily
other makes one. It. marcio, a lurch or to wait for, also to possess oneself of the
slam, a maiden set at any game. — Fl. property of another in a secret way.
'
A person who is lurtz at tables pays Danneil. Lurch is to be understood in the

double.' Hans Sachs in Schmellei". Fr. sense of taking privily away, in the pas-
lourche, a lurch in game ; il demeura sage of Bacon, where it is often explained,
lourche, he was left in the lurch. — Cot. to devour. 'Too near [to great cities]
* To Lurcli. —To Lurk. These are lurcheth all provisions and maketh every-
originally variations in —
pronunciation thing dear,' filches them away.
only, differing from each other as church The lurchline is the line which the
and kirk. fowler lying on the lurch for birds holds
The train of thought may be traced in his hand, and by which he pulls over
through two parallel series of forms the net upon the birds to be compared ;

having a terminal s and r respectively, with G. lauschgam, a net used in catch-


and signifying listen, watch, observe se- ing hares or foxes.
cretly, lie in wait, lie hid, seek to entrap, Lure. G. luder, a carcass, carrion,
LURID LYRE 403
bait for wild animals. It. ludro, Fr. lustig, merry, jovial ; Wall, lustih, quick,
leurre, a falconer's lure, a bait. Hence lively ; It. lesto, agile.
G. ludern, liidern, E. allure, to entice. Lustre. —Illustrate. It. lustro, lust-
As the stink of carrion is its chief cha- rore, Fr. lustre, Du. luister, luster, gloss,
racteristic, the origin may be Bret, louz, glister, lustrare, Fr. lust-
splendour. It.

loullour, dirty, disgusting, properly stink- rer, to give to ; Du.


a lustre or gloss
ing, whence louz^ a badger. luisteren, lusteren, to glitter, glister, shine.
Lurid. Lat. luridus, of a livid colour. Lat. illustris, clear, bright, conspicuous.
* Luscious. Fresh or lussyouse as
The word seems radically identical with
E. glister, glisten, to sparkle, shine, Bav.
meate is that is not well seasoned or that
glast, splendour ; P1.D. glustern, to look
hath an unpleasant swetnesse in it, fade.
— Palsgr. The suggestion of Hickes at with sparkling eyes, from the last of
which we pass to Lat. lustro, Fr. lustrer,
that the word is a corruption of delicious
to survey. Sol cuncta su4 luce lustrat,
has been treated as absurd, but the ab-
surveys, brightens and irradiates.
sence of any foreign analogue makes us
look to an English origin, and it is cer-
Lute. I. The stringed instrument,
Arab, el ud.
tain that the first step in the corruption
2. A paste of clay to stop the necks of
of delicious was taken in the curtailment
retorts. Lat. lutuni, mud.
of the de. '
-lute, -luv-, -lu-. Lat. Itio, lutum,
Mete and drink ynughe they hade lavo,lautum and latum, tr. \ovm, to
With lic-ious drinke and clere. wash diluo, to wash off. Hence lotion,
;

Sir Amadas, xxvii, p. 38. a washing to dilute, to pour in water


; ;

diluent, washy diluvium, a washing


;

Moreover luscious was used in the sense away, an abundance of water, deluge.
of delicious. Frigalleries, dainties, lick- Lute-stringf. A
kind of shining silk,
orish morsels, luscious acates. —
Cot. corrupted from Piedm. lustrino, a name
The same change of meaning from sweet- given on account of its lustre.
ness to excess of sweetness is seen in Du. Luxury. Lat. luxus, loose, slack, out
smets (from smetsen, to smack the chops), of joint, whence luxus, luxuria, a giving
which is rendered by Bomhoff delicious, loose to enjoyment, dissoluteness, excess,
delicate, and by Kil. prsdulcis, mulseus, profuseness.
insuisus, et nauseam provocans nimiS. Lyceum. Gr. Aimtov, the name of a
dulcedine. public Institute at Athens.
Lusk. A
slug, or slothful fellow. B. — Lye. Lat. lix, lixivium, G. lauge, an
The idea of listening, watching, waiting infusion of the salts of ashes to soak linen
on, leads to the sense of suspension of in. Esthon. liggo, a soaking liggoma, ;

action, sluggishness or torpor. Thus we to set to soak ligge, wet, boggy ; Fin.
;

have Sw. lura, to lurk or lie in wait, also likoan, lijota, to soak (as flax) in water ;
to take a nap, to doze ON. hira, to be
; liko, place where soaking is done Lap. ;

sluggish, to doze (Haldorsen) ; Pl.D. ligge, mud ; Boh. lauh, luh, lye luky ;

luren, to be slow and listless. Again, G. (plur.), boggy places Russ. luja (Fr.j),;

lauschen, OHG. losgen, losken, to listen, a pit, bog, marsh Serv. lujati, to soak
;

lie in wait ; im bette lauschen, to slug it in lye ; Bav. lUhen, to rinse linen. Luh-
abed. — Kiittn. Bav. lauschen, to act hejt, lucre, luhit, lotus, lavatus. — Gl. in
lazily, to loiter. Dan. luske, to skulk Schm.
about ; Fin. luoska, a sloven, slut. See —
Lyre. Lyrical. Gr. Xupn, a species
Lurk. of stringed musical instrument, XuptitAc,

Lust. Lusty. Goth, lustus, will, de- connected with the same, or with the
sire. See List. Lusty, Dan. lystig, G. poetry sung to it.

26*

404 MACARONI MAGGOT

M
Maoaroni. It. maccheroni, macaroni, Sufficeth thee, but if thy wittes mad,
originallylumps of paste and cheese To have as gret a grace as Noe had — Chaucer. .

squeezed up into balls, but now ribbons Maddyn or dotyn, desipere. Pr. Pra. —
of fine paste squeezed through orifices of The origin is the confused incoherent
different shapes. talk of mad people. Swiss madeln, to
From maccare, to bruise or crush, mutter, mdddelen, Bav. maden, schma-
whence also maccatelh, balls of mince- dern, to tattle, chatter ; E. to maddle, to
meat niacca, beans boiled to a mash.
;
rave, be delirious, confused in intellect, to
From macaroni being considered the pe- lose one's way. '
As soon as I gat to t'
culiar dish of the Italians, the name seems moor I began to maddle.' Maddlm, a
to have been given to the dandies or fine blockhead, confused, foolish person.
gentlemen of the last century, when the Graven. Gl. Du. 7naUen, to toy, to rave ;
accomplishment of the Italian tour was malen, to muse, to dote ; mal, foolish,
the distinction of the youngman of fashion. silly, mad. A similar train of thought is
The meaning of Macaronic poetry is found in Swiss mausen, to mutter, speak
thus explained by Merlinus Coccaius, who unintelligibly ; N. masa, to tattle, also (as
was apparently the inventor of the name. Du. malen) to tease or deave some one
Ars ilia poetica nuncupatur Ars maca- with importunity masast, to doze, to
;

ronica, a macaronibus derivata, qui ma- begin to dream E. mazle, to wander as


;

carones sunt quoddam pulmentum, farina, if stupefied —


Hal. ; mazzle, to trifle, to do
caseo, butyro compaginatum, grossum, a thing unskilfully mazzlin, trifling.
;

rude, et rusticanum. Ideo macaronica Craven. Gl. See Maze.


nil nisi grassedinem, ruditatem et voca- It. matto, foolish, mad, stands alone in
bulazzos debet in se continere.— Preface to the Romance languages.
the Macaronics. Fr. macaronique, a Madrigal. It. madrigale, vtadriale,
macaronick, a confused heap or huddle mandriale, Sp. mandrial, mandrigal, a
of many separate things. — Cot. kind of irregular lyric poem, properly a
Mace. It. mazza, any kind of beetle, pastoral, from Lat. maiidra. It. mandria,
mallet, or club, with a knob or head at a fold, herd. —
Diez.
the end, a Serjeant's mace ; mazso, a To Maffle. To stammer, speak im-
bunch, cluster, packet ; Fr. masse, a p'erfectly, or move the jaws like a young
lump, round piece of anything, a club ;
child. The action of the toothless jaws
masse d'eau, herbe a masses, reed-mace, of infancy or age is represented by vari-
typha. ous combinations of the labial articula-
Macerate. Lat. macerare, to make to tions, ba,fa, ma. Du. maffelen, moffeUn,
waste away, to soften by soaking macer, to stammer, to move the jaws Kil.
; — ;

lean, wasted. Rouchi moiifeter, to move the lips Bav. ;

Machine. Lat. machina. See Me- muffeln, to mumble, chew with toothless
chanic. jaws Rouchi baflier, to slobber bafliou,
; ;

Mackarel. Fr. maquereau. It. macca- one who slobbers, stammers, talks idly ;

rello, from the dark blotches with which Swiss baffeln, viaffeln, to chatter on in a
the fish is marked ; It. macco, a mark as tedious way E. fajffle, to stammer, to
;

of a bruise ; maccola, macchia, a spot, trifle tofamble {O^.fameleii), to stutter,


;

stain ; Sp. maca, bruise in fruit, spot, murmur inarticulately OE. babeUn, ma- ;

stain ; Venet. macar. It. ammaccare, to melen, to babble, mutter.


bruise. In the application of the term to Magazine. Sp. magacen, almagacen,
a pander there is a confusion with Du. almacen. It. maga::zino, Fr. magasin,
maeckelaer, a broker, matchmaker, pro- from Arab, al-makhzen, a storehouse,
perly one skilled in pointing out the blem- from the root khazana, to store, to keep.
ishes of the goods in which he deals, — Dozy.
from, maeckel, a spot or blemish. See Maggot, w. magu, to breed magad, ;

Broker. a brood, a multitude ; magiad, a breed-


Mad. To mad, to rave, wander, be ing magiaid, magiod, worms, grubs.
;

beside oneself. By a like train of thought It. gorgogliare,


—; •

MAGIC MALKIN 405


to purl, spring, or bubble" as water, and quod praedictus Dux haberet quascunque
figurativel;^ to breed wormlets or w.eevils bona et catalla vocata inanuopera capta
in pulse or corn whence gorgogUo (Lat.
; et capienda cum quacunque person^,
curculw), a weevil or corn-maggot. infraterram et feodum praedicta, ac per
Magic. Gr. ixayixos fiayoe, a magi- eandem personam coram quocunque ju-
cian.
;

dice deadvocata.' —
ChartaRic. II. in Due.
Magisterial. —Magistrate. Lat. ma- '
Probatores cum m,anuopere capti,' ap-
gister, a master. provers taken with the goods in their
Magn-. — Magnitude. — Magnify. possession. Fleta. — This gave rise to
Lat. magniis, Gr. y-tyaQ, Sanscr. maha, the E. expression of being taken with the
great. Hence Magnanimous {animus, mainour, afterwards corrupted to taken
mind), great-minded ; Magnificent great i7i the manner, in flagranti delictu.
doing, &c. '
Mainour, manour, in a legal sense de-
alias
Magnet. Gr. Mayvi/c, MayKjjrjjc, a notes the thing that a thief taketh or stealeth.
dweller in Magnesia ; Xi0os Ma^vjjrqc or As to be taken with the mainour (PI. Cor. fol.
179) is to be taken with the thing stolen about
Mayi/^uias, Lat. magnes, the Magnesian
him and again (fol. 194) it is said that a thief
: '

stone or magnet, from having first been was delivered to the sheriff together with the
brought from that country. —
mainour.' Cowel in Nares. Even as a thiefe
'


Maid. Maiden. Goth, magus, a boy that is taken with the maner that he stealeth.' —
magaths, a maid, young girl AS. magu, ;
Latimer, ibid.
ON. mogr, son, OFris. mach, child OHG. See Manure.
inagad, G. magd, maid, maid OHG. mdg, ;
;

Mainpernor. —Mainprise. Mainper-


mach, ON. magr, relation Swiss mags- ;
nors were sureties, into whose hands a
chaft, relationship, affinity Gael, mac, ; person charged with an offence was given,
W., Bret, mab, map, son ; w. magu, Bret. to answer for his appearance when re-
maga, to breed. quired. Mainprise, a committal to the
MaiL I. Chain armour. Fr. maille, care of such sureties. From Fr. jnain,
It. maglia, m.acch.ia, the of a net,mesh hand, and perner, prener, prendre, Lat.
loop, ring, from Lat. macula, spot, hole, prehendere, to take.
mesh of a net. K
mail, speck on the Mainsworn. See Mean.
feathers of a bird. —
B. Perdrix mailMe, To Maintain. Fr. maintenir, Lat.
manu tenere, to hold by the hand.
a mailed, menild, or spotted partridge.
Cot. w. magi, a knot, stitch in knitting, —
Majesty. Major. Lat. major, corw^.
mesh, snare. of magnus, as Gr. /us i?mi/, of /jeyaf, great.
2. A portmanteau or trunk to travel Hence majestas, greatness, grandeur.
with, for carrying letters and other things. Make. See Match.
— B. Fr. m.ale, a male or great budget. To Make. G. machen, Du. maecken,
— Cot. Hence mail, in the modern ac- maken.
Mai-. Lat. malus, bad, ill.
ceptation, the conveyance of the public
letters. OHG. malaha. It. mala, Bret. Malapert. Over-bold in speech or
7nal, coffer, trunk, case ; Gael. mMa, bag, action, saucy.
purse, husk, shell ; 7nd.ileid, a bag, wallet, Ne malapert, ne renning with your tong.
Chaucer, Coiurt of Love.
budget, the belly.
To Maim. See Mayhem. Locke uses malpertness. In modern lan-
Main.Chief, principal. Goth, magan, guage cut down to pert. 'Pert, saucy or
ON. mega, to be able ; megin, strength, the homly, malapert.' Palsgr. —
principal part of a thing ; megin-herinn, From Fr. appert, ready, nimble in that
the main army ; megin-land, the main he does Cot. —
mal-apipert, ready to a
;

Magn, strength, size. fault, over-ready. It. aperto, open, con^


land, continent.
Mainour. —Manner. Mid.Lat. »zfl«K- fident, or bold. Fl. —
opus, the rendering of Fr. mahceiivre, was He sayde. Come I to the, appert fole (saucy fool),
used as well in the sense of actual occu- I salle caste the in the pole. —Sir Percival, 680.
pation as of an object in the occupation Male. Fr. masle, mdle, from Lat. mas-^
or possession of any one. In the former cuius.
sense it is said by R. de Hengham that it Malice. —Malign. —Malignant. Lat.
is a disseisin 'cum mamwpus ?i\\aiyos malitia, malignus, from malus evil,
impeditur,' when the occupation of any wicked.
one is hindered. In the latter sense the Malkin. A
clout to clean an oven.
term was specially applied to goods found From Mall, Moll, the kitchen wench, on
in the possession of any one and made a principle similar to that which gives
the subject of judicial investigation. 'Et the name of Jack to an implement used
——

4o6 MALLARD -MAND


for any familiar office ; boot-jack, roast- best for me to go I stand in a mammer-
.?

ing-jack. ing.'—=-Terence in E. in Nares.^ Pol. wzo-


The kitchen malkin pins motad, to stammer, stutter.
Her richest loclcram 'bout her reechy neck, Mammet. A
doll, a puppet.
Clambering walls to eye him.— Coriolanus.
This is no world
Mallard. Bret, mallard, Fr. malard, To play with mammets and to tilt with lips.

a drake, or male duck. Pat. de Berri. H. IV.

Malleable. Mallet. Lat. malleus, a Swiss mdmmi, as E. baby, babby, a new-
hammer. It. maglio, a mallet, beetle, born child, a doll ; mammehn, to play
sledge ; magliare, to pound, "to beat ; Fr. with dolls. The E. mammet, a doll, was
maUlet, a hammer mailloter, to pound.
; ultimately confounded with maumet, an
Pol. m.lot, Russ. molot, a mallet, beetle ; idol, from which it has erroneously been
molotity, to thresh ; m^loty, to grind. derived. i1/a/<?/z^/, a child's babe. Gould- —
lUyr. mlat, a flail, a hammer ; mlatiti, to man. Maument, marmoset, poupde. —
thresh, to beat. Palsgr.
Mallow. Lat. malva, Gr. naXaxn, from O God, that ever any man should look
ftoKaanu), to soften, /taXaKoi;, soft, the Upon this maumet, and not laugh at him.
herb being still in the East supposed to O. Play in Nares.
possess softening virtues. See Mawmet.

The mallow is very much used by the Arabs Mammock. A
piece or scrap. Pro-
medicinally they make poultices of the leaves to perly the remnants of eating, what has

;

allay irritation and inflammation. Domestic Life been mambled or mumbled. '
He did so
in Palestine, p. 323. set his teeth and tear it. Oh, I warrant
Malmsey. Wine of Malvasia, in the how he mammocked it.' Coriolanus. Sp. —
Morea. Malvasia, malvaiica, Malmsie mamar, to suck, to devour victuals. Magy.
wine. Candy wine. —
Fl. Pl.D. malmasier, mammogni, to mumble, in nursery lan-
}nalmesien. Du. malvaseye, vinum Arvi- guage to eat.
sium, Creticum, Chium, Monembasites.
'
Man. Goth. 7iian.
Kil. Sp. malvasia, marvasia. Manacle. Fr. manicles, manettes (now
Upon that hylle is a Malvasia, where
cite called
menottei), hand-fetters — Cot. ; from inain,
first grewe Malmasye, and yet dothe howbeit it;
hand.
groweth now (a. d. 1506) more plenteously in To Manage. From Fr. main, the
Candia and Modena, and no where ellys. — Pil- hand, are manier, to handle, wield man- ;

grimage of Sir R. Guildford. Cam. Soc. p. 12.


ige, the manage of a horse It. maneg- ;

Malt. G. mals, on. malt. The de- giare, to manage, handle, exercise, trade
rivation from malen, to grind, indicates —
Fl. ; Mid.Lat. mainagium, occupation,
no characteristic feature of the thing sig- actual possession. ' De quibus erant in
nified. Tooke's derivation, from It. jnol- possessione et mainagio.' Aresta Pari. —
lire, Fr. jnouiller, to soak, would have A.D. 1257. Thence the term was trans-
more probability if the name of malt were ferred to the furniture requisite for the
not unknown to the Latin dialects. But occupation of a house, and (in the shape
the true explanation is pointed out by of the modern menage) to the household
Tacitus when he says that the Germans of the occupier. ' Domes, castra et alia
made wine of hordeum. corruptiim, the maneria quK sine mainagio competenti
process of malting being confounded by repererat, decentibus utensilibus instrux-

them with that of rotting. ON. melta, to erat.' Regest. Pari. A.D. 1408, in Due.
dissolve, digest, rot ; maltr, rotten melta Meinage is still used in Languedoc in
;

bygg til olgerda, to digest barley for the sense of kitchen furniture. Lava lou
brewing, to malt. 7nainajhi, to wash up the dishes. The
Mamma. — Mammal. A
word com- erroneous insertion of an j in the old way
posed of a repetition of the easiest arti- of writing the word, mesnage, gave rise
. culation of the human voice, ma, ma, and to the supposition that it was derived
,
thence applied to the objects of earliest from jnansionata {mattsionaticum), me-
interest to the infant, the mother and the sonata: The identity with E. jnatiage is
mother's breast. Lat. 7nam7na, the breast, seen in the expression bon mesnagicr,
Du. mamme, the breast, mother, nurse. one who understands the conduct of a
'
Kil. Fin. mamjna, breast, mother. The household, a good manager.
designation is common in all regions of -mand. Mandate. Lat. mandare,—
the globe. mandatum {inanu-dare, to hand-give), to
ToMammer. Properly to stammer, command, commit. Hence Command,
thence to hesitate. ' What way were it Demand, &c.
;;

MANDARIN MANURE 407


Mandarin. A Chinese officer, a name colare, to dirty, infect, also to abuse, beat,
first made known to us by the Portuguese, —
bang. Altieri (percuotere altrui forte-
and like the Indian caste erroneously sup-
posed to be a native term. From Ptg.
mente —Vanzoni), properly to maul or
disfigure him byblows. Mid.Lat. maai-
mandar, to hold authority, command, lare, vulnerando deformare. Si labium '

govern. Mid.Lat. mandaria, jurisdiction, superius alicujus ita maculaverit ut dentes


dominion. Carp. — —
appareant.' Leg. Alam. in Due.
Mandible. Lat. mandibulum ; mando, Cat. magular, Sp. magullar, to bruise,
to chew, eat. mangle, contuse. Neum. — Again, with
Mandrake. Lat. mandragora, a plant the nasal intonation, Bav. mangel, a fault,
supposed to be used in magical incant- defect, bodily injury, complaint, blame
ations. In Fr. still more strangely cor- einen mengetn, einen mangel bringen,
rupted, through mandeglaire (Palsgr.), Mid.Lat. mangulare, to do one an injury.
into main de gloire.
Mane. on. m'dn, w. mwng. Johannes B. prsedictuni Bemardum de prse- —
dicto cultello percussit, quod videns prsedictus
Mange. An itching affection of the Bernardus qui per prsedictum Johannem man-
skin in dogs. Fr. dhnanger, to itch, from —
gulatus erat. Litt. remiss. A.D. 1361 in Carp.
manger, to gnaw, to eat, as Sp. comer, to
itch, from comedere, to eat. Diez. — Piedm. mangoj^, to mangle, spoil by
rough usage.
Manger. Fr. mangeoire, an eating
E. maul, to disfigure by ill-treatment,
place, from manger, Lat. manducare, to
is an expression of precisely the same
eat, originally to chew. —
See Munch.
meaning, from G. mahl, Sc. mail, E. m,ole,
Mangle. It. mangano, a tent-post,
a spot ; Sc. mail, to discolour, stain.
mill-post, upright of a crane, press for
linen manganella, a machine for casting
Indeed, it is probable that mahl and
;

great weights, a crane, lever; Fr. mmi-


mackel mayspring from different modifi-
cations of the same root.
gon7ieau, an engine whereout stones, old
Maniac. Gr. /lavia, madness juaiVo'
iron, and great arrows, were violently ;

be mad.
darted. —
Cot. Mod.Gr. /layyavov, a ma-
nai, to
Manifest. Lat. manifestus, evident,
chine to calender linen, a mangle, press ;
open to observation, that may be laid
fiayyavoTTTiyadov, a well winch or wheel,
hold of by hand. Scelus manifestum ac
instrument to draw water from a well.
G. mange, mangel, mandel, machine for

deprehensum. Cic. The signification of
-festus in the word is clear enough, al-
giving a gloss to linen, calender, mangle.
though its origin is not explained satis-
The word is commonly explained as a factorily.
corruption of Lat. machina, a machine, Manipulate. Lat. manipulus, a hand-
or mechanical device.
ful,bundle, company.
Machinas jaculatorias quas roangana et pe- Manner. It. jnaniero, from manarius,
trarias vocant. —
Will. Tyrius in Due. Quomodo
for Jtianuarius, manageable, that may be
id faciant, qua arte, quibus manganis, quibusve
instrumentis aut medicamentis. —
Due. Henschel. handled maniera, Fr. maniire, the
;

handling of a thing, way of dealing with


Mod.Gr. machination, plot, de-
vice, imposture.
iiayyiviia,
it,course of proceeding. Diez. —
To Mangle. To In Sc,
disfigure.
Manor. Mid.Lat. mansus, mansum,a.
residence, from manere, to remain, to
without the nasal, to magil, maigil.
Thare he beheld ane craell maglii face.
dwell; 'in cujus pago manet.' Leg. —
Salic. Prov. maner, OFr. inanoir, dwell-
D. V. i8i. 21.
ing-place, mansion, the dweUing-place of
Bot rede lele, and tak gud tent in tyrae
Ye nouther magil nor mismeter my lyme. the lord of a feudal estate, hence the
Ibid- 484. 30. estate itself. — Diez.
Compare magil in the last quotation with Manse. — Mansion. Lat. maneo,
mangle in the following :
mansum, to abide, wait, remain or con-
Tyndal shall have no cause to say that I deface tinue.
his gay goodly tale by mangling of his matter Mantle.
It. manto, ainmanto, a cloak
and rehearsing him by patches and pieces. Sir — Fr. mante, a covering ; jnanteau, Lat.
T. More in R. mantelum, mantellum.^ a cloak.
The origin is G. mackel, Du. maeckel, Manu-. — Manual. Lat. mnnus, the
Lat. macula, Sp. mancka, a stain, spot, hand, manualis, of or belonging to the
blemish Wall, macule, mancule, fault,
; hand.
want ; It. macola, spot, blemish macolo, ; Manure. —Manoeuvre. Fr. manou-
infection, loss, or prejudice whence ma-
; vrer (manu operare), to hold, occupy,
— —

4o8 MANY MARAUDER


possess. — Cot. Hence OE. manure, to sorry, sad. —
Cot. The term is then ap-
occupy or cultivate land, in modern times plied to what produces lamentation, viz.
' Guillaume
confined to the single operation of laying ill-usage, affliction, trouble.
on dung or substances adapted to give H. dist k I'exposant moult aiTOgamment,
fertility. Garson, t'en faut-il parler ? et se plus en
The first manured Western ile parloit gu'il le mar?iroii,' that if he said
By Cham and Japhet'srace. any more of it he would give him some-
Warner, Albion's Engl. —
thing to complain of. Litt. Remiss., A.D.
'
The commonwealth orpolicie of England 1390, in Carp.
^is governed, administered, and manured The E. 7nar is often used in the same
by three sorts of persons.' Smith, Com- — sense.
monwealth in R. For if thou knew him, out of doiite

Fr. manouvrier, an artificer, handi- Lightly thou shouldest scapen out


craftsman. — Cot. '
Ut illi coloni — non Of thy prison that marreth thee.
denegent carropera et matiopera ex anti- Chaucer, R. R.
que, consuetudine,' car work and hand The signification then passes on to the
work. —
Edict. Car. Calv. idea of disturbance, hindrance, delay, de-
Many. Goth, manags, much, managei, feat of a purpose, misleading-, bringing to
a multitude ; G. 7nancher, Fr. maint, nothing. Et ipse pacifico animo donat
'

many ; Russ. ninogii, Boh. mnohy, lUyr. illi commeatum, tantum ut ipsi et in suo
mlogi, much, numerous in the last of ;
regno vel suis fidelibus aliquod damnum
which we have perhaps the explanations aut aliquam marritionem non faciat,' pro-
of Lat. multus. Fin. moiii, Esthon. vided that he should do no damage or
monni, Lap. madde, many. mischief, should give no cause of com-
Map. Lat. mappa, a table-cloth ;
plaint to him or his subjects. Cap. Car. —
mappa-mundi, a delineation of the earth Calv. in Due. Post obitum meum
'

on a cloth. Mapa, togilla (a towel)


'
;
absque uUa marritione ad dictum monas- .

mapa etiam dicitur pictura vel forma terium firmiter pertineant,' without any
ludorum, unde dicitur Mapa mundi.' disturbance. — Goldast. ibid. ' Absque
Papias. Considerantes
'
quod ipsa pic- ulla marritione vel dilatione reddere fa-
torum varietas mendaces efficit de loco- ciant,' should pay without dispute or de-
rum varietate picturas, quas Mappam lay. —
Cap. Car. Mag. in Due. Et nemo '

mundi vulgus nominat.' Gervase of Til- — per ingenium suum vel astutiam praescrip-
bury in Due. tam legem marrire audeat vel prasva-
To Mar, The usual sense of defacing leat,' should obstruct or make the law of
or spoiling may probably be derived from none effect. Ibid. — Ut nuUus banntim
'

the figure of a person wrying his mouth, vel prasceptum Domni Imperatoris in —
making ugly faces, os distorquens, de- nuUo marrire prjesumat, neque opus ejus
pravans, deturpans. stricare vel minuere vel impedire et ut —
The knave crommeth his croppe er the cock nemo debitum suum vel censum suum
crowe, marrire ausus sit,' make difficulties about.
He momeleth ant moccheth ant marreth his
mouth. — Political Songs, Cam. Soc.
— Ibid. OHG. marrjan, gamarrjan, to
hinder, make void. Biinartez, irritum
Now it is shown under Mock and Mould fecistis (mandatum) ; farmarrit, irritum,
that the terms signifying wilful distortion sine effectu marrisal, lassio, impedimen-
;

of the face are commonly taken from the tum ; merriseli dera siaigon, impediment
muttering; or grumbling sounds of a per- of speech. Graff.— Du. merren, to ob-
son or animal in a bad temper. may We struct, delay, entangle ; merrcn-tacken,
accordingly derive the marring of the lime twigs for entangling birds.
mouth from Swab, marren, to growl The sense of going astray, losing the
angrily, as dogs or cats, to quarrel in way, is derived from the troubled state of
loud and angry tones. Hence also may one confounded with affliction. OFr.
be explained Prov. and Fr. marrir, to esmarri, afflicted, overwhelmed, troubled,
complain. Laquelle servante trouva que
'
astonished. —
Roquef It. marrire, to go
il lui defailloit une dariole et pour ce que — out of one's wits through fear or aiBaze-
elle en faisoit noise et grant marison (she ment, to miscarry as letters do, to stray.
made outcry and great lamentation), lediz
M. son frere oyant ces paroles et grans
— Fl. OFr. marrir chemin, to lose the
way Lang, mari, strayed, lost.
; AS.
marremens, &c.'— Litt Remiss., A.D. 1385, mearrian, to go astray.
in Carp. Marri, angry, fretting, discon- Marauder. Fr. maraud, a rogue,
tented, vexed at, aggrieved, afflicted. beggar, vagabond, knave ;marauder to

MARBLE MARMELADE 409


beg, play the rogue — Cot. ; marauder, Mark. i. as.mearc, a mark, sign,
marander, chercher \ escroquer, chercher boundary ; ON. merkia, to mark, perceive,
de quoi vivre marandaille, troop of
; signify.
beggars. —
Roquef. The radical image is perhaps shown in
Perhaps the latter mode of spelling Lith. merkti, to wink, to give a sign ;

may indicate the true origin, from It. me- merkimas, a wink akis mirksnis, the
;

renda, OFr. fnarande, a luncheon ; one twinkling of an eye.


who goes about looking for prog. Wa- 2. Half a pound, or eight oz. of silver.
lach. inerende, provisions for the way ; The word in this sense is equivalent to a
nierendare, a knapsack. measure or a certain amount marked off.
Marble. Lat. marmor, Fr. marbre, ON. mark, a measure of different kinds ;
Du. manner, marble ; marmelen, to mar- eight oz. of silver, 48 ells of cloth half a ;

ble or colour so as to resemble m. mar-; pot of liquids. The same connection


mel (Wall, marbeul), a marble, or little holds between Sw. tndl, a mark, and mdl,
ball of marbled clay. —Halma. a measure. So also a nail, an eighth of
JVtarch. Fr. inarcher, to tread, step, a yard, from the nails by which they are
pace, walk, to proceed. It. marciare, to marked in a yard measure.
march. When the important part of an Market. Merchant. — Lat. mercari,
army consisted of horsemen the most to traffic ; market ; ON.
m.ercattis, trade,
obvious way of expressiijg the movement markadr, market.
of troops would be by a term equivalent —
To Marl. Marline.— To Moor. To
to OFr. chevaucher (from cheval), to ride marl, to ravel as silk. —Hal. Marlyd or
on horseback. Thus we should identify snarlyd, illaqueatus, innodatus. Pr. Pm. —
marcher with Manx markee, to ride, from The use of mar in the sense of trouble,
Bret, marc'h, a horse. But Diez asserts disturb, hinder, has been already explain-
that the word is not an old one (a point ed. The signification then passes on to
on which it is mostly difficult to speak the idea of delaying, entangling, binding.
with confidence), and therefore cannot Du. marren-vlichte, entangled locks, ca-
come from a Celtic source, and he quotes pilli pedibus pullorum gallinaceorum
from Rutebauf the expression 'aller de involuti, quibus pullorum gressus impe-
marche en marche^ to wander from bound- diri solet. —
Kil. Marren-tacken, mistle-
ary to boundary, as suggesting a probable toe, from whence lime is made to entangle
origin of the word. birds. Marren, meeren, to delay mar- ;

Marches. The borders of a country. ren, maren, to bind. Kil. —


OSax. 7ner-
Fr. marche, boundary. AS. mearc, a rian, Fris. meria, to hinder, to delay ;

mark, sign, boundary, limit. Goth. mere, bands, fetters. Richthofen. —


Du.
marka, border gamarko, confines.
;
marren, or meeren, is especially used in
Mare. i. w. march, OHG. marah, nautical language in the sense of Fr.
marh, AS. mearh, on. marr, a horse ;
amarrer, or E. moor, to bind the ship to
OHG. meriha, merha, AS. mcEre, myre, Du. the shore meertouw, a cable.
; In a
merrie, P1.D. mare, a mare. somewhat different application Du. mar-
2. Nightmare, on. mara, Da. mare, len (for marrelen), to marl, or fasten the
marerid, G. mahr, Pl.D. maar, moor, Du. sail to the bolt-rope, whence 7neerling,
nagt-merrie, Fr. godemare, cauchemar, marlyn, e. marline, line of
Fr.. merlin,
the nightmare. ON, mara trad hann, the untwisted hemp
tarred used in that oper-
nightmare oppressed him. Moni-eldr ation. Fr. amarrer also is used not only
(ghost Will-o'-the-wisp. Pol. mara,
fire), in the sense of mooring, but of marling;
vision,dream, nightmare. Wygli^da jak amarrer, renforcer les manoeuvres d'un
mara, he looks like a ghost. Albanian vaisseau ; marl-reep, cordes de merlin
morea. Boh. mura, incubus ; mury, pour amarrer les voiles aux vergues.
ghosts, leinures nocturni. Diet, du P. Marin.
Margin. Lat. margo, -inis, a brink or Marl. From Du. margh, marrow, is
brim. formed m.arghelen, to fatten land, to make
Marigold. Du. goud, gold goud-
;
it more productive, to which effect it was

hloeme, yellow marigold goud-wortel,


;
formerly common to spread over it a cal-
chelidonium majus, a plant with deep careous earth, thence called marghel,
yellow juice. Fr. goiide, w. gold, gold- marl, terra adeps sive medulla. Kil. —
mair, Gael, lus Mairi (Mary's plant), Marmelade. A confection, originally
marigold. of quinces Ptg. marmelada, from mar-
;


Marine. Maritime. Lat. mare, Goth. melo, a quince, and that from Mid.Lat.
marei, ON. marr, v/. mdr, the sea. malomellum, melimelum, Gr. \iiKi^r\Kov
— —;;

4IO MARMOSET MARSHAL


(liiXi, honey, fiijUv, apple), a sweet apple. nify to exercise border right, to do oneself
Marmoset. A monkey, from his chat- right in a border-quarrel by seizing the
tering cry. Bret, marmmiz, Fr. marmot, property or the persons of countrymen
marmoset, a monkey ; martnotter, to of the wrong-doer- Lesquels habitans
'

mutter. Sp. marmotear, to jabber. n'ayant voulu tenir et payer ledit accord,
Marmot. It. marinotta, marmontana, le prestre s'en retourna aux Anglois et fit
OHG. muremunti, murmenti, Swiss mur- marquer, piller et
par iceulx Anglois
met, murmentU. Diez approves of the bonnes gens de
prendre prisonniers les
derivation from mus tnontamts, but the laditte paroisse.' Litt. Remiss. A. D. 1389 —
G. murmel-thier doubtless points out the in Carp.
'
Bernardus nobis supplicavit
true derivation in Fr. marmotter, to mut- ut nos sibi licentiam tnarcandi homines
ter. —
Adelung. Another Swiss name of et subditos de regno Portugallias et bona
the marmot is mungg, munk, from mung- eorum per terram et marem ubicunque
gen, munken, to mutter. eos et bona eorum invenire possit con-
Maroon, i. A negro escaped to the cederemus, quousque de sibi ablatis in-
woods. Sp. simaron, Ptg. cimarrao (in tegram habuisset restitutionem.' — Lit. Ed.
America and the W. Indies), of men or iii. A.D. 1295, in Rymer ii. 69.
animals that have taken to the woods and The autiiority for exercising this right
run wild. Perhaps from sima, a cave, as of reprisal was called letters of Marque,
taking refuge in caves. The fugitive ne- sometimes corruptly written Mart, as if
groes are mentioned under the name of giving a market for the disposal of prizes
Symarons in Hawkins' Voyage, \ 68, taken from the enemy.
where they are said to be settled near There was a iish taken,
Panama. A monstrous fish with a sword by his side
I was in the Spanish service some twenty years
And letters of mart in's mouth from the Duke of
ago in the interior of Cuba, and vegro cimarrdn,
Florence. —B. and F., Wife for a Month.
or briefly cimarrdn, was then an every-day phrase Marquess. —Marchioness. Fr. mar-
for fugitive or outlawed negroes hidden in the quis. marchese, G. markgraf, origin-

woods and mountains. N. & Q. Jan. 27. 1866. ally,
It.
count of the marches or border terri-
2. The colour of a chestnut, Fr. m,ar- tories.
ron. Marram. The bents and grass that
Marque —Iietters Mid.Lat. mar-
of. grow in the sea-sand and bind it together.
cha, Fr. marque, is commonly explained N. maralm, for mar-halm, ON. mar-halmr,
as an authority given by a prince to any sea-grass, zostera, &c. Halmr, straw,
of his subjects, who have been wronged haulm.
by those of a neighbouring sovereign, and Marrow, i. ON. Jiiergr, Dan. marg,
have not been able to obtain justice at marv, Du. margh, mergh, G. mark. Per-
his hands, to pass the marches or bound- haps from its tender friable structure. E.
aries of his states and do themselves right dial, merowe, delicate RS. meant, merwe, ;

upon any of his subjects or their property. Pl.D. moer, Du. m^irw, Fr. mur, tender,
But probably this is not the exact mode soft, delicate ON. mbr, fat, lard, tallow ; ;

in which the expression is connected with meria, viardi, to bruise, pound N. maren, ;

the notion of marches or borders. Marca decayed ; mama, to decay.


or marchatio seems to have been an ellip- 2. A mate, companion, fellow ; a rogue.
tical expression for a borderer's quarrel, —B.
in which sense the latter term is used in Marry. Properly of women, to join to
a letter of James of Aragon to Philip le a husband, Fr. tiiari, Lat. maritus.
Bel, A.D. i3icJf Cupientes attamen, ut
'
Marry 1 ' Marry [oath], per Mariam.'
semper fecimus, evitare pro posse, ne Coles.
inter nostros et vestros subditos, marcha- Marsh. Fr. mare, a pool, pond, stand-
tiones quse scandali ac dissentionis pos- ing water marais, OE. mareis, a marsh
;

sent materiam suscitare, aliquatenus ori- Du. maerasch, moerasch, marsh ; It. ma-
rentur.' —
Carp. By a similar ellipse mar- rese, maresco, any moorish or fenny place
care seems to be taken for the right of maroso, fenny, full of bogs, puddles,
pasturing in a conterminous forest. Scien- '
plashes, or rotten waters. Omnis con-
dum quod nemore de Lantagio non gregatio aquarum, sive salsae sint, sive
in

poterunt dicti fratres marcare' Carp. dulces, abusive maria nuncupantur.
Marchagium or droit de marchage in Isidore in Diez. E. mere, a piece of
Auvergne was the right of pasturage in water. See Moor, 2.'
the opposite marches. Marcare or mar- Marshal. Mid.Lat. marescalcus, the
chiare then may easily have come to sig- master of the horse, from OG. mahre, a
—;

MARSUPIAL MASK 411


horse, and schalk, a a word mask and ghost are so frequently desig-
servant,
which in later times has, hke its synonym nated by the same word. Lat. larva, a
knave, come to be used in an opprobrious mask, also a ghost or noxious spirit G. ;

sense. Remains of the ancient significa- mumme, a mask, mummel, a bugbear;


tion are preserved in Fr. marechal, a Bav. butz, a mask, a bugbear ovi.grima, ;

blacksmith, shoer of horses. a mask, as. grima, a witch, or female


The marshal was the officer under exercising supernatural powers of evil
whose cognizance fell everything pertain- analogous to those attributed to ghosts.
ing to the use of arms, the reguiation of In the same way the word mask was used
tournaments, &c. Hence to marshal, to to signify a hideous covering for the face,
place in order. See Constable. and also a ghost or witch. Ugutio in the
Marsupial. Gr. ixapain-tov, a small I2th century explains mascha, simula-
bag. crum quod terret, quod vulgo dicitur
Mart. Contracted from market. Swiss mascarel, quod opponitur faciei ad ter-
m.archt, mart, market marten, to traffic. rendos parvos. Gervase of Tilbury gives
;

Martial. Lat. Mars, the god of war, the name to a bugbear or object of nightly
war itself. terror. Lamias, quas vulgo mascas, aut
'


Martin. Martlet. Several kinds of in Gallic^, lingui strias, physici dicunt
bird are named after St Martin. Fr. nocturnas esse imagines quK ex grossitie
martin-phheiir, a kingfisher oiseau de humorum animas dormientium perturbant
;

St Martin, the ringtail, a kind of hawk et pondus faciunt.'


;
Due. In the Lom- —
martinet, Piedm. martlet, a swift (Lat. bard laws Lat. striga, a witch, is ex-
apus), a bird with very small feet, whence plained by the word masca, and at the
martlet, in heraldry, a bird represented present day we have Lang, masc, a sor-
without feet. E. martin is applied to the cerer masco, a witch, a hag ; Piedm. ;

swallowkind in general. The same con- masche, ghosts masca, a witch mas- ; ;

version of n to as in martlet, is seen in


/, caria, incantations, magic. With the
Martlemas for Martinmas, the feast of latter term must be classed OHG. mas-
St Martin. crunc, fascinatio. —
Schm. Piedm. mas-
Martyr. Gr. /laprvp, a witness. cra, Sp. mascara. It. maschera, a mask.
Marvel. Fr. merveille, It. inaraviglia, The syllable masc in the foregoing
from Lat. mirabilia, wonderful tjiings. forms is probably identical with the root
Diez. of Gr. jiadKaiviii, Lat. fascino, to bewitch,
Masculine. Lat. masculinus j mas, and possibly with Arab, maskh, changing
a male. into a deformed shape, especially men
To Mash.. Lat. masticare, Sp., Ptg. into animals (Catafogo), a most dreaded
masticar, mascar, Prov. mastegar, masch- exercise of the sorcerer's power as well in
ar, machar, Fr. mascher, mdcher, to chew the East as in Greece and Rome. If
Lim. motsa, to pound, crush, bruise, mince we look for the origin of so deeply-rooted
Wall, machi, mahi, to mix Walach. Jnes- ; a form we may suspect that it took its
tecd, to chew, to mix; Lang, maca, rise in the simplest way of making an
machuga, to bruise, to chew ; Swab, mot- object of terror, by daubmg the face with
zen, to dablile in water Bav. mdrtschen,
; soot. Du. maeschen, maschelen, masch'
matschen, to quash, mash (potatoes, fruit, eren, to smut, stain, daub Lang, mas- ;

&c.) ;maischen, G. meischen, to stir the cara, Fr. machurer, Swiss Rom. jnatzura,
malt in hot water; Bav. maisch-boUg, matschera, to smut or daub with soot.
mash-tub Sw. mdska, to mash for beer
;
Walach. inaskara, disgrace (blot), igno-
;

Gael, measg, to mix, stir; masg, to mix, miny. Pol. mazgad, to daub, soil mas- ;

infuse, steep, as malt or tea; Sc. to mask zkara, hideous face, monster, scarecrow.
the tea. Lat. miscere. It. mesciare, mes- The same connection is seen between
cere, to mix, mesh. Fl. —Fr. macquer, to E. grime, to blacken or dirty, Sw. dial.
bruise hemp, break up the stalk It. mac- grima, a spot of soot on the face, and
;

care, smaccare, to bruise, squeeze, mash ON. grima, a mask, Cleveland grim, a
Prov. macar, machar, to bruise, batter, death's-head on a gravestone, church-
shatter. grim, Sw. kirkjugrim, a church ghost.
Mask. The origin of a mask seems to AS. grima, a witch.
be the nurse covering her face, as in the The use of masks in festive entertain-
game of bo-peep, to frighten the infant. ments seems to have led to some inter-
The hidden object of terror behind the change on the shores of the Mediter-
mask or screen gives rise to the notion of ranean between the foregoing maschera,
a ghost or bugbear, and hence it is that mascara, and Arab, maskhara (from sak-
412 MASLIN MASSACRE
hira, to deride, make a jest of), jest, allowed to remain was called the missa
sport, also a jester, buffoon, story-teller ; catecumenoru^n, while the missa fidelium
tamaskkara, to laugh at, to jest, also to included the main part of the service in
mask oneself, whence motamaskhir, a which the sacrifice of the Mass was cele-
mask or masked person maskhara, a brated.
;


mask. Dozy, Mahn. Mod.Gr. iiaaxapae, 2. Lat. massa (properly dough), a lump,

Slovak inasskara, a jester. Bosniac mask- mass Or. iidmru, to knead ;Mod.Gr. ;

ara, a jest, laughable matter. fidcTffw, fiasi^tx}, fia<Tov\ii^u}, to chew, eat,


Maslin. —Mastlin. A mixture of differ- mumble ; Lith. maiszyti, to mix, stir,
ent kinds, as wheat and rye brass, as ;
work dough. See Mash.
composed of copper and zinc. The im- Massacre. Commonly derived from
mediate origin is OFr. inestillon (still in OFr. macelier, maceclier, macecrier, a
use in Champagne), other forms of butcher (Lat. macelhis, meat-market, ma-
which are mesteil, and the modern vi^teil, cellarius, meat-seller) to slaughter with
;

messling or masslin, wheat and rye as little compunction as a buteher his



mingled. Cot. From It. mescolare, to sheep,and this supposition would seem
mix, with the change (very common in tobe corroborated by the form massader,
It.) oi sc into st. used by Monstrelet when speaking of the
Mason. Fr. ma^on, Prov. massS, OHG. massacre of the Duke of Orleans in 1407.
meizo, mezo, stcinmezo, G. steininetz. Mid. 'En outre Ik le retournferent et si trfes ter-
Lat. matio, machio, mason. From OHG. riblement le maschaclirent qu'il fut pre-
iiieizan, Goth, inaitan, to cut, whence sentement mort trfes piteusement.'
mezaras, mezzisahs (G. messer), a knife ;
And if Fr. massacrer were only used in
meizil (G. meissel, a chisel), steinmezil, a the sense of the E. word there would be
stone-cutter. little doubt in the case. But inassacrer
Mass. I. Fr. messe, It. messa, Sp. is also applied in the sense of bungle,
inisa, the sacrifice of themass, or Catho- make bad work, and it seems pretty cer-
lic celebration of the Lord's Supper. The tain that this signification is taken from
derivation from It. messa, Fr. mes, a the figure of mumbling, inefficient chew-
course or service of dishes at table, Sp. ing. Thus we have Venet. mastegare, to
mesa, table, fare, entertainment, would chew mastegare le parole, to mumble in
;

correspond more to the Protestant than speaking mastegare, also, to hack, hag-
;

the Catholic feeling of the service. gle, cut with a blunt instrument maste- ;

The origin of the word seems certainly gare un lavoro, as Fr. massacrer une be-
Lat. missa for missio, dismission, as re- sogne, to bungle or spoil a piece of work.
inissa for remissio, confessa for confessio, So It. biasciare, to mumble, biasciare un
and other similar instances cited by Du- lavoro, to bungle.
cange. '
Is qui —
priusquam psalmus Again, with more or less corruption,
caeptus finiatur ad orationem non occur- Lang, mastriga, to chew Piedm. mas- ;

rerit,ulterius oratorium introire non audet, trojd, to mumble, chew with toothless
nee semetipsum admiscere psallentibus, gums, also (like the equivalent Lang.
sed congregationis missam stans pro fori- mastroulia, as well as Castrais mastega,

bus prjestolatur, &c.' Cassianus in Due. mastinga, Milan, mastijia, Prov. mastri-
Hence the words at the end of the service, nar, mastrignar, Milan, mastrugnar) to
Ite missa est, you are discharged. In fumble, spoil by handling, crumple. In
'

ecclesiis, palatiisque sive prastoriis, missa another series of forms the t of the root
fieri pronuntiatur cum populus ab observ- masticare is exchanged for a c. Lat. max-
atione dimittitur.' —
Avitus Viennensis, illa. It. mascilla, the jaw Cat. maxiiia, ;

ibid. The reason why this name was the tooth of an animal, Sp. mascar, OFr.
specially given to the sacrifice of the mass mascher, Castr. maxa (which must not be
was that that service commenced with supposed to be contracted from masti-
the dismission of the catechumens after care), to chew Castr. maxega, Fr. ma- ;

so much of the service as they were al- chonner, to mumble, Milan, manschiugnd,
lowed to attend. Missa tempore sacri- to fumble, Lang, mascagna, to hack or
'

ficii est quando catecumini foras mittun- disfigure meat in carving, whence It.
tur, clamante Levita (the deacon). Si quis scannare, to massacre, murder. Now
catecuminus remansit exeat foras et the same insertion of the r which we have
;

inde Missa, quia sacramentis altaris in- seen in Venet. mastegar, Lang, mastriga,
teresse non possunt quia nondum regene- to chew Milan, mastinar, Prov. mastri-
rati sunt.' — Papias. The part of the nar, to
;

mumble, fumble, would convert


service at which the catechumens were Castr. maxega (pronounced maschegd)
; ;

MAST MATE 413


into maxegra, Fr. mascliacrer, mascliader, flower of the snowball tree, knot in wool
the primitive meaning of which when or cotton, tow.
used in the sense of slaughter would thus, Match. I. —
Make. as. maca,gemaca,
like that of Lang, mascagiia, be to hack geincEcca, a companion, mate, match
or disfigure with wounds, a sense which macalic, fit, meet ON. maki, a spouse,
;

it plainly bears in the quotation from an equal N. makje, a mate, especially of


;

Monstrelet. birds, one of a pair, as shoes, &c., the like


Mast. I. ON. mastr, G. mast. It. of anything. Probably one of the same
masto, mastro, Fr. mAt, the mast of a make or mould. N.E. make, or mack,
ship. kind, sort inanmak, mankind.
; The
2. The fruit of oaksor beeches used for same corruption of the sound of the k as
fattening hogs. Du. mesten, to feed, in make, match, is found in Fris. meitsen,
fatten, stuff; mest-dicr, a fed beast ;
meitsjen, to make.
mest-voeder, fattening food G. mast, the ;
* 2. Fr. meiche, the wick or snuff of a
fattening of animals, the season or food candle, match of a lamp, harquebuss,
for fattening 7ndsten, to fatten.
; &c. ; tent for a wound. —
Cot. Also
Possibly mast may be a modification mhhe de cheveux, a. lock of hair. Ptg.
of the root pasc in Lat. pascor, to feed, mecha, gunner's match, match to light a
pastus, food vescor, to eat.
; w. pasg, candle, wick, tent. It. miccio, miccp,
feeding, fattening pasg dwrch, a mast-
; match, wick. From Gr. \ivla, the snuff
hog or fatted hog bod yn mhasg, to be
; or snivel of the nose, which in Mid. Lat.
in feeding, to be fed in a stall. myxa, myxus, inixzis, acquired the sense
Master. Lat. magister. It. maestro, of the wick of a lamp or candle. Myxiaii
'

mastro, Fr. maistre, inaitre. —


ex stuppi amianthi.' Due. Lang, mecha
Mastic. Sp. almastiga, Arab, mas- (Grandg.), Castrais meco, mucus of the
taka, Gr. fiauHxri, mastic, from itaarixai^, nose, wick of a lamp or candle ; Lang.
to chew, from the habit of chewing mas- mecheiro, beak of a lamp, part that sup-
tic- —
F. Newman. ports the wick. The analogy between
Masticate. Lat. masticare. See the snuff of a candle and of the nose has
Massacre. been widely felt. Comp. It. mocco, moc-
Mastiff. The Fr. must once have had cio, snivel, snuff or end of a candle, tip of
the form inastif, from whence the E. name the nose. Fr. moitcher, to snuff a candle,
is taken, as well as the old masty, which to blow one's nose. Piedm. moch, snuff
is our usual way of rendering the Fr. ad- of candle, wick. In classic Gr. /uu^a was
jectival termination 2^ as in jolly from the applied to the nozzle of a lamp. From
old. jo lifJ- resty from restif. '
If a mas tie the wick of a lamp the designation was
had bit me or an asse given me a blow.' transferred to similar bundles of fibrous
— Primaudaye, Fr. Acad, by T. B. C. matter, as a lock of hair, tent of a wound.
1589. A masty dog— Hobson's Jests Mate. I. ON. mdti, tequalis, sodalis,
masty cur— Du. Bartas in Hal.
;

Fr. Du. tnaet, medmaet, maetken, comrade,


m.atin. It. mastino, are formed with a dif- fellow, mate. We
have at first little hesi-
ferent termination. The meaning seems tation in identifying the word with OHG.
to be a large dog. Venet. mastino, large- gamazi, gimazzi, conviva, one who takes
limbed, solid, strong ; E. dial, masty, very food with one, from maz, ON. matr, food,
large and big, doubtless from G. masten as companion from panis, bread a deri- ;

{to mastyn beestys Pr. Pm.), — to fatten. vation which seems corroborated by N.
Swiss mastig, fat, obese. Schmidt. Idiot. — matlag, a company at table, convivial
Bern, in D. Mundart. Mestyf, hogge or party ; ON. motunajttr, companion at
swyne (mast-hog), majalis. Mestyf, table. But the short a in ON. matr, meat,
hownde, Spartanus. Pr. Pm. — compared with the accented & in mdti,
Mat. Lat. matta (in plaustro scirpea mate, leads us to connect the latter with
matta fuit —
Ov.), Pol. mata, Fr. natte, G. mdti, Du. m.aetr, oUG. mdza, measure;
matte. Properly, a bunch or tuft of rushes whence gamazi, asqualis, G. gemdss, con-
or the like. Sp. mata, a bush, thicket, formable, suitable, meet. Thus mate and
lock of matted hair Pol. mot, moiek, a
; meet would be essentially identical, and
skein ; motac', to embroil, entangle ; It. in effect e. help-mate and help-meet are
matassa, a skein of yarn, a lock of hair or often confounded. In the sense of one of
wool Fr. motte, g. lump, clod mattes,
; ; a pair, however, mate is probably a cor-
curds mattele, clotted, curdled, knotty
; ruption of the obsolete mcike. See Match.
•del m(}.ttond, a curdled sky, covered with The term mate, in the sense of com-
fleecy clouds ; Wall, maton, clot of milk, panion, fellow, is much used among sail-
;

414 MATERIAL MAUNDY


ors in addressing each other, whence grubbing-axe Serv. motika, a hoe Gael. ; ;

probably the appHcation of Du. maete, madog, a pick-axe.


inaetken (remex Kil.), to — a common Mattress. It. materazzo, Fr. materas,
sailor, one of the crew, the origin of Fr. matelas, Sp. almadraqiie, Arab, almd-
jnatelot (for materot), G. matrose, a sailor. trah, a quilted cushion, mattress. Diez. —
In our service mate is used in the sense of But perhaps we need not seek a foreign
assistant cook's mate, boatswaMs-mate.
; origin, and the meaning of the word may
2. Check-mate, at chess, from Pers. be a collection of flocks Sp. mata, a ;

schach mat, the king is dead. Diez. —


lock of matted hair ; It. matassa, a flock
3. Downcast, subdued, faint of hair or wool w. mat, a mat, mattress. ;

Him thoughte that his herte wolde all to breke Mature. Lat. inaturus, ripe, ready.
When he saw him so pitous and so fnate, Maudlin. Given to crying, as the Mag-
That whilom weren of so gret estate. dalene is commonly represented. Hence
Knight's Tale. crying or sentimentally drunk, half drunk.
Which sory words her mighty hart did Ttiate. Maugre. Fr. malgrd, in spite of,
F.Q. against the will of mal, ill, and grd, will,
;

Fr. mat, faded, quelled, subdued Sp. ; pleasure. See Agree.


mate, unpolished, faded matar, to ; To Maul. To disfigure by ill usage,
quench, extinguish, kill, to slack lime ;
from ON. mdl, G. mahl, a mark, stain,
Du. mat, exhausted, broken with labour, blot, in the same way that mangle is from
overcome ; G. matt, feeble, faint, insipid, Lat. jnacula. Wall, macule, mancule, a
dull, flat. Ein mattes licht, a faint light. spot, defect. To i^awl in Lincolnsh. is
Das bier schmeckt matt, tastes flat. Gael. to dirty, to cover with dirt. Somersetsh.
ineat, feeble, soft, faint-hearted. Pol. mattles, the measles. —
Hal. See Mole.
mat, pale in colour, dim. See Amate. Maulstick. A painter's stick. G.
Material. — Matter. Lat. materies, mahlen, to paint.
materia, stuff of which anything is made. Maund. Fr. mande, manne, a maund,
Maternal. — Matrimony. — Matron. open basket, pannier having handles
mother matrona (re-
Lat. 7nater, -tris, a ; banne, a hamper or great basket benne, ;

spectfully), married woman, a wife.


a a basket, great sack for corn or coals,
Hence maternal, belonging to a mother ;
bin. NFris. mdujnn, a turf or wood chest.
matrimofiy, motherhood, the marriage Perhaps from. W. mawn, turf
state. To Maunder. To mutter, grumble,
Mathematics. Gr. /laBrniartKbc; /id- to wander in wander about
talking, to
Briiia, a study, system of teaching, from thoughtfully. — Hal.
Eav. maudern, to
liavBdvw, to learn. murmur, mutter, be out of temper E. ;

Matins. Lat. m.atutinus, in the morn- dial, mautidring, grumbling. Sc. mant',
ing, early ; Fi'. matin, morning. maunt, to mutter, stutter Gael, mann-
;

To Matriculate. To register a
student dach, manntach, lisping, stuttering.
at the university. Lat. matrix, matricida, Maundy. The ceremony of washing
a list or catalogue ; matricula pauperum, the feet of poor persons, performed in
the list of poor receiving relief, whence imitation of our Lord at the institution of
matricularltis, Fr. marregUer, marguil- the Last Supper, when after supper he
lier, the person keeping such a list, over- washed his disciples' feet, saying, Man- '

seer of the poor, or churchwarden. datum novum do vobis, &c.' Hence the
Matter. In the sense of pus from a officeappointed to be read during the
sore it would seem to be an ellipse for ceremony was called mandatum, or in Fr.
miitlire ptcrulente, an expression of the mand^. Et post capitulum ab omni con-
same kind with matlire fecale, ordure, ventu mandatum pauperum sicut in
excrement. ' On dit qu'une plaie jette de —
Cssna Domini peragitur. Orderic. Vit.
la matiire quand elle suppure.' Trevoux. — in Due. Et per totius anni spatium
The ellipse is widely spread, Gr. SXij, unaquaque die tribus peregrinis hospiti-
matter, substance, being used in Mod. bus manus et pedes abluimus, panem
Gr. in the same sense of matter or pus ; cum —
vino offerimus. Petrus Cluniacus.
Sp. Jtiateria, Du. materie, pus. ibid. This was what was understood by
A singular coincidence of sound is seen the phrase mandatum trium pauperum.
in Fr. maturer, to ripen, mature, also to The mode of keeping the maundye is
matter, to suppure ; maturation, sup- succinctly described in the Life of St
puring, growing to a head^ resolving into Louis. En chascun juesdi assolu li rois^
matter. —Cot. lavoit les piez h, treize poures —
et donoit'
Mattock. Lith. matlkkas, matlkka, a a chascun d'eus quarante deniers,et apres
— • — —

MAUSOLEUM MAYHEM 415


il les servoit en sa personne k table ;^-et faint taste of things beginning to decay
auscnns de ses chapelains disoient Foffice and breed worms.
du mandd endementiferes que il lavoit les Mawmet. The hatred of Mahometan-
piez as poures. —Roquef. ism produced by the crusades made the
religion of the Saracens be regarded as
Here the monks their maundie make with sundrie
solemne rights the type of idolatry, whence Fr. mahom-
And signs of great humilitie met, an idol. —
Roqugf. m^humerie, idol- ;

Each one the other's feet doth wash. atry, idolatrous temple. Ont parld en- '

Naogergus Popish Kingdom in Todd. cuntre le autel de Bethel e encuntre les


mahtimeries de la contrde de Bethel.'
In England the memory of the Maundy
Livre des Rois. The name of Mahomet
is kept up by the distribution of small
silver coins calledmaundy money by the was better preserved in E. maumetry,
royal almoner on Holy or Maundy Thurs-
idolatry mawmed, mamet, mawment, an
;

day. The writers of the time of the Re- idol. Mawment, ydolum, simulacrum.
formation frequently gave the name of
Pr. Pm.
maundye to the sacrament of the Last A temple heo foude faire y now, and a mawmed
Supper itself. amidde
Mausoleum. Gr. Mavo-oXelov, the fa- That ofte tolde wonder gret, and what thing
mous tomb of King Mausolus. men betide. —R. Gloucester.

Mauther. Modder. A girl. ' You
The sinne of maumetrie is the first that
talk like a foolish mauther.' B. Jonson. — '

God defended in the ten commandments.'


Commonly contracted to inau'r. Forby. — —Parson's Tale. In process of time the
Moder, servaunte or wenche. Pr. Pm. — word was confounded with m.atnm£t, a
Probably one of those cases in which the puppet, originally a doll.
name of woman is taken from the womb,
or distinctive feature of a woman. G.

Maxim. Maxim.um. Lat. maximus,
greatest ; maxima sententia, the weightiest
barmutter, OHG. muater, Du. moeder, the
womb. The mother or womb, matrice. — sentiment. A
maxim is a principle of
the highest authority.
Sherwood. Chaucer uses moder for the
matrix of an astrolabe, Lith. motere, a
May. Might. — Goth, magan, ON.
mega, Sw. md, to be able Goth, mahts, ;
woman, a wife. G. macht, Swiss miiclit, Boh. moc, might,
Compare Bav. fud, feminal, also a wo- power mohu, niocy, to be able Russ.
man fodel, a girl, a daughter. Schm.
;
— ;

mogn, mocK, as Lat. valeo, to be able, to


;

It. mozza, a girl, is also used in the other


be of health ; mogucK, strong, mogutd.,
sense.
bodily strength ; Lith. moketi, to be able,
Maw. Du. inaag, G. magen, ohg. to understand. Some of the G. uses of
mago, stomach Esthon. maggo, sto-
; the word look as if the primitive mean-
mach, also taste Fin. mako, stomach,
;
ing were a capacity to stomach or use as
maku, taste. The stomach is the organ food. Wein magich
nicht, I cannot take
to which the faculty of taste is subservient. wine, itdoes not agree with me. Graben
G. m.6gen, to stomach, to relish. Du. mag ich nicht, I cannot dig. Du. mog-
moghe, appetite moghen eenighe spijse,
; hen ee7iighe spijse, to relish any food, to
to relish any food moghelick eten, to eat
; like it, to be willing, to be permitted ;

with appetite moghelicke spijse, appe- moghe, appetite, also power.


; similar A
tising food. —
Kil. Esthon. maggus, Fin. train of thought is seen in Esthon. koht,
makia, sweet, well-tasting. belly, maw, and kohtma, to be able.
The origin may be the smacking of the Mayhem. To Maim. To maim (cor- —
tongue and palate in the enjoyment of ruptly for mairi), to disable by wounds.
food. Du. smakken, to make a noise in Maytn or hurte, mutilacio. Mankyn or
eating. In Fris. macke, to kiss, the sound maynyn, mutilo. Mankyd or maymyd
of a smack is represented without an mutilatus. Pr. Pm. Sc. mangyie, man- —
initial s, as in the Finnish forms maiskia, yie, menyie, defect, fault, maim, hurt.
to smack the lips, maiskis, a smack with Wal. mihaim, defect, blemish, inconve-
the lips, kiss appetising morsel ; maisto, nience.
; Li 7tiihain d' I'afaire, c'est ki '

taste. the mischief of the thing is .' It. ma~



Mawk. Mawkish. ON. mactkr, Sw. gagna, blemish, vice, defect, putrefaction
matk, mask, N. makk, a worm, grub ;
magagnare, to spoil, taint, vitiate,
in fruit,
Yorksh. mawk, a maggot, a whim or rot (AltierQ Prov. magagnar, magan-

;

fancy. As white as a mawk. Whitby har, magaynar, OFr. 'mahaigner, me-


Gl. Hence mawkish, insipid, with the haigner. Mid. Lat. mahannare, to wound,

; — ;

4i6 MAYOR MAZER


disable. Bret, mac'han, mutilated, mu- mazle, to wander as if stupefied. — Hal.
tilation ; mac'hana, to maim. to mazzle, to trifle, loiter, do anything
The foregoing can hardly be distinct unskilfully. —
Craven. Gl.
from ON. inein, injury, hurt, trouble, fault, Some neither walks nor sleeps, but mazing sian&s.
hindrance. Da. meen, defect, blemish, Hudson's DuBartas.
hurt ; nieenWs, innocent, unblemished ; To amaze, to make one maze, to stupefy.
meenslaae, to cripple, disable by blows ; A maze a network of paths contrived
is
meenlydt, disabled, crippled OHG. mord ; to perplex those who enter it, and hinder
und main, slaughter and destruction. their finding the way out.
Schmeller. The interchange of zzl and ddl, as in
The image seems to be indi- fuzzle, fuddle, identifies mazle or maszle
radical
cated by w. man, menyn, spot, speck. with Swiss 7nadelH, to mutter maddeleit, ;

Compare W. Mair wyry heb fann, Mary to tattle, and E. maddle, to rave, talk con-
maid without spot (Richards), with OHG. fusedly, wander in thought, miss one's
dhiu unmeina magad, the unspotted maid. way. Ye masen, says May to January
The original root, however, must have when she wishes to persuade him that
ended in the guttural which closes the his eyesight deceived him, that his wits
first syllable of It. magagna and its equiv- were madding.
alents, and may perhaps be traced in Sp. Mazer. A broad standing cup or
Prov. macar, It. maccare, to bruise, to drinking-bowl. B. The proper mean- —
batter Sp. maca, a bruise in fruit, spot, ing of the word is wood of a spotted or
;

stain ;It. macca, a print, freckle, or mark speckled grain, from OHG. m&sen, a spot,
as of some bruise, also
spoil or havoc. scar; masa, c[c3.trlx; dlaller-masen, poc\i-
Fl. The nasalisationof the root gives marks. —Schmeller. Du. maese, spot,
Sp. mancha, stain, blot, defect It., Sp. ; stain, mark maeser, maser, Bav. maser,
;

maiico, defective, maimed, imperfect Fr. ;


bruscus, a knotted excrescence on the
manchot, one-handed, wanting a limb ; boles of different kinds of trees which
manqjier, to want Du. manck, maimed,
; furnishes wood of an ornamental grain
lame mancken, to limp, fail, want OE.
; ; for turners, cabinet-makers, and others.
manked, maimed. From the same root, G. maserle, maserbirke, alder or birch
with the addition of a different termina- furnishing wood of such a nature. Du.
tion, Lat. maatla, G. mackel, a spot, stain maes-hout, maeseren-hozU, OHG. mazaltra,
Sc. to magil, to disfigure, and with the mazeldera (G. massholder), maple, from
nasal, G. mangel, want, defect, E. mangle, the speckled grain of the wood. Fr.
to disfigure. madre, a thick-streaked grain in wood ;
Mayor. OFr. inaieur, maeur, maier, madrer, the grain of wood to be full of
the chief magistrate of a town, from Lat. crooked and speckled streaks. Cot. —
major, greater. Mid.Lat. major damns, '
Venderres de hanas de fust et de madre,
the officer in charge of the household ; —
de auges et de toute autre fustaille.'
major equorum, the master of the horse, Registre de Metiers, 112, Docum. Inedits.
officer in charge of the royal stable ; Here we see cups of ordinary wood (fust)
major monasta-ii, chief of a monastery, distinguished from those of maser (madre)
abbot. The majores villa were persons or wood of speckled grain, but both in-
placed over the other inhabitants to ad- cluded under the name of fustaille or
minister the concerns of the township in wood-work. In a deed of the Count of
the name of the lord, analogous to the Autun, Et anapo corneo magno cum
'

Starost of a Russian village. Ut Pres- '


illo de mazaro.' —
Due. In an account of
byter! curas seculares nuUatenus exer- the royal sideboard, a.D. 1350, we find
ceant id est, ut neque Judices neque
; mazer and cedar-wood used for the han-
Majores villarum fiant.' Nequaquam '
dles of knives. 'Deux paires de couteaux
de-potentioribus hominibus Majores fiant,
sed de mediocribus qui fideles sunt.'

a tranchier I'une paire a manches de
cedre garnis de viroUes et de tinglettes
Capit. Car. Mag. in Due. The mayors —
d'argent dordes et I'autre paire a man-
of the communes in France fill a similar ches de madre semblables.' But the chief
place at the present day. use of the material being for drinking
Maze. Incoherent, senseless chatter \'essels, the Fr. mazcrin, mazelin, as E.
is taken as the most obvious symptom of
mazer, is found in the sense of a cup.
a confused or unsettled mind. Swiss Gerbert appelle, Baillez moi cy le vin,
mausen, speak unintelligibly; ON. masa,
to Dessus ma table mettez mon mazelin.
to jabber, chatter N. masast, to drop
;
Rom. de Garin in Due.
asleep, to begin to dream; E. dial, to See Measles.

MAZZARD MEASLES 417


Mazzard. A burlesque word for the member Lith. manyti, to think ; mintis,
;

head, whence to mazzard, to knock on to be informed of; menas, understand-


the head, to brain one. Sometimes writ- ing, skill ; jiumanyti, to perceive, recog-
ten mazer, ' Break but his pate, or so nise, observe, be of opinion ; Bohem.
;
only his mazef-, because I'll have his mngti, to think, to be of opinion miniti, ;

Tiead in a cloth as well as mine.'— O. to think, believe, understand Russ. ;

Play in Nares. mnitsya, to seem ; Sanscr. 7nan, to think,


There is little doubt that Nares' con- to deem.
jecture is right, that it comes from tnazer, The mind,
Lat. mens, is the seat of the
a bowl. In a similar way It. zucca, pro- thinking or meaning faculty.
perly a gourd, and thence a drinking- Mean. i. Low, common, poor, pitiful.
cup, is used to signify a skull.
Mead. I. w. medk, G. meth, Du. mede, AH manere of men, the tnene and the ryche.
P. P.
drink made of honey and water ; Gr.
\>iQn, strong drink, drunkenness ; fii&v, The origin seems OHG. main, properly a
wine ; Lat., w. met. Gr. niKi, Bohem. spot, stain. Diu unmeina magad, the
med, Pol. miod. Fin. m£si, gen. meden, unspotted maid. Isidore in Schmeller.—
honey ; Fin. m£si also, honeyed beer Main, mein, are then used for injury, im-
;

Lith. medus, honey, middus, mead, meszti, pure, unholy. Das der aid rain tind
to sweeten with honey, to brew mead. nicht main seyj that the oath should be
Mead. 2. Meadow. Properly land pure and not false. Mainaid, meinswe-
affording hay Du. maeyland, from maed-
; ridi, perjury (e. mainswear, mansworti) ;
en, maeyen, Lat. metere, to mow. Bret. mein rat, evil counsel mein spraka, ;

medi, to cut, to mow ; Bav. mad, the blasphemy mein tdt, maleficium. Lap.
;

mowing, hay-harvest, place where grass maine, bodily failing, sickness, fault ;

is mowed ; berg-mdd, mountain-mowing, stuora maine {stuora, great), the small-


piece of steep mountain sward ; amad, pox ON. mein, sore, injury, crime m.ein-
; ;

second mowing, aftermath. latis, innocent, without injury. W. man,


Meagre. Fr. maigre, Lat. macer,, lean. a spot, mark, place ; mati geni, a mark
MeaL i. Du. mael, meel, flour, from from birth, as a mole.
maelen, Goth, malan, G. malen. Boh. The transition to the idea of common,
mlyti, w. malu, Lat. molere, to grind. expressed by AS. gem.cBne, G. gemein, may
W. mdl, what is ground or bruised ; ^d be illustrated by the words addressed to
maledig, ground corn. Peter in his vision, What God has '

2. The food taken at one time ; cleansed that call not thou common.' So
a
meat's milk, what is taken from the cow in Mark vii. 15, Goth, gamainjan, Gr.
at a milking. Kotviaveiv, is rendered defile in the English
Sc. mail, rent, tribute, an
amount of money to be paid at a fixed version, while in the Latin it is rendered
time. The radical idea is seen in G. coinquinare, to stain, in the first part of
mahl, a stain, spot, mark, sign, hence a the verse, and communicare, to make
bound, limit, the time of a thing's hap- common, in the second.
pening ein-mal, once abermal, again,
; ; 2. Intermediate. Lat. medius, It. mezzo,
&c. ; zum letzten mahle, for the last mid, middle ; mezsano, a mediator, any
time ; ON. m&l, the time of doing any- middle thing, between both, indifferent.
thing, and specially for taking food. Mdl Prov. mejan,meian,rmAdXvci^. Als grans,
er at tala, there is a time for speaking. als meians, als menors, to the great, the
Morgunmdl, middagsmdl, breakfast, din- middling, and the small. Fr. moyen, in-
ner time d mdluni, at meal times. At different, moderate, a mediator, a mean,
;


missa mdl (of cattle), to miss a milking. course, way. Cot. The means of doing
AS. mael, what is marked out, separate a thing is the course which has to be trod
part. Tha thces males was m.earc agon- in order to accomplish it, the intermediate
gen, then of the time was the mark past. path between the agent and the object to
— Casdm. Mcelum., in separate parts ; be accomplished. The mea}i time is the
bit-malum, dcel-malum, by separate bits time between the present and that when
or deals. Hence piece-meal, by separate the thing spoken of is to be done.
pieces. See Mole. Meander. Gr. MaiavJpoc, the name of '
To Mean.— Mind. Goth, munan, to a winding river in Asia Minor.
think, intend, will muns, meaning,
; Measles. A
disease in which the body
thought, intention ON. muna, to remem- is much marked with red spots.
; Du.
ber; G. m.einen, Du. meenen, to think, maese, spot, stain, mark ; maeselen, mae-
believe, intend j Lat. meminisse, to re- seren, maeseren, maesel-suchte, measles.
27
— . ; ;

4i8 MEASURE MEET


Kil. Bav. masen, spot, mark blatter- ; cannot be derived from Lat. medius. ON.
masen, pock-marks straich-masen,-whea[, midla, to divide.
To Meddle. — Mell.— Medley.
;

mark of a blow wund-masen, scar. The


; It.

name of a spot might well be taken fronf mischiare, mescolare, Sp. dial, inezclar,
the act of dabbling in the wet, dawbing, mesclar,'^x.mesler, medler, meiller {Oaron.
dirtying. Pl.D. tmtsseln, Swiss schmus- des Dues de Norm.), to meddle, mingle,
seln, schmauseln, Du. bemeuzelen, to dab- mell.
ble, dawb Pol. mazad, mazgad, to dawb,
; Heraut e Guert tant estrivferent
blot, soil, smear. Ke par parole s&medUrent. Rom de Rou. —
Perhaps measly bacon, together with — they quarrelled.
OHG. maselsucht, miselsuchtjXt'girosy, OFr. The same change of consonants is seen
jizesel, a leper, are to be referred to a dif- in Lat. masculus, OFr. muscle, madle,
ferent source. Valencian mesell is ap- male, and in Fr. meslier, E. medlar-Xx^e, ;

plied to one who has an internal or con- Prov. mesclada, Fr. melh. Mid. Lat. mel-
tagious disorder, and especially to pigs leia, medley, confusion, quarrel ; calida
which when slaughtered produce measly melleia, Fr. chaude mUile, corrupted to E.
meat. From the Arab, mosel, consump- chancemedley
tive, pple past of the verb salla (to waste Medial. — Mediate. — Mediocre. —
away ?), applied to animals as well as men. Medium. Lat. -medius, middle, medio-
— Dozy. cris, middling, mediator, medialis.
Measure.— Dimension, -mense. Lat. Medical. — Medicine.—Bemedy. Lat.
metior, mensus sum, measure whence to ; medicus, a physician, from medeor, to heal,
mensura, Fr. mesure, E. measure ; dim^n- cure, apply remedies. Hence remedium.,
sio, a measuring between two points, di- a cure or remedy. Gr. y.iito^ai, to coun-
mension immensus, unmeasured, im-
;
sel, advise.
mense. See Mete. Meditate. Lat. meditari, to study,
Meat. Goth, mats, food, matjan, to design.
take food, to eat ON. mata, OHG. maz,
Mediterranean. Lat. mediterraneus
;

food, dish. Bohem. maso, mieso,


Pol. medius, in the middle, and terra, land.
flesh, meat. The nasalised vowel of the Medlar. By Chaucer written }?iedle-

latter would seem to bring in Lat. mensa, tree. From Lat. mespilus came OFr.
Walach. mesle {mesple), the fruit meslier, the
table, as an equivalent form ;
;

masa, table, food, entertainment. tree, and from the latter, E. medlar. See
Meddle.
Meohanic. Gr. fxnixaviKOQ, from fojxav^! Meed. Gr. tma^oq, Goth, mizdo. Boh.
a contrivance, machine. mzda, reward, recompence ; G. mielhe,
Medal. It. medaglia, Fr. medatlle, in hire.
later times any ancient coin, but origin- Meek. Goth, muks, on. mjukr, Du.
ally it seems to signify a coin of half a muyck, soft, mild muyck oeft, ripe fruit
; ;

certain value. Obolus dicitur medalia, id muycken, N. mykja, to soften Boh. mok, ;

est medietas nummi. Willelmus Brito in — liquid ; mokry, wet mokwati, to be wet
;

Due. Medalia, en half pennynck. Dief. — Pol. moknad, namakai, to steep, or soak ;

Supp. Usavansi all' hora le medaglie in miekna^, to soak, to soften jniekki, soft, ;

Firenze, che le due valevano un danaio tender. In other forms the k of the root
picciolo. —
Novelle Antiche in La Crusca. is softened to a palatal chj Boh. mociti,
La buona femmina che non avea che due Pol. moczyi, to steep, showing perhaps the
medaglie (two mites) le quali ella offerse root of Lat. macerare.
al tempio. Ibid.— Sometimes it is used Meet. Fit, suitable, according to mea-
for half a livre, and indicates a coin of sure.
silver, or even of gold. Chi e, chi vago There's no room at my side Margret

tanto d'una cosa, che cosa die valesse My coffin's made so meet.
una medaglia, comperasse una livra. La so exact. —
Sweet William's Ghost. — —
Crusca. Medaglie bianche d' argente. AS. mete, ON. mdti, G. maass, Lap. muddo,
Ibid. Viginti quinque medalias auri. measure AS. gemet, ON. mdtulegr. Lap. ;

,Carp. With the loss of the d\\. became muddak, fit, meet ; G. gemdss, conform-
Prov. mealha, OFr. maaille, maille, the able. See Mete.
half of a penny in money or weight. To Meet. To Moot. on. mdt, d —
Bret, mdzel, mell. Bonne est la maille mdti, against, opposite mit-byr, a con-
'
;


qui sauve le denier.' Cot. With so de- trary wind ; mceta, Goth, gamotjan, to
cided a signification of one half in value meet ON. mdt, AS. mot, gemot, a meet- ;

it is a bold assertion of Diez that the word ing, assembly. Hence E. moot-hall, a
— ;;;;

MEGRIM MEMORY 419


court hall, place of assembly to moot a
; tal maynada (Rayn.) ; tel seigneur, tel
question, to discuss it as in an assembly. mesnie (Cot.) like master, like man.
:

As the ultimate meaning of opposite is Melancholy. Gr. /jeXoyx"^'"; from


face to face, and to meet is to come face /jIXoc, black, and x"^^, bile.
to face, the origin may be indicated in Melasses. Sp. melaza, the dregs of
Lap. miioto, countenance, face, a root honey, also treacle, or the drainings of
which will again be found doing import- sugar melote, conserve made with honey,
;

ant duty under Mode. In like manner molasses, or treacle.


Fin, nen&, nose nendita, to meet.
;
Meliorate. Lat. melior, better.
Megrim. A
pain in the head, sup- Mellow. Thoroughly ripe, and hence
posed to arise from the biting of a worm. freed from all harshness or asperity, grati-
Etnigraneus, vermis capitis, Angl. the fying to the senses of taste, sight, or hear-

mygryne, or the "head worm. Ortus in ing. G. (Westerwald) moll, soft, ripe
Pr. Pm. Hence, as caprices were also (Fallersleben) molich, mellow, on the
supposed to arise from the biting of a point of rotting. —
D. M. V. The radical
maggot, the name of megrim was also meaning is a degree of ripeness approach-
given to any capricious fancy. ing to dissolution. Mellow, or almost
The origin of the word is Gr. yiiiKpavia, rotten ripe. —
Fl. in v. Mezzo. Du. molen,
pain affecting one half of the head Kpa- ; meluwen, to decay Kil. ; molauuenten,—
viov, skull. tabescentibus (membris) Schmeller. To —
Meiny. —Menial. Fr. mesnie, a meyny, decay is to fall away to bits. Bav. melw,
famil)', household, company, or servants. melo, melb, meal, powder ; milben, mil-
— Cot. It. masnada, a troop of soldiers, wen, to reduce to powder gemilbet salz,

a company, a family. ^Altieri. powdered salt Goth, malwjan, ON.
;
;

The word is very variously written in molva, to break small. With the final b
OFr. maisgn^e, maign^e, maisgnie, mais- or w
exchanged for m, G. malm, dust,
nie, mainie, mesnie, menie, &c. It is de- powder Du. molm,diist of wood or turf;
;

rived by Diez from Lat. mansio. It. magi- molmen, to moulder away, to decay
one, Fr. maison, as if through a form ma- E. dial. 7naum (for malm), soft, mellow,
gionata, Fr. maisonnde, in the sense of a soft, friable stone Manx mholm, to ;

houseful or household. And this deriva- rnoulder, make friable mhollim, mhol- ;

tion would seem corroborated by forms mey, friable, ready to fall to pieces, (of
like Prov. maizonier, OFr. masonier, fruit) mellow Pl.D. miill, anything re-
;

masnier, mesnier, the tenant of a hired duced to powder miillig,. powdery (of ;

house ; mesnage, menage, housekeeping, earth), mellow. Dat land is to miillig,


household. too loose. —
Danneil. Du. mollig, soft,
On the other hand Lat. minus natus mellow in taste G. molsch, Fr. mou,
;

(for minor natii) gives rise to OFr. mains- molle, mellow, over-ripe ; w. mallu, to
nd, maisnd, younger child, Piedm. masnd, rot.
Lang, meina, a boy, child. For the loss Melody. Gr. niXalia, from i^Sr/, song,
of the n in minus compare Ptg. menoscabo, and fisXoe, sweet sound, music the latter ;

mascabo, diminution, Sp. menospreciar, doubtless from luXi, honey. Gael, mills,
Fr. mhpriser, to depreciate. From the sweet, musical ; mil, honey.
forms masnd, mHna, we are led to To Melt. Gr. itiXlu, to melt, make
Cat. masnada, mainada, Lang, mdinada,
liquid ; ON. mel/a, to digest, make rotten
Prov. mainada, family, properly assem-
smelta, Du. smelten, to melt ; Du. melu-
blage of children, then household serv-
wen, molen, AS. molsnian, to rot. The
ants. '
Oquelo fenno o bien souen de
ideas of melting and rotting coincide in
so miinado:' that woman takes good
the fact that the object falls insensibly
care of her children. Oquel home o de
'

away from a solid state. See Mellow.


bravo miinado :' that man has pretty
children.— Beronie. Cdo sunt les mesnh
'
Member. Lat. membrum.
Membrane. Lat. membrana,
Noe solun les poeples et lour nacions. the thin
Us families Noe juxtapopulos et nationes skin of anything, parchment.
suas :' these are the generations of Noah. Memory. — Memoir. — Remember.
From the children of a family to the de- Lat. m.emini, meminisse^ to remember
pendants and servants is an easy step in memor (for mnemor), mindful, remember-
signification.'
Avint issi que Absalon ing. Gr. fivaouM, to think on, of which
encuntrad la maignie David ' accidit ;
the perfect nifivrniai is used like memini
autem ut occurreret Absalom servis in the sense of I remember ; /iviiiiuiv (cor-
David. — Livre des Rois. Tal senhor, responding to memor), mindful. From
27*
;,

420 MENACE MESS


the same source with mens, mentis, and was maar kinderspel, the fight was but
E. mind. child's play, or was mere child's play.
Menace. Fr. menace, It. minaccia, Daar is inaar zoo •aiel, there is but so
Lat. mince, minacia, threats. much, merely so much.
To Mend. Lat. emendare, to take 3. Du. meere, on. mceri, a boundary ;
away a fault, menda. Milanese mendcl, Fin. maari. Lap. mere, a definite point,
It. rimendare, to mend or darn clothes. mark, bound ; meritet. Fin. mdaratd, to
Mendacious. Lat. mendax, mendacis, define, appoint, determine mddrd-pSiwii,
;

false, lying ; mentior, -iri, to lie. appointed day Lith. mira, measure,
;

Mendicant. Lat. mendicans. right measure, moderation ; meris, tJie


Menial. Belonging to the meiny. mark at which one aims.
OFr. maisnier, one of the mesn^e, meiny Meretricious. Lat. meretrix, a harlot,
or household. —
Carp. See Meiny. one who prostitutes her body for gain ;
Menild or Meanelled. mereo, to earn.
speckled, as a horse or thrush ; meanels, Merge, -merse. -mersion. Lat.
small black or red spots in a horse of a mergo, mersum, to dip in, plunge over
lightish colour. W. manr, a spot menyn, ; head. As in Emerge, Immerse, Submer-
a
Maim.
small spot. — ^Jones. See Mean, i.. sion.
Meridian. 'LzX.meridianus; meridies
-mense. — Mensuration. See Mea- {medius dies), mid-day.
sure. Merit. Lat. mereo, meritum, to de-
Menstruum. A
chemical solvent. serve.
Lat. tnenstruus, of or belonging to a Mermaid, on. mar is often used in
month from the notion that chemical composition in the sense of sea. Mar-
;

solvents could only be duly prepared in mennill, a. sea-dwarf mar-flatr, level as ;

dependence on the changes of the moon. the surface of the sea ; mar-flo, sea-flea,
Mental. Lat. mens, inentis, the mind. &c. G. meer, w. mor, the sea.
See To Mean. Merry. Mirth.. Lap. murre, de- —
Mention. Lat. meniio, connected with light ; murres, pleasant ; miirritet, to
mens, the mind. take pleasure in ; Gael, mir, to sport,
Mephltic. Lat. mephitis, an ill, sul- play ; m,ire, mireadh, playing, mirth ; Sc.
phureous smell emitted by putrid water oir merry-begotten, a bastard, a child begot-
the like. ten in sport or play.
Mercenary. Lat. mercenarius, hired, Mesentery, Gr. [iiatvTipuni piaog, ;

retained for pay merces, pay, money middle, in the middle, and ivrtpov, an in-
;

made by service. testine.


Mercer. Fr. mercier, a tradesman Mesh.. The knot of a net. Lith.
that retails all manner of small ware mazgas, a knot, bunch, bundle, bud of a

;

mereerie, small ware. Cot. Lat. merces, tree megsti, to knit, make knots, weave
;

wares. nets magztas, netting needle G. masche,


; ;

Merchant. — Mercantile.
OFr. mar- a noose, a mesh as, maesce, a mesh,
;

chant. It. mercatante, 7nercante, a traf- max, net ON. moskvi, Dan. maske, a
;

ficker ; inercatare, to cheapen in the mar- mesh ; Du. masche, a blot, stain, mesh.
ket, to buy and sell mercato, market; It is observable that Lat. macula is also
;

mercare, Lat. mercari, to bargain, to buy, used in the same two senses.
Mercy. Fr. vierci, a benefit or favour, Mess. I. A service for the meal of
pardon, forgiveness, thanks for a benefit one or of several. A mess of pottage, a
It. mercede, mercS, reward, munificence, dish of pottage. Fr. mh, mets, a service
mercy, pity, thanks, Lat. merces, merce- of meat, a course of dishes at table.^ Cot. —
dis, earnings, desert, reward. similar A It. messa, messo, a mess of meat, a course
train of thought is seen in Du. wz//i^, libe- or service of so many dishes among ;

ral, munificent, mild, gentle. Kil. — merchants the stock or principal put into
Mere. i. Fr. mare, Du. maer, mer, a a venture. From Lat. tnissus, sent, in
pool, fish-pond, standing water. See the sense of served up, dished, as it was
Marsh. sometimes translated in E, ' Caius Fa-
2. Lat. merus, It. mero, unmixed, plain, britiuswas found by the Samnite Embas-
of itself. Itmay be doubted whether the sadors that came unto him eating of rad-
E. use of the word may not have been in- dish rosted in the ashes, which was all
fluenced by the Du. maar, but, only, no the dished he had to his supper.' Prim- —
more than. 'T is maar spot, it is but audaye Fr. Academie, translated by T.
sp 3rt, or it is a mere joke. Dat gevegt B, C, (1589), p. 195. It is a curious
—j
;;

MESSAGE MEW 421


coincidence that OHG. maz (Goth, mats, mediately after his physics, or treatises
Bav. mass), meat, food was used in the —
on natural philosophy.' Gillies.
same way, ' Do der Cheizer an dem tische To Mete. Goth, mitan, G. messen,
saz, und man vor in truoc daz efste 7naz,' Lat. metiri, Lith. matoti, to measure ;
brought in before him the first course. mestas, Gr. iikrpov, a measure.
Schm. Mete. — Mett. A boundary mark, OFr.
Properly mesh, a mixture disagree-
2. mette. '
Comme la ville de Muande s6it
able to the sight or taste, hence untidy- situ^e prfes des fins et mettes de notre
ness, disorder. Mescolanza, a jnesk,
'

royaume.' Chron. a.d. 1389, in Carp. v.
mingling, mish-mash of things confusedly Danger. Lat. ineta, a boundary stone,
and without order put together ; mescolare, especially that marking the extremity of
mescere, mesciare, to mesh, mix, mingle.' a race ; Serv. metya, a bound ; metyiti,
— Fl. See Mash. to abut upon ; Russ. meja (Fr./), Bohem.
Message. —
Messenger. From Lat. mez, boundary meznik, boundary stone ;
;

missus, sent,, arose Prov., OFr. a 7nes, mezowati, to abut on.


messenger, Mid.Lat. missaticum, OFr. Meteor. Gr. p^tTimpaz, lofty, on high ;
messatge, a message. ''Missaticum per liireuipa, things seen or happening in the
patrias deportare non nobis videtur region of the stars.
idoneus.' —
Epist. Leon. III. in Due. Method. Gr. piOoSoe, a way, mode of
'
DiEmones nostra missatica deferentes.' speech or action ; iutA, and 6S6e, a way.
Willelmus Brito. ibid. The insertion of Metre, -metry. Gr. pkrpov, a measure,
the n in messenger is analogous to that a measured line, a verse, metre ; tiq
in scavenger from scavage, porringer psrpa nOivai, to put into verse.
from porridge, harbinger from harb'rage. From the same root with Lat. tnetior,
Messuage. A dwelling-house with to mete or measure.

some land adjoining. B. O Fr. mesuage, Metropolis. Gr. prirpoTroKig ; pijrrip,
messuage. Manoirs, masures log&s aux mother, and ttoXic, city.
champs que la coustume appeloit ancien- Mettle. Vigour, life, sprightliness.—

nement Mesuage. Consuetude Norm, in B. A metaphor taken from the metai of
Due. a blade, upon the temper of which the
From Lat. manere, to dwell, were de- power of the weapon depends.
rived a variety of forms signifying resid- To Mew. Fr. miauler, G. miauen,
ence Fr. manoir, a manor
; Mid.Lat. ; mauen. It. miagolare, Magy. midkolni, to
tnansura, Fr. masure, a poor house cry as a cat.
7nansio, Fr. maison, a house ; mansus, Mew. I. A gull, or sea swallow Du. ;

mansa, Prov. ma^, OFr. mis, mase, a meeuw, G. mowe, m£we, Dan. maage, ON.
small farm, house and land sufficient for mdfr, mdr, N. maase, Fr. mauce, mouette.
a pair of oxen. From mansus came man- Mew. 2. It. muta, muda, any change
sualis {terra mansualis, the land belong- or shift, the moulting or change of
ing to a mansus), mansuagium, masua- feathers, horns, skin, coat, colour, or
gium, and masagium, a dwelling-house, place of any creature, as of hawks, deer,
small farm, or the buildings upon it. snakes, also a hawk's mew. Fl. —
Fr.
Masucagium, masata, and other modifi- muer, to change, shift, to mue, to cast
cations, were used in the same sense. the head, coat, or skin mue, a change,
MetaL — Metallurgry. Gr. fikraWov,
;

any casting of the coat or skin, as the


ftsraXXovpyECii (tpyata, ipyaZojiai, to work, mewing of a hawk also a hawk's mue,
;

labour at). and a mue or coop wherein fowl is fat-


- Metamorphose. Gr. /itTaiioitfmaig tened. — Cot. The mew of a hawk (Mid.
lierd, implying change, and /lop^i}, form, Lat. mutatorium, mutci), a place to con-
figure. fine a hawk in while moulting, and thence
Metaphor. Gr. ixcraipopa, a transfer- to mew, to confine, to keep close, 'Domus
ring to one word the sense of another autem mutce apta et ampla sibi quaratur
;

/H7-a0Epw, to carry over, transfer. et de mutd quando perfectus est, trahatur.'


Metaphysics. Gr. /juto. ra ^vaixa, —
^Albertus Magn. in Due. mhg. muzen,
after physics. '
From this part of Aris- to moult, muzkorp, a coop for a hawk
totle's logic there is an easy transition to when moulting. See Moult.
what has been called his metaphysics In London the royal stables were called
a name unknown to the author himself, the King's Mews doubtless from having
and given to his most abstract philoso- been the place where the hawks were
phic works by his editors, from an opinion kept, and from this accident the name of
that those books ouglit to be studied im- mews has been appropriated in London
422 MIASMA MILK
to any range of buildings occupied as ner. Swab, mtiff, with wry mouth ; Swiss
stables. miipfen, to wrinkle the nose, to deride ;
BCiasma. Gr. iiiaaiia, something foul Castrais miffa, to sniff. Snuffing the air
and polluting, from fualvu, to be foul, in- through the nose is a sign of anger and
fect. ill-temper. G. schnupfen, schnuppen, to
_

Mica. A mineral found in glittering be offended with a thing, to take it ill, to


scales. Lat. fnico, to glitter. snuff at it.
To Mich, To miche in a corner, de- Might. See May.
liteo — Gouldm. ; mychyn, or pryvely Migrate. Lat. migrare, to remove
stelyn smale thyngis. Pr. Pm. —
From from one place to another to dwell in it.

the same origin with smouch, to keep a Blilch. Milk. To milch was used as
thing secret, to steal privily. Swiss mau- the verb, milk, the substantive. Smolgi-
chen, schinauche^^ to do in secret, conceal, uto, sucked or milched dry. Fl. —
A
make away with. Fr. musser^ Rouchi m.ilch-covi is a cow kept for milching. A
mucher, to hide, to skulk. It. mucciare, like distinction is found in the use of work
-ire, to slink away privily smucciare, ; and worche. 'Alle goode werkys to
-ire, to slip or slide. Orisons miitschar, wirche! — St.Graal, c. 31, 1. 284. Con-
mitschar, to slip away. versely, G. milch, milk ; melken, to milch.
Micro-. Gr. tuxpog, small, minute, as The primary sense of the word seems
in Microcosm (Koa/iog, the world), Micro- to be to stroke, thence the act of milking,
scope, &c. and the substance so procured. Gr.
Midden. —Middil.
Midding, a dung- ajiiKyiD, to milk, to squeeze out ; Lith.
hill. — B. A
myddynge, sterquilinium milzu, milzsti, to stroke, soften by strok-
myddyl, or dongyl, forica. Pr.Pm. — ;

ing, to milk a cow, gain a person by blan-


Dan. mbgdynge, modding, Sw. dial, mod- dishments, tame down an animal. Ap-
ding, midding, N. mokdunge, matting, malzyti, to soothe, to tame ; milzikkas, a
metting, a dunghill, from Sw. m,ok, Dan. milker ; melzama, a milch cow. Lat.
mbg, muck, and dynge, heap. mulcere, to stroke, to soothe. 'Audaci

Middle. Mid. Goth, midja, Gr. \ik- —
mulcet palearia dextri.' Ovid. Mulg ere,
Boq, Sanscr. madhya, Lat. medius, OHG. to milk. Bohem. mleko, milk.
mitti, mitter, ON. midr, G. mittel, middle ;
Mild. G. mild, soft, gentle ; on. mildr,
ON. midill, means ; midla, to divide. lenient, gracious, munificent ; milda, to
Midge. G. miicke, a small fly. Pro- soothe, appease ; as. mild, merciful,
bably from mttcken, to hum, murmur, as kind ; mildse, miltse, mercy, pity ; Goth.
Fin. m.ytiainen, a midge, from mutina, unmilds, without natural affection ; mild-
mytind, murmuring, whispering. See itha, pity ; Lith. myleti, to love mylus,;

Gnat. Pol. miicha, dim. tnuszka, Bohem. friendly, mild, gentle ; meile, love ; tneil-
maucha, a fly. Du. mosie, meusie, a gnat. iti, to be inclined to, to have appetite for
;

— Kil. Lat. musca, Fr. mouche, a fly. meilinti, to caress ; susimilsti, to have
Midriff. The diaphragm, or mem- pity on ; Bohem. milowati, to love ; m.i-
brane dividing the heart and lungs from lost, love, grace, favour, clemency ; Pol.
the lower bowels. AS. hrif, entrails ;
mily, lovely, amiable ; milosierdzie, com-
uferre and nitherre hrife, the upper and passion, mercy, pity. Serv. milye, deli-
lower belly. Du. middelrift, diaphrag- ciae, darling.
ma, septum transversum. Kil. —
Pl.D. Perhaps the fundamental image may
rif, rift,a carcase, skeleton. Ohg. hreve, be the sweetness of honey. Gael, mills,
reve, belly fon reva sinero muoter, from sweet, millse, sweetness.
;

his mother's womb. Tatian. — Mildew. G. mehlthau, ohg. militou,


Mien. Fr. inine, countenance, look, mildew, rust on corn. as. meledeaw, It.
gesture Bret, mtn, beak of a bird, snout
; melume, meligine, Mod.Gr. alpofitXc,
of a beast, point of land, promontory W. ; honeydew. Goth, milith, honey. It is
min, the lip or mouth, margin, brink ; probably owing to the whitish appearance
min-vin, lip to lip, kissing min-coca, to ; of some kinds of mildew, as if meal had
pop with the lips. In the same way as. been scattered over the leaf, that the
7icb, the beak of a bird, is used to signify name of so different a phenomenon as
the face, and Lat. rostrum, a beak, be- honeydew has been transferred to it.
comes Sp. rostro, face. Mile. Fr. niille, Lat. millia passuum,
Miff. Ill-humour, displeasure, but a thousand paces or double steps.
usually in a slight degree. G. muffeti, of —
Militant. Military. Lat. miles, -itis,
dogs, to growl, to bark, thence to look a soldier.
surly or gruff, to mop and mow. — Kiitt- Milk. See Milch.
;; ;

MILL- MINISTER 423


Mill-. Lat. a thousand
7n.ilh^ in ; very small. From Lat. mimttus, small,
Millennmm, a space of a thousand years ;
although Diez would derive Fr. mince
Millepads, an insect with a thousand feet, from OHG. minnisto, G. mindesto, least.
&c. But a derivation from the superlative
Mill. AS. myUn, W. nielyn, Du. molen, seems very improbable. It seems more
Boliem. mlyn, G. niiihle, Gr. \i.vkr\, Lat. likely that mince is from the verb fitincer,
mola, molendinum, Lith. malunas, a mill. and that that is the equivalent of It. min-
Lith. malti, Lat. molere, G. mahlen, Goth. nuzzare.
malan, Russ. moloty, Boh. mliti, w. malu, Gael, mhi, soft, tender, smooth, small,
to grind ; »«<?/, what is ground, a grind- pulverized mlnich, make sm.xll, pulver-
;

ing. w. mAn, small, slender, fine.


ize ;

Milliner. Supposed to be originally Mind. Lat. mens, mentis, the faculty


a dealer in Milan wares, but no positive of memory and thought ; meminisse, pN.
evidence has been produced in favour of minnaz, to remember ; minna, to put in
the derivation. mind G. meinen, to think ; mahnen, Lat.
;

Milt. The
spleen, also the soft roe in monere, to put in mind Gr. nvriiit], ;

fishes. It. milza, ON. milti, the spleen. memory Gael, meinn, mind, disposition.
;

There can be little doubt that the name Mine. —Mineral. Gael. m,einn, w.
IS derived from }nilk, and is given for a mwH, mwyn, ore, a mine, vein of metal,
similar reason in both applications. The maen, a stone ; It. mina, Fr. mine, mi-

same change of the final ^ to ^ is seen in niire, a mine


It. minare, Fr. miner, ;

ON. mjaltir, N. mjelte, a milking and a ; to dig under-ground Bret, mengleuz, ;

name slightly altered from that which quarry, mine. Mineral, what is brought
signifies milk is given in many languages out of mines, or obtained by mining.
to the soft roe of fishes, and to other parts To Mingle. G. mengen, Du. mengen,
of the bodily frame of a soft, nonfibrous mengelen, Gr. fityvvav, to mix.
texture. Pol. mleko, milk melcz, milt
;
Miniature. Mid. Lat. miniare, to
of fish, spinal marrow ; melczko, sweet-
write with m,inium or red lead minia- ;
bread, pancreas of calf ; Bret, leaz, milk,
tura, a painting, such as those used to
lezen, milt. Du. melcker, 7niUe, Fr. laite,
ornament manuscripts.
Lat. lactes, are used in the same sense,
while in G. and Sw. the name is simply
Minion. Fr. mignon, a darling, a fa-

fish-milk.
vourite, dainty, elegant, pleasing ; daim
Mimic. Lat. mi?nus, Gr. liifioe, a far- mignon, a tame deer ; mignot, a wanton,
cical entertainment, or the actor in it,
favourite, darling. From OHG. minni,
hence an imitator ; /iijuw, an ape. It is minnia, love minnon, Du. minnen, to
;

not unlikely that the mimes were origin- love minnen-dranck, a love potion ;
;

ally identical with our mummers, maskers


minnaer, a lover Bret, minon, friend ; ;

who go about performing a rude enter- miiionach, friendship ; mifioniach, love.


tainment, and take their name from the The minnen very early took a bad
G.

representation of a bugbear by masking sense, insomuch that a printer at Augs-


the face. Basque mama, to mask one- burg in the year 15 12, printing a work of
self in a hideous manner Pol. mamU, Father Amandi, explains that on account
;

Boh. mamiti, to dazzle, delude, beguile ; of the unseemly senses in which the word
Fris. m,ommeschein, deceitful appearance. inynn had come to be used, he had
Epkema. NFris. maam, a mask. — D. throughout substituted for it the word
M. See Mummer. lieb. —
Schmid. Schwab. Wtb.

-min-. Eminent. Prominent. Lat. The origin may perhaps be found in
ON. minnast, Sw. munna, minna, Nassau
e7nineo, to stand out beyond the rest
promineo, to project, stand out. Unsatis- }nundsen,\.oY\z% (Rietz),from ON. Munnr,
factorily explained from maneo, to remain. the mouth, as Lat. osculum, from os.

The root seems preserved in Bret, mm, To Minish. Fr. menuiser, to make
snout, nose, beak, mouth, point of land, small menu, Gael, meanbh, La;t. minu-
;

promontory ; W. min, lip or mouth, mar- tus, small AS. minsian, to grow small
;

gin, edge miniog, sharp-pointed, edged.


;
Sw. minska, to lessen, abate, make small
To Mince. Fr. mincer, to cut into Lat. minor, Goth, jninnizo, less W. mdn, ;

small pieces ; mince, thin, slender, small maift, small, fine, thin Gael. m\n, soft, ;

It. minuzzare, Fr. menuiser, to crumble, smooth, gentle, pulverized, small.


break or cut small; It. minuzzainfi, mi- Minister. One who serves, one in in-
niizzoli, minutelH, shreds, mincings ; ferior place,from minus, less, as opposed
minuti, pottage made of herbs minced to magister, the person in superior place,
;;;

424 MINNOW MISCHIEF


from magis, more. — R. Martineau in Mire. ON. myri, marsh, boggy.ground
Athenaeum, No. 1417. Du. m.odder, moeyer, moer, mire, mud ;

Minnow. Provincially mengy, men- mocr, bog, peat moeren, to trouble, make ;

nous, menna7n, a small kind of fish. The thick and muddy. See Moor.
form minnow is identical with Gael. —
* Mirk. Murky. ON. 7nyrkr, dark-
meanbh, little, small. Meanbh-bhith, ness myrka, to darken, grow dark Boh.
; ;

animalcule mijiiasg, small fish, minnow. mrak, darkness, twilight 7}iraiek, a little
; ;

Me7tnons or niennys is Fr. menuise, fry of cloud mracny, cloudy Lap. i/iurko,
; ;

fish, small fish of divers sorts. — Cot. mist, fog. Illyr. merk, dark ; merk7iuti,
Menusa, a menys. — Nominale Hal. in to grow dark. Lith. 7nerkti, to wink ;
Menna7n is from Fr. minime, ap- least, uzmerkti, to shut the eyes. To wink at a
plied to the smallest in several kinds, as thing is to shut the eyes to it, to make it
a minim in music, a minim or drop in dark. Boh. mrkati, to wink ; and, im-
medicine. personally, it becomes dark ; mrkdse, it
Minor. Lat. minor, less. becomes dark, vesperascit, noctescit. A
Minster. Lat. monasteriiim, AS. myn- like relation may be observed between
stre, OFr. tnonstier, a monastery, then Walach. 7nurgu, gray ; ]/iu7gesce, it be-
the church attached to it, large cathedral comes dark, advesperascit, and Pol.
church. mrugai, to wink.
Minstrel. Lat. ministerium, Fr. min- Mirror. Fr. miroir, from mirer, to
istere, mestier, occupation, art. OFr. contemplate, admire, Lat. mirari.
menestrel, a workman. 'Yram enveiad Mirth. See Merry.
al rei Salomon un menestrel ra.ecv^iSS.M.^ ki Mis. A
particle in composition im-

bien sout uvrer de or et de argent e de plying separation, divergence, error.
<quanque mestiers en fud.' —
Livre des Goth, missaleiks, sundry, various mis- ;

Rois. Confined in process of time to sadedins, misdeeds, sins missatauja7ids, ;

those who ministered to the amusement a misdoer. ON. mis, d 7nis, amiss, other-
of the rich by music or jesting, just as in wise than as it ought to be, unequally ;
modern times the name of art is special- gera mis, hoggva 77iis j misborinnj 7nis-
ly applied to music, sculpture, painting, radinn, &c., mishdr, misdiupr, unequally
occupations adapted to gratify the fancy, high or deep 77tisleggia, to lay unequally.
;

not the serious necessities of life. Thessi vetr 7nisleggst, this winter is un-
Li cuens tnanda les menestrels, steady in temperature. Missesl, lucky
Et si a fet crier entr'els, and unlucky by fits ; misgd, to make an
Qui la meillor trufe (jest) sauroit oversight ; misgaungr, a wrong road
Dire ne fere, qu'il auroit missa, to lose n. i myssen, amiss, wrong

Sa robe d'escarlate neuve. Roquef.
misfara, to go astray.
;

See Miss. w.
Faire mestier, to divert, amuse. methu, to fail, to miss ; meihenw, a mis-
With ladies, knights, and squiers, nomer.
And a great host of ministers. It is remarkable that 7nes or mis, from
With instruments and sounes diverse.
minus, less, is used in composition in the
Chaucer's Dream.
Romance languages exactly in the same
Mint. The place where money is way as mis in the Gothic. Sp. menoscabo,
struck ; Du. munte, G. miinze, Lat. Fr. meschef, mischief Sp. menospreaar,
;

moneta, money, the stamp with which, or Fr. mespriser, mipriser, to put shght
the place where, it was struck. Du. mun- value on, to misprise, to make light of
ten, to mint, or strike money. 77iesprendre, to mistake ; mesalliance,
Minute. —
Minutiae. Lat. minutus, unequal alliance ; It. mis/are, to misdo ;
little, small, from minuo, minutum, to misleale, disloyal, &c. But probably the
make less. A minute is a small division use of the particle in the Romance dialects
of an hour, and a second (minuta secunda) may really have been derived from the
is a sixtieth of a minute, as that of an influence of the Gothic 77iis. The Gael,
hour, or a second sixtieth of an hour. uses 7ni in the same way as from adh, ;

Minutes. The rough draft of a pro- prosperity (AS. eadig, blessed), middk,
ceeding written down at once in minute misfortune.
or small handwriting, to be afterwards Misanthrope.—Mis-. Gr. /jiaavSpM-
engrossed or copied out fair in large TToc -fftwiui, I hate, and avBpiavos, a man.
writing. See Engross. Miscellaneous. Lat. misceo, to mingle.
Minx. A proud girl.— B. Mischief. Sp. 7nenoscabo, Ptg. menos-
Miracle. —Admire. Lat. jniror, aris, cabo. Cat. me7iyscap, Prov. mescap, detri-
to wonder. ment, loss ; Fr. 7/teschie/, meschef, misfor-
; — ;

MISCREANT MITE 425


tune, from head, end, and
cabo, chef, "miss. -mit. Mission. — Lat. mitto,
mimes, less what turns out ill.
; missum, to send, cast, throw, whence
SUscreant. Fr. miscfiant, misbeliev- Commit, Emit, Remit, Remiss, &c.
ing mescroire (minus cfedere)) to believe
; — —
Mist. Misle. Mizzle, on. mistr, G.
amiss. mist, Du. miest, thickness of the air,
-mise. —
Demise. —
Promise. Lat. mist ; missen, miesten, mieselen, nebulam
mittere, missum, to send, becomes Fr. exhalare, rorare tenuem pluviam miese-
mettre, to put, lay, set, whence detnettre, linge, nebula. Kil. —
as. mistian, mis-
;

to put out of, let go, lay down demis, ; trian, to grow dim. His eagan ne m.is-
let go, given over, and thence E. demise, redom, his eyes were not dimmed.
the laying down of the crown on the death Deut. 34. 7. The fundamental idea
of the king a demise of lands, a making
; is probably the effect of the mist in
over to another person. So from pro- obscuring the view, expressed by the
promis, is E. promise.
m.ettre, figure of muddling water, and the word
Miser. —
Miserable. —
Misery. Lat. appears closely related to e. muzzy, in-
miser, wretched, in sad plight, pitiful, distinct in outline, confused with drink.
miserably covetous. Pl.D. musseln (sudeln), to work in wet
Misletoe. on. mistelteinn, AS. mistel- and dirt bemusseln, to bedaub (Schiitze)
;

tan, mistelta, Du. G. mistel. The latter musseln [muuschen Schiitze), to drizzlej —
part of our word is on. teinn, a prong or mizzle musslig wader, drizzly weather,
;

tine of metal, N. tein, a small stick, shoot Danneil. When the seaman speaks of
of a tree. See Toe. dirty weather he is not thinking of the
Misnomer. A misnaming. Fr. nom- dirt under foot, but of the thickness of
m.er, to name. the air and dirtiness of the view. So
Misprision. Fr. mesprison, error, from ON. mor, clay, peat, mda, to dawb
offence,a thing done or taken amiss, with mud ; nii m6ar i fjallit, the hills
from m^sprendre, to mistake, transgress, are obscured by mist or snow. Pl.D.
offend. — Cot. smudden, smuddeln, sjnullen, smuddern,
Miss. A
contraction from mistress, properly to dabble in the wet, to dawb,
or mistris, as it was formerly written, not smear, dirty dat weder smullet, idt
;

however by curtailing the word of its last smuddert, it drizzles, it is moist, dirty
syllable, but more likely by a contracted weather ; smudderregn, smuttregn, G.
way of writing M'^ or Mis. for Mistriss. schmutzregen {schmutz, dirt) mizzling
Jan. 2. Mr Cornelius Bee bookseller in Little
rain. Gael, smod, dirt, filth, dust, driz-
Britain died Novr. xi. His two eldest daughters zling rain, moist haziness.
Mis Norwood and Mis Fletcher, widows, execu- Fin. muta, Esth. mutta, mud, soil. Fin.
trixes. — Obituary of R. Smith, 1674. Cam. Soc. musta, Esth. must, black, seem to be
To Mis. Pavis on her excellent dancing. related forms. Der wolken dunst und
'

Dear Mis. delight of all the nobler sort.


schwarze mist' Opitz. —
Mistress. Fr. maistresse, maitresse,
Pride of the stage and darling of the court.
Flecknoe. A.D. i66g, in N. and Q. 1851. fem. of maitre, master.
* Mite. A
minute portion of a thing,
So Lang. Mas. for Mademoiselle. anything very small.
To Miss. To deviate or err from. B. — The ants thrust in their stings and instil into
ON. missa, to lose ; Du. missen, to fail, to them a small mite of their stinging liquor. Ray. —
miss. Dan. miste, to miss, to lose. Craven smite, a small quantity. Sw.
The original meaning may perhaps be dial, smit, Gael, smiot, a particle. It is
preserved in Dan. misse, to wink or blink probable that mite is a modification of
missende oinen, blinking eyes; at misse mote, expressing diminution by the thin-
med oinen, to blink. Then (by a train of ning of the vowel. An intermediate form
thought similar to that which leads us to is seen in Cleveland moit, a small particle.
speak of blinking a question, for slipping The meat was eaten up, every moit: There
' '

on one side, failing to meet it directly) to was nowther head nor hair on't, mait or doit,'
miss, to fail to hit, to go astray. Blench every fragment had disappeared. Whitby Gl. —
(from blink), a start, a deviation. Nares. — It is most probable that mite in the
Compare Dan. glippe, to wink, to slip, to sense of the smallest possible coin is
miss, to fail. Myssyn, as eyen for dym- merely a special application of the gen-
ness, caligo. — Pr. Pm. eral sense of something very small, in the
Missal. Mid.Lat. missale, a book same way that doit was also used for a
containing the service of the (Lat. missa) small coin. Du. mijte, minutia, minutum,
mass. oboli vilissimi genus, vulgo mita.— KiL
; — ;

426 MITIGATE MOB


Fr. mi'Uj'the smallest of coins. Cot. The — equally divided, so that a small part at
derivation from minute is unlikely, al- the lower end is before the mast. The
though Wicliff speaks of the poor widow poop or mizzen sail in a ship was formerly
casting in ' two tnynutis, that is, a far- a sail of this description, but afterwards
thing.'. the part of the sail before the mast was
Another application is to the mites in cut off for convenience of management,
cheese or the like, the smallest of insects, and it was converted into a fore and aft
hardly individually distinguishable. Ohg. sail. —Roding, Marine Diet. The signi-
miza, Du. mijte, mijdte, Sp. mita, Fr. fication of mezzana is mean, what lies
7nite, miton, acarus. See Mote. between both -perhaps as lying along
;

Mitigate. Lat. mitigare, from mitis, the middle of the ship, in opposition to a
meek, gentle, mild. square sail, which lies across it.
3Iitre. Gr. furpa, a girdle, a fillet To Mizzle. See Mist.
round the head, chaplet, the turban of To Moan. as. mtsnan, OE. to mean-,
the Asiatics. mene. Swab, maunen, to speak with the
* Mitten. Fr. mitaine, miton, a winter mouth nearly shut ; maunzen, to speak in
glove ; Gael, mutan, a muff, thick glove, a whining tone.
cover for a gun miotagj mutag, a mitten
;
Moat. Fr. mothe, a little earthen for-
or worsted glove. The name seems to tress, or strong house built on a hill
have come from Lap. mudda, n. mudd, motte, a clod, lump of earth also a little ;

modd, Sw. lapmtidd, a cloak of reindeer hill, a fit seat for a fort or strong house,
skin Fin. muti, a garment of reindeer also such a fort. Cot. —
Mote, a dyke,
;

skin, a hairy shoe or glove Sw. mudd, a ; embankment, causey. Roquef. Le— '

furred glove. It may be however that motte de mon manoir de Caieux et les
the notion of a furred glove is expressed fossez entour.' — Chart. A.D. 1329, in
by the type of catskin. Fr. miton, a cat Carp. '
Sans rapareher motte ne fos-
mitoufl^, furred like a cat or with cat- sez.' — Chart. A.D. 1292, ibid. It. inota,
skins wrapped about with furs or cat-
; a moat about a house. Fl. — As in
furred garments. Cot. Bav. mudel, — ditch and dike the same name is given
mautz, mutz, the cat, then catskin, fur in to a bank of earth and the hollow
general. out of which it is dug, so it seems that
To Mix. G. mischen, Bohem. misyti, moat signified first the mound of earth
Lat. miscere, Gr. n'laynv, ^lyvieiv, to mix ; on which a fort was raised, and then the
Pol. mieszad, to agitate, stir, mix, con- surrounding ditch from whence the earth
fuse ; Lith. maiszyti, to mix, to stir, to had been taken. Mid.Lat. mota, a hill
work dough, knead, to make a disturb- or mound on which a fort was built, or
ance ; maiszytis, to be confused, to mix the fortitself. '
Motam altissimam sive
oneself in a matter ; maisztas, confusion, dunjonetn eminentem in munitionis sig-
uproar ; Gael, masg, infuse, steep, com- num firmavit, et in aggerem coacervavit.'
pound, mix ; measg, mix, mingle w. ; —Lambertus Ardensis in Due. '
Mos
mysgu, to mix mysgi, confusion, tumult.
; est ditioribus quibusque hujus regionis
Mixeu. A dung-heap ; as. 7neox, eo quod maxime inimicitiis vacare soleant
dung, filth Du. mest, mist, mesch, dung,
; —
exercendis terras aggerem quantae pre-
litter, manure Goth, maihstus, G. mist, valent celsitudinis congerere,eique fossam
;
;

dung OHG. m.ptunnea, mistina, E. dial. quam patentem


latfe —
circumfodere, et
misken, a dung-heap. Let. mizu, mest, supremam aggeris crepidinem, vallo ex
to sweep, to cleanse, and specially {aiis- lignis tabulatis —
vice muri circummunire,
misteti) to carry out dung, mhls, sweep- —
turribusque per gyrum depositis do- —
ings ;Lith. mezu, meszti, to carry dung ; mum, vel quse omnia despiciat arcem in
mezinys, m.t!szlynas, a dung-heap. Boh. medio asdincare.' — Due.
metu, mesti, smesti, to sweep metla, a ; Mob. Contracted from mobile vulgus,
besom smeti, rubbish, sweepings, sme-
; the giddy multitude.
tisko, a laystall, dunghill. In like manner Fall from their sovereign's side to court the mo-
E. shard, Swiss schorete, dung, from schar- bile,
ren, schoren, to scrape, to sweep out dung ; O London, London, where's thy loyalty 7
w. ysgarth, offscouring, dung, from Bret. D' tjrfey in Nares.
skarza, to sweep, to cleanse. And see Dryden sometimes uses mobile, and men-
Muck. tions the contracted mob as a novelty.
Mizzen. Fr. misaine, the foresail of a Yet to gratify the barbarous part of my audi-
ship — Cot. ; It. mezzana, a latteen, a tri- ence I gave them a short rabble scene, because
angular sail with ii long sloping yard un- the mob (as they call them) are represented by


; ;

MOB-CAP MOLE 427


Plutarch and Polybius with the same cnaracter maade, measure, mode, manner, way,
of baseness and cowardice as are here described. moderation.
— Pref. to Cleomenes, 1692. Model. Fr. modele. It. modello, a
Mob-cap. Mob, a woman's nightcap. mould or pattern, the measure or bigness
— B. To mab, mob, moble, mobble, to of a thing OHG. modul, Lat. modulus,
;

dim. of modus, a measure.


muffle up.
The moon, doth mottle up herself.
Moderate. —Modest. —Modify.—Mo-
dulate. Lat. moderare, modestus, modi-
Shirley in Nares.
ficare, modulare, from modus, measure,
Their heads and faces are vwbbed in fine linen mean, proportion.
thatno more is seen of them than their eyes. Modern. Fr. moderne. It. moderno, of
Sandys' Travels, ibid.
from Lat. modo, now, but lately,
late times,
ODu. moppen, to wrap up. ' Om te gaan as hodiernus from hodie. -Diez. —
bemopt orn 't hooft,' to go muffled up about Mohair. Fr. moire, mottaire, G. mohr,

the head. Weiland. To mop, to muffle sort of camlet.

up. Hal. Du. mop-muts, a muffling Moiety. Lat. medietas, Prov. meitad,
cap ; Pl.D. mopp, a woman's cap. Fr. moitii, half.
To moble, mobble, is probably a mere To Moil. I.- To daub with dirt.— B.
variation of muffle, formed from Du. mop- Properly to wet, the senses of wetting
pen, to mutter, as muffle from the analo- and dirtying being closely connected.
gous G. muffen, muffeln, to mutter, to speak A monk that took the spryngill with a manly
indistinctly. Gael, moibleadh, mumbling. chare,
And, as the manere is, moilid all their patis
But see Mop. — Pardoner and Tapster.
Everich after othir.
To Mock. Fr. se moquer, to deride.
The radical image is the muttering sounds It. m^Ue, soft, wet ; mollare, to soak,
made by a person out of temper, repre- moisten, soften ; Cat. mulyar, Fr. mouil-
sented by the syllable mok or muk, which ler, to wet.

thus becomes a root in the formation of 2. To drudge perhaps only a second-


;

words signifying displeasure and the ges- ary application from the labprious efforts
tures which express it, making mouths, of one struggling through wet and mud.
deriding, mocking. G. mucken, to make A simple soul muchlike myself did once a ser-
a sound as if one was beginning to speak pent find.
but breaks off again immediately, the Which (almost dead with cold) lay moiling in
lowest articulate sound, which sound is the mire. —
Gascoigne in R.
called m.uck or m,ucks. Hence mucken, But it may be from Castrais mal, a forge-
to make mouths at one, look surly or gruff, hammer malha, to forge, to form by
;

show one's ill-will by a surly silence, hammering, and figuratively, to work la-

pouting out one's lips, &c. Kiittn. Pl.D. boriously. Compare to hammer, to work
mukken, to make faces, look sour or labour. Hal. —
Schiitze Milan, moccold, to mutter,
; Moist. Fr. m.oiste, moite, Limousin
grumble ; moccd, to make faces Du. mousti, Grisons muost, Milan, moisc,
;

mocken, buccam ducere sive movere. Bret, moudz, w. inwyd, wet, damp.
Kil. Sp. mucca, % grimace It. mocca, a ;To Moither. ^"Mitlier. Moider. — —

mocking or apish mouth. Fl. Esthon. Moithered, confused, oppressed with
mx)k, hps, snout, mouth. Making mouths work. Perhaps to be explained from the
is the first expression of displeasure and figure of water made thick by stirring up.
defiance to which the 'child has resort. Da. muddre, to work in the mud ; mud-
Gr. lidiKog, mockery ;
/umbiJio, to mock. dret, muddled, troubled, thick. But it
Mode. Lat modus, Fr. mode, manner,
. may belong to G. miide, tired Walser, ;

fashion, way, means. The ultimate ex- miiadi, weariness ; miladar, tired out
planation may perhaps be found in the with importunities.
Finnish dialects. Lap. muoto, face, coun- Molar. Lat. molaris, a grinding tooth,
tenance, likeness, image ; Fin. muoto, from mola, a hand-mill.
appearance, form, mode, or manner Mole. I. AS. 9naal, mcel, a blot, spot,
monella muodolla, in many modes ; mo- blemish G. mahl, a spot or mark mut-
; ;

nen-Tmiotainen, multiform Magy. mdd, ; termahl, a mole or natural mark on the


method, manner, on. mdt, image, model, skin ; eisenmahl, an ironmold, as it is
appearance, likeness, condition, manner, written with an erroneous d, an iron-spot
mode ; m6ta, to form. Sw. mdtt, mea- obstmahl, weinmahl. Sec, a spot or stain
sure mdtta, measure, moderation, man-
; from fruit, wine, &c. Mahlen, to paint.
ner, wise ; sd mdtta, in this wise. Da. Lat. macula, a spot.
— ; ;;

428 MOLE MOOR


Fr. mole, It. molo, a pier or bank
2. an ape, or a cat, as we say, Jack, Pug, or
built out into the sea, from Lat. moles, a Puss monina, monicchio, monkey.— Fl.
;

mass, bulk, aiid specially a mole in the Sp. mono, mona, monkey. Probably at
foregoing sense. first a fondling name for a cat. Fr. i/iinon,
Mole, 3.^3SEould-warp. Du. mol, minet, Castrais minou, mounoic, puss, kit-
molworp, G. mdulwerf, from his habit of ten, little cat.
casting up little hillocks of Mould or Monsoon. Ptg. mongao, mougao, It.
earth AS. weorpan, G. werfen, to cast.
;
mussone, Fr. mousson, monson. From
Molecule. Fr. moUcule, dim. of Lat. Arab, mausim, fixed epoch, appropria,te
moles, a mass. season, feast held at a certain season,
Molest. Lat. molestus, troublesome, In Yemen, Says Niebuhr, they give the
grievous. name of mausim to the four months of
To Moll. See To Hull, 2. April, May, June, and July, in which the
Mollify. From Lat. mollis, soft. vessels sail from India. From the sense
Mollusc. molluscus, der. from
Lat. of fixed season it easily passed to that of
mollis, soft; mollusca, a nut with a soft wind blowing from a certain quarter at
shell. the.season in question. Thus the Arabs

Moment. Momentous. Lat. mo- of the Archipelago speak of the mousim
mentum (for movimentum), what causes berat, or mousim timor, the western or
a thing to move met. the weight or im-
; eastern monsoon. Barros explains the
portance of a thing also the passing ; word mougao in one place as signifying
instant, the least portion of time. season for sailing to certain quarters, and
Monarch.. — Mono-. Gr. povoc, only; in another as a regular wind. Engelberg. —
fioviipxiet a sole ruler. Monster, -monstrate. Lat. mon-
Monastery. Gr. iiovaarrifnov, a place strumj monstrare, to point out, make a
in which the life of a solitary may be led, show of. Hence Demonstrate, to point
from /<(ii/oe, alone ; nova'iu, to lead a soli- out; Remonstrate, to showreasons against.
tary life. Month. See Moon,
Monday. Moon-day, dies Lunas. Monument. Lat. mottumentum, some-
Money. Fr. monnaie, Lat. moneta. thing to warn or remind, from moneo, to
Monger, as. mangian, to traffic, advise, admonish.
trade. Hu my eel gehwilc gemangode, Mood. I. Du. moed, G. muth, on.
how much each had made by trade.- mddr, spirit, courage, disposition of mind.
Luke Mangere,!i trader; man-
xix. 15. 2. Lat. modus, in grammar, a certain
gunghus, a house of merchandise. ON. form of inflection indicating tlie mode or
mdnga, to chaffer, to trade ; kaupmanga, manner in which the meaning of the verb
to bargain mdngari, a dealer, a money- is presented to the hearer.
;

changer; Du. manghelen, mangfieren, to Moon. —


Month. Goth. me?ta, ON.
exchange merchandise, to trade; 7nangher, mana, G. mond, Gr. \>,rivr\, Lith. menu,
maggher, an exchanger of wares Swiss ; gen. menesis, the moon menesis, Lat. ;

mangeln, mankeln, to swap, exchange mensis, Gr. fiijv, G. monat, a month, the
mangeler, mankeler, G. 7nakler, a broker. period of the moon's revolution.
Often derived from Lat. mango, a slave- Moor. I Lat. Mahrus, an inhabitant
.

dealer, horse-dealer, but it is very un- of the eastern part of Africa. From Gr.
hkely that this term, which has left no navpoq, black. Nigri manus ossea Mauri'
'

representative in the Romance languages, '


Et Mauri celeres et Mauro obscurior
should so widely have taken root in the —
Indus .' Juvenal. M avpom, to darken, blind,
Teutonic and Scandinavian. make dim or obscure. Mod.Gr. liavpog,
Mongrel. It. mongrelltno, of mixed black, brown itavpova, to blacken, to
;

breed. Du. menghen, to mingle, with stain Boh. maur, N. mur, coal-dust
;

the termination rel, as in pickerel, a small Boh. 7naurek, a grey cat maurowy, grey ;

pike. Du. moor, a black or bay horse Kil. ; —



Monition. Monitor, -monisb. Lat. Serv. mor, dark blue. Probably morutn,
moneo, monitum, to advise, warn. a mulberry, has its name from its dark
Monk. G. monch, Lat. monachtis, Gr. colour.
f.nvaxoQ, solitary, a monk ; fiovovxia, soli- Moor, 2. — Morass.—Mire. on. viSr,
tary life, from /lovoi;, alone, and t^w, to heath, moor, peat myri, myrr, marsh, ;

keep. bog, fen OHG. muor, palus G. moor,


; ;

* Monkey. mouna, mounika,


Bret, more, OberD. Du. moer, moor, mtir,

female ape. Legon. in v. marmouz. It. marshy, turfy ground. Sw. moras, Du.
mona, monna, a nickname for a monkey. moeras, G. morast, morass.
; ;;;

MOOR MORGANATIC 429


The Du. moder, inodder, moyer, moer, Gael, moibleadh, mumbling; Bav. miiffen,
mud, modder, moeder, moyer, dregs, mother to mutter, grumble, hang the mouth
or thick grounds of a liquid, and G. moder, Rouchi, m/)ufeter, to move the lips Du. ;

mud, mire, mother or dregs of wine or maffelen, moffelen, buccas movere. Kil. —
oil, seem to show that the words at the Swiss mauen, mauwen, to chew ; m.a{cel,
head of the article are contracted forms muhel, a sour face ; m&helen, to make a
analogous to E. smoor, from smother, Sw. sour face ; Fr. faire la moue, to make a
far, mar, lor father, mother, E. sbcr, from moe or mow, to show ill-temper by thrust-
sludder. The ultimate origin is probably ing out the lips. Faire la moue aux
to be found in forms like madder, madder, harengiires, to stand on the pillory
signifying to dabble or paddle, to stir up Milan, _/iJ la mocca al s6, Fr. morguer le
and trouble the water, to make it thick del, to make faces at the sun or sky, to
with mud. In this sense we have Pl.D. be hanged.
maddern, moddern, to paddle in wet To Mope. To be silent, inactive, and
(Danneil), Du. tnodden, moddelen, to grub From E. mop, Du. moppen,
dispirited.
in the dirt, E. muddle, to dabble as ducks to make wry faces, hang the lip, pout,
with their bills in the wet, to disturb beer sulk. In the mops, sulky. Hal. The —
or water. —
Moor. Serv. mutlyati, mutiti, senses of being out of temper and out of
to stir up, trouble, or make thick. Boh. spirits closely border on each other, and
matlati, to .daub, matlanina, confusion, are manifested by similar behaviour.
G. schrnaddern, Du. smodderen, to daub, Mopsical, low-spirited. Hal. Swiss mu- —
to dirty. dern (originally, like moppen, signifying
Theforegoing forms must, I think, be to mutter), is used in the senses of look-
entirely separated from Fr. mare, a pud- ing sour, out of temper, of moping like
dle, marais, Du. maerasch, E. inarsh, Lat. moulting fowls tmiderlen, to go about
;

mare, Goth, marei, w. m.or, sea, &c\ in a half sleepy, troubled way.
To Moor. Du. marren, maren^o tie, '
Nor shalt thou not thereof be reck-
to moor ; Fr. amarrer, marer, to [moor. oned the more moope and fool, but the
See Marl. / —
more wise.' Vives in R. E. dial, mop, a
Moot. AS. mot, gemot, in assembly ; fool, maups, a silly fellow ; Du. maf,
mot-em, mot-hus, a meeting-place,lmoot- fatigued, dull, lazy. Jemand voor het
hall motan, to cite before, the moot or
; mafje houden, to make a laughing-stock
court of justice E. to moot., to djscuss a
; of one.
question as in a court of justice moot- ; Moral. Moralist. — Lat. mos, moris,
point, a doubtful point, a pojfit which custom, manner, rite.
admits of being mooted dt^rgued on Morass. See Moor, 2.
opposite sides, p&.gemot, meeting, assem- Morbid. Lat. morbus, disease.
bly, council, deliberation. Witenagemot, Mordant. Fr. mordre, Lat. mordere,
the assembly of wise men, or great council to bite.
of the Saxon Kings. See Meet. —
More. Most. as. ma, more thces ;

Mop. Properly a bunch of clouts. It. the ma, so much the more ma thonne, ;

pannatore, a maulkin, a map of rags or rather than nafre ma, never more, never
;

clouts to rub withal. Fl.— Lat. mappa, again. Mara, greater, more. Du. meer,
a napkin, was doubtless the same word, tneest, more, most. Gael, mb, mbr, moid,
and in thew. of England mop is a napkin, great, many, much mbraich, to enlarge ;
;

also a tuft of grass. Gael, mab, mob, a mb, greater, greatest w. mawr, much ;

tuft, tassel, mop ; mobach, tufty, shaggy ; 7n'wy, greater, more mwyaf, greatest,
;

maibean, moibean, moibeal, a bunch, clus- most ; Sp. mny, much, very Bret, mui, ;

ter, tuft, mop, besom. It is essentially muioc'h, more, most.


the same word with E. bob, a tassel, or More. Root of a tree or herb. To
dangling bunch ; Gael, babag, baban, a more, to grub up by the root. Layamon,
tassel, or cluster. speaking of people driven to the woods,
Mop is also used for a doll, a bunch of says :

clouts, whence moppet, a term of endear- Hii leoueden bi wortes


ment for a child. And bi many wedes,
Bi mores and bi rotes.
To Mop and Mow. To gibber and
make faces. To mop is a parallel form Devonshire more, a turnip. G. mbhre,
of precisely the same origin and significa- carrot.
tion as mock. Du. moppen, Pl.D. mupsen, Morganatic. It was the privilege of
to mutter, grumble, be out of temper the feudatory, among the Lombards and
Swiss mupfen, to wry the face, to deride ; other branches of Teutonic race, to endow

430 MORION MORTAR


his wife on the morrow of the wedding tie dead of itself ; Boh. mrcha, mrssina,
with a limited portion of his fortune, carcase, carrion, hence an old worn-out
without the assent of his heir, under the horse ; Serv. mrtzina, carrion ; mrtza,
name of morgengabe or morning gift :
mriatz, corpse ; mriyeti, mreti, to die.
'
quod unusquisque mihtaris ordinis suae Fr. morine, carcase of a dead beast.
uxori, sine hasredum assensu, nomine Morning. — Morrow. Goth, maur-
dotis erogare valet, antequam cum ed ad gins, G. morgen, morn.
ON. morgun,
prandium discubuerit.' —
Sachsenspiegel Written morowning in Capgr. Chron. 45.
in Due. The radical meaning is probably the time
The word was variously Latinized at which the sky becomes grey. The
under the forms morganatiaim, murgan- grey of the morning is a frequent ex-
ale, murgitatio. The first of these forms pression for early dawn. Walach. murgu,
is used in the contract of Leopold of Aus- grey ; murgitu, twilight ; murgesce, it be-
tria with Catherine of Savoy, A.D. 1310, comes dark, advesperascit, incipit cre-
where he engages ssepe dicta Catherinse
'
pusculum. Lang, mourghe, black, dressed
morganaticum assignare ad nostrum arbi- in black. On this principle Galla bora,
trium de quo morganaiico ordinare et
: to be grey, signifies also to dawn ; bora,

disponere poterit.' Cited from Heinec- grey, thick, dirty ; boru, the morning, to-
cius, Elementa Juris Germ, in N. & Q., morrow, agreeing in a remarkable man-
July 16, 1864. Carp, also gives an in- ner with w. boreu, morning ; boreuo, to
stance of the use of the word in the same dawn. Perhaps ultimate root of the
the-'
sense. expression may lie in the notion of wink-
At a subsequent period the name of ing, as in the case df Mirk above explain-
matrimoniuin ad morganaticam, or mor- ed. Pol. mrugac, to! wink ; Lith. mirgHi
ganatic marriage, was given to a second (flimmern, blinkenK to glimmer, where it
marriage between a man of rank and a will be observed (that blinken, by which
,

woman of inferior position, in which it Nesselmann exslains the word, has the
was stipulated that she should only have senses"' both of linking and gleaming.
claim to the fortune bestowed on her by Mo.rphew. lit, morfea, morfia, Fr.
morgengabe, without partaking in the morfifi-
rank, or transmitting to her children any Moige. Thq ilrus or sea-horse. Russ.
further right to the inheritance of her morj '^^f)-
husband. The word is thus clearly ex- Morswl. A^outhful. ~ Fr. morgeau.
plained in the section, ' De filiis natis ex It. morso\ ^norello, from mordere, to bite,
inatrimonio ad morgatiaticam contracto,' as the eqs^iy^mt E. bit from bite. See
'™'
cited in Due. Henschel. ' Quidam habens Mortar.
filium ex nobili conjuge, post mortem ejus Mort. A
great quantity ; murth, an
non valens continere, aliam minus nobi- —
abundance. B. ON. margt, neuter of
lem duxit qui nolens existere in peccato,
: margr, much ; mart (adv.), much mergS, ;

earn desponsavit ea lege ut nee ipsa nee eopia, multitudo. — Gudm.


filii ejus amplius habeant de bonis pater- Mortal. —Mortify.
Lat. morior, tnor-
nis quam dixerit tempore sponsaliorum : tuus, to die mors, mortis, death. Russ.
;

verbi gratii, decem libras, vel quantum merety, Sanscr. mri, to die ; Gr. ;8poro£,
voluerit dare quando earn desponsavit, mortal.
quod Mediolanenses dicunt aceipere ux- Mortar, i. A
vessel to pound in.
orem ad morganaticam.' Lat, mortarium, Fr. mortier. It. mortaro,
Morion. Fr., Sp. morrion. It. mori- G. mdrser. Pl.D. murt, what is crushed
one, a kind of helmet, perhaps a Moorish or ground ; murten, to crush, to mash ;
helmet, as burganet, a Burgundian one. Bav. dermiirsen, dermtirschen, to pound,
Du. Mooriaan, a Moor. grind ; gemiirsel, crushed stone. Miir-
Morkiu. A wild beast found dead, sell, minutal, est quidam cibus. Gl. in —
carrion ; Schmeller. Fin wwr/aa, to break ; mur-
.

Could he not sacrifice to, things broken ; miirska, crushed,


Some sorry morkiit that unbidden dies, broken to pieces ; murskata, to crush ;
Or meagre heifer, or some rotten ewe. Esthon. mttrdma, to break. Lat. mor-
Bp. Hallin R.
dere, to break with the teeth, to bite.
The resemblance to ON. morkiiin, Sw. 2. Morter, the cement made of lime
murken, rotten, is, I believe, accidental, and sand. Lat. mortarium, Fr. mortier,
as rottenness is not the essential notion G. inortel, is probably to be explained
of the thing, but accidental death. It from the materials being pounded up to-
agrees exactly with Lat. morticinus, cat- gether. ' In Greece they have a cast by
MORTGAGE MOTHER 431
themselves, to temper and beat in mor- derstood from such expressions as those
ters the moi'tar made of hme and sand, quoted under Motto.
wherewith they mean to parget and cover The syllables mot, tot, gru, mik, kik,
their walls, with a great wooden pestill.' used in the first place to represent the
— Holland's Pliny in R. Du. mortel, slightest sound, are transferred to a slight
gravel, brick-dust te mortel slaan, to
; movement, an atom or particle of bodily
beat to pieces ; mortelen, to fall to pieces. substance. Thus Gr. ypS is used in both
mortgage. Fr. niort, dead, and gage, senses. Ow5e yp5, not a sound, not an
pledge. A
pledge of lands to be the pro- atom. Sc. gru, a grain, a small particle.
perty of the creditor for ever if the money And so mot, which in Fr. signifies a word
is not paid on a certain day. See Mort- or single element of speech, corresponds
main. to E. mote, moit, mite, an atom. The Du.
Mortise. Fr. mortaise, a notch cut in use mikken and kikken as the G. mUcken,
one piece of wood to receive the tenon, or for the utterance of a slight sound. Nie-
projection by which another piece is mand dorst mikken nog kikken (Halma),
made to hold it. Probably from Lat. no one durst open his mouth. Hence
mordere, to bite, as morsus is applied to may be explained It. mica and cica, a jot.
the thing or place in which a buckle, Precisely analogous is the train of thought
javelin, knife, &c., sticks. Morsus robo- in Gael. dUrdail, murmuring ; dilrd, a
ris —Virg., the cleft of the tree in which hum, buzz (Macalpine), a syllable (Mac-
the javelin of .iEneas had lodged. leod) dilrdan, dtlradan, a mote, an atom.
;

Mortmain. Fr. mart, dead, and main, Moth. Two series of forms are com-
hand. The transfer of property to a cor- monly confounded. On the one hand we
poration, a hand which can never part have Goth, matha, AS. matha, mathu, a
with it again. worm, Du. made, OHG. m.ado, a maggot,
Mosaick. Mid. Lat. 7nusceum, musi- ON. madkr, Sw. matk, mask, mark, makk
vum, mosivum, musaicum, or mosaicum (Rietz), Da. maddik, e. maivk, maggot,
opus, inlaid work of figures formed by wM-m, Lap. mato, matok, caterpillar,
small coloured pieces of glass. The worm. Fin. mato, matikka, worm, grub,
origin of the name unknown. serpent, creeping thing, which are plau-
Mosque. Fr. mosqiiie. It. meschita, sibly explained from Fin. madan, mataa,
Sp. mesquita, Arab, mesdjid, signifying a to creep, crawl. On the other hand AS.
place where onS prostrates oneself, from moththe, OE. mought (that eats clothes —

sadjada, to prostrate. Engelberg. Palsgr.) Sc. mough, Du. mot, motte, Sw.
Moss. Fr. mo7isse. It. musco, muscio, The radical idea seems here
7natt, mott.
Lat. musais, G. moos, moss Du. mos,
; be the worm that reduces to dust from
to ;

mosch, Sp. molio, moss, mould mohoso, ; Du. 7not, dust, sweepings. So from Du.
mouldy, mossy; Pol. mech, Magy. moh, molm, dust of rotten wood, we have
moss. melm-worm, teredo, tinea, cossus, the
ON. m.osi, G. moos, are also used, as E. insect by which the wood is consumed ;

moss, for moss-grown, swampy, or moory from Bav. met (in inflection, melb, melw),
places. Douau-moos, Erdinger-moos, meal, powder, milben, milwen, to reduce
tracts of such land in Bavaria. to powder {gemilbet salz, powdered salt),
Most. See More. we have milbe, Du. meluwe, milwe, a
Mote. A meeting. See Moot. mite or moth meluwen, to be worm-
;

* Mote. AS. mot, atomus. — Matt. vii. eaten. The same connection holds good
3. Cleveland ?noit, a small particle ; moiis between Du. mul, molsem, dust of rotten
and sidvs, the particles of wood and other wood, molen, to decay (Kil.), and N. mol,
foreign substances from which the wool ON. miilr, Pol. mol, a moth or mite. So
has to be cleansed after scouring. Sp. also lUyr. griz,z.\yA, sawdust {homgrizti,
mota, a mote or small particle, a bit of to bite or chew), grizlttza, moth, mite.
thread or the like sticking to cloth, a Florio uses moth in the sense of mote,
slight defect. atom.
Probably distinct from Du. mot, dust, Mother. Sanscr. mdtar, Gr. fi^njp,
sweepings, where the radical idea seems Lat. mater, Gael, mathair, Russ. 7naf,
essentially different. Moit in Yorkshire mater, on. moSir.
(the equivalent of inote, mite) is used with The name of mother \^ given by analogy
doit (corresponding to dot or jot) in order to certain preparations or solutions from
to strengthen the expression. Neither which other substances are obtained.

moit nor doit, not an atom. Whitby Gl. Sanders quotes a description of vinegar-
The formation of these words may be un- making where directions are given for
— ;;

«2 MOTTLED MOULDY
fillinga new cask one-third with best mouth, to be perfectly silent ; G. muckerii
vinegar, ' which is only to serve as jnothcr to make a slight sound nicht muck sagen, ;

(matter) for further formation of vinegar not to say a single word. Kiittn. —
The
in the cask.' Mutter-fass, cask in which equivalent phrase in Sp. is no decir chus
the materials in vinegar-making are set ni mus, in It. non dire motto ne totto.^
to ferment ; mutter lauge, Fr. eaux mire, Hence motto, Fr. mot, a word, a single
lessive mere, E. mother-water, mother-lie, element of speech.
the spent waters from which the salts they Mould. I. Fr. moule, Sp. molde, a
contained have been crystallised. Mutter- mould. The latter also, as It. modolo, a
erde, the mixture from whence saltpetre model. From Lat. modulus, dim. of mo-
is extracted. Wine is called in Turkish dus, form.
dukhteri-rez, the daughter of the grape. 2. Moulder. Properly, friable earth,
The name of mother is then given to garden soil, then earth in general. Fle-
the turbid sediment or lees which are —
mish m,ul, gemul, dust Kil. ; Du. irMllen,.
formed in the course of fermentation, oil- to crumble (moulder) away, fall to pieces
pressing, or the like, and seem to be the — Bomhoff Pl.D. mull, loose earth, rub-
;

matrix from whence the pure product is bish, and dust of other things ; Goth.
sprung. If the body be liquid and not
' mulda, dust ; ON. mold, earth molda, to ;

apt to putrefy totally it will cast up a commit to earth, ta Isury ; molna, to


mother, as the mothers of distilled waters.' moulder away, to fall away by bits ; jnelia,
— Bacon. G. ^vein mutter, essig mutter, mola, to crush, to break small ; moli, a
lees of wine or vinegar. Boh. matka, crumb.
mother of a child, also dregs or lees ;
With an s prefixed, Dan. smul, dust ;
Esthon. emma, mother emmakas, dregs.; smule, a small particle smule, smuldre,
;

The word now becomes often con- to crumble, moulder, smoulder.


founded with forms signifying turbidity, 3. Mouldy. From the connection be-
thickness, derived from a totally different tween mouldiness and decay we are at
source. G. moder, mud, mire, also the first inclined to look for the derivation in
lees of wine or oil moderig, muddy,
; the idea of mouldering away. Sw. mull,
mothery, thick and turbid. Pl.D. moder, mould, earth ; multna, to moulder, crum-
lees ; mudder, mud. Du. moeder, mo- ble to dust, to rot, putrefy Bav. milben,
;

ther modder, moeder, dregs, lees mod- ; milwen, to reduce to dust ; Du. meluwen,
— —
;

der, moder, mud. Kil. See Mud. to rot. Kil. But in truth the name

mottled. Motley. Dappled, covered seems to be taken, as in many similar
with spots of a different colour. Fr. cases, from the figure of a sour face ex-
mattes, curds matteU, clotted, knotty or
; pressing an ill condition of the mind, ap-
curdlike del mattond, a curdled [mot-
; plied to the signs of incipient corruption
tled] sky, full of small curdled clouds. given by the musty smell of decaying
Cot. things. Thus we have G. mucken (pro-
The notion of a spotted surface may perly to mutter), to look surly or gruff,
naturally be expressed by the figure of pout out one's lips, scowl or frown, show
spattering or splashing, dabbling in the ill-will or displeasure by a surly silence.
wet. So we have dappled, sprinkled with And figuratively es muckt jnit der sache
dabs, from dabble, and in like manner or die sache muckt, the thing has a secret
7nottled IS related to Swab, motzen, Pl.D. fault or defect, comes to nought. Kiittn. —
matschen, E. muddle, to dabble, paddle. Bav. mauckeln, to smell close and musty.
Hesse musseln, to dirty ; Boh. 7natlati, Du. moncken, monckelen, to mutter, to
to daub, smear, blot. With a sibilant look gloomy or sour
; Bav. maunken,
initial OE. smottered, splashed, dirtied ; munken, munkschen, to look sour, sulk,
Du. smodderen, to daub, dirty ; "W.ysmot, (of the weather) to lour, (of flesh) to smell
a spot, patch ; ysmotio, to mottle. ill, to be musty ; Henneberg niiinkern, to

Slotto. It. motto, a word, but com- be musty. Sw. mugga, to mumble
monly used for a motto, a brief, a posy, Swiss muggelii, to mutter ; E. mug, an
or any short saying on a shield, in a ring, ugly (properly a sour) face ; Dan. mUg-

&c. Fl. The slight indistinct sounds geii, sulky, also musty, mouldy. Bav.
involuntarily made by opening the mouth mu_ffen, to mutter, grumble, to make a
are represented in different dialects by sour face, also to smell mouldy or musty ;
the syllables mut, muck, mum, fiv, ^pP, Pl.D. muffen, to sulk, to smell or taste
gny, kiik, tot. Hence Lat. 7nutire, to mouldy; It. »z/^^, mouldiness, mustiness.
utter a slight sound ; ne mutire quidem, Bav. mmidern, to mutter, to sulk, or be
Gr. nHuv fiiire ypvl^av, not to open one's out of humour, to lour, as gloomy wea-
;

MOULT MUCK 433


ther Swiss mudern, to growl, to look
; dull, louring, sad; mairgne^ wot; Goth.
troubled, to lour, mope ; G. modern, to mauriian, fiepi/ivav, to be troubled about
mould, to rot. The same train of thought OHG. mornen, to grieve ; Boh. jnrneti, to
is continued in Gr. fiiWu, to mutter, /ivX- whimper Walach. Tnormai, mornai,
;

Xaiviiv, to distort the mouth, to mock, or Magy. morogni, Russ. murnuikaty, to


make mouths ; N. mulla, to mumljle, mutter, grumble.
speak low and unintelligibly ; Swiss Mouse. Gr. fiXiq, Lat. mus, ON. mus, G.
mauen, mauelen, to work the jaws maiiel, ; maus. It is singular that the name of so
miihel, a sour face mauelen, G. maulen,
; familiar an animal should not have been
Pl.D. muulen, to make a sour face, hang retained in the Romance languages.
the mouth ; Sw. mulen, sour-looking, Mouth. Goth, munths, on. iminnr, G.
gloomy, louring, overcast mulna, to ; mund, Sc. munds, the mouth N. of e. ;

cloud over ; Dan. mulne, to become muns, the face. B. —


As most of the
mouldy ; mul, mould, mouldiness. See words signifying mouth and jaws are
Musty. taken from the action of the jaws in mut-
To Moult. For mout, the / being in- tering, jabbering, chewing, it is probable
troduced by the influence of the u. that the origin of munths, moitth, is shown
When fathers of charyt^ beginnen to moute. in forms like Swiss munzen, to chew E. ;

Hal. munch, to make a noise in chewing Lat. ;

Du. muiten, G. mausen, maussen, MHG. jnandere, inanducare, to chew ; Gael.


muzen, OHG. nmzon, ODu. mAtdn (Graff), ma7intach, lisping, stammering ON. ;

mititen (Kil.), to change. There is no mudla, to mumble Swiss manschen, ;

reason to suppose the word borrowed mangschen, Fr. manger, to eat ; to manche,
from Lat. muto, as the root is found also to eat greedily —
Palsgr. in Way ; to
in the Finnish languages, which indeed m.unge, to eat greedily. Bp. Kennet in —
afford an adequate explanation of its ul- Hal.
timate origin. Finn, mtiu, other, an- —
Move. Motion. Lat. moveo, motunt,
other muua, another place imtuttaa,
; ;
to move.
to move to another place, to change to Mow.
AS. mucg, muga, a heap, stack,
another form Esthon. mu, other ; mu-
; mow
on. mitgr, a mow of hay, a multi-
;

duma, muicdma, to change or alter. tude of people N. imiga, mua, imie, a ;

Comp. G. under, another, dndern, veran- heap of hay muga, to gather into heaps ; ;

dern, to change, transform. mukka, a large heap It. mucchia, Piedm. ;

Mouud. A hedge or bank, a rampart 7nugia, a heap.


or fence. B. —
Mounding is used in To Mow. AS. mawan, Du. maeden,
Warwickshire for paling, or any kind of maeyen, G. mdhen, Lat. jnetere, to mow.
fencing. In ordinary E. the application See Meadow.
has been restricted to the sense of a Much. Mickle. on. miok, miog, n. —
raised bank of earth. The origin is AS., mykjen, Dan. megenj ON. mikill (neuter,
ON. mund, hand, figuratively applied to mikit), Goth, mikils, Swiss michel, Gr.
signify protection, as. mundian, to pro- magnus, Sanscr. majia,
nkyag, iityaXt], Lat.
tect ; mundbora, G. vormund, protector, much, great. Sp. mucho
is from multus,

guardian miindel, a ward.


; Perhaps 3.5 puches, pap, puchada, a poultice, from

Lat, munire, to fortify, protect ; mcenia, pultis.


walls, considered as a means of safety Muck. I. The cleansings of cattle
and protection, may be from the same root. stalls. N. mokdungje, m.okkok, a muck-
To Mount. From Fr. mont, a hill, heap ; tnok-slede, a muck-sledge. From
and val, a valley, tJ mont and cl val, up moka, to shovel, to cast aside with a
and down respectively m,onter, to rise shovel moka i molda, shovelled into
; ;

up avuler, to let or send down, to vail the earth, buried moka. ihop, to shovel
; ;

or make lower. together ; moka fios'e, to clean out the


Mountebank. A quack who mounted cow-house ON. moka Jlor, to clean out ;

on a bench to vaunt his pretensions in the the floor of the stable. Dan. mtige, to
hearing of the crowd. So It. saltimbanco, clear away the dung in stables.
a mountebank, from salire, saltare, to In the same way G. mist, dung, seems
mount, and banco, bench. to be from Boh. mesti, to sweep.
To Mourn. Originally, to groan or 2. Moist, wet. B. 'AH in a muck of —
murmur to oneself like a person in grief sweat.' N. mauk, mok, liquid used in
'
Gemere, to sob, to whoor or mourn as cooking, whether water, milk, or whey ;

a dove or turtle.' Pr. Pm. Gael, tnairg- moykja, to make thinner, add liquid to
to groan, sob, bewail ; Fr. tnorne, food. Boh. mok, moisture, liquid ; mok-
28
; '

434 MUCKER MUFF


naiiti, to be wet ; inoc, urine mociti, to
; work in a dirty manner ; Dan. dial, mos-
wet, soak, steep, to make water ; Lat. sel, confusion maasle, to work in a
; ,

7nacerare, to soak. See To Buck. slovenly manner, to deal with a thing in


3. To run a muck —
Malay amtik, a a disorderly way at maasle kornet, to
;

furious charge or assault. Craufurd. — tread down corn like beasts trespassing ;

To Mucker. To hoard up. Com- at maasle penge sammen, to scrape money


monly derived from AS. imicg. It. mucchio, together. By the same metaphor in a
a heap mucchiare, ammucchiare, to heap
;
converse application we speak of mud-
up ; ammuchio, a heaping or hoarding dling money away, wasting it in disor-
up. Grisons muschna, a heap imischnar ;
derly, unprofitable expense. Dabbhng
daners, to heap up money. Bav. moger, in the wet is often taken as the type of
inefficient, unskilful action.
goods scraped together.
To Muffle.—Muff. To wrap up
Mucketer. —Muckender. jnoca-
Sp.
mouthor face. B. —
The more radical
the

dero, a handkerchief It. ; moccare, Fr.


sense is to deaden sound, as when we
moucher, to wipe the nose, to snuff the
speak of muffled oars or drum ; then
candle, from It. mocco, Lat. mucus, the
(transferring the signification, as is so
snuff of a candle, the secretion of the
constantly the case, from the region of
nose. See Mucous.

Mucous. Mucilage. Lat. mucosus,
the ear to that of the eye), to curtail the
sight, to shroud from view. '
The leper
from mucus, muccus, snivel, the secretion shall have his hed and his mouth maf-
of the 'nose. The origin is the represent-
feld.' —
Bible 1531 in R. ' When the male-
ation by the syllable muk, mug of the factor comes once to be
muffled, and the
sound made by sniffling or drawing up the fatal cloth drawn over his eyes.' South.
moisture into the nose. Gael, mug, a

Then simply to cover up with clothes for
snuffle ; smuc, a nasal sound, a snivel the sake of warmth. From this latter
smug, snivel, phlegm, spittle ; smuig, a sense are formed G. muffel, muff, Du.
snout. Gr. /ii'/cog, mucus /iiiciie, snuff
;
7noffel, maff, a muff or furred receptacle
of a wick ; /Jiiia, snivel /uuEn'/p, a nostril.
;
for the hands ; moffel (Kjl.), Fr. moujle, a
Mud. Pl.D. inudde, mudder, Du. mad- winter mitten.
der, G. moder, Bav. mott, matter, It.mata, The sense of damping sound itself rests
Fin. miita, Esthon. mudda, mutta. The on the figure of muttering, uttering indis-
origin has been derived under Moor from tinct sounds, whence (by using the verb
forms signifying to dabble, to stir up in a factitive sense), to cause to mutter,
liquids, to trouble and make thick. Russ. to give sound a muttering character, to
mutity, Boh. mautiti, mutiti, to stir, make it indistinct. Ta muffle a drum, to
make thick; mut, muddy liquid, distil- damp its sound. The original sense is
lery wash; mutny, thick, turbid. Pol. found in E. ?naffle, to utter indistinct
m<fci<!, to make thick or turbid, to em- sounds like an infent ; to muff, to muffle,
broil, confound ; m<it, met, mud, dregs ; to speak indistinctly. Hal. G. muffen, —
G. mantschen, to stir in wet or moist to express displeasure by muttering
things, to soil one's hands with stirring sounds ; muffeln, to mumble or mutter,
in dirt, mud, &c.— K. Pl.D. matschen, to to speak unintelligibly. Both muffen and
pa-ddle in slush ; matsch, patsch, quatsch, muffeln are then used in the sense of

slush, mud.' Danneil. G. muddern, to muffling up. Sanders. The same con- —
stir up the mud as a ship when it touches nection between the senses of indistinct
ground. Swab, motzen, to dabble and utterance and wrapping up in clothes has
wet oneself, to daub with colours. been pointed out by Sanders in the case
Analogous to mud, from muddle, is Fr. of mummeln, to mumble, mutter (Kiittn.),
bourbe, mud, from borboter, barboter, bar- mummen), to muffle up.
also (as well as
bauiller, to dabble, muddle. '
Ich mumtnle euch ein von fuss zu kopf
To Muddle.— Muzzy. radical The '
Die rothe wang" halb eingemummt in
image, as shown under Mud, the dab- is ranch werk.' Die nordische winterver-
'

bling in the wet. nmmmutig, mantel and leib pelz.' Mum-


Ta tnuddle, to root out
with the bill, as geese and ducks do.— B.mel in Swabia is a muffler of linen cover-
Thence to trouble, to make water turbid, ing the face up to the eyes, which was
and metaphorically to confuse the head worn by women in mourning. See Mum-
like a person in drink. Muddled or mer.
muzzy with drink. Comp. Pol. vtc^ii, to Muff. 2. A fool (Nares), a stupid fel-
make thick or muddy, to embroil, con- low. Hall. Properly a staimnerer, from —
found ; Pl.D. musseln, to daub, dirty, muff, to speak indistinctly (Hall.), as
; —;

MUG MULLION 435


maffling, from snaffle, to
a simpleton, the berry ; OHG. murbouma, maurpaum,
stammer. See Hoddipeak. the tree ; from Lat. morics, Gr. /lopov,
Mug. I. Svv. mugg, an earthen cup. probably so called from the dark purple
OG. migil, fiala magele, magellel, ma- of the fruit.
; See Moor. It is remark-
gSlla, makhollein, Swiss mayel, Milan able however that closely resembling
miolo, ij cup Grisons majola, migiola, forms (Lap. muorje, Esthon., Wotiak
;

earthenware ; It. niaiolica, ornamental mull) are found in many of the Finnic
earthenware, supposed to be so named languages in the sense of berry, fruit.
from having originally been made in ^
Mulch. Straw half rotten; Pl.D.
Majorca but a theory of this kind is so molsch, Bav. molschet, objectionably soft,
;

frequent a resource in etymology that it soft through decay molzet, soft, clammy, ;

is always necessary to sift the historical sloppy, as thawing snow or ill-dressed


evidence of the article having been actu- food AS. molsnad, decayed Manx molk,
; ;

ally produced at the place from whence macerate, rot ; Bav. 7imlfern, to wear
it is supposed to be named. It seems to down to molm or dust. Das alte strS im
me more probable that majolica was de- strosack ist alles dermulfert, ist ein laute-
rived from the OG. magele, a mug, than res gemulfer, is mere mulch. See Mel-
the converse. low.
2. An ugly face. It. mocca, a mocking Mulct. Lat. imdcta, a fine of money
or apish mouth Esthon. viok, snout, imposed.
;

mouth, lips Gael, simiig, a snout, a face


; Mule. Lat. mulus.
in ridicule. Like many depreciatory Mullar. Fr. mollette, a stone used by
terms for mouth and face derived from painters and apothecaries for grinding
the muttering sounds of a person out of colours ; moulleur, a grinder. Cot. Pl.D. —
temper. Swiss muggeln, to mutter; mug- mullen, ON. m'dlva, to rub down, to re-
a mouthful Sw. mugga, to mumble
geie, j duce to powder.
Dan. muggen, sulky. See Mock, Muzzle. Mulled Ale or Wine. Ale sweetened
Muggy. Close and damp to mug- ; and spiced, derived by Way from mull,
gle, to drizzle with rain mug, a fog or ; powder, dust, the spice being grated into
mist. —
Hal. on. mugga, dark, thick it. But the true meaning seems to be a
weather; Bret, mouga, to stifle, to extin- beverage such as was given at funerals ;
guish mougiiz, stifling w. mwg, smoke;
; ; Sc. mulde-mete, a funeral banquet ; OE.
Gael, muig, smother, quench, become 7noldale, molde ale, potatio funerosa— Pr.
gloomy, misty, or dark, and as a noun, a Pm., from ON. molda, to commit to mould,
frown, surliness, gloom, cloudiness, dark- or to bury. At ausa lik moldu, to
ness. The radical idea is probably shown sprinkle the corpse with mould; Fris.
in Gael, mugach, snuffling, speaking brenghen ter moiiden, to bring to mould,
through the nose, and thence, as speak- i. e. to bury ; Sc. under the moots, in the
ing in such a tone is (in children espe- grave.
cially) a sign of discontent and anger, Mullein. Fr. mouleine, inolaiiie, G.
sullen, gloomy, cloudy. Dan. mukke, to motten-kraut, motten-same, a plant of
mutter, grumble imiggen, sulky
; Ex- which the seeds were considered good
;


moor mttggard, sullen, displeased. Hal. against moths in clothes. Moth-mullen
The application of terms signifying frown- (verbascum blattarid) herbe aux mites.
ing or sullen of countenance to dark and Sherwood. Dan. mot. Boh. mol, a moth
cloudy weather is very common. G. 7nilbe, a mite.
Thus gloom is used to signify either a Mullet. A five-pointed star in heraldry.
frown or the darkness of the air to lotir, Fr. mollette, molette, the rowel of a spur,
;

properly to frown, expresses the threaten- also a name technically given to a little
ing aspect of a cloudy sky. Du. moncken, pulley or wheel used for certain purposes.
to mutter, to frown, to lour; monckende Milan, moletta, a grindstone. From Lat.
opsicht, a louring look monckende weder, mola, a handmill.
;

covered or cloudy weather monckende MuUion. Munnion. The short up-


; —
kolen, ashes burning covertly. In the right bars which divide the several lights
last example is seen the passage to the in a window-frame. B. It. mugnone, a —
sense of quenching or stifling. carpenter's munnion or trunnion. Fl. —
Mulatto. Sp. mulafo, the issue of Sp. imtnon, Fr. moignon, the stump of an
black and white parents. From mule, arm or leg moignon des ailes, the pinion ;

the produce of a horse and ass. of a wing. The munnion or muUion of a


Mulberry, g. maulbeer. Patois de window is the stump of the division be-
Berri molle, Sw. mulbaer, Du. moerbesie. fore it breaks off into the tracery of the
28 *
—!
— ;; ;

436 MULLOCK MUMMERS


window. It. moncone, a stump monco, ; Schmeller. Fr. mommon, a
troop of
, Bret, monk, mons, moufi, stumped, having mummers, a visard or mask, also a set at
lost hand or foot. For the ultimate de- dice by a mummer. —
Cot. Mojno!t,3. chal-
rivation, see Mutilate. lenge to a throw at dice made by a masker,
Mullock. Rubbish. aleatorium et silens certamen. —Trevoux.
The m-ullok on an hepe ysweped was The requisition of silence gave the word
And on the flore yeast a canevas, the appearance, in English, of being de-
And all this mullok in a sive ythrowe. — Chaucer. rived from mum, silent.
Pl.D. mullen, to rub to mull or dust And for mumchance howe'er the chance do fall
Bav. miillen, to rub to pieces gemiill, ;
You must be mum for fear of spoiling all.
rubbish. See Mulch. Peat-mull, the Machiavel's Dogg. in Nares,

dust and fragments of peat mulled- ; To play mumchance then became a pro-
bread, oaten, bread broken into crumbs. verbial expression for keeping silence.
Brocket. See Mould, 2. Mumm.ers. Maskers, performers of a
Mult. —Multitude. Lat. multus, rude kind of masque or scenic represent-
much. ation mummery, ill-managed acting,
;

Mum. I. G. mumme, a thick, strong masquerading, buffoonery; Fr. mommeur,


beer brewed at Brunswick. Cerevisia'
It. motmneo, one that goes a-mumming ;

quam mamam aut mocum ridiculd appel- momjneare, to mum Fl. ; Du. momnie, —
lant pro potu homines hujus loci utuntur.' G. mumme, a masker, a mask. Du. mom-
— Leibnitz Script. Brunsvic. in Adelung. m.e, G. mummel, are also a ghost, a bug-
Possibly the name may have arisen bear Basque viamu, a hobgoblin, bug-
;

from the Sw. interjection, mitm ! mum bear, and as a verb, to mask oneself in a
expressive of satisfaction with drink. hideous manner. Salaberry. The same —
Rietz. connection of ideas is seen in Lat. larva,
2. The sound made with the lips closed a mask, a ghost or goblin.
the least articulate sound that a person The foundation of this connection is
can make. laid in infancy, when the nurse terrifies
Thou mygt bet mete the mist on Malveme hulles the infant by covering her face and dis-
Than gete a ^lom of hure mouth til moneye be guising her voice in inarticulate utter-
hem shewid.^P. P. ances, represented by the syllables Bo,
Hence mum, like hist or whist, was used Bau, Wau, Mum. It. far bau bau, to
as enjoining silence; not a mum !
terrify children, covering the face. La —
When men cry Tnum, and keep such silence. Crusca. Sometimes the nurse turns this
Gascoigne in R, means of producing terror to sport, cover-
—And gave on me a glum, ing her face with a handkerchief when
There was among them no word t^an but wzw?w. she cries Bo or Mum and then remov-
! !

Skelton.
ing the terror of the infant by displaying
Mummyn as they that noght speke, hgr face, when she cries Peep or some !

mutio. — Pr. Pm. '


equivalent word. Such is the game of
To Mumble. Pl.D. mummeln, to Bo-peep, Peep-po, Sc. Keek-bo, Pl.D.
make the sound mum, mum, in eating or Kiekebu, Mumnt-kiek, Mumm-mumm
speaking, to chew like toothless people, to spielen, Blinde-mumm spielen. The ob-

speak indistinctly. Danneil. Du. mom- ject of terror presented to the mind of the
melen, mompelen, ON. mumla, Mod.Gr. infant by the masked nurse is the primi-
\La.fiavkiC,m, to mutter ;Bav. memmeln, tive type of a bugbear, and is named from
memmezen, mummeln, tnumpfen, to the terrifying cry, It. bau, bau-bau, w.
move the lips rapidly in chewing like a bw, G. -diau-wau, mummel, mumme. Gr.
rabbit, to mutter, mumble. Mump/el, fiop/iii a cry to frighten children with
! ;

the mouth einen mumpfeln, to hit one


; Mop/iw laKvti 'iTnroQ, Bo the horse bites
! !

on the mouth. fiop/iog, iiopinnToc, frightful. Mo/u/jw, o ruing


Mum-cliance. Originally a game of ^opi^ut fdfisv, rb ^OjScpov toiq TraiSioiQ, —
dice by mummers or maskers, from Fr, Hesych. It. baucco, a bugbear, a wo-
chance, a chance or hazard, a game of man's mask or mutHer bauccare, to play ;

chance ; Swab, schanz, a venture, a cast bo-peep, to scare children, to mask or


at dice. Mommkantse, alea larvatorum. muffle. Fl. —
Hence the application of
— Kil. Mummschanz schlagen, persona- the name of mumming to a masked en-
tum aleatorios nummos ponere, iis positis tertainment.
lacessere coUusorem, a masker to lay In illustration of the universality of the
down stakes at dice and then chal- principles on which language is formed,

lenge an opponent. Vocab. A.D. 1618 in Adelung mentions that among the Man-

; —;

MUMMY MUSE 437


dingoes in Africa the wives are kept in morfondre [inoure-fondre], to take cold,
order by a device similar to tliat by which
from the running at the nose ; fondre, to
children are terrified in Europe. A fear- melt away.
fully disguised man with a loud noise Mural. Lat. mums, a wall.
threatens to devour the disobedient wife, To Murder. Goth, mauthrjan, G.
and from the sounds which he utters is m.orden, to slay ; Fr. meztrtre, a homi-
called Mutnbo-jumbo, substantially iden- cide; ON. mord, a. privy slaying, conceal-
tical with the G. mummel. ment i mordi, secretly mord-jarn, a
; ;

Mummy. Arab, moumiya, from dagger. Bohem. mord, slaughter, mor-


mourn, wax. Engelberg. — dowati, to slay, may be borrowed.
To Mump. To bite the lip like a rab- It is difficult to speak positively as to
bit, to beg mmivper, a genteel beggar.
; the radical signification, whether the word
B. Sc mump, to speak indistinctly, and be connected with forms like Lat. mort-,
figuratively to hint at. The word funda- death, Bohem. mrtwy,^ dead, mrtwiti, to
ttientally represents an audible action of kill, mriti, Lat. mori, to die, and thus
the jaws, and hence either chewing, mut- signify simply putting J;o death or whe- ;

tering, or making faces. ON. mumpa, to ther it may not signify knocking- on the
eat voraciously ; Swiss mumpfeln, to eat head, and thus be connected with Swiss
with full mouth ; Bav. m-untpfen, mump- morden, Pl.D. murten, to crush, Fin. •

feln, to mumble, chew ; die mumpfel, the murtaa, to break, Esthon. murdma, to
mouth. From making faces we pass to break, to crush. In the latter language
the notion of tricks, gestures, assumed for murdma kal, to break the neck, is used
the purpose of exciting pity or the like. in the sense of killing. The Fr. meurtre^ '•

Mumps or mowes, monnoie de singe a murder, agrees in a similar way with


Sherwood. Morgue, a saddenedjook,
'
meurtrir, to bruise.
the mumping aspect of one who would To Murle. To crumble. W. mwrl,
seem graver than he is.' Cot. —
Du.a crumbling stone ; Fin. murtaa, mur-
mompen, to cheat, to trick. Bomhoff.— rella, to break muru, a fragment, bit
;

Mumps. Pl.D. mmnms, swelling of muria, loose, friable; Sw. mor, tender,
the glands of the neck. Probably from soft, friable ; Fin. murska, broken to
the uneasy action of the jaws which it bits G. morsch, friable, brittle, mellow,
;

produces. soft.
Munch. Fr. manger, It. mangiare, Murmur. A representation of a sound
from Lat. manducare, to chew. like that of running waters, the wind
Mtindane. Lat. mundus, the world. among branches, &c. Lat. murmurare,
Municipal. The Roman mjinicipia Gr. liopjjvpiiv. A
similar element is seen
were towns whose citizens received the in Fr. marmotter, to mutter, or with an
rights of Roman
citizenship but retained initial b instead of »z. Mod. Gr. ^opPopv-
their own laws. The proper meaning of Zsiv, to rumble.
municeps is one who takes the offices
of Murrain. OFr. marine, carcass of a
a state, from munus, an office or public dead beast, mortality among cattle; It.
function, and capio, to take. It was used jnoria, a pestilence among cattle. From
in the sense of citizen or fellow-citizen. moicrrir, morire, to die. See Morkin. .
Munificent. Lat. munifex (from mu- Murrey. Fr. mor^e, Sp. morado, violet,
nus, an office or public charge, also a mulberry-coloured ; Lat. morum, a mul-
gift), one who performed a public duty berry.
munificentia, liberality in the expenditure Muscle. Lat. musculus, a little mouse,
expected from a public officer, liberality a muscle of the body, the shell-fish. In
in general. the same way Gr. ;i«e, a. mouse, is used
Muniment. — —
Munition. Ammuni- in both the other senses. Mod.Gr. -aov-
tion. Lat. munio, Fr. munir, to fortify, TiKi, a mouse or rat vovTiKUKt, a small
;

strengthen, furnish or store with all man- rat, a muscle of the body. Cornish togo--
ner of necessaries ; muniment, a strength- den fer (literally, mouse of leg), calf of
ening or fortifying munimens, justifica- the leg ; Serv. misk, a mouse ; mishitza,
;

,
tions of allegations in law. Cot. —
Muni- female mouse, also, as weE as mishka,
ments is now only heard in the sense of the arm. Fr. souris, bothe for a mouse
records or evidences of title to property and the brawne of a mannes arme. '

and such family papers as are preserved Palsgr.


with them. Muse. Lat. musa. See Music.
Mur. A cold in the head. Fr. moure, To Muse. Fr. muser, to muse, dream,
snout, muzzle mourues, the mumps ; study, to regard fixedly like a fool. 11
;
— —

438 MUSHROOM MUSKET


imisc quelque part, he stays somewhere ;
be thou in bed with thy hede full of beis.'
musard, dreaming, gazing or pausing on, So Pol. roj, a swarm ; rojanie, musing,
hngering It. musorone, lumpish, heavy,
; reverie, dreaming; It. grillo, a cricket,
potiting,musing. Fl. — by metaphor, a fantastic conceit or whim,
The absorption of one brooding over as we say, crickets or bees-nests in one's
angry thoughts is commonly expressed head.— Fl. Gabbia di grilli, sorgii, a
by the figure of the muttering sounds in cage for crickets or for mice, a self-con-
which he unconsciously gives vent to his ceited gull. —
Ibid. Fr. avoir des rats, to
feelings. Bret, bottda, to murmur or
Thus be maggoty, to be a humorist. Boyer. —
buzz, gives rise to Fr. bonder, to sulk. The analogy of such expressions led to
The muttering sounds are however more the erroneous supposition that muizen, to
frequently represented by syllables with muse, was to be explained in the same
an initial m, mop, muff, muk, mut, muss, manner, and muizenis, musing, was con-
giving rise to a great variety of forms sig- verted into muizcnest, mouse-nest. P1.D.
nifying sulking, keeping an angry silence, miisenester in koppe hebben, to have
and ultimately (with the usual softening mouse-nests in the head, to be absorbed
down of the original figure), the simple in thought. Of a person so occupied
fact of being immersed in thought. Du. they say He sut 2iut as een pot vull
^

moppen, to sulk Bav. muffen, to mutter, ;


miise,' he looks like a pot full of mice.
grumble, hang the mouth Swiss muffen, Mushroom. Mussheron, a toadstole,
— Palsgr.
;

to sulk, be surly ; G. mucken, mucksen, to champignon. Fr. mousseron,


mutter, look surly or gruff, scowl, show a name given at the present day to a
one's ill-will by a surly silence —
Kiittn.; dark yellowish brown mushroom, eatable
Du. moncken, to mutter, to scowl E. though coarse, and growing in forests, in
;

mutting, muttering, sulking, glumping England common among heath. From


Hal. Swiss mudern, to snarl, grumble, the mossy nature of the ground on which it
;

scowl, mope, sulk N. mussa, to whisper, grows, as champignon, the common Eng-
;

mutter, sulk Lat. mussare, to buzz, mur- lish mushroom, from champs, the fields in
;

mur, mutter, to brood over, to consider in which it is found. Fr. mousse, moss.
silence. Flent mcesti, OTi^jj^/z/^^^patres.'
'
N. & Q. Feb. 5, 1859.
'
Mussat rex ipse Latinus quos generos Music. Lat. musica, Gr. liovaiicri. Mol-

vocet :' the king muses on the choice of 'aav ^tpfti/, to sing Pindar tiq ijSr] jioiaa} —

;

a son-in-law. Virg. Musat, dubitat in what strain is this ? Eurip. As song —


loquendo, timet, murmurat. —
Papias in was undoubtedly the origin of poetry, it
Due. Gr. /jt/Jw, to miu-mur, moan, mut- may be conjectured that the word is
ter, to express displeasure Bret, moitsa, ultimately derived from a root signifying
;

to sulk, be out of temper, express dis- the modulation of the voice in singing, a
pleasure Swiss miiscii, to mope, to be sense preserved in Wal. muzer, to hum a
;

sunk in melancholy Rouchi mouser, to tune, fredonner, chantonner, to make


;

sulk Du. muizen, to^ponder, muse. The music ; Prov. musar, to play on the bag-
;

appearance of a derivation from miiis, a pipes Lat. mussare, to buzz, hum, mutter. ;

mouse, leads Kilian to explain the word Musket. Mid. Lat. muscJietta, a bolt
as a metaphor from the silent absorption shot from a springald or balista. Potest '

with which a cat watches for a mouse praeterea fieri quod hsec eadem balistas
;
'
muysen, mures venari, tacite quasrere.' tela possent trahere quae 7nuschcttcB vul-
In popular thought the reference to a gariter appellantur.' Sanutus in Due.
mouse presented itself under a different

Ne nuls tels dars ni puet raeflfaire,
aspect. A
dreaming, self-absorbed con- Combien que on i sache tire,
dition of mind is very generally attributed Malvoisine des sajettes,
to the biting of a maggot or worm, the Ne espringalle ses mouchettes.
stirring of crickets, bees, flies, and even Guigneville, ibid.
mice, in the head. In the year 1183 the The implements of shooting were com-
principality of Ravenna was conferred on monly named after different kinds of
Conrad, quern Itali Musca in cerebro hawks, as It. terzeruolo, a pistol, from
'

nominabant, eo quod plerumque quasi terzuolo, a merlin falconetto, a falconet,


demens videretur.'
,

Due. In the pro- sagro, a saker, names formerly given to
;

logue to the eighth book of Douglas' pieces of ordnance, while falcone and
Virgil, the author, in his sleep, speculat- sagro were also the names of hawks.
In
ing on all the wrong things that are going the same way the old muschetta was from
on in the world, is addressed by a man Prov. mosqnet, Fr. mouchct, AS. musha-
whom he sees in his sleep, What berne foc, a sparrow-hawk, a name probably
'
;

MUSLIN MUTIL.A.TE 439


taken, not, as Diez supposes, from its plained under Mould) Dan. inuliic, to be-
speckled breast iinouchet^, specked), but come mouldy. From the same verb is
from Du. jnossdie, mussche, a sparrow, a formed V\.T).muulsk, niuulsch ( SchiJtze), —
word preserved in E. titiiwiise. sour-looking miiulsk nut seen, to look
;

Muslin. Fr. mousseline, Venet. mitso- sour, to sulk. —


Brem. Wtb. Hence per-
liii. Mod. Gr. /jouu-ouXf. Said to be from haps Pl.D. mulstrig, in Lippe imistrig
Moussul in Mesopotamia. In Mesopo- '
(Deutsch. Mundart, VI.),and the synony-
tamia texuntur telae quae apud Syros et mous E. musty. The / of muiilsk is lost in
^gyptos apud mercatores Venetos ap-
et the same way in Sw.muskjse underniusk,
pellantur Mitssoliex hoc regionis nomine.' to look sour, leading to Prov. Dan. musk,
— Nomenclature Arabe at the end of mustiness musketi, musty.
; Hessian,
Works of Avicenna in Diet. Etyra. This miitzen, to pout, to hang the mouth, to
derivation is confirmed by Arabic moiis- look surly or gruff, and met. to begin to
oliyy, muslin, properly, belonging to decay tnutzig, surly, illtempered-look-
;

^fjusdl, as the name of the to'.vn is ing of the weather, threatening smell-
; ;

written in Arabic. ing of decay, musty mutzig riechen, to


;

Mussulman. Turk, viusslim, a fol- smell musty. Fris. milt, mutsch, itiucksch,
lower of islam, a true believer ; pi. muss- sour-looking, sulky, still. Outzen. —
limin, musslimHn, moslems. Mutable. -mute. Lat. mtito, to
Must. G. mussen, Du. moeten, to be change. See Mew.
forced ; Sw. mdste, must ; Du. mo etc, Mute. The syllables 7nut, inuk, 7nuiii,
leisure ; moet, necessity, pressure. Moete, kuk, are taken to represent the slight
opera, labor. —
Kil. Pol. musu!, zmiiszac, sounds made by a person who is absorbed
to force, to constrain ; tnusiec', to be in his own ill-temper, or kept silent by his
obliged, to be necessary musisz sie bid,
; fear of another. Hence Lat. mutirc,
you must fight ; Bohem. musyti, to be Diuttire, to murmur, mutter. Nihil iiiu-
bound, forced to do ; iimsyl, one com- tire audeo, I do not dare to utter a sylla-
pelled ; mussciij, compulsion, necessity. ble. G. iiicht ciiten 7nuck von sich geben,
Must. Lat. mustum, Fr. moust, mout, not to give the least sound. Du. kikken,
the juice of grapes ; Russ. msto, viest, G. mikken, to utter a slight sound. Magy.
most, juice of fruits ; S w. must, juice, sap, kuk, kukk, a mutter ; kukkanni, to mutter.
moisture, pith, substance ; must i jorden, Then by the same train of thought as in
moisture in the earth ; rotiiiust, radical the case of e. mum, Lat. niutus, silent,
moisture. IU)Tian7Ka.J/'///,to crush grapes, dumb Serv. muk, silent muchati, to be
; ;

to make must, to colour, daub with grease silent ; Magy. kuka, dumb.
mast, must, colour for the face, salve, Mute. Dung of birds. B. Yr.mutii; —
grease. to mute as a hawk ; esjnezit, the drop-
Mustaches. Mod.Gr. fiijTa^, mus- —
pings of a bird. Cot. It. smaltire, to
taches, /tvaraKi, whiskers
Gr. iivara^,
; digest one's meat ; smaltare, to mute as a
upper lip, moustache iiaara^, the mouth,
;
hawk. From the liquid nature of the ex-
jaws, upper lip Venet. mustazzo, snout,
; crements of birds. ON. snielta, to liquefy.
face (in a depreciatory sense) ; mustazzada, To Mutilate. Lat. mutilo, to cut
a blow on the mouth mustachiare, to
; short, reduce a stump to mutilus (of ;

wry the mouth It. mostazzo, mustachio,


; animals that should have horns), hornless.
snout, muzzle, face. Derived from a form JIanx mut, any short thing muttagh, ;

like Lat. masticare, to chew, Pl.D. nius- short, thick and blunt ; smuttan, a stump ;

seln, miisterti, to mutter, on the principle smuttagh, stumpy, short-snouted. Gael.


illustrated under Muzzle. smut, a stump, beak, snout ; G. viutz,
Mustard. Venet. mostaj-da, a sauce anything stumped or cut short ; mutzohr,
composed of boiled must with mustard- a cropear 7nutzsch'wanz, a bobtail
;
;

seed boiled in vinegar ; Sp. mostaza, Swiss mutschig, gemutschet, mutt, g'77iut-
thickened must ; mostazo, mustard mos- ; tig, cropped, short and thick 7/iutsc/i, ;

tillo, sauce composed of mustard and a beast without horns; It.


77iutti, 77iuttli,
sweet wine. mozzo, stumped, cut short 77tozzo, moz- ;

Muster. An inspection of troops. Fr. zicone, a stump 77iozzare, to cut off.


;

monstrer, to show ; moitstre, monstree, a Gris. 7/iuotsch, 7nuott, 7/tott, cropped, cut
view, show, sight, muster of Cot. — short.
Musty. From Pl.D. muUn, to make The most familiar type of the act of
a sour face, may be explained Sw. muleti, cutting off the extremity of a thing is
gloomy se miilen ut, to look sad or
; blowing the nose in the way it is done by
gloomy, and thence (on the principle ex- those who have not a handkerchief, or
440 MUTINY MYTH
the snuffing of a lamp or candle, to which muzzle Fr. museliire, a muzzle or pro-
;

the word signifying in the first instance vender bag muserolle, a musroll or
;

the wiping of the nose is commonly trans- noseband.


ferred. And this I believe is the origin A depreciatory term for the jaws and
of the foregoing forms. Thus It. mocco, mouth, and so for the mouth of a beast,

moccio, mozzo {moszi FL), is the snuff is often taken from a representation of
or snivel of the nose ; mocco, moccola, the sounds made by the jaws in mumbling,
also the snuff of a candle, tip of the nose, muttering, or chewing. So from Swiss
also like G. miilz, applied to the penis mauen, mauelen, to chew, mullen, to
(Fl.) moccare, mocciare, to blow the nose,
; chew, to eat, we have mauel, muhel, Fr.
to snuff a candle ; mozzare, to cut off. moue, a sour face, G. 7naul, chops, mouth,
Brescian mocar, to snuff a candle, to blow ON. 77iuli, a snout from G. murreii, to
;

one's nose, to take off the point of a mutter, grumble, Lang, moure, a sour
thing, to cut off, a member or a part of face, mine refrogn^e, also as Fr. moure,
anything. —
Peschieri. mourre, the snout or muzzle Cot. from — ;

The forms moccare, mocciare, become Bav. mocken, mucken, to mutter discon-
in Piedm. mocM, to snuff the candle or tentedly, Du. mocken, buccam ducere sive
lamp, to pinch oif the shoots of the vines, movere, to pout, grumble, fret (Bomhofif),
to crop trees or plants, and mod (as It. It. mocca, an ugly mouth, Esthon. mok,
mozzare), to take off the point of any- the snout, mouth, lips from Du. mof- ;

thing to make it blunt moc4 la coa, le


; felen, majfeleii, to maffle, lisp as an infant,
orie d'lin can, to crop the tail or ears of a move the jaws, Rouchi mouffeter, to move
dog. Moc, mot, blunt, stumped. The the lips, Bav. muffen, to mutter, grumble,
nasalisation of the root, as in Lat. emunc- hang the mouth, muffelen, to mumble,
tus, gives It. monco, monchino, monche- chew with difficulty, Fr. muffle, mouffle,
rino (synonymous with mocherin Fl.), — the snout or muzzle from Bav. mump- ;

Stump of the arm. fen, mumpfeln, to mump or mumble, to


Mutiny. Fr. miitin, turbulent, un- chew, mump/el, the mouth. In the same
quiet, seditious ; Du. mityten, to mutter, way It. 7HUS0 seems to be derived from
murmur, excite sedition by privy whis- forms like Gr. iivtui, Lat. musso, or e.
perings ; muitery, sedition, revolt ; Bav. 7nuse, of which we have shown that the
imitern, to grumble. Mutilon, mussitare. original sense is to mutter.
— Gl. in Schm. Lat. mutio, muttio, to Muzzy. See To Muddle.
utter suppressed sounds, to mutter. Fin. Myriad. Gr.
ftvpiag, 10,000; livpiog,
fnutista, to whisper, mutter ; miitina, countless, numberless ; /ivpioe, 10,000.
muttering. The radical signification is probably a
To Mutter. Lat. muttire, to utter low swarm of ants, as we use to swanii, or
sounds. Fr. foun/nller, in the sense of to be in
'Mutton. It. montone, Venet. moltone, countless numbers, as. tiiyra, PI.D.
Prov. Cat. molts. Mid. Lat. multo, Fr. 7tiiere, E. pismire, an ant ; ON. 7nau7T, an
mouton, a wether or castrated sheep, then ant; 7iiyr, a countless multitude. Gr.
sheep in general. OFr. molt, w. mollt, /ivpixti^, Fin. 7im!iriaitten, an. ant.
mollwyn, Bret, maoitt, wether. Mystery. —
Mystic. Gr. nvarnfiov,
Mutual. Lat. mutuus, interchange- livanKbg, from fivw, to hold secret, 7/!U and
able, reciprocal, from each to the other. mut being used to represent the least
Probably from muto, to change, as a^iot- sound, the sound made with nearly
^aioe, reciprocal, from d;iEi|8w,to change. closed lips. See Mum.
Muzzle. It. mil so, Fr. museaii (for Myth. —Mythic. Gr. nv9os, a saying,
musel), the snout or muzzle of a beast; a fable.
It. musclare, to muzzle or bind up the

NAB NAKED 441

N
To Nab. To catch or seize, properly anything small of its kind. ON. nabbi,
to clap the hand down upon a thing ; in OFr. nabe, nabot, a dwarf, from nab, knob,
Scotland, to strike. Dan. nappe, to snatch, a lump ; E. dial, knor, knurl, a dwarf,
snatch at, pluck ; «a/-/a«^, nippers Fin. ; —
from knur, a knot. Hal.
nappata, suddenly to seize, to snap, to In the last article has been traced the
pluck ; Du. knappen, to crack, to seize ;
line of thought from the root knack, knapp
Fr. naque-mouche, a fly-catcher. (passing into nag, nab), signifying an
The sound of a crack is represented by abrupt movement, to the notion of a pro-
the syllables knap or knack, which are jection, prominence, lump. In the original
thence used as roots in the signification sense may be mentioned E. dial, nag, to
of any kind of action that is accompanied jog, whence nogs, the projecting handles
by a cracking sound. G. knappen, to of a scythe; Dan. kizag, a wooden. peg,
crackle as fire niisse knappen or knack-
; cog of wheel, handle of a scythe Gael. ;

en, to crack nuts knappern, to chew


; cnag, to crack, snap the fingers, rap,
hard dry food into pieces with a certain knock a knock, knob, peg ; E. dial, nug,
;

noise ; Fin. napsaa, to crackle as the a protuberance or knob, a block nug- ;

teeth in chewing Fr. naqueter des dens,


; head, a blockhead, and nugget, a small
to chatter with the teeth ; Du. knabbelen, lump, a name with which the gold work-
to gnaw, nibble. ings of late years has made us so familiar.
The sense is then extended to any —
Nagging. Naggy. A nagging pain
quick, short movement, although not ac- is a slight but constant pain, as the tooth-
companied by audible noise. G. knap- ache, an irritating pain. Naggy, touchy,
pen, to nod, jog, totter, move to and fro irritable. —
Hal. N. nagga, to gnaw, to
Kiittn. ; eiti auf, springs up
brett knappt irritate, plague, disturb ; Sw. nagga, to
— SchmeUer ; Fin. napsahtaa, to vibrate gnaw, to prick.
as a pendulum, to wink ; Fr. naqueter de Nail. G. nagel, both a nail of the hand
la queue, to wag the tail. and a nail to fasten with ON. nagl, nogl, ;

I From the notion of a short, abrupt unguis, nagli, clavus Goth, ganagljan, ;

movement we pass to that of a projection to fasten with nails Lith. ndgas, nail of ;

or excrescence, a part of a surface which the finger, hoof, claw ndginti, to scratch ;
;

starts out beyond the rest, and thence to Serv. nokat, Bohem. nehet, Gr. ovvt,
the idea of a lump or rounded mass Sanscr. nakha, unguis ; Fin. nakla, naula,
;

Gael, cnap, strike, beat, a stud, knob, clavus. Fin. naula is specially applied
lump, a little hill N. nabb, a peg or pro- to the nails by which the different weights
;

jection to hang things on ;. E. dial, to nub, are marked on a steelyard, and hence (as
to push ; knop, a bud knoppet, a small Esthon. naggel) signifies a pound weight,^
;

lump ; knob, a rounded projection N. explaining the E. nail, a measure of cloth,


;

nobb, knabb, ne. nab, the rounded summit viz. the length marked off by the first
of a hill, as Nab-scar, above Grasmere ; nail on the yard measure.
nob, the head; nobble, a lump knoblocks, ; It is to be supposed that the artificial
.

nubblmgs, small round- coals; Du. knob- nail is named from the natural implement
bel, a knot, lump, hump. of scratching, as Lat. clavus, a nail, from
Nabob. Ptg. nababo, governor of a an equivalent of E. clawj and as scratch-
province in the E. Indies, from Arab. ing and biting are like in effect, the word
nouwdb, pi. of ndib, lieutenant, viceroy, is derived by Grimm from nagen, to gnaw
prince. or bite. ON. nagga, N. nagga, nugga,
Nadir. Arab. nAdhir as-semt, the nygja, to rub, to scrape Sw. nagga, to ;

point opposed to the zenith. —


Engelberg. prick.
Nag. Nagge or lytille best, bestula, For the identity of ovv\ and Lat. ««-
equillus. —
Pr. Pm. Du., Fris. negghe, guis, see Nave.

equus pumilus. Kil. Swiss noggeli, a Naked, Goth, naquaths, OHG. nakot,

dumpy woman. Id. Bernensein Deutsch. G. nackt, ON. nacquidr, nakinn, naktr,
Mundart. The radical meaning is simply a Lith. nogas, Pol. nagi, Gael, nochd, W.
lump, a figure often taken to designate noeth, Lat. nudus, Sanscr. nagna.
;;

4|2 NAME NASTY


As the essence of nakedness is having anything, brow of a hill ; W. enap, a knob,
the skin displayed, Adelung suggests Fin. boss. See Nab. The W. gwegil is
nahca, Lap. nakke, the skin, as the origin translated by Richards the noddle or
of the word. hinder part of the head, and by Spurrell
Name. If we confine our attention to the nape of the neck. In the same way
the Latin forms, Fr. no?n, It. Jio7ne, Lat. Fr. nuqite, the nape of the neck, is identi-
nomen, name, agnomen, cognomen, igno- cal with Gael, cnoc, cmcic, ON. hnuk, a
tus, we have no hesitation in explaining knoll, hillock, w. cnwc, a knob, bunch,
the- word from {gnoo) gnosco, to know, as lump cnwc y gwegil, the back part of
;

that by which a thing is known. But Gr. the scull. Compare also on. hnacki, N.
ilvo/ia, ovv]).a, ill accords with such a nakkje, the back of the head G. nacken, ;

theory, and the form nam, with more or the nape of the neck, the back.
less modification, is common to the whole Napery. — Napkin. It. nappa, a table-
series of Indo-European and Finnic lan- cloth, napkin
the tuft or tassel that is
;

guages to the extremity of Siberia. Goth. carried at a lance's end 7iappe, the jesses
;

namo, ON. nafn, namn. Fin. nimi. Lap. of a hawk, labels of a mitre, ribands or
namm {nimmet, to mark, observe), Wo- tassels of a garland.
tiak nim,nam, Ostiak nem, nimta, nifita, A parallel form with Lat. mappa, a
Magy. nev, Mordvinian lam, Tschere- clout, as Fr. natte with E. mat, and like
miss lem, Samoiede nim, nimde, Gael. mappa originally signifying a tuft. E.
ainm, w. enw, Bret, hano, Pruss. emnes. knap or Imop, a bud, button, knob.
Boh. jmeno, Pol. imie, Sanscr. naman, Narrate. Lat. narro, narratum, to
Pers. ndm, Turk, ndni, name. Turk. tell of, relate.
ndm is used also in the sense of reputa- Narrow, as. nearwe, narrow. See
tion, to be compared with Lat. ignominia. Near.
Nap. I. A short sleep, properly a nod. Narwhal. The sea unicorn, ON.
G. knappen, to move to and fro, nod, jog, ndhvalr, so called on account of the pal-
totter —
K'ittn Tirol, gnappen, to nod,
; lid colour of the skin nd, ndr, a corpse.
;

especially in slumber —
D. M. v. 437. Nasal. Lat. nastis, the nose.
See Nab. So Fin. nuokkata, to nod Nascent. — Natal. — Native. — Na-
nukkua, to fall asleep. ture. Lat. nascor, natus, to be born, to
2. AS. hnoppa, Du. noppe, flock or nap have sprung from ; natalis, belonging to
of cloth noppig, shaggy N. napp, shag,
; ; one's birth ; nativus, natii7-a.
pile, the raised pile on a counterpane Nasty. Formerly written nasky.
nappa, shaggy Pl.D. nobben, flocks or
;
;

'
Maulav^, ill-washed, nasky.' Cot. PI. —
knots of wool upon cloth Du. noppen, ; D. nask, and with the negative particle,
Sw. noppa, Fr. noper, to nip off the knots which is sometimes added to increase the
on the surface of cloth. The women by force of disagreeable 'Cs\\a%%,7tnnask, dirty,
whom this was done were formerly called piggish, especially applied to eating or
nopsters. filthy talk. —
Brem. Wtb. In the same
It seems that the origin of the word is way, with and without the negative parti-
the act of plucking at the surface of the cle, Sw. snaskig, osnaskig, immundus,
cloth, whether in raising the nap or in spurcus naskug, naskct, dirty, nasty
;

nipping off the irregular flocks. Pl.D. (Rietz.), Lap. naske, sordidus Ihre — ;

nobben, gnobhen (of horses), to nibble each Syrianian njasti, dirt njasties, dirty.
;

other, as if picking the knots from each The pig is so generally taken as a type of
other's coat. N. nappa, mippa, to pluck, dirtiness that the word may well be taken
as hair or feathers, to pluck a fowl, to from Fin. naski, a pig, as Lat. spurcus
twitch ; nappa, to raise the nap upon apparently from porcus. Or possibly it
cloth ;Sw. noppra sik, to prune oneself may be taken from a representation of
as birds Fin. nappata, nappia, to pluck,
; the smacking noise which accompanies a
as berries Esthon. nappima, G. kncipen,
; piggish way of eating, and from which the
to nip, to twitch Lap. nappet, to cut off
; Fin. naski, a pig, seems to be taken. Fin.
the extremities, to crop Gr. /cvdTrrw, ; naskia, to make a noise with the lips in
yvaiTTw, to card or comb wool, to dress chewing, like a pig eating Dan. snaske, ;

cloth yvd^ciKKov, flock, wool scratched off


; to champ one's food with a smacking
in dressing ; Kvafiie, a fuller, carder noise Sw. snaska, to eat with a smack-
;

Kpa0oe, a teasel or wool card. ing noise like a pig, to be slovenly, dirty
Nape. Properly the projecting part at — Rietz. Swiss ndtschcn, to make a
;

the back of the head, then applied to the smacking noise in eating; Carinthian
back of the neck. AS. cnap the top of natsche, a pig.
— ; ;

NATION NEB 443


Nation. Lat. natio, from nascor, na- curved roofs of African huts being
roof, the
tus, to be born. compared by Sallust to the hull of a ship.
Naught.— Naughty. as. na-wiht, Oblonga incurvis lateribus tecta quasi
'

naht, 7ieaht, no-whit, naught, nothing. navium carinas sunt.' Ducange gives
Naughty, good for nothing. several instances in which navis is used
Nausea. Lat. 7iausea, Gr. vavaia, the for the vaulted roof over part of a church.
being sea-sick, from vavg, a ship. Simulque et in nave quse est super altare
'

Nautical. — Naval. — Navigation. sarta tecta omnia noviter restauravit.'


Lat. navis, Gr. vavQ, a ship, vessel to sail It is remarkable that Sp. cubo is the nave
navita, nauta, vairrjg, a sailor navigo, of a wheel
; It. cuba, the nave or middle
;

to sail. aisle of a church.



Nave. I. Navel. g. tiabe, nabel, Nay. For ne aye, Goth, niaiv, never.
Pl.D. nave, navel, nave of a wheel. A peerless firelock peece —
Adelung. G. nabel, Du. navel, ON. nabli, That to my wits was nay the Uke in Turkey nor
nafli, Sanscr. nabM,x!hs. navel ; Fin. napa. in Greece. —
Gascoigne.
Lap. nape, navel, centre, axis ; Esthon. Neap. Scanty, deficient.— B. Neap-
nabba, navel. tide, the low tides, as opposed to the
The radical meaning of the word seems spring or high tides at new and full moon.
to be knob, the nave of a wheel being ON. neppr, narrow, contracted feomeppr, ;

originally merely the end of the axle pro- short-lived Dan. neppe, scarcely, hardly
;

jecting through the solid circle which knap, scanty knappe of, to stint, curtail.
;

formed the wheel, on. nabbi, a knoll, Near. Nigh. — Goth, nehv (compar.
hillock ; w. cnap, a knob, boss, button. nehvis),liS,. neah,vi\^, near 7iear, nearer;
;

The navel is the remnant of the cord by nehst, nyhst, next. Ga hider near, come

which the foetus- is attached to the mo- nearer. Gen. 27. 21. ON. nd, ncerri,
ther's womb, and appears at the first ncErstr, OHG. nah, nalier, nahist, Dan. (as
period of life as a button or small projec- E. former) ncer, ncermere, nizrmest, w.
tion. It is thus appropriately expressed 7ies, nesach, nesaf, near, nearer, nearest.
by a diminutive of nave, navel. In like Neat. I. Fr. net, Lat. 7iitidus, from
manner Gr. 6jn^a\6f, Lat. umbilicus, a niteo, to shine.
navel, are diminutives of umbo, a knob or 2. ON. naut, an ox. AS. nyte7i is how-
boss. So Boh. pup, an excrescence ever applied to animals in general, al-
;

pupek, navel. The radical identity of though mostly to cattle. ' Seo nseddre
ijifakog and navelhz.i been very generally was geappre thonne ealle tha othre 7iy-
recognised, although the passage from tenu,' the serpent was more cunning than
one to the other'has not been very clearly all other beasts. The meaning of the
made out. It seems to be one of those word is unintelligent, from as. nitan for
numerous cases where an initial « has ne witan, not to know. ' Tham neatu7n
been either lost or added, as in E. umpire is gecynde that hi nyton hwKt hi send,'
from nompair, apron from napron, auger it is the nature of beasts that they do not
from nauger. The loss of the initial n in know what they are. ' Tha unsceadwisan
nob, and the nasalisation of the final b (as neotena,' the unintelligent beasts. —
Boeth
in Fr. nabot, nambci, a dwarf), produce xlv. 3. 2. In the same way the term beast
the radical syllable in umbo and dfifaXos. is appropriated in the language of graziers
It is remarkable that the n of nai/e is lost and butchers to an ox. Mod.Gr. akoyov,
in other cases, as in Du. aaf, ave, for signifying irrational {oKoyov X,aov, brute
naa/, nave, the nave of a wheel, and in beast), is appropriated by custom to a
attger, Du. evigher for nevigher. Fin. horse (of which it is the regular name),
napa-kairi, literally centre-bit. More- as E. neat to oxen.
over, the n which is lost in umbo and —
Neb. Nib. as. neb, beak, then nose,
o\iL(^a\liQ is again replaced in Fr. nombril. face, .countenance. Neb with neb, face to
The relation of Lat. unguis, ungula, to face ; neb-wlite, beauty of countenance ;

orul, nail, may be explained on the same ON. nebbi, Du. nebbe, snebbe, G. schnabel,
principle, regarding wx as the radical beak of a bird. Sc. 7ieb, like E. nib, is
syllable ; and here too the same loss of used for any sharp point, as the neb of a
the initial n is found in the probable root, pen, of a knife. N. nibba, nibbestein,
Sw. agga and nagga, to prick. sharp projecting rock. ON. nibba, also a
2. Mid.Lat. navis, Fr. nef, the part of promontory ; nibbaz (of oxen), to butt
the church in which the laity were placed. each other.
'

Navem quoque basilicas auxit.' Orderic. As nab represents the sound of a blow
Vital. Supposed to be from the vaulted with a large or rounded implement, nib
; ; ;

444 NEBULA NEIVE


or neb seems to represent that of a small to our explanation), from the sound ac-
or pointed one. Du. knip, a flip, crack ; companying all effective exertion of force.
knippen, snippen, to clip, snip. G. schna- ON. gnydr, aquarum strepitus. lUos '

bel, Du. snabel, beak, is that with which sacrileges ignes quos nedfir vocant, sive
the bird snaps; snabben, to peck, bite,
— —
omnes paganorum observationes dili-
snatch. Kil. —
genter prohibeant.' Capit. Car. Mag. in
Nebula. Lat. nebula, Gr. w^eXij, a Due. The peasants in many parts of
thin cloud, mist ; nubes, vi^oe, cloud, Germany were accustomed on St John's
Sanscr. nabhas, heaven ;Svofoc, dark- eve to kindle a fire by rubbing a rope
ness; Kvi^ae, darkness, twilight. rapidly to and fro round a stake, and
Necessary. —
Necessity. Lat. neces- applying the ashes to superstitious pur-
se, of need, that cannot be avoided. poses.
Neck. AS. hnecca, the back of the Needle. Goth, nethla, OHG. nddala,
head, neck ; Dan. nakke, nape of the ndlda, Du. naelde, ON. ndl, Bret, nadoz,
neck and back part of the head. At bote w. nodwydd, Gael, snathad, Manx snaid,
nakken. for, to bend the neck to. ON. a needle. Du. naeden, naeyen, OHG.
hnacki, N. nakkje, the back of the head ; nagan, nawan, ndan, G. ndhen, to sew
nakke kola, the hollow at the back of the w. noden, Gael, snath, Manx snaie, thread.
neck; Du. nak, nek, nik, the nape, neck. Fin. negla, neula, a needle knuppi-neula
;

Jemand den nek keeren, to turn one's (a headed needle), a pin; neiiliainen (a
back to a person ; stief van nekke, stiff- stinger), a wasp. Esthon. noggel, n'ool,
necked. Fr. nuque, the nape. a needle, sting of an insect noggene,;

The primary meaning, as shown under nogges, a stinging-nettle.


Nape, is the prominent part at the back In the foregoing forms we may perhaps
of the head. N. nakk, a knoll, prominence detect a root nad, nag, signifying prick or
on the side of a hill. sting, which may explain Goth, nadr, w.
Necromancy. Gr. vtKpoiiavnia ; vek- neidr, AS. naddre, an adder.
pbg, dead, /lavTiia, divination, soothsay- Nefarious. Lat. fas, right, justice ;
mg. nefas, wickedness.
-nect. -nex. Lat. necto, nexum, to Negation. — Negative. Lat.. nego,
knit, join as in Connect, Annex.
; Sw. neka, ON. neikvada, to say ne, no,
Need. as. nead, neadhAd, necessity ; to ;OE. to nick with nay.
nead-nyman, to take by force Du. nood,
; On her knees they kneleden adoun
G. noth, need, want, distress, aiHiction And prayden hyni off hys benisoun
Russ. nudit', Boh. nutiti, to constrain; He nykkyt hem with nay.
Russ. nuzhd, need, indigence, want. Rom. of Athelstone in Hal.

The explanation of the word is to be To the above are opposed Lat. aio, Sw.
found in on. gnaud, naitd, fremitus, the jaka, MHG. jehen, G. bejahen, to say aye
noise made by violent action of any kind, or ja to, to affirm.
the dashing of ships together, clashing of —
Neglect. Negligent. Lat. negligo,
swords, roaring of flame. Skipa gnaud, neglectum, to have little regard for. Per-
fremitus naviuni hrcedilighjorvagnaud,
; haps formed as a negation oi eligo, to
the dreadful clash of swords. Gnauda, pick out, to choose.
nauda, fremere, strepere, vel assidue pre- Negotiate. Lat. negotium, business.
mere, affligere, vexare. The expression Negro. Sp. negro, Lat. niger, black.
representing the audible accompaniment Neif. A female serf. Lat. nativa.
of violent action is first transferred to the To Neigh, as. kncegati, on. hneggia,
effect produced on the object upon which Sw. gnagga, N.Fris. iiogern, Sussex, to
the action is exerted, and then to the knucker, Pl.D. nichen, Fr. hennir, It.
abstract idea of violence, force, com- nitrire, all representing the sound. Sc.
pulsion. Elld gnaudadi vida um eyjar, nicher, nicker, to neigh, to laugh coarsely.
the fire roared wide among the islands. Neighbour, as. neah-bur, neah-man,
Rarfr thola naud, igne violantur tecta, G. nachbar, Du. bmir, Dan. 7iabo, fem.
the roofs suffer the violence [of fire]. naboerske, neighbour. From AS. neah,
Vidr thola naud, the ship endures the nigh, near, and Dan. boe, G. bauen, to
battering [of the waves], vexatur fluctibus. till, cultivate, dwell. G. bauer, a boor,
Nauda, to press hard upon ; naudga, to cultivator, peasant. Dan. bo, a dwelling.
offer violence to, to compel. AS. neah-gehuse, neighbours.
Needflre. Fire produced by friction Neither, as. ndther, nawther, from
of two pieces of wood Qara.), g. notfeurj the negati\'e ne and either:
^"fi. gnida, to rub. Like tieed (according Neive. on. hnefi, knefi, a fist, hand-
; — —

NEOPHYTE NICE 445


ful. Hence nevel, navel, to strike
Sc. scent out ; neuswijs, sagacious, having
with the fist ; niffer, to exchange, to pass good scent, curious.
from one neive to another. Newt. A
water-lizard. Otherwise ifw/,
Neophyte. Gr. vto^vroQ, recently evet, eft.
planted, applied to newly-made Chris- -nex. See -nect.
tians ; veoe, new, and (Juoi, to beget, give Next. AS. neah, near, nigh ; nehst,
birth to. f, nighest, next, last. ^lEt nyhstan,
Nepe. See Turnip. at last. Seoththen ich was ischriwen
Nephew.' Nepotism.— From Lat. nexst, since I was last shriven. Ancr. —
nepos, -Otis, descendant, Venet. nevodo, Riwle 320.
neodo, and thence by the common con- Nias. It. nido, nidio, nest ; nidare,
version of an internal d to it, or y, Fr. nidiare, to nestle ; nidace, nidaso falcone,
neveu, Sc. nevoy, E. nephew. One of the an eyas hawk, a young hawk taken out of
instances in which the Lap. agrees in so her nest. Fl. —
Fr. niais, a nestling,
singularly close a manner with Lat. is novice, simple and inexperienced gull.
seen in Lap. ndpat, sister's son. Cot.
Nerve. Lat. nervus, a sinew ; Gr. To Nibble. Du. knabbelen, knibbelen,
VlvpQV. to nibble, also (as Fin. napistd) to
Nescock. One that was never from grumble, bargain ; knabbeler.
wrangle,

home, a fondling. B. Bav. nestquack, Fin. ncipisia, a quarrelsome person G. ;

nestkacky Pl.D. nestkiken, the youngest knaupeln, to gnaw, pick a bone, nibble ;
bird of a brood, youngest child in a family. Swiss kniibeln, to pick, work with a
G. quack, qtiackel, quackelcheiz, nestquack, pointed implement Pl.D. knappern,
;

a young unfledged bird, fig. a child of old knuppern, knubbern, to munch dry hard
age. Das quakelchen seines alters. From food with a crunching noise, to nibble as
quaken, to cry.
ein
Der kinder gequak
jammervoU gequeck.

mice or rats Danneil G. ktiappen, to ;

gnaw, bite, pick, or nibble^Kiittn. Pl.D. ;

Nesh. AS. hnesc, tender, soft, weak. knabbeln, g-nabbeln, gnawweln, to gnaw
Properly moist. Goth, natjan, G. benet- audibly. Dao gnabbelt'n mus. When
zen, to wet G. nass, Du. nai, wet ; Fin.
; the noise is somewhat finer it is replaced
neste, moisture nuoska, Esthon. niisk,
;
by gnibbeln, knibbeln, nidbeln, to nibble,
wet Lat. Notus, the (moist) South wind.
;
eat by little bits, like a goat. Danneil. —
Nest. Pol. gniazdo, nest, breed Bret. ; Fin. napsaa, to sound as the teeth in
neiz, w. nyth, Gael. 7iead, Lat. nidus. gnawing, to strike lightly.
Net. I. Goth, nati. Fin. nuotta, ON. Nice. I. From Fr. nice, foolish, sim-
not, G. netz, Bret. neud. ple Prov. nesci, Ptg. nescio, Sp. necio,
;

2. See Neat. foolish, ; imprudent, ignorant ; Lat. fie-


Nether, on. nedan, under ; nedri, sciiis, ignorant.
lower, nedstr, lowest (adj.) ; G. nieder, Ainpois s'en joiie k la pelotte
lower AS. neothan,
; beneath ; neothe- Comme pucelle nice et sotte. — R. R. 6920.
weard, downwards. Nicette fut et ne pensoit
Nettle. G. nessel, Pl.D. neltel, Sw. A nul mal engin quel qu'il soit,
nessla, N. netla, Dan. ncelde, ON. n'dtr, Mais moult estoit joyeuse et gaye. —Ibid. 1230.
mtru-gras, from notra, to shiver, pro- In Chaucer's translation :

. bably in the sense of tingling with pain.


Nice [simple] she y\vas but she ne mentc
Cleveland nodder, to tremble, shake Bav. ;
None'harme ne sleight in her entente.
notteln, to shake, to rock. In a similar
way G. zitter-aal, the electric eel. from For he wes tiyce and knowth no wisdome.
R. G.
zittern, to shiver.
Neuter. Lat. neuter, neither. * 2. Probably nice in the modern sense
New. Goth, niujo, ON. nyr, Bret. may be wholly distinct from the foregoing,
nevez, Gael, nuadh, Lat. novus, Gr. v'ioq, and may be explained from Pl.D. nusseln,
Sanscr. nawa. nustern, Hessian nusseln, iiiisseln, nisseln,
News. In the sense of intelligence naUseln, nbseln, to sniff at one's food, to
there is probably a confusion of two words turn one's meat over like a dog with his
— I. news, Fr. nouvelles, new things, and snout, to eat without appetite, be nice in
2. Dan. 7tys, properly scent, wind, hint, eating, to pick and choose; nesset, nice in
inkling, intimation. AS. faae nys, to get eating. The term then would apply in
wind of a thing, to get news of it. on. the instance to hesitations or .? :-
first —
hnysa, to search for, spy out ; hnysinn, pies in eating, and subsequently in dealing
curious. Du. neuselen, to sniff after, to with other things. ' Marcus Cato never —
; ;; .

4+6 NICHE NIGGARD


made ceremony or niceness to praise him- twisted in different directions in order to
self openly.' —
Holland, Plutarch. suit the meaning. And such an original
Niche. Fr. niche. It. nicchio, nicchia, may perhaps be found in Lap. like
a recess for a statue in a wall, also a nick namm. Fin. liika nimi, Estlion. liig nim-
or nock. —
Fl. A
nick in the wall. mi, a by-name, surname, the first element

Nick. Notch. It. nicchio, a nick or of which in the three languages signifies
nock ; nocchia, nocca, a nock, notch, or in excess of, beside. Esthon. liig-te (te,
knuckle, as of a bow, or of one's fingers. way), a by-way, wrong road liig-juus, .;

G. knick, the clear sound of a weak or false hair, a wig. The original meaning
slender body when it gets suddenly a of the word is probably side, whence Es-
chink, crack, or burst. Das glas that thon. liggi. Fin. liki, near. The same
einen knick, the glass gave a crack. Also element may be recognised in w. llysenw,
the crack or chink that takes its rise with Bret, leshano, a surname, nickname, the

such a sound. Kilttn. Einen knick in first element of which is used exactly as
einen zweig inachen, to crack or break a the Finnish particle. Bret. les-tad, a .

twig. Ein reis knickeji, to half break and step-father w. llysblant, step-childreri
;

half bend a young branch. Bret. Uz, a haunch, border, and as a


The notion of a nick or notch may be prep, near w. llysu, to set aside ystfys,
; ;

taken from a crack in a hard body, but a a flank.


side,
more frequently probably from the image The change from an initial / to « is
of a sharp, sudden movement, represented seen in It. livello, nivello, Iev?l ; Lat.
by the sound knick or knock. G. nicken, lympha and nymphaj It. lanfa and nan/a,
to nod, to wink ; N. nokka, to rock orange-flower water Fr. lentille and ;

nykkje, to pluck or twitch. Then, as in nentille, a lentil, &c.


similar cases, the term is applied to an Nidget. See Niggle.
indentation or projection. So from Fr. Niece. OFr.
niepce, niece. Cot. The —
hocher, to nod, jog, shake, hoche, oche, a dialect of Champagne has nieps, nies, ne-
nick or notch. See Cog. It should be phew ; niepce, niece, from Lat. nepos.
observed that It. nocchio is not only a Nifle. A
trifle. Norman niveloter, to
notch but a projection, a knot or knob. amuse oneself with trifles. Nifftiaffs,
Nick. 2.— Old Nick. Pl.D. Nikker, trifles, knicknacks. Hal. —
The radical
the hangman, also the Devil as the exe- image is a snap with the fingers, used as
cutioner prepared for the condemned of a type of something worthless, as when
the human race at the great day of judg- we snap our fingers, and say I don't care
ment. The same office is ascribed to that for you. Fr. niquet, a knicke, tlickej
him in the ordinary G. exclamation der snap with the fingers, a trifle, nifle, bauble,
Henker ! hole mich der Henker J the matter of small value. G. knipp, a snap
Devil take me not the ordinary hang-
: or fillip with the fingers Fr. nipes, trash, ;

man. nifles, trifles. — Cot. See Knicknack.


AS. hncscan, Du. nekken, to kill. Den Niggard. The habit of attention to
nek breken, to break one's neck, to kill minute gains in earning money is closely
one. So in E. slang, to scrag, to hang, connected with a careful unwillingness to
from scrag, the neck nubbing, hanging,
; spend, and the primary meaning of nig-
nub, the neck. Magy, nyak, the neck, gard is one who scrapes up money by
nyakasni, decollare, to behead. little and little. N. nyggja, to gnaw, rub,
Nicknamie, Ekename or nekename, scrape ; Sw. njugga ihop penningar, to

agnomen. Pr. Pm. ON. auknefni, Sw. scrape up money njugga med e}t i pen- ;

bknainn, G. eich-, ekel-, okel-, neck-, oker- ningar, to keep one short of money
name, a surname, nickname. Taken se- nj"gg, niggardly, sparing Lap. ndgget, ;

parately we shouldexplain auknefni, eke- to scrape together n. gnika, to rub, to


;

name, from ON. auk, E. eke, in addition, drudge, to seek pertinaciously for small
besides ; nickname, as a name given in advantages gnikjen, nikjen, nuggjen,
;

derision, from Fr. faire la nique, to jeer, stingy, scraping, explaining OE. niggon,
or G. necken, to tease or plague. while Pl.D. gnegeln, to be miserly, N.
Susun-o, a privy whisperer that slaundereth, nikker, stingy, correspond to NE. nagre,
backbiteth, and nicketh one's name. Junius
Nomenclator in Pr. Pm.
— a miserly person.
The same ultimate reference to the
But the great variety of forms looks more idea of rubbing is found in Dan. gnide,
Iii.^ " series of corruptions of a common to rub gnidsk, niggardly Bav. fretten,
; ;

original,which being no longer under- to rub, to earn a scanty living with pains
stood has been accidentally modified or and difficulty ; It. frugare, to rub, to
;; —

NIGGLE NODDLE 447


pinch and spare miserably, to spend or fingers. To nip pinch by an imple-
is to
feed sparingly, to use frugality. Fl. — ment that shuts with a snap. Dan.
To Niggle. To trifle, nijjble, eat or nappe, to snap, twitch, pluck nappe-

do anything mincingly. Ha,l. To work tang, nippers, pincers Lap. nappet, to
;
;

in a niggling way is to do a thing by re- lop, crop, cut off the extremities nappar ;

peated small efforts, like a person nibbling pelji, crop-eared.


at a bone. Swiss niggele, operam suam Nipple. A dim. of neb or nib. Neble
in re parvi manuarii coUocare. Idiot. — of a woman's pap, bout de la mamelle.
Bernense in Deutsch. Mundart. To Hag- Palsgr. Fin. ndppy, nyppy, nyppyld, a
gle, to gnaw. —
Hal. Sw. nagga, to gnaw, pimple, wart, bud. The nipple is in G.
to nibble j N. gnaga, to gnaw, to toil as- termed brustwarze, brcast-wart. Esthon.
siduously with little effect ; gnika, to rub, nip, point, end.
to work slow and in a petty way. To An abject, vile fellow, a
Nithing.
nig, to clip money nigged ashlar, stone
; coward. — B.
ON. nida, to abuse, dis-
worked with a pointed hammer. Hal. —grace, befoul. Nidaz d trii siitni, to
Nigh. See Near. desert his faith. Nidingr, an infamous
Night. Goth. 7iahts, Lat. nox (noct'), person, coward, niggard, traitor. Nid,
W. nos, Slav, noc (nots), Lith. naktis. We a lampoon, contumely, abuse. Perhaps
might fancy that the ultimate signification the word originally signified nothing
was a negation of light, ne-light, ne-lux, worse than a miser fenidingr, mat- ;

as Ir. sorcha, light, bright dorcha, dark;


; nidingr, a niggard of money or of food ;

Lat. nolle for ne-velle. ii'idskr, Dan. gnidsk, sordid^ tenax, from
Nightingale. G. nachtigall, the bird gnide, to rub or scrape. In the N. of E.
that sings by night. ON. gala, to sing, nithing is used for sparing nithing of ;
'

to crow like a cock, the origin of Lat. his pains.' B. —


galliis. No. See Nay.
Nightmare. See Mare. —
Noble. Nobility. Lat. nobilis, no-
Nightshade. Sw. dial, skata, a mag- bilitas; from 7iosco, novi, to know.
pie nattskata, a nightjar
; nattskategrds,
;

Nock. Notch. Norm, noque, notch ;

G. nachtschade, nightshade. It, nocchio, nocco, a bunch, knob, knur,


To Nim. To take by stealth. Goth. snag or ruggedness in any tree or wood,
niinan, Lith. imti, to take ON. nema, to the knuckle-bones, hard stone of a fruit,
;

take, take away. See Introduction. also the nock of a bow or notch in any-
Nimble. AS. nrimol, capax, tenax, ra- thing. Fl. —
pax. —Lye. ON. nema, nam, numit, to The fundamental image is an abrupt
take, and hence, as Dan. nemme, to learn, movement suddenly checked, represented
to apprehend nem, quick of apprehen- by a sharp report, and thence an indent-
;

sion, handy, adroit. Deti nemmeste maade, ation or projection. Gael, cnag, to crack,
the readiest way. snap the fingers, knock, rap E. dial. ;

Nincompoop. A corruption of non 7iog, to jog. So from Fr. hocher, to jog,


compos mentis, the legal phrase for a hoche, ache, a notch. See Nick.
person not in possession of his mind. Nocturnal. Lat. nox, noctis, night.
Nine. Lat. novem, Gr. iwia, ON. niii, Nod. Bav. 7totteln, to move to and
W. naw, Sanscr. tiavan. fro an der thiir tiotteln, to shake at the

;

Ninny. Sp. niflo, an infant, a childish 'door; OHG. hnutthi, vibrare. Schm.
person nitiear, to behave in a childish ON. hnioda {linyd, htiatid, hnodit), to
;

manner. Mod.Gr. viv'wv, a child, doll, hammer Du. knodse, a cudgel. ; To nod
simpleton fiiyoKov vw'mv, a great ninny. is to make a movement as if striking
;

The origin of the word is doubtless the with the head. The E. word has no im-
sing-song humming used to set a child mediate connection with Lat. nutus, the
to sleep. Sp. nini-nana, words without t of which belongs to the frequentative
meaning for the humming of a tune form of the verb.
Mod.Gr. vava, lullaby It. ninna ninna,
; Noddle. The twddle, noddock, or nid-
words used to still children niiinare, dock is properly the projecting part at the
;

nitmellare, to lull children asleep. back of the head, the nape of the neck,

To Nip. Nippers, g. knipp, a snap then ludicrously used for the head itself.
or fillip with the fingers. Einem ein Occiput, a nodyle. Hal. —
knippchen, klippchen geben, to give one a After that fasten cupping glasses to the noddle
fillip. Knippen, sclmippen, to snap of the necke. — Burroughes in Nares.
kmp-kaiilchen, Pl.D. knippel, knicker, a ON. hnod, the round head of a nail Du. ;

marble impelled by filliping with the knod, knodde, a knob ; Dan. knude, a
— ;

448 NODDY NOON


knot, bump, protuberance ; Lat. nodus. -nomy. Gr. vouoq, a law, order.
It. nodo, a knot nodo del collo, the nape
; Nonoe. For the nonce, for the special
of the neck nodello (identical in form
;
occasion.
with E. noddle), the anlde-bone. Tha that word him com to
Noddy. A
silly fellow. B. Nodcock, — That Brutes wolden ther don,
noddypoU, noddypate, a simpleton. Nod- And comen to than anes

dy-headed, tipsy. Hal. The meaning is
—^When
To fsechen
news came
tha stanes.
to him what the Britons
probably one whose head is in a whirl.
were about to do, and that they were coming^?*
In the same way noggy, tipsy, from nog, that only, to fetch the stones. — Layamon, Bnit.
to jog. Compare totty, dizzy, with totter, II. 301.
to stagger. It. noddo, a silly-pate. Fl. — ,

Norman naudin, s. s. Cot. — To than ane


— Ibid.
icoren, chosen for the special

Node. Nodose. Lat. nodws, a knot, purpose.
Nonpareil.
279. 2.
Fr. pareil, from L.Lat.
nodosus.
pariculus, dim. from Lat. par, equal.
Noggin. A mug. Gael. c«fl^, knock, Scheler.
rap,thump, a knob, peg, pin cnagaidh, ;

Nook. A
corner. Four-nokede it is,
bunchy cnagaire, a knocker, a gill, nog-
;

gin, quart-measure; cnagare, a little Icnob,


it (a piece of water) is four-cornered. —
an earthen pipkin, Layamon 2. Gael, niicc, a corner,
500.
* Noise. nook. Fin. nokka, the beak of a bird,
Fr. noise, rumbling, stir,
nose, point ; maan nokka, lingula terras,
wrangle, brawl ; Prov. nausa, nosa,
noysa, noise, dispute. Apphed in R. R.
a nook of land; «0/4/4za, to peck ; Esthon.
to the murmur of water.
niik, a knuckle, pummel, button nukka, ;

a tip, corner, nook Wal. nonk, knot, ex-


;
S'en aloit I'iaue aval, fesant
Une noise douce et plesant. crescence. ,

The original sense, however (in which, in


The radical meaning is a projection
either outwards or inwards, and it is
E. it is still chiefly used), is that of dis-
essentially the same with nock, notch. So
agreeable, importunate sound, and the
It. cocca, a notch, is the same with E. cog.
most probable origin is Lat. noxa, noxia
(from noceo, to hurt), something hurtful,
Noon. The Roman day was divided
into 12 hours, from sunrise to sunset, so
injury, brawl, disturbance. In mediam

noxam perfertur. Petron. Ssepe in con- that the ninth hour, hora nona, would be

jugiis fit noxia si nimia est dos. Anson. — about three o'clock in the afternoon. In
Norway non or luin is still used in this
Flem. noose, noxa, malum, damnum, et
lis, dissidia. — Kil.
sense, signifying the third meal or resting-
time of the day, held at two, three, or four
* Noisom.e. Having power to noy or
o'clock, according to custom. Nona, to
injure.
lunch, to take the intermediate meal or
Thei had tailis like scorpiouns— and the might
of them was to noye men fyve monethis. —Wiclif. repose ; nonsbil, the hour of non, about
three or four in the afternoon.
It. noiare, to annoy, molest, trouble
noia, noianza, annoyance, molestation.
;
The transference of the signification
from mid-afternoon to mid-day seems to
ODu. noeyen, noyen, vernoeyen, obesse,
have taken place through an alteration in
nocere, molestum esse ; noeylick, noy click,
noisome. Kil.— It is impossible to se-
the time of the canonical services, of
which seven were performed in the day,
parate the foregoing from It. annoiare,
matutifia, prima, tertia, sexta, nona, ves-
Fr. ennuyer, E. annoy, v/hich have satis-
pera, completorium. It is plain that four
factorily been traced to Lat. in odio esse,
of these must be named from the hours at
and the Du. noode, unwillingly, against
which they were originally celebrated,
the grain, probably comes from the same
source. Entirely distinct are Lat. nocere,
but we
find that nona, the fifth service,
Prov. nozer, OFr. nuisir, Fr. mi ire, to
was held in Italy about mid-day at an
early period.
hurt, whence It. nocevole, Fr. ntiisible,
injurious ; nuisance, injury, hurt. Montando lo sole prima la prima parte, fa terza

Noll. Now!. The head. as. cnoll, la seconda, sesta la terza, nona, e siamo a mez-
;

zodi (the sun having climbed the third part of the


a knoll, hill, top, summit G. knollen, a ;
heavens performs nones, and we are at mid-day)
knob, lump, tumour, protuberance. Ver- poi comincia a discendere, e scesa la prima parte
;

tex, hnoll. —
AS. Vocab. fa mezzo vespro, &c. La Crusca. —
Nomad. Gr. vo^iaQ, from vfftw, to pas-
ture flocks.
Nona, mittag-zyt, myddach. — Dief. Sup.
Tho bygonne tenebres that into
Nominal. —Nominee. Lat. nomen, a were ydon
al the eorthe

name. In the sixte tyd of the day that me clupeth noon.


; —

NOOSE NUISANCE 449


Hit bygan at non and for to the nynthe tyde ylaste From Lat. nutrio, to suckle or feed young,

That wolde be midovernon. Festival Metri in R. we pass to Fr. nourrir, and thence to E.
It is probably in memory of the time at nourish. In the same wa)s Lat. nutrix
which the service of nones was originally gives rise to Fr. nourrice and E. nurse.
performed that it is still announced by From nourrir was formed nourriture,
nine strokes of the bell. L'Angelus de which was converted into e. nurture, as
'

midi venait de sonner, mais bien des gens nourrice into nurse. For the origin of
n'avaient pas entendu les neuf coups, et nutrio see Nuzzle.
partant avaient oubli^ de reciter I'oraison Novel. Lat. novellus {novus, new),

accoutumde.' Madame Claude, p. i, 1862. Fr. nouvel
Noose. Lang, nous-cotiren, a running November. Lat. November.
knot or noose ; nouzelut, knotty. Nous, NoTV. AS. nil, Gr. vvv, Lat. nunc.
nils, nouzel, a knot. —
Diet. Castrais. Noxious. Lat. noxius ; noxa, that
From Lat. nodus. which is hurtful noceo, to hurt. ;

Nor. Nor, ne or. * Nozzle. The nose, snout, project-



Normal. Enormous. Lat. norma, a ing part of anything, as of a bellows.
square for trying right angles, thence Worcester. Pl.D. niissel, the nose. —
pattern, rule normalis, according to
; DeutscH. Mundart. v. 73.
rule, a right angle, pei-pendicular line ; From Pl.D. iiusseln, E. nuzzle, to sniff
enormis, out of rule, irregular, huge. Gr. after, to seek with the nose like a dog
a rule.
fvi>tia>v, (Brem. Wtb.) ; Bav. nuseln, to snuffle or
North. ON. norctr, Fr. nord. speak through the nose, to poke the nose
Nose. AS. ncese, G. nose, Lat. nasus, into (in etwas herumsuchen) ; nueschen,
Lith. nosis, Pol. nos, Russ. nos'. to sniff about, to root in like a swine. In
The name of the nose is probably taken the same way Pl.D. snuss, the snout, is
from an imitation of noises made through related to snusseln, synonymous with
the nose, "as G. niesen, to sneeze, Dan. nusseln, above-mentioned ; Dan. snude,
snuse, to snuff or sniff. So Gael. sro7i, Bav. schnud, snout, to schnauden, schno*
the nose, compared with E. snore; Gr. deln, to snuff, pant, draw breath, and Sw.
piyX«Q, snout, muzzle, beak, face (pro- dial, snok, Lith. snukkis, snout, muzzle, to
perly nose), compared with poyxosi ^ Sw. snoka, to snoke or snook, to smell, to
snoring, psyx^j t° snore, snort. See search out, pry into.
Nozzle. -nude. —Nudity. Lat. nudus, naked.
Nostril. AS. nas-thyrla, ncssthyrelj Nudge. Austrian 7tussen, to thrust or
from thyrel, a hole, aperture G. thiirle, ; strike, especially with the fist. —
Deutsch.
dim. of thilre, a door. On tham wage Mundart. ii. Pl.D. nutsche gien, to cuff.
^;4yr/ geworht, made an aperture in the — Ibid. V. 173. Swiss motschen, to thrust
wall. — Bede. Thurhcrypth selc thyrel, or press, to make another give way ,-

creeps through every hole. —


Boeth. Needle mutschen, to strike with the fist.
thyrel, the eye of a needle. See Thirl. —
Nuel. Newel. As Fr. noyau, the
Nostrum. Lat. nostruin, ours, pecu- spindle of a winding staircase. Noyau
liar to ourselves. is also the kernel of a nut, stone of a

Not. Nought. AS. naht, nauht, noht, peach, plum, &c., mould in the hollow of
nought, not; OHG. niowiht, nieht, G. nicht, a piece of ordnance when it is cast, any-
not, from the negative particle ni, and thing contained in a hollow envelope.
Goth, vaihts, AS. wiht, G. wicht, a. whit, From Lat. mix, nucis, a nut, Lang, nou-
thing. So in Romance, from ne and —
galh, noualh, kernel of nut. Diet. Castr.
ens, a being. It. niente, nothing, OFr. W. cnewyll, kernel.
nient, not. Detenus en garde et nient
' Nug'atory. Lat. nugcE, trifles.
allantz k large,' not going at large. Liber — Nugget. A lump
of native gold, a
Albus, p. 215. Nient countreesteaunt, dim. of W.E. nug, a block, a knob or pro-
notwithstanding. — Ibid. p. 216. tuberance Essex nigg, a small piece.
;

— —
Note. Notable. Notary. Notice. — Hal. In North's Plutarch, p. 499, it is
— Notion. Lat. nota, a mark, sign written niggot. '
After the fire was
nosco, nottim, to know. quenched they found in niggots (lumps)
Noun. Fr. nom, Lat. nomen, a name. of gold and silver mingled together about
-noujice. -nunc-. Lat. nuncius, a a thousand talents.' Hence Trench in-
messenger nuncio, to bear tidings, bring
; clines to the supposition that nugget is
word of, tell. Hence Announce, Pro- only ingot disguised.
nounce, Renounce, &c. Nuisance. Fr. nuire, nuisant, from
To Nourish. Nurse. — Nurture. — Lat. nocere, to hurt, as luire, luisant,
29
— .;

45° NUKE NYMPH


from lucere, to shine nuisance, ; hurt, meat from the numbles. Lumbulus, len-
damage, wrong, trespass. Cot. — tipratin. —
Dief Supp.
Nuke. Fr. nitcque, the hinder part of Nun. From It. nonna, grandmother,
the head. See Nape. as Gr. Trairaq, a priest, from papa, father ;
Numb. —Benumb. Goth., AS. niman, abbot from abba, father. The first nuns
ON. neina, to take, take away AS. beni- ; would naturally be elderly women.
man, benam, benumen, to take away, de- Nuptial. Lat. nubo, nuptum, to
prive, to stupefy; ON. niiminii, taken marry nupticE, a marriage.
;

away ; numinn as Lat. mente captus,


viti, Nurse. See Nourish.
deprived of sense, out of his mind. Nut. AS. hnut, G. nuss, Gael, cnudh,
He may neither go ne come, w. cnau, Lat. nux.
But altogether he is benome Nutmeg. Fr. muguette, noix mu-
The power both of hande and fete. guette, G. muscat miss, nux moschata,
Gower in R.
from the drug musk taken as the type of
Number. — Numeral. — Numerate. anything highly-scented, whence also the
Lat. numerus, Fr. nombre. names of several highly-scented flowers.

Numbles. XTmbles. The old deri- Languedoc mtigue, Sp. muscari, the hya-
vation from umbilicus appears on the
whole to be the true one. The numbles
cinth Fr. micguet (formerly musguet
;

Diez), woodruff, lily of the valley.
of a deer comprised various parts of the —
Nutriment. Nutrition. Lat. nutria,
inwards of the animal from the avant- '
nutritum, to nourish. See Nuzzle.
ers of the neck to the bight of the thighs.
'
To Nuzzle. — Nuddle. To nuzzle,
Noumbles of a dere or beest, entrailles. nuddle, to creep closely or snugly as an
Palsgr. Prfficordia, the numbles, as the infant in the bosom of its mother. Mrs —
hart, the spleene, the lunges and liver. Baker. Properly to sniff after the breast,
Elyot. In Sir Gawaine and the Green to seek it out with the mouth and nose,
Knight however, v. 1340, where the cut- as Bav. nuseln, nueschen, nuesien, to snift
ting out the numbles is elaborately but after, pry into, search about as a swine
not very comprehensibly described, they with his snout. So, with the addition of
do not include the liver and lungs. It is an initial s, Pl.D. snusseln, to sniff, search
natural that a portion consisting of the about, especially for food. '
Dat kind
soft parts about the belly should take its —
snusselt au den titte ' the child nuzzles
name from the navel. And accordingly —
up to the breast. Brem. Wtb. E. dial.
we find the word in various forms, nun-
from umbilicus), num-
snoozling, nestling. —
Hal. Da. snuse, N.
blicus (evidently snusla, to snuff, sniff. In the same Way
bile, numbulus, numblus. De bove mor- nuddle corresponds to forms like ON.
'

tuo, pectus de porco mortuo, nunblicum.' snudda, to snift after, Bav. schnauden,
;

— Due. In quolibet porco a carnifice schnodeln, to snuff, pant, snift.


'

occiso ad vendendum, les mimbles, et de To the latter class also belong G. dial
tur.' — —
quolibet bove pectus solvere tenebun- schnudern, to snuffle or speak through
Charta, A.D. 1239, in Due. A strong the nose, to snift, on. snudra, snoSra, n.
confirmation of this derivation appears snutra, to sniff or seek after food, like a
in the double form of the word, numbles hound with the snout. The transition
and umbles, with and without a prosthe- from the last of these forms to Lat. nutrio
tic n, precisely corresponding to Fr. nom- is exactly similar to that which takes
bril and Prov. ombrilh from umbilicus. place in the meaning of E. nuzzle, when
It is true that the word seems sometimes transferred from the action of the infant
to be confounded with lumbulus or lum- to that of the nurse. To nuzzle, applied
bellus, which is claimed in some charters to the infant, is to seek after the breast
on the same occasion as the numbles in and conversely, of the mother, it signifies
others. Quicunque de eodem castro to press the babe to the breast, to caress,
'

occidit porcum ad tallam [to be sold by nourish, bring up.


retail] prsestat licmbellum qui communi- Mothers who to nousle up their babes
ter et vulgariter dicitur filectum ifixe. filet), Thought nought too curious. Pericles. —
curise dicti castri.' —
Charta, A.D. 1270, in Old men long nozzled [nursed] in corruption.
Carp. Sidney in Todd.
But it by no means follows that it is
Surely I take almost every one to be of that
the same part of the animal that is claim- quality wherein he is nusled, and afterwards
ed in both cases, and here what is meant —
taught by another's example. Passenger of Be-
by lumbellus is clearly explained as the nevento in Nares.
'filet ' or inside meat along the back of Nymph. Gr. vv\i<^i\, Lat. nympha, a
the animal, quite a different piece of water-spirit.
— ; ;1

OAF ODD 45

o
Oaf. A
simpleton, blockhead. Form- object, b^iKog, 6l3e\i(TKos, a pointed pillar.
erly morecorrectly written auf, otiph, Obese. Lat. obesus, gross, fat.
from ON. alfr, an elf or fairy. When an —
Obit. Obituary. Lat. obeo, -itiim, to
infant was found be an idiot
to it was go through with ; obire diem ultimum, to
supposed to be an imp left by the fairies, pass one's last day, to die ; obitus, death.
in the room of the proper child carried Oblige. Lat. ligo, to bind or tie
away to their own country, whence an obligo, to tie up, to engage or bind in a
idiot is sometimes called a changeling, a metaphorical sense.
term explained by Bailey, a child changed, Oblique. Lat. obliquus.
also a fool, a silly fellow or wench. Obliterate. Lat. oblittero, to blot out,
These when a child haps to be got cancel, from ob and littera, properly to
Which after proves an idiot. draw something over the letters, perhaps
When follcs perceive it thriveth not, to cancel the writing on a waxen tablet
The fault therein to smother, by passing over it with the broad end of
Some silly doating brainless calf the style. Not from litura, a blot or
Say that the fairy left this aulf
And took away the other. blur, a streak or dash through writing,
Drayton, Nymphidia in R. the i of which is short, or the compound
oblino, oblitum, to dawb or smear over.
Shakespear uses ouphe for elf or fairy.
Oblivion. Lat. obliviscoy, oblitus, to
—my son
little
forget. Perhaps from liveo, livesco, to
And three or four more of their growth we'll dress become dark. To forget

As urchins, ouphes^ and fairies. Merry Wives.
is to have a
thing become dark to one.
Oak. AS. ac, ON. eyk, G. eiche. Obscene. Lat. obsccBnus, of bad augury,
Oakum. — Ockam. Old ropes un- ominous, abominable, filthy.
twisted or reduced to fibre for calking Obscure. Lat. obscurus.
ships. AS. dcumbi, dcembi, OHG. dcambi, Obstacle. Lat. obstaculum ; obstare,
stoppa, tow ; MHG. hanef-dcamb, the to stand in the way of
combings or hards of hemp, tow, what is Oe-. For ob- before words beginning
combed out in dressing it ; as dswinc, with a c, as in occludo, to shut against
the refuse swingled out in dressing flax. occurro, to run up, to occur, &c.
Stuppa pectitur ferreis hamis, donee Occult. Lat. occulo, -culizim, to cover
omnis membrana decorticatur. Pliny — over, to hide, from celo, to hide.
xxix. I. 3, cited by Aufrecht in Phil. Occupy. Lat. occupo, to lay hold of
Trans. before, to take first, from capio.
Oar. ON. ar, Fin., Lap. airo, Esthon. Ocean. Gr. iiKtavaq, Lat. oceanus.
aer, air. Ochre. A yellow or brown coloured
Oast. Hop-oast, a kiln for drying hops, a earth used as a pigment. Gr. a-^^poi;,
word probably imported from the Nether- pale, yellow wxpa, ochre. ;

lands, together with the cultivation of Oct-. Octave. Octagon. Gr. (Sk™, —
hops. Du. ast, est, a kiln. Lat. octo, eight.
Oath. AS. ath, Goth, aith, G. eid. Ocular. Lat. oculus, an eye. See
Oats. AS. ata, Fris. oat, oat as. at, ; Eye.
ON. ata, food, ceti, eatables. Odd. When a number is conceived as
Ob-. Oc-. Of-. Op-. Lat. ob, against, odd or even the units of which it is com-
over against. In comp. with words begin- posed are regarded as piled up one by
ning with c,f,p, the b is assimilated with one in two parallel columns. If the num-
the following consonant. ber be divisible by two the columns will
Obdurate. Lat. durus, hard ; obduro, reach to the same height, or the highest
to harden oneself against. units will be even with each other, and

Obedience. Obeisance. —
Obey. Lat. the number is called evenj but if there
audio, to hear; obedio, Fr. obHr, obHs- be a remaining unit it will project like a
sant, to listen to a command, to obey, as point above the top of the parallel column,
Gr. ctKovd), to hear, viraKoiim, to listen to, and the number is called odd, n. odde,
to obey. from oddr, a point. The term is then
Obelisk. Gr. b^tXoe, a spit, a pointed extended to any object left sticking up,
29 *
452 ODIOUS OPAQUE
as it were, by itself, for want of another dvofiaroTroUo), to coin words, especially to
to match it. form words in imitation of sound. "Ovofia,
Odious. Lat. odmm, hatred, ill-will. name, and ttoUw, to make. In later times

Odour. Odoriferous. Lat. odor, a . the word has been confined to the special
smell ; Gr. oSm, perf. bSuda, Lat. oleo, to signification above mentioned. It was
smell. early observed that such words as Xtyyai,
Of-. See Ob-. to twang like a bow, o-ijw, to hiss, balare,
Of.— Off. Lat. ai, ON. qf, Gr. Awo. to bleat, hinnire, to neigh, were exactly
Ofifal. G. dial. aJ^aU, abgefall, refuse or such as we should frame if we attempted
dross, what falls from Dan. affald, fall,
;
to represent the sounds in question by a
falling away, offal, the fall of the leaf, vocal imitation. It was accordingly sup-
windfalls in an orchard, broken sticks in posed that a certain class of words had
a wood, &c. been formed by the imitation of natural
Office. OflScial.— Lat. officimn, one's sounds, and as these were the only class
business, moral duty ; officialis, a servant of simple words in which evidence re-
or attendant on a magistrate. mained of their having been formed by
Oft. —Often. ON. opt,Goth. ufta. the device of man, the name of bvofiaro-
Ogee. —Ogive. It. augivo, Fr. migive, woitjdii or word-making was given to the
ogive, the union of concave and convex process to which they owe their origin, a
in an arch or fillet. name which obviously becomes improper
To Ogle. G. aiigeln, to inoculate, also as soon as we regard all language as
to eye one slyly, from auge, an eye. Fr. formed by man.
ceuillade. It. occhiata, a glance. Onyx. Lat. onyx, from Gr. ovul, the
Ogre. Sp. ogro, Fr. ogre, OSp. huergo, nail of the finger.
uerco, the man-eating giant of fairy-tales Ooze. AS. wos, juice ; o/etes was, juice

— Diez; It. orco, a surname of Pluto, by of fruit ; wosig, juicy, moist. To ooze
met. any chimera or imagined monster. out is to show moisture at the cracks,
— Fl. Cimbr. orco, (boses gespenst) bug- moisture to find its way out by small
gaboo. Bergmann.— From Lat. orcus, apertures. ON. vbs, moisture vos-klcedi,
;

hell. rain-proof clothes vasla,


; to splash
Her marble-minded breast, impregnable, rejects through the marshes {kvaske). E. ooze,
The ugly orks that for their lord the Ocean woo. the wet mud left by the tide. Fr. vase,
Polyolbion in Nares. owse, mud, soft dirt in the bottom of
Oil. — Olive. Lat. oleum, G. oel, Gr. waters. — Cot. N. vaasa, to work in the
iXaiov, oil ; IXai'a, Lat. oliva, the olive or wet and exposure, especially out at sea.
oil tree. Da. dial, qvas, mud, puddle. Veien staaer
Ointment. wigere, and thence
Lat. i eet' qvas, the way is all in a puddle.
Fr. oindre, to anoint ; It. unto, salve, Quasse, to plash, representing the sound
grease ; untare, ontare, to salve or smear. of mud or water under-foot. Det quasser
Old. AS. eald, G. alt, Goth, altheis, old. i stbvler, of the sound of water in the
The radical meaning is probably ^^roww shoes. Qvaske, to plash, tramp through
Mp, from Goth, alan, to nourish, bring up ; wet. N. vaspa, vassa, to wade, go in the
ON. ala, to beget, give birth to, nourish ;
wet vass blom, water-lily vass drukk-
; ;

elna, to grow, to ripen. Lat. alere, to y^;/, water-logged; vassen,yis.\.exy. EFris.


nourish adolesco, to grow up ; coalesco,
; osen, to dabble in wet.
to growtogether, &c. See Abolish. Op-. See Ob-.
Dieftnbach compares Lat. altiis, as sig- Opal. Agem of divers colours, where-
'

nifying grown up in space, as old in time. in appeareth the fiery brightness of the
Omelet. Fr. aumelette, omelette, of carbuncle, the shining purple of the ame-
unknown origin. thyst, the green lustre of the emerald, and
Omen. Ominous.— Lat. omen, a sign all intershining.' — Fl. Known to the
of luck, good or bad. Romans under the name of opalus, show-
Omni-. Lat. omnis, all, every. ing that a Slavonic language was then
On. G. nn, Gr. avd, up, on, upon. spoken in Bohemia, whence the gem is
One. Gr. dq, fna, 'iv, Lat. unus, Goth. still brought. The origin is Pol. palac, to
ains, G. ei7i. glow, to blaze, opala^, to burn on all sides;
Onerous. Lat. onus, -eris, a burden. Serv. opaliti, to shoot, to give fire from
;

Onion. Lat. icuio, an onion, then, the gleams of iridescent reflection by


from the concentric scales of which it is which the stone is distinguished.
formed, applied to a pearl. Opaque. Lat. opacus, shadowy, dusky,
Onomatopoeia. Gr. ij/o/uaroTroita, from Fr. opaque.
;

OPEN ORDURE 4S3


Open. G. offen, on. opinn, as. yppe, of a chariot-wheel orbita solis, the way ;

open ;
ypjmn, G. offken, ON. opna, to of the sun.
open, to do up. on. luka, to shut Orchard. Goth, aurtigards, OYi.jurta-
uppliuka, to open upplokinn, open. garSr, MHG. wurzgarte, AS. vyrtgeard,
;

Opinn is not only open, but mouth up- ortgeard, a yard or enclosure for worts,
wards, som ligger opad. We open a i. e. vegetables, a garden. See Wort.
vessel by lifting up the cover. Orchestra. Gr. dpxvcrpa, the part of
Opera. A name introduced with the the stage on which the chorus danced,
thing itself from Italy. Opera, any work, from dpxBo/tat, to dance.
labour, action now-a-days taken for a
; Ordeal, as. ordcel, Du. oordeel, ordael,

comedy or tragedy sung to music. Fl. a mode of judgment by fire or water, sup-
Lat. opus, pi. opera, work. posed to be decided by the hand of God ;

Operate. Lat. operari, to work, opas, the judgment /car' i^axvv. Du. oordeel, G.
-eris, work. Bret, ober, to do, to make. urtheil, judgment, from ON. ur, out of,
Ophthalmia. Gr. ofioKfibg, an eye. and theil, part a laying out of parts, dis- ;

Opinion. Lat. opinio j opinari, to posing of the matter in proper order. In


think, believe. the same way Lat. discrimen, a parting,
Opportune. — Importunate. Lat. op- separation, signifies an examination, de-
portunus, serviceable, convenient, season- cision, proof.
able, as a haven at hand to a ship ; from — —
Order. Ordain. Ordinary. Fr. or-
ob, in front, and portus. In order to ex- dre. It. ordine, Lat. ordo, -inis, a rank or
press the opposite ideas the ob of oppor- row, arrangement, order. Hence ordino^
tunus was changed to the negative particle to set in rows, to arrange, to ordain or
in, thus giving rise to importuntis, incon- settle the order of things by a decree.
venient, troublesome, out of season. Ordinary, according to order, regular.

-opt-.— Optative. Option. Lat. op- An ordinary or public dinner at cer-
tare, to wish, to chuse optio, a choice or
; tain hours may be explained as an open*
election. Hence adopt, to chuse for one's ing to the public of the ordinary fare of
o^vn. the house. Common dyet in a mannes

Optio. Optician. Gr. oTrriKoe, having house ordinaire. Palsgr.
: —
to do with vision, from the obsolete ojtt-o- Ordnance. Formerly ordinance or
/lai, to see. ordonance, all sorts of artillery of great
Opulent. Lat. opulentus, from opes, guns. —
B. An incidental application of
wealth, abundance. ordinance in the sense of arrangement,
Or. Contracted from AS. dhwather, preparation. Fr. ordonner, to ordain,
dwther, dther, OE. ozither. Goth, aith- appoint, dispose, array, equip. Cot. —
than, OHG. edo, ON. eda, AS. eththa, Du. Furthermore the king and his council ordeyned
edder, eer, ohg. odo, as. oththe, OHG. blank chartres : —
had them prepared. English —
Chron. p. 13. Cam. Soc.
odar, Fris. auder, uder, Du. odder, oer,
OSax. eftha, OFris. efther, OHG. alda, In the same work we see the passage
Swiss aid, on. ella, Swiss alder, Sw. to the modern sense.
Dan. eller, or. — Dief. The ordenaunce of' the kinges guns avayled
Oracle. — Oral. —Orator. -or«. From
not, for that day was so grate rayne that the
gonnes lay depe in the water, and so were queynt
Lat. OS oris, the mouth, are Fr., E. oral,
given by word of mouth ; Lat. oro, -as,
and myght not be schott. p. 97. —
The Duke of Burgoyn had layd there all his
to pray, to address words, whence oracu- apparament to take Caleys, amongis which was
lum, an oracle or declaration of the gods a horrible ordinauns, smale barelis filt full of
serpentis and venymous bastes, which he thouhte
when consulted on human affairs ; oratio,
words, speaking, speech; adoro, to pray
to throwe into Caleys be engynas. Capgrave —
Chron. p. 298.
to, to adore.
It. ordigno, a machine, mechanical con-
Orange. It. arancio, Venet. naranza, trivance, applied by Ariosto to a gun.
Sp. naranja, Mod.Gr. vi^avrXj-ov. The Ordure. Fr. ordure, It. ordura, lor-
name must have been introduced with dura, filth ; lordo, ordo, OFr. ord, filthy,
the fruit itself from the East ; Pers. nd- dirty, from Lat. luridus, dark-coloured.
renj, Arab, ndranj. The loss of the n In luridi denies, discoloured teeth, the
gave Mid. Lat. arangia, which passed into sense comes very near that of dirty, filthy.
Fr. orange under the influence of the Mid. Lat. luridus, zwart, bleec^ onreyn ;
golden colour of the fruit. Diez. — fuul. —
Dief. Sup. The equivalence of
— —
Orb. Orbicular. Orbit. Lat. orbis, forms with an initial / or « and a simple
a circular object, whence orbita, the track vowel is not uncommon. Fr. loutre, E.
— — ;

454 ORE OSIER


otter J Fr. lierre, OFr. hierre, ivy ; Fr. of a ship. — Fl. deck of
G. Uberlauf, the
lingot, E. ingotj Fr. laiton, It. ottone, a ship, from iiberlaufen, to run over the
brass ; It. lonza, Sp. o/z^'fl, an ounce ; It. whole surface. Du. overloop, a covering,
luscignolo, uscignolo, a nightingale. The the deck of a ship. Kil. —
derivation from horridus supported by -orn-. Ornament. Lat. ornare, to
Diez is unsatisfactory. adorn, equip.
Ore. Properly the vein of metal, from Ornithology. Gr. opvif, opj/iS-og, a bird.
the ore being found in a thin band ap- Orphan. Gr. b^i^avoz, having lost father
pearing in the section like a vein running or mother.
through the rock. Calamina est qusedam Orpiment. A
yellow arsenical colour,
vena terra, is a certain ore. 'Roger Ba- — Lat. auripigntentum.
con, Opus minus, 385. G. ader, Sw. Orth.0-. Gr. 6p9if, upright, right, true.
dder, dr, N. aader, aar, Dan. aare, a vein. As in Orthodox (^o?a, opinion, way of

Vena, odder, odir. Dief. Supp. thinking or teaching). Orthography, &c.
The ordinary explanation identifies the Orts. Orts, or in Scotland worts, are
word with AS. dr, cBr, ON. eir, Goth, aiz, the fragments and rejected parts that are
Lat. as, aris, brass. left by an animal in feeding, and generally

Organ. Organic. Gr. opyawov (from the odds and ends that fall to the ground
epyo), to work), Lat. organum, an instru- in doing any work. A
cow is said to ort
ment, tool, or machine, a musical instru- her provender when she tosses it aside ;

ment. Ultimately the great instrument a child orts his bread when he crumbles
of church music of pipes blown by a . it down ; hence metaphorically to ort, to

bellows. reject.
spread.

^Jam. The word is very widely
Da. dial, ovred, erred, orret,
Organa dicuntur omnia instrumenta musico-
rum. Non solum illud organum dicitur quod ort, orts ; Du. oor-aete, oorefe, reliquiae
grande est et inflatur foUibus, sed quicquid apta- fastiditi pabuli ooraetigh, fastidiens ni-
tur ad cantilenam et corporeum est. —
St Augus-
miS. saturitate
;

— Kil.; NFris. erten, to


tine in Due.
leave remnants in eating Pl.D. ert, ori- ;
Orgies. Gr. opyia, sacred rites ; ori-
els, orts.; erten, verorten, orden, to be
ginally those in honour of Bacchus.
nice in eating, to pick out the best and
Oriel. This word formerly signified a
chamber or apartment. Adjacet atrium
leave much remnants Brem. Wtb. —
Westerwald urzen, Swiss hurschen, urschi,
nobilissimum in introitu quod porticus
urschen, to ort ; Bav. urdssen,
vel oriolum appellatur. —
Ut non in in-
orts ;

urezen mit etwas, to deal wastefuUy ; die


firmarii. sed seorsim in oriole monachi
infirmi carnem comederent. Matth. — J4rdss, rejection, orts.
The Du. and Bav. forms naturally lead
Paris in Due. Orioluin, a little entrance,
to the derivation suggested by Kiliaan,
from OS, oris ? It is glossed chamber in
oeraete, quasi eueraete, esca superflua,
Bibelsworth. —
Nat. Antiq. p. 166. what is left over in eating; and perhaps
Plus est delit en le oriol [chamber]
the form of the word has been modified
Escoter la note de I'oriol [wodewale].
in accordance with this notion, but Lap.
For the queen's cloSet in a chapel :

arates, which is used in exactly the same


Ye schall hur brynge to the chapelle, sense, can hardly have had such an origin.
Be the oryall syde stande thou stylle.
Erl of Tholouse, 1. 308.
The corresponding forms in the kindred
That lady herde his mournyng all
dialects are Esthon. warrid (ytas herunter
Ryght under the ohambre wall fallt), droppings, crumbs, from warri-
In her oryall there she was. sema, to rustle, to fall out, as ripe oats ;

Then said that lady mylde of mood, Fin. waret, chaff driven off in thrashing,
Ryght in her closet there she stood. from warista, to drip or fall gradually, as
Squire of low Degree, 1. 180. grain from the ears of corn, or leaves in
An oriel window is one that juts out so the autumn. It is remarkable that an
as to make a small apartment in a hall. initial w is added in Sc. worts, as in Fin.
Orifice. Lat. orijicium, what makes •waret,compared with Lap. arates. E'en- '

an ojaening ; as, oris, mouth. ings worts are gude mornings fodderings.'
Origin. Lat. origo, -inisj orior, to
arise, take a beginning.
—Oscillate.
Jam.
Lat. oscillum, something
Orison. Fr. oraison, Lat. oratio, a swung by a rope fastened to the top of a
prayer. pole.
Orlope. The uppermost deck in a Osier. Fr. osier, a willow, willow twig,
great ship, from the mainmast to the miz- wicker basket. Probably from being used
zen.— B. It. tetto, the deck or overloope in making utensils of different kinds, for
; !

OSPREY OUTRAGE 455


wliich wicker was much employed by the Fr. loiitre, Lat. lutra, G. otter, ON. otir,
Gauls. Bret, aoza, oza, to form, fashion, Pol. wydra, Russ. vuidra.
arrange ; aozil, ozil, willow, made of Ottoman. The Ottoman empire, the
wiUow. Turkish empire. From Othman the
Osprey. Lat.«?j-J2/rag-zVr,abone-breaker. founder of the dynasty.
To Oss. To offer to do, to aim at, to Ought. Anything. See Aught.
intend to do. B. — Fr. oser, to dare, ad- Ought. The pret. of the verb to owe.
venture, be so bold as to do a thing ;
Our. Goth., G. uns, (ace. pi ) us ; un-
Prov. ausar, It. ausare, osare, Venet. sar, tmser, AS. use, ure, our.
ossare, from Lat. audere, ausum, to dare. Ounce. Fr. once, Lat. uncia, the 12th
The difficulty in this derivation is that part of a pound, and an inch, the 12th
OSS belongs so completely to the popular of a foot.
part of the language that it is very un- Ousel. OHG. a.misala, G. amsel, as.
likely to have had a Fr. derivation. W. osle.
osio, to offer to do, is undoubtedly the To Oust. —Out. Fr. oster, to remove,
same word, but we are unable to say take away, lay aside, drive or expel from.
whether it is bon'owed from E. oss, or Ostez vous de Id., get you hence. Cot. —
vice vers^. We find the idea in an earlier Prov. ostar, to take away; fdrostar, to
stage of development in Fin. osaia, to drive out. It is probable that this last is
aim right, to strike the mark, to be able the original meaning of the word, and
to do, to know the way ; osaella, to try to that oust and the preposition out, ON. uf,
do, to imitate. Esthon. ots, end, point G. aus, have their origin in the cry huss !
otsiina, toseek otsama, to end.
; hut ! used to drive out dogs. Swiss huss !
Osseous. Lat. osseiis; os, ossis, a bone. a cry to set on a dog or to hiss a man,

Ostensible. Ostentation. Lat. os- an exclamation of contempt or abhor-
tendo, ostensum (for ob-s-tendo, to stretch rence huss use / fort, hinaus properly
; !

out opposite), to show ; whence the fre- to a dog, then to a man. W. hwt! off,
quentative ostento, -as, to make a show. off with it, away and as a noun, a taking
!

Ostler. Properly the master of an inn, off, a taking away ; hwtio, to hiss out, to
but now appropriated to the servant at hoot; Gael, ut ! ut ! interj. of disappro-
an inn who jfias charge of the stables and bation or dislike ; Patois de Champ, hus,
horses. Yx.hostelier, a host,, innkeeper, hootings, cries, out (hors), door. Quibus '

from hostel, a house, hostel, hall, palace. id agentibus conversa facie in sinistram
— Cot. The application to the sense of a- partem indignando quodammodo, virtute
groom seems to have taken place at a quanta, potuit, Hutz ! Hutz ! quod signifi-
very early period in England. In the cat Foras Foras Unde patet quia ma-

! !

reign of Rich. II., W. Brewer, 'hostil- lignum spiritum videt.' Vita Ludovici
larius W. Larke pistoris,' was condemned Pii in Due. Sw. hut! is used as a cry to
to the hurdle for making
short weight in drive out dogs or to stop them and make
horsebread, having to stand ' uno de dictis them quiet, get out, for shame huta tit, !

panibus circa collum suum, et uno botello to drive out. In the same way Serv. osh !
feni ad dorsum, suum in signum hostil- cry to drive out oshkati, to cry osh to
; !

'
larii pendentibus,' with a bottle of hay at drive out.- The Lap. cry is has! as!
his back as a sign of an hostler. Lib. — agreeing remarkably with the Gael, form
Alb. 2. 425. Jack 'the hosteler of the of the preposition, as, out, out of; Lap.
house,' the companion of the tapster and hasetet, to drive out. Fr. dial, oussi!
her paramour, in Chaucer's story of the toussi! cry to drive out a dog; usse
Pardoner and the Tapster, is plainly the houste ! houste d la paille ! ut ! hors
ostler in the modern sense, and not the d'ici, va t'en. —
Jaubert.
The cries addressed to animals being
master of the inn.
Ostrich. Fr. austruche, an austridge commonly taken from sounds made by
or ostridge —Cot. ; Sp. avestruz, from themselves, the exclamation hoot! used
avis struthioj Lat stntthio, Mid.Lat. in driving out dogs, may be compared
strucio, an ostrich. Diez. — with Lap. huttet, to bark. Swiss huss,
Other. Goth, anthar, OFris. ander, hauss, a dog.
other, or, ON. annar, Sanscr. anya, an- Outrage. It. oltraggio, Fr. oultrage,
tara, other ; alius,
Lat.other, alter outrage, excess, unreasonableness, vio-
(whence It. altro, Fr. autre), the other, lence, from Lat. ultra, Fr. outre, beyond,
one of the two ; Lith. antras, Lett, ohtrs, with the termination age. Elle est belle
other, second. voirement, mats il n^y a rien d'oultrage,
Otter. It. lontra, Sp. lutria, mitria, she is fair indeed, but no fairer than she
; 1 ;'

456 OVAL PAD


should be. Je ne vous demande rien sions AS. {agan), pres. Ah, agon, ^ri.dh/e;
;

doiUtrage, I demand nothing unreason- ON. eiga, d, eigum, dtte, to possess ; G.


able. ——Cot. eigen, AS. dgen, Sc. awin, what is pos-
Oval. Ovary. Gr. wov, Lat. ovum, sessed by one, own. To own a thing is
an egg ; whence oval, eggshaped ovary, to claim it as possessed by oneself. To
;

the eggbearing organ. owe money is an elliptical expression for


Ovation. Lat. ovare, ovatum; said to having it to pay to another, possessing it
be from oves, the sheep sacrificed in the for another. ON. Eg d hestinn, that is
ovation or lesser triumph. my horse eg d Idnga 7eiS, I have a long ;

Oven. G. ofen, Goth, auhns, OSw. way to perform eg d at giallda, I have ;

ogn, omn, on. ofn, Gr. mvfst, oven to pay, I owe Gud d hiydni at thir, you ;

Sanscr. agni, Lith. ugnis, Lat. ignis, fire. owe obedience to God, God possesses, is
Over. AS. iifan, above, upwards, from rightfully entitled to, obedience at your
above, up ; ufe-weard, ufan-weard, up- hands. In the same way we say, I have
wards ; ufera, higher, farther ; ufemest, to pay you money, I have to go to Lon-
highest ; upmost. G. auf, on, upon, up ; don, Je dois aller k Londres. The plow- '

oben, above, on high ober, upper, over ; man sayde, Gyve me my moneye.
; The
iiber, over ; Gr. vvo, under in-sp, over
; preeste sayde, I owe none to thee to paye :

Lat. sub, under super, over.


; i. e. I have none to pay the6, or I owe

Overt. Overture. Fr. ouvrir, Prov. thee none. From Wynkyn de Worde in —
obrir, ubrir, OFr. aovrir, a-uvrir, adub- Reliquias Ant. p. 46. A Yorkshiremen
rir, Castrais durbi, dotirbi. Wall, drovi, says. Who owes this ? who is the possess-
to open, from Lat. deoperire, to uncover. or of this, to whom does it belong ?
— Diez.

Owl. ON. ugla. Da. ugle, AS. eowle,
Owche. Nouclie. Ouche (a jewel), OHG. iuwila, MHG. iule, G. eule. Doubt-
bague. — Palsgr. The original form is less from its cry. G. uhu, the screech owl.
that with an initial n. Lat. ulula, owl ululo, to howl. ;

Whan thou hast taken any thynge, Ox. A name extending to the Finnic

Of lovis gifte, or nouche or pin. Gower in Hal. branch of languages Lap. wuoksa, ;

OHG. iiusca, nuscja, nuskil, MHG. nusche, Syrianian os, Votiak oj (Fr. j), Ostiak
niischel. Mid. Lat. nusca, a buckle, clasp, uges, Turk. ogys.
brooch. Oyster. OFr. oistre, Lat. ostrea, Gr.
— —
To Owe. Ought. Own. Goih.. aigan, oarpiov, ON. ostra, AS. osire.
.

aihan, to possess, to have ; aihts, posses-

Pace. Fr. pas, It. passo, Lat. passus. The original meaning is shown in Es-
Pacifjr. Lat. pacificarej pax, pads, thon. pakima. Fin. pakkata, to stuff, to
peace. cram pakko, compulsion, force, neces-
Pack. — Packet. G., Du. pack, a sity,
;

pain Lat. pangere, pactutn, to drive


;

bundle. Fr. paquet, a small bundle. in, to fasten ; Gr. irriyvvui (root Tray), to
hpack of cards, and figuratively, a pack stick or fix in as a nail, to fasten together,
of hounds ; G. diebenpack, a gang of put together, to make solid, stiff, or hard
thieves ; das pack, lumpenpack, the dregs TTi/yof, firm, solid.
of the people, a pack of rogues; Kiittn. —
Pact. Lat. paciscor, pactus sum, to
A natighty pack was fonnerly used as a agree upon, to engage for, from pango,
term of abuse for a loose woman, as a pactum, to drive in, fix, make firm ; pan-
person is now sometimes called ' a bad gere inducias, societatem, pacem. See
lot.' Pack.
To pack, to make
into a bundle ; G. * Pad. I. In the most general sense,

sich packen, Sw. packa sig bort, to be a separate mass, a pack, bundle, bunch.
gone, be packing, pack away. A jury is A pad ofyarn, a certain quantity of skeins
packed when it selected and put to-
is made up in a bundle a pad of wool, a
;

gether for a particular purpose, and so in small pack such as clothiers carry to a
G. die karten packen, to pack cards in a spinning house.— Devon. Gl. in Hal.
fraudulent manner, so that one may He was kept in the bands, having under him
know how they lie. —
but only a pad [bundle] of straw. Fox, Martyrs.
— !

PADDLE PAGEANT 457


Glad here to kennel in s-pad of straw. — Drayton. tread, the way
trodden, or the foot as the
A pad then a bunch of some sort of
is implement of tramping. G. patsch ! like
stuffing confined in a case, a small cushion, klatsch ! guatsch 1 watsch / represents the
quilted saddle or the like. sound made by a blow with something
The word is probably an equivalent of soft and flat. Patsch ! da lag es. Patsch
Bav. batzen, botzen, a lump of soft mate- da hatte er eins auf s maul. Bav. patsch-
rial, and is connected with the notion of en, to tramp patschen, the foot or shoe ;
;

paddling in something soft and wet in the lackenpatscher, a step i' the gutter. Pl.D.
same way that dab, a lump of something patsch, mud patsch, patsch-hand, the
;

soft, is connected with dabble. O.patsch! hand in s.peaking to a child, from the
(Sanders), Swab, batsch ! interjection ex- sound of a pat with the soft flat hand of a
pressing the sound of a sudden fall or child. Bav. pfotschen (contemptuously)^
blow batschen, to paddle in water, tramp
; paw, hand ; G. pfote, Fr. patte, paw Gr. ;

in soft mud. Swiss batschen, to fall to- -Koi', Lat. ped', foot.

gether, to clot. Die matrazze bdtscht sich, In the same way with an initial j)/ in-
the matrass becomes lumpy. Comp. the stead of/, Pl.D. pladern, to paddle E. ;

proverbial expression a pad in the straw, plod, to move with heavy footfall Swab. ;

something wrong, a screw loose. Here '


pfatschen, pflatschen, pfatschehi, pjlat-
lyes indede the padde within the straw.' scheln, to paddle pJlaute,pJlautsch,pJlote,
;

Hal. Swiss batsch, a lump, clump batsch ; a coarse, thick hand.


haar, a bunch of clotted hair batsch, a ;
* Paddock, i. ons.padda, T)\x.padde,
pad of clouts sewed one upon the other ;
a toad.
bdtschet, what lies one upon the other, be- Probably from the notion of paddling
comes a lump, is padded out. G. patz in water. G. patschen, to splash, paddle ;
lehm, a lump of clay to stop a hole in a wasser-patsch, a frog. Dreck-patz (dirt
furnace. paddler), a name given in the story to the
The same train of thought gives rise to frog king.
the parallel series, G. watsch ! represent- 2. A small enclosed piece of pasture
ing the sound made by a blow with some- near home. Commonly regarded as a
thing soft, a fall in the mud, &c. ; E. wad, corruption of AS. pearroc, a park or en-
a lump or piece of something soft ; wad- closure, but this would be contrary to the
ding, padding or stuffing out. usual course, as dd more readily changes
In the sense of a cushion there is a re- to rr than the converse. Swab, pfatt, an
markable coincidence with Fin. padja, a enclosure.
pad of hay to prevent galling by the It may signify merely a small patch or
saddle or horse collar, a mattress ; Esthon. piece of land. See Pad.
paddi, a pillow, cushion. * Padlock. A hanging lock from ;

2. Pad, a path ; to pad, to pace, go on pad, in the sense of a lump or detached


foot.— Hal. Pad, in cant, the highway ;
mass, as distinguished from the common
padder, footpad, one who robs on foot. lock let into the substance of the mem-
Pad (in sporting language), the foot of a ber which it fastens.
hare or fox. Pl.D. pad, the sole of the Pagan. Lat. paganttsj pagus, a coun-
foot pad-weg, G. pfad. Fin. padet, patet,
;
try village.
a foot-path Pl.D. pedden, to tread ; pad-
;
Page. I. It. paggio, Fr. page, pror
jen, to trip. Door dik un dunn padjen, perly a boy, then a serving boy, attendant.
to tramp through thick and thin. Gr. Chaucer, speaking of an infant, says,
irarsu, to tread iraroc, a path ; S^.patear,
;
lay and was a proper /fff«.
In cradle it
to kick, to stamp ; pata, foot and leg of
beasts Fr. patte, paw. See To Paddle. Gr. 'wqS.q, irmliiQ, child ; Gael, paisde, a
;

To Paddle. To move in the water young boy or girl; Manx paitchey, a


with the hands or feet.— B. Yx.patouiller, child.
to paddle or dabble in with the feet, to 2. Page of a book, from Lat. pagina, a.

stir up and down and trouble. Cot. — sheet of paper, as Fr. lame, from lamina, a
Hence paddle, an implement for paddling, blade,7^»zwz«, iroai fcemina. See Pageant.
an oar with a broad flat blade, as Fr. Pageant. A
triumphal chariot or
gasche, an oar or skull, from gascher, to arch, or other pompous device, usually
splash. The idea of splashing or pad- carried about in public shows. B. —
dling in the wet frequently occurs in the —
Pagent, pagina. Pr. Pm. The authori-
special form of tramping through the mud, ties cited by Way
in the notes on this
explaining the root pad or pat in the passage show that the original meaning
formation of words signifying tramp. of the word was a scaifold for the pur-
;;

458 PAGOD PALE


pose of scenic exhibition, equivalent to All from Lat. pcena, retribution, punish-
'
Lat. and It. pegma, which is explained ment, a word which from the prominence
by Florio, a frame, a fabric, a machine, of the idea in religious teaching would
or pageant, to move, to rise, or to go readily be carried into all European Ian
itself with wheels, with vices, or with guages. See Punish.
other help. In a contemporary account Painim. A heathen, properly heathen-
of the performances, cited in ' Sharp's ism. Fr. paien, a pagan ; paiennisme,
Coventry Mysteries,' certain pageants are paienisine, paienim.e, paganismus, hea-
spoken of, '
which pagiants were a high thendom, heathenland.
scafold with two rowmes, a higher and a Paint. Lat. pingere, pictzim, Fr. pein-
lower, on four wheeles.' The compiler of dre,peint, to paint.
the Liber Albus, describing the ceremo- Pair.^-Par. Lat. par, alike, even.
nial at the entry of Henry VI. into Lon- Fr. pair.
don, A.D. 1432, uses pagina and machina Palace. Lat. palatium.
as synonymous. He tells us that at the Paladin. It. paladino, palatine, be-
entry of the bridge, ' parabatur machina longing to an emperor's court or chief
satis pulcra in cujus medio gigas mirae palace, a count palatine; also paladin, 21.


magnitudinis. Ex utroque latere ipsius a knight, or famous man-at-arms of an
gigantis in eddem pagind erigebantur emperor's palace. Fl. —
The knights of
duo animalia vocata antelops.' Munim. — the round table were the paladins of
Gildh. III. 459. The name was after- Arthur or of Charlemagne, from whose
wards transferred to the subject of exhi- exploits the heroic character implied in
bition, whether a mere image or a dra- the name is derived.
matic performance. In the Chester Palaeo-. Palin-. Palim-. Palceo- (in
Mysteries each drama is introduced in the Geol.), Gr. woXoios, ancient naXai, long ;

form, ' Incipit pagina prima de celi, an- ago, of old. Palin-, Palim-, Gr. iraXiv,
gelorum, &c., creacione.' The word was back, again. Paliinpsest, a MS. written
sometimes written ^flgy«, ox pagen, truer on a.former MS. rubbed out. Gr. iraki^-
than the modern form to the Lat. pagina, ^riaroq, from i|/ai'w, ^aa, to rub off.
from whence it is derived. Nor is there It is curious that a plausible explana-
reason to doubt that pagina itself is an tion of both Ka\iv and naKai may be
equivalent of compago, -inis, or compages, found in the Finnish languages of the ;

from the Ysrh pango, to fasten, signifying first in Fin. palaan, pallata (to be com-
a framework of materials fastened to- pared with Gr. iroMw, to turn), to roll, to
gether, just as the equivalent pegma is return ; palatus, return. From the same
Gr. Trrjyfta, a construction, from Tr-q-^vviu, root seems to spring Lap. pale, a turn,
to fasten. 'Ajia^av Trii^aaBai, to build a time tann palen, at that time; tai palai
;

waggon. Lat. pagino, compagino, to (plur.), in those times, formerly. In Lat.


construct. Solidoque ns.-veva.paginatam
'
olim (from olle for ille, in those times),
robore.' — Paulin in Face. Pagina, a the word signifying times is understood,
sheet of paper, is supposed to be so called while in Gr. TraAai there would be an
from the skins of papyrus compacted to- ellipse of the demonstrative.
gether of which it is composed. Palanquin. Ptg. palanqiiim, a chair
Paged. An image worshipped by the or couch carried between poles on men's
Indians and Chinese, or the temple be- shoulders, from Sp. palanca, a lever, a

longing to such an idol. B. From Ptg. cowl-staff, or pole on which a weight is
pagao, a pagan, and thence pagode, an supported between two men.
assembly of idolaters, temple of the In- Palate. Lat. palatum.
dians, porcelain image. Palaver. Mid.Lat. parabola, Sp. pa-
Pail. It. padella, Venet. pdela, a pan labra, Ptg. palavra, word, discourse.
;

Sp. paila, a bason, a pan Lat. patera, a


; The word seems to have come to us from
bowl; patella, a dish, a plate; Ym.padda, the intercourse with the negroes of the
Bret, pod, E. pot. African coast, where Portuguese was the
* Pain. Fr. peine, pain, penalty, pun- European language principally known.
ishment, also pains, labour, endeavour, To hold a palaver was there used for a
also pain, trouble, anguish. Cot. —
Du. conference, and thence the word was in-
pijne, G. pein, pain, trouble, punishment troduced as a slang term. See Parley.
kopfpein, za/tnpei/i, hend-ache, tooth-ache. Pale. Paling. —
Palissade. Lat. —
W. poen, Bret, poan, pain, punishment, palus. It. palo, a pole or stake Sp. palo, ;

pains ; Gael, plan, pain, pang, torment a stick G. pfahL, a pile, pole, stake ; Fr.
;

O^.pina, to torment, to punish. palis, a pale or thick lath, a stake, pole,


— ;;

PALETTE PALTER 459


pile. — Cot. w. palis, a thin partition of work. Gael, peall, a skin or hide, a
boards, wattle, lath. bunch of matted hair, a mat, coverlet ;
In a secondary sense pale signifies an peallaid, a sheepskin; peallach, shaggy,
enclosure, a place paled in. matted ; pealtag, a patched cloak.
Pale, 2. Pallid. Lat./3//«(7,tobepale. To Palliate. Lat. palliare, to cloke.
Palette. The flat plate on which a See Pall.
painter rubs his colours. W. pdl, a spade Palm. I. Gr. 7ra\a;uij, Lat. palma, w.
Bret, pal, a spade, quoit, float of a mill palf, AS./olm, OUG. folma, the flat of the
It. pala, any kind of flat and broad thing hand 'LsX. palpare, o^.fdlma, to grope,;

or plate, a spade, float of a water-wheel, feel for with the hands ; w. palfalu, to
blade of an oar, shoulder-blade paletta, grope, creep on the hands and feet.
;

any little flat thing with a handle, a shovel, 2. Lat. palma, the palm, a tree with
trowel, spattle, slice, racket. Y^.pale, a broad spreading leaves like the palm of
shovel ; palet, a quoit ; palette, a- sur- one's hand. Hence palmer, a pilgrim,
geon's slice. carrying a palm-branch in sign of having
Palfrey. Fr. palefroi, It. palefreno, been to the Holy Land.
Mid.Lat. paraveredus, parafredus, pala- 3. The yellow catkin of the willow, the
fridus, an easy-going horse for riding branches of which, on account of the
veredus, a post-horse. The term is ex- name, are carried on Easter Sunday to
plained by Due. an extra post-horse, a represent the palm-branches of Judea.
horse used in the military and by-roads Pl.D. palme, bud, catkin of willow, hazel,
as veredus on the main roads, but it is alder, &c. The buds or eyes of the vine
probable that this distinction was not are also called palm^n in Germany,
observed. De querela Hildebrandi co- whence may be explained E. palmer'
'

mitis quod pagenses ejus paravreda dare •worm, a grub or worm destroying the
recusant.' —
Capit. Car. Mag. The first buds of plants.
half of the word is supposed to be the Gr. The name seems to have been given to
TTopa, by, a by-horse ; but it is not easy a catkin, from the woolly or feathery tex-
to understand how such a compound ture. Palm of wuU or loke. Pr. Pm. —
could arise. From parafredus were fin. palmu, catkin of willow palmikko, ;

formed G. pferd, Du. paard, a horse. lock of hair ; palmikoita, to plait hair or
Pall. A
cloth that covers a coffin at wicker.
a funeral, a cloak. Lat. pallium was Palpable. Lat. palpor, to stroke
especially applied to the cloak sent by gently, to feel with the hand.
the Pope for the inauguration of a bishop. Palpitate. Lat. palpito, to pant or
W. pall, a mantle, a pavilion Bret, pall- beat. ;

en, a coverture pallen-wHi, bed-cover,


;
Palsy. loss of the bodily powers, A
coverlet pallenvardh, horse-cloth, hous- corrupted from Fr. paralysie, Lat. para-
;

ings ;Gael, peall, a skin or hide, cover- lysis.


ing, veil. There our Lord heled a man of is\& palasye.
Sir John Mandeville, p. 107.
To Pall. To grow flat as liquors do,
to make dull, to take off the appetite. B. See
Paralyse.

To Palter.— Paltry. To palter is

To pall, to rot. Squire of Low Degree.
W. pallu, to fail ; pall, loss of energy, properly to babble, chatter, then to trifle.
miss, failure. cause to Paltry, trifling.
To appall is to
pall, to stupefy with horror or similar One whyle his tonge it ran and paltered of a cat,
emotion. Another whylehe stammered styll upon a rat.
* Pallet.
Gammer Gurton, ii. 3.
Palyet, lytylle bed, lectica.
— Pr. Pm. In like manner we find babbling for tri-
And on a paillet all that glad night fling.
By Troilus he lay. Chaucer. — K. John. Why
dost thou call them bahlyng
Langued. pallet, a straw or rush mat. matters, tell me? Sedition. For they are not
Prov. paillola, a couch. It. pagUaccio,

worth the shaking of a pear-tree. King Johann,
a pallet or straw bed. Fl. From Lat. — Cam. Misc.
palea, chaff ; It. paglia, Fr. paille, straw, Sp. chisme, tattle, tale, thence lumber of
chaff. little value.
Palletoque. —Pallecote. A cassock Depreciatory terms for the exercise of
or short coat with —B.
sleeves. Fr. pal-the voice are commonly taken from the
letoc,a garment like a,short cloak withcontinuous sound of water or the like.
sleeves.— Cot. Bret. paltSk, a cloakof P1.D. pladdern, to paddle, dabble Du. ;

coarse cloth worn by peasants at their pladeren, G. plaudern, to tattle, or talk in


— ; —

460 PAM PANNEL


excess ; N. putra, to simmer, bubble, supported by the form paine, a piece of
whisper, mutter ;Pl.D. paotern (pron. wall. —
Roquef. Valvaritm pagina:, the
pawterri), to patter, repeat in a monoton- panels of doors. Pallad. —Pane or part
ous manner. From the broad sound of of a thing, pagina. Pannel, pagella,
the a in this pronunciation is introduced panellus. Pr. Pm.— The preponderating
tlie / of palter, in the same way as was evidence however is in favour of the de-
formerly seen in the case oi falter, halt. rivation from \j3.\.. pannus, cloth, through
Patter s^-aA. palter are related together, as Fr. pan, a pane, piece or pannel of a wall,
E. chatter and It. cialtrare, to prattle, of wainscot, of a glass window, &c., the
chat. skirt of a gown, the pane of a hose or
From the notion of what is trifling, cloak. —
Cot. The pane of a hose was a
worthless, seems to be developed N. pal- sheet of different colour or material let
tra, rags. into the garment.
Pam. The knave of Clubs. Pol. Than the linyght shewed me a pane of the
Pamfil, the knave of any suit. The wall, andsaid, Sir, see you yonder parte of the
Swedes call the knave of Spades dkta wall which is newer than all the remnant. Bcr- —
Patnpen, the true Pam ; the knave of ners, Froissart in R.
Clubs the false Pam. Bav. Pampfili, the
Cat. pany, a piece of wall, pannel of
queen of Spades (der Eichel-Ober)
pampfili, Sp. patifilo, a greedy, lazy per-
;
wainscot, lap of a shirt ; de oro, gold —
son. See Pamper. leaf. Panyo, cloth. Prov. pan, rag,
To Pamper. clout, lap, piece ; Ptg. pdno, pdnno, piece
To feed high, to
^-B. Bav. pampfen, to stuff ; sick
indulge.
zioll of cloth ; —
de 7nuro, piece of wall ; —
pampfen, to stuff oneself full, especially of de chaminS, mantel-piece of a chimney.
puddings pampf, thick gruel. Pampf Pang. AS. pyngan, Lat. pungere, to
;

is a nasalised form of the nursery pap,


prick. Poignant or pricking grief is that
food. Tyrol, pappele, milk porridge which gives a severe pang. Fr. poind, a
pappelen, to feed with dainties, to pamper. stitch, or sharp pain in the side.
Panic. Gr. iravm'oQ, from ndj/, the
Thus the devil fareth with men and womraen.
First he stirith hem to pappe and pampe her deity to whose influence panic fear was
fleisch desyrynge delicous metis and drynkis. attributed.
OE. prayers in Reliq. Ant. i. 41. Panicle. Lat. panicula, the woof
On the other hand
has pamb^re
Fl. round the quill, in the shuttle, the down
(quasipane e bdre), bread and drink, also upon reeds.
a nunchions of an afternoon pamberdto, ;
Pannage. The feeding of swine upon
pampered, full-fed. mast in the woods, or the duty accruing
Pamphlet. From Sp. papelete, a from it. MXdi.ljsA.. pastio, pastionaticum,
written slip of paper, a written newsletter, pasnaticum, pasnagium, pannagiitjii,
by the insertion of the nasal, as in Du. from Lat. pascere, pastum, to feed. In '

pampier, paper. Sp. papelon, a large omnibus etiam suis nemoribus ipsorum
piece of paper, a pamphlet. porcis recursum, et oninimodos fructus
Gloster offers to put up a bill Win- ad eorum pabulum, absque eo pretio quod
:

chester snatches it, tears it. vulgo pasnaticum dicitur.' A.D. 1 1 30 in —


Winch. Com'st thou with deep premeditated Due. Plains pennaiges de chevaux, de
'

lines, jumens, poutrains, vaches, veaux et pour-


With written pamphlets studiously devised ? ceaux allans k la dite forest de Cressi.'
H. VI. A. D. 1478.
Pan-. Gr. Trav, everything. As in Fr. pasnage, pawnage, mastage, the
Panegyric {iravfiyvpte, a general assem- money received by the lord of a forest
bly). Panorama (opdu, to see, 'opa/ia, a for the feeding of swine with the mast, or
sight seen).
Pan.
of cattle with the herbage thereof. Cot. —
ON.panna, Du. panne, G. p/an- Pannel. Fr. paneau or panneau (from
ne, 'boh.pdnew, Lith. pana. From Lat. pannel), like Prov. pannet (petit pan
patina ? Rayn.), is a dim. of pan, pane. The Fr.
Pander. From Pandarus, the uncle term like the E. is applied to the flat
of Troilus, who performs the part of a pieces of board enclosed in the frame-
pander in the story of Troilus and Cres- work of a door, &c., the rug or thick
sida, popular in the middle ages. cloth put under the load of a pack-horse.
Pane. i. The derivation from Lat. Du. panned, rug-decksel, dorsuale, et
pagina, a leaf, page, any flat expanse, as sella aurigs.— Kil. The pannel of a jury
a sheet of marble, or piece of land, seems is the slip of parchment on which the
;; —

PANNIER PARAPET 461


names of the jurors are written. See Russ. papa, bread ; Lat. mamrtia, mam-
Pane. mamma,
milla. Fin. the breast.
Pannier. Fr. punier, a basket, pro- Papacy.— Papist. See Pope.
perly, as Milan, panera, S bread-basket, Paper. Lat. papyrus, Gr. Tran-wpoe, the
from Lat. panis, bread. It. pandra, Egyptian rush of which paper was made.
pandris, any place to keep bread in, a The occurrence of forms like w. pabyr,
pantry, a bread-basket. rushes, rush candles, Walach. papura,
To Panse. Fr. penser, to think, ex- rush, is opposed to the common belief
amine, consider of, also, as panser, to tend, that the name is originally Egyptian.
look unto, have a care of, also to dress, Papillary. Lat. papilla, dim. from
physic, apply medicines unto. —
Cot. Pan- papula, a. pimple.
ser un cheval, to dress a horse. Para-. Gr. wapa, beside, beyond.
Pansy. The flower heartsease, in Fr. Parable. Parabola. — Gr. TrapafSoXij,
called /^«j/if, thought. a comparison, illustration, from jrapa-
To Pant. Fr. panteler, to pant or /SaXXo), to set side by side.
throb, to beat, also to breathe short and Paraclete. Gr. irapaKXriToe, from napa-
thick, or often together ; pantiser,pmitoi- KaXkoi, to exhort ; in New Test. Gr., to
ser, to breathe often, to be short-winded. comfort.
— Cot. The quick beating of the heart is Parade. Great show, state the place ;

represented by the syllables pit-a-pat or where troops assemble for inspection.


the D.a.iaXiseA. pintledy-pantledy, originally Fr. parer, to dress, adorn, hang richly,
imitating the sound of a succession of as with arras. Cot. —
It. parare, to pre-
light blows. 'And the rattling pit-pat pare, make ready, for a priest to put on
noise.' — B. Jonson in R. '
My
heart went his vestment before he goes to celebrate
pintledy-pantledy.' — Skinner. Then from parata, any preparation, trimming, set-
;

the sympathy between the action of the ting forth. Fl.


heart and lungs, to pant, to breathe quick Paradise. Gr. irapaZaisoQ, from a Per-
and hard. sian word signifying a park or hunting
Pantaloon, — Pantaloons. Fr. pan- enclosure.
talon, a pair of trousers, seems a modern Paradox. Gr. 5o Ja, expectation, opinion,
word. It. pantalone is the pantaloon of TrapaSo^og, contrary to opinion, strange.
Italian comedy, a covetous and amorous Paraffine. A
material having little
old dotard who is made the butt of the affinity with other substances. Lat. pa-
piece. The word seems to signify a rum affinis, little allied.
slovenly-dressed person, from Sp. pailal, Paragon.Fr. paragon, a pattern or
clout, skirt or tail of shirt panalon, a
;
touchstone, whereby the goodness of
slovenly fellow whose shirt hangs out of things is tried the perfection or flower
;

his breeches. —Baretti. "LzX^p annus, rag, of, a paragon or peerless one. Cot. —
Sp.
cloth. paragon, model, example, from the com-
Pantomime. Gr. iravrofuiiog one pound preposition ^ara con, in compari-
;


who acts in dumbshow vavro-, all, and son with. Diez. Para con migo, in com-
;

liiliioftai, to imitate. See Mimic. parison with me ; para con el, according
Pantry. — Pantler. Fr.- paneterie, to him.
place where the bread is kept whence ; —
To Paralyse. Paralytic. Gr. \vii>, to
pantler, the officer who had charge of dissolve, loosen ; irapaXvui, to loosen or
,that department, as butler, the officer who disable at the side, to paralyse irapaXOaig,;

had charge of the buttery. paralysis, palsy ; icapaXvTiKog, one so af-


Pap. — Papa. Words formed of the fected.
simplest articulations, ma and pa, are Paramount. Above all, sovereign, or

used to designate the objects in which the absolute. B. Yx. paramont, at the top,
' Car meus
infant takes the earliest interest, the up. est dit soit a toi, vien cea
mother and father, the mother's breast, paramont^ melius est enim ut dicatur
the act of sucking or taking food. Papa tibi, ascende hue. —
Proverbs xxv. 7.
and mamma are widely used in the sense Paramour. A
love companion Fr. ;

of father and mother. Lith. pdpas, Lat. par amour, by way of love. Paramour
papilla, It. poppa, E. pap, the nipple or (a woman), dame peramour. Palsgr. —
breast ; It. poppare, to suck ; pappa, soft Parapet. It. parapetto, a ward-breast,
food prepared for infants ; pappare, to breastplate, wall breast high, iromparare,
suck, to feed with pap ; Sp.papar, to eat; Fr. parer, to cover, or shield from, to
Magy. papa, in nursery language, eating ward or defend a blow— Fl., and It. petto,
mama, drinking ; Walach. papd, to eat La.t. pectus, breast.
462 PARAPHERNALIA PARRICIDE
Paraphernalia, Gr. ^tpj/ij (^ipw), the parlare, Yx.parler, to speak. Commonly
dowry brought by the wife, gain, booty derived from Lat. parabola, a comparison,
;

Trapa^epwa, Lat. paraphernalia, goods be- likeness, allegory, passing into paraula,
longing to the bride (irnpa) besides the parola, a wordf whence parolare, parlare,
stipulated portion. to speak. Mid.Lat. parabolare was con-
Parasite. Gr. triroe, wheaten bread, stantly used in this sense. Nostri seni- '

food Trapaffiroe, beside the food, eating ores parabolaverunt simul et considerave-
;

at the table of another, a flatterer. runt.' Cap. Car. Calv. —


C^pit eum bis '

Parasol. It. parasole, a sun-shade, terque appellare sed ille nihil homini
;

from parare, to ward off, and sole, the valuit parabolare, sed digito gulam ei
sun. monstrabat.' Due. —
To Parboil. 'La.ng. perbouli, to give a It is however hard to understand how
slight boil, to part-boil. Mod.Gr. ixtao- the word for speaking could have had so
Ppaiu, to parboil /ictro/SpExw, to half wet, forced an origin, and perhaps it may be
;

to wet in part. explained in closer analogy with other


Parcel. \t. particella, any little parti- words of like signification. We have
cle, parcel, part, portion. Fl. —
Fr. par- often had occasion to remark the fre-
celle, a piece, little part. Cot. — quency with which the sound of water,
Parcener. See Partner. and of babbling, or much talking, are re-
To Parch. Bav. pfarzen, to fry fdr- presented by the same or similar forms.
;

zen, to toast bread. Probably direct Now brabble and brawl are used as well
from the crackling sound of things frying. to signify the noise of broken water as of
Wz\3iCh. parjoH {Fr.j), to burn, to singe. chiding and loud or noisy talking. Shake-
Parchment. Fr. parchemin, G. per- speare makes Sir Hugh Evans use/rz*-
gament, Lat. pergamena, from Pergamus bles and prabbles in the sense of idle
in Asia Minor, where it was invented. chatter. The insertion of a vowel be-
Pardon. Fr. pardon. It. perdono, the tween the mute and liquid would give W.
exact equivalent of e. forgive. parabl, speech, utterance, discourse ;

-pare. -pair. Lat. parare, to pre- parablan, to talk continually, to chatter ;

pare as in Prepare, Repair, &c.


; parablus, eloquent, fluent. If these
To Pare. Fr. parer, to deck, trim, spring from a native Gallic root it might
garnish, order decently. —
Cot. Le mare- naturally have been retained in the speech
chal pare le pied d'un cheval avec un of the Romanised Gauls, and adopted in
boutoir parer les legumes d'un potager written Latin under the form of parabo-
;


pour les mettre en vente. Diet. Lang. lare. On the other hand, the sense of

Parer, to peel an apple. Patois de Norm. speaking is one where it is very unlikely
The radical meaning is to set forth, to that the British language should have
prepare. borrowed from the Latin, and it is hardly
Parent. Lat. pareo, to beget. possible that parabolare could have been
Parenthesis. Gr. eime, a setting (riei;- generally used in the sense of speaking at
/ii, to put) ;;ropli'0£(7ie, something put in a period sufficiently early to give rise to
by the side of. the w. word, without leaving evidence of

Parget. The plaister of a wall. B. such a use in classical Latin.
To parget, quasi paristare, parietes ca- A
similar explanation may be given of
mento incrustare. Skinner. — Pariette Sp. palabra, Ptg. palavra (the origin of
for walles, blanchissure. —
Palsgr. in Way. our vulgar palaver), word, from G. plap-
If ye have bestowed but a little sum in the pern, to babble, tattle Sc. blabber, bleb-
;

glazing, paving, parieting of God's house. —


Bp ber, to babble, speak indistinctly.
Hall in R. Parlour. Fr. parloir, the room in a
Parish. Fr. paroisse, Lat. parcecia, nunnery where the nuns were allowed to
Gr. vapoiKta, an ecclesiastical district or speak to visitors through a grating.
neighbourhood Trapoi/coc, dwelling beside
; Parody. Gr. 1^^^, a song iTap<f)Sia ;

another, from Trapa, by, and oIkos, house. (irapa, beside), a song diverted to another
Park. Fr. pare, an enclosure, sheep- subject, a burlesque, parody.
fold, fish-pond ; Dan. Jisk-park, a fish- Paroxysm. Gr. 6ivs, sharp 6Kvvm, to ;

pond It. parco, as. pearroc, ohg. pfer- sharpen ; irapolivw, to prick on, stir up,
;

rich, G. pferch, park, enclosure Bret. exasperate, to grow violent


;
irapojto-ftde, ;

park, an enclosed field Lang, parghe, a exasperation, the violent fit of a disease.
;

fold for cattle ;


parga, parghejha, to fold Parricide. Lat. parricida, for patri-
cattle on the ground. cida, the slayer {cado, to strike) of one's
Parley. — Parliament. — Parole. It. father.
— — —

PARROT PASS 463


Parrot. — Parakeet.
perroquet is7\-. a name for a hen, from the long feathers
derived by Menage from Perrot, the dim. about her neck.
of Pierre, Peter, from the habit of giving Partition.—Party. Iji.t. partior, Fr.
men's names to animals with which we partir, to devise, share parti, the part ;

are specially familiar, as Magpie (for one takes or the side one embraces.
Margery-pie, Fr. Margot), Jackdaw, Jack- Partner. —
Parcener. Fr. parcener,
ass, Robin-redbreast, Cuddy (for Cuth- Prov. partener, parsonner, to partake,
bert) for the donkey and hedgesparrow. take part with Fr. parcener, parsonnier,
;

When parrot passed into E. it was not a partaker, partner, coheir. Cot. —
recognised as a proper name, and was Partridge. Yr. perdrix, "LsX. perdix.
again humanised by the addition of the —
Parturient. Parturition. l^sX.pareo,
familiar Poll Poll-parrot.
; partum, to bring forth parttis, birth ; ;

Probably Menage was wrong in deriv- parturio, to be engaged in birth.


ing perroquet from Perrot, though right To Pasli. To dash, to bruise.
in the general principle. Sp. Perico, the If I go to him with my armed fist
short for Peter, also, as well as the dim. VWpash him o'er the face.
periquito, signifies a parrot, and it is from Troilus and Cress.
this latter form that Fr. perroquet and E. The poor men half dead were beaten down
parakeet have been derived. with clubs and their heads pashed in pieces.
To Parry. It. parare, Fr. parer, to North. Hut. in R.
ward off. The known only Formed on the same plan with dash, re-
hat. parare is
in the sense of making ready, but if we presenting the noise of the blow. Swiss
examine the compounds we shall find that batschen, to strike the hand batsch, a ;

the radical meaning must be to push. blow of the hand bdtschen, to give a
;

Separare, to separate, is to push apart smacking sound to fall with a noise.


; ;

reparare, to repair, to push a thing back Die thUre zubdtschen, to bang to the
to its original place comparare; to bring door. Dan. baske, to slap, thwack
; med ;

things together, to place them side by vingerne, to flap the wings.


side. To ward off a blow is to push it Comp. Swiss ddtsch, a smart blow with
aside. the open hand datsch, a clear sound, or
;

To Parse. To distinguish the parts of the blow which produces it.


speech and grammatical relations in a To Pass. From Lat. passus is formed
sentence. From pars orationis. Walach. ^a j^«, a step, and thence pas/iz,
Parsimony. Lat. parsimoniaj pro- to step, to go pashescu Inaiizte, I a'd-
;

bably from parcere, to spare. vance, go forwards. The E. pace, from


Parsley. Fr. perstl, Lat. petroseli- the same root, is used both as a sub-
num. stantive and as a verb. So also the
Parsnep. Lat. pastinaca, Du. pasti- original meaning oi go or gang is to step,
nak, pasternak, Fr. pasquenade, paste- and the generalisation from the idea of
naille. — Sherwood. The latter half of the
stepping to that of progress in general is
E. name is so natural that there is no occasion to
the nep of turnep, signifying a
tap-root. See Turnep. seek for any other derivation of It. pas-
Parson. Mid.Lat. persona eccUsice, sare, Fr. passer, to go on, go by, go
the person who represents the church in through.

a parish. Blackstone. Persona signified The difficulty is to account for the Du.
dignity or ofifice. Laicus quidam magna passen, to accommodate, adjust, to fit, a
persona ad nos veniens dicebat. a. d. sense which may also be traced in Fr. se
741. Proconsulares et cUm. personati mr\. passer, to accommodate oneself, to shift.
Viri nobiles et personati. Nul clerc s'il // se passe d. peu de chose, he is contented,
n'est Prelaz ou establis en personnage ou he maketh shift with a little. Se passer
dignity, &c. —
Stat. Phil. Pulch. A. D. 1294 ahme chose, to do without it. // a des
in Due. biens pour se passer, he hath goods enough
Part. —
Partial. —
Participle. —
Par- to serve his turn. So in E. he is well to
ticle. Lat. pars, partis, part. pass, or well to do. In a somewhat dif-
* Partisan. A
halberd. B. — A
par- ferent sense Du. wel te pas zijn, to be
tisan or javelin to skirmish with, parti- well in health.

giana. Torriano. Fr. pertuisa7ie, a par- The point of agreement is to be found
tisan, or leading staff ; pertuiser, to make in the sense of happening. The events
holes. —Cot. Lat. pertimdere,pertusum, of the world are regarded as moving on-
to pierce. wards to meet us, and they happen at
Partlet. A
woman's ruff, and hence the moment when they, pass by us.
;
;;

464 PASSION PATE


Hence the expression, it came to pass, it pasterns of a horse, also fetters, clogs, or
happened. Fr. se passer, to happen, Ce stocks pastoiare, to pastern, fetter, clog,

;

qui s'est passd avant nous, what hap- shackle, or gyve the feet. Fl.
pened before us. Gattel. —Du. op dit Pastoral.— Pasture. Lat. pasco, pas-
pas, hoc loco, hoc tempore te pas, k ; tum, to feed flock or herd ; whence /aj-
propos, k point, k saison. Halma. Recht — tor, a shepherd, w. pasg, a feeding, fat-
te pas komen, opportune, commodd, suo tening.
tempore, tempestivd venire. Kil. Fr. — Pat. A
I. light blow, a tap or rap.
passable, suitable, not in excess. An imitation of the sound. The fre-
Passion. —
Passive. Patient. Lat. — quentative patter represents the sound of
potior, passus, to suffer, endure, be af- a number of light blows given simul-
fected. taneously or in succession.
Paste.^I'asty. It. pasta, Fr. paste, 2.A small lump, as a pat of butter
p&te, paste, dough. Sp. plasta, paste, such a portion as is thrown down on a
soft clay, anything soft plaste, size, a plate at once, from the sound of the fall.
fine paste made
of glue and lime.
;

Neum. — So G. klitsch, a tap, pat, or slap, a flap


Diez inclines to the derivation from Lat. with the hand, or the noise which this
pastus, food, though with some hesita- blow causes also a piece of a viscous,
;

tion, arising from the relation between clammy body ; ein klitsch butter, a piece
Sp. plasta and Gr. rka.ay.a, anything of butter of undetermined size Kiittn.
moulded. And here doubtless he touches So also to dab, to strike with something
on a truer scent. As long as bread is in soft ; a dab, so much of a soft body as is
a state of paste it is not food. The es- thrown down at once.
sential characteristic of paste is its sticky, 3. At the precise moment, in exact
plastic condition, like that of moist clay accordance with what is wanted. Fr. cL
or mud. Now the idea of paddling or propos, fitly, seasonably, to the purpose,
dabbling in the wet and mud is expressed or just pat. — Cot. Now I might do it
by a variety of imitative forms beginning pat, now he is praying. —
Hamlet. The
indifferently with a ^ or pi, from whence word here, as in the first sense, seems
the designation of a plastic condition, or fundamentally to represent the sound of
plastic material,. would naturally follow. something thrown down upon the ground,
Swab, pfatsch, pflatsch, the sound of a as marking the exact moment of a thing
blow in water Vlzxy. pladske, Svi.plaska,
; being done, on the principle on which
paska, G. platschen, patschen, to plash, the sense of jump, exact, has been ex-
dabble ; Dan. pladdre, E. paddle, Fr. pa- plained. To cut a thing smack off is a
touiller, patroidller, platrouiller (Pat.
de similar expression. Lith. pat, exactly,
Champ.), to dabble. I paddyl in the precise. Isz pat kemo, out of the village
myre as duckes do or yonge chyldren ; je itself (not the neighbourhood). Presz pat
pastille. — Palsgr. weja, due against the wind. Cze pat, in
In a sense somewhat further developed this very place.
we have Gael, plasd, plaister, daub with Patch. I. It. pezza, a clout, patch,
lime or clay Gr. irXanffw, originally, to
; —
tatter. Fl. Swiss batsch, the sound of a
mould in clay TrkauTucbq, of a pasty or
; blow, a smack; batscheji, to strike the
clayey texture ; Du. peisteren and pleis- hand, to clap, thence batschcn, patschen,
teren, to plaister ; Cat. empastre, Sp. em- to clap on a piece, to botch, to patch
plastre, a plaister ; Cat. empastissar, Sp. batsch, a patch batsch, a lump, a knot
;

emplastecer (in a confined sense), to daub, silberbdtsch, haarbdtsch.


plaister; OFr. empaistros, muddy, sticky; 2. Patch is also a contemptuous term
La.ng. pastissa, to handle awkwardly, as for a person ; not specially for a fool, as
we speak of dabbling in a business of explained by Nares.
which we know but little. A crew oi^atcheSt base mechanicals.
Pastern. The part of a horse's foot Mids. N. Dream.
from the fetlock to the heel, also a shackle A cross-patch is still used by children for
for a horse. —
B. Mid.Lat. pastorium was a cross person. It seems to signify an
a shackle with which horses were tethefed uncultivated person. Bav. patschen, to
out at pasture, and hence the joint on dabble, to blunder or fail. Patscherey,
which the shackle was fastened. Mura- — awkwardness. Der patsch, patscher, an
tori, Diss. 33. The pastern is in E. some- awkward fellow e giicde patsche, as Fr.
;

times called the shackle-joint. Mid.Lat. un boil homme, a simple fellow.


pasturale, Fr. pastureau, pastiiron, pa- Pate. The radical meaning of the
turon, pastern. It. pastora, pastoia, the '
word seems to be the brain-pan, analo-
— — '

PATENT PAVILION 465


gous toSw.panna, the forehead. From of sounds, each of which would separately
the same root are Lat. patina, a dish or be represented by the syllables pat, tap.
pan, It. padella, a pan, Fr. pate, a plate, To patter as rain or hail, to fall with a
or band of iron. Cot. —Parallel forms, rattling noise. Fr. patatra interj. re- .'

with initial pi instead of p, are Piedm. presenting the noise of something falhng.
plata (ludicrously), the bald head G. 2. To repeat in a monotonous manner,
;

platfe, a plate of metal, flat surface, Isald Uke the pattering of a shower, and not
pate, shaven crown of a priest. Ir. plaitin, from the repetition of paternosters. Sw.
a little plate, skull ; plaitin al chinn, the dial, paddra, to patter as hail, to crackle,
crown of the head. chatter, prate ;
padra, a talking woman.
Patent. Lat. pateo, to lie open. The 'Fr. pati-pata, 'La.ng. patin-patourlo
words
,

King's letters patent are those addressed framed to represent talking with too great
to all the world. rapidity.— Diet. Lang. Pl.D. piterpater,
Paternal. Lat. paternns, from pater, unintelligible chatter, talk in a foreign
father. language ; paotern, to repeat in a mono-
Path. T)v.. pad, O. pfad. See Pad, 2. tonous manner, like a boy learning his
Pathetic. ^Patlios. Gr. itdaxa, iira- lesson. —
Danneil. N. putra, to mutter.
6ov, to suffer ; ird9oQ, suffering, passion. Lett, putroht, to gabble ; putroht pah-
Patient. See Passive.
' tarus, to gabble [paternosters] prayers.
Patriaroli. Gr. varpia, lineage, race ; Pattern. Fr. patron, patron, master
warpiapxric, the chief or father of a race. of a ship or a workshop, hence a pattern,
Patrician. Lat. patricius, originally the inanimate master by which the work-
a descendant of the patres, or senators, man is guided in the construction of any-
the fathers of the state. thing. Patrone, form to work by, exem-
Patrimony. Lat. patrimonium, a plar.— Pr. Pm. ' I drawe as a workeman

paternal estate. dothe a patrone with his penne. Je pour-


Patriot. Gr. varpia, lineage, descent, trais.' —-Palsgr.
people patria, country ; -KaTpmrm, a fel-
;
Paucity. Lat. paiccus, few.
low-countryman. Paunch. It. panda, Fr. panse, com-
PatroL Fr. patrouille, formerly pa- monly derived from Lat. pantex, Walach.
totiille, \t.pattuglia, a night vi'atch. The pantece, the belly. But perhaps the word
fundamental image is dabbling in the wet, may be nearer a living origin. Tyrol.
tramping through the dirt. Fr. patrou- patschen, pantschen, to smack in eating,
iller, to paddle or pudder in the water, to eat greedily ;/a«/ji:^, the belly. Deutsch.—

begrime, besmear Cot. Sp. patullar (as Mundart. Bav. pamss, pawissen, belly,
;

G. patschelrC), to dash through muddy thick belly, short, fat child. See Punch.
places, run through thick and thin. Pause. The act of taking breath after
Neum. Rouchi patoquer, patrouquer, labour affords the most natural image of
Champ, patoiller, platrouiller, to tramp repose, cessation. Thus we have Sw.
through the mud. The G. cavalry con- pusta, to blow, to take breath N. piista, ;

temptuously call the foot-soldier lacken- to rest awhile G. bausen,pausen, patisten,


;

patscher, puddle-stepper. Diez puts the to puff, to swell Lat. pausare, to repose,
;

cart before the horse, and derives the pause, stop. Pausatztjn juvencum, a
foregoing forms from Fr. patte, the foot. bullock that has rested. Gr. jraiw, to
Patron. Lat. patronus (augm. of bring to a stop, travop.ai, to cease, may in
pater, -iris), a protector. like manner be classed with Sc. pec'h, to
Patten. Fr. patin, a patten or clog, pant, w. peuo, to pant, to puff, to pause,
also a skate. It. pattini, vifooden pattens peues, a place of rest. Fin. puhhata, to
or chopinos. —Fl. Fin. patina, a shoe of breathe, to pant, to take breath, to rest.
birch iDark. Du. plattijn, clog, wooden To Pave. Lat. pavire, to strike, beat,
shoe. make dense by beating pavimentum, a ;

One of the numerous series arising path or floor made dense, in the first in-
from the root pat, plat, representing the stance by beating, then by being laid with
sound of the foot-fall. Sp. patear, to stones. Probably from the same root
stamp, kick, foot, to strike with the foot. with path, with the common interchange
Probably Du. pattoffeln, pajitoffeln, Fr. of d and v. Pavyngestone or pathynge-
pantoujles, slippers, but formerly high- stone, petalum. Pr. Pm. —
soled shoes, are from the same root. Pavilion. Fr. pavilion, Sp. pabellon,
Rouchi patouf, gros lourdaut, one who a tent, colours, flag It. padiglione, a ;

goes stumping about. pavilion, canopy SardL-papaglione, Prov.


;

To Patter, i. To make a multiplicity pabalho, Mid. Lat. papilio, a tent, appar-


30
, —

466 PAW PEARL


ently from the flapping of the canvas, empoi^es, car ils n'ont pas de pais.'
like a butterfly. Cum essent cubicula aut Marco Polo, Pautier's edition, p. 535. '^•
tentoria, quos etiam papiliones vocant. peek, pitch ; pech-loffel, a paying ladle.
Augustine in Due. Pea. — Pease. Lat. pisum, w. pys,
Paw. The foot of a beast. Bret, pav, pease. Pea, in the singular, is a modern
poo, OYr. poue. 'En sa goule bouta sa corruption on the supposition that the se

poue.' Fab. et Contes. 3. 55. W. palf, oi pease belonged to the plural form. The
palm of the hand, paw ; palf y llew, the old pi. wdiS peason.
lion's paw. See Palm. Peace. Yr.paix, Lat. pax.
Pawn. ON. pantr, Du. pand, G.
I. Peach.. Fr. piche. It. pesca, contr.
't>fan.d, Fr. pan, a. pledge. According to from Lat. persica, the Persian fruit.
Diez it signifies something taken from Peacock. Fr. paon, Lat. pavo, Gr.
the possessor against his wiU, from Prov. rawj, from the cry of the bird.
panar, to take away, rob, steal, withdraw Pea-jacket. Du. pije, pije-laecken,
from Fr. paner, partner, to seize, distrain
; coarse, thick cloth ; pije, a felt cloak,
upon, rob Sp. apanar, seize, carry away, nautical cloak ; pije-wanten, winter gloves.

;

filch ; Ptg. apanhar, to seize, pluck, take Kil. Goth, paida, coat ; gapaidon, to
possession, take by force or fraud, words clothe ; Ober D. pfait, coat, shirt ; Fin.
admittedly connected with Lat. pannus, paita, shirt; Gciel. p/atde, blanket, plaid.
cloth. It seems to me that the train of Peak. Sp. pica, Fr. pie, a sharp point.
thought runs in a somewhat different See Pick.
course. From Lat. pannus we have Prov, To Peak. —Peaking. Peaking, puling,
pan, skirt, cloth, rag, portion of cloth, sickly, from the pipy tone of voice of a
portion Yr. pan, skirt, face or extent of
;
sick person. It. pigolare, to peep as a

surface Sp. pano, cloth, piece of cloth in


; chicken, to whine or pule Russ. pikat',
;

a garment, panos, clothes ; Pl.D. pand, 'Kst'hon. pikama, piiksutita, to peep as a


skirt, portion of a garment ; diekpand, chicken ; Sw. pjdka, pjimka, to pule ;
portion of a dike which a man has to keep pjakig,pjunkig, puling, delicate, sickly.
up Du. pand, skirt of garment, a piece
; The same connection between the
of property, a possession, a pledge. Dat utterance of a thin high note and the idea
huis is een waardig pand, that house of looking narrowly, which is noticed
is a valuable property. Now a pawn under Peep, is exemplified in the present
"is a piece of property used for a speci- word, which was formerly used in the
fic purpose, viz. for enforcing payment sense of peeping.
of a debt or the like. In the rudest state That one eye winlis as though it were but blind.
of society clothes, are almost the only pro- That other pries and feekes in every place.
perty a man has, and are certainly the Gascoigne in R.
first matters that would be taken in pledge. Peal. A loud noise, as of bells or of
Thus Fol.Jani, a piece of cloth, is also a thunder. N. bylia, to resound, to bellow ;

pawn or security fantowai sif, to pawn ON. bylr, a tempest ; bialla, a bell.
;

clothes. From Fr. pan, Du. pand, a pawn, Pear. Yx. poire, It. pera, hat. pirum.
we pass to OFr. paner, pander, panir, Pearl. It. perla, OHG. berala, perala,
pannHr (Roquef), Du. panden, to seize Ftg.perola. Diez suggests a derivation
as a pawn, to distrain. Saisir et panner from pirnla, a dim. of pirus. It. pera, a
'

sour les hommes de fief Carp. — 'De pear, the name of perilla, being given in
boeren worden stuk voor stuk gepand :' Sp. to a pear-shaped pearl. But it is not
the property of the boors was seized piece likely that the name would be taken from
by piece. Halma. — so exceptional a form. Wachter's ex-
2. A common man at chess. It. pedone, planation of the word as a dim. of G. beei-e,
a iootxasxi., pedo7ia, a pawn at chess Sp. a berry, has this in its favour, that it was
;

peone, a foot-soldier, day-labourer, pawn. undoubtedly latinized by the term bacca,


To Pay. I. 'm:\6.XzX..pacare,\\..pagare, a berry. Bacas, gemmas rotundas, qui et
Fr. payer, to satisfy, to pay
to appease.
Lat. pacare, uniones vocantur
Chaucer uses pay in the
;



quos et pernios vocant.
Gl. in Due. Baccatus, mit laurbeer oder
sense of satisfaction, gratification kosUichen stein geziert. —
Dief Sup.
But now to the Pardonere as he wolde sterte away, Peerle, bacca, bacca conchea. Kil.
The hosteler met with him, but nothing to \A%pay. evidence in favour of the derivation is
— The
Prol. Merch. Second Tale, 575.
thus very strong, otherwise a different
2. To daub with pitch. T)\x. paaien,\Xi origin might plausibly be suggested in the
careen a vessel.— Bomhoff. OFr. em- resemblance to a drop of dew, which is
poier, ixa-ca. poix, pitch. Et ne sont pas constantly turning up in poetry, and
'
— — —

PEART PEEL 467


which gave rise to the legend that the To Peck. Fr. bee, the beak of a bird ;
pearl is a drop of congealed dew swallow- becquer, to peck or bob with the beak.
ed by the oyster. Dan. perle, to bubble, Cot.
sparkle as wine vand-perlen, water-
; Pectoral. Lat. pectus, pectoris, the
drops G.perlen, Du. borrelen, to bubble breast.
;

up ; E. purl, to run with murmuring —


Peculate. Peculiar. Lat. pecttlium,
noise, to bubble up. private possession, what a son or a slave
Peart. See Perk. has of his own peculiaris, of private pos-
;

Peasant. Fr. paysan, Mid.Lat. pagen- session, appropriated to a particular per-


sis, OSp. pages, countryman. Fr. pays, It. son or thing. Pectilor, -atus, to appro-
paese, country, through a ioxxa, pagetise, priate the property of the state.
frovapagus, a village. Diez. — Pecuniary. Lat. pecunia, money,
Peat. Properly the sward or sods of from pecus, cattle, the earliest kind of
turf pared off the surface of land and dried riches.
for burning, then extended to the vegeta- Pedagogfue. Pedant. It. pedanto,
ble soil which accumulates in boggy places pedagogo, a schoolmaster, a teacher of

and is dug for fuel. The origin is the children. Fl. Gr. iraiiayuifoq, from Traif,
OE. ieie, to mend or kindle a fire. The child, and ayw, to lead, guide. Probably
process of paring and burning the surface pedante was formed ham. pedagogo under
of poor land, and then taking two or an impression that the first half of the
three crops of corn from it, was formerly word must signify teaching. Gr. itaiZiliia,
in use in Devonshire and'Cornwall, as it to teach.
still is in the heaths of N. Germany. The Pedal. Pedestrian —
Lat. pes, pedis, .

process is thus described by Carew (Bou- a foot.


cher v. Beate-burning). Pedestal. piedestallo, G. fuss ges-
It.
tell, a foot, and stallo, a stand-
iroTsipiede,
About May they cut up the grass of that ing ; G. gestell, a stand, frame, support.
ground, which is to be broken up, in turfes which

they call beating [i. e. fuel]. After they have
* Pedigree. Petygrewe. Palsgr.—
been thoroughly dried the husbandman pileth Pedegru or petygru, lyne of kynrede, and
them in little heaps called beai-burrowes, and so awncetrye — Pr. Pm.

bumeth them to ashes. The charges of this In expensis Stephani Austinwell equitantis ad
beating, burning, scoding [scattering], and sand- Thomam Ayleward ad loquendum cum eo ipso
ing amount to, &c. apud Havant et inde ad Hertinge ad loquendum
cum Domini ibidem de evidenciis scrutandis de
This process was called beat-burning, Pe de Gre progenitorum hceredum de Husey,
giving rise to the name oi beats or peats xxd. ob.— Rolls Winchester Coll. temp. H. IV.
for the turfs consumed. In Herefordshire Proceed. Archasol. Inst. 1848, p. 64.
it is called betting. To bett, to pare the
' —
Pedlar. Pedder. A ped in Norfolk
sward with a breast plough or betting- is a pannier or wicker basket a pedder ;

iron, with a view to burning. The sod or pedlar, a packman, one who carries on
when so pared is called the betting; set- his back goods in a. ped ior sale. Pedde,
ting up the betting, putting fire to the bet- idem quod panere, calathus ; peddare,
ting.' —
Lewis, Hereford. Gl. calatharius. —
Pr. Pm. Pedder, revokis,
Pebble. A
rolled stone from the bed negociator. — Cath. Ang.
of a river or the sea beach. From the Peel. I. A
shovel for putting bread
sound of broken water. Dan. pible, to into the oven. It. padella, any flat pan ;

flow with small bubbles and a gentle Fr. paelle, pelle, a shovel, fire-shovel, peel
sound, to purl. In like manner Mod.Gr. for an oven, pan. See Pate.
Kox\clZ<ii, to boil, bubble, Kox^axiov, a peb- 2. The rind of frUit, thin bark of a sticks
ble ; Gr. x^?aw, to rush, or gurgle, kotx^"" 'La.t. pellis, skin ; Fr. pel, peau, skin, also

?(o, to sound like rushing water, Kax^al- the pill, rind, or paring of fruit. Cot. —
vui, to move with a rustling noise, or a Tin. pelle, skin, husk ; pelle van t' ey, the
noise like that of pebbles rolled on the shell of an egg. Yr.peler, to pill, pare,
shore, koxXj;?, a pebble, shingle. Turk. bark, unskin. —
Cot. Du. pellen, Sp. pe-
chaghlamak, to make a murmuring or lar, to skin, peel. The radical sense of
rippling noise in running over rocks or the word is shown in Dan. pille, to pick
stones, chakil, a pebble. or strip ; the peel, skin, or shell of a thing
Peck. A measure for dry things. Fr. being fundamentally regarded as that
pic,a measure of flour containing about which is picked or stripped off. See To
nine of our pecks picotin, the fourth
;
Pill.
part of a boisseau (Cot.), a feed of oats. 3. A small fortress, w. pill, a stake, a
Scheler. castle, or fortress, secure place.
30*
— ;

468 PEEP PELF


To Peep. I . The cry of a young
shrill difficult to reconcile. Torriano renders
animal is widely imitated by the syllable it by bisbetico, ritroso, capriccioso,
It.
feep. Gr. Trnnriiiiv, l^'sX. pippire, Yr.pe- brusco, acerbo ; capricious, self-willed,
pier, to peep, cheep, or pule as a young shy, harsh, intractable. Schifo, quaint,
bird. nice, coy, peevish. —
Fl. Peevish,T:e.Ytscht,
2. To begin to appear, to show a pervers, hargneux, malaise a contenter.^
glimpse through a narrow opening or Sherwood.
from behind an obstacle, then to look out
This it is tobe & peevish girl
from a position of such a nature. An ex- That flies her fortune when it follows her.
planation of the connection between this
signification and the utterance of a sharp In Craven, a peevish wind is piercing,
sound was offered under Keek, but pro- very cold. Minsheu gives doating, Fr.
bably the connection may spring from a rfivant, Lat. delirus,as the principal mean-

more subjective principle than was there ing, although, as he refers to overthwart,

supposed. When we endeavour to sound he seems also to have understood the


the highest notes in our voice we strain word in the sense of cross or ill-tempered.
for a moment without effect, until after a In Scotland it signifies niggard, and is
little effort a thin, sharp sound makes its
used by Douglas in the sense of Lat. im-
way through -the constricted passages, probus.
affording a familiar image of a hidden For thou shalt never leis, shortlie I thee say
force struggling through obstructions into Be my wappin, nor this rycht hand of mine,
Sic ^jn^ peuische ^^xA catiue saul as thine.
life ;as the sprouting of a bud through
D. V. 377, 20.
the bursting envelopes, or the light of day
piercing through the shades of night. His smottrit habit ouer his schulderis lidder
HsLTig peva^ely knit with ane knot togidder.
Hence may be explained Dan. at pippe — ^uncouthly. —
D. V. 173, 48.
frem (of a bud or seed), to shoot, or peep
forth, and the OE. day pipe, rendered by Peewit. A name taken from the plain-
Palsgrave la pipe dujour. We now call tive cry of the lapwing or common plover
it the peep of day, with total unconscious- of our heaths. The imitative nature of
ness of the original image. In the same the name is shown by the variation of
way Du. kriecke, krieckeling, the day- the consonants in the related languages,
spring or creak of day, from kricken, Fr. combined with a preservation of the
.

cricquer, to creak. I peke or ^x\t,\e. pipe general likeness. Sc. peeweip, tecwhoap,
hors. —
Palsgr. tuquheit, Du. kievit, G.kiebitz, Fr. dixhuit.
Peer. Fr. pair (Lat. par, equal), a E. dial, pew-itt, tew-itt, tyrwhit, peweet,
.

peei", match, companion ; pairs, vassals piwipe. The Tyrwhitts bear three plovers
or tenants holding of a manor by one kind in their arms. N. — &
Q. July 21, 1866.
of tenure, fellow-vassals. Hence coiir des Peg. The radical meaning seems what
pairs, a court-baron, the lord's court, at- is driven in by force of blows. To peg into
tended by all the tenants of a manor. a person, to pummel him; to peg away,
Cot. What the court baron was to the to move the legs briskly. To pug, to
lord of an individual manor, the Parlia- strike ; to puggle, to poke the fire ; pug-
ment or assemblage of Peers of the realm top, 2l spinning-top. Hal. To the same —
was to the sovereign. root belong Dan. piikke, to stamp, to
To Peer. Two words are here con- pound; Lat. pugil, a fighter with fists,
founded, one.hora7r. paroir {LsX. parerc), pugniis, a fist pungo, pupugi, to prick.
;

to peep out, as the sun over a mountain, -pel. -ptUse. —


Pulse. ha.\..pello,pul-
to appear or be seen. —
Cot. su7n, to beat, strike, thrust, dri\'e out
— ;

There was I bid in pain of death to pere pulsus, a beating, the pulse y pulso, as,
By Mercury the winged messengere. to knock or beat. Hence the compounds
Chaucer in R. Impel, to drive on ; Repel, to drive back
The other form is peer or pire, to look Compel, to drive together, to constrain ;
closely or narrowly, corresponding to Sw. and Impulse, Repulse, Compulsion, &c.
plira, VX.V). pliren, pliiren,piren, to wink, Pelf. —
Pilfer. O Fr. pelfre, goods, espe-
look with half-shut eyes, look closely.— cially such as are taken by force, plunder ;

Brem. Wtb. pelfrer, to plunder. T. V. clamat quod


'


Peevish. The modern sense of fret- si aliquis infra manerium de K. feloniam
ful would be well explained by Da. dial. fecerit —et convictus fuerit, habere pel-
picEVe, to whimper or cry like a child fram, viz. omnia bona et catalla seisire.'
at piceve over noget, to whine over it.
;

— Chart. H. 7 in Lye. 'Pur tute la preie


But the meanings of the word are very e la pelfre que pris aveient de terre de
— — —

PELLET PENNON 469


Philistim.' — Livre des Rois, where the to pen, to confine. 'Swin ipund ine
marginal note runs '
come David des- sti.' —Ancren Riwle, 128. '
Hwon me
cumfist les Amalechites qui ourent pel- pmit hire when they pound her (a cow)
:

'

free e arse Siolich.' ' La curt arcevesque p. 416. '


Moni punt hire worde vorte
pelferent come robeur,' they plundered letten mo
ut ' many pound up their words
:

the court of the archbishop like robbers.


— Vie de St Thomas de Cant, in Benoit.
for to let more out p. 72. —
The origin of this expression for re-
Pelfer {-pelfrey), spolium. —
Pr. Pm. The straining or confining seems to lie in the
verb pelfrer would seem in the first place, notion of bunging up a hole, or perhaps,
like piller, to have signified to peel or to take the derivation still further back,
skin ; and thence Fr. pelfre, E. pelf, the of stopping it up with a buiich of some-
plunder or booty. Lang, peloufre, peloufo, thing ; Da. bundt, bunch, bundle. At
the husks of chesnuts or of peas ; Piedm. any rate, we may rest on Swiss punt,pon-
plofra (contemptuously), the skin. ten, bonten, G. spund, Esthon. pun, a
Pellet. It. palla, a ball palletta, Fr.
;
bung, Fr. bonde, a bung or floodgate,
pelotte, a little ball. w. pel, a ball ; peled, bondon, a bung, the connection of which
a ball, a bullet. with the forms in question may be illus-
Pell-mell. Yr.pesle-mesle, confusedly, trated by Lap. puodo, a stopper or cover-
all on a — Cot. Written
heap.- mesle-pesle ing puodot, to stop or shut up, to stop
;

in Chron. des Dues de Norm. 2. 4432. one's mouth, to put to silence (to be
Formed by a rhyming supplement to mes- compared with pundeth ower wordes :' '

ler,to mix, like helter-skelter, hubble- pound up your words Anc. R.), to —
bubble, &c. dam up water, dam a brook ; quels
Pellicle. Lat. pellicula, dim. from puodo, a fish-pond, quarne puodo, a mill-
pellis, a skin. pond.
Pellucid. Lat. pellucidus {per-luci- Penal. Penalty. — Lat. pcena, pun-
dus), thoroughly bright. ishment. Gr. -Koivi), properly blood-money
To Pelt. To use a pellet, to throw. ((povoe, bloodshed, slaughter), the fine paid
Sp. pelotear, to play at ball, throw snow- to the kinsman of the slain, thence satis-
balls at each other, to dispute, quarrel. faction, ransom, requital, penalty.
Fr. peloter, to play at bah, to toss like a Penance. Penitent.— —
Repent. —
ball i It. pelottare, to bang, thump ; pe- From 'haX.. poena caxas pcsnitet, it grieves
lotto, a thump, bang, cuff. G. pelzen, to me, makes me sorry; pcenitentia, re-
beat or cudgel, seems to be irom. pelz, a pentance or after-sorrow. Corresponding
skin or pelt, to dust one's jacket, give one forms are Vroy. penedir, penedensa, OFr.
a hiding. pM^er, pdnSance, whence the modern
Pelt.— Peltry.—Pelice.—Pilch. Pelt, penance, penance, the punishment en-
the skin of a beast; peltry, furs, skins. joined by the priest as a pledge of repent-
G. pelz, fur, skin ; Fr. pelletier, a fell- ance.
monger, furrier ; pelleterie, the shop or Pencil. Fr. pinceau, Lat. penicillus
trade of a pelt-monger. Lat. pellis, skin. (dim. oipenis, a tail), a little tail, a paint-
It. pellicia, pellizza, any kind of fur, er's brush. To be distinguished from
also, as Fr. pelisse, a furred garment. pencell or pensell, a little flag.
Fl. AS. pylca, pylece, toga pellicea, a Pendant. Pendent. —
Pending. — —
furred garment ; in xaadsxTx pilch confined Pendulum. Lat. pendeo, to hang, pen-
to the flannel swathe of an infant. dulus, hanging.
Pen. I. hat. penna, a. feaXher. Penetrate. XAV.penitus, inward.
* Pen, 2. —
Pound. Pond. Pen, a Peninsula. Lat. peninsula j pene,
fold for sheep, coop for fowl also a pond- almost, insula, an island.
;

head to keep in water to drive the wheels Pennon. Pennant. —


Pensell. It. —
of a mill. —
B. To pound up water is to pentione, Fr. pannon, pennon, pennon'
stop it back, and thus to collect a head ceau, OCat. pand, Sp. pendone, a pointed ,

of water or mill-pond, so called from be- flag or streamer, formerly borne at the
ing pounded up. In the same way Sw. end of a lance. Hence pennant, in nauti-
damm, a. pond, from being dammed up. cal language, a streamer. The origin is
The parish pound is the inclosure in Lat. penna,pinna, a wing, fin, battlement;
which straying beasts are confined until It. pinna, pinnola, the flat flap of any-
redeemed by their owners. AS. pyndan, thing, as the fin of a fish, flap of a man's
gepyndan, to shut in, restrain pund, ears, float of a water-mill wheel, the out-
;

septum clausura pundbreche, infractura ward sides of a. man's nose. Fl. Fr. —

;

parci. Leg. H. 1. 40. OE. to pund, pun. penne, penon, pennule, a small piece of a

470 PENNY PERIWIG


To Perform. Originally /^^«r;/.
thing not altogether separated from the
whole (a flap) penne de foie, penon, the
; Ergo Poverty and poore men
laps or napes of the liver ; penneton (pan- Perfournen the commandement.
«^^fl«—Trevoux), the bit of a key (hang- And yet God wot unnethe the fundament
ing from the shaft like the pennon of a

Pa-rfournid is. P. P.

lance) ; pennes, pennons, the feathers of an —


the foundation is hardly completed.
arrow.^Cot. The nn of penna changes I parforme ; je parforme and je par-
to nd in Sp. pendola, a pen, as well as in fournys. —
Palsgr. ' Les queux gens eient
pendone, a pennon. See Pane. plein power de Maire de ceo bien et
Penny. Du. penninck, G. pfennig, a loialment faire et parfotirner.' Lib. Alb. —
small coin. The original meaning was I. 494. The origin is probably from the
probably coin in general. Thritig scy- office performed by l.a.t.fumus, the oven,
lingepenega, thirty shillings in money. in completing the work of making bread.
Sax. Chron. 775. Vo\.pieni(}d2, Bohem. Fr. enfourner, to put in an oven, also to
penjz, dim. penizek, a piece of money. begin, set in hand or on work ; enfourne-
Magy. penz, money ; pengni, to ring. ment, the beginning or first part of a
Manx /««§•, penny. matter ; ^enfourner, to undertake, or
-pense. -pend. Pension. \sA. pendo, embark himself in ; parfournir, to con-
pensum, to weigh, or be of such a weight; summate, perform, furnish. Cot. —
It.

pendo, expendo (to weigh out rnoney), to fornire, to accomplish, finish, furnish.
pay, to expend or spend ; pensio (e. pen- The n seems early to have been changed
sion), a paying ; penso, compenso, to prize to m. under the influence perhaps of Prov.
or value, to compensate, recompense, or fonnir, furmir, fromir, to fulfil. OHG.
requite. frumjan, gafrumjan, facere, perficere,
Pensive. A secondary application of perfungi, exsequi.
Yja. pendo, penso, to weigh, is to ponder Perfume. Fr./^?//^OTJ, pleasant fumes,
in the mind, to consider, whence Fr. pen- dehcate smells. —
Cot. It. profumo, any

ser, to think pensif, thoughtful, pensive. perfume or sweet smell.


;

Fl. L.sX.fuimis,
Pent-. Gr. Kivrt, five, as vci pentagon, smoke, vapour.
a figure of five angles pentateuch (rtvxoe,
;
Perfunctory. 'LaX.per/unctorie, slight-
a book) ; pentecost, jrcynj/coon}, the fiftieth ly, negligently perfungor,pej-functus, to
;

(day). ^.
go through with.
Penthouse. A corruption of penhce, Perhaps. A singular combination of
. .

as the word was formerly written. Fr. the Fr. par or Lat. per, and E. hap,
appentis, a sloping shed. It. pendice, any luck, chance. Peradventure, percase,
bending or down-hanging, the side of a perchance, are similar forms.
hill, hanging label of anything, a pent- Peri-. Gr. Trtpi, about, round about.
house, hovel, shed. Fl. — Lat. pendere, As in Pericardium {KapSia, the heart).
to hang. Perigee (y^, the earth). Perihelion i^'Kiaq,
Penury. Lat. penuria, scarcity. Gr. the sun).
Trivoytai, to labour, to be poor ttevjjs, poor.
; Peril. 'Lz.t. periculum, It. periglio, Fr.
People. Fr. petiple, Lat. populus, w. peril, danger.
pobl. Period. Gr. vt^looot, a circuit, going
Pepper. l^zX. piper, Gr. wln-cpi. a round irtpi, and oJog, a route, journey.
;

Per-. Lat. per, through, thoroughly. Periphery. Gr. Trtpi^cpEi'a, circumfer-


Perambulate. Lat. ambulo, to walk. ence Tfpi, about, around (pipa, I bear.
; ;

Perch.. Fr. perche, Lat. pertica, a rod. Perish. Lat. pereo, -itu?n lj>er-eo, to
Perdition. Lat. perdo, perditum, to be quite gone), Fr. pMr, perissant, to
lose, to destroy. Perdo, from do, to give perish.
{per-do, thoroughly to do away), may be Periwig. —Perruque. A
corruption
considered the active form oi vAiich. pereo of Fr. perruque, Du. peruik, under the
{psr-eo, thoroughly to be gone), to perish, influence of E. wig of the same meaning
is the neuter. already existing in the language. The
Peregrination. Lat. pereger, a fo- radical meaning is a tuft of hair, a hand-
reigner ; peregri, abroad, from home, in ful, or so much as is plucked at a single
a foreign country. grasp. Cotgrave translates perruque, a
Peremptory. Lat. peremptorius, ab- lock or tuft of hair, giving fausse per-
solute, without opening for e9tquses per- ruque for a wig.
;
From N. plukka, Sw.
imo, peremptum, to take away^tterly. plocka, Piedm. plucM, to pluck or pick,
Perforate. Lat. perforo, to pierce are derived respectively plukk, plock,
,

through ; foro, to pierce a hole. pluch, a little bit, a morsel, Piedm. //«-
; —

PERIWINKLE PESTER 471


con, a tuft of hair ; and
Gr. jrXoKafioc, a Perpendicular. perpendo, to
Lat.
lock of hair, seems to belong to the same poise thoroughly perpendiailum, a level
;

class. In the S. of Europe the pro- or plumbline for trying the regularity of
nunciation is softened by the introduction work.
of a vowel between the mute and liquid, Perpetrate. Lat. patro (to be a father
giving It. peluccare, piluccare. Pro v. to), to bring to effect, to achieve, to get.
pelucar., to peck, pick, pluck, with the Perpetual. Lat. perpetmis.
corresponding nouns, Lombard peluch, a Perry. Fr. j)oirS (from poire, pear),
particle (bruscolo) —Diet. Milan., also as drink made from the juice of pears.
Sard, pilucca, a tuft of — Diez. In
hair. Persevere. Lat. severus, hard, stern,
S^.peluca is developed the sense of a set earnest; persevere, to go through with
of false locks, and hence (by the same anything without allowing yourself to be
change from I to r which is seen in Lat. diverted from what you have in view.
pilus, Walach. pirii, hair) It. parruca, —
Person. Personify. Lat. persona, a
Fr. perruque, a wig. See To Pill. mask (used for increasing the sound of
Periwinkle, i. Fr. pervenche, Lat. the voice on the stage), a. part in a play, a
vinca pervinca, or simply pervinca. Pro- charge or office, a person.
bably from the mode of growth in an To Peruse. The only possible origin
intricate mass of twigs. Lat. vincire, to seems Lat. perviso, to observe, but we are
bind. unable to show a Fr. perviser, and if there
2. Properly, in accordance with the vul- were such a term, the vocalisation of the
gar pronunciation, pennywinkle, the sea- V in the pronunciation of an E. periiise
snail. AS. pinewinda, the pin winkle, or would be very singular.
winkle that is eaten by help of a pin Pest. —Pestilent. 'LaX.pestis, a plague,
used in pulling it out of the shell. In infection.
the south of England they are c<Ci\sA pin- To Pester. Fr. empestrer, to pester,
patches. See Winkle. intricate, entangle, encumber, trouble.
To Perk.—To Pert.— Peart. Pert. — Cot. Derived by Diez from Mid.Lat. ^^j-
To perk up the head, to prick up the toritim. It. pastoja, the foot-shackle of a
head, or appear lively. Plants which horse ; impastojare, to shackle a horse,
droop from drought perk up their heads whence empHrer for empUurer . The
after a shower. Peark, brisk. B. Perk, — true derivation is the figure of clogging or
brisk, lively, proud. —
Forby. PI.D. entangling in something pasty or sticky.
(Lippe) prick, smart, fine. Deutsch. — It. impastricciare, to bedaub, beplaster.

Mundart. yf.percu, to trim, to smarten Mais pour les paluz enpaistroses


perc, trim, neat, compact. In the same Granz, parfundes e encumbroses—
sense with a change of the final k into t, Ne les vout Rous prendre n'aveir.
to peri. — But for the sticky marshes Flanders) RoUo
(of
will not have them. — Chron. des Dues de Norm.
thou ever see a prettier child?
Sirrah, didst
comber, payster with over many
I
2. 6695. I
How it behaves itself I warrant you and speaks
!

clothes. — Pjdsgr.
and looks, and ferts up the head. B. and F.—
Knight of the Burning Pestle, I. 2. Depestrer, to disentangle, clear, deliver,
Hence peart, brisk, lively; w. pert, rid out of Cot. —
The same metaphor is
smart, dapper, fine, pretty, nice ; perten, seen in Sp. fantano, bog, morass, meta-
a smart little girl. With an initial s, to phorically hindrance, obstacle, difficulty.
spiirk up, to spring up straight, to brisk — Neurti. When Hotspur complains of
up.— B. Sw. spricka, to burst, to crack. being pestered by the fop he has the
The quality of liveliness carried to sense of something sticking about him
excess degenerates into saucine_ss, and which he would fain be rid of. So Lang.
therefore there is no ground to suppose pego, pitch ; pegou, a troublesome, impor-
that pert in the sense of saucy is a cor- tunate person.
ruption of malapert. The word is used The sense of overcrowding, is merely a
with more or less of blame from the special application of the original figure
earliest period. of clogging ; clogging by excessive num-
And she was proud and pert as any pie. bers.
Chaucer in R.
They within though pestered by their own num-
Nothing shall be outrageous, neither in pas- iDers (clogged and impeded) stood to it like men
sions of mind, nor words, nor deeds, nor nice, resolved, andin a narrow compass did remarkable

nor wanton, piert, nor boasting, nor ambitious. deeds. Milton, Hist. Eng.
— Vives, ibid.

The people gat up all at once into the theatre
Pernicious. Lat. neco, to kill; per- and festered (clogged) it quite full. Holland, —
nicies, violent death, destruction. Livy.

472 PESTLE PHASE


Pestle. Lat. pistillum, irorapinso, to The relationship and fundamental
pound. See Pistil. meaning of the word are very doubtful
Pet. A
fit of displeasure.
I. To take On the one hand we are led to suspect
the pet, mecontenter.
se Sherwood. — that it may be from a perversion of the
Plausibly derived by Serenius from Sw. name of the Fugger family, proverbial
pytt! Dan. pyt! Manx pyht ! Norm. for their commercial eminence. Bav.
i>^^./pish! tut! It./^//o,ablurt (Fl.),/^/- fuggern, to traffic, truck, chaffer; Swiss
teggiare, Magy. pittyni, to blurt with the fuggern, to pilfer ; Swab, fuggerei (a. D.
mouth. A
person in a pet pishes and 1 510), a trading establishment. Du.
pshaws at things. Comp. tutty, ill-tem- focker, monopola, pantopola, vulgo fug-
pered, sullen (Hal.), standing in a similar gerus, fuccardusj fockerije, monopolium.
relation to the interjection tut! Swab. Kil. —
On the other hand VlXi.fokken,
pfausen, pfautzeit, to make a sound by foppen, to jeer, to play tricks on, to de-
letting out pent-up air, to express displea- ceive, Henneberg fuckeln, to cheat, to
sure by gestures. trick. Bav. focken, fogken, to cajole, to
* Pet. 2. Peat. Peat, a delicate per- flatter, must be from a different source,
son, usually applied to a young female, perhaps from the notion of deceiving the
but often used ironically in the sense of a eye by rapid movements, sleight of hand.
spoiled, pampered favourite. Nares. — Henneberg Jickfackerei, jugglery, tricks,
A pretty ^eai/ 'tis best cheating ; fackeln, to cajole, flatter.
Put finger in the eye, an she knew why. Pettitoes. A
corruption of Norm.
Taming of the Shrew. petals, little feet (Pat. de Brai), so modi-
To see that proud pert^eai our youngest sister. fied as to give the word an apparent
O. Play of K. Lear. meaning in E. It. peducci, a precisely

Pet-lamb, a lamb brought up by hand. analogous form of the same meaning, is


Kpet in the modern sense of the word is explained by Fl. sheep's trotters, pig's
a favourite child or animal that is made pettitoes.
much that is petted or indulged in
of, its Petty. As It. piccolo, Sp. pegueno,
pets or fits of ill-humour. small, from the root pic, signifying point,
PetaL Gr. irkroKov, a leaf. so it seems Fr. petit. Wall, piti, w. pitw,
Petard. A short, mortar-shaped gun small, are connected with w. pid, Grisons
formaking a loud explosion an imple- ;
pizza, G. spitze, a point. Diez. —
ment for bursting open a gate with pow- Pew. Lat. podium, an elevated place,
der. Fr. peter, to crack. a balcony ; Du. puyde, puye, a pulpit or
Petition. Lat. peto, petitum, to seek, reading-desk. —
Kil. 'Hence praying-pew,
ask, beg. a desk to kneel at, which was doubtless
Petr-. Gr. iriTpa, Lat. petra, a rock, the earliest form of the church pew.
and ifacio) fio, as in Petrify, to become Pew-fellow, a fellow-scholar, class-fellow,
stone Petroleum, rock oil.
;
companion at the same desk at school.
PetreL A
breast-plate. Sp. petral, a Being both my scholars and your honest pue-
breast-leather for a horse ; It. pettorale, —
fellffw. Delcker in R.

a stomacher, breast-plate di cavallo,


;
— It.poggio, a hill, a turret, out-jutting win-
a poitrel for a horse (Fr. poictrail, poi- dow, or place to stand or lean upon, a.
tral). —
Fl. Yx. poitral, the dewlap of an horse-block, high heap or stack.
ox. Pewter. It. peltro, OFr. peutre, Du.
Petronel. OFr. petrinal, poictrinal, peauter, speauter. Kil.— Pewter is a
a petronel, or horseman's piece. Cot^ — mixture of lead and tin, or lead and zinc,
Doubtless from Sp. petrina, a girdle, from and spelter is another name for zinc.
the weapon being stuck in the girdle. It Kiliaan gives espeautre as Fr. for pewter,
is said to have been invented in the Py- which also signifies spelt, a kind of wheat.
renees. Ultimately from Lat. pectus. Phaeton. From the proper name
It. petto, the breast ; Fr. poictrine, poi- *a6&iDv, a son of Apollo.
trine, breast, breast-plate. —
Phantasm. Phantasmagoria. Gr.
Petticoat. Apparently formed as a ^aivut, to show ipdvTaafia, a vision, fan-
;

sort of translation of Fr. cotillon, dim. of cied appearance ; dyeigm, to call up, ex-
cotte, coat. cite.
Pettifogger. Fogger, a huckster, a Pharmacy. — Pharmacopoeia. Gr.
cheat to fog, to hunt in a servile man-
; ^up/iaKov, a drug, ^ap/iaKo-n-oiia, a com-
ner, to flatter for gain.— Hal. Milton pounding of drugs (ttoiem, to make).
speaks of ^^ fogging proctorage of mo-
' —
Phase. Phenomenon. Gr. ^aiVw,
ney.' to show, appear, p.p. ^ai)'6f(Ei'ov,that which
— ;;
, ;

PHEASANT PIE 473


is shown, what appears ; <i>date, an appear- Picket. a peg, a stake E.
Fr. piquet, ;

ance. pickets, stakes driven into the ground by


"
Pheasant. Gr. (paaiavbg, from the the tents of the horse in a camp to tie
name of the river Phasis. their horses to, and before the infantry to
Fhial. Gr. 0ia\i;, a bowl, cup, vase.
Phil- Gr. 0i\og, a friend to, fond of.
rest their arms about them in a ring. B. —
Vi-^nc^ picket, a. small outpost.
Philtre. Gr. ipiXrpov, from ^iXem, to Pickle. I. A
lye of brine or vinegar
love, a love charm or spell. for preserving food. G. b'ockel, pbkel^ Du.
Phlebotomy. Gr. (pXePoTO/ioe ; (pXi^s, pekel, brine ; pekel-harinck, a pickled her-
a vein, rs^vu, to cut. ring.
Phlegm. —Phlegm.atic. Gr. ^Xly^a, The word probably was first applied to
inflammation, mucus the proceeds of in- the curing or pickling of herrings, the
flammation. radical meaning being the gutting or
Ph.oiietic. Gr. ^wvT/rtKoc j fwvt], a cleansing of the fish with which the opera-
sound, articulate sound, voice. tion is begun. The Pr. Pm. has pykyn,
Phosphorus. Gr. 0w(r0opoc, light-bring- or clensyn, or cuUyn owte the onclene,
ing, Lucifer ; ipiig, light, and ^Ipu, to carry, purgo, purgulo pykelynge, purgulacio.
:

bring." To pickle, to glean a second tirrie Forby: —


Photograpliy. Gr. ^uf, tpayroQ, the i. e. to pick clean. In the same way, to
light. cure fish or meat (to prepare so as to pre-
Phrase. Gr. 0pa?u, to say, speak, tell serve from corruption by drying, smoking,
i>pdmg,a speaking, mode of speech. salting, &c. —
Worcester), is from Fr.
Phthisis. —
Phthisical. Gr. <p9iaig, dcurer, to scour, to cleanse.
from ^0iM, to corrupt, waste away. Pickle. 2. mess. A 'You are in a

Physics. Physical. Gr. ipvaiKos, per- pretty pickle.' A
pickle is also a child
taining to {ijivaiQ} nature Lat. physica, ; apt to get into a mess, or into scrapes, a
natural science. mischievous boy.
Physiognomy. Gr. ^vaio-^viiftiiiv (judg- From YlXi.pickl, a pig. Pick'l,pick'l /
ing of nature), judging of man by his fea- a cry to pigs. Pick'l is then used as a
tures, outward look yvii/jiiav, one that reproach to a child who has got himself
;

knows, an interpreter yivwaicu, to know. ;


dirtied you little pig
: ! —
Danneil. Dirty-
Piazza. It.piazza, Yt. place, Sp., Port., ing the clothes then becomes the type of
Prov. plaza, plaga, from Lat. platea, a youthful scrapes in general.
broad street. —
Picture. PictoriaL Pigment. Lat. —
Pick. Dm. picken, to peck, to pick, or pingo, pictum,to ^3mt,pigmentum, paint-
strike with a pointed instrument ; Fr. ers' colours.
piquer, to prick E. pick or pick-axe, a
; To Piddle. To eat here and there a
sharp-pointed instrument for striking ;
bit —B. ; to do light and trifling work.
It. picco, Fr. pic, a beak, sharp point The fundamental idea seems to be to
Lat. picus, a wood-pecker W. pig, a ;
pick, to use the tips of the fingers in
point, pike, beak ; pigo, to prick, to sting, doing. G. dial, pitteln, piitteln, potteln,
to pick and choose It. picchiare, to
; to meddle with anything by slightly pluck-
knock, as at a door, to peck, to clap or ing, picking, touching, feeling ; to piddle
beat hard. The origin is an imitation of in eating, work at anything by small
the sound of a blow with a pointed in- touches. Pittle nicht so in der nase, do
strument. Bohem./«i'a/z, '^xnsi. pukaf not keep picking at your nose. Das ist
to crack, to burst Lat. pungere, to prick;
;
eine pittliche arbeit, that is very piddling
VLXi.pinken, pinkepanken, to hammer. (aiisserst subtile) work. N pitla, to pluck,
.

Pickaback. To carry pickaback (for pick, sip. Sw. pillra (of birds), to plume
pickpack) is to carry like a pack on one's themselves ; &
dial, pitzeln, to whittle,

back. Sw. med pick och pack, with bag cut little bits — Deutsch. Mund. 2. 236
and baggage. pitzel, labor parvus. —
Westerwald. Idiot.
* Pickaroon. A rogue. Sp. picaro, Du. peuteren, to pick or work with the
a knave or rogue mischievous, crafty,
;
finger ; peuselen, contrectare summis di-
merry It. picdre, picardre, to play the gitis, varia cibaria carpere et libare, mo-
;

rogue, to go a roguing up and down. titare digitos, fodicare, carpere. Kil. w. —


Fl. Yr.picorer, to forage, ransack, prey pid, a point. See Potter.
upon the poor husbandman. Cot. Sc. Pie. I.—Fr. pic, Lat. pica, a daw.
pickery, rapine, theft. 'The stealing of Piebald, marked like a pie, black and
trifles, which in low language is called white. See Ball.
pickery.' —
Erskine. Picking and stealing. 2. pasty. A
;

474 PIECE PILGARLICK


Piece. Fr. piece, Sp. pieza, bit of any- panned ;
pippionare, to pigeon, to gull
thing W. pefh, a part or fragment, some,
; one.—Fl. See Gull.
a little, a thing Bret, pes, a piece, bit,
; Piggin. A wooden vessel with a han-
piece of land. It. pezza, a piece, clout,
dle for holding liquids. B. The appli- —
cation to a wooden vessel seems a de-
patch, rag or tatter pesse, rags, tatters,
;

shreds, patches. Spezzare, to split, to parture from the original meaning. Gael.
shiver to pieces. pige, an earthen jar or pitcher pigean, a ;

Pier. A pier in architecture is the little jar, a potsherd.


portion of solid wall between two aper- Pike. I. Yr. pique, a pike, or pointed
tures, or the solid pillar which stands pole.
between two arches of a bridge, also a
mole in a harbour to break the force of Thei profere a man to bete, for two schilynges or
thre
the sea.
V^Wa piked staves grete beten sail he be.
AS. pere, pila, moles, agger Du. heere,
;
R. Brunne.
a pier or mole, apparently from beuren,
boren, to raise, to lift. Swiss btiren, biih- See Pick.
ren, birren^ to raise ; biiri, biihri, a pier, 2. The pike-fish is so called from his
a wall or mound raised in the water to projecting lower jaw. Bret, bek, a beak,
protect the adjoining land. Bav. enbor, snout, point beked, a pike-fish.
; So in
G. empor, up, aloft enboren, ejnporen, to
; Fr. broche, a spit, a pointed object
raise. Geschrei erhaben ttnd emporen, to brocket, a pike.
raise an outcry. Bav. borkirche, G. em- Pikelet. A
kind of crumpet apparently
porkirche, the gallery in a church. Purdi, of W. origin, being called bara-picklet (w.
pyra, rogus. Purd-holz, strues. Gl. in — bara, bread) by Bayley. Fr. popelins,
Schm. soft cakes of fine flour, &c., fashioned
To Pierce. Fr. percer, It. perciare. like our Welsh barrapyclids. Cot. —
Apparently from the same root which Pilaster. Pillar. — Fr. pilastre. It.
gives us perk, prick; to perk up, to prick pilastro, der. from Lat. pila, a column,
up the head. It can hardly come from L.Lat. pilarium, whence also Yx.pilier.
It. pertugiare, Fr. pertuiser. Pilch. A
piece of flannel to be wrapt
Pig. I. Du. bigge, big, a pig. Pl.D. about a young child.^B. See Pelt.
biggen un blaggen, unquiet children or Pilchard. Fr. sard, sardine, a pilch-
young cattle, especially pigs. De biggen ard.
lopet enem under de vote, the children Pilorow. The mark of a new para-

run under one's feet. Brem. Wtb. graph in printing. Gradually corrupted
2.A sow of iron is an ingot. Pano di from paragraph through parcraft, pil-
metallo, a mass, a sow or ingot' of metal. craft, to pilcrow. Paragrapha, pylcraft
— Fl. When the furnace in which iron in wrytynge Med. paragraphus, Anglice —
is melted is tapped the iron is allowed to a. parg}-afte in vrytynge.
;


Ortus in Way.
run in one main channel, called the sow, Pile. A
stake driven into the ground
out of which a number of smaller streams to support an erection. Lat. pila, a struc-
are made to run at right angles. These ture for the support of a building, the
are compared to a set of pigs sucking pier of a bridge, a mole to restrain the
their dam, and the iron is called sow and force of water. It. pilare, to prop up
pig iron respectively. Probably the like- with piles, to lay the groundwork of a
ness was suggested by the word sow building, w. pill, stem or stock of a
having previously signified an ingot. tree log set fast in the ground, stake.
;

Pigeon. From Lat. pipire. It. pipiare, From the notion of supporting, the
pigiolare, to peep or cheep as a young signification passes to that of the thing
bird, are Lat. pipio, a young pigeon. It. supported, a mass heaped up. Fr. pile,
pippione,piccione,pigione,z.^\%&ori. Mod. Hvl. pijl, ?Lpile or heap.
Gr. ininv'CC.a, to chirp trnriviov, a young
;
To Pilfer. See Pelf.
dove. In the same way from Magy. Pilgarlick. One who peels garlick
pipegni, pipelni, to peep or cheep, pipe, for others to eat, who is made to endure
pip'dk, a chicken, gosling and here also hardships or ill-usage while others are
;

the same metaphor, by which a pigeon is enjoying themselves at his expense.


made to signify a dupe, gives pipe-ember And ye shuU here how the Tapster made the
{ember, man), as Fr. blancbec, bejaune, a Pardonere pull
booby ; a young bird being taken as the Garlick all the longe nighte till it was nere hand
type of simplicity. It. ptppione, a silly day. —
Chaucer, Prol. Merch. and Tale.
gull, one that is soon caught and tre- The tapster and her paramour were en-
——; —

PILGRIM PILLION 475


joying the entertainment for which the pilus, a hair, what is picked at a single
pardoner had paid. The Fr. have a some- touch, as a derivative, equivalent to N.
what similar proverb. II en pelera la and Sc. pile above mentioned.
prune, he will smart for it, he is likely to From VIX). pulen or T<(.pila appear to

have the worst of it. Cot. be formed as diminutives or frequenta-
Pilgrim. It. pelegrino, Lat. ;pere- tiyss piileken, piilken, polken, s.pilka, to
grinus, a foreigner ; from pereger, one pick. Up den knaken piilken, to pick a
who is gone into the country, who is bone Sc. pilk, to pick, as peas or peri-
;

without the city, itoxaper and ager, field. winkles out of their shells, to pick a pocket.
Peregri, abroad. Similar diminutival forms are seen in Fr.
PUl. Lat. pilula, dim. oiptla, a ball. pilloter, to pick, or take up here and there,
To Pill.— Pillage. Fr. ptller, to rob ; to gather one by one —
Cot. Prov. pelu-
;

Sp. pillar, to seize, lay hold of, plunder ; car, Lang, peluca, to pick, to peck ; It.
It. pigliare, to catch, take hold of, take. pillucare, to pick up clean as a chicken
;
To pill was formerly used in the sense of spiluzzicare, to pick out as it were here
extort, strip, rob, and also, where we now and there, to eat mincingly spnluzzico,
;

use peel, for picking off the husk or outer the least bit, crum, or scrap. Fl. — We
coat of fruit or the like. may then suppose forms like N. plikka,
Hear me, you wrangling pirates that fall out plukka, Q.pjliicken, to pick, pluck, Pl.D.
In sharing that which you have filled from me. plik, N. plukk, Sw. plock, a httle bit,
Rich. III. Y\&Am.plucM, to pick or T^Xnes., pluch, a
To pill (pare, bark, unskin, &c.), peler. grain, morsel, Norm, plucoter, to pick up
Sherwood. Bret, pelia, to peel, skin grains as fowls at a barn door (Decorde),
w. pilio, to peel or sMn, to pillage, rob ;
Fr. Spliicher, to pick, as pease, to pluck
pil, peel, rind. or tease as roses, wool, &c., to arise either
The figure of fleecing or skinning af- from the absorption of the vowel between
fords so natural a type of pillage and the mute and liquid in It. piluccare, Prov.
robbery that we are inclined with little pelucar, as in Piedm. pU, to peel or skin,
hesitation to accept the sense of peeling E. platoon from Fr. pelotonj or they may
as the radical signification of the word. have arisen from the transposition of the
But further examination brings to light a liquid and vowel in forms like T<l..pilka,
numerous series of forms, which it is im- V\X). piilken. But the true explanation
possible to separate from the foregoing, may probably be that there was a double
with the radical signification of picking form of the root, with an initial/ and pi
or plucking, of touching or taking with a respectively, /z'c/^ ox puck (Pl.D. puken, to
pointed implement. Nor would it be a pick) a.nd plik oi pluck, while pill or pull
forced derivation of the name oipeel if it may be contracted from frequentative
were supposed to arise from considering forms like OY.. pickle, Gvisons piclar, Wa-
the thing signified as what is pilled or lach. pigulire, to pick or pluck, Du. bic-
picked off in preparing an article for con- kelen, to pick or hew stone, E. dial, pug-
sumption. Dan. pille, to pick ; — sig i gle, to poke the fire ; or perhaps (as Dan.
hovedei, to scratch one's head ; — sig lille compared with E. little) from a form
medncebbet (as Sw.pillrd), a fowl to pick like N. pitla, to pick, E. piddle, to keep
its feathers, prune itself; — arter, to picking. The contracted form is seen in
shell peas ; — ud, op, to pick out, pick Du. billen den molensteen, to pick a mill-
up ; — barken of et tree, to strip bark off stone, compared with -bickelen, and in Sc.
a tree. At pille ved noget, to work slowly pile above mentioned compared with
at something. Fl.D. pulen, to pick, pluck, pickle or puckle, a single grain or particle
unites the foregoing with Z.pull. In der of anything, a small quantity.
nase pulen, to pick the nose; uut pulen, Pillion. A cushion for a woman to
to pick or pull out ; puul-arbeit, piddling ride on behind a horseman. Gael, peall,
work. Se pulet sig, they scuffle, pull a skin, coverlet, mat, bunch of matted
each other about, explaining Fr. se piller, hair pillean, a pad, pack-saddle, cloth
;

said of two persons scolding each other. put under a saddle Manx poll, to mat or
;

Pille ! seize him ! cry to set on a dog. stick together pollan, a saddle-cloth.
;

Trevoux. TX-pila, to pick, pluck, gnaw ; Sp. pillon, a skin, the use of which (in
pile, a little bit ; Sc. pile, a single grain ; Sp. S. America) is described in the fol-
a pile of caff, a grain of chaff. On the lowing passage from the Athenasum, Aug
same principle the original meaning of 9, 1851 :

Lat. pilare would be to pick, and then to First a long blanket was put upon the horse
plunder, to make bare or bald, giving then came a wooden concem in shape like a —
— ;

476 PILLORY PINCH


tnillerls —
pack-saddle then came 13 lamb-skins, —
loot Kil., properly a person who con-
each larger than the last, so that when the whole ducts
a ship by the sounding line, from
were on, the ends appeared cut square like the
peilen, to sound the depth, to gauge ves-
thatch of a house. These things are called /«7-
lones, and in travelling form the bed of the horse- sels ; peillood, sounding lead ; peil, mark
man. Then came another /27/o«e made of llama on the scale at the side of a sluice to show
skin. the depth of the water. I sownde as a
Pillory. Fr. pilori, Prov. espitlori, schyppeman with his plommet to know the
M id. 'L^t. j>inoricum,piliormm, spilorium. —
deppeth of the see je pilote. Palsgr.
:

Different derivations have been suggested, The origin of the term seems to be taken
of which the most plausible is Fr. pilier, from the/^_^j by which the capacity of a
from the pillar or post at which the crimi- vessel was marked. Pl.D. pegeln, to
nal is compelled to stand. But the most sound, also to tope. Dan. at dricke til
prominent characteristic of the pillory is pals, to drink for a wager, measure for
the confinement of the neck by a perfor- measure. This in Lat. was termed bibere
ated board or an iron ring. Pilorium, ad pinnas. Anselm commands,
sive coUistrigium. — Fleta. The prisoner Ut presbyteri non eant ad potationes, nee ad
is usually said to stand in the pillory, not pinnas bibant. — Eadmer Hist. Nov. loi.
at it. ' Condemnat a estar en I'espitlori.' G. pegel is the height of the water on
— Cout. de Condom in Rayn. And it is a fixed scale. Thus a Rhenish news-
rational to look for the origin to the fuller paper, under the head of ' Wasserstands-
form of Prov. espitlori, which cannot have nachrichter,' gives ' Oberwesel, 31 Aug.
been corrupted from Fr. pilori, while the pegel 7 fuss, I zoll.'
converse may easily have taken place, if The other half of the word pilote is
the punishment was invented in the South doubtless the element shown in G. lootse,
of France, and spread from thence with- Du. lootsman, OE. lodesman, a pilot, which
out the meaning of the name being cor- has very naturally been confounded with
rectly understood.- Now Cat. espitUera Du. loot, a sounding lead, whence looten,
is a loop-hole, peep-hole, little window, to sound. But this would be a mere re-
which would accurately describe the cha- petition of the meaning conveyed by the
racteristic part of the punishment, the first syllable, and we cannot doubt that
prisoner being derisively considered as the lode in lodesman is the same as in
showing his head through a loop-hole to lodestar, lodestone, lodemanage, viz. tra'ck
the gazing crowd below. '
Ponetur in or way. The meaning of pilot would
pillorico ut omnes eum videant et cognos- thus be one who conducts the vessel by
cant.' — Charter of Rouen in Due. On the sounding line. See Loadstone.
this principle the far-fetched, derivation * Pimple. AS. pinpel, pustula— jElfr.
was proposed by Cowel from ttuXi;, a gate Gl. ; pipligend, pustulatus ; pipligende lie,
'

or door, because one standing on the pil- pustulatuni corpus. The word would
lory putteth his head through a kind of thus appear to be a nasalised form from

door, and opaw, video.'— Minsheu. ' The Lat. It. papula, a pimple. Weigand. So
cover of the chest is two boards, amid Fr. pompon, from Lat. pepo, -onis.
them both a pillory-like hole for the pri- Pin. w. pin, a pin, a pen ; Gael, pinne,
soner's neck.' — Hackluyt in R. The name a pin, peg, plug ; hn. pinne, a point, prick,
Qipillori was given in France to a ruff or peg.— Kil. Lat. pinna, a fin, a turret,
collar worn by women encircling the neck pinnacle. The force of the element' /z«
like the board of the pillory. To peep in signifying a pointed object is also seen
through the nutcrackers, to stand in the in Lat. spina, a thorn, and in pinus, a fir-
pillory. —Grose. The word is doubtless tree, tree with sharp-pointed leaves, in G.
equivalent to Lat. specularmm,irora spec- called nadeln, needles.
ula, a look-out, a high place for viewing Pin and Web, an induration of the
or watching anything from. Compare membranes of the eye, not much unlike a
Cat. espill, espilleta, from Lat. speculum, cataract. — B. It. panno nel occhio, a web
a looking-glass ; espillets, spectacles, eye- in the eye. Panni in oculis fiunt et albu-
glasses. gines ex vulneribus vel pustulis.^Duc.
Pillow. Du. peluwe, puluwe, Lat. Irypin and web the foreign name is first
pulvinus, from Lat. pluma, w. plu, pluf, adopted and then translated.
feathers. Pulvinare, plumauc— Gl. To Pinch.—Pincers. Sp' pizcar, Fr.
Cambr. in Zeuss ; pulvinar, plufoc. — pincer, to pinch or nip, to take with the
Vocab. Cornub. ibid. W. plufawg, fea- points of the fingers or other points
thery. pince, the tip or edge of the hoof. Sp.
Pilot. It. pilota, Fr. pilote, Du. pijl- pinchar, to prick, pincho, a prickle pin-
;
; — —; ;

PINE PINK 477


zas, pincers, nippers. Gx\'s,o's\% pizs, pizza, thing, as the fin of a fish, the flap of a
G. spitze, a point, peak ; pizchiar, to nip, man's ears, the floats of a water-wheel.
itch, bite ;
pizzi, a pinch, as much as one Fl. Fr. penne, penon,pennule, a lap or
takes up with the tips of the flap (a piece of anything not wholly se-
fingers.
Walach. piscu, point, eminence piscd, parated from it
;

Cot.) ; penne, penon de
to nip, twitch. It. picciare, pizzare, to foie, a lap or lobe of the liver ; pennons
peck, pinchj snip, itch ; -piccio, a pinch ; d'une fleche, the feathers of an arrow
pizze, pinch-works, jaggings ; pizzicare, pennon, a pennon or streamer, the little
to prick, pinch, snip ; pizzamosche, a flag carried at the end of a lance. The
hedge-sparrow, a snap-fly ; Du. pitsen, pinion of a bird is the flap or last joint of
pinssen, to pinch, pluck. the wing.
Pine. Lat. pinus, w. pinwydd, pine- All unawares
trees, characterised by their pin-shaped Fluttering ^i'is pennons vain plumb down he falls
leaves, in G. called nadeln, needles, and Ten thousand fadom deep. Par. Lost. —
the wood, nadelholz.
To Pine. Du. pijne, pain, torment ; In the second sense, Fr. pagnon or pi-
gnoti, a pinion in wheel-work, is a contriv-
pijneti, pijnigen, to torture. See Pain.
ance by which the movement of a cog-
Hence to pine, to languish as one suffer-
wheel is transferred to a different axis.
ing pain.
Pinfold. ^
Pindar. Pinfold is com- To this effect a sufficient number of palets
monly explained as a fold in which stray- or longitudinal flaps, like the floats of a
water-wheel, are fixed round the axis and
ing cattle are temporarily ^^««^i/ or con-
fined ; pindar, the officer whose business
made to run in the cogs of the largei:
it is to place cattle in the ^p««i/ or ^z'«/o/(/.
wheel. The name oi pinion properly be-
And although it must be observed that a longs to the separate palets, and the term
should \i& pinion-wheel, as Fr. lanterne A
fold is essentially a place for penning
pagnons, a pair of trunnion heads, or that
cattle, it is probable that if we had the
which is turned about by the cog-wheel
English alone we never should have been
led by the tautology to doubt the fore-
of a mill. Cot. —
It. ruota pinnata, a

going derivation. But the foreign ana-


wheel with broad floats. FI. It is now —
logues give a more distinctive meaning
commonly given to the smaller of two
cog-wheels locking into each other. Lat.
to the term as signifying the fold where
cattle are kept in pledge until redeemed
pinna was already used in the sense of a
by their owners. Du. pand, G. pfand, a float of a water-wheel.
Pink. Fr. pinces, the flower pink
pawn or pledge ; pfdnden, O Fris. penda,
peinda, to distrain or seize by way of
(wild gillowflowers. Minsheu). — Proba-
bly from the sharp-pointed leaves set in
pledge ; das vieh pfdnden, to pound
pairs upon the stalk like pincers ; Fr.
cattle ; pfand-stall, a pinfold ; pfdnder,
pince, a tip or thin point. See Pinch.
a pindar, the executive officer whose busi-
ness it was to levy distraints ; Grisons
Pink in the sense of bright flesh-colour
is probably from the colour of the flower
pandrer, pendrar, pindrar, to distrain
although it may be from pink eyes, small
pandrader, pendrader, the pinder.
winking inflamed eyes. It. gauzo, blear-,
Fro the Pouke's pondfalde no mainprise
fetch.— P. P.
may us
eyed, pink-eyed. —Fl.
The application to the sense of acme or
Sc. poind, to distrain, poind, pownd, the
point of excellence is apparently taken
distress or property taken in pledge.
from the joke in Romeo and Juliet, where
The sergents shall cause the poynds to be de- Mercutio speaking affectedly uses pink
livered to the creditor untill the debt be fully
payed to him. —Stat. Rob. i. in Jam.
as the type of a flower.
There seems to be no real connection Jiom. A most courteous exposition-.
Merc. Nay, I am the very fink of curtesy.
with ^. pound, which signifies simply en-
Horn. Pink for flower !

closure, unless indeed it is possible that a


pawn is something impotmded or shut up Mercutio is playing upon words in a
until properly redeemed. forced manner, and if the expression were
Ping. Often used to represent the already current Romeo would never have
sharp sound of a bullet flying past. Pl.D. been made to suggest an explanation.
pingeln, as kUngeln, to ring ; pingel, a The names of other flowers are used
bell. in the same way.
Pinion. Pinion is used in two senses, London thowe arte the flowre of cities all,
both applications of the general meaning Of royal cities rose and geraflour.
shown in It. pinna, the flat flap of any- Song temp. H. V. in Reliq. Ant. i. 206.
; ;
;

478 PINK PISTON


Heo is lilie of largesse, of fowls, in which a thick slime forms on
Heo is parvenke of prouesse. their tongue, and the nostrils are stopped
O. Ballad cited by Steevens. up. The name seems to be corrupted
To Pink. Used in a variety of senses, from Lat. pituita, phlegm. Du. pipse,
which may all be explained from a nasal- the mucus of the nose.
ised form of the root pik, representing the Pipe. A
thin hollow cylinder, an im-
sound of a blow with a pointed instru- plement adapted to make a shrill sound
ment. Pl.D. pinken, pinkepanken, to by blowing into it. From the imitation
hammer pinkepank, a blacksmith. To
; of such a sound by the syllable /f^. See
pink, to cut silk cloth with variety of Peep.
figures in round holes or eyes. B. Fr. — Pippin.— Pip. Fr. pepin, seed of fruit,
piqui, pricked, pierced or thrust into ; as of an apple or grape pepiniire, a seed-
;

also quilted or set thick with oylet holes plot, nursery ground. There seems no
(pinked). — Cot. ground for the assertion that the word
One of them finked the'other in a duel (stucic originally signified a melon-seed, from

him). Addison. pepo, a melon. A satisfactory origin may
In the sense of picking or culling, perhaps be found in Da. ptppe, to peep,
When thou dost tell another's jest, therein shoot, spring forth. For the connection
Omit the oaths, which traewit cannot need ; between a sharp cry and the idea of peep-
Pink out of tales the mirth, but not the sin. ing forth, just beginning to appear, see
Herbert in Worcester.
Peep.
The sense of winking, in which pink was A pippin in the sense of a particular
formerly used, may be illustrated by Sw. kind of apple is probably an apple raised
picka (from which pink differs only in from the pip or seed. Da. pipling, a
the nasalisation), to peck like a bird, and small well-tasted apple.
(from the figure of a succession of light Pirate. Gr. 7r«par^e, "Lsi.. pirafa, ex-
blows) to palpitate as the heart. Wink- plained from Triipaia, to make an attempt
ing is a vibration of the eyelid, as pal- on, to attack.
pitation is of the heart. Pisli An interjection of contempt,
!

And upon drinking my eyes will be pinking. equivalent to hold your tongue It. pis- !

Heywood in R. sipissare, to psh, to husht, also to buzz or


Du. pinckoogen, to wink, squinny, sparkle, whisper very low pissipisse J pst, hsht !
glitter.— Kil. still !
— ;

Fr. naj-giies, tush, blurt, pish,


Fl.
In like manner with and without the fy, it cannot be so. Cot. —
Norm, pet f
nasal, G. blicken, to wink, to glitter, e. interj. to put to silence. —
Decorde. Dan.
blink, Pl.D. plinken, plinkogen, to wink, pyt! O^. putt.I yiaaxpyht/ tut 'pooh!
pointing to a root plik, synonymous with pshaw !

pik, in accordance with the view of the Pismire. The old name of the ant,
relations of the word taken under To Pill. an insect very generally named from the
Fiunace. It. pino, a pine-tree, and sharp urinous smell of an ant-hill. Du.
met. the whole bulk of a ship, also (as miere,pismiere, mierseycke, an ant seycke, ;

pinaccia, pinassd), a pinnace.^ Fl. urine Pl.D. jniegemke, an ant or emmet


;

Pint. Sp. Ptg. pinta, a spot or mark 7niegen, mingere ; Fin. kusi, urine kusi- ;
pintar, to paint. Hence probably a pint, ainen, an ant.
a certain measure of liquid marked off From the sound. 'Lt'A. pischet
Piss.
on the interior of the vessel. So from is a nursery word. In Bav. nurseries
X)\x. pegel, peil, the mark on a scale mea-
wiswis macken, wiseln. Fin. kusi, urine.
suring depth or content, Pl.D. pegel, sex-
Pistil. Lat. pistillum, a pestle, from
tarius, hemina, a. measure of content.
Pegeln, as in some dialects of G.pinten, pinso, to pound.
to tope ;Yr. pinteler, to tipple. Pistol. Said to derive its name from
Pioneer. Fr. pionier, OFr. peonier, having been invented at Pistoia in Italy,
Prov. pezonier, properly a foot-soldier, a but no authority is produced for this
common man, then applied to the soldiers derivation. Venet. piston was a kind of
specially employed in labourers' work. arquebuss piston de vin, a large ilask.
Sp. peon, a pedestrian, day-labourer, — Patriarchi. ;

foot-soldier, common man, or pawn at Piston. The plunger in a pump or a


chess steam engine. Fr. piston. It. pestone,
Pious. Lat. pius, Fr. pieux. pestatoio, a pestle, stamper, rammer
Pip. P1.D. pipp, G. pipps, zip/, Fr. pesta, any treading or trampling pestare, ;

pcpie, It. pipita, haX. pituita, a disorder to stamp, pound, bray in a mortar,
PIT PITTANCE 479
trample upon, to ram or beat in. Lat. Heo schulde ficke hem thoru out (they should
pierce through them), and adrenche hem so
pi7isere,pistum, to pound.
there.— R. G. 51.
Pit. I. Lat. puteus, It. pozzo, Fr.
puits, a well ; Du. put, putte, a well, a And he took awei that fro the middil, pitching
hole. (affigeus) it on the cross. —^Wickliff in R."
2. The pit of a theatre is probably
To pitch a tent is to fix the pegs in the
from Sp. pAtio, the central court of a
ground by which it is held up.
house, and thence the pit which occupies
Pitch in the sense of a certain height
the same place in a theatre. Probably
on a scale, or a certain degree of a quality,
from the root pat, plat, representing the
is from the notion of marking a definite
tramping of feet. Mod.Gr. irarw, to
point by sticking in a peg. The pitch of
tread, iraroe, a. public walk, beaten path,
one's voice is the point which it reaches
bottom, floor. Piedm. platia, the pit or
in the musical scale the pitch of a screw,
;
lowest part of a theatre where the audi-
the degree in which the thread is inclined

ence stand. Zalli. 'LaX.platea, a street,
to the axis the pitch of a roof, the de-
;
court-yard, area, open space in a house.
gree in which the rafters are inclined to
See Pad.
each other.
Pitcli. G.pech, Du. pik, 'Ls.t.pix, Gr.
Pitcher.
Fr. pichet (Jaubert), Lang.
iriTTa, maaa, Gael, pic, pitch blgh, glue,
;
pichier, Bret, picher, W. piser. It. pitero,
birdlime, gum ; W. pyg, pitch, rosin.
Sp. puchiro, a pitcher or earthen pot
The main characteristic of pitch is its Gael, pigeadh, a pitcher pigean, a little;
stickiness, and it can hardly be doubted
;

earthen jar, fragment of earthenware.


that the name is taken from this quality.
It. bicchiere, G. becher, a cup.
It.piccare, to prick; piccare, appiccare,
appicciare, to fasten, stick unto ; appic-
Pith. Pl.D. peddik, picke, pith ; Du.
pitte, pith, kernel, the best of a thing.
cante, appiccaticcio, clammy, gluish, fast- pit,
sticking. S'^i.pegar, to stick to, fasten on, Hereford peth, Devon pith, a crum of
join together, to infect ; pegajoso, sticky, bread.
Then applied to the crum or
part, the part which crumbles, which
glutinous, infectious ; pega, glue, varnish. soft
pith. So
The Sp. name of pitch, pez, as in the in Pembrokeshire is called the
Fr. inie, originally signifying a particle
other Romance languages, is taken from in
Lat. pix, picis, in which the original
or little bit, is applied to the crum or
soft part of bread, w. peth, a part, frag-
significance was already obscured by the
ment, quantity, a little, a thing. Bret.
loss of the root pik in the sense of prick
pez, pec'h, a piece, bit.
or stick. Gr. irtvKri, a fir-tree, is pro-
bably, like w. pigwydd (pitch-wood), from Pittance. It. pietanza, pitanza, Fr.

producing pitch, and not conversely, as pitance, properly the allowance of appe-
Liddell supposes, the name of pitch from tising food to be eaten with the bread
the tree which produces it. See To Pitch. which formed the substance of a meal,
To Pitch.. Pitch and pick are differ- afterwards applied to the whole allowance
for a single person, or to a small
ent ways of pronouncing the same w6rd, of foed
Mid.Lat. ^zctozcM,
like church and kirk. The radical signi- portion of anything. —
pitancia, portio monachica in esculentis
fication is striking with a pointed instru-
quae ex oleribus erant,
ment, driving something pointed into, lautior pulmentis,
pictancia essent de piscibus et hu-
sticking into, darting, throwing to a dis- cum
tance. W. picell, a dart or arrow picio,
jusmodi. Due. —
picellu, to throw a dart, to dart.
;

To pick Numerous guesses at the derivation


a lance was to drive il into an object. have been made, which have fallen wide
of the mark from not attending to the
I hold you a grote I pycke as far with an arrowe
original distinction clearly pointed out by
as you. —Palsgr. in Hal.

Due. 'Dum a cellerarii pertotum con-
To pitch upon is to come suddenly down ventum pictantia, i. e. ova frixa, divi-
like a javelin striking the ground at the derentur, invisibilem pictantiam ei niisit,
end of its flight. A ,pitch-fork, or pikel, quod omnibus diebus vit^ suffi pictantiis
as it is called in the North, is a fork for omnibus carere vellet.' Quod si aliqua '

pitching corn, throwing it up upon the secundo vocata venire contempserit, in-
stack. sequenti prandio A pitancia subtrahatur.'
—Stat. Joh. Archiep. Cant. an. 127S, in
Stakes of yren mony on he pygte in Temese
late at dinner
Above scharpe and kene ynow, bynethe grete Due. The nun who was
and ronde. was to be punished, not by the loss of
That yef ther eny schippis com er me ywar were, her dinner next day, but by having to

. ; .

48o PITY PLASH


dine on dry bread or vegetables. 'Aquam Plain. Plan.— Plane. Lat. planus, —
etiam puram frequentius biberunt, et whence Fr. plain, even, level, plaine, a
quandoque pro magnd pictantid (for a flat surface of ground. To explain, to
great treat) mixti vel aceto, vel lacte, level out, to make easy.
nuUcl de vino facta mentione.' Pidance -plain. Plaint. Plaintiff. Fr. — —
is still used in the centre of France in plaindre, from Lat plangere-, to complain, .

the original sense. ' Les enfans mangent as ceindre from cingere,feindre from fin-
souvent plus de pidance que de pain.' gere.
Jaubert. Hence we arrive at the true Plait.—Pleat.— Plite.— Plight. The
derivation, apidan^ant, apitangant, ap- Bret. pleg,plek, W. plyg, bend, fold, show
pdtissant, giving appetite. A
dish is the root from whence are derived Gr.
apidanqant when it gives flavour to a TrXsKu, to twine, braid, plait ; Lat. plica, a

large quantity of bread. Vocab. de Berri. fold, and the secondary forms flecto, to
Pity. Fr. pitU, from Lat. pietas. In bend, z.-aii plecto, plexum, to plait, knit, or
the exclamation, what a pity the word weave. ! From the latter verb, or perhaps
is probably an adaptation of OFr. qiiel from the participial form -plicitus {im-
pechi^ J what a sin ! plicitus, explicittis), axe derived OFr.
Alias, quel dol et quel pechi^ ! ploit, and its E. representatives, plait,
Benoit, Chron. des dues de Norm. 2. 408 plight, pleat.
Mod.Gr. (5 n icpi/ia what a pity what a
! !
Voire cemise me livrez,
great misfortune what a sin! ! El pan desus feralun floit —
Pivot. Fr. pivot, the peg on which a (I will make a pleat in the cloth)
door turns It. pivolo, a peg.
;
\^flet\ fet. — Rayn. in v. pleg.

Pixy. In Devon, a fairy pixy-puff, ;


Now gode nece be It never so lite,

a i\n.z-h?i}^, pixy-stool, a toad-stool, pixy- Yeve me the labour it to sew and flite.
ring, a fairy-ring. Pixie-led, to be in a Troilus and Cress.

maze, as if led out of the way by hob- A silken camus lily whight
goblins. This in Pembrokeshire is called Purfled upon with many a io\&t& Might
f'.Q.
piskin-led, which seems truer to the ety-
mology. Sw. dial, pus, pys, pysing, a Walach. pleta, a tress of hair impleti, ;

little boy ;
pysill, pyssling, httle creature, to plait. Boh. plitn, plesti, Pol. plesc, to
pygmy ;
pysk, little unshapely person, wreathe, plait, braid. G. flechte, some-
dwarf; also goljlin, fairy (smitroU). Hem- thing turned or plaited, a tress of hair or
pjaske, a hobgoblin, browniq. The fairies a wattled hurdle, corresponds to La.t.ffecta.
are called the little people in Wales and Planet. Gr. TrXnvrjrrie, a wandering
Ireland. G. berg-mdnnchen, a goblin. star 7!-\avda),-to wander. ;

Lat. pusjts, a boy ; pusillus, little. Plane-tree. Fr. plane, contr. from

Placable. Placid. Lat. placare, to Lat. plataniis.
pacify, to make calm and gentle ; placidus, Plank. Lat. planca, Fr. planche, G.
calm, mild. planke. Boh. planka, plank ; Gr. TrXa?,
Placard. Fr. plaquard, a bill stuck up anything flat and broad.
against a wall; plaquer, to clap, slat, Plant, -plant. Lat. planta, the sole
stick, or paste on, to lay flat on, to parget of the foot, whence probably planto, to
or rough-cast. Du. placken aen den wand, plant or set with the foot in the ground ;

to fix to the wall placken, to daub


; plantare, plantarium, a separate plant.
flacke, a blot. The original force of the verb is preserved
Place. Fr. place, It. piazza, Q.platse. in supplanto, to put the foot under, to trip
The spot of ground occupied by a body one up. ;

iroraplatz, crack, representing the sound To Plash. 1. To plash or splash is to


of something thrown smack down. See dash about liquids, to dabble in water.
Plat. G. pladdern, pdantschen, pldtscliern, Sw.
Plagiary. Lat. plagium, manstealing plaska, Du. plasschen, to paddle, splash.
plagia7ius, a manstealer, and fig. one who Du. plasregen, G. platzregen, a dashing
steals other men's thoughts and publishes shower.
them as his own. Du. plas, plasch,'^. plash, a puddle, or
Plague. Lat. plaga, a blow, stroke, shallow pool of rainwater.
wound Du. plage, a wound, and met.
; To Plash. 2.— Pleach. Fr. plesser, to
affliction, torment, disease, pestilence. plash, to fold or plait young branches one
Plaice. Lat. platissa, a flat fish. within another, to thicken a hedge or
Plaid. Gael, plaide, a blanket. Goth. cover a walk by plashing.— Cot. Plessis,
paida, a coat. a plashed or pleached hedge, or a park

PLASTER PLATFORM 481


enclosed with hedges. 'LaX.filecto,plexum, blottir, to squat down, lie close to the
to plait or knit together Gr. n-Xlicu, Lat.
; ground.
plico, to twine, braid, knit. Then as a spot of dirt marks a definite
Plaster. —Plastic.
Plaster, Yr.pldtre place in a garment, G. platz, a broad even
{piastre), is the material used, when moist part of the surface of the earth, an open
and plastic, for daubing walls and ceil- place, a place, the space or room taken
ings. The material first used for this up by a body. Der markt-platz, the
purpose would doubtless be the mud or market-place ; ein griiner platz, a green
clay that is trodden underfoot, and the plot, grass-plat, or grass-plot. Auf dein .

radical notion is to plash, to paddle or platze bleiben, to be killed on the spot.


dabble in the wet and dirt. From this It will be observed that spot, which ori-
source must be explained Gr. -irXauam, ginally signifies a drop of liquid, has the
irXtirrw, to work in soft and ductile mate- same application to a definite portion of
rials, to mould or form, in M
od. Gr. to knead ground.
dough ; what may be moulded,
TfXaaTiKOQ,
It was a chosen flat of fertile land. — F. Q.
plastic ijiirXdaaa, to daub over, to stuff
;

in plaster cjiirXaaTOQ, daubed over


; to Bav. platten, a bare spot in a wood {kohl-
;

eiivkaarov or £;ujr\affrpov, Lat. emplastrum, platten, where charcoal has been burnt),
Fr. empldtre, a plaister or application explains E. platty (of corn-fields), uneven,
daubed over with an adhesive medica- having bare spots.
ment. G3.A. plAsd, to daub. Plate. I.— Platter. A flat piece of
Sp. plasta, paste, soft clay, anything metal, a dish to eat on. It. piatto, any
soft plaste, size, fine paste made of glue
;
flat thing, a dish, plate, platter piatto,;

and lime. made flat or level to the ground, by


Plat.— Plot. The radical image the
is met. squat, cowering down, low-lurking,
fall of water or of something wet on the —
hushed. Fl. Piattare, Fr. se blottir, to
ground, with a noise represented by the squat down plat, flat, plain, low, shal-
;

syllables plats, plat, plot. G. platz, a low. The sense of piatto, which Florio
crack, smack, pop platzregen, heavy treats as metaphorical, is in truth the
;

rain that makes a dashing sound in fall- original, the idea of flatness being com-
ing Du. plotsen, to fall suddenly plots,
; ;
monly expressed from the image of dash-
sudden, unawares E. platte, to throw
;
down something wet or soft, which
ing

down flat Hal., i. e. to dash down like spread out and flat upon the ground.
lies
Thus E. squat is related to Dan. squatte,
water.
to splash, scaAJlat with Yr.Jlatir, to dash
When I was hurte thus in stound
I fell down flat unto the ground.- -R. R.
down liquids. See Plat.
2. Vessels of gold or silver. Sp. plata,
— I fell plump down upon the ground. silver. The name was originally given to
G. heraus platzen, to blurt a thing out, to the plates or thin lamina in which it was
say it plump, without .circumlocution, like customary to work crude silver, and ulti-
a wet mass flung down upon the ground. mately applied to the metal itself. ' Con-
gregaverunt electum aurum regni, etfece-
Ye sayd nothing sooth of that, runt in plafas, et miserunt in batellos
But, sir, ye lye, I tell you flat. R. R.— ferratos ad abducendum in Franciam.'
The term is then applied to the fallen Knyghton, A. D. 1364 in Due. Et quod '

object, or to things of similar shape, and quilibet Angligena egrediens fines Anglise
as wet things thrown down on the ground —
possit secum reportare platam argenti
spread out in breadth and lie close to vel auri ad valorem duarum marcarum
the ground, the root comes to signify pro quolibet sacco lanse et eamdem^/a- —
broad, thin, without elevation. See Flat. tam ferre deberet ad excambium regis, et
We come nearest the original image ibi recipere suos denarios.' Ibid. A. D. —
in our dial, cow-plat, Da. dial, ko-blat, 1340.
SiW\ss pldder, platter, kuhpldder, a round Platform. It. piatta-forma, Dn.platte-
of cow-dung pladern, of a cow, to let forme, vulgo plana forma (Kil.), the form
i

fall dung. Bav. platz, pldtzen, a flat or pattern of a structure on the level plain.
cake ; It. piatto, any flat thing, a dish,
For which cause I wish you to enter into con-
plate, platter; by met. squat, cowering
sideration of the matter, and to note all the is-
down, low-lurking piattare, to squat lands, and to set them down in plat. Hackluyt —
— ;

down. Fl. In like manner 'Da.n.plet, a inR.


spot or stain, e. Mot, Da. dial, dlat, a drop To be workmanly wrought according to a —
of fallen liquid, lead to Fr. se blatir (Cot.), plat thereof made and signed by the hands of
31
' ;

482 PLATOON PLEDGE


ihe lord's executors. —Agreement temp. H. VIII. sense in Gen. xxi. 9. Sarra behiold hu
in R. Agares sunu with Isaac plegode, (in our
took care to single out the nation of the
God version) saw him mocking Isaac. The
Tews, in them to give us a true pattern or
and same train of thought is seen in Du. pla-
flatform of his dealings with all the nations of dere7i, playeren, pleyten, litigare, conten-

the world. Sharp, ibid.
dere, disceptare judicio ; pladeren, plae-
The whole^/a^?-?Kof the conspiracy.— Bacon
yeren, ludere, jocari, nugari ; plaederije,
in Worcester.

The word is still used in America for the


plaerije, ludus, jocus. —Kil. See Plead.
The primary image of play being, as
prospectus or plan of political action of a
we have seen, what is done for the plea-
candidate.
sure of the exertion itself, the term is used
From signifying the ground-plan of a in a general sense to signify the exertion
building the term is applied to a levelled
of powers of any kind, as when we speak
surface, then to a flat elevation.
of the play of the lungs or muscles, of
Platoon. Fr. pelote, a little ball to
giving play to one's mirth or imagina-
play with ; peloton, a clue or little ball of
tion, of the fire-engine playing on the
thread. S^. pelote, goat's hair; -pelotdn,
flames or the cannon on the enemy. By
a large ball, a bundle of hair closely
a similar metaphor Fr. se jouer is used
pressed together, a crowd of persons, a
body of soldiers. Tlw.plotte (Kil.), Piedm. for doing a thing easily. Faire jouer le
canon, les eaux, to bring the cannon or
platdn, a ball.
Platter. See Plate. the waters into play \tjeu d'un ressort,
;

Plaudit, -plaud. -plause. -plode. the play of a spring.


Lat. plaudo, -sum, to make a noise by
To Pleach. See Plash.
* To Plead.— Plea. Lat. placere, to
clapping of hands, to approve of, en-
courage. Applause, approbation. Ex- please, to seem good to one, to be one's
plodo, to drive out with clapping of hands, choice, forms placitum, an opinion, re-
to hiss or stamp off the stage.
solve, ordinance, sentence. In the pro-
* Play. AS. plegan, pleogan, to play, logue to the Salic laws they are sanctioned
sport, play on a musical instrument.
by the formula, Placuit atque convenit
Play is the exercise of the natural activity inter Francos, It seemed good and was
of the creature for the mere pleasure of
agreed upon among the Franks. Thus
the term was extended to an agreement
the exertion. Its earliest type is seen in
the mimic strife of joyous dogs pretend- or treaty, and from the decisions of the
judges it seems to have passed to all the
ing to worry each other, and all our games
deliberate proceedings of a court of jus-
take the form of a competition for some
tice, and to the court itself from whence
object adapted to call forth the powers of
the rival playfeDows. Thus the name of ordinances issued.
play may well be taken from a term Per capitula avi et patris nostri, quae Franci
signifying contention or struggle. In AS. pro lege tenendci judicaverunt et fideles nostri in
generali placito nostro conservanda decreverunt.
poetry war is ca\le.d plega gares, the play
of the javelin cescplega, of the shield
;

Capitula Caroli Calvi in Due.

heard handplega, the hard play of hands. The course of corru'ption iioraplacitum
, Hearmplega, strife. It appears to me to ¥x. plait, plaid, is well shown in the
that we must look for the origin to Lat. Prov. forms plach, plag, placht, plait,
placitum, in the sense of discussion, con- plai, suit, process at law, quarrel, dispute.
test at law, whence Vrow. plag,plait,play, —
Rayn. In OPtg. according to Diez the
litigation, quarrel, dispute plaidejar, form is placito, afterwards plazo, prazo.
;

playejar, plaegar, to contest, discuss, It. piato, piado, a plea.. Fl. —Sp. pleito,
quarrel Sp. pleito, litigation, debate, covenant, contract, debate, strife, litiga-
;

strife; OFr. plaidier,plaidoyer, to litigate, tion, legal proceedings. In the language


contest ; plaidier, plaider, badiner, plai- of the Grisons the sense has been further
santer, s'amuser, se moquer. —
Roquef. generalised. Plaid, pled, word ;

da
'

Le mari prist a pleidoyer (began to Dieus, the word of God dar buns pleds,
maudire
;

ledit prison- to give good words ; surplidar, to per-


wrangle with) et
nier.'— Litt. remiss. A. D. 1373. Le sup- suade.
'

pliant seappoyakl'uis d'un mercier,voisin —


To Please. Pleasure. Fr. plaire,
de son p^re, k la femme duquel mercier et plaisant, to please plaisir (direct from
&. son varlet il plaidoit et s'esbatoit — ;

he Lat. placere, as loisir from liccre), plea-



joked and sported with them. L. R., A. D. sure.
1392 in Carp. Pleat. See Plait.
AS. plegan is used in a very similar • Pledge. —
Plevin. —
Keplevy. —
— — ;

PLENARY PLIGHT 483


Pligh.t. pieggio, Fr. pleige, plege, the tenant or other occasion must proba-
It._

Mid. Lat. plivtis, pligius, plejus, plegius, bly be explained in, the sense of engage-
a surety, one who undertakes for ; pli- rnent, payment that the tenant has bound
vium, Prov. pliu, promise, guarantee, himself to make, and thus we account for
pledge plevir, plivir, Fr. plevir, pleu- Du. plecht, plicht, plegh, officium, debi-
;

vir (Mid.Lat. plegire), to engage, to tum, obligatio et census, tributum, et


guarantee plevine, pleuvine, OE. plevin, munus, officium
; plichtvrij, immunis ; ;

warrant, warranty, assurance. To re- plichtig, devinctus, obnoxius. Kil. G. —


plevy (Mid.Lat. replegiare) goods talien pjlicht, promise, engagement, obligation,
in distress, is to talce them out of the duty. In like manner the Prov. forms
hands of the distrainer on giving security plag, plaegar, above-mentioned, corre-
to answer his claim at law replevin, tjie spond to Mid.Lat. pligare, to engage, to
;

act of entering on such an arrangement. plight pleyare, to give or take in pledge.


Replegiabilis, replevissable. Due. — — ;

'ipse Petrus custus pro parte supra-


The origin of these terms has been dictimonasterii//2]fffl?r^ se cum rationem
sought in Lat. prces, prcsdis, a security, suam,et cum rationibus jam dicti monas-
and is explained by Diez from prcebere terii '

should bind himself with his own
fidem, which is not more satisfactory. It means and those of the monastery.
seems to me that we have solid ground Chart. A.D. 1020 in Carp. MUG.phlegen,
in Mid.Lat. placitare, to negotiate, agree verpfligen, to assure, warrant. Ic pflige
with ',placitum, O'^x. plaid, plait, conven- mich, I undertake. Des vil ic iu ver-
tion, agreement, engagement. Cepitque pflegen, as OFr. ce vos plevis (Rayn.), I
'

castrumquod dicitur Hocf?oburg,et Theo- warrant you. Du. pleghe, plech (Sax.)
X&cxaira placitaitdo sibi conquisivit.' —
Ado officium et servitus patrono a cliente
Viennensis, A.D. 743 in Due. Taliter//a- praestandum. Kil.
'

citatum est fide media et condictum.' —
Plenary. Plenty, -plenish. -plete.
Eric. Upsal. ibid. In the famous treaty Lat. plemis, full, from pleo, extant in
preserved by Nithardus, ' Et ab Ludher impleo, to pour in, to fill. So Lith. pilnas,
nul//flz^nunquam prindrai qui meon vol Lett, pilns, pils, from Lith. pillu, pilti, to
cist meon fradre Karle in damno sit' pour. Pildyti, to fill, complete, fulfil.
nullum pactum inibo. Firent pais e Gr. ttXeo^, full irifnrXrjfii, to fill.
'
;


plait alrei David.' Livre des Rois. The Plenitas, OFr. pletit^, fulness, plenty.
next step is supplied by Grisons pladir, Compleo, -pletiis, to fill up to the top, to
plidir, to engage, as a servant. From accomplish, complete. Repleo, repletus,
hence, as from Lat. adulterium to It. to fill again, fill to overflowing.
avollMo, E. a-vowtery, we pass to Fr. Pleonastic. Gr. TrXtovaimKos, redund-
plevir, the v of which passes into the soft ant, TrXfova'Sw, to be more than necessary;
g oi pleige, plege, as in Fr. leger from Lat. ttXeoi/, more.
Isvis. '
et R A
fide interposita plegive- -plete. Complete. —
Expletive. — —
riint quod censum istum Y
et ejus hasre- Kepletion. See Plenary.
dibus bona fide garandizabunt' Chart. —
Plethora. Gr. -a-Xridwpri, fulness, sa-
A.D. 1 190 in Carp. Se pleger, to com- tiety -n-XridoQ, abundance ttXIoc, full.
; ;

mence a suit ; plegeur, a plaintiff in an Pleurisy. Gr. vXivpa, -bv, a rib, in


action. — Cot. plur. irXeupa, the ribs, side ; ffXtupirijs, dis-
To the same class of words belongs E. ease of the side.
plight, to engage, corresponding to Fr.
Pliable.— Pliant. See To Ply.
plait, agreement, accord, although it is
probably not directly from that source. -plic-. -plex. Lat. plico, -as, to fold
or fold complicatio, a fold-
Lat. placitum becomes in Prov. placht, plica, a pleat ;

plag, plach, plait, play j while placitare ing together. Implication, a folding of
assumes the forms oi plaidejar,plaideyar, one thing in another. Sjtpplication, a
playejar, plaegar, to litigate, treat, make bending under of the knees in humility
accord. Quan lo plag es comensat when making a petition. Lat. -plex is

when the plea is begun Rayn. in v. used as E. -fold in simplex, singlefold,
Part. From the form placht we pass to duplex, twofold, multiplex, manifold.
Du.plickt (HoU. Sicamb.), judicium, lis, Hence also complex, folded together, in-
litigium plichten, plechten, agere lites volved. See To Ply.
; ;

plechte}i (Fland.), spondere merces pro- Plight. OFr. ploit, fold, bending,

bas esse, to warrant or guarantee. Kil. thence state and condition. See Plait.
Placitum, Yr. plait, plet, in the sense of The plight of the body, I'habitude du corps.
duty payable to the lord on the death of Sherwood. — *
31
— ;; —

484 PLIGHT PLUCK


Tantost le met en si mal ploit And squaring it in compass well beseen
Apo li fait le cuer criever. There tlotteth out a tomb by measured space.
F. Q. in R.
He soon puts him in so bad a plight he nearly

breaks his heart. Fabliau of Miller and Clerks Hence figuratively ^/ij/ is used for a de-
in Wright's Anecdota Lit., p. 22. sign of future action, and originally it was
Bret, pleg; plek, fold, bending, inclina- as far from implying blame as plan is
tion, tendency, habit. In the same way now.
they speak in Fr. of affairs taking un So forth she rose and through the purest sky
inauvais pli, une mauvaise toumttre, fall- To Jove's high palace straight cast to ascend,
To prosecute her plot.—F. Q. III. 11.
ing'into a bad condition. // a pris son
pli, the habit is foiined. La toumure Accident has appropriated /&« to a de-
action ; plot, to one of
d'une affaire, the turn that things take, sign of open
the condition of the business. secret machination.
It is observable that G. pflicht, from
Plough. G. pffug, Pol. plug. Boh.
pflegen, was frequently used in a sense
pluh. Perhaps from the plough having
closely approaching that of E. plight: been a plug or peg,
a stake pushed along
the ground. G. pjlock, a peg.
guise, fashion, condition, or sometimes as through
the termination -ness. In keiserlicher The plough, a sort of long wooden plug
'

pflichte, in imperial fashion, as becomes dragged


through the soil, having an effect
in ordenlicher^^/zA/, in an much like that of a
an emperor subsoil plough.'
;

orderly way; an armlicher p. in poverty Olmsted's Texas. Modenese piod, piew,


niit williger p. with obligingness. Ich pioca, a plough, may be compared with
lebe in grozes ntdes /. I live in a state of Fr. pieu, a st*;e. Murat. Diss. 19. 84. —

great hatred. Zarncke. Compare, Dan. pldg,plok, a peg; plov, a plough.
Sw.plig, peg ; plog, plough.
With eyes sore wept he in momyng pizte. * Plover. Fr. dial, pluvier, as if be-
Rom. of Partenay, 3968.
tokening rain. Lat. plwvialis, rainy.
To Plight. See Pledge. The G. name is jegenpfeifer, the rain-
Plintli. Gr. irXiyflof, a brick or tile, piper.
the plinth or flat tilelike member on which To Pluck. Du. plucken, G. pfliicken,
a column rests. N. plikka, Dan. plukke, Piedm. pluM,
To Plod. The primitive sense oiplad Grisons sphtccar, Fr. iplucher, to pick,
or plod is to tramp through the wet, and pluck, gather. The radical meaning of
thence fig. to proceed painfully and labo- the word is preserved in Rouchi pluquer,
rious.ly. to peck, to pickup crumbs, Yr.pluguoter,

I am St Jaques' pilgrim thither gone,


to pick nicely —
Cot, Champ, pluchoter,
Ambitious love hath in me so offended to pick in eating, or with the pronuncia-
That haxefoot plod I the cold ground upon. tion softened by the insertion of a vowel
AU'sWell, III. 4. between /
and /, \i. piluccare, peliiccarc,
Coming to a small brook, I perceived a hand- to pick one by one, to pick up clean,
some as a chicken doth corn.
lass on the other side, who according to the Fl. From this —
custom of the rustick Irish tucked up her coats to
sense of the verb are formed nouns sig-
the waste, and so came pladdm^throvigii, Eng- —
nifying a small portion, so much as is
lish Rogue in Nares.
picked at once, Piedm. pluch, INIllan.
To plowd, to wade.- -Grose. Gdie\.plod, peluch (bruscolo), a crumb, particle. Ai.
plodach, a puddle. n'l! pci7i pluch, there is not a morsel.
Pl.D. plik-schulden, small debts; plik-
In a foul plodde in the strete suththe me hym kerie, small matters S\v. plockwis, by ;
slong.— R. G. 536.
little and little ; plock, things of small
C.pladdern,plantscken, to dabble, paddle value; Dan. plukkeri, trumpery. Du.
Da. pladder, mire. plugghe, res vilis et nullius valoris. Bigl. —
-plore. — Deplore. —
Explore. Lat. It is in this latter sense that E.//«ir^ must
ploro, to weep, wail deploro, to lament, be understood, when it is applied to the
;

deplore. It is hardly possible to imagine heart, lixer, and lights of cattle, food of
a connection between the sense of explore, little estimation consumed by the poorer
to search out, and that of wailing. classes.
Plot. A parallel form with plat, sig- From what has been said under Pill it
nifying spot, spot of ground, then the will be seen that there is some difficulty
ground occupied by a structure, the in tracing our way with certainty through
ground-plan. To plot out, to plan, to lay the variety of related forms to the original
out the ground for a design. root. It would seem however that in
; — ;

PLUG PLUNGE 485


pick axidipHck, or pluck, we have one of stone into the water it cried plump
; !

those cases where the root appears under Plumpen, to make the noise represented
a double form, with an initial p and pi \fj plump, to fall with such a noise. He
respectively, as in 'E.pasie and Sp. plaste, full in't water dat het plumpede. He
E. pate and Q.platte, ^i^^. patio and Piedm. fell into the water so that it sounded
platia, pit, Du. paveien and plaveien, to plump. —
Brem. Wtb. Bav. plumpf,
^ZMS,peistercn a.nA pleisteren, to plaster, plumps, noise made by something falling
&c. flat with a dull sound. Sw. plumpa ned
Plug. Sw. pligg, a peg j Du. plug, a i "vandet, to plump or plunge into the
bung, a peg Pl.D.
; plugge, a peg, a blunt water ; plumpa ned ett papper, to let a
needle ; plukk, a block, clog, log, peg, blot fall on paper. To tell one something
plug, wadding of a gun. Gael, ploc, plmnp is to blurt it out, to tell it without
strike with a club, block, or pestle as a circumlocution, like a mass of somethiug
; ,

noun, any round mass, a clod, club, bung, wet flung down upon the ground, or a
stopper ;
pluc, beat, thump, a lump, stone which sinks at once, without a
bunch, bung. Fin. pulkka, a peg, tap, splash, into the water. And as it is only
wedge ; pulkita, to plug, wedge, com- a compact and solid mass that makes a
press ; Esthon. /«//&, peg, round of a lad- noise of the foregoing description, the
der, bung of a cask. Russ. polk, Boh. t&rxn. plump is applied to a compact mass,
pluk, a troop, regiment. a cluster ; a plump of spears, of wildfowl,
The sense of a projection, lump, round of rogues, of gallants. It is then used to
mass, is commonly expressed by a root signify a thick and massive make. g.
signifying strike, and the act of stopping plump, massive, lumpish, rounded. Ein
or plugging takes its designation from the dicker und plumper kerl ; ein plumpes
bunch of materials with which the orifice gesicht, a plump face. In a similar way,
is stopped. Compare Fr. toucher, to from Dan. pludse, Du. plotsen, to plump
stop; with E. busk, a tuft of fibrous matter. down, to plunge, are derived Dan. plud-
From the notion of a bunch of something set, swollen, bloated, pludsfed, chubby,
thrust in to stop a hole, the signification Fl.D. pluizig, pudgy, chubby. Plutzige
passes on to a peg or elongated body finger, round fleshy fingers. Swiss blunt-
driven in for the same purpose. schen, the sound made by a thick heavy
Plum. I. G.pflaum, on. ploma, plum- body falling into the water ; bluntschig,
ma, Du. pruim, OberD. prume, praume, thick and plump bluntschi, a thickset ;

Lat. prunuin. person. Sw. dial, flunsa, to fall into


2. Plum, light, soft ; plim, stout, fat water with a plashing noise; S-w.fluHsig,
to plim, to fill, to swell. — ;

Hal. Fr. potd, plump, over-corpulent flunsa, a short


;

plump, or plumme, full-round potel^, pudgy girl. Gael, plub, sound as of a


— ;

plump, full, Aeshy, plumme. Cot. Not- stone falling into water, a sudden plunge,
withstanding the close resemblance, the a soft unwieldy lump,//a^ac;^, jolt-headed,
word is distinct from plump, being the chubby-headed. This plub with inversion
equivalent of G. pflaum in pflaum-federn, of the / (as in blob, bleb, compared with
down, swelling, fluffy feathers. Bav. bubble) explains Cleveland /iMi5^/if, plump,
pflaum, down, loose foam, froth. To the stout, fat.
same root belong 'Ls.t. plumajW. plu,pluf, Plunder. VI.D. plunne, formerly //k»-
feathers, down, and E. flue, fluff, light, den, rags, thence in a depreciatory man-
'
downy flakes. From pluff a parallel form ner, clothes of poor people. Wedekind
with pufl\ to blow. Pluffer, a pea-shooter; toch an toreten plunden, alse ein bedeler,
pluffy, spongy, porous, soft, plump. —
Hal. Witikind put on torn clothes like a beg-

Plumb. Plummet. A
ball of lead gar. Mine beten plunnen, my bits of
suspended by a line to show the perpen- things. Du. plunje, sailors' clothes ;

dicular. plomb, Lat. plumbum, lead.


Fr. plunje kist, clothes-chest. G. plunder,
Plumbago. Plum.ber. — Lat. plum- things of little value, lumber, trumpery
bum, lead, plumbarius, a worker in lead, plunder kammer, lumber-room. Hence
plumbago, a vein of natural lead. Du. plonderen, plunderen, to seize on
Plume. Lat. pluma, a soft feather the goods of another by force, to plunder.
w. //z^, feathers. See Plum. To Plunge.. Ft. plcgiger. Tin. plotsen,
Plump. The radical image is the plonssen, plonzen, to fall into the water
sound made by a compact body falling Kil. ; plotsen, also to fall suddenly on
into the water, or of a mass of wet falling the ground. The origin, like that of
to the ground. He smif den sten in't plump, is a representation of the noise
water, plump / seg dat. He threw the made by the fall. Swiss bluntschen, the
.

486 PLURAL POINT


sound of a thick heavy body falling into the lungs,
Trviifioiv, whence pneumonia,
the water. To blunge clay (among pot- disease of the lungs.
ters), to mix up clay and water, and Du. To Poach. Fr. pocher, to thrust or
blanssen (Biglotton), to dabble, are forms dig out with the fingers. Oeuf pochi, a
of similar construction. poached egg. Pocher le labeur d'autrui,
Plural. Lat. pluralisj plus, pluris, to poche into or incroach upon another
more.
Plush.

man's employment. Cot. So 'E. to poach,
Fr. peluche, Piedm. plucia, to intrude in search of game on another
plush Du. pluis, flock, flue, lock, also man's land.
;

plush, a kind of cloth with a flocky or The word is merely a dialectic varia-
shaggy pile. We have traced (under tion oipoke, to thrust with a pointed in-
Periwig) the line of derivation from the strument.
root pluck to Sp. peluca, a lock or tuft of
They use to pocke them (fish) with an instru-
hair, a handful, so much as is taken at a
pluck. Now the final ck of pluck is soft-
men t somewhat like a salmon spear. Carew in R —
For his horse, pocking one of his legs into some
ened down in Fr. Splucher, pluchoter, to hollow ground, made way for the smoking water
the sound of sh, corresponding to z in to brealc out. Sir W. Temple, ibid. —
Tin. pluizen, V\.t). plusen, to pick, pluck,
strip, whence pluis, in the senses above To pock, to push to patch,
; to poke, to
mentioned. thrust at, to push or pierce to pouch, to
To Ply. -ply. From Lat. plicare, to poke or push. Hal. Swiss putschen, — ;

butschen, biltschen, to thrust, push with


bend or fold, are It. piegare, Prov.
the horns.
plegar, pleiar, Fr. plier, to ply, bend, * When clay land in wet weather is
bow piegatoie, benders or bowing-ply-
said to be poached or trodden into holes

;

ers. Fl. The compounds applico, im-


by cattle, it may be doubtful whether the
plico, produce Fr. appliquer, to apply,
word is the foregoing poche for poke, or
bend, bow unto, and impliquer, to infold,
whether it may not correspond to the
enwrap, and fig. to imply ; It. impiegare,
patch or podge in hotchpotch, hodgepodge.
to employ Fr. ^employer, to set him-
;
Banff patch, to trample into mud, to
self about, to apply himself unto, to la-
work in liquid or semi-fluid substance in
bour, be earnest upon. Lat. applicare in
a dirty way, to walk through mud or
littus, to arrive at land. Per mare Asiam
water. G. patschen, to dabble or tramp
applicare, to pass over to Asia. Ad phi-
in mire patsch, mud, mire. To poach
losophiam, ad eloquentiam se applicare. ;

From these may be understood the force would Pock.


then be to tread into mire.
Du. pocke, pockele, puckele, a
of E. ply, to give one's mind to, to be
intent upon. B. —Her gentle wit she pustule, a bubble, as it were, of morbid
'

matter breaking out of the flesh. Puk-


plies to teach him truth.' Thither he
'

kel, peukel, a pimple. Fr. boucle, a bub-


plies undaunted' (Milton), bends his
ble. See Buckle. Cotgrave calls pustules
course. Walach. plecd, to bend plecu ;
water-powkes. In Da. kopper, small-pox,
la fuga, I take flight ; plecu la drumu, I
Mid. the consonantal sounds of the
root are
ply the road, set out on a journey.
Lat. plicare vadia, to give pledges. To transposed, and here also we are led to
ply one's heels, to ply for hire, &c. a similar origin in Fin. kuppa,
kuppelo,
kupula, a bubble of water, tumour, pus-
Parallel with the foregoing are AS. pleg-
ampoule signify
gan, G. pflegen, to attend to, to take care tule. G. blase and Fr.
of Plegge on his bocum, incumbat ejus both a bubble and a
blister or pustule.

libris. —
Lye. Pocket. See Poke.
Keep house and ply his book, welcome his Pod. The analogy of cod, which sig-
friends —
Shakesp.
. nifies a bag, a cushion, as well as the pod
would
MHG. arzenie pflegen, to cultivate medi- or bag-like fruit of beans and peas,
cine lead us to connect pod with Da. pude,
;slafes p. to sleep aventiure, der
Sw. puta, a pillow or cushion. The word
;

Sren p. to seek
adventures, honour des
altars p. to serve the altar what
;
may indeed be a parallel form with cod,
; pflege,
a man is occupied in, employment. Die as E. poll with ON. kollr, top, head.
wile er was in dirre pflege, while he was Podgy. See Pudgy.
in this employment. —
Zarncke. —
Poem. Poesy. Poet. — Gr. voiriita,

Pneumatic. Pneumonia. Gr. jrvJo), •jroirjaiQ, Troirjrrjc, from Troifw, to make,
to breathe levtv^a, -roe, breath, wind compose ; thence Lat. poema, poeta.
— Puncture. — Punctual. —
;
;
vvivyiaTiKoq, belonging to the wind or air Point.
;

POINT POLL 487


Pungent. Lat. pungo, pnpiigi, puncium, Polecat. Du. poat-kat, an animal dis-
Fr. poindre, to prick punctutn, Fr.
; tinguished by its offipnsive smell, whence
poind, point, a prick, point. the Fr. nwn\& pzitois, ixovn. \,2A. putere, to
Point Device. See Device. stink. To stink li^e a polecat. Ray's —
To Poise. Fr. poiser,peser, to weigh, Proverbs. Sa,nscr.pi(tika, stinking pu- ;

{xoxapoids, 'LsX.pondus, weight. Matters tikd, a civet or pofecat. The origin of


of great poise, matters of weiglit. the E. name is OFr. piclent, pullent,
Poison. Yr. poison, from 'Lat.potio, a stinking.
drink. Mid. Lat. impotionare, to poison. Polemic. Gr. TroAf/aoc, war.
Diez points out a similar euphemism in Police. —
Policy Politics. From
i^.yerba, Ptg. .j^-z/a:, properly herb, then Gr. TToXig, a city, we have koKitxiq, a citi-
poisonous herb, poison, and in G. gift, zen ; TToXirtKoe, belonging to a citizen ;
originally a dose, what is given at once, TToXiTfia (whence It. polisia, Fr. police),
then poison. citizenship, administration, government.

Poke. Pocket. Pouch, —on. poki, Policy. A
policy of assurance is a
Du. poke, poksack, Fr. poche. Norm. written engagement to make good a cer-
pouque, pouche, pouquette, sack, wallet, tain sum on the occurrence of a specified
pocket that into which anything is contingency. \t. pdlizza, a bill or sche-
;

poked or thrust. —
Richardson.. But if dule ; polizza di carico, a bill of lading, a
the word be identical with E. pock, a document which it was necessary to pro-
pustule (Rouchi poques, poquetes, small- duce on applying for the money assured
pox), the radical would seem to be a on goods lost at sea.
bubble takeh as the type of a hollow The word is a violent corruption of
case. See Pock. It is possible, however, Lat. polyptycha, -um. A
pair of tablets
that the ultimate signification may be folding on each other used as a memo-
simply protuberance, from the root pok, randum-book was called diptycha, from
in the sense of strike. SiTTTvxoe, two-fold. The term was then
To Poke.— Poker. Du./(7/6£^, topoke; applied in ecclesiastical language to the
poke, a dagger, on. piaka, to thrust, to catalogues of the bishops and other nota-
pick N. paak, pjaak, Sw. pdk, a stick.
; bles of a. church, whose names were
Probably the change to a broader vowel read at a certain period of the service.
in poke, as compared with pick, repre- When the list was too long to be con-
sents' a thrust with a coarser instrument. tained in a pair of tablets the additional
A similar relation is seen in stoke, to tablets gave the memoranda the name of
poke the fire, to thrust with a large in- polyptycha, a term specially applied to
strument, as compared with stick, to the registers of taxes. Polypticos, i. e.
pierce with a pointed instrument. Rouchi breves tributi et actionis. Glossae ad —
poque, blow with a ball. Recevoir eune Cod. Theod. Ut illi coloni tam fiscales
bone poque, to get a good blow. quam et ecclesiastici, qui sicut et in po-
A parallel form of root is found with a lypticis continentur, et ipsi non denegent
final / instead of k. E. 6S.3X. pote, poit, to carropera et manopera.— Edict. Car. Calv.
push or kick firepoit, a poker Craven
; — in Due. Reditus villarum nostrarum de-
Gl. ; W. pwtio, to poke, to thrust ; Sw. scribere jussit, quod polyptychum vocant.
pdta, to turn up the ground, feel in one's The term then appears in the corrupted
pocket peta, to poke the fire, pick one's
;
forms oipuleticum, poleticum, polegium.
teeth. Sc. paut, to strike with the foot, Episcopus divino consilio wsvii, poleticum
kick, stamp. quod adhuc in eadem
ecclesia reservatur
Pole. Sw. pale, a stake, pale, pile ; scripsit. — Due. A
similar corruption
Lat. palus, a pole. converted diptychus into diptagus, dipti-

Pole. Polar. Gr. ttoXIw, to turn up, titis.

turn about m\oq, a pivot, hinge, axis,


;
Poll.—Pollard. PI. D . poll, head, head
the axis of the sphere, the vault of heaven. of a tree or plant, top, tuft OVivl. polle, ;

Fin. palaan, pallata, to roll, to return; polleken, vertex capitis, capitellum, cacu-
Lap. pale, turn, occasion. men, fastigium bol, bolle, globus, spaera,
;

* Foleaxe. An axe with a hammer caput bolleken, capitulum, capitellum.


;

at the back the implement used by


; Kil. Sw. dial, pull, top, crown of hat.
butchers in felling an ox. Should pro- To poll, to cut off the poll or top, or
perly, it seems, be Yixxitexipollaxe, an axe sometimes to reduce to a, poll or rounded
for knocking one on the poll or head. summit (as Sw. stympa, to cut short, from
Du. bollen, to fell, to knock down with stump, or ON. bola, to cut off, from bolr,
an axe or mallet, from bol, the head. trunk), to clip the hair a polled sheep
';
; ;

488 POLLUTE PONTIFF


or cow, one without horns pollard, a tree the notion of striking with a knol^bed im-
;

whose top has been cut off, a deer that plement, like the pommel of a sword.
has lost its horns. But the root pumis used to signify strik-
Parallel with the foregoing are a series ing, from direct imitation of the sound of
of forms in which the initial/ is replaced a blow, which is represented in Pl.D. by

by k. ON. kollr, top, stump, skull kol- the syllable bu?ns / Brem, Wtb. Bav.
;

I6ttr. polled, hornless, bald N. kollut, punisen, to sound hollow, to beat, strike
;

hornless, bald, without point, stumpy against so as to resound. Lang, poumpi,


Pl.D. kiilV, top of tree; kdll'n (Danneil), to beat, to knock. Craven ptim, to
to cut off the head, to poll. Sc. coll,, cow, thump, \Aie.Tice.pummer,poomer, a thump-
to poll the head, to cut, clip, lop collie,
; er, anything very large of its kind, ex-
a shepherd's dog, which has commonly plaining boomer, the name given in Au-
the tail cut short. The radical notion stralia to the largest kind of kangaroo.
seems to be a round knob. Hesse kulle, The two derivations would be made to
a bowl. agree if Lat. pomum itself were one of
Pollute. Lat. polluo, pollutum. the numerous cases in which the idea of
'
Pelt. A —
thump or blow. Hal. Hence roundness or projecting form is expressed
polt-foot, a club-foot, the notion of a blow by the figure of striking, w. pwmp, a
and of massiveness being frequently con- blow, a round mass ; pwmp ddyn, a
nected. Fr. poulser, to push, thrust, lusty fellow.
justle, joult. Lat. pulsare, pultare, Sw. Pomp. Lat. pompa, a solemn proces-
bulla, to knock or beat. Manx poll, a sion.
blow, stroke, thump, or the noise which —
Pompion. Pumpkin, hat. pepo, It.
it makes. pepone, popone, Lang, poupoun, Fr. pom-
Poltroon. Fr. poltron, a scoundrel, pon, melon, gourd, pumpkin.
also a dastard, coward, sluggard, base, 'e..pum.pkin seems to be a corruption
idle fellow. —
Cot. It. poltrone, an idle of pompion, as tompkhi or tamkin, the
fellow, a base coward, base rascal, knave. rammer of a gun, of Fr. tampion.
Yxam. poltrare, poltrire, to loll and wal- Pond. See Pen.
low in sloth and litherness, to lie lazy in Ponder. Lat. pondus, -eris, weight

bed poltra, a bed to lie on a-days. Fl. ponderare, to weigh.
;

G. polster, a mattress, cushion. -ponent. -pound, hat. pono,positum,


In latter times the signification has to put, 'set, lay. Hence compono, to put
been so much confined to the idea of together, in OE. to compone, or co77ipoune,
cowardice that the derivation has been and thence by corruption to compound, as
obscured. Fr. paillard is an analogous to pound iroTa the older potine or pun, or
form, signifying in the first place a lie-a- as sound from Fr. son. In the same way
bed, from paille, straw, then a rascal, Expound, Propound.
scoundrel, filthy fellow. —
Cot. Poniard. Fr. poignard. It. pugnale,
Poly-. Gr. TtoKis, many as in Poly- Ptg. punhdl, a dagger, probably, as Gr.
;

gamy (yaixog, ma.ma.ge), Polyglot (yXwo-o-a t-fxiipi-liav (from x«'P> hand), a hand-knife,
or yXwTTa, the tongue), Polypus {vove, a from Lat. pugnus, Yx.poing, the fist em- ;

foot), &c. poigner, Ptg. punhar, apunhar, to grasp.


Pomander. A musk-ball, little round Pontiff, hat. pontifex, the name given
ball made
of several perfumes. Fr. to those appointed to preside over reli-
pomme —
d'ambre, an apple of amber. B. gious rites. In the opinion of Varro, from
Sp. ponia, a perfume-box, round vessel their having occasion to make and repair
pierced with holes for containing per- the bridge over the Tiber for the perform-
fumes. ance of sacred rites on the other side.
Pomatum. Originally made with Potitijices, ut Q. Scasvola Pontifex Maxi-
'

apples, as appears from the receipt in mus dicebat h posse et facere : ego k
Pharmacop. Lond., 1682. Axungise por- ponte arbitror, nam ab lis sublicius est
cinse recentis lib. ii. &c. pomorum (vulgo factus primum et restitutus SEepe, quod eo
;

pomewaters) excorticatorum et conciso- sacra et uls et cis Tiberim non mediocri



rum lib. i. &c. N. and Q. ritu fiant.' It is obvious that this ex-
Pommel. Fr. pommcau, pomelle, as planation is a mere guess, and it has
It. pomolo (dim. oi porno), an apple, by always been felt as a strange origin of the
met. any round head, knob, or pommel, designation. A highly plausible explana-
as of a sword or saddle, a pin's head, head tion is suggested by F. W. Newman, who

of a nail. Fl. supposes that pontifex is for pompifex,
To Pommel. Plausibly derived from the conductor of the pompa or solemn
PONTOON PORCELLANE 489
processions, analogous to Gr. rcvn from a pop. Hence to pop, to move suddenly.
TTE/iirt. The Samnite Pontius is tlie Sa- Pope. The name of papa, father, was
bine Pompeius. And pontes occurs in formerly the peculiar address of a bishop,
the Iguvine tables with the appearance of and sometimes was used for the episcopal
signifying /(7w/£?, processions. title Papa urbis TuroniccE. Greg. Tur.
; —
Pontoon. Fr. ponton, Lat. pons, pon- By a decree of Greg. VII. the title was
tis, a bridge. confined to the Roman Pontiff. Due. —
* Pony. In Boyer's Diet., 1727, it is In the Greek Church the name is still
marked as a mean or vulgar term, and is given to a priest. Gr. TroTrSe, Walach.
explained as a little Scotch horse.' The popct, Magy. pap. G. pfaffvi a corruption
'

name may then be from Gael. po?iatdk, a of the same word.


pony, a docked horse (Macalpine), and Popinjay. It. papagallo, OYr. pdpe-
not vice versi. The derivation from gau, papegay, Sp. papagayo, parrot, ety-
puny, insignificant, appears highly im- mologically talking cock. Devon pop-
probable. ping, chattering, tattling Bav. pappeln,
;

Poodle. Du. poedele, to paddle in the to chatter, tattle, talk der p apple, the ;

water, whence poedel-hond, a poodle or talker, a parrot. So Sanscr. vach, to



rough water-dog. Overyssel Almanach. speak vacha, a parrot. The change in
;

G. piidel-nass, thoroughly wet. the last element from It. gallo, Fr. gau,
Pooh.! An interjection expressive of geau, a cock, to gay, geai, a jay, probably
contempt, originally representing the arose from the fact that the jay, being re-
sound of spitting, from the figure of spit- markable both for its bright-coloured
ting out an ill-tasting morsel. plumage and chattering voice, seemed to
come nearer than the cock to the nature
To-o-Ii Tuh exclaims the Muzunga, spitting

! !

of the parrot.
with disgust upon the ground. Burton, Lalce
Regions of Africa, 2. 246. There's Mackinnons Poplar. Lat. populiis, G. pappel, a
live there. But they are interlopers, they are tree distinguished by the tremulous move-
worthless trash. And he spit in disgust. —
Geof- ment of its leaves. Bav. poppeln, to move
fry Hamlyn, 1869. Would to God therefore that about like water in boiling poppern, to ;
we were come to such a detestation and loathing
of lying, that we would even spattle at it, and cry
move to and fro, to tremble with anger ;

fy upon it, and all that use it. —


Dent's Pathway. pfopfern, to beat as the heart, to palpi-
tate.
Sw. spott, spittle, also derision, raillery, ^oppy- Fr. pavot, pabeau, papou. —
contempt, insult. Galla twu ! interj. re- Jaubert. Lat. papaver.
presenting sound of spitting tufa, tilfada,
; Populace. — Popular. — Populous.
to spit, to slight, to scom. yissynpiiwlia, populus, w.pobl, people.
'LzX.

Gr. jrruw, Lat. spuere, to spit ; respuere, Porcellane. China ware seems to
to spit out, to disgust or dislike, to reject, have been made known in Europe to
first

refuse. As sneezing is a convulsive act the Italians through the Arabians, who
of spitting, it is taken as expressive of re- called it, as we now do, China. The
jection,and we speak of a thing not to be name oi porcellane. It. porcellana, was in
sneezed at. Bav. pfuchesen, pfugezen, to all probability given to it from the re-
puff as a short-winded person, spit as a semblance of the surface to that of various
cat, sneeze. sea-shells, as the Venus' shell or tiger-
Pool. w. pwll, a pool, pit, ditch ; Du. shell, in It. called porcellana, a name
poel, puddle, slough, plash, pool, fen ; ON. which Rob. Estienne also gives to the
pollr, a standing water, water-hole. Fin. buccinum or conch-shell. Ung grand '

pula, an opening in the ice. The origin OS de poisson de mer faict comme ung
is preserved in Fin. pulata, "to splash, cor, et duquel Ton peut corner, et en font
dabble, duck, in aqua moveor cum sonitu, les graveurs des images, communement
aquam agito. E. dial, pooler, the imple- diet Porcelaine, buccinum.' Porcelle, the
ment with which tanners stir up the ooze fine scallop or cocldeshells that painters
of .bark and water in the pits. use to put their colours in.— Fl. Porcel-
Poop. Lat. puppis, Fr. poupe, the lane is mentioned by Marco Polo in the
hinder part of a ship- 13th century, long before the intercourse
Poor. Lat. pauper, Fr. pauvre, pro- of the Portuguese with the East. He also
\\nzyaSyy poure J poure honime / — Vocab. gives the same name to the cowries
de Berri. which were used as money in India.—
Pop. Imitative of the sound made by Mahn. Etym. Unt. 11. The designation
a small explosion of air ; a pop-gun, a of porcellane by the name of the shell
tube contrived to drive out a pellet with early led to the supposition that the

;

490 PORCH POSE


China ware was made of powdered shells. government. Bab, a gate, a house of
Poroh. Fr. porche, hat. porticus, as government, official residence, or place of
perche irom. pertica. business. —
Redhouse. The term is never
Porcupine. It. porco spinoso, Ptg. applied by the Turks to the Sultan or his
porco espinho, Venet. porco-spin, a, Spiny court, but simply to the premises where
pig, porcupine, hedgehog. From these the general business of the government is
was formed n.porpin, a hedgehog (Hal.), carried on.
and thence coxxu-^tly porpentine, the word Portend. —
Portentous. Lat. por-
used by Shakespeare where we now read, tendo (from porro, onward, in front, and
porcupine. tendo, to stretch), to foreshow portentutn,
Like quills upon the fretful ;

a sign of good or ill luck, thence some-


Pore. Fr. pore, Lat. porus, the minute thing wonderful, a prodigy.
holes in the skin through which the per- Porter. A
dark kind of beer, origin-
spiration oozes out, from Gr. Tropoe, a ally called porter's beer, implying great
passage. strength and substance.
To Pore. To look close and long. Porthole. G. stikk-pforten, geschiitz-
The Sw. uses pdla in a similar way pforten, or pfort-gaten, the openings for
pala hela dagen i en bok, to pore all day the artillery in a ship side pforte, a door.
;

over a book. Pala med shrifwande, to Portly. Stately Fr. se porter, to


;

be drudging in writing. carry oneself, to behave.


Porpesse. It. pesce porco, the hog- To Portray.
Portrait. —
Fr. pour-
fish. draw, delineate pourtrait, de-
traire, to
Stinking seales and forcpisces. Spenser. — lineation traire, Lat. trahere, to draw.
;

It is remarkable that while in England


Pose. -pose. Position.
;


Positive. —
the native mereswine, ON. marsvin, sea-
Posture. \.at. pono, posittim, to put, set
swine, has been supplanted by the Latin down, place, gives positio, a
setting,

porpesse, the same change has taken place placing, or situation, positura, position,
in France in the opposite direction, and
posture, and a very numerous set of com-
the porpesse is there known by the name pounds, as Deposit, Composite, Imposition,
of marsouin. Proposition, &lc. In the verbs however
Porphyry. Gr. Trop^tJpa, purple, jrop^u- which correspond to these siibstantival
pirijc, red marble.
forms, Fr. diposer, composer, imposer,

Porridge. Porringer. Not the equi- &c., the place of po7to has been surrepti-
valent of It. porrata, leek-pottage Fl., —
tiously occupied by derivatives from Lat.
from Lat. porrum, a leek, but simply a pausa, a cessation or rest. Hence Prov.
corruption of pottage, what is boiled in pausa, rest, repose, peace. It. posare, to

the pot. Fr. potage, pottage, porridge. pause, abide, repose, Ptg. pousar, to stay
Cot. From porridge is formed porringer in the house of some one, to rest, to sit
(as messenger from message), a vessel for down. Then in an active sense, Prov.
holding porridge more correctly called pausar. It. posare, Fr. poser, Ftg. pousar,
;

pottenger in Devonshire. to set down, to place, put, set. Diez quotes


from the Alamanic laws, etpausant arma

A potenger, or a little dish with eares. Baret. sua josura.' Elhs lo vanpausar en .1. bel
'
'

1580 in Hal.
lieyt they lay him in a fine bed.
:

' Ar '

Pottanger, escuelle. Palsgr. — opauzem aissi :' now let us suppose it



Port. Wine of Porto, or Oporto, in so. Rayn. From this source came, in-
Portugal. dependent of any Latin original, Prov.
Port-, -port. —
Portable. —
Porter. ripausar. It. riposare, Fr. reposer, to rest,
\jzX. porta, -as, Fr. porter, to carry. Hence repose, while the compounds expaiisar,
to import, export, to carry in, out of a depausar, empausar, &c., Fr. exposer, d^-
country po}-tfolio, an implement for poser, &c., took the place of Lat. expono,
;

holding papers portmanteau, &c. depono, impono, &c.


Portcullis.
;

Fr. porte-coulisse, a slid- To Pose. Appose. Fr. apposer, to—


ing-gate coulisse, anything that shdes lay, or set, on, or near to.
; Cot. —
or slips or is let down, from couler, to
slide, shp, flow gently, trickle.
Then he apposed io them his last left roste.
Chapman, Homer.
The Porte. The Porte or Sublime
Porte, the name formerly given to the To pose or appose were then used in the
Ottoman Court, is a perverted Fr. trans- sense of putting to a person specific
lation of Babi AH, literally the High points on which an answer was expected,
Gate, the chief office of the Ottoman of subjecting to examination, and an ap-
— .

POSNET POTATOE 49
posite answer is an answer on the points armato milite vidisset oppletum, ^er pos
put to one. terulam tramitein medium squalenten
And often coming from school, when I met her, fructetis et sentibus vitabundus excedens
she would appose
lesson. —
touching my learning and
me
Stow in R. She pretended at the first
in Armenios incidit fessos.' Ammianu —
pose him and him, thereby to try whether
in Due. In general, however, it is usee
to sift
he were indeed the very Dulce of York or no. for back door, and like posticium, whicl
Bacon, H. VII. inR. was used in the same sense, is a deriva
The exercises of the students written tion ixorapost, behind.
for examinations at St Paul's school are Postulate. Lat. postulo, to demand
still called appositions. The term is then from posco, poscitum {j>os'tu7n), to asl
specially applied to the case in which the for, require, demand.
person examined is unable to answer,
* Posy. A motto or device, an in
vA\tXipose or appose takes the meaning of scription on a ring or the like. Fron
putting to a nonplus. poesy.

And canst thou be other than apposed with the A paltry ring whose posy was
question of that Jew who asked whether it were For all the world like cutlers' poetry
more possible to make a man's body of water or Upon a knife. Love me and leave ine not.
of earth ? All things are alike easie to an infinite Shalcesp
power. —Bp Hall in R. Udal —
writes itpoisee 'There was also ;

Posnet. A pipkin. Probably a dim. superscription or poisee written on th'


of pot. Posnet, a lytell potte. Pcilsgr. — —
toppe of the crosse This is the King
OUe in Necham
is glossed pozj urceoli, —
the Jews.' Luke c. 23.
pocenet. Urceos, in John de Garlandii, Anosegay was probably called by thi
in one MS. pos, in another pocenez. — name from flowers being used emblema
Scheler. tically, as is still common in the Eas(
Possess. Lat. possideo, possessum, Among the tracts mentioned in Catal
irom. potis sedeo, I sit as master or wield- Heber's MSS. No. 1442, is 'A new yeare
er ; as possum from potis sum, I am a posie made'upon certen flower
guifte, or
master, I have in my power. Sanscr./a/z, presented to the Countess of Pembroke
a master, owner, lord. "Lst. potior, -itus, to By the Author of Chloris, &c.' N. an( —
have in possession, to get the upper hand. Q., Dec. 19, 1868.
Possible. —
Potent, -potent. Lat.
Then took he up his garland and did shew
possum, I am able, pcpl. potens, -entis. What every flower, as country people hold.
See Possess. Did signify, and how, ordered thus
Post. I. Lat. postis, a doorpost, the Expressed his grief.— B. & F., Philaster I. i.
fixed upright on which the door is hung. There's rosemary, that's for remembrance
Perhaps from positus, set, laid ; positus, pray, love, remember and there's pansies, that' ;

-iis, the site of a thing.


for thoughts. Hamlet. —
2. It. posta, from positus, a set place or Pot. (m.pottr, Lith. pudas, Fm.patr.
station, the post or appointed place where Fr. pot:
a sentinel must stand the posture or
; The expression to go to pot is probabl
standing of a man, the stake set on a to be explained from Sw. dial, putt, pii
game also a station or place where re- hell. Far te putten ! go to hell. H,
;

lays of horses are kept for the public ser- gikk dpyttes, it went to pot, turned ou
vice. Posta seems also to have been fruitless.
used for an entry in a book of account, Potable. Gr. irivw, TrETrwicn, from
whence our expression to post up an ac- root TTo-, to drink ainov, Lat. potii ;

count. Ubi vero per postas libri usu- drink potare, to drink.
'
;

rarii non apparuerit per petentem sibi Potash.. The salt obtained from boi'

usuras restitui.' Concil. Ravennense, A. D. ing wood ashes in a pot or kettle.
1317, in Due. Potatoe. From the name by whic
Post-. Posterity. Lat. post, after, the root was known in Haiti. Pets
afterward posteri, those that come after, Martyr, speaking of Haiti, says (in D(
;

descendants, posterity. cad. 2, c. 9), 'Effodiunt etiame tellut


Postern. Posterne, yate, posticum, suapte natura nascentes radices, indigen:
posterula. —
Pr. Pm. Fr. posterne, po- Batatas appellant, quas ut vidi insubrs
terne, It. posterla, explained by Muratori napos existimavi, aut magna terra tubera
as a corruption Cii posterula iox porterula, From this last expression sprang It. tat
a little gate. "BuX. posterula is also used tufalo and G. kartoffel Navagerio, wh
in the sense of a back way. '
Viator qui- was in the Indies, at the same time, write
dam ad citeriora festinans cum bivium in 1526, 'lo ho vedute molte cose del
; !;;

492 POTENT PRANK


Indie ed ho avuto di quelle radice che pour; chorro, a strong and coarse scund
chiamano batatas, e le ho mangiate sono emitted by the mouth, a gush of water.
:

di sapor di castagno.' Doubtless these The word is however by some identified


were sweet potatoes or yams, which are with W. bwrw, to cast or throw; bifrw
still known by this name in. Spanish.
gwlaw, to rain ; bwrw dagrau, to shed
Potent. See Possible. tears.
Pother. See Pudder. To Pout. Lang, pout, pot, Lim. poto,
To Potter. To stir or disorder any- a lip ; _/5z las potas, Genevese faire la

thing B. to poke, push, as with the end potte, to stick out the lips in ill humour,
;

of a stick, to do things ineffectually.— to pout. Serv. putyenie, thrusting out the


Craven Gl. Du. poteren, peuteren, to lip in discontent putyitise, to pout.
;

pick one's nose or teeth, to finger. The The origin is the interjection of con-
notion of trifling or ineffectual action is tempt and displeasure,/^;';;^.'' prut! trut!
often expressed by the figure of picking, tut! on. putt! Fr.Fland. /a^./ puite
or stirring with a pointed implement. So representing a blurt of the mouth with
Norm, diguer, to ^rick, digomier, to work the protruded lips. M3igy. pittyni, pitty-
slowly. —
Decorde. To piddle, or work in egetni, pittyentni, to blurt with the lips ;

a trifling manner, is properly to pick with pittyasz, one who has prominent lips ;

the fingers. The simple form of the verb pittyesztni, to hang the lips, to pout
of which potter is a frequentative is seen pittyedni (of the lips), to project.
in E. dSsX. poit ot pote, to poke, Svi.pdta, In like manner from the form prut
peta, to poke or pick. Vl.D.pdotern, to may be explained G. protzen, prutzen, to
stir (herumwhiilen) with an instrument in sulic, and OUG. prort, a lip from tut ! E. ;

something. If the instrument is pointed tutty, ill-tempered, sullen, and tut-mouth-


the word ispdokern.— Danneil. ed, having a projecting mouth from ;

Pottle. A measure of two quarts. trut ! G. trotzen, to pout or sulk, to huff,


Fr. potel, little pot measure of a demi- and Sw. trut, snout, chops.
;

setier or other small measure. —


Roquef. Powder. Fr. poudre, from Lat. pul-
Pouch.. See Pocket. ver\ dust (pol're, poldre, poudre), as
Poultice. Lat. piils, pultis, pulticula, soudre from solvere, moudre from molere.
It. polta, poltiglia, pottage, gruel, pap. Power. Fr. pouvoir, OFr. pooir. It.
Gr. KokToq, mXfog, porridge. The form potere, an infinitive formed by analogy
poultice, poultis, corresponds to a Lat. from the inflections poles, potest, as It.,
pulticius. See Putty. volere, Fr. vouloir, from volo, volumus,

Poultry. Pullet. Fr. poule, a hen &c.
poulet, a chicken, from Lat. pullus, the —
Practice. Pragmatic. Gr. Trpaaaui,
young of an animal, as a chicken or a -Hoi, to do, work, behave, deal TrpaKTixos, ;

foal. business-like vpayfta, what is done, a


;

Pounce. I. Powder for smoothing thing, business ; TrpoyfinriKoc, Lat. prag-


parchment for writing on, for which pur- maticus, busy, skilled in state affairs or
pose pumice was formerly used. Fr. in law ; pragmatica sanctio, constitutio,
^ierre ponce, from It. pdmice, a pumice- &c., what was done by the emperors in
stone poncer, to smooth, rub over with
; council. Pragmatical, busy, officious,
a pumice-stone. meddlesome.
2. Thetalon of a bird of prey. Sp. Prairie. Tr. prairie, 'L.l.aX. prataria,
puncJia, thorn, prick ; piinchar, pitnzar, ixom prattim, a meadow.
to prick, sting. To pounce upon an ob- Praise. Prize. —Lat. pretium. It.
ject is to dash down upon it like a bird pretio, prezzo, pregio, Fr. prix, price
of prey, to seize it with his pounces. Du. prijs, price, worth, value, also praise,
Found. I. V>Vi. pond, Q.pfundj Lat. or the attribution of a high value, also
pondo, in weight, in pounds as the unit of prize, or the reward of success. Sp.
weight. '
prez, honour or glory gained by some
Pound. 2. —To Pound.
Pound, the meritorious action. Fr./nV, price, value,
inclosure for straying cattle. See Pen. prize, reward ; priser, to set a price on ;
To Pound. AS. punian, oe. to pun. Du. priisen, to appraise, to praise.
To stamp ox punne in a morter. Fl. — Prank. — Prance. To prank, to set
To Pour. An initial p in an English off, trick or trim— B. to set out
; for
word occasionally corresponds to ch in show.
Sp., as in E. poll and Sp. cholla, the top
They which are with God and gather with
of the head. To pour may thus be the hiin^goeth not praniytig afore God, but mekely
equivalent of Sp. chorrear, to gush, to —
Cometh after. Bale, Ap. in R,
; .

PRATE PREPOSTPIROUS 493


G. prangen, to glitter, strike the eye Pre-. Lat./n?, in front; as m Precinct,
with outward show mit kleidern prangen,
; Precise, &c.
to prank up oneself, go costly. Prange To Preach.. Lat. predicare, to an-
nicht vor dem kmige, put not forth thy- nounce, proclaim Sp. predicar, G. pre-
;

self in the presence of the king. Prange- digen, on.predika, "i^.preika, Yv.prescher,
pferd, Y>\x. pronkpaard, a horse of state, pricher, to preach.
horse for show. G. prangen, Du. pronk, Preamble. Yx.preamhi.lej La.t.pra-
ostentation, finery. Te pronk stellen, to ambulare, to go before.
show off ; te pronk staan, to be exposed Prebend. See Provender.
to view, to stand in the pillory. P}'onken, -preo-. —Precarious. Lat. preces,
to make a fine show, to strut. prayers precor, -catus sum, to pray
; ;

A prank is commonly taken in a bad deprecor, to deprecate or pray against ;

sense, and signifies something done in imprecor, to imprecate or invoke upon.


the face of others that makes them stare Also 'LsX.precaritis, ^.precarious, granted
with amazement. on entreaty, held at the pleasure of
In Venice they do let heaven see the pranks another, and so, unreliable, uncertain.
they dare not show their husbands. —
Othello. Precept. Lat. prcecipio, -ceptum, to
The link between /ra;«/^ and prance is instruct.See -cept.
found in Bav. prangezen, prangssen, to Precious. 'L-iX.pretium, a price ;/r^-
make compliments, assume airs prangss, tiosus, Fr. precieux, costly.
ziererei, idle ceremony. Da. dial./ra^>,
;

Precipice. Precipitate. Lat. proe-
prandse, to strut, prance. Swiss spranzen, ceps (from prcE and caput, head), head
to strut. foremost, headlong, steep, rash praci- ;

The word may be regarded as a na- pito, to fling or run down with violence,
salised form of Fr. braguer, to flaunt, to hurry.
brave, brag, or jet it ; braguerie, wanton Precocious. Lat. coquo, to cook, to
tricking or pranking, bragging, swagger- ripen ; prcecox, early ripe.
ing. See Brag. From the same root —
Predaceous. Predatory. See Prey.
{prag or brak, crack) may be traced G. Predial. Lat. pradium, a farm.
prahlen, to cry, speak loud, to glitter, Preface. Lat. fari, to speak ; pra-
strike the sight, to brag, boast, make fatio, something spoken before.
parade ; Swiss brogeln, progeln, to strut, Pregnant. Lat. prcegnans, in the
swagger. state previous to giving birth to a child.

To Prate. Prattle. Sw. prata, Du. From the root gen exhibited in Gr.
praaten, V\.V). praten, prateln, Q,. praten, ysi/i/diu, to beget, produce, and implicitly

prdschen (D. M. 4. 236), pratten, prdt- in Lat. nascor, natus (for gnascor, genas-
zeln (Sanders), Swiss pradeln, braudeln, cor, to be born.
brudeln, brodschen, bruscheln, Swab. -prehend. — Prehensile. Lat. prce-
bratschelii, to prate, tattle ; Pl.D. braod- hendo,prcehensum,X.o grSiS^ apprehendo,
;

schen, to talk loud ; E. dial, pross, chat to lay hold of, to understand compre-;

Sw. A\3l. paira, padra, to prate, chatter ;


hendo, to hold, to comprise, to under-
Serv. prtlyati, to prattle. stand.
The sense of idle or excessive talk is Prelate. Lat. prcefero, prcElatus, ad-
commonly expressed by the figure of vanced before the rest.
broken sound, as we call a great talker, Preliminary. Lat. limen, a threshold.
a rattle, a clack. On this principle the Premises. Lat. prcemissa, things
forms above collected take their rise in spoken of or rehearsed before. Then
slightly varying representations of inar- from the use of the term in legal language,
ticulate sound. G. pratsch! represents where the appurtenances of a thing sold
the sound of water dashed down (San- are mentioned at full in the first place,
ders) ; prasseln, prasteln, pratzeln, sprat- and subsequently referred to as the pre-

zen, to crackle, rustle (Sand.), protzeln, mises, the word has come to signify the
rauschen (D. M. 4. 132, 300), Du. preu- appurtenances of a house, the adjoining
telen, protele7i, to simmer, murmur (Kil.), land, and generally the whole inclosure
Sw. pruttla, to boil hard, bubble up.
dial, of a property.
Prawn. From the formidable spur Premium. Lat. pramium, a reward.
with which the head is armed? AS. preon, Prentice. For apprentice, Fr. appren-
bodkin. NFris. porn, It. parnocchia, tis, from apprendre, to learn.

prawn. Preposterous. Lat. prceposterus, the


To Pray. Lat. precari. It. pregare, wrong end first prce, before, in front,
;

Fr. prier. posterus, behind.


— . —
;;

494 PREROGATIVE PRICK


Prerogfative. The tribes that were trdtzen, to provoke one, lacessere, irritare ;
asked to give the first vote at the election then (as G. reizend, charming, from reizen,
of the Roman magistrates were called to irritate, provoke, charm), trutzig (nett,
prcerogativce {rogo, to ask) whence^rjj- zierlich, artig, mignon), pretty.
;

rogativa, precedency; pre-eminence. In like manner, from the interjection


Presage. See Sagacious. prut ! are formed G. protzen, to sulk
Presbyter. Gr. Trpia^inipoQ, comp. of protzig, insolent, saucy ; Du. pratten,
vpsaPut:, an aged man. superbire, ferocire. Kil. —
From the no-
Present. Lat. prasens, pra esens, tion of insulting we readily pass to that of
being before, from esum, the primitive irritating, provoking, and thus the E.
form of sum, I am. praty, pretty the equivalent oi G. protzig,
,

Press, -press. 1,31. premo,pressum. would acquire its actual signification in


As in Express, Compress, &c. the same way as has been shown in the

To Press for a soldier. Press-gang. case of Bav. ti'utzig.
From Lat. prasto, in readiness, to give Thus spurred and rendered desperate by the
money in prest was to give money in hand irresistibly provocative prettiness of Catherina.
to be subsequently accounted for. TroUope, Marietta, z. 55.
It is a strong confirmation of the fore-
And he sent thyder three somers (baggage
horses) laden with nobles of Castel and floreyns,
going derivation that it enables us to ex-
to gyve in prest to knyghts and squyers, for he plain a meaning of pretty apparently at
knewe well otherwyse he sholde not have them total variance with the common one
come out of theyr houses. —
Beraers, Froissart pretty, crafty. Hal. —
ON. pretta, to de-
iuR. ceive, 'ii.pratta, Sc. prat,prot, a trick.
']^Qriz^prest-money,f:.oxr\ipC\.y press-money, The notion of provoking or teasing natur-
the ernest money received by a soldier ally leads to that of playing tricks upon
taking service. one, then deceiving him.
I never yet did take press-money to serve under
Prevaricate. Lat. pravaricari j a

anyone. Cartwright in R. As we have all re- term of Roman law, to act dishonestly in a
ceived our press-money in baptism, so we must cause, to promote the interest of the side
every one according to our engagement maintain for which you are engaged, to shuffie, to
the fight against the world. —
Bp Hall in R. work by collusion in pleading, properly to
Hence to prest, or press, to engage sol- walk crookedly. Varus, crooked, awry.
diers. To press soldiers, soldaten werben, Prey. Lat. prceda, Bret, preiz, Fr.
conscribere, coUigere milites. —
Minsheu. proie. The original meaning is shown
At a later period the practice of taking in w. praidd, a flock or herd, prey taken
men for the public service by compulsion in war, which in early times would con-
made the word be understood as if it sig- sist mainly of cattle. Gael, spreidh, cat-
nified to force men into the sei-vice, and tle Sc. spreith, prey, plunder. ' A party
;

the original reference to ernest money of Camerons had come down to carry a
was quite lost sight of. spreith of cattle, as it was called, from
Preter-. Lat. /?-i?/^r, beyond. Morray.' —Abernethy.
Pretext. Lat. prcetexo, prcstextu7n, to Thai folk were all that nycht sprethand,
cover over, overspread, to cloke, excuse, Thai made all thairis that thai fand.
(.pretend. Wyntown.
Pretty. Dapyr or pratie, elegans. Price. Lat. pretium, W. pi'id, Bret.
Pr. Pm. The analogies usually suggested pris, Yx.prix.
are not satisfactory. There is too great —
Prick. Prickle. Du. prik, a prick
a difference in meaning to allow us to re- or stab W. pric, a skewer ; Ptg. prego,
;

gard the word as the equivalent of G. a tack or small nail, the sharp horn of a
prdchtig, stately, splendid. Nor does It. young deer pregar, to nail, fix, stick.
;

pretto, pure, unmixed, give a much better Sw. prick, point, spot prickig, spotted. ;

explanation. The radical meaning seems Pl.D. prikken,prikkelii, prokeln, to pick,


to be that of Fr. piquant, agreeably pro- stick anprikkeii, to stimulate, set on.
;

voking, making a strong impression on w. procio, to thrust, to stick in. Gael.


our taste qui plait, qui touche extreme-
; brog, to goad, to spur Fr. broche, a spit;
ment beautd piquante. Gattel.
; —
It is shown under Proud that the blurt
brocher, to stitch.
;

To Prick. To prick along is probably


of the mouth expressive of defiance is re- not from spurring the horse but moving
presented by the interjections trtit prut I .'
sharply forwards. 1 pycke me forlhe
'

from the former of which are formed G. out of a place, or I pycke me hence je :

trotzen, to pout like a child, to defy


; Bav. me tire avant.' — Palsgr.
—;

PRIEST PROCTOR 495


Priest. OFr. prestre, Lat. presbyter, force it open by leverage, from Fr. prisi\
from Gr. irpeir/Sirtpoc, elder. a taking, seizing, any advantage Cot., —
* Prim. The word seems to repre- what enables one to hold, a purchase in
sent the pursing up the mouth of a per- nautical language. Manx prise, a ful-
son, keeping a careful watch on their crum ; as a verb, to raise by lever on a
words. On the same principle is formed

fulcrum. —
Cregeen. On the other hand
Sc. mini, prim, demure, prudish. Jam. in Wiltshire to brise is to use force. If
'
The peer pridefou body cam mimmin' one wants an overfull box to shut, the
an' primpin' ben the fleer.' Banff, dial. — direction is to brise upon it. N. and Q., —
Sc. primp, to deck oneself out in a stiff September 3, 1870.
and affected manner ; prinipit, stiff in Prism. Gr. irpiu, to saw ; ivpicfia,
dress and demeanour primsie, demure,
; anything sawed, sawdust, a geometrical
precise. It may probably be the latter prism.
word which was intended by tht prenzie '
Prison. It. pj-igione, Fr. prison, from
Angelo,' in Measure for Measure. Isabella Lat. prehensio, prensio, seizure. Si^.pri-
has just been speaking of the ' outward- sidn, seizure, capture, confinement, pri-
sainted deputy,' and his '
settled visage.' son, prisoner. In OE. also prison was
Prime. —Primary. — Primate. — Pri- commonly used for prisoner.
mitive. 'LaX.prcB, in front, before; prior, Pristine. 'Lax. pristinus, ancient, be-
former primus, first, as Gr. Trpo, vpoTipoc,
;
longing to former times. See Prime.
irpwne. Lith. pirm, before, pirinjaus, Private, -prive. Lat. privus, sepa-
sooner, rather ; pirmas, the first. Gr. rate, single, particular, one's own ; privo,
jrpiv, before. to take away, to deprive ; privatus, de-
To Prime. The pri?ning of a gun is prived of, also appropriated, peculiar,
the last dressing or trimming which fits one's own.
it for immediate service. To prime, to Privilege. Lat, privilegium, a law
trim up young trees. —
Forb)\ A pri?ning- affecting particular persons, a private law.
iron, a pruning-knife. Minsheu. The — Prize. Two words seem to have been
original meaning of pruiie is to. dress or confounded. 1. from Lat. pretium, Fr.

set in order, and the priming of a gun prix, the price, value, worth of things,
was called pruning. It. granittr polvere, also the prize, reward, or honour due to
coYn-powdsr, pruning, or touch powder. the best deserver in a justs, &c. Cot., —
— Fl. See Prune. and
Primrose. Prymerose, primula. Pr. — 2. Fr. prise, a taking, seizing, booty, or
Pm. Lat. primula veris, Fr. primevere, prize. De bonne prise, good or lawful
the earliest conspicuous flower of spring. prize, also full ripe, fit to be cropped,
The element rose is added in the E. gathered', or taken. Cot. —
Et %'ih, prieg-
name as the type of flower in general. 7ient riens des enemys de roy ou d'autres

Prince. Principal. Principle. It. — qiconques, qu'ils tiele /m.? feront amener
principo, prince, prence, Lat. princeps, en le dit port, et ent ferront pleine infor-
prince, leader, beginner, chief; princi- mation k dit conservator. Stat. 2 H. V., —
pium, beginning, first taking ; from capio c. 6.

and the element prim or prin, before. Pro-. Gr. !rp6, before. Lat. pro, for,
Lith. pir7n, before ; pirmgalas, forepart before, in comp. in place of, for, as pro-
pirmgimys, first-born. See Prime. noun, what stands ybr a noun.
Print. Prcente, effigies, impressio. Probable. —Probate. Probity. Lat. —
Pr. Pm. imprenta, Fr. empreinte,
It. probus, good probo, to make good, to
print, stamp, impression. Cot. Em- — ;

deem good or approve. See To Prove.


preindre, from Lat. imprimere, as craindre Probe. QaX. proba, Fr. ^prouvette,zxi
from cremere (tremere), geindre from ge- instrument of surgery to try the depth of
mere. a wound, from Lat. probare, to try. Prov.
Prior. See Prime. prova, a probe, a sounding-line. The Sp.
uprise. Lat. prehendere, Fr. prendre,
name of the implement is tienta, from
to take pris, taken ; prise, a taking. So
; Lat. tentare, to try.
from Lat. apprehendere, Fr. apprendre,
Problem. Gr. irpd/3X»;/ia ; Trpo, in front,
appris, to learn, to teach, and thence E.
/SaWtt), to cast.
apprise, to make known to one. So also
Fr. comprendre, compris, E. to comprise,
Procrastinate. Lat. procrastinare; to
or contain Fr. entreprendre, -pris, to put to the morrow eras, to-morrow ;
ofi' ;
;

undertake, E. enterprise, an undertaking. c;>'«j/z««.f,-belonging to the morrow.


To Prise. To prise a box open is to Proctor. See Proxy.
; ;

49S PRODIGAL PROP


Prodigal. "LaX. prodigus, irouiprodigo, Piewas thus a very unpopular character,
to lavish. and was made the type of discreditable
Prodigy. Lat. prodigium, a thing dealing.
monstrous.
Profane. Lat. profanusj pro, away The fogging proctorage of money.
Milton in Worcester.
from, axidL/anum, a temple, fane.
Profile. It. porfilo, a border in arm- It would seem that the OE. contractions
oury, a purfle or worked edge, a profile proketor, prokecy, for procurator, procu-
also used for the superficies or surface of racy, and Gael, procadair, a law agent,
anything. — Fl. Fr. pourfil, a man's out- pracadair, a collector oity^^^jprocadair-
ward lineaments, the middle line of his eachd, advocacy, pleading, importunity,
face. —Cot. Properly the outline of the might vulgarly have been felt as if de-
face. \X-filo, line, edge. rived from a root, prock or prack, to ad-
Profit. Lat. proficio, -fectuin, to help vocate, to importune. And thus we may
on, further, advantage, to proceed or go explain OE. prokkyti, or styffly askyn,
forward ; profectus, It. profetto, Fr. profit, procor, procito Pr. Pm., as well perhaps —
profit, advantage, increase. as Sc. prig, to importune, to haggle.
Profligate. t,3X. fligo, to dash down Gael, (locally) prac, small tithes, dues.
;

profligo, to put to flight, to ruin profii- Prolific.


;
IjaX. proles, offspring.
gatus, ruined, debauched, wicked. Prolix. \jzX.. prolixus (explained from
Profound. Lat. profundus, deep, pro and laxus, slack), long, lengthened,
having the bottom {fundus) far down. tedious.
Prog. Prog is what is got by prog- Promenade. Fr. mejier, to lead, to
ging, as the provisions in a beggar's bag, move ; promener, 'to walk, to lead out.
and is thence applied to victuals taken to Je le pour7nenerai, I will keep him stir-
be consumed on a journey or the like. ring, will find him work enough. Cot. —
While spouse tucked up does in her pattens Se promener, to go out for pleasure or
trudge it, exercise ; pro7nenade, a walk. Lat. mino,
With handkerchief Qiprog\-ike trull with budget. to drive cattle. ' Prominare jumenta ad
Congreve in R,
To Prog. To use all endeavours to
lacum.' Appian. —
Promiscuous. Lat. promiscutisj pro,
get or gain. — B. Da. prakke, to get by and misceo, to mingle.
importunity. At prakke sig frem i wer- Promontory. Lat. promotitorium
den, to get on in the world by hook or by pro, in front, mons, a mountain.
crook. Prakker, a beggar. N. prakka, Prompt. Lat. promo, promptum, to
to scrape together, to molest prakkar, draw forth, bring out, lay open promptus,
;
;
a miser, a. pedlar. Sw. pracka,-\a make drawn forth, ready.
shifts, to shuffle, to beg. Pracka tihani- Promulgate. Lat. promulgare, to
inan,io scrape together, get by hook or publish abroad, explained as \liox provul-
by crook pracka pa, to fob off pracka gare, from vulgus, the people to lay be-
; ;
;
ihop ndgot, to patch up a piece of busi- fore the public.
ness. Prack, meanness, huckstering, Prone. Lat. promts, bending forward,
beggary, bungling prackare, a vagabond, inclined.
;

beggar, broker, huckster, bungler. Du. Prong. The point of a fork, in the S.
pragchen,prachm,\.oga.va. by sordid means, of E. a pitchfork. Prongstele, the handle
to scrape up, to cheat, to beg pracher, a of a hay-fork.
niggard, usurer, miser, beggar.
; —
Hal. Yxoytv prog, synony-
There mous withprod, to prick. Sussex sprong,
can be little doubt that the foregoing are spronk, stump of a tree or
of a tooth.
identical with E. prag, prog. Prop. Sw. propp, a bung, stopper,
O neighbour.^, neighbours, first get coyne cork,wadding proppa, to stop, ram,
;

Firste hardlye ;>ra^g-c the purse. —Drant, Horace. cram Du. prop, proppe, a stopper, also
;

He married a light huswife who stealing that a support proppen, to cram, to support.
— Kil.
;

money which for many


years before he had been Piedm. broba, bropa, a vine prop,
scraping together by his pronging axiA necessitous stake for supporting vines. Walach.
tricks and shifts.— Wood, Ath. Oxon. in R. A proptea, a prop, support propii, to prop,

proguing knave. B. and F.
to lean on.
;

The word is commonly


referred to Lat. The radical meaning seems to be pre-
procurator, an attorney or proctor, a per- served in E. brob, to prick with a bodkin
son a main part of whose business con- -—Hal., a parallel fonn with/rorf or brode.
sisted in calling in money, and recovering From the notion of pricking wo pass to
dues of a more or less oppressi\e nature. that of thrusting in, cramming, or to th;.t
!;

PROPAGATE PROW 497

of thrusting upwards, supporting. Com- or thrust out the lips from ill-v/ill ; brotze,
pare Lang, pounchar, to prick or sting ; brotzmaul, prutsche, a pouting mouth,
pounche, Fr. pointal, a support, prop. It. projected lips ; briid, priits, priitsch,
pmitare, to prick, puntello, a prop. Swiss briitsch, Du. prootsch, preutsch,
Propagate. 'LsX.propago, to spread as proud ; pratten, to pout prat, proud, ;

a tree at the top, to multiply and increase arrogant ; Pl.D. prott, apt to give short
propago, -inis, a vinestock cut down for —
and surly answers. Danneil. OE. pruie,
the sake of shooting out afresh, a shoot proud.
or cutting, a race, stock, or lineage. The Manuel des Pecchds treating of

Proper. ^Proprietor. Lat. proprms, Pride takes as first example him who
one's own. defies the reproofs of his spiritual father,
Prophet. Gr. Trpo^^rijc ; -irpo, before- and says
hand, to say, speak.
0t//ii, Prut ! for thy cursyng, prest. — 1. 3016.
Propinquity. Lat. prope, near by ; ON. atprutta d, hesta, to pop
to a horse
propinquus, near at hand, neighbouring. to make it go faster. The different forms
Propitious. Lat. propitius, favour- of the interjection representing a blurt
able to. with the lips may be compared with
Prose. Lat. prosa, simple discourse, Magy. ptrusz,prusz, triisz, W. tis, sneeze.
opposed to metre. Explained from pror- We say that a thing is not to be sneezed
sits {pro-versus), straight. at, meaning that it is not to be despised.
Proselyte. Gr. wpoaiiKvroQ, from irpoa- — —
-prove. Prove. Proof. Lat. probus,
£pj;o/xoi, -f)K9ov, to come over to. good ; probo, to make good, to show the
Prosody. Gr. ir^oaifSia ; irpog and <^^, soundness of a thing, to prove, also to
a singing. find good, to approve also, as It. pro-
Prosper. —Prosperous. 'Ls.t.prosper, •vare, to try, to use means that must
;

fortunate Gr. Trpoo-^Epu, to


; bring to, to make manifest the goodness or deficiency
add ; serviceable,
Trpoff^opoe, profitable. of a thing. Reprobo, Fr. reprouver, to
Prostrate. Lat. sterno, stratum, to reject on trial, to find bad, to reprove or
strew or spread ; prosterno, to lay flat, to reproach one with his fault. To improve,
cast down. to make better.
Proto-. Gr. Trpo, before ; comp. irpo- Provender. Prebend. — Lat. pra-
repof, earlier ; superl. irpStToq (for jrpoTaroc, benda, -orum (from prabeo for pm-hibeo,
irpmroq), first. to hold forth, supply, provide), the ration
Protocol. Fr. protocole, Gr. jrpMro- or allowance of food for a soldier, was
KoKKov, a Byzantine term applied to the applied to the allowances for monks and
first sheet pasted on a MS. roll, stating canons in monasteries. Centum clericis '

by whom it was written, &c. Subse- pauperibus prcebendam panis, piscis et


quently applied to notarial writings. Gr. vini concedebat.' '
Fratres amavit, prce-
(coXAou, to glue, paste. bendam auxit.' —
Due. The word became
Protuberant. Lat. protuberare j pro, in Tr.provende, and corr\ygit\y provendre
before, and tuber, a swelling. (whence E. provender), a ration of food
Proud. Pride. —
The blurt of the either for man or beast. Provendre,
mouth expressive of contempt or de- benefice ecclesiastique. Roquef —
fiance is represented by the interjections Se il ne s'en amende manjust sols et —
Ptrot Prut ! Trut Putt Tut Twish
! ! ! ! ! perde saprovende de vin, jusqu' alors qu'il
some of which forms have been retained ait fait satisfaction et amende. — Regie de
in one of the European languages and St Bernard in Roquef. Du. provende,
some in another. OE. pirot! scornful provisions.
word, or trut/ vath Pr. Pm. Prut ! — In process of time the term was appro-
ON. putt ! interjection of contempt Fr. ; priated to the benefices of the canons or
trut ! tush, tut, fy man ; trut avant J a dignitaries of a cathedral. Et in Remensi, '

end, on afore for shame.


fig's Cot. From — Cameracensi et Leodiensi ecclesiis be-
the form trut the G. has trotz, scorn, neficia quae vulgo prcebenda dicuntur ob-
bravado, arrogance ; einem trots bieten, tinuit.' —
Due.
to defy one ; das kind trotzt, the child Province. Lat. provincia.
pouts, is sullen ; trotzig, huffing, swag- Provost. OFr. provost, G. probst.
gering, proud, insolent. In like manner, From Lat. prcepositus, set before.
the form prut produces protzen, to show Prow. Lat. prora. It. proda, Fr.
ill-will or displeasure by a surly silence proue, the fore part of a ship. Pol.
(to pout) ;
protzig, insolent, snappish, przod, fore part ; przod okretu, front of
saucy — Kiittn. ; Hesse, brotzen, to pout ship, prow. Naprzod ! forwards !
32

498 PROWESS PSALM


Prowess. Lat. probus, good, sound, Prudent. Lat. prudens, contr. from
became Cat. prous, Prov. pros, good for providens.
its purpose, Fr. preux, valiant, loyal, To Prune. Proin. To prune or—

worthy, discreet, ready. Cot. Adverb- proin is for a bird to dress her feathers
ially prou, much, greatly, enough. —
Cot. with her beak.
Cat. pro batre alcun, probd percutere Skartis (cormorants) with thaie bekkis
aliquem. —
Diez. It. buon pro vi faccia, Forgane the sun gladly thaym prunyeis and bekis.
D. V. 131. 45.
Fr. bon prou leur face, much good may
it do them. OE. prow, profit, advantage. The signification, however, is not confined
to the case of a bird, but is extended to
In long abydyng js full lytyl/rira;. — MS. in Hal.
the notion of dressing or trimming in
The general quality of goodness is general.
typified by valour in a man and virtue in
I wald meprein plesandlie in precious wedis.
a woman. Prejid' ho7nnu (Mid. Lat. /n?- Dunbar.
bus. homo), a valiant, faithful, discreet
man preude femme, a chaste, honest, A
special application of this idea gives


;
the ordinary sense of prune, to dress or
modest, discreet matron. Cot.
trim trees. The priming or pruning of a
Las donas eissamen an pretz diversamens, gun (as it was formerly called) must be
Las Unas de belleza, las autras de proeza :
understood as the dressing or trimming
thus women also have different excel- of the implement, giving it the last touch
lencies, some in beauty, and others in necessary to fit it for immediate service.
virtue. —
Rayn. The origin seems to be ON. prjon, Sc.
But reference being commonly made preen,prin, a pin or knitting-needle, from
to the quality as exhibited in men, Fr. the notion of picking or arranging nicely
prouesse. It. prodezza (with an intrusive with a pointed implement.
d to prevent hiatus, as in Lat. prodest, He kembeth him, heproineth him and piketh.
prodesse), Tioy.proheza, is,, prowess, came Merch. Tale.
in general to signify valour or valorous
Fr. eschargotter, to pruine a tree, to pick
deeds.
Prasfatus heros posi mfmtas proiUates.
any thing round also
about. Cot. So —
Sc. prink, signifying to prick, is also used
Orderic. Vit. in Due. Prinked (Ex-
in the sense of decking.
* To Prowl. —
ProU. The derivation moor), well-dressed, fine, neat. Grose. —
from a supposed Fr. proieler, to seek They who frink and pamper the body, and neg-
one's prey, is extremely doubtful. The lect the soul. —Howell in Todd.
older way of spelling is proll, and even To pick, to dress out finely. —
Hal. Prick-
purl, in Pr. Pm. I prolle, I go here and medainty, one who dresses in a finical
there to seke a thynge, je tracasse.
Palsgr.
manner.
On
—Jam.
the same principle Du. priem, a
Though y^ prolle aye, ye shall it never find. pin or bodkin, seems to be the origin of
Chaucer. prime, to prune or dress trees. To prime,
Proximate. X^-iX.. prope, near; comp. to trim up young trees. —
Forby. Prim-
propior ; superl. proximus (for propsi- ing-iron, as pruning-iron, a knife for
mus), nearest. —
pruning. MinsheUi A
person carefully
Proxy. haX. procurator, an advocate dressed is said to be tird d. quatre ipin-
or attorney, was cut down in Sc. to pro- gles.
cutor, and in E. to prokeior, proctorj and Prurient. Lat. prurio, to itch, to feel
procuratio, Du. prokuratie, an authority strong desire.
or warrant of attorney, was curtailed in To Pry. To peep. I pike or prie, je .

like manner to prokecy, proxy. Proke- pipe hors. —


Palsgr. Perhaps identical
toure, procurator ; prokecye, procuratio. with Sc.prieve,prei/,pree, to prove, taste,
— Pr. Pm. try.
* Prude. Properly a woman who Nae honey beik that ever I 6iA free
keeps men at a distance, treats their Did taste so sweet and smervy unto me.
offers with contempt & proud %\y\. Du.
;
Ross's Helenore.
preutsch, prootsch, proud cen preutsch ; Possibly however it may be a modifica-
meisje, a prude preutschheid, pruderj'.
;
tion of OE. pire or peer, to peep.
Bomhoff. Swiss brutsch, stolz, sprode, Psalm.— Psaltery. Gr. iraaKfioi, from
proud, cold, disdainful. Compare ein tttoWo), to play on a stringed instrument,
sprbdes inddchen, a shy, coy, or capricious whence KtjaKriigi.ov, an instrument of that
girl, a prude. —
Kiittn. description.
;

PSEUDONYM PUDGY 499


Pseudonym. Gr. ifetiSuvu/toc, falsely an animal stuffed with blood and other
named ^tvSog, a lie, and ovofia, a name. materials, w. poten, belly, pudding.
Pslia.
;

Pshaw. — The interjections The radical image may be lump or


pish ! and psha ! are different ways of round mass, then something stumpy,
articulating the sound/jA, by introducing short and thick, protuberant, swelling.
a vowel between the consonantal sounds E. pod, a protuberant belly poddy, round ;

in the one case, and subsequent to both and stout in the belly (Hal.); Sc. pud, a
in the other. See Pish. fat child N.-E. pniddly, fat (Craven Gl.) ;

Puberty. Pubescence. Lat. pubes, Northampton
;

puddy, thick-set; Pl.D.


the signs of manhood, the hair that grows puddig, thick (Brem; Wtb.) ; Wall.
on the body at the approach of manhood ; s'boder, to swell ; iodi, rabodi, stumpy,
pubertas, youth. Pubescence {bot.), down short and thick ; boudenn, belly, navel
on plants. (Sigart) bodenn, prominent belly, calf of

Public. Publican. Publish.. —
Lat. leg
;

(Remade) OFr. boudine, navel


;

publicus (from popiilus, people), belong- Piedm. bodero, bodila, a paunchy, thick-
ing to the people publico, Fr. publier,
; set man Lang, boudougna, boudifla, to
;

to publish or make public. swell ; boudena, to burst with fat ; boudoli,


Puce. Flea-coloured ; Fr. puce, It. a short and thick person ; Castrais bou-
pulce, Lat. pulex, pulicis, a flea. doul, bouzolo, the belly.
Puck. See Pug. Puddle. To puddle iron, is to stir a
Pucker. To pucker is to make fiokes, portion of melted iron with a bar in a re-
to bag. Yr.poche,\^\^ pucker or bagging verberatory furnace until it becomes vis-
of an ill-cut garment. Cot. —
It. saccola, cous. G. butteln, buddeln, to poke or root
saccoccia, a pouch, pocket, also any puck- about in earth, ashes, &c. aschenputtel,
ering or crumpling in clothes ; saccolare, one who pokes about in the ashes. ^San-
;


to bag, to pucker. Fl. — ders.
Pudder. — Podder. — Pother. Dis- Puddle, a plash of standing water left
turbance, confusion, confused noise ; to by rain, a mixture of clay and water.
pudder, pother, to confound, perplex. Formed like /a^^/i? from a representation
The image immediately suggested by of the sound of dabbling in the wet. Du.
the word is a thickness of the air imped- poedele, to dabble in water. Overyssel —
ing the sightanddaraping the vital powers, Aim. Fr. dial, patouiller, to paddle ;
from whence the signification is extended patouille, puddle, dirty water, liquid mud,
to the confusion of the hearing and under- slops of water. Jaubert. In these imi- —
standing by the conflict of sounds. tative forms an initial or pi are used p

^such a smoke with great indifference. Pl.D. pladdem,
As ready was them all to choke, to paddle or dabble in the water ; Dan.
So grievous was Has pother. Drayton. — pluddre, to work up peat and water to-
They were able enough to lay the dust and gether, to puddle. The derivation of
pudder in antiquity which he and his are apt to Lat. palud', marsh, from the same root, is
raise. —
Milton. somewhat obscured by the insertion of a
The resemblance to powder is merely vowel between the p and /.
accidental, and pudder is probably a pa- Pudgy. Soft like mire ; then, as soft
rallel form with Da-pludre, %. puddle, to materials fall back upon themselves and
work up clay and water together ; pluther, are ill-adapted for a slender structure,
mire (Whitby GL), or with E. blunder, to short and thickset. Pudge or podge, a
stir and puddle water, to make it thick puddle. ' The horse-road stood m. pudges,
and muddy. Hal. —Compare also to and the path was har41y dry.' Clare. —
muddle, to dabble like ducks in the dirt, '
And littered straw on all the pudgy
also to confuse, perplex. Da. dSsS.. pulse, sloughs.'' — lb. Banff, pudge, punch, a
to stir up water puis, pudder or thick- thickset person or animal, anything short
;

ness of the air or water from smoke, dust, and stout of its kind. Northampton
fog, &c. See Puzzle. pudgell, gudgell, a puddle gudgy, short ;

If the radical sense of the word be a and thick.Podge, to stir and mix to-
confusing noise we may comp. G. poltern, gether porridge, a cesspool.^Hal. Sw.
;

to make anoise, in Bav. to disturb, trou- puss (Da. puds), a puddle pussig, fat, ;

ble. '
Sie wollten frey und ungepoltert bloated. Litet pussigt och lett barn, a
von andern leuten seyn.' XiVCi^ pudgy child. Bav. bdtzen, to dabble
* Pudding. Fr. boudin, Piedm. bodin, in something soft batzen, botzen, a lump
;

Pl.D. budden, pudden (Schiitze), pudde- of soft materials batzig, sloppy, soft,
;

wurst (Brem. Wtb.), properly the gut of clammy; Hesse, batsch, wet, dirty weather.
32 *
—; ;

50O PUERILE PULLET


Westerwald, batsch, for the sound of plash- a fighter with the fists iriii,, with clenched ;

ing or tramping in the wet batsch, mud, fist iriiyiiii, Lat. pugnus, the fist
; ; pugio, ;

dirt, puddle. G. putsch ! represents the a dagger. From the element shown in
sound of a blow with the flat hand, or of a pungo, pupugi, to stick, prick.
fall upon the soft earth or in the water, or Pug-mill. A mill for working up clay
the plashing sound of water. Pitsch, for bricks. Dan. ptikke, to pound ore be-
patsch geht das ruder, splash goes the fore melting. E. dial, to pug, to strike ;
oar ;
pitschpatschnass, thoroughly wet. pug, a thrust to puggle, to poke the fire.
;

"Er patschte ihm das wasser ins gesicht. —Hal. VaVpuk ! the noise of a blow ;
Sanders. Hence patsch, the soft pudgy puk, knock, rap, tap.
hand of a child ; also mud, mire, puddle. Pugnacious. Lat. pugno, to fight.
Puerile. Lat. puer, a child. See Pugilist.
Puerperal. Lat. puerpera, a woman Puisne. Puny. —
Fr. puisn^, since
that has just brought forth puer, a child, born, younger brother. Puisne, and in an
;

pario, to bring forth, produce. Anglicised form /««y, were formerly used
To Puff. To blow in an intermittent in the general sense of junior, but with
way, thence to swell. It. buffare, to puff, the exception of puisne, or junior judge,
blow hard, bluster Fr. bouffer, to puff, to the use is now confined to the metaphori-
;

swell. A puff, a blast of wind, anything cal sense of ill-grown, poor of its kind.
of a swollen airy texture. Du. poffen, to If any shall usurp a motherhood of the rest,
blow, fill the cheeks, swell, brag. and make them but daughters and punies to her,
The sound of blowing is very generally she shall be guilty of a high an-ogance and pre-
represented by the syllable pu, usually sumption. — Bp Hall in R.
with a terminal consonant. ON. pua, to Puissant. Fr. puissant, powerful
breathe upon, to blow Sw. pusta, to formed as if from a participle possens,
;

breathe, blow, pant, to take breath Lith. from Lat. posse, to be able.
;

pukszti, to pant, snort pusti, to blow, ;


To Puke. G. spucken, to spit ; Magy.
breathe, snort Fin. puhua, puhella,
;
pok, spittle.
pukkia, to blow, breathe, pant;- Boh.
puch, a breathing piichnauti, to sweU
To Pule, Yr.piauler, to peep or cheep
as a young bird, to pule or howl as a
; ;

Russ. putchitsya, to swell ; Serv. puati,


to blow pualka, a bellows Turk, piifla, young whelp.
;
Cot. To make the cry- —
the syllable piau, as mi-
Magy. puffadni, to swell, puf- represented by
;

to blow
Malay auler, to mewl, to make the cry repre-
;

fanni, pufogni, pufolni, to puff ;

sented by miau, mew. G.pauen, Sc.pew,


pupui, to blow ; Maori puka, to pant
cheep as a chicken.
puku, to swell Sc. to pec'h, to puff, pant. to pule, to
;

Now mon they work and labour, pec'h and pant. To Pull. parallel form with pii/,A
signifying originallyto pick. Pl.D.puien,
Magy. pihegni, to breathe hard, pant to pick, nip, pluck. To puU garlick, to
;

pihelni, to breathe ; pihes, panting. peel or pill it. The sounds of i and u
* Pug. —
Puck. o'E.pouke, devil. often interchange. Glasgow man pro- A
The heved fleighe fram the bouke nounces which, whuchj pin, pun. In
The soule nam the helle-fouke. other parts to put is pronounced ^zV, and
Arthur and Merhn. on the same principle Du. put, a well,
Sw. corresponds to E. pit. In OE. we had
O^. puki, goblin ; d^<i^.puJ:e, devil,
goblin, scarecrow ; Ir. puca, goblin ; Sw. rug and rig, the back hulle and hill;
;

spdke, ghost, goblin, scarecrow. cuth and kith, acquaintance luther and
;

Essentially the same with bug, W. bwg, lither, bad, &c. From the present root
an object of terror, ghost, hobgoblin. Russ. we must explain Tin. puele, pole. It. pula,
pugaf, to terrify ; piigalo, a scarecrow. the husks or hulls, the strippings of corn,
Then, as an ugly mask is used for the and perhaps Lat. polire, It. ptilire, to
purpose of terrifying children, the term clean or polish, properly to pick clean.
pug was applied to a monkey as resem- The slang expression of polishing off a
bling a caricature of the human face. bone shows the natural connection of the
Sw. boogg, bogh, a frightful mask, ugly two ideas. Pl.D. up>p den knaken piilkefi,
face. The Ptg. term coco, a bugbear, hob- to pick a bone. With an initial s, Lat.
goblin, was applied to the cocoa-nut from spoliare, to strip spolium, what is strip-
;

the resemblance to a monkey's face at ped off, as the skin of an animal, the
the base of the fruit, k. pug-dog is a dog arms of an enemy overcome in battle.
with a short monkey-like face. See To Pill.
Pugilist. Lat. pugil, Gr. vvi\>.n.xoi. Pullet. See Poultry.
;

PULLEY PUNCH 501

Pulley. Fr. poulie, It. poltga, OE. Pulmonary. Lat. pulmo, -onis, the
polive, poliff, polein. lungs.
Ther may no man out of the place it Pulp. Lat. pulpa, the fleshy part of
drive,
For non engine of windas oi f olive. meat, pith of wood. Ga.&\.plub, sound of
Squire's Tale. a stone falling into water as a verb, to ;


Poleyne, troclea. Pr. Pm. Sc. puUisee, plump, plunge into water ; a soft lump ;
pulliskee —
Jam., Cat. politxa (politsha), plubaiche, lumpishness.
pulley ; Du. paleye, a frame for torture, a Pulpit. Lat. pulpitum, a scaffold,
pulley. stage, desk.
The names of the goat and the horse -puis-. See -pel. Repulse, Impul-
were very generally applied to designate sion, &c.
mechanical contrivances of different kinds * Pulse. Grain contained in a shell
for supporting, raising, or hurling weights, or pod, as peas and beans. Pulls, the
or for exerting a powerful strain. Thus chaff of peas.— Hal. Probably the pi.
G. bock, a goat, is used for a trestle, saw- of Du. puele, pole, pelle, peule, peascod,
ing-block, fire-dogs, rack for torture, shell. Kil.— Peul, peascod peulvrucht, ;

painter's easel, windlass, or crab for pulse, leguminous plant. —


Bomhoff. Pel,
raising weights. Fr. chevre, Lang, crabo, shell, pod; /«2^/, peas. —
Halma. FromDu.
a she-goat, signify a crane; crabo, also pellen, pill, pull, peel j YlXi.pulen, to
"E..

trestles or sawing-block, a plasterer's pick.


scaffolding. —
Diet. Castr. From the same Pulverise. LsA. pulvis,pulveris, dust.
source are derived OSp. cabreia, Prov. Pumice. Lat. pumex.
calabre, a catapult ; Ptg. cabre, calabre, a. To PummeL See Pommel.
rope or cable; Sp. cabria, Fr. cabre, a Pump. Fr. pompe, ON. pumpa, G.
crane cabria, also an axle-tree ; cabrio, pu7npe, in vulgar language /&?«/«. Lith.
;

cabriol, a beam or rafter. plumpa, plumpas. Rightly referred by


The series taking their designation Adelung to the idea of splashing. The
from the horse comprise Fr. chevalet, a sound of something heavy falling into
pair of sawing trestles, a rack for torture, the water is represented in G. by the %y\-
a painter's easel ; Lat. cantherius (pro- \a.h\e plump, whence plumpen, to splash,
perly a gelding or pack-horse), a rafter or to beat the water with a pole in fishing
vine-prop, and thence Fr. chantier, a vine- plump-stock, the pole employed for such
prop, sawing-block, stocks for a ship, a purpose. Pumpen, va\%a.r\Y p lumpen,
stand for a cask ; Sp. -potro, a colt, rack to pump. In Cornwall //«»«/ is a pump
for torture, frame for shoeing horses Fr. or draw-well, to plumpy, to churn, an act
;

poutre, a beam ;Fr. poulain (colt), a in which a plunger is driven up and down
sledge for moving heavy weights, a dray- in an upright vessel like the piston in a
man's slide for letting down casks into a pump. 'Ba.TiS. plump-kirn, the common
cellar, or other contrivance for that pur- churn. Pl.D. pump, pumpel, a pestle ;
pose ; the rope wherewith wine is let pumpeln, to pound.
down into a cellar, a pulley-rope Cot.; — Pumpkin. See Pompion.
giving rise to OE. poleyn, above-mention- Pun. A
play upon words, possibly,
ed. Sp. polin, a wooden roller for moving as Nares suggests, from oe. pun, to
heavy weights on ship-board. The Prov. pound, as if hammering on the word.
poli, Lang, pouli, a colt, agree with Fr. —
Punch. Puncheon, i Punch, a short, .

poulie, while Piedm./>o//, a colt, coincides thick fellow, a stage puppet. B. Banff. —
with Sp. polea, Ptg. poU, a pulley. In pudge, punch, a thickset person or animal,
like manner Yr.poliche or pouliche, a filly, anything short and stout of its kind.
explains Cat. politxa, and Sc. pullishee, Northampt. puddy pudgy, pzmchy, short
a pulley, as well as Lang, poulejho, the and thickset. Mrs B. — ,

wipe of a well. It. poliga must be re- I did hear them call their fat child ^KKir,^, which
garded as an analogous form, from which pleased me mightily, that word having become a
we pass to OE. polive, as from It. doga to word of common use for everything that is thick
Fr. douve, a pipe-stave. and short. Pepys. —
The figure of a colt is so commonly Bb.y. punzen, a short thick person or
used to express a support of one kind or thing punzet, thick and short. From
;

another, that It.poltra, a conch, poltrona, signifying something short and thick it
an easy-chair, may perhaps be identified seems to have been applied to a barrel or
with poltra, a filly, instead of being de- cask, and thence to the belly. ^SN.panz,
rived from G. polster, as commonly ex- ponz, punz, -en, a cask bantzen, panzl, ;

plained. belly. Carinthian/««^£, a cask, and (con-


— ;

502 PUNCH PURFLE


temptuously) the belly, a child. It. jiun- sting pounche, Fr. pointal, a support,
;

zone, Fr. poinson, a puncheon. prop pouncho, point of a pin pounchon,


; ;

Punch seems to be a nasalised form of a. sting, goad. 'Dn. pontsen, ponssen, to


pudge, as G. pantsch of the synonymous punch.
putsch, mire, puddle, or mantsh of matsch, Punctual. — Puncture. — Pungent.
mire. Pantschen, to paddle, dabble in See Point.
the wet also to strike a sounding blow.
; Punish.. "LaX. punire, Yx. punir, punis.
The signification of something short and Punt. A flat-bottomed boat. Du.
thick must be explained on the same pont, a ferry-boat, broad flat boat navi- ;

principle as in the case of Pudgy. But it gium quo amnes trajiciuntur loco pon-

may be from the connection which causes tium. Kil. Fr. ponton, a. ferry-boat,
so many words signifying a blow to be pontoon.
used also in the sense of a lump or knob, Puny. See Puisne.
as in the case of bunch. Pupil. Lat. pupa, a young girl, a doll,
The fact XhiX punch already signified a whence the dim. pupilla, an orphan fe-
short thick man probably led to the con- male child, the apple of the eye pupus, ;

version of Pulcinella, the little hump- a small child {m3\.€),'pupillus, an orphan,


backed puppet of the Italians, \a.X.o Punch- ward.
inello, now cut short to Punch. Puppet.— Puppy. It. pupa, puppa,
2. The well-known beverage, said to a child's baby, puppy, or puppet to play
be from YivaAa punch, five. withal. Fl. —
Fr. poupie, a baby, a pup-
At Nerule is made the best arrack or Nepo da pet, or bable the flax of a distaff; poupes
;

Goa, with which the English on this coast malce de chenilles, bunches of caterpillars. Du-.
that enervating liquor called pounche (which is pop, a puppet, doll, young
baby. The"
Hindostan for five), from five ingredients.
radical meaning, as in the case of doll,
Fryer, New Account of E. I. and Persia, 1697.
seems simply a bunch of clouts. Du.
The drink certainly seems to have been pop, popje, cocoon or nest of caterpillars ;
introduced from India. pop aan een schermdegen, the button on
Or to drink falepuntz (at Goa), which is a a foil ; brand-pop, a bunch of tow dipped
kind of drinlt consisting of aqua vitse, rosewater, in pitch to set a house on fire. Magy.
juice of citrons, and sugar. —
Olearius, Travels to bub, a bunch or tuft buba, a. doll. ;

the Grand Duke of Muscovy and Persia, 1669.


It is from the obsolete sense of a doll,
To Punch. I. To p-unchw\Xh.ih& fist and not in the modern one of a young
or the elbow, to strike or thrust. Bun- dog, that the term puppy is applied to a
e, tuncio.^Pr. Pm. conceited, finely-dressed young man. In
To houTJche or pusshe one he bunchelh me the same way, Du. pop is applied to a
and beateth me, il me pousse.
;

—Palsgr. He came flaunting girl. — Bomlioff.


home with his face all to bounced, contusa. Purblind. Pure -blind, altogether
Horm. blind, or else simply blind, just blind,
Pl.D. bumsen, bunsen, to knock so that it able to see a little. In the former sense
sounds. See Bounce. Q. pantschen, to it is used by R. G.
strike a sounding blow. Den dritten ' Me ssolde pulte out bothe hys eye and make him
panscht er auf den bauch.'^ Sanders. purblynd, p. 376. —
Cimbr. punlien, to punch with the fist ;

Purblynde, luscus. Pr. Pm. Du. puur,
punk, fiancata, a punch in the ribs. Swiss pure, simple, only puurstekeu, alto-
;

bunggen, to give blows, especially with the gether ; puursteken blind, altogether
foot or the elbow. '&diV.pumsen,p7imbsen, blind ; puur willens, with hearty good
to sound hollow, strike so that it resounds. will. Sw. dial, purblind, totally blind.
Dan. dial, pundse, to butt like a ram. Comp. G. rein, pure, clean ; rein-blind,
2. It. punzacchiare, punzellare, to -taub, -toll, -voll, totally blind, deaf, &c.
punch, push, shove, justle, prick forward, — Dief. in v. ragitu The sense of par-
goad punzone, a sharp-pointed thing,
;
tiallyblind is a softening down in a man-
bodkin, pouncer or pounce, ox-goad ner similar to that in which we say, Oh, '

punzonare, to pounce, make pouncing he is quite blind; he cannot see across


work Fr. pohidre, to prick, spur, incite
; ;
the street.'
poinson, a bodkin, a stamp, puncheon. Purchase. Fr. pourchasser, eagerly
Prikkyn or punchyn, as men doth beestis, to pursue, thence to obtain the object of

pungo. Pr. Pm. S^. punchar, punzar, pursuit It. procacciare, to shift or chase
;

— —
to prick, sting, punch punzon, a punch,
;
for, to procure. Fl. See Chase.
puncheon, a pointed instrument used by Purfle. Purl. Ornamental work
artists. Lang, pounchar, to prick, to about the edge of a garment. It. porfilo.

PURGE PUSS 503

the profile or outline of a person's face, a (Cot.), investir, envelopper, usurper, oc-
border in armoury, the surface or super- cuper. — Roquef.
ficies of anything, any kind of purfling Quand je vis la ^\s.ce porprendre,
lace porfilare, to overcast with gold or Lui et sa gent de toutes parts.
;

silver lace 7r.pourfiler, to purfle, tinsel,


; Pourprins, possessed on every side, fully
or overcast with gold thread, &c. Cot. — held; pourpris, pourprissure, an in-
¥,. purl (contracted oi purfle), a kind of closure, a close.

edging for bone lace. B. Sc. pearling, To Purr. Represents the sound made
lace. by a cat. G. murren, schnurren.
Purge. — Purgative. Lat. purgar e, Purse. Fr. bourse. It. borsa, Sp. bolsa,
to cleanse from purus, clean.
;
a purse. Gr. pvpaa, Lat. bursa, a hide,
Purify. —Puritan. LaX. prurus, clean. skin, leather.
To Purl. Du. borrelen, to bubble, to —
To Pursue. Pursaivant. Fr. pour-
spring as water. suivre, in Berri poursuir, to pursue, to
Betres lay burly ng in hur blode. prosecute ; poursuivant, a suitor, suer ;
Florence of Rome, 1639. — d'armes, a herald extraordinary, a bat-
—^with the blood bubbling forth. chelor in heraldry, one that's like to be
Swab, burren (of the wind), to roar. G. chosen when theplace falls. Cot. See Sue.—
Sw. porta, to simmer, Pursy. OE, Purcyfe, short-winded or
perlen, to bubble.
bubble, murmur, rumble, gurgle. stuffed about the stomach, pourcif. —
Purlieu. Land which having once Palsgr. It is singular that the more

been part of the royal forest has been modern ionts poulsif, poussif, should be
severed from it by perambulation {pour- truer to the origin, t.zX.pulsare, Yr.poul-
alUe, OYr. purale'e) granted by the Crown. ser, pousser, to beat or thrust. There is
The preamble of 33 E. I. c. 5 runs so much analogy between the action of
Cume aucune gentz que sount mys hors de
'
the lungs and the pulse of the heart that'
forest —
par la puraUe aient requis a cest parle- we need not be surprised at finding Prov.
ment qu'ils soient quites —
des choses que les polsar used in the sense of breathe or
foresters tour demandent.' pant. — Raym. Hence Fr. pousse (in
In the course of the statute mention is horses), broken wind,
in choke-damp
made of terres et tenements deaforestds mines poussif, short-winded. It. pul-
;

par la pneraU. These would constitute sivo, panting, also pursy, short or broken-
the purlieu. -K purlieu ox purlie-man is winded piilsare, to pant, to beat. Fl. ; —
a man owning land within the purlieu Lang, paulsa, to take breath Du. bul- ;

licensed to hunt on his own land. sen, pulsare et tussire. Kil. Swiss biilze, —
To Purloin. To make away with. to cough. Idiot. Bern. —
Purlongyn or put far away, prolongo, Purtenance. See Appurtenance.
alieno. —
Pr. Pm. Purloigner, to prolong Purulent. Pus. Suppurate. Lat. — —
(a truce). —
Lib. Custom, 166. Fr. loin, far. pus,puris, Gr. ttvov, Sa.nscr.piiya;piij/ana,
Purport. OFr. pourporter, declarer, discharge from a sore, matter. Doubtless,
faire savoir. —
-Roquef The simple por- like putris, from the foul smell. See
ter, to carry, is used in a similar sense. Putrid.
Les lettres d'aujourd'hui portent que, Purvey. Fr. pourveoir, to purvey or
&c., bring news, announce that, &c. The provide. Lat. prrovidere.
import of a deed is what it signifies or Purview. The provisions of an act of
carries in it. Parliament. Yr. pourvu, provided.
Purpose. OFr. pourpenser, to be- To Push. Yr.poulser,pousser, to push,
think oneself, a word afterwards sup- thrust; Lai. pulso, to push, strike, beat;
planted by proposer, to purpose, design, It. bussare, to knock.
intend, also to propose, propound. Cot. —
Pusillanimous. Lat. pusus, a little
For all Ms purpose, as I gesse; boy pusillus, little, insignificant ; ani-
;

Was for to maJcen great dispence. mus pusillus, a faint heart.


Chaucer, R. R. Puss. T)^.poes,Y\X).puus,pnmsmau,
In the original the word is pourpens.
puuskatte. Originally a cry either to call
De a^nAi fitrf eased, ex or to drive away a cat, from an imitation
insidiis precogitatis.
Leg. Gul.
of the noise made by a cat spitting, g.
I.

Pourpos, design, resolution. ^Roquef. —p/uchze?i, to spit like a cat. Serv. pis !
Purpresture. An encroachment or cry to drive away, Alban./zjj ./ to call a
enclosure out of the common property, a cat pisso, puss, cat in nursery language.
;

taking part of it into one's own possession. Lith. puz, puiz {z Fr. j), cry to call a =
Fr. pourprendre, -pris, to possess wholly cat ; puize, pussi I
;
; — ;

S04 PUSTULE QUACK


Pustule. a blister,
\j3.\..pusula,pustiila, Putty. A
pasty mass composed of
swelling, pimple, pock. The equivalent powder of metallic oxides and oil used
of Gr. ^ui7a\ic, a bladder, bubble, from for fastening glass in windows, stopping
<jivaa.ui, to puff, to blow. Lett. pAschlis, holes in carpentry, &c. Fr. potie, a
a bladder ; pust, to blow. Da. puste, to glazier's putty, also in foundries the mix-
blow piise, to swell up. The image of
;
ture of clay and horsedung used for
blowing is represented in a very wide moulds ; potde d'dmiril, the pasty residue
range of languages by the syllable pu of emery and oil arising from the grind-
ox fit. ing of precious stones. The essential
To Put. Properly to push or poke. meaning is something of a pasty nature,
Hdi.puiie, to put, put into, put away. Fr. from Lat. puis, pultis, pap, whence It.
bouter, to thrust, put, bud, to put forth poltiglia, Milan, poltia, pap, poultice,
leaves. It. buttare, to cast, fling ; botta, ,
mud, slime, especially that
batter, also
a stroke, w. pwtio, to poke, thrust ; e. which comes from the sawing of stones ;

dial, to pote, poit, to poke. In OE. there spoltij, as potde d'^mdri, also mud from
is frequently an intrusive /, pult, as in the grindstone. Mason's putty is a pasty
jolt compared with 70/. material used for filling cavities. The '

-pute. — Putative. Lat. puto, to cast interior of the bed was filled with fine
in one's mind, to reckon, think. Hence 7naso7i's putty, consisting of lime and
computo, to reckon together, to sum up stonedust.' —Report on Holborn Viaduct,
dispute, to cast one's thoughts in oppo- Dec. 17, 1869.
sition to another; imputo, to reckon to To Puzzle. To confuse, bewilder.
one ; reputo, to consider, to think and A figure taken from the puddling or
think again. Putativus, supposed. troubling of water, the sound of dd and
Putrid. —
Putrefy. Lat. puteo, to zz before / easily interchanging, as in
stink ; putidus, stinking ; thence puter fuddle and fuzzle, muddle and muzzy.
or piitris, piitridus, rotten, corrupt. Gr. Puzzle-headed and muddle-headed are
KvOoi, iri(7w, to rot. Sanscr. p^, stinking synonymous.
ptiti, pAtika, putrid, stinking ; puy, to Something sure of state,
putrefy, to stink. Lett./^/, to rot. —
Kath fuddled his clear spirit. Othello.
The interjection pu or fu ! repre- ! In the same way blunder, signifying
sents the exspiration with closed nose originally to trouble water, is used meta-
by which we reject an offensive smell. phorically in the sense of confound.
Sp. pu / exclamation of disgust at a bad To shuffle and digress so as by any means
smell ; excrements of children. Neum. — whatsoever to blunder an adversary. —
Ditton
Pl.D./«.'' apu! interj. by which child- in R.
ren express their disgust at anything Pygmy. Gr. Trvyitalog, from iruyfLrj, a
stinking or nasty. Dat is apu, that is measure of length, from the elbow to the
nasty. Kapz/k, wie stank der
alte mist ! knuckles.
— Sanders. Russ. /ti ! fie ftikaty, to ! Pjrramid. Gr. irwpapic, from the form
detest, to huff (i. e. blow) at draughts. taken by the flame of a fire sriip, fire.
;

Lett. pAst, to puff, to blow. See Fie ! Pyre. Gr. vrwpii, a funeral pile.
Faugh ! —
Pyrites. Pyro-. Gr. irCp, -oq, fire
Puttock. A kite. It. bozzago, a buz- TTvpiriiQ (XOos, stone), a stone which
zard. strikes fire.

Q
Q,uack. —
ftuaoksalver. The salving the noisy outcry with which the quack-
of wounds was so generally taken as a salver or mountebank (G. marktschreier)
type of the healing art, that no reason- vaunts his wares.
able doubt can be entertained of the Seek out for plants with signatures
meaning of the latter element in G. quack- —
To quack o^universal cures. Hudibras.
salber, Du. kwakzalver, kwakzalfster, E. Du. kwak, a jest, or story. De kwak-
quacksalver. The import of the element zalver vertelde aardige kwakken, the
guak is not so clear. It has usually mountebank told them funny stories.
been explained as having reference to P. Marin. But when we .look to the
;

QUACK QUAIL 505


dialects of the north of Europe, where ruped, &c., from quatuor, four. Quad-
the word seems to have originated, we ratit, the quarter of a circle Lat. quad-;
are led to a different explanation. rans, the fourth part. Quadroon, Fr.
Dii. quakkelen, Pl.D. quackeln, seem quarteron, one a fourth part a negro.
to be parallel forms with G. quackeln, To auaflf. / quaught, I drink all out,
wacheln, wankeln, E. quaggle (Hal.), je bois d'autant.— Palsgr. In Scotland
waggle, expressing in the first place the a child is said to wacht when sucking so
agitation of liquids, and then wavering, forcibly as to swallow a considerable
splashing, spilling, dabbling, bungling, quantity at once. Waught, a hearty
babbling. draught.
In the sense of wavering, G. quackeln, Cou'd your skill
to waggle, waver (Kiittn.), P1.D. quakkel- But help us to a -waught of ale,
haftig, wavering, inconstant ; Du. quak- I'd —
be oblig'd t' ye a' my life. Ramsay.
kelen, to freeze and thaw by turns, to vary To waucht, waught, wauch, to drink
in health, to be an invalid quakkel- ;
copiously.
winter, a mild winter quakkel-ziekte, a
; Thay skink the wyne and wauchtis cowpys full.
slight indisposition. Pl.D. Ik kier mi an D. V. 210. 8.
keen quakkeln, stand no trifling, I go
I Nather Lord nor Knicht he lute alane,
my own way. The sense of splashing, Except his coup war wachtit out alway.
dabbling, spilling, is seen in P1.D. ver- Bume in Jam.
quakkeln, to waste one's money on trifles Thay wauchitai. the wioht wyne. Dunbar.—
Du. quakkelgeld, money for small ex- The forms above cited seem to represent
penses ; qudk, a slop, drop of liquid left the sounds made in an eager draught of
in a glass, a trifle quacken, qtiackelen,
;
liquid, as Sw. qudfwa, to choke, does the
dissipare, profundere (Kil.) ; Da. quakle, sound of gasping for breath in choking.
to dabble, bungle, deal in what one does Analogous forms are G. hauchen, E. huff,
not rightly understand. Quakleri i land- whiff, to draw the breath, waft, a draught
bruget, i lasgekonster, dabbling in farm- of air, Sc. waff, to blow the resemblance ;

ing, in medicine. Kicerlingquakleri, old- in sound between the act of drawing


wives' doctoring forquakle, to spoil by breath and of taking a draught of liquid
;

unskilful management f. en sag, sin hel- being witnessed by Sc. souch {ch gutt.),
;

bred, to bungle a business, to spoil one's sou/, to draw a deep breath as in sleep-
health by quackery. N. kvakla, to bungle, ing, Fr. souffler, to breatlje, and G. saufen,
botch. Sw. quackla, quacksalwa, to drug, to drink deep soff, a draught, or gulp.
to physic ; q. med sig, to take too many Q,uag. — Quagmire.
;

Provincially gog
slops, to take a great deal of physic to and gog7m're. Quaggle, a tremulous mo-
little purpose —
Widegren quacklande, • tion. —
Hal. See Quake.
too much medicine, quackery, charlatan- Quail. Du. quackel. It. quaglia, Gri-
ery.— Nordforss. sons quacra, a quail, from the note of
The original meaning of quacksalver the bird. Coturnices, quacoles. Gl. de —
would thus be a dabbler in medicine, an Reichenau. Du. quacken, to cry as a
idea expressed also (although from a dif- quail Pl.D. quackeln, to tattle. Mid. ;

ferent metaphor) by the Du. synonym Lat. quaquila, Prov. quisquila, a quail ;
lapzalver, a bungler in medicine, pro- quilar, Sw. quillra, to pipe, to twitter.
perly a cobbler of the body, from lappen, Zulu quehle, expressive of a ringing
to patch, to botch, or mend clumsily. sound, partridge quali, the small wild
;

We may compare also Bav. batzig, soft, red pheasant, so called from its noise.
clammy, sloppy batzen, to handle ma-
; Dohne. —
terials of such a nature batzeln, to dab- ; To Quail. I To curdle as milk. B. . —
ble in medicines, to doctor oneself. Du. In s. s. It. quagliare, cagliare, Ptg. coal-
kladden, to dawb, dabble klad-salver, har, Fr. cailler, w. ceulo.
; It. quaglio,
a quack. gaglio, Du. quaghel, W. caul, Lat. coagu-
To Quack. To make a noise like a lum, rennet, the infusion used to curdle
duck or frog. Aristophanes represents milk. Of these the Lat. coagulum, ren-
the croaking of a frog by the syllables net, or curdled milk, derived from con and
KoaJ, Kodl. Lat. coaxare J G. quacken, agere, to drive together, is commonly
guacksen, to croak like a frog Lith. supposed to be the original.
; But the
kwakSti, kwakseti, to croak, quack, cluck, word admits of a perfect explanation from
gaggle. the Germanic root shown in E. dial, quag-
Quadr-. Q,uadri-. ftuadru-. In gle, a tremulous motion (Hal.), G. quac-
Lat. compounds, like quadrangle, quad- keln, to waver, on the same principle on

5o6 QUAINT QUALM


which ledge of, familiarity, acquaintance, also'
N. quap, a soft gelatinous body,
quaintness, neatness, spruceness
soft fat or flesh, is derived from ON. quapa, conti- ;

to tremble. gie, curious ornaments, quaint trimmings


In like manner mayperhaps
used of women rather for grace and show
be explained E. curdle, properly cruddle,
than for use. Fl.
from Prov. cratlar, OFr. crodler, crosier, —
Prov. conte, cointe,
to shake. coinde, conge, gracious, agreeable, pretty
Compare also Swiss hottern, ;

to shake, to jog, with Du. hoi, hotte, coindansa, acquaintance, agreealjleness ;


curds; Sc. hattit cream, clotted cream. coindeiar, Fr. cointoier, to deck forth,
If we may judge from the words signify- embellish, make oneself agreeable. It.

ing butter and cheese, the Latins seem to accontare, to acquaint or meet with.
have learned dairy operations from the Notwithstanding the singular agree-
Germanic races, and coagulum may be mentwith La.t. comptus, trimmed, adorned,
an accommodation of the form quagel to the word must be derived either from Lat.
a Latin derivation, in the same way that cognitus (as Diez supposes), or from G.
the G. butter vi3.% made to bear a refer- kund, kundig, known, acquainted with, a
!

ence to the animal from whence it was sense in which Fr. coint was formerly
produced, when adopted in Greek under used. Dunt il ja Men fut cointe : of
the form of ^irrvpov, as if from /3o5e, an which he was already informed. Alexis —
ox. in Diez. The transference to the later
2. To quail, as when we speak of one's signification arises from the amenities
courage quailing, is probably a special which grow out of civilised intercourse.
application of quail, in the sense of cur- So from the equivalent AS. cuth, known,
dle. The bodily effect of fear or horror we have Sc. couth, couthy, familiar, agree-
being very similar to that of great cold, able in conversation, pleasant, loving,
these mental emotions are represented as affectionate, giving satisfaction. Jam. —
causing the blood to congeal or curdle. A mankie gown of our own kintra growth
Yet I express to thee a mother's care : Did make them very braw and unco couth.
God's mercy, maiden, does it curd thy blood
To say I am thy mother? ON. kunnliga, comiter, familiariter. Un-
To-day a mighty hero comes, to warm couth is the opposite of quaint; awkward,
"Your curdling blood, and bid you Britons arm. revolting, displeasing.
Garth. To ftuake. Quag'. Forms repre-
The guilty man felt his- heart curdle with terror. senting broken sound are very frequently
— Love's Sacrifice,
.
t 266. used to signify broken movements, such
Mi il sangue per
s'agghiaccib la paura, as the agitation of liquids or the quaver-
my blood congealed with fear. So also ing or shaking of things more or less soft
It. cagliare, Piedm. quajd, to curdle as or loose. Thus Du. gagelen, to gaggle,
milk, to begin to be afraid of one's adver- or make the harsh broken sounds of a
sary, to quail in one's courage. — Fl. The goose, Bret, jfrt^/z, to stutter, lead to Swiss
metaphor carried still further in It.
is gageln, to joggle, gagen, to rock E. gog- ;

cagliare, to hold one's peace ; Sp. callar, gle, to roll to and fro ; gogmire, a quag-
to keep silence, to abate, become calm. mire or shaking bog. A
slight modifica-
When somer took in hand the winter to assaile tion of the radical syllable gives Du.
With force of might, and vertue great, his stormy quacken, to cry like a goose, frog, or quail
blasts to quaile. —
Surry in R. (Kil.) ; ON. quaka, quackla, to twitter as
We are apt to be distracted from the fore- birds ; E. dial, quaggle, quackle, to make
going explanation by Du. quelen, to pine choking sounds in the throat (Nail, Dial,
away, to languish, to fade. ''T gewas of E. Anglia), from which we pass to G.
queelt op het veld, the herb fades in the quackeln, to joggle, waggle, totter, E.
field. De hoochste van het volck des quaggle, a tremulous motion (Hal.), and
lants quelen : sink, are overcome.
in Weiland.

Bible quake, to shake. Du. waggelen, G. wac-
keln, to jog, totter, shake, E. waggle, wag,
Devonshire queal, to faint
away squeal, infirm, weak. But the re-
;
are essentially the same words with the
semblance is purely accidental, the latter initial qu softened down to a simple w.
forms being from the pipy tones of a sick —
Qualify. Quality. Lat. qualitas,
person. Pol. kwilii, to pule, wail, whine, whatlike-ness, from quails, whatlike, of
lament, Du. quelen, quenen, gemere, lan- what sort. See Which.
guere, languore tabescere. Kil.— Qualm. A
feeling of sickness, fig. a
duaint. Fr. coiiit, neat, fine, daintv, distressing thought suddenly coming over
trim.— Cot. Bret, koant, pretty. It. con- us.
tezza, information, advertisement, know- They sayed, our soul is qualmyshe over thys

QUANTITY QUARRY 507


meate — cind is readye to caste it up agayne. gives rise to the foregoing forms is widely
Udal in R.
spread. G. quarreu, to cry as children,
AS. cwealm, cwylm, destruction, pesti- to grumble, wrangle.
lence, death.
Menschenfreundlich, nicht ein quarrer
Vol of syknesse, and of qualm and sorwe thys
lond was tho,
1st der bibelfeste pfarrer. —
Sanders.

Of honger and of vuele (evil) geres. R. G. — ON. kurr, complaint, murmur Fin. ku-
rista, to speak in a high thin tone, to
;

The radical image is shown in Dan.


quale, to choke, offering a type of abso- complain, cry as a child kiristd, to cry
;

lute destruction when the breath is en-


as a child ; kirid, querulous.
2. Fr. quarreau, a quarrel or boult for
tirely stopped, or of every degree of op-
pression from positive torture to mere a cross-bow, an arrow with a four-square
sickness of the stomach. Sw. qudlja, to —
head. Cot
turn the stomach, produce sickness ; fig.
Quarry, i. Fr. quarriire, carriire, a
place where stones are hewn for building
to grieve, torment qual, torment, suffer-
;
;

quarrieur, a quarrier, a hewer of stones


ing, oppression of the chest, sickness ;
in quarries.
samwets-qiial, remorse, qualms of con-
science ; dSds qudlet, the agony of death
Mid.Lat. quadra, Fr. quarre, anything
;
cut square G. quader, quaderstein, Prov.
qualm, hot, stifling weather qualmig, ;
;

caire, a stone squared for building ; Fr.


qualmish, sickening. G. qualm, a vapour,
quarrer, to cut square.
exhalation, thick smoke, properly a chok-
2. Among falconers any game flown at
ing smoke; qualmig, full of steam or
smoke.

and killed. B. In this sense the word
ftuantity. Lat. quantitas ; quantus,
is from Fr. curie, the entrails of the game,
which were commonly given to the dogs
how much.
To ftuap. — Quave. — Quaver. To
at the death. Curie, a dog's reward, the
hounds' fees of, or part in, the game they
qtiap, to —
quake, pant, tremble. B. To
quave, to have a trernulous motion. R. —
have killed.— Cot. Norm, couraie (Pat.
de Brai), It. cUrata, corata, corada, cora-
Earthquave, quavemire, earthquake,
della, the intestines of an animal, heart,
quagmire. ON. quapa, Bav. quabeln, G.
liver, lungs, &c From eor, heart. Corata,
quabbeln. Da. quabbre^ to shake like a
jelly, or loose fat Du. quabbe, a dewlap,
;
infestini intorno al cuore. La Crusca. —
In the dialect of Lyons cora is the pluck
from its quavering movement; Swab.
of an animal course de mouton, fressure ;
To quaver with the
quabbe, a. morass.
de mouton. Diet. Etym. Mid.Lat. co- —
voice is to utter a shaking note, to rise
and fall in the musical scale, to speak un-
rallum, OFr. coraiUes^ intestines. Due. —
The word is written cuyerie by De
steadily. We
have seen under Quake
Foix in his Miroir de la Chasse, and was
the mode in which terms originally repre-
imported into E. under the form of querre
senting a broken sound are applied to
or querry. The book of St Albans in-
movements of analogous character. Now
structs us in ' undoing a hart to take '
it is matter of indifference in representing
out 'the tongue and the brains, laying
an abrupt sound whether the syllable is
made to end with a guttural or a labiaL
them with the lights the small guts and —
We use whap and whack indifferently for the blood upon the skin to reward the —
a sounding blow, and so in Du. the sylla-
hounds, which is called the querry.' N. —
bles quap ! or quak ! represent the sound
& Q., May 9, 1857. To make a hawk to
the querre is to teach him to find his
of a sudden fall. Dat gaf eenen harden
game. In the following passage of Hey-

quak! Weiland. Quakken, to throw
wood the word is clearly used in the
down. Hee strukelden, en quap! daar
sense of the Fr. original :

li 'e, he stumbled, and slap there he lay.


!

— Overyssel Almanach. Da. quoppe, Aye, but 't was at the querre.
Not at the mount hke mine :
quobbe, to give a hollow sound like a blow
on an inflated body or a horse trotting. i. e. at the distrilxition of the reward,
Quarantine. Yx.quarantaine, a period which was made at the close of the
offorty days; quarante, Lat. quadraginta, chase. In the same sense must be ex-
forty. plained a passage of HoUinshed, which
Quarrel. i. Fr. querelle, quarrel, has been misunderstood by Nares. The '

broil, altercation. Lat. querela, com- vii of Auguste was made a generall hunt-
plaint ;
queri, to complain. The repre- yng with a toyle raised of foure or five
sentation of the high tones of complaint miles in lengthe, so that many a deere
:'
or anger by a root similar to that which was that day brought to the quarrie
;

5o8 QUART QUEAN


brought to the distribution, not to the crash in pieces, quash asunder, also to
square {carrde) or inclosure where the casse, annul, abrogate. — Cot. Lat. qrias-
animal was killed. Considered with re- sare, to shatter, dash to pieces, enfeeble.
ference to the dogs, the curie or querre Sp. cascar, to crush, break to pieces It. ;

was the practical object of the chase, and casciare, to squash or crush flat; accas-
thus came to be applied to the game ciare, accastiare, to squash, to dash or
killed. Defendre la curde was to keep bruise together. G. quetschen, to quash,
the dogs from the game till it was pro- crush, bruise. Imitative. See Cashier.
perly prepared for them. And meta- To Quaver. See Quap.
phorically soldiers are said to be en curde Quay. See Key, 2.
when they have seized their quarry, or —
Queacli. Queachy. Queach is used
are making valuable plunder. Trevoux. — in two senses, the connection between

Quart. Quarto. Lat. quatuor, four which is not very obvious, though imme-
qtiartus, fourth ; whence quart, the diately derived from a common root.
fourth part of a gallon quarto, a. sheet ;
The term is commonly applied by Dray-
of paper folded in four quarter, a fourth;
ton to boggy unstable ground.
part, &c. Whereas the anvil's weight and hammer's dread-
Quarter. The conformation of our ful sound
bodily frame naturally leads us to divide Even rent the hollow woods and shook the
the horizon into four quarters, fore and queachy ground.
aft, right and left. Hence quarter is Here the. word is identical with the ele-
taken as the type of position, or division ; ment quick in quickmire, a quagmire
as when we ask a person what quarter he (Hal.), quicksilver, ON. quikr,mohi\is, tre-
is come from, or speak of a certain quar- mens, and with the verb to quiche, queach,
ter or division of a city.
In a more confined sense, quarters, in
quinch, to stir, to move slightly. Hal. —
In the second sense, a queach is a plot
military language, is the special residence of land left unplotighed because full of
appointed to particular army corps, or
even individuals.
bushes or roots of trees. Forby. —
All sylvan copses and the fortresses
Again, from signifying a definite posi- —
Of thorniest queackes. Chapman.
tion the word is extended to the notion Here the radical idea is the spontaneous
of limitation, conditions. To keep quar- growth of bushes and thorns by which
ter is to keep within certain bounds, the land is infested, and the word is
limits, or terms.
identical with the name quickgrass, quitch
They do best who if they cannot but admit or squitch, the troublesome grass that
Love, yet malce it keep quarter, and sever it
wholly from their serious affairs. Bacon in — spreads over our corn-fields. Du. queyck-
Todd. en, quicken, to breed ; Pl.D. queken, to
Friends all but now propagate, quek, Du. queek, Ditmarsh
In quarter and in terms, like bride and groom quitsch, squitch. G. queck is extended to
Divesting them for bed, and then but now weeds in general. —
Sanders. E. dial.
Swords out and tilting one at other's breast,
Mr Wharton, who detected some hundred of
quickwood, thorns. Hal. —
'

the bishop's mistakes, meets with very ill quarter


* Quean. A disrespectful term for a
from his lordship very ill conditions. Swift in
:
' — woman.
Todd. That stool, the dread of every scolding quean.
Gay.
Clarendon speaks of '
them quarter
offering
for their lives if they would give up the castle.' Sc. quean, queyn, a young woman a ;

Finally, to give quarter was used in an sturdy qjieyne, a hure-queyne. Like


elliptical sense for sparing life, keeping wench it has in itself no evil signification,
within bounds, not proceeding to the ut- being merely the AS. cwen, woman, wife,
most extremities. queen, with the disrespectful quality im-
That every one should kill the man he caught, plied. When used in this way it was

To keep no quarter. Drayton in R. very early marked by a difference of
Quartz, g. quarze or querze, a name spelling (and probably of pronunciation)
formerly given to crystals forming in the from queen.
earth from the solution of disintegrated At churche in the charnel cheorles are uvel to
elements, but now confined to crystal- knowe.
Other a knyght fro a knave, other a queyne fro a
ized silex. Quarzchen von alaunj salz-
queene. — P. P.
quarze, crystals of alum, of salt.— San-
Or prelate living jolily
ders.
Or prieste that halt his quein him by.
To Quash. Fr. qitasser, casser, to Cnaucer, R. R.
— ;

QUEASY QUERN 509


The word has met with a similar fate Quawkened (made to cry quawk), almost
in the cognate languages, and a still choked. —
Mrs Baker. on. quaka, to
wider distinction has in some cases sigh Pl.D. quakken, to groan.
; have We
grown up between the original word and then provincially to quackle, to interrupt
the depreciatory application of it Du. breathing, formed to express the inar-
quene, mulier vana, garrula, improba, ticulate sound then uttered (Forby), to
procax, et meretrix ; quenen-kaap, ineptiae, choke (Hal.). Hence forms like Lith.
aniles fabulse. —
Kil. Da. quinde, a wo- kakliis, the neck, and contractedly (as E.
man ; qtiind, a quean. ON. kona, a. wo- {r«az7 compared with Du.j'«acy&«/),Esthon.
man, is still in some parts of Sweden kael, kaal, the neck ; G. kehle, the throat.
used in the original sense, but in ordi- In the same way E. joll, jowl, chowl,
nary Swedish it signifies a worthless from AS. geagl, geahlas, throat, jaws.
wench or strumpet, while the word for To
Quench.. AS. cwincan, OFris.
woman is quimta. See Queen. kwinka, to waste away ; AS. cweiican,
* Queasy. Sickish at stomach. B. — acwencan, acwinan, to quench. The
Pl.D. quaos'n, to pick and chuse in eat- radical image seems to be the whining
ing ; verquao^n, to spoil the fodder by tone of a sick person, figuratively used to
turning it over in so doing. —
Danneil. signify the sick condition of the patient,
ftueen. AS. cwen, woman, wife, queen. and thence a languishing, failing state,
' Abrahames cwenj' 'thes Caseres cwen.' gradual extinction. Du. quijnen, que-
Cwen-fugol, a hen-bird. Goth, quens, nen, gemere, languere, languore tabes-
queins, quins, woman ON. kona, kuna,
; cere. — P1.D. quinen, to wail, com-
Kil.
in comp. qtienn-, woman ; quenndfr, fe- plain, to be poorly. —
Brem. Wtb. Dan.
male animal ; quennkind, womankind. tvine, to whine, whimper, to pine away ;
-Russ., Boh. zena, Pol. zona, Gr. iwit, Sw. twina, to languish, to fade away, to
Sanscr. jani, Pers. zen, woman. From perish. AS. cwanian, to mourn, to lan-
the root jan, Gr. ycr, to bring forth. guish wanian, to lament, bewail, also
;

Queer. It is singular that two cant to wane, to decrease. The final c, ch, of
words, rTim and queer, signifying good AS. cwencan, E. quench, indicates a fre-
and bad respectively, have both come to quentative form answering to ON. queinka,
be used in the sense of curious, out of to keep complaining E. dial, whinnock,;

the common way, odd. Bene, good intensitive of whinny, to whimper like a
quier, nought ; ken, a house ; quyerkyn, child —Forby ; Bav. quenken, quenkeln,
a prison-house ; to cutte quyre whyddes, to whimper ; G. quengeln, to speak in a
to geve evell wordes. — Harman, Caveat, whining tone of voice.
A.D. 1567. The verb signifying extinction of life
To Quell. The primitive meaning of is subsequently applied to a flame from
the word is shown
in Dan. qucele, to the analogy between the subjects with
choke, strangle, suffocate ; fig. to quell or which we are so familiar. Thcet fyr
suppress. Quellyn or querkyn, suffoco. acquan wees, the fire was quenched.
— Pr. Pm. Sw. qudlja, to oppress the —
To Querken. Wherken. To choke.
stomach, cause sickness. Det qudljer Chekened or querkened. Pr. Pm. Noid, —
mig, I feel sick, qualmish. Fig. to tor- drowned, whirkened. Cot. —
From the
ment, distress ; qudlja samwetet, to wring guttural sounds made by a person chok-
the conscience ; ndgons rati, to violate ing. Lith. quarkti, G. quarken, to croak
the rights of one. Qudljas, to suffer, be like a frog. E. dial, to querk, to grunt, to
ailing, languish. AS. cwellan, acquellan, moan. Hal. — Querking, the deep slow
OE. quell, to kill ; AS. cwellere, a killer, breathing of a person in pain, a tendency
manslayer, tormentor. In the same way to —
groaning. Exmoor Scolding. Fris.
N. querka, to strangle, choke, to slay, quarke, to breathe hard, to catch the
kill ; Sw. quafwa, to suffocate, strangle, breath ; querke, to throttle querk, the ;

suppress, tame, extin^ish. throat. —


Outzen. In the same way from
The origin of qucele, to choke, Uke quawk, representation of a guttural sound,
that of G. kehle, the throat, is to be found quawkened or quockened, almost choked.
in a representation of the guttural noises •
— Mrs Baker.
made by a person choking. We repre- To the same imitative root belong Fin.
sent by the syllable quawk the deep gut- kurkku, kulkku, the throat, chops, neck,
tural note of a raven, or the inarticulate G. gurgel, Lat. gurgulium, the windpipe.
sounds of a person choking. Quern. A
handmill. Goth, quaemns,
E'en roused by quawking of the flopping crows. AS. cweorn, ohg. quirn, on. quom,a.Tnill;
Clare. Lith. gima. Boh. zernow, millstone;
. — . ;; ;

510 QUERPO QUICK


Lith. girnos (pi.), Pol. zarna (pi.), hand- thin vowel i. Bret, gwiblen, a weather-
mill. cock Gael, cuibhle, circular motion w.
; ;

Perhaps from the whirring sound of the ckwip, a quick flirt or turn. See Quip,
stone in turning. Du. quirren, to creak, Quirk.
G. kirren, to make a shrill tremulous Quick. The analogy between sound
sound W. chwyrii, whizz, snarl, whirl
; ;
and movement
is nowhere better illus-

OHG. quirtian, MHG. zwirnen, to whirl. trated than in the origin of quick, and the
.Sia.nscr.jima, tritus ; jri, to grind. numerous connected forms. The radical
Guerpo. Sp. cuerpa (Lat. corpus), image is a quivering sound, the represent-
body, and specially the trunk of the body. ation of which is used to signify a quiver-
En cuerpo de cainisa, in his shirt-sleeves, ing movement, and thence applied to
half dressed. En cuerpo, in his doublet, express the idea of life as the principle of
without the cloak necessary to complete movement. G. quiek ! quick 1 quiek ! are
the out-door attire. Hence in querpo used interjectionally to represent a sharp
was used by our writers of the 17th cen- shrill sound, as the squeak of a pig or a
tury for in undress. mouse, the grating of a wheel ; gequieke,
Boy, my cloak and rapier, it fits not a gentle- gequieks, gequietsch, squeaking, twitter.
man of my rank to walk the streets in querfo, ' —
Quieksen wie junge Eule.' '
Ferkel
B. & F. in Nares. quietschen so.' ' Den quitschenden tbnen

Q,uert. Ease, quiet, safety. Quert or



der violinen.' Sanders. Silesian quick-
ern, to titter. Bav. quitscher, quitschern,
•whert, incolumis, sanus, sospes. To
make quarfuUe, prosperare. — Pr. Pm. to twitter, to creak ; der quicker, the chaf-
finch. With a nasal, Du. quincken, quinc-
Bitwene the adder and the grehound kelen, quinckeren, to warble, quaver.
The cradel turned upsodown on ground Then passing to the sense of move-
The stapeles hit upheld all quert.
That the child n'as nowt ihert. ment, to quick, to stir ; to quetch, to
Seven Sages, 771. budge or stir, to cry. B. — To quitsch,
queach, quinch, to make a slight noise, to
Than was the king ful glad in hert

That thai were hale and in quert. Ibid. 3862. stir, to flinch. Hal.— I quytche, I styrre
or move with my
bodye, or make noyse,
My life, ray hele and all my hert, je tinte I quynche, I make a noyse, je
My joy, my comfort and my quert, tinte. —
Palsgr.
;

ON. quika, to move


Ywaine and Gawaine, 148S.
quiktr^, a peg that moves to and fro;
N. kvar, still, quiet, at ease. Haer £er saa quiksandr, a quicksand. Du. quicken,
kvart og stilt. Kvare seg, kurre seg, to vibrare, librare, agitare, movere, mobili-
set oneself to rest. ON. kyrr., tranquil. tare, also, vivere et moveri ; quincken
A t sitia um kyrt, to live quiet at home micare, motitari, dubio et tremulo motu
At kyrraz, to grow calm. Kiira, rest. ferri. —
Kil. Da. quickstjert, a wagtail
The origin would seem to be the cower- Fris. quinksteert, an earwig, from the way
ing attitude of a bird at rest. N. kura, to in which it turns up its tail when threat-
bow the head, rest, lie still, sleep. Kure ened:
seg is said of birds when they put their From the notion of mobility to that of
heads under the wing to sleep. life is an almost imperceptible step. ON.
Qruemlous. Lat. querulus, from que- quikr, moveable, tremulous, active, live ;
ror, to complain. E. quick, active, rapid in movement, also
ftuery. From Lat. Qiicere (seek, ask, living, having the principle of movement
inquire), which is often used as a mark of in oneself. Quicksand, a moving sand ;
interrogation to call attention to a ques- quicksilver, moving silver, or living silver,
tion we are about to ask. It is doubtless argentum vivum. Da. quag, living,
from this source that the mark of interro- quick ; quccgsand, quicksand, uniting
gation is derived, representing, as it im- quick with quag. Fris. quek-, quink-,
mistakeably does, the initial Q of Qutere. quag-jacht {jacht =; light), a moving light,
-quest, -quisite. -quire. V.a.X. queer0, will-o'-the-wisp.
qucEsitum, to seek, -inquire. As in In- The softening down of the initial qu to
quest, Exquisite, Require, &c. wh and iv gives a similar series. E. dial.
Q,uibble. To play with words, to whicker, to neigh ; whink, a sharp cry
equivocate, to move as the guts do. —
B. ON. hvika, kvika, to flinch, to totter
A word of like formation with G. quab- Du. wicken, to vibrate ; E. wink; Du.
beln, mentioned under Quap, but indicat- wiket, wincket, a wicket, or little door
ing (like quiver, compared with quaver) moving easily to and fro ; E. dial, which,
a finer, quicker movement, by force of the lively, quick; whicks, quickgrass.
— ; — ;

QUID QUINTAIN 5"


^uid. A
piece of tobacco rolled about spillo,properly a splinter, then the vent-
in the mouth like a cow chewing the cud, peg of a cask, the hole itself, or the gimlet
in some parts called chewing the quid. by which it is bored. Diciamo spillare
Quide, or cud, the inner part of the throat la botta, per assaggiarla, traendole non
in beasts. —B. See Cud. per la cannella il vino, ma per lo spillo,
Q,uiddity. —
Quiddit. Mid.Lat. qm- cide piccol pertugio fatto con instrumento
ditas, the whatness or distinctive nature detto anch' egli spillo, e dagU antichi
of a thiiig, brought into a by-word by the squillo. —
La Crusca. G. spule, Pl.D. spole,
nice distinctions of the schools. Quiddity a quill, is identical with E. spall, speal,
or quiddit, a subtilty or nice refinement &c., splinter, fragment. From the sense

— Nares. of a splinter, or split piece of wood, the
Bysome strange quiddit or some wretched clause, passage is easy to that of a wedge, or
To find him guilty of the breach of laws. anything wedge-shaped or tapering, a
Drayton's Owl in N. cone, ninepin, the pointed end of a fea-
It.quiditativo, full of quiddities, quirks, ther, whence probably the name of keel
or wranghngs, also obscurely doubtful. is applied to the backbone of a ship, from
Fl. which the ribs and planking are given off
duiescent. —
Quiet. Lat. quies, rest, on either side like the web from the stalk
whence qtdesco, quietunt, to take rest. of a feather.
ftuill. Quylle, staike, calamus. Pr. — auillet.
Pm. G. kiel, quill, stalk, narrow water- Why may not this be the scull of a lawyer?
pipe, shaft of lance ; kegel, a cone, nine- where be his quiddits now, his quillets, his cases,
pin, peg Da. kogle, kongel, a fir-cone
;
his tenures, and his tricks ? —
Hamlet.
Swab, kengel, a quill, stalk, icicle lilien- ;
Notwithstanding Nares' objection that
kengel, a lily stalk. MHG. kil, quill, stalk ; the scholastic term was quodlibet, and
ktl, G. keil, wedge ; Fr. quille, a skittle, not quidliiei, the derivation from this
the keel of a ship. As the distaff is de- source is probably correct. It. quilibetto,
scribed by Hupel (Esthon. Diet.) as the —
a quidlibet. Fl. Fr. quodlibet, a low
'
kegel Oder stock ' on which the flax to joke, play upon words. A quodlibet was a
be spun is bound, the foregoing forms question in the schools where the person
may bg identified with W. cogel, a distaff challenged might choose his side. Quod-
or truncheon Bret, kegel, kigel, a distaff
;
libetum, quia quod libet defenditur.
(commonly a reed Legonidec) — Gael. Vossius.
;

cuigeal. Lap. k&kkel, Pol. kadziel, Boh. Many positions seem quodlibetically constitu-
kuzel, distaff kuzelaty, conical ; kuielka, ted, and like a Delphian blade will cut on both
a skittle.
;

The on. kbngull, N. kokle, sides. —


Brown, Christian Morals in R.
kugia, kuHgle, a fir-cone, lead to G. kun- Q,tulliiig. A
kind of pleating. Guern-
kel, distaff. Whence Mid.Lat. concula, sey enquiller, to pleat, gather, wrinkle.
It. conoccMa, Fr. quenouille. '
Au front tout enqicilli.' From Fr. cueil-
The primitive signification, as in the lir, to gather.— Metivier.
case of many words signifying pointed Quilt.See Counterpane.
objects, would seem to be a splinter or —
ftuinary. Quint. Lat. quinque, five
fragment split off from a mass of wood quintus, fifth ; quinarius, belonging to
br stone. Fr. esquazUe, escaille, a scale, the number five.
pieces of wood wherewith crannies left Quince. Formed from Fr. coignasse,
between stones in building are filled up ; pear-quince, the greatest kind of quince.
7nur escaille, a wall full of cracks or — Cot. Coi?ig, It. cotogno, Lat. coto-
chinks ; escaillures de pierre, shards or neum, cydonium, a quince. Quyne-dple
spalls, small pieces broken or hewed from tre, — Palsgr. 914.
coingz.
stones ; esquille, a little scale or splint of Quinsy. Fr. squinmice, the squinancie

a broken bone. Cot. E. dial, squails, or squinzie. — Cot. Lat. cynanche a bad
ninepins. Squails were also the sticks kind of sore throat ; Gr. KvvdyxVi literally
or pieces of cleft wood used in cock-throw- a dog-throttling.
ing. Fr. quille also can only have the Quintain. A game in which the fun
sense of chip in the expression irousser was to see the player tumbled off his
son sac et ses quilles, to pack up his sack horse. '
At last they agreed to set up ,1

and his chips, to be compared with Du. quinten which is a crossbar turning upo,
zijne spillen pakken (e. spill, splinter, a pole having a broad board at the on
chip), or, as we say, to pick up his orts end and a bag full of sand at the other.
(or droppings), to take himself off. It. Now he that ran at it with the lance, if
squillo was formerly used in the sense of he hit not the board, was laughed to

512 QUIP QUIVER


scorn and if he hit it full and rid not
;
The Lat. quietus, at rest, was specially
the faster, he would have such a blow applied to the sense of free from any
with the sandbag on the back as would claim of another party. Et accepi pre-
'

sometimes beat them off their horses.' tium ego venditor a te emptore meo et —
Essex Champion (1690), in Nares. The ' finitum pretium testor apud me habere,
speciality of the sport was to see how ita tamen ut omnibus temporibus securus
sum for his slakness had a good bob et quietus maneas.' '
Libera et quieta in
with the bag, and sum for his haste to perpetuam eleemosynam tenenda.'
toppl doun right, and cum tumbling to Hence It. quieto, queto, a discharge

the post.' Kenilworth Illustrated, in N. from legal claims quetare, to discharge,
;

Lang, tintaino, tinteino, a similar game, absolve, acquit. Quietum clamare, to


in which persons tilted against each other, quit claim, was to acknowledge another
placed on a bowsprit at the end of boats, to be freed from the demands of the
from which the least shock precipitated speaker. Acqtiietare was sometimes used
them into the water ; ce qui est le prin-
' in the sense of quieting the demands of a
cipal divertissement de ces sortes de fetes.' debtor, viz., by paying his debt or dis-
Fa la tintaino, chanceler, perdre I'equili- charging his claim. '
Tenentur hseredes
bre et culbuter dans I'eau. Fr. tintin, the testamenta patrum —servare et debita
ringing of a bell It. tentennare, to ding-
; eorum acquietare.' Hence simply to pay.
dong, dingle, tingle, jangle, gingle, also '
Petitum est ut Clerus adquietaret novem
to vacillate, stagger, waver. In Florence millia marcarum.' Hence to quite or re-
boys tilt at a gourd hung to a string and quite a service is to pay it back, to dis-
call it tintana. —
Vanzoni. charge the obligation incurred, to quiet
Quip. A jibe, jeer, or flout. B. Pro- — the claims to which it gave rise.
perly a cut, a smart stroke. W. chwip, A quit rent, quietus redditus, is a rent
a quick turn or flirt chwipio, to whip,
; paid in money in discharge of services
to move briskly. Gael, cuip, a whip, lash, which would otherwise be due.
trick. ON. hvipp, saltus, celer cursus ; The adverb quite, or quitely as it was
hvipp inn og hvapp inn, in and out, here formerly written, signifies absolutely, dis-
and there. Du. Het is maar quik, it is charged from any condition which would
only a joke. interfere with the full meaning of the
Q,uire. Fr. ch(£ur, Lat. chorus, a term to which it is applied.
i.

choir or band of singers. Lo here this Arcite and this Palamon


2. Fr. quaier (Roquef.), cayer, cahier, That quitely weren out of my prison,
a. quire of written paper. There is no And might have lived in Thebes really.
Chaucer.
reason to doubt that it is formed from
Lat. qiiaternio, analogous to Rouchi qua- Quiver. OFr. quivre, G. k'dcher, Dan.
yire, kayire, a seat, from cathedra, or koger, Mod.Gr. KoiiKovpov, It. coccaro,
quarry, from quadraria. Assit ei (scrip- quiver Du. koker, case ; messen-, boog-,
tori) quaternio [glossed quaer\. — ;

Nec- piil-koker, a knife-, bow-, arrow-case, or


cham in Nat. Antiq. Sp. quaderno, four quiver. Koker van den mast, the recep-
sheets of paper stitched together duerno, tacle in which the mast is stepped. Fin.
;

two sheets so stitched. Du. quatern, ca- kukkaro, a purse.


tern, a few sheets stitched together ; Fr.
cahier, a. copy-book. OE. quair, a book. David prit les armes d'or et les quivres d'or.—
Livre des Rois.
Diez suggests a derivation from a sup-
posed codicarium. To Quiver. To shiver or shake.— B.
-quire, -quis-. Lat. quaro, quasi- Related to quaver as quick to quake, and
tum (in comp. -quiro, -quisitum), to ask, parallel in sense and foim to Lat. vibrare.
to seek, to labour to get, to procure. The formally equivalent Sp. quebrar sig-
Qticsrere victum, to get one's living. nifies to break, an idea the connection of
Hence Acquire, Inquire, Require. Ex- which with that of shaking is shown by
quiro, to search out, to inquire diligently; the expression of breaking a thing to
exquisitus, much searched for, exquisite. shivers. Du. kuyven, kuyveren, huy-
Quirk. A
shift, or cavil. B. —
Pro- vereti, to shiver, tremble. Kil. —
perly a quick turn. e. dial, quirk, to From the figure of moving to and fro,
turn. quiver was used in the sense of active,
And by the bam side we saw many a mouse lively.
Quirking round for the kernels that littered
about. —
Clare in Mrs Baker. .
Thy quick and quiver wings. Turberville. —
— —
Simeon of body feble and impotente, but of
Quit. — Quite. Bequite. —
Acquit. soule quiver and lustie. Udal in R. —
—; ;

QUOIN RABBLE S13


Quoin. Lat. cuneus, a wedge. prate shows an earlier acceptation of the
Q,uoit. E. dial, coit, to toss, to throw word than Gr. ^paZ,uv.
;

Sc. coit, as Fr. cottir, to butt or strike The sound of dabbling in the wet is
with the horns. represented in G. by the syllables quatsch,
or 7natsch. Qiiatsch-nass, so wet as to
If thou dost not use these grape-spillers as thou
give a sound, like water in the shoes, for
dost their pottle pots, quoit them down-stairs three
— instance. In dem dreck henim quatschen,
or four at a time. WiUcins in R.
to tramp through the dirt. Quatscheln,
/ play with a coyting-stone.
coyte, I to dabble. —
Westerwald. Matsch und
Palsgr. The
radical sense of tossing or quatsch, slush, soft mud, also senseless
hurUng through the air seems preserved chatter. Das ist lauter quitsch quatsch
in Fin. kuutta, a quoit ; kuutilo, a shut- was du sagst. Qiiatschen, to chatter..
tlecock ; kuutilo-kiwi {kiwi, stone), a With slight variation, Pl.D. quaddern,Xa
white pebble, a chuckie-stane. dabble —
Brem. Wtb., Dan. quadder, soft
Quorum. A selection from enumer- mud, the quacking of ducks, or their
ated persons whose presence is required snubbling in the wet, and according to
to authorise the proceedings. From the Diefenbach, chatter, tattle. In Harzge-
form of the appointment in Law Latin :
birg and Saterland, quaddern,to chatter
A E
F, &c., of whom (quorum) foolishly ; Brunsw. koddern, to tattle, to
B, CD,
AB, CD, &c., shall always be one. Or, talk ; Cimbr. koden, koden, to speak or
of whom at least such a number shall say. We
arrive at the same 'end from
always be present, &c. forms representing the chirping or chat-

Quota. Quotient. Lat. quot, how
tering of birds. Westerwald quitschern,
Sw. quittre, Dan. quiddre, Du. quedelen,
many quotiens, quoties, how often.
;
to twitter, warble
To Quote. To cite or note with chap- chirp, warble, prattle. The connection

Kil., quetteren, to

ter and verse. Lat. quot, how many between the piping of birds and the high
quotus, what in number. tones of complaint or song lead to Sw.
Quoth. The terms significative of quida, to lament, to cry ; qucsda, to
much or idle talking are commonly taken sing OSax. quithean, to lament
; ON. ;

from the sound of dabbling in water, or queda, to sing, to recite, to say, to re-
from the chattering or cackling of birds. sound AS. cwathan, Goth, quitha, to
;

Then, as the image from which a desig- say ; w. chwedlai, gossip, tattle chwedlf ;

nation is taken is commonly a caricature report, news, a saying, story chwedleua, ;

of the thing ultimately signified, the term to chatter, to talk, or discourse. Thieves'
which originally signified much talking is cant, whids, words to whiddle, to tell
;

applied to talking in general. Thus Du. tales, to inform. —


Grose.
lellen, to tattle, seems to point out the Quotidian. Lat. quotidiamis j quo-
origin of Gr. \akuv, to speak, while E. tidie, day by day ;
quot diebus.

R
Rabbit. Rabet, young cony. Pr. Pm. — plane. In the same way, from Du. hob-
CentralFr. rabotte. Wall, robett, Du. belen, to stutter, to jog,and thence hob-
robbe, robbeken, a rabbit. Fr. rabouil- belig, rough, uneven, we are led to G.
lire, a rabbit burrow, a hole. hobeln, to plane. From Du. rouw, rough
To Rabbit. To channel boards. To het taken rouwen, to take away the
rebate, to channel, chamfer. —
B. Rabat, roughness from cloth, to comb cloth.
an yron for a carpentar, rabot. Rabet- The expression of the idea of roughness
tyng of hordes, rabetture. I plane as a from the figure of a rattling sound is
joiner dothe with a plane or rabatte. — shown in Du. rampelen, to rumble, rattle,
Palsgr. Fr. rabot, a plane. The radical rompelig, rough, uneven.
image is a broken, rattling sound, repre- Rabble. Du. rabbelen, to gabble, gar-
sented by Fr. rabalter, rabaster, rabdter rire, blaterare, precipitare sive confun-
Qaubert), to rumble, rattle, clatter, whence —
dere verba Kil. ; rabbel-taal, gibberish,
raboteux, rugged, rough, uneven, and ra- jargon. Swiss rdbeln, to clatter, make a
boter, to remove the unevennesses, to disturbance ; rdblete, grdbel, an uproar,
33
. —

514 RABID RACK


crowd of people, noisy disturbance ra- ;
straight forwards, to stream, flow in abund-
belkilth, a loose assembly of young peo- ance.
ple. rabulare, to bawl, make a
Lat. Thesense of a violent current of water
noise It; rabulare, to prattle, scold, to
;
is exemplified in Venet. rosa, Prov. rasa,
rabble, to huddle.— Fl. Swab, rapplen, OFr. rase, a mill-race, the stream which
to talk quick and unclearly, to be wrong turns a mill, the characteristic feature of
in the head. which is the tail-race or agitated part be-
The original sense is a noisy confusion low the wheel, though the name is ex-
of voices, then a noisy crowd. tended to the tranquil conduit above.
Another application is to currents pro-
Thus, Father Travis, you may see my rashness
to rable out the scriptures without purpose, rime, duced by the conflict of tides in the sea,

or reason. Fox in R. as the Race of Aldemey, of Pentland.
And after all the raskall many ran Thai raysyt saile and furth thai far.
Heaped together in rude rabblemeni. — F. Q. And by the mole thai passyt yar.
And entrit som into the rase,
See Rubbish, Rammel. Quhar that the stremys sa sturdy war.
Balbicl. Lat. rabidusj rabies, mad- Barbour in Jam
ness.
Race. Used in several senses, which
Du. raes, Eestuarium. — Kil. Rase, as the

may, however, all be derived from the


Rase of Bretayne, ras. — Palsgr. Race,
in the sense of breed, lineage, hne of de-
figure of ^violent action or rapid move- scent, Fr. race. It. razza, Sp. raza, has
ment. been commonly derived from Sp. and
In this fundamental signification we OFr. raiz, root, as signifying the root or
have OE. race, to dash, to tear. stock of the family.
His bannerman Wallace slew in that place. Bon buijon de bon raiz
And soon to ground his baner down he race. Et de haut p6re vaillant fiz.
Wallace in Jam. Chron. Norm. ^. 12738.
And in her swounde so sadly holdith she But probably Diez right in rejecting
is
Her child rin two, whan she gan them embrace, that derivation and connecting the word
That with grete slight and grete difficulte
The childerne from her armes they gan to race. with OHG. reiz, reiza, a line, in accord-
Clerk's Tale, 2124. ance with Wal. tir, race, compared with
Fr. Here, line, row ; or AS. tuddor, race,
OFr. esracer, esracher, Fr. arracher, OE.
compared with Du. tudder, tuyer, tether,
arace, to pluck off, pull down. Erased
strap, row ; or with Pl.D. toom, strap,
(in Heraldry), anything violently torn off
from its proper place. B. —
race, or A also progeny, race. He might however
have found a form more nearly connected
dash with the pen, liture, rature to race ;

out (to strike out), rayer, effacer. Cot. — in OE. race, a dash or stroke with the pen,
the simplest type of a line. Sp. raza is
G. reissen, to rage, to tear, to snatch.
not only race, but a ray or line of light.
Der wind reisst, tobet, brauset, rages,
roars ; reisst die ziegel von den ddchem,
A Race of ginger is OFr. raiz, root.
It is written rasyn of ginger in Pr. Pm.
hurlsdown the tiles from the roofs. Je-
Fr. racine de gengimbre.
manden nieder reissen, to dash one to the
ground sich reissen, to rush, move along
To Kack. I. To rack wines is to de-
;
cant, to draw them off the lees. Lang.
with a swift force, to tear along. Ein
araca le bi, transvaser le vin. From
reissender strain, a violent current. Riss,
drdco or rdco, dregs, the husks and solid
a cut or blow with a stick, a rent, a
remnants after pressing wine or oil. So
draught, sketch. Pol. raz, a stroke, blow,
cut Fin. raasia, to scratch, to tear ; AS.
from Venet. morga, lees of oil morgante, ;
;

hreosan, reosan, ON. hrasa, properly to


travasatore di olio. — Bberio. Fr. raque,

move with a noise, to rush, to fall AS. dirt, mire vifi raqu^, small or coarse
;
;

wine squeezed from the dregs of the grapes.


mycelum rcese, with great violence. A — Cot. Rache de goudron, dregs of pitch.
race is then a rapid course, whether of
Fr. bourras, silk-rash (Cot.), i. e. the dregs
horses or of waters, or, with the significa-
tion softened down, simply course, the of silk.

current of events.
2. To strain, to stretch. Du. rehkcn,
Bot gif yee weigh the mater Weill and consider
G. rechcii, to stretch. To rack one's brains
strain them ; rack
the race of the history. —
Bruce in Jam.
is to
strained to the uttermost.
rent is rent

ON. rds, a rapid course ; rds hesta, cursus


equorum rdsir dcEgra, cursus dierum
You find it necessary to say as we say, and are
; ;
afterwards to rack and strain invention to find
•vats rds, a watercourse, outlet of waters.
out some subtle and surprising meaning for it.
N. raas, course, stream rcesa, to go ; Waterland in R.

RACK RAFFLE 515


Eack. I. An instrument for stretch- breakage ;
gone to smash. Sc. rak,
ing. crash, uproar.
These bows were bent only by a man's imme- They met in mell^ with ane felloun rak,
diate strength without the help of any bender or Quhill schaftis all to schudderis with anycrak.
rack. —Wilkins in Worcester. D. V. 386, 14.
As the stretcher of a cross-bow was From the rutis he it lousit (the rock) and rent,
provided with a series of teeth which held
And tumblit doun fra thyne or he wald stent
The river wod affrayit with the rak.
the string while it was gradually drawn And demmit with the roUtis ran abak.
onwards, the name of rack- or ratchet- n. V. 249. 31.
work is given to a row of teeth into which
Boh. 7-ochati, to make a crash
Fin. rack-
the cogs of a wheel work.
;

Du. racke, reck-bancke, a frame on


2.
kid, cum strepitu concutio, fragorem edo.

which torture was inflicted by stretching


E. dial, rackle, to rattle. From this source
recken, racken, to stretch, to
seems to spring OE. rakyl, rackle, impetu-
the joints ;

torture. — G. recken, to stretch ; einen


Kil.
ous, unbridled, rash.
Kacket. Noise as of things knocking
verbrecher atif der folterbank recken, to
about, disturbance. Sc. rack, crash,
put a criminal to the rack ; Sw. strdcka,
shock Rouchi raque, expression repre-
;
to stretch ; strdck bank, the rack.
senting the noise made in striking the
3. A
receptacle for hay formed of a
hands together. Boh. rachotiti, to make
range of upright bars, and generally the
a noise rachoceni, crash, noise. Gael.
;
name seems to be given to any set of
rac, to tear, sound as things tearing ; ra-
linear things fixed parallel to each other
caid, noise, disturbance, blow on the ear.
like the teeth of a comb or rake. Kplate-
To racket about is to move noisily
rack is a frame for holding plates, com-
about, and hence the name of racket was
posed, like a hay-rack, of upright bars.
given to the game of tennis, in which the
The term is then extended to frames for
ball is violently driven to and fro, and
holding other things in which the charac-
ultimately to the bat or racket, Fr. ra-
teristic feature of upright bars. is lost, as
quette, used in striking the ball.
in a bottle-rack. Pl.D. rakk, a book-
stand theerakk, glaserakk, a stand for
;
And though I might, yet I would not do so.
But canst thou plaieii racket to and fro,
tea-things or glasses ; klederrakk, a row
Nettle in, dock out, now this, now that, Pan-
of pegs for hanging clothes on.
regge, a rake or comb
"Qvi.reke,
Biglotton ; Yak, — —
dare ? Chaucer,
a tennis ball is poor man racketed
rek, a dresser, clothes-horse. Halma. — Thus like
from one temptation to another, Dr Hewet in —
On the same principle, Fr. ratelier, a R.
rack for hay, from rateau, Lat. rastellum,
a. rake, while G. raufe, an implement like Kacy. Flavorous, pungent. — Worces-
1 large comb, used in separating flax from
ter. Race and raciness wine signifies in

the seeds, is also used in the sense of a a kind of tartness. Blackstone in R. —


Kay-rack, Brisk racy verses. Cowley. —
4. The drift of the sky.
The radical meaning of the word is that
of Fr. piquant, inciting, appetising, from
The winds upper region which move the
in the
Bacon in — G. reizen, Sw. reta, to provoke, entice,
:louds above, which we call the rack,
R. allure. Reta smaken, piquer l& gout re- ;

tande, charming, appetising. Bav. ras-


3Sw. wrceka, on. reka, to drive ; rek,
sen, incitare rass. Swab, ress, sharp in
;
Irift, motion. Isinn er i reki, the ice is
taste, pungent ; zapf-rasser wein, wine
Iriving ; skyrek, the rack or drifting der rassling, agari-
fresh from the tap ;

;louds.

cus deliciosus. Schm. OHG. rdzer win,
Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun, racy wine. Swiss rdss, sharp,- cutting,
Not separated by the racking clouds. H. VI. — astringent ; rdsses messer, rdsser wind,
sometimes confounded with reek, a mist, rdsse lauge.
)r vapour. Kadiant. Radiate. — Lat. radio, to
They must needs conceit that death reduces us send out rays or beams of light. See
o a pitiful thin pittance of being, that our sub- Ray.
tance is in a manner lost, and nothing but a Radical. Lat. radix, the root.
enuious reek remains. —
Mores Immortality of Radish. Fr. radis, Walach. radike,
he Soul.
It. radice, G. rettig, from Lat. radix, root.


Back. Eackel. Rack, in the expres- Raffle. It. raffio, a hook, or drag ;

ions gone to rack, rack and ruin, is to raffolare, to rake, drag, scrape together
)e understood in the sense of crash, by hook or crook, to rifle for. Fl, Raf- —
33 *
;

5.6 RAFT RAIL


fola-ruffola, riffraff, by hook or crook. in speaking or singing ; riiggig, hoarse ;

Fr. rafler, to scrape or scratch, to catch Esthon. raggisema, to crackle ; Magy.


or seize on violently ; faire une rafle, to regetni, rekegni, to croak Dan. rcegle, to ;

rifle, sweep all away before them jeter ;


rattle in the throat. Then passing to the
une rafle, to throw three dice alike, as idea of motion, Sw. raggla, to totter, to
three aces, &c., to. win all. on. hrafla, to make zigzags ragglande, zi^z2igs. Nord-
; —
scrape together ; It. arraffare, to grab ; forss. N. rigga, rigla, rugga, rugla, to
G. raffen, to rake together, to take away rock, waver, hang loose. Da. dial, rcegle,
everything by force and violence ; Piedm. rigle, torn hanging rag, tatter ; raggeret,
rafa, G. raffgut, spoil, pillage. ragged. Gael, rag, stiff, rigid, also a rag,
To raff was formerly used in our own a wrinkle ; ragach, ragged, wrinkled.
language in the sense of scraping or AS. hracod, torn ; Gael, rac, to tear
raking. racadh, act of tearing, or of sounding as
Now that churchales ought to be sorted in the cloth in the act of tearing, seem radically
better ranks of these twaine may be gathered from distinct notwithstanding the similarity of
their causes and effects, which I thus raffe up meaning.
together. —Carew in R.
Rage. Lat. rabies. It. rabbia, Sp. Prov,
Hence raff, riffraff, scraping, scum, re- rabia, Ptg. rabia, ravia, Sicilian raggia,
fuse, the refuse of society; r^QSkerake), Fr. rage, rage. Ptg. raivar, Prov. raviar,
a debauched, unprincipled person. In raujar, ratjarj enrabiar, enrapjar, enrat-^
another application, raff is a scraping jar, to rage.
together, a confused heap. The radical image is probably the
The Synod of Trent [was called] to settle a senseless utterance of a madman. Du.

reffoi errors and superstitions. Barrow in R. rabbelen, to gabble G. rappeln, to rattle ;

Kaft.— Kafter. A raft is a float made Swab, rapplen, to speak in a quick and
;

of spars of wood. Raff-merchant, a tim- confused way, to be cracked in the head.



ber merchant. Brockett. Rafter, apiece Schmid. See Rave. —

of timber for building B., but especially Ragout. A highly seasoned dish. Fr.
one of the spars of a roof. ON. raftr, a ragouter, to restore the appetite, from
pole, stake, small beam ; Dan. raft, a gout, Lat. gustus, taste ; ragout, sauce
long thin piece of timber, spar, lath, pole ; to stimulate the appetite and restore the
humleraft, a hop pole. Fris. rafte, dach- taste for food. Trevoux. —
raff, a lath ; Swab, raf rafen, a spar, Rail. I. A
bar or strip of wood, metal,
especially roof spar ; Bav. rafen, the roof &c. A
word of diminutive or frequenta-
spar, also young stem of tree fit to make tive form, from It. riga, a streak, line,
a rafter. Rafuun, capriuns ravo, tignus,
; ruler ; Prov. rega, a line, furrow ; Piedm.
luctans, asser. —
Gl. in Schm. riga, a line, ledge, rod, thin slip of wood,
The name is probably connected, as ruler ; Pl.L). rige, rege, a row or string.
Outzen suggests, with Fris. rabb, Du. ribb, From forms like these we pass to Du.
ribbe,Sw. ref a rib, from the rib-like ap- regel, a row or line ; Pl.D. regel, G. riegel,
pearance of the timber used in roofing. a bar, bolt, rail riegelholz, timber for
;

Rag. The primary meaning is proba- rails or bars. Fr. rayaux [sing. rayal\
bly a jag or projecting piece, the word bars, or long and narrow pieces of metal.
being formed on precisely the same prin-
ciple as jag or shag. Sw. ragg, long
— Cot. The Cat. form is ralla, a line,
whence passar ralla, to cancel, to be com-
coarse hair, like that of goats raggig, ; pared with Lat. cancelli, rails. Rouchi
shaggy ; Dan. rage, project ; Lith.
to roie, line, furrow roile, line, window- or
;
ragas, horn, projecting corner, tooth of a chimney-shelf Norm, railer, to score,
wheel. The radical image seems to be a
to draw lines ; railette, the division of the
harsh broken sound, the representation hair ; roile du dos, the backbone. See
of which is applied in a secondary sense
Ray.
to signify an abrupt, reciprocating move-
Fr. rasle, rdle, Fin. rddkkd, W. cre-
2.
ment, the path traced out during such a
genyryd, the rail or corncrake, a bird of
movement, or finally, a single element of peculiar harsh note, represented by the
that path, an abrupt projection.
foregoing names. It. ragliare, to bray
My voice is ragged, I know I cannot please you. like an ass ; Ptg. ralhar, to grate Dan. ;

As You Like It. reegle, G. rocheln, Fr. rosier, rdler, to


In the original sense. It. ragghiare, to rattle in the throat.
bray like an ass, to make a harsh broken 3. AS. hrcegel, rcegel, a garment ; nihtes-
sound ; rugghiare, to roar Swiss r&g- ; ^r(Sg»/, a night-rail, night-clothes ; hrcegel-
gen, to make harsh disagreeable sounds hus, vestr)'. ohg. hragil, indumentum,
— ;

RAIL RAKEHELL 517


cothurnus, tropasa, spolia ; gihragilon, or profligate, is commonly supposed to
ornare ; anthragilon, exuere. Grisons be a contraction from rakehell, but in
ragila (in a depreciatory sense), clothes, the first instance it may have signified
children's clothes, ragged clothes rag- ; nothing worse than noisy merry-making.
liun, a. ragged person. Other cases in Than all thay leuche upon loft with laiks full
which the designation of clothes is taken mirry,
from a rag are given under Hater and And raucht the cop round about full of ryche
wynis,
Duds.
And raiket lang, or thay wald rest, with ryatus
To Bail. I. To use opprobrious —Dunbar
words. — B. Fr. railler, to jest, sport,
speiche.
Bret, raka
in

many kinds of im-


used of
Jam.

deride, mock, scoff at. —


Cot. Dan. ralle,
is
portunate noise, to cackle like a fowl, to
to rattle ; N. ralla, radla, radda, rassa,
croak, and figuratively to babble, tattle.
to tattle, jabber. Da. dial, ralde, 7-aUe,
Swed. raka, to riot about ; rakande, riot-
to rattle, to talk idly. '
Jeg troer du ral- ing, disturbance, noise, Dessa kattorna
ler,' you are joking, said to one who tells
hafwa rakat der forfarligen hela natten
an improbable story. Du. ralien, rellen,
igenom these cats have kept a horrible
blaterare, garrire, jocari. KiU —Pl.D.
:

racket all night through. Raka omkring,


rallen, to make a great noise as children
playing, to sound as the waves beating
to rove about. Widegren. —Racka, to
run about. Racka bestindigt fram och

on the shore. Brem. Wtb.
tilbaka, to keep running to and fro racka ;
2. To trickle, as tears, or blood from a
omkring hela Paris, to run about all
wound.
Paris. To
rake, to gad or ramble idly —
The purple drops down railed purple red. Forby to rove or run about wildly as
;

From the unsteady trembling


Fairfax in R.
movement And
children. —
Mrs Baker.
right as Robartes men raken aboute
of trickling drops. Du. rillen (for rid- At feyres and at full ales, and fyllen the cuppe.
delen —Weiland), trillen, grillen, to P. P. Crede, 143.
tremble, shiver. To trill, it will be ob- Sc. raik, to range, wander, rove at large.
served, is also used in the sense of to A lang raik, a long extent of way ; sheep-
trickle. Fr. griller, to shiver, also to raik, a sheep-walk.
trickle, steal, run glib along. — Cot. The radical notion may probably be a
Baiment. See Array. sweep or rapid movement over a surface.'
Bain. as. rcsgn, regn, ren, G. regen, Sw. raka af, to run off, to brush away ;
Fris. rein, Goth, rign. rak, straight ; Craven raik, raitch, a
To Baise. To cause to rise. Goth. streak, scratch; Du. recken, strecken, to
urreisan, —rais, —
risun, to stand up ; stretch ; streke, a stroke, streak, extent,
raisjan, urraisjan, to raise, to rouse, on. tract, course ; Sw. strek, a dash, stroke,
reisa, to go, to excite, to raise. At reisa streak, line ; Sc. straik, to rub gently, to
flock, to raise a tumult ; —
Ms, to build a stroke, to spread butter or plaister ; a
house ; dfcetr, to set up. Rlsa, to rise. straik, an extent of country ; a lang
The primary origin is probably rasa, straik, a long excursion on foot ; upd"
to go straight forwards, to rush, to move straik, in motion, in a state of activity.
with violence ; ras, precipitancy, fall. With Sterne staves and stronge thei over lond
AS. reosan, hreosan, to rush, to fall. See straieth.—P. P. Creed.
Race. LoUeres lyvynge in sleuthe, and over lond stryken*
Baisiu. Fr. raisin, Prov. razim, ra- P. P.
zain, grape, Lat. racemus, Sp. racimo, a G. 'streichen, to rub, to stroke, to sweep
bunch of grapes. along, move
rapidly along or away, to
Bake. i. From the noise of raking wander, ramble, rove, or run about, to
or scraping. Bret, raka, graka, to make extend in length. Sw. stryka, to stroke,
noise in rubbing a hard and rough body, rub, wipe, move along.. Stryka omkring,
to cluck, croak ; Gael. rd.c, rake, harrow, to rove about ; —fdrbi, to graze, to shave
make a noise like geese or ducks. ON. — ut, to strike out, draw a line through
raka, to scrape. Sw. raka, to shave, to writing to efface it.

make a disturbance rakande, noise, dis-


; Bakehell. Rendered by Minsheu,
turbance. Fr. racier, to scrape, rasp, taugenichts, furcifer; a profligate, the
grate, rake. Du. raeckelen, raecken, to scrapings of hell.
rake. Maori rdkurdku, to scrape or Such an ungracious couple [Domitian and
scratch, an implement to scrape with, a Commodus] as a man shall not find again if he
rake, small hoe. raked all hell for them. Ascham in R. —
2, In the sense of a dissipated person On the same principle are formed Pl.D.

5i8 RALLY RAMBLE


hollenbessem, hell-besom (Danneil), Du. ramage, boughs, branches, of or belong-
helleveeg {veegen, to sweep), terms of ing to branches; also ramage, haggard,
abuse, especiSly for an angry violent wild, homely, rude.— Cot. It. ramo, a

woman, a shrew, a vixen. branch ; ramigno, branchy ; ramingo;


.

It is sometimes supposed that rakehell ramengo, 3. ramage hawk.


is a mere corruption of Fr. racaille, the Ramas. In Pembrokeshire a rigma-
base and rascal sort, the dregs or offals role, a string of nonsense. Dan. ramse,

of any company Cot., a word signifying remse, string of unmeaning words, rigma-
simply scrapings, off-scourings, from Bret. role ; at lare paa ramse, to learn by rote.
raka, P1.D. raoken, to scrape as rascal, ; At ramse noget op, to repeat a thing in a
from It. rascare; Fr. raspaille, Du. raep- monotonous way without reference to
alje, the scum of the people, from It. sense, to say by rote. Sw. e7i lang ramsa
raspare, Fr. rdper, Du raepen, to scrape.. aford, une kyrieUe de mots. Nordforss. —
And doubtless the two words were con- Sc. rammes, to ro3.r,rame,to cry aloud,
founded in our older writers, and rakehell to roar ; rame, a cry, especially when the
written where only rascal is meant. same sound is repeated. He has ay ana
'

And far away amid their rakehell bands rame^ when he continues to cry for the:
They spied a lady left all succourless. F. Q. — same thing, or to repeat the same sound.
In record whereof I scorn and spew out the
rakehelly rout of our ragged rhymers. Spenser — — Jam. Fr. ramas, a heap, medley, min-
glemangle, probably belongs to this head,
inR. signifying originaUy a confused noise.
The confusion is increased by the re- Cette histoire n'est qu'un ramas d'impos-
semblance in sound and meaning of the tures. Fr. ramage, the song of birds,
Oe. rakel, rackyl, impetuous, unbridled, chatter of children, is another shoot from
passionate. the same stock. Quel ramage font ces
The jolly woes, the hateless short debate, enfans la ! Rabdcher, to make a tedious
The rakehell\\le, that longs to love's disport. repetition.
Siurey in R. To Ramble, i. The syllables ram,
See Rack, Rackle. rom, rum, are used in a numerous class
To Bally. i. Fr. railler.

See Rail. of words framed to represent continued
Fr. rallier (Lat. religare), to re-as-
2. multifarious noise, clatter, and then ap-
semble, re-unite, gather dispersed things plied to the sense of noisy, riotous, ex-
together. Cot. —Rouchi raloier, to put cited action. We
may cite E. dial, rame,
together the bits of a broken thing. to cry aloud ; Lat. rumor, murmur, noise,
Eftsoones she thus resolved confused sound ; It. rombare, rombaz-
Before they could new counsels realize. — F. Q. zare, rombeggiare, rombolare, to rumble,
Ham. Du. ram,Bav. ramm, rammer, clash, clatter ; G. rumor, a noise, bustle,
G. ramm, ram-men, rammel, the male clamour, tumult, commotion; Westerwald
sheep. Commonly derived from the rafnmoren, Austrian romotten, Hamburgh.
strong smell of the animal. E. dial, ram, ramenteii, to make a clatter, make a dis-
acrid, fetid Dan. ram, rank in smell or
; turbance E. dial, rammaking, behaving
;

taste, as old cheese, or a he-goat ON, ; riotously and wantonly ; ramracketing, a


andramr, one whose breath smells ill. country rout where there are many noisy
But it is more probable that the word is amusements ; Sw. ramla, to Du. rattle ;

a special application of a general term rammelen, to rattle, chink, clash. De


signifying originally the male of animals, rammeling der wapenen, the clash of
from OHG. rammalon, G. ram?neln, to weapons nut geld rammelen, to clink
;

cover the female, said of sheep, hares, with money. Ramincleti is then applied
rabbits, cats, &c. rammler, the male of
; to tumultuous, noisy action perstrepere,
such kind of animals mhg. rammelcere, ; tumultuari. — Kil. Mit
sich im
;

jilngen mdgden
a ram rammelcsrin, dissoluta virgo.
; rammlen, to sport with girls ;

See To Ramble. bette rammeln, to rout about in bed.


: To Ram. To strike like a ram with '
Tanzen and rammeln^ Ball spielen,
'

his head, to thrust in. So Dan. bukke, to laufen und rammelu.'—^Sanders. Next
ram, from buk, a buck or he-goat, an from the excited action of animals pairing,
animal equally prone with a ram to but- G. rammeln is specially applied to the
ting with the head. At rammepcele ned, pairing of animals, as hares, rabbits, cats,
at bukke pale, to drive in piles. Raynbuk, sheep. The wild conduct of hares under
a rammer. Lat. aries, a battering-ram. this influence is witnessed by the proverb,
Ramage. Fr. espervier ramage, a as mad as a March hare.'
' Wenn die '

brancher, a ramage hawk, Cot. From — hasen rammeln, so jagen sie einander
— — —

RAMIFY RAMP S19


herum.' Derim Marz rammelnd^ii k;it-
'
a:s shownin Pl.D. rabbel, bustle Dan- —
zen.' —
Sanders. Du. rammelcn, lascivire, neil, rabbeltasch, a rattle, a great talker
catulire, efferari libidine, et domo relictS, Schiitze), is formed E. rubble, what comes
vagari. — Rammeler, u male rabbit,
Kil. rumbling down, the ruins of old walls.
and a libidinous man, a sense in which e. Rzibbell or brokell of old decayed houses.'
'

rambler also is vulgarly used. Sc. ram- — Huloet. 'Rubble, as mortar and broken
mis, to go about in a state approaching to —
stones of old buildings.' Baret.
frenzy under the impulse of any powerful On the same principle Rubbish (com-
appetite ; to rammis about like a cat, to monly explained as what comes off by
be rammising with hunger. —Jam. rubbing) is from Fr. rabascher, rabaster,
The sense of wandering up and down rdbalter, to rumble, rattle rabaschement,
;

is derived from the notion of noisy move- a rumbling or terrible rattling. Cot. So —
ment, disturbance, agitation. Du. ram- from the form rabaster, Lang, rabastos,
melen, rommelen, strepere, turbare ; rom- silk rubbish, remnants of silk spinning.
melen (inquit Becanus) robust^ et cele- Comp. Pl.D. rabakkeii, to rattle een ;

riter sursum deorsum, ultro citroque se oold rabak, an old ruinous house or fur-
movere. Kil. — niturej a rattle trap. Pl.D. rabusch (pro-

In his sieve he had a silver teine, nounced as Fr. rabouge), confusion.
Heslily tokeit out this cursid heine,
And in the pannes bottom he it lafte,
To Ramp. —Romp. —Rampage. It
isshown under Ramble that the element
And in the water rambled to and fro, ram or rom is used to represent noise in
And wonder privily toke up also
a long series of words signifying noisy,

The copper teine. Canon Yeoman's Tale.
riotous, excited action. The radical sense
The people cried and romhled up and doun.
is shown in It. rombare, rombazzare, rom-
Monk's Tale.
beggiare, to rumble, clash, clatter Du. ;
The same train of thought is shown in N.
rammelen, to rattle, clash, clink, then in
rangla, to rumble, tinkle, to revel, riot, to a further developed sense, perstrepere,
ramble, wander about ; Dan. ralde, to
rattle ; N. ralla, to tattle ; of beasts, to
tumultuari. Kil. — G. raminelen, to rout
about, to sport in an excited manner, to
rut, to be on heat, also to ramble or gad
caterwaul. The It. rombazzare, rombeg-
about. giare, may be identified with MHG. ram-
2.
lirious,
To ramble,
talking in
in the sense of
an incoherent way,
being de-
is
biieze, spring widely about —
Zarncke, and
with E. rampage, to be riotous, to scour
probably not from the figure of wandering up and down, rampadgeon, a furious,
in speech, but from the primitive sense of
rattling, clattering Sw. ramla, to clatter,
boisterous, or quarrelsome fellow Hal., —
;
while Hamburgh ramenten, to make a
to tattle, analogous to Sc. clash applied to clatter, corresponds to Lincolnsh. ram-
idle talkDu. rammelen, to talk idly, pantous, overbearing ; and It. rampegare,
;

loosely, confusedly, rabbelen, kakelen rampicare, to clamber or grapple, to E.



Halma remelen, delirare, ineptire. Kil. rammaking, behaving riotously and wan-
;

Comp. ralleii, rellen, strepere, garrire, tonly. Hal. From the syllable ram or
blaterare, deliramenta loqui. — Kil.

ramp, which lies at tlie root of all these
Ramify. Lat. ramus, a bough or forms, springs the verb to ramp or romp,
branch. signifying unrestrained bodily action,
Bammel. —Rubble. —Rubbish. Ram- throwing about the limbs, scrambling,
mel, rubbish, especially bricklayer's rub- jumping about, pawing.
bish, stony fragments.
And that any neighebour of mine
if
To rammel or moulder in pieces, as sometimes Wol not in chirche to my wife incline,
mud walls or great masses of stones will do of Or be so hardy to hire to trespace.
themselves. — Florio in Hal. Whan she cometh home she rampeth in my face,
Sw. rammel, rattle, clatter; rammel af And ciyeth, False coward wreke thy wife.
Chaucer, Monk's Prologue.
stenar som falla ur muren, rattle of stones
Yet is this an act of a vile and servile mind, to
falling out of the wall ; ramla, to rattle,
honour a man while —
he lived and now that
to fall with a crash. Stenar ramlade af another had slain him, to be in such an exceed-
berget, stones rattled down from the moun- ing jollity withal- as to ramp in manner with
tain. Ramla omkull som en mur, to both their feet upon the dead, and to sing songs
tumble down as a wall. e. dial, rames, —
of victory, &c. North, Plut. in R.

ruins, rentmants. An old rames of a It. rampare, rampegare, rampeggiare, to


.

house. raihp, elamber, drag, or grapple, to paw


In the same way from the parallel form like a lion or a bear ; Fr. ramper, to
Du. rabbelen, to gabble (properly to rattle. climb, to creep. ^.;, .
— ; ;

520 RAMPALLION RANGER OF A FOREST


When Clare speaks of ramping wil- gran randon, when he hacl swum a good
lows, he conceives them as scrambling —
bit. Raynouard.
about, pushing out their limbs in an ex- TJie radical image is the noise which
cessive degree, growing luxuriantly, in accompanies impetuous action. Fr. ran-
the same way that G. 7'ammeln, which fanplan, rubadub, the beating of a drum.
when used of children signifies tumbling Piedm. rabadan, ramadan, Gloucestersh.
and tossing about, throwing about the randan, noise, bustle, uproar. It. ran-
limbs, is also applied to plants in the dellare, to make a whirling noise, to turn
sense of shoot, spring, sprout. Sanders. — as a whirlwind, to hurl or fling furiously ;

A ra7np or romp is a young person of randello, a violent hurling or whistling


unrestrained spirits, a girl noisy and bois- noise in the air ; a randello, in flinging
terous in play. G. Mit jiingen magden manner, at random. PI. —
OE. randall,
rammeln, to toy or romp with girls. random. — Coles Hal. Randy, bois-
in
Kampallion. A coarse vulgar person. terous, noisy, obstreperous. G. randal,
Devonsh. rtimbullion, a great tumult. noise, uproar. Sanders.— E. dial, ran,
Hal. Castrais rainbal, confused noise, violence, force.
bustle and movement of a house ram- ; —
Range. Rank. Fr. rang,reng,renge,
balha, to disturb, trouble ramboul, a
; Prov. renc, rengua, Cat. renc, Lyonnese
mess ; ramboulha, to disorder, turn topsy- ranche (Gl. Gdnev.), w. rhenc, Bret, renk,
- tujvy. Comp. Sc. rallion, clattering, Piedm. ran, rem, row, line, rank Fr. ;

noise, with rullion, a coarse masculine ranger, to arrange, dispose, set in order ;
woman. ^Jam. — —
Kampart. Rampire.
rangde, a rank, row ; Prov. rengar, arren-

Fr. rempar, gar, arrenjar, It. rangiare, to range or


rempart, a rampier, the wall of a fortress set in order. Sc. raing, ro^, line; to
reniparer, to fortify. —Cot. It. riparare, raing, to rank up, to be arranged in line
to ward off a blow riparo, a defence, also to go successively in line, to follow
;

remedy, a rampier, fence, covert, place of in succession. The folks are rainging '

refuge. — Fl. See Parry. to the kirk.' It. rangiare is used as E.


B>aucour. — Rancid. —
Rank. Lat. range, in the sense of making stretches
rffiWiT^ti, It. riz««><;, to become rank, tainted, up and down. To range along the coast
or unpleasant in taste or smell. Rancore, is to move along the line of coast to ;

rancura, rancour, rage, spite ; rancorare, range over the country, to stretch over
to rancour, fester, rage, rankle. Fl. —
Fr, the country in extensive sweeps.
rand, musty, tainted, unsavoury, ill smell- The Britons rcnged about the field.
ing rancmur, rancour, hatred, rankling
; R. Brunne, 194.
despight. — Cot. CentralFr. rancmur, dis-
And in two renges fayre they hem dresse.
gust; ^afaitrancceur. 'Du..ransi,ranstig, Knight's Tale.
G. ransig, rancid.
Random. —Randon. The radical Diez' explanation from 7-ing, a circle of
listeners, is very unsatisfactory. In a
meaning is impetus, violence, force. Ran-
circle there is no priority, which is the
doun, the swift course, flight, or motion
ruling idea in rank. It is far more pro-
of a thing. Jam.— bable that the origin is to be found in a
He rod to him with gret randoum. nasalised form of Du. recken, Sw. rdcka,
Beves of Hampton.
to stretch, to reach to. Du. recke, Sw.
Then rode he este with grate randawne.
rdcka, rank, line. /"
en rdcka, at a stretch,
MS. in Hal.
in a continued line. The range of a gun
The adverb at random is to be explained is as far as the gun will reach. A range
as left to its own force, without external of mountains is a stretch or line of moun-
guidance. tains, and a reach of a river is an analo-
The gentle lady loose at randon left gous expression, so far as it extends in
The greenwood long did walk. — F. Q. one direction.
Fr. randon, force, violence de randon, ;
Range. 2. mhg. viur-ram, a fire-
impetuously. —
Roquef. Aller k grand grate, kitchen range ; G. rahmen, a
randon, to go very fast ; sang respandu frame.
a gros randons,\s\QioA spilt in great gushes. Ranger of a Forest. So called be-
— Cot. Prov. randa, randon, effort, vio- cause it his duty to range up and down
is
lence. Faitz es lo vers a randa, the verse in the forest [ad perambulanduiji quotidie
is made at one effort, at a blow.
regnas romp a un randon, he breaks
Las per terras deafforestatas Manwood] to —
see to the game, and the duty of the
the reins at a blow. Cant ac nadat un keepers in their several walks. Minsheu. —
RAiNK 521
The guardians of the forest are termed These bitter blasts never gin to assuage ?
regardatores, inspectors, in the Charta de Shepherd's Cal.
Foresta, 9 H. III., rendered rangers in Of many iron hammers beating rank. — F. Q.
the old translation of the Statutes, while From the last quotation we readily pass
facere regardum is rendered, to make to the sense of frequent, closely set, As '

range, or make his range. Now to make rank as motes i' t' sun.' — Craven GI. And
range is not an English expression, and generally the image of vigorous action
certainly is not a translation oifacere re- supplies the senses of strong in body,
gardum, to make inspection. It is ob- luxuriant in growth, fully developed, ex-
viously framed to correspond with the cessive in any quality, strong in taste or
name of the Ranger (by which the officer smell, harsh in voice, &c.
was known in the time of the translation) in In the mene tyme certane wycht and
'

the same way that the phrase facere re- rank men [viribus validiores] take hym
gardum corresponds to regardator in the —
be the myddill.' Bellenden, Boeth. in
original, and therefore cannot be used in Jam. Seven ears came up on one stalk,
'

support of Minsheu's derivation. The rank and good.' Gen. —


A rank modus.' '

probability is, as it seems to me, that the 'Rank idolatry.' The rank vocit swanys.'
'

name of ranger was taken from rama- — D. V.


geur, the name by which the guardian of Precisely analogous senses are ex-
the forest was known in France. The pressed by forms springing from the
right of cutting branches in the forest for parallel root ramp, ram,* representing
fodder or other purposes, and the duty noisy, excited, violent action, as shown
payable to the lord for the exercise of under Ramble, Ramp. ON. rammr, ramr,
the right, were called ramage, Mid.Lat. robust, strong r. rymr, a loud noise
;
;

ramagium, from ramus, branch. ' Ego ro7iim hildr, a sharp fight r. ast, vehe- ;

Audiernus dedi B. ramagiutn per omnes ment love ; ramr reykr, a sharp smoke ;
buscos meos in curte de M. ad hoc andramr, oi rank breath. In N. of E.
ut homines de C. accipiant ad omnes ram, fetid. He is as ram as a fox.'
'

necessitates suas.' —
Chart, a.d. 1104 in Strong-tasted butter is said to be ram-
Due. Hence OFr. ramagetir, an officer mish. —
Craven Gl. N. ram, strong in
whose duty it was to look after the woods taste as old cheese, bold in speech, tho-
and to receive the payments on account rough in respect of a. bad quality. Ein
of ramage. Pasturages communs sanz
' ram kjuv, Sw. ram tjuf, a rank thief
en riens payer au ramagetir.' Chart. — Sw. ram lukt, rank smeU ram. bonde, as ;

A.D. 1378 in Carp. The corruption from Fr. un franc paysan, a mere boor. Dan.
ramageur to ranger will cause little diffi- vor ramme alvor, in good earnest at ;

culty if we compare the Fr. raim, rain, tale ram Jydsk, as we should say, to talk
rains, rainche, a branch or stick, derived rank Cockney.
from ram.us. Cut brushwood is still called When frank Mess John came first into the camp,
rangewood, or ringewood, in Northamp- With his fierce flaming sword none was so ramp.

tonshire. —Mrs Baker.


The term is
Jam.
then applied to the lux-
It would be perfectly natural that the
superintendence of the game should be uriant growth of plants.
given to the same officer whose business By overshadowed ponds in woody nooks.
was to look after the woods, and it might With ramping sallows lined and crowding sedge.
Clare.
easily happen that the J'ormer duty might
supersede the latter, as in-England, where, E. dial, rammily, tall, rank. — Hal. G.
according to Manwood, the ranger had rammeln (of plants), to shoot,
spring,
no care of vert, but only of venison. It sprout. —
Sanders. Cimbr. rammele, twig.
is not true however that such was the It. rampollo, a bud, sprig, branch.
case with the regardatores of the Forest With nk or ng instead of mp or m, in
Charter. the radical syllable, as in E. shrink, com-
Rank. The adj. rank is used in very pared with G. schriimpfen, we have Da.
different senses, which however may per- rangle, to rattle, jingle ; N. raiigla, to
haps all be developed from the funda- rumble, tinkle, to revel, riot, to wander
mental notion of violence or impetuosity about G. ranke/t, rankern, rdnkeln (San-
;

of action. ders), rangen (Brem. Wtb.), to sport


noisily, run wildly about, tumble about,
The seely man seeing him ride so rank,
And aim at him, fell flat to ground for fear. romp ranken (of the sow), to be on heat.
;

F. Q. Ranken is also said of plants which cling


Ah for pity ! will rank winter's rage to or climb up other bodies by means of
;; —

522 RANSACK RARE


their filaments. Die gurken rankeii auf OE. rape, haste.
der erde the cucumbers scramble,
fort, So oft a day I mote thy werke renew
ramp, creep, or grow along the ground. It to correct and eke to rubbe and scrape,

Ranke, ranken, a branch, tendril, twining And all is thorow thy negligence and rape.
sprigs of vines or hops. Kiittn.— Chaucer to his scrivener.

To Kansack. on. rannsaka, Sw, ran- To rap out oaths is to utter them with
saka, to search thoroughly, to search for violence and haste like a volley of blows.
stolen goods. Gael, rannsaich, Manx Lat. rapere, to seize with violence rapi^ ;

ronnsee, search, rummage. Ihre explains dus, occupying a short space of time like
the first syllable from Goth, razns, on. a blow, quick. Rapt with joy, rapt in
rann, a house, comparing the word with admiration, signify carried away with the
Lomisard salisuchen {sal, a dwelling), G. emotion. Bav. rappen, to snatch. I

haussuchen, Fris. hamsekene, a searching rappe, I ravysshe. —


Palsgr. In rap and
or an attack of a house. It may possibly ran, to get by hook or crook, to seize
be from the figure of a hog rooting with whatever one can lay hands on, the word
his snout. ON. rani, snout of a hog is joined with the synonymous ON. rdn,
rannadr, snouted. rapine. / rap or rende, je rapine.
Ransom. Fr. ranqon, OFr. raani;on, Palsgr. To rap and renne. Chaucer.—

raenqon, raention Roquef from Lat. re-
, To get all one can rap and run. Coles —
emptio, a purchase back. Redemptioii is in Hal. ON. rdn ok hrifs {hrifs, robbery)
the same woi^ with insertion of the eu- is used in the same way. Leida vikin-
phonic d. gum rdn ok hrifsan, to thoroughly plun-
To Bant. —Bantipole. To rant, to der the vikings. Kilian has raep, coUec-
rage, rave, or swagger— B. ; to drink or tio, raptura. Manx raip, to rend or tear.
riot.— Hal. See Rend.
Let's drink and rmit and merry make. Rapacious. — Rapine. — Rapture.
Craven GI. Lat. rapio, raptuni, to seize, take by vio-
lence.
Ranty, wild, frisky, riotous. Randy,
boisterous, obstreperous, disorderly — Rape. I. Fr. r&fe, marc de raisin,
Brockett, also lecherous, on heat. Hal. — — the stalks and husks of grapes in the

wine-press. Jaubert. Properly the scrap-
Luxuriari, gogel sein, rant haben..
ings, refuse. Lang, raspal, a besom ; ras-
Schmeller. G. ransen, ranten, to make a
palia, to sweep ; Du. raepen, colligere,
noise, move noisily about ; den ganzen
tag im hofe herum ranzenj im bette
levare, auferre —
Kil., raepalie, refuse, rub-
bish.
herum ranzeii, to rout about. Ranzen
in sportman's language is used of dogs
2. A division of the County of Sussex.
and wild animals on heat. Bav. ranten, ON. h>-eppr, N. repp, a district.
to play tricks ; sich ranten, to swagger ; 3. Fr. rapt, a ravishing or taking by

ju-ranten, to jodel, to cry jti ! violence Lat. rapio, raptuin.


Swab. ;

rande, jiinger rande, a young sportive


Rapier. Fr. rapiire, a long sword for
person ; randlen, to sport, muthwillen thrusting, a word commonly used in a
treiben ; rantschen, to ramble idly about depreciatory sense. From Sp. raspadera,
Du. ranzen, to caterwaul, be on heat ; a raker (Neum.), demiespadon pour rac-
ier (Taboada), as if we called it a poker.
randen, randten, delirare, ineptire, insa-
nire. — Kil. In Franconia and Silesia —
Rapiere, Spanische sworde. Palsgr. 908.
rant is 'noise, uproarj according to Frisch. Rapparee. A
wild Irish plunderer, so
See Ramble, Rank, Romp. named from the rapary or half-pike with

Rap.—Rape. Rapid. The syllable which he was armed. Burnet. —
rap is used in the first instance to repre- Was itnot the priests that were the original of
sent the sound of a blow or hard knock, the Rapparecs? Did they not enjoin every one
and then to signify whatever is done with upon pain of excommunication to bring a rapary
the violence or quickness of a blow.

or half-pike in his hand to mass? Essay for the
Conversion of the Irish, Dub. 1698, in N. & Q.
Rouchi rapasse, a volley of blows Mod. ;

Gr. pairlZui, to smite. Ir.ropaire, a rapier, doubtless from the E.


Sw. rapp, blow,
stroke, and as an adj. prompt, active, Rare. i. —
Rarefy. —
Rarity. Lat.
operating like a blow. Dan. rap, quick, rams, thin, scarce.
swift, brisk rappe dig, make haste.
;
Rare. 2. Raw, underdone. Hal. In —
And Ich comaunde quath the kynge the U.S., according to Lowell, rare or
to Con-
science thenne, raredone is the ordinary term used in that
Rafpe thee to ryde, and Reson that thou fette. sense. It is well explained by that author
P. P. in R. (Biglow Papers, II. Series, xxxi.) as a
—; ——

RASCAL RASPBERRY 523


contraction from rather, signifying too ruska, strepere, turbare, violare. Fridr
quickly done, too soon taken from the raskadiz, the peace was broken ; taumar
fire. The same form is seen in rare ripe, raskiz, the reins are broken. Sp. rasgar,
early ripe. —
Devon rare, early. Hal. to tear rasgo, a dash of the pen, a stroke.
;

The elision of th between vowels is very AS. rascian, stridere, vibrare ; Sc. rasch,
common, as in whe'r for whether, smore dash, collision.
from smother, or (G. oder) from other, &c. —
Enee and Turnus samyn in fere
Rascal. The meaning of rascal is the Hurllis togiddir with thare scheildis Strang-,
scrapings and refuse of anything. Ras- That for grate raschis al the heuinnis rang.
caly or refuse, whereof it be, caducum. D. V.
Pr. Pm. Rascall, refuse beasts. — Palsgr.
To rash, to do anything with hurry or
N. raska, to scrape ; rask, offal, remnants
violence, to tear or throw down, to snatch,
of fish or the like. Sp. rascar, raspar, It.
to rush.
rascare, to scrape.
In like manner from Bret, raka, Fr. There Marinell great deeds of arms did shew
racier, r&per, Du. raepen, to scrape, are
Rushing off helms and riving plates asunder.
F.Q.
derived Fr. racaille, the rascality, or base
and rascal sort, the scum, dregs, offals, missed my purpose in his arm, rasht his
I
doublet sleeve, ran him close by the left cheek.
outcasts [scrapings] of any company
B. Jonson in R.
Cot., Du. racalie, raepalie, the dregs of
the people. — Bigl. Kil. Yorkshire rag- To rash through a darg, to hurry through
galy, villanous. — Hal. Da. rage to rake, —
a day's work. Jam. I rasshe a thing
scrape ; rageri, trumpery, trash. from one, I take it from hym hastily, Je
The imitative character of the words arache. —
Palsgr. See Race.
signifying scraping is shown by their ap- A rash is an eruption or breaking out
phcation to the act of hawking or clearing of the skin,i. e. the breaking out of an
the throat, in which a similar sound is humour, according to the old doctrine.
produced. It. raschiare, rastiare, ras- Rasher. A rasher of bacon is a slice
care, rassare, to scrape, also to keck hard of broiled bacon.
for to cough or fetch up phlegm from the The syllable rash represents the sound
lungs.— Fl. ON. rcBskia, screare cum of broiling or frizzling. Bav. rdschpfann,
sonitu. Sp. raspar, to scrape, may be a frying-pan ; gerdsch, a fritter ; reschen,
compared with G. rduspern, to hawk ; It. to fry. —
Schm. E. dial, rash, to burn in
recere, to retch, with G. rechen, to rake ; cooking.
ON. hrcekia, to hawk, with E. rake ; Dan. The term rash is provincially applied
harke, to hawk, with Du. harcken, to to things that rustle in moving, as corn
rake ; Ptg. escarrar, to hawk, with G. in the straw which is so dry that it easily
scharren, to scrape. falls out in handling. —
Hal. Bav. rbsch,
Rase. rase. Lat. rado, rasum, to resch, crackling, crisp, like fresh pastry,
scrape. dry hay, straw, frozen snow.
Rash. G. rasch, quick, impetuous, To Rasp. The harsh sound of scraping
spirited. Rasches pferd,^. spirited horse isrepresented by various similar syllables,
rascher wind, fresh wind ; rasches feuer, rasp, rask, rastj Sp. raspar, rascar, to
brisk fire. Bav. rosch, resch. Swab, raisch, rake, scrape It. rascare, raschiare, ras-
;

fresh, lively, quick ; on. roskr, acer, stre- tiare, to scrape, to hawk or spit up phlegm
nuus, validus. A rasch carle, a man with a harsh noise. The same two mean-

vigorous beyond his years. Jam.
rask, risk, quick, brisk ; Sw. en ung ras-
Pl.D. ings are united in E. rasp and G. rduspern,
to hawk. Bav. raspen, to scrape upon a
kerkerl, a brisk young fellow ; Pol. rseski, fiddle, to scrape together; raspeln, to
brisk, smart, lively. rattle, to scrape together. Schm. —
The word is formed on the same prin- From the root rast, Lat. rastnim, a
ciple as the adj. rank above explained, harrow, rastellum; Bret, rastel, Fr. rd-
from a representation of the sound ac- teau, a rake ; ratelier, a hay-rack.
companying any violent action, for which Raspberry. Formerly raspise or rasp-
purpose the Germans in common life ise-berry. It. raspo, a bunch or cluster

make use, according to Adelung, of the of any berries, namely, of grapes, also the
exclamations rr/ hurr t ritsch/ raisch.' —
berry that we call raspise. Fl. Doubt-
Hence many verbal forms approaching less from rasp, signifying in the first in-
each other more or less closely. G. rau- stance scrape, then pluck or gather. It.

schen, to rustle, roar, to rush, or move raspolare, to glean. grapes after the vint-
swiftly with noise and bustle. ON. raska. age. Bav. abreispen, to pluck off, espe-
— —;; : —

524 RAT RAVE


cially the burnt pieces of a torch, to make reckoning, respect, consideration, pro-
it burn brighter. portion, reason ratiocinari, to reason.
;

Kat. G. ratze, It. ratto, Fr. rat, Gael. Battle. G. rasseln, Pl.D. rastern, Du.
ratelen, to make a collection of sounds
Katohet-wlieel. A cog-wheel having such as might individually be represented
teeth like those of a saw, against which a by the syllable ras or ratj Pl.D. rat-
spring works, allowing the wheel to move tern, to speak quick and indistinct, to
in one direction and not in the other. It rattle on. —
Danneil. Gr. spoTof, tte sound
appears to be named from the resem- of striking; KpoTiai, to knock, clap, clat-
blance to a watchman's rattle, where the ter, rattle, chatter, prate KpdraXov, a
;

noise is made by a cogged wheel con- rattle.


tinually raising and letting fall again a Rattle-traps are old worn-out rattling
wooden spring. Lim. roqueto, a wooden things, hence a slighting name for move-
rattle (moulinet de bois) used instead of able goods. So from Norm, pataclas,
bells on Holy Thursday and Good Fri- crash, clatter (Decorde), Lim. potoclan
day. Doubtless so named from the (properly rattle), trumpery, goods. N'o
racket which it makes. It. rocchetto, the empourta tou sown potoclan, he has taken
cog-wheel of a mill ; the wheel about away all his rattle-traps. Pl.D. rabak-
which the string of a clock or of a jack ken, to rattle ; een oold rabak, an old
goes. Fl. worn-out piece of goods.

Kate. To Ratify. Lat. rear, ratus Bavage. — Bavenous. — Eavine. —
sum, to think, to deem ratus, reckoned,
;
Bavish. Lat. rapere gives rise to Prov.
allowed, settled, established; rata pars, rapar, arapar, arabar, Fr. ravir, to
a proportionate part pro ratd, in propor-
;
snatch, to seize ; ravage, spoil, havoc j
tion. Hence E. rate, a calculated propor- ravine, Prov. rabina, violence, impetu-
tion, an assessment in certain proportion. osity ; ravineux, impetuous, violent. Et '

Lat. ratifico, to make firm, to ratify. li jaians par tel ravine le fiert,' the giant

To Kate. To assess, to appoint one strikes him with such violence. —Rom. de
his due portion of something to be done la Violette. In E. ravenous the sense is
or paid. Hence to impute or lay some- confined to greediness or eagerness in
thing to one's charge, to reprove or chide. eating.
And God was in Crist rRcounceilinge to him Puis menjue de grant ravine
the world, not rettynge [reputansj to hem her Des plus belles qu'il eslut
giltis.—WicUf in R.
eats with great violence. —
Fab. et Contes,-

By the same figure we speak of taxing i-97-
. . . ^
a man with an offence, or taking him to In a different application, ravine deau
task on account of it. Tax and task are isa great flood, a ravine or inundation of
synonymous with rate. I sette one to' water which overwhelmeth all things that
his taske, what he shall do or what he —
come in its way. Cot. Thence in a se-
shall pay —
Je taxe.' Palsgr. In like
;
condary sense, E. ravine is the water-
manner from It. tansa, a taxing tansare, ; course of such a flood, a narrow steep
rateably to sess a man for any payment hollow cut by floods out of the side of a
also to tax a man with some imputation, hill.
to chide, rebuke, or check with words. To Bave. The syllable rab is used as
Fl. well as ram (as explained under ramble),
Bathe.—Bather. Rathe, soon, early in the construction of words representing
rather, sooner. I had rather die, I would a confused noise. Piedm. rabadan, ra-
sooner die. When used to signify a slight madan, crash, uproar, busde, disturb-
degree of a quality it must be understood ance. Fr. rabalter, rabaster, rabascher,
as asserting that the subject approaches to rumble, rattle, or make a terrible noise,
nearer the quality in question than the as they say spirits do in some houses.
opposite. Rather deaf, sooner deaf than Cot.
not, further advanced in the direction of O esprit done, bon feroit, ce me semble,
deafness than the opposite. Avecques toy rahbater toute nuict. Marot. —
ON. hradr, quick hrada, to hasten ;
; Prov. rabasta, chiding, quarrel, dispute.
N. rad, quick, hasty, ready, straight ; Champ, rabache, tapage ; rabacher, ra-
radt (adv.), quick, readily, straight for- doter, to dote, to rave, and with the b
wards. Du. rad, Picard rode, nimble, passing into a v, ravacher, ravasser, ra-
quick. vauder, radoter ; ravater, gronder, mal-
Batio. —Bational. From Lat. rear, traiter —
raver, vagabonder. Tarbes. Fr.
;

ratus sum, to think, is ratio, account. ravacher, ravasser, to rave, talk idly,—
—;; ;

RAVEL RAZE 52s


en dormant, to sleep unquietly ravau- ; croaking of crows or rooks. Lat. ravus,
deur, one that either confounds or under- hoarse.
stands not what he says, or one that Ravine. — Ravish. See Ravage.
neither says nor does aught rightly, a Raw. AS. hreaw, hreoh, Du. rouw,
bungler, botcher revayde, a coil or stir
; roud, rudis, austerus, asper, insuavis
resver, to rave, dote, speak idly. Cot. — gustu, visu, tactu. Rouw, rauw, rudis,
Resver de nuit, courir las rues pendant la imperfectus, non laboratus, immaturus,
nuit ; raver par la ville, courir par la crudus. Rouwen, rouden, pectine pan-
viUe. —
Roquefort. Hence Du. rabaud, a nos rudes confricare. ON. hrdr, raw, not
vagabond, properly a noisy reveller, and dried, cooked, salted. Sw. rd wed, green
with the exchange of b for v, ravot, revot, wood ; weder, AS. hreoh weder
radt
caterva sive turba nebulonum ravotten, ; (Matt. xvi. 3), wet weather. Sw. ra, rude,
tumultuari, et luxuriari, popinari, to riot, unworked, unpolished G. rauh, rough,

;

revel Kil., to romp, play in a wild man- raw It. ruvido, rough, rugged, rude
;

ner.— Bomhoff. The same radical syl- Lat. rudis, rough, unwrought, undressed,
lable gives also Du. rabbelen, to rattle, raw crudus, raw, rough, unpolished, un-
;

gabble ; Pl.D. rdbeln, to rave, to be de- ripe. Bret, criz, w. crai, cri, unprepared,
lirious. —
Danneil. It. rabiUare, to rab- raw ; Fin. raaca, ra'an, unripe, uncooked,
ble, to huddle, to prattle, or scold. Fl. — untilled, rude G. roh, raw, undressed, un-
;

Wal. ravle, to dream unquietly ; Du. cooked, unpolished, rough.


ravelen, raveelen, sestuare, circumcursare, Ray. radius, a straight rod,
Lat.
et delirare, desipere, insanire, furere. spoke of a wheel, and thence a ray or
Kil. Revelen, to rave, to dote. Halma. — beam of light, which issues from the sun
Champ, revel, bruit, gait^, emeute. To like the spokes from the nave of a wheel.
the same root belong Lat. rabies, It. rab- Fr. ray (m.), a ray or beam of the sun,
bia, rage, madness ; Gael, rabhd, idle spoke of a wheel raie {(.), a ray, line,
;

talk, coarse tiresome language ; Fr. ra- streak, row, spoke of a wheel. Prov. rai,
bacher, to keep repeating in a tiresome raig, rait, rach, rah, ray, line, current ;
way. rega, streak, furrow ; raia, ray. It. radio,
See Revel, Riot, Ribald, Rove. raggio, razzo, a ray ; Sp. rayo, a ray,
To Ravel. Of thread, to become con- beam of light, straight line, radius of
fused and entangled. It. ravagliare, Fr. circle, spoke of a wheel ; raya, stroke,
raveler, Du. ravelen, rafelen, uitrafelen, dash of a pen, streak, line ; rayado,
to ravel out rafeling, unravelled linen,
; streaky. Rayar, to streak, to rifle, to
lint. I fasyll out as sylke or velvet, Je draw lines, to expunge or strike out ; raza,
rauele. — Palsgr. The primary image is ray, beam of light. Piedm. riga, a line,
confused and rapid speech, from whence stroke, strip of wood ; rz^^^, striped. We
the expression is applied to a confused see a masc. and fem. form running
and entangled texture. Du. rabbelen, to through the Romance languages, of which
rattle, gabble, precipitare sive confundere the m. is doubtless from Lat. radius, but
verba. Kil. —
Rabbelschrift, scrawl, con- the f. has probably come from a Gothic
fused writing. Pl.D. rabbi, bustle, dis- influence. G. reihe, Pl.D. riege, E. row,
order, confusion of head. Du. ravelen, line, order, rank.
revelen, to wander in mind, talk con- To Raze. To lay even with the ground.
fusedly, rave, dote. — B. Fr. ras, shaven, cut close by the
The same passage from the figure of ground, cut close away. Couper tout ras,
confused speech is seen in Gael, mabair, to cut clean off', sweep clean away. Cot. —
a stammerer ; mabach, stammering, en- Lat. radere, rasum, to shave. Fr. rez,
tangled, confused, ravelled and in Du. ; ground, floor, bottom ; rez de chaus-
level,
hatteren, hutteren, to stammer, falter with the pavement, ground floor.
s^e, level
Sc. hatter, to speak thick and confusedly Mettre rez pied rez terre, to raze, makfe
Pl.D. verhadderen, to entangle, ravel. even with the ground. Cot. —
Ravelin. Fr. ravelin. It. ravellino, To rase, in the sense of scratching out
rivellino, a ravelin, a wicket or postern a word in writing,, is singularly con-
gate used also for the utmost bounds of founded with race, to obliterate by a
;

the walls of a castle ; also a sconce with- stroke of the pen. / race, I stryke out a
out the walls. Fl. — word or a lyne with a pen, Je arraye. /
Raven, on. hrafn. From Du. raven, race a writynge, I take out a word with
to croak. Pl.D. nagt-rave, the night-jar a pomyes or penknife. Je efface des
or goat-sucker, from the croaking noise mots. I rase, je defface ; 1 rase or stryke
it makes at night. Fin. rddwyn, the out with the pen, j'arraye. Palsgr. In —
526 RE- REAR
the same way erase,to scrape out, is con- straight, clear, ready, pre-
rede, plain,
founded with arace, to strike out. / arace, pared. Rede sohi, -penge, ready money; —
I scrape out a word or a blot, je efface. en rede sag, a clear case. Rede, to pre-
— Palsgr. pare, to deal with. At rede en seng, to
Probably this is one of the numeroiis make a bed; —for sig, to acquit oneself;
cases in which ultimate unity of origin —
sit haar, to comb one's hair ; sig iid —
shows itself in close resemblance between av, to extricate oneself At giore rede
remote descendants, and Lat. radere, for, to give account of a matter. Redskab,
rasum, to scratch or scrape, belongs to tool, implement, with which anything is
the same class with G. reissen, to tear ; done. Sw. reda, to prepare, to set to
OE. rash, to dash, to tear ; Fr. arracher, rights, to dress, to fit out, to arrange ;
E. arace, race. reda, order redig, clear, regular, orderly.
;

Ee-. Ked-. Lat. re, again, back. N. reiug (for reidug), ready. ON. reida,
To Reach,. G. reichen, to extend to ; to deal with, drive, set forth, prepare.
r^ci'f//, to draw out, to stretch; Dxi.reiken, Reida sverdit, to wield a sword ; —fram
to reach Pl.D. raken, reken, to reach, to mat, to set out food ; —feit,
; and, to —ut
touch ; It. recare, to reach unto, bring pay money. Reida, apparatus, prepara-
unto. Gr. dpkyiiv, Lat. porrig-ere, to reach tion ; til reidu, in readiness. Reidi,
forward dirigere, to direct, &c.
;
harness, rigging of a ship. Sc. to red,
A reach ofa river is so far as it to disentangle, to clear, make way, put
stretches in one direction. in order.
* To B.ead. as. radan, to advise, Beaks. To revel it, to play reaks.—
counsel, direct, appoint, govern, to in- Cot. in v. degonder. See Rig.
terpret, read.
to Swa swa Josue him Beal. Lat. realis, of the nature of a
rcidde, as Joshua directed him. Swefn thing what is in deed and not merely in
;

rcedan, as Sc. to red, to interpret a dream. show res, a thing.


;

'
The gude king gaif the gest to God for Bealm. O Fr. realme, reaulme, reaume,
:
to rede gave up his spirit to God to
'
Prov. reyalme. It. reame, kingdom. Ac-

dispose of. Jam. on. rada, to direct or cording to Diez through a form regali-
dispose of, to take counsel, to interpret, men, from regalis.
to read. Ef ek md
radaj if I may de- * Beam. Du. riem, Fr. rame. It.
cide. At rada draum, runar, stafi, rit,
risina, risima, resima, Sp. r^jwa, a bundle
skrd, to explain a dream, to read runes,
of twenty quires of paper. From Arab.
letters, writing. Vpprada bref, to read rizma, a bale, packet, bundle, especially
aloud a letter. Sw. rdda, to counsel, to a ream of paper. Rizma itself is from
direct, to have one's way. Rd sig sjelf, razama, to pack together. As paper
to be one's own master. Da. raade, to
seems to have been first received from
advise, sway, rule, to divine, unriddle ;
the Arabs, it was natural that the terms
raade bod paa, to devise a remedy for. relating to it should have come from the
Goth, garedan, to provide \fauragaredan, same quarter. The acts of the Caliph
to foreappoint. ON. rceda, G. reden, Sc.
Haroun Alraschid are written on paper
rede, to speak, to discourse, seem deriva-
of cotton, while the earliest Western
tive forms.
documents are of the eleventh century.—
It is difficult to speak with any con-
Dozy.
fidence as to the fundamental meaning
of the word. Perhaps the most plausible
To Beap. Sc. rep, reip, ne. reap, AS.
7-ipa, ripe, a handful of corn in the ear
suggestion is that it signifies to lay in ;

order, to dispose, arrange. To consult to reap, AS. hriopan, ripan, to gather


is to lay in order one's thoughts ; to read
reaps, to harvest the corn. The remote
a dream or a riddle, to lay in order the origin is shown in Goth, raupjan, o. rau-
several parts and so to make clear their fan, Du. roopen, ruepen, Pl.D. ruppen,
meaning. ON. rod, Sw. rad, a line, rank, repen, to pluck. Goth, raupjan ahsa,
row ; ON. rada, to dispose, arrange (Hal- to pluck ears of corn. Marc 2. 23. In —
the Salic laws reffare segetetn. So from
dorsen) ; Pol. r^'^, order, rule rz^dziif, ;

to direct, govern, manage Boh. rad, Swab, raspen, to pluck, to gather, G. rcispe,
;

lUyr. red, rank, order Boh. raditi, lUyr. rispe, an ear of corn mhg. respe, a bun-
;
;

dle of twigs ; It. raspolo, a bunch of


rediti, to dispose, arrange ; Lith. rSdyti,
grapes.
to set in order, to dress ; redas, arrange-
* Bear. Thin, rawish, as eggs, &c.,
ment, order.
Beady, as. rad, gerced, Pl.D. reed, boiled rear. B. See Rare. —
rede, Du. gereed, G. bereit, ready ; Dan. Bear. Prov. rei^-e, OFr. riere, from
— ; ;

REAR RECEIPT 527


it. retro, behind. It. dietro, Prov. de- rubabah. 'Besides this they have the
ire, Fr. derriire, behind. one-stringed rubabah or guitar.'— Thom-
To Rear. Another form of raise, anal- son, Pilgrimage to Medina.
;ous to Dii. verlieren and verliesen, to Rebel. Lat. rebellis, warring against,
36 ; kiereii and kiesen, to choose, &c. from belliim, war.
I. raran, to rear, raise. Rebiiff. An expression formed on the
Keason. Fr. raison, Lat. ratio. same principle as the vulgar blow up, to
Reasty. Reasty or reezed bacon is scold. He gave him a good blowing up.' '

icon grown rancid by keeping, now It. buffa, a puff, blurt with the
mouth
;nerally pronounced rusty from an ac- made at one in scorn, also a brabble
or
immodation of the name to the rusty brawling contention ; rabbicffare, ribuf-
How of bacon
in that condition. Fr. fare, to check, rebuke, chide.
lant, musty, fusty, resty, reasy, dankish,
Fl. OFr. —
rebouffer, to repulse, drive away with con-
isavoury. Cot. —
/ reast, I waxe ill of tempt. Roquef —
ste, as bacon. —
Palsgr. p. 688. Caro Rebuke. It is difficult to make up our
ncidus, rest flesh. —
Eng. Vocab. in Nat. mind as to the Fr. form from which the
It. The radical meaning seems to be word is taken. The closest resemblance
lie or over-kept bacon, as chars restez is to Rouchi rebuquer, to give one blows.
;mnants, brolcen meat) is glossed in
belesworth by resty flees (resty flesh),
n s'ras ben rebuqu^, you will catch it.

But the sense agrees better with Fr. re-


id resty or restii'e (from Fr. rester) is becquer, to peck again as one cock at an-
onounced reasty in the N. of E. 'A
asty horse.' —
Brocket.
other, to answer saucily. Cot. — Bret.
rdbecha (Fr. ch), to rebuke, reprove ; It.
[1 avcra payn musy ho cerveise assez egre, ribeccamento di parole, a check or rebuke
Bure assez resic, moruhe assez megre : with taunting words ; rimbeccare, to re-
stale or rancid butter. —
Reliq. Ant. 155. tort back word for word or blow for blow,
Of the finely dressed ladies returning to beat back by direct opposition ; rim-
)m the feast and putting on their homely boccare, to retort word for word, to up-
tire, it is said : braid, to twit or hit one in the teeth of
Pas s'en vont a Toustel, retornent de la feste, —
anything done for him. Fl. As Vi.bocca
E tantost si changent la bele lusante teste, corresponds to Norm, bouque, mouth,
3ele kefu sifresche ja devient si reste, rimboccare should be replaced by Norm.
Ke le marchant se repent ke achata cele beste. rebouquer, which however is only given in
she who was so fresh now becomes so the sense of Fr. reboucher, to nauseate (ne
de. — Satire on Ladies, Rel. Ant. 163. —
pouvoir plus manger Decorde) ; rebou-
To Reave. —To Rive.these verbs Of cher le cceur, to turn the stomach. Gene-
s latter is nearer the original form. ON. vese rebequer, degouter, soulever le coeur.
''a, to tear asunder ; rijinn, ragged, torn Rebus. A riddle where the meaning
ifa (pret. rauf, ptcp. rofid), to tear is indicated by things (Lat. rebus) repre-
under, to break up. Hence AS. reaf, sented in pictures, the syllables forming
D. roof, G. raub, spoil, what is torn the names of the things represented hav-
'ay, carried off AS. reafian, Goth, rau-
; ing to be grouped in a different manner.
n, Pl.D. roven, Dan. rove, to rob ON. ; Thus the picture of a fool on his knees
ufari, reyfari, Sc. reiver, a robber. with a horn at his mouth is to be read in
The sense of robbing or violently taking Fr. fol d genoux trompe (tromper, to" blow
ay is commonly taken from the figure a horn), but read in a different manner it
scraping or scratching. Sw. rifwa, to gives/tj/ age nous trompe. —
Cot. Rebuses
atch, tear, claw, grate, rasp. Rifwa in Heraldry are such coats as represent
i et hus, to tear down a house. Dan. the name by things, as three castles for
le, to rasp, to rive, rend, tear. Du. rif- Castleton.
1, to rub, rake, scrape. Bret, skrapa, To Rebut. Fr. rebuter, rebouter, to
seize with the claws, gripe, carry away, put or thrust back, to reject, refuse
J ;skraba, to scratch, to scrape, to rob. bouter, to thrust, put, push forwards. It.
the. same way the original sense of buttare, to throw, cast, fling ; ributtare,
t. rapere, to seize, to rob, has probably to cast back, repulse, reject.
;n that of P1.D. raopen (Danneil), G. To Recant, It. ricantare, to sing
fen, to scrape or rake. again. Fr. deschanter, to recant, unsay.
Bebeck. Bret, rebet, rebed, Fr. re- —
Receipt. Recipe. Receipt, a medi-
ue, rebebe, reberbe. —Roquef. It. ri- cine prepared for the cure of diseases. B. —
ca, ribebba, a crowd, or fidler's kit. Receyte of dyvers thynges in a medicine :

OE. ribible. Corrupted from Arab. recepte, —


Palsgr. Originally applied to
— . —
;

528 RECENT RECREANT


medicine, the term is extended to signify Lith. rokdti, to say, tell, reckon ; ro-
instructions for compounding any ottier kitis, to reckon with oneself, consider
kind of thing, as a receipt for making rokundas, reckoning, concern rokubcl, ;

soap, for tanning leather, &c. reckoning, number, account. Pol. rach-
The word is sometimes spelt recipe, owaif, to count, reckon rachunek, ac-
;

from that word being placed at the head count, reckoning, bill rachunki (pi.),
;

of a physician's instructions for the medi- arithmetic ; rachuba, calculation. Rzei,


cine to be taken by his patient. rkekna^, to say rzecz, speech, subject,
;

Recent. Lat. recens, fresh, new. matter, affair, thing. Esthon. rdkima,
Reciprocal. Lat. reciprocus, working rddkma, to speak ; radklema, to reckon.
to and fro. Fin. rdkista, to speak, speak loudly, lo-
To Reck. —Reckless.
AS. r^can, rec- quens strepo ; rdkind, sermocinatio.
can, pr. Pl.D. rocken, Du. roecken,
ro-hte, Recluse. Fr. reclus, Lat. recludo, re-
rochten, OHG. rohjan, ruachen, OSax. clusuni. The
classical sense of the Lat.
rokean, ruokean, to reck, regard, care, word is to set open the E. &Fr. words
;

care for Pl.D. rokeloos, Du. reukelos, G.


; take a sense nearly opposite.
ruchlos, reckless. ON. rcekja, to care, to To Recoil. Formerly written recule
take care of ; afrokjaz, to neglect ; rcskja or recuilj Fr. reculer, to draw back,
veiMfang, to attendi to fishing ; rakjattdi, from cul, the rump.
qui curam gerit, curator. Hvat rcskir Recondite. Lat. recondo, reconditum,
thik ? cujus rei rationem habes ? quid to hide or lay up apart.
curK tibi est ? OHG. ruahha, roka, care. Reconnoitre. Fr. reconnaitre, to ex-
Lith. rupeii, to concern. Kas iai taw amine carefully, Lat. recognoscere, to take
rup\ what does that concern you ? Rupus, notice of again.
careful ; rupinti, to take care of ; ne- Record. Lat. recordari, to call to
rupus, reckless, careless mind ; from cor, cordis, the heart.
With regard to the origin we can only To Recoup. To diminish by keeping
suggest with great reserve Du. raaken, to back a part as a claim for damages.
touch, to hit, thence to concern, to re- Worcester. Fr. recoiiper, to cut again
gard. Dingen die my raaken, things in order to correct the fault of a first
which concern me. Hy wierd door haar cutting. — Trevoux.
elende geraakt, he was touched by her To Recover. Fr. recouvrer. It. ri-
misery. Wat raakt tt dat? what does coverare, Lat. reciiperare, to recover
that concern you, what is that to you ? or get again. This verb, which has no
Compare Sc. Quhat raik f what does it derivation in Lat., would seem to find its
signify, what do I care ? explanation in Swab, kober, E. coffer, a
Flattry. I will ga counterfeite the freir, basket, whence Swab, kobern, erkobern,
Dissait. A
freir 1 quhair to ? thow cannot to get, to earn ; Bav. erkobern, erkmvern
preiche sick (sich erholen), to recover health or
Flattry. Quhat
fleiche.
mkf
bot I can flatter and
— Lyndsay in Jam.
strength. Irkoboran, adipisci. — Otfr.
But what glut of the gomes
On the other hand, Lith. rokundas, reck- May any good kachen,
oning, is also used in the sense of affair, He will kepen it himself,
concern. Tai mano rokundas, that is And coffrene itfasie.—P. P. Creed, 133.

my business. ON. rok, events, things ; Recreant. Mid. Lat. recredere. It. ri-
OHG. racha, rahha, thing, cause Pol. ; credere, OFr. recroire, are not to be ex-
rzecz, speech, subject, fact, affair, thing. plained as originally signifying to change
See Reckon. one's belief, but to give up, give back the
To Reckon, as. recan, reccean, to subject of dispute, to give in, to yield, to
say, recite, tell, number, reckon. Ic mag fail. '
Cum Blancha comitissa Campaniae
reccan, I can relate. Bigspell reccan, to cepisset et captum teneret dilectum et
tell a parable. Areccan of Ladene on fidelem meum H, ipsa per preces et re-
Englisc, to translate from Latin into quisitionem meam ilium mihi recredidit
English. Gereccean thankas, to give [delivered him up to me] tali pacto quod
thanks. JRacce, narration, account, speech. ego cepi super me et eidem dominas mese
OHG. rahha, res, ratio, causa, fabula ; concessi, sicut homo suus ligius, quod
rahhon, rachon, rechen, gerechen, to say, infra quindenam quam ab ips4 inde fuero
tell, interpret ; Goth, rahnjan, to count,
requisitus prasdictum H
illi reddam in
account, reckon ; faura-rahnjan, to pre-
fer,- Pl.D. reken, rekenen, g. rechnen, to
sua captione Pruvinum.' Docu-
apud —
ment A.D. 121 1 in Carp. L'evesque de
'

reckon. Chartres me requist fist le roy que je li


— — ;

RECRUIT REEF 529


feisse recroire ce que je tenois du sien.' rigo, to drive, cause motion in, guide.
Joinville, ibid. But it was often used for Rectus, right, straight, driven to a cer-
virtually giving up or acknowledging the tain point. Dirigo, ,to guide between,
right to be in another,and giving pledges aim at one among several points, to order,
for actual dehvery when required. Red- arrange erigo, to rear up, raise from out
:

dere vel recredere is to give actual pos- of; porrigo, to stretch forward ; corrigo,
session, or to give security for delivery in to straighten, to bring to agree with a
due season. Cognoscentesque rei veri-
'
pattern, &c. See Reach, Regal.
tatem atque comprobationem statim se Recumbent. Lat. recumbo; cumbo;
recrediderunt,' they gave in. Tassilo '
cubo, to lie down. Gr. kvtttui, to stoop.
venit per semetipsum tradensque se in Red. Goth, rauds, on. raudr, w.
manus domini regis Caroli in vassaticum, rhwdd, Lat. rutilus, Gr. IpuBpoe.
et recredidit se in omnibus se peccasse —
Redan. Redeat. In fortification, an
[he gave himself up as having been alto- indented work with salient and re-enter-
gether in the wrong] et mala egisse, ing angles. B. —
denuo renovans sacramenta.' Annales — Redeem. ^Redemption. Lat. redi-
Francorum A.D. 787 in Due. mo, redemptum J re, again or back, emoj.
Quando i vescovi del tempio viddero
'
to buy.
che '1 re si ricredea d'andare a adorare i Redolent. Lat. redoleo, to give out a
loro Iddeisi ebbero grande paura: when ' smell i
oleo, to smell.
the priests saw that the king gave up Redoubt. Fr. reduite. It. ridotto, Sp.
worshipping their gods. I Fiorentini '
reducto, reduto, a blockhouse, or little
ordinarino di fare armata in mare per fort, within which soldiers may retire on
fare ricredenti i Pisani della loro arro- occasion. It riducere, ridurre, Fr. re- .

ganza to make the Pisans abate their


:
' dtiire, reduit, to bring back ; reduit, a
arrogance. La Crusca. — place of retiral.

Ne direz ja que failliz seie, Redound. Redundant. Lat. redun--
Ne que de valeir me recrei^e, dare, to overflow, rise above the banks ;
Chron. des ducx de Norm. i. 41S.
re and unda, a wave.
You say that I am failed, nor
shall not Reed. Du. riet, OHG. hriot, as. hreod.
that I have given up my valour. Probably named from their rustling or
The active and passive participles, It. whispering sound. Du. rijsselen, rijtelen,
ricredente, ricreduto, Fr. recriant, recreii, susurare, levi strepitu moveri. Biglotton. —
were used in general of one who yields in Fin. rytista, to rustle, to sound lightly aS'
battle, and especially of the beaten party a reed breaking ; ryti, reed, sedge. So
in a judicial combat. from kahata, to rustle as a mouse among,
Vedrai, in uno stante o vivo o morto straw, to whisper as the wind among reeds ;
Ricredente il faro datti conforto
; :
kahila, reed. So also on. reyra, stridere,
make fremere (Egils.) ; AS. hreran, to agitate
in one instant alive or dead I will
ON. reyr, reyrr, a reed.
him give in. '
E se tu mi vinci, rimarr6

Reef. Riff, i A
ridge of rocks pro-
cavalier che
.

vostro ricredente siccome il


jecting above the water. G. rmtfe (from
combatte il torto ' and if :
you conquer
me raufen, to pluck), provincially raff, reff
I will remain at your mercy like the
(Westerwald), ratifel, reffel, riffel (Kiittn.),
champion who fights for the wrong. The
formula to be pronounced by the cham- a kind of fixed comb through which the
flax or hemp is drawn, to pluck off the
pion undertaking a duel is given in the
heads of seeds ON. hrifa, a rake. Du.
de

;
Assises de Jerusalem. Je suis prest '

rieve, rieffe, a rake or comb. Kil. From


le prouver de mon corps contra le sien,
recrMnt en une the figure of a comb the term rdf, reff,
et le rendrai mort ou
is in Swabia applied to a row of long pro-
heure dou jour, et v^ez cy mon gage.'
term jecting teeth. Westerwald zahnrahf, a gap
Due. Thus recreant became a
• of
in the teeth raffel, rdffel, zahn-rdffel, a ;
abuse of the utmost infamy, equivalent to
broken-toothed person. The comparison
poltroon, coward, convicted traitor. Cow-
to a row of broken teeth is equally ap-
ard, recreant. Palsgr. — plicable to a ridge of rocks.
Recruit. From Fr. recroist, a re-in-
creage, a new or second growth recrois- The whole fleet was lost on a riff or ridge of
tre, to grow or spring up again. — Cot.
;

rocks that runs off from the isle of Aves. —Dam-


pier in R.
Torecruit, to supply or fill up, to re-
inforce. B. — Bav. riffen, riffeln, to ripple flax
a jagged ridge of rocks, ohg.
; riffel,
riffila,
Eect-. -rect.— Rector. Lat. rego, rec-
tum, to direct, rule, go^'ern ; in comp. serra. — Gl. in Schm. Compare Sp
34
. sierra,

;

53° REEK REGATTA


a saw, a rid^ of mountains and craggy To Refrain. Lat. fmnum,
a bridle ;
rocks, standing out like the teeth of a refroeno, to curb in, to hold back.
saw against the sky. Refulgence. Lat. fulgeo, fulsi, to
In Du. rif, riffe, the term is improperly shine.
extended to a projecting sand-bank or * Refuse. It. rifiutare, rifusare, Sp.

spit of sand. Sw. ref, reef of rocks, sand- refusar, rehusar, Fr. refuser. The word
bank. is explained by Diez as arising from a

2. Areef, Du. reef, rif, is a row of short mixture of Lat. recusare and refutare, but
ropes stretching across a sail for the pur- it can hardly be necessary to resort to so

pose of tying the strip of sail above the reef doubtful a plan of origination. haveWe
up to the yard, and so diminishing the size Prov. refutz, refut, refui (Fr. refus), re-
of the sail. When loose they hang against fusal, contempt, disdain ; refudar, refuy-
the sail Uke the teeth of a comb, from dar, refusar, Piedm. rifude, to refuse ;
whence apparently the name. Rif or Castrais rafut, rafus, refusal rafuda,
;

rift inbinden, to take in a reef. Kil. — rafusa, to refuse. ' Refused his wife,' di-
To Reek. To smoke, to steam. AS.
'

vorced her. Capgrave Chron. 245. See
ric, ON. reykr, G. rauch, Du. rook, smoke. -fute.
To Eeel. To move unsteadily like a Regal. — Regent. — Reign. — Royal.
drunken man, to turn round Sc. reile, to ; Lat. rego, to govern, gives rex, regis, and
roll the eyes. The formation of the woi'd thence It. re, OFr. rei, Fr. roi, a king
may be explained by Swiss riegeln, to regnum, Fr. regne, a kingdom, reign ;
rattle, then to wriggle, swarm ; Bav. regner, to reign. Sanscr. rdg, to govern ;
rigeln, to set in motion, to shake, stir; rdgan, a king ; rajni (Lat. regind), a
rogel, roglet, loose, shaky N. rigga, ; queen ; rdjatd, royalty. The radical sense
rugga, to shake, rock; rigla, rugla, to of the word, to guide or direct, appears in
be loose, to waver, totter Sw. ragla, to ; the Lat. compounds. See Rect-.
reel, stagger, move in zigzags. In like To Regale. Sp. regular, to make
correspondence to E. wriggle we have good cheer, to make much of, to gratify,
Sc. wreil, to turn about. caress, entertain ; regalarse, to fare sump-
tuously, to take pleasure in, also to melt.
Quha is attaichit unto ane stalk we se Pluinbuin regalatum
explained by Pa-is
May go no forther, but wreil ahout that tre.
not easy to under-
pias liquefactum. It is
D.V. 8.27.
stand why Diez should separate the word
The Scotch reel is a dance in which three from It. gala, good cheer Fr. galler, to ;

or four dancers in a row twist in and out entertain with sport, game, or glee Cot., —
round each other. It is known in Nor- galer, se rejouir. Roquef. It has already —
way and Denmark under the same name been shown that the latter fonns spring
of ril or riel, Gael, righil. from the image of floating or swimming
To reel silk or thread is to wind it in delight. It. galare, to float, might be
round an appropriate implement, so as used to explain Sp. regalar, as signifying
to make a skein of it. Gael, ruidhil, to cause to float or swim, then to melt.
ruidhle, ruidhlichean, a reel, probably The connection between the ideas of
from the E. melting and of enjoyment may be illus-
The designation of a broken or con- trated by a quotation from Spenser given
fused motion is commonly taken from under Gala.
the representation of a sound of like cha- lL.ong thus he lived slumbring in sweet delight,

racter, and it may be that reel is not so Bathing in liquid joys his melted sprite.
much a contraction of forms like the fore- Regard. It. riguardare, Fr. regarder.
going as a parallel form, originally, like It. guardare, to look. See Guard.
them, a direct representation of sound. Regatta. It. regata, regatta, a boat
Sc. reiling, a loud clattering noise, con- race much used at Venice. Vanzoni. —
fusion, bustle ; reil, a confused motion. Sunt et alia spectacula k pluribus seecuUs
— Jam. Supp. Pl.D. rallen, to make a usitata Florentiae, Senae, Venetiis, vide-
noise as children at play Dan. dial. licet, il gioco del calcio, le regatte, &c.
;

raale, role, to cry Dan. vraale, to bawl, Murat. Diss. 29, 853. It. rigatta, any
;

squawl. striving or struggling for the mastery, a


Reeve. The bailiff of a franchise or play among children called musse (hide

manor. B. as. gerefa, ON. greif., a pre- and seek) rigattare, to contend for the
;

fect, governor Du. graef, greeve, G. graf victory, to wrangle or shift for, to cog and
;

count. —
In composition, shire-reeve, or lie craftily. Fl. Brescian regata, strife,
sheriff, port-reeve, borough-reeve. scramble fare a regata, fare a ruffa
;
REGIMEN RELAY S3I
raffa, to —
scramble foranything. Melchiori. to haggle, to huckster. Wall, halcoter, to
Venet. regetare, fare a gara. —
Patriarchi. joggle) to haggle.— Grandg. Sp. regatear
Sp. regate, a quick turn to avoid a blow ; is also to riggle or move sideways, to
regatear, to wriggle, to shuffle, to haggle. shuffle in business. See Regatta.
Sw. dial, ragata, to be noisy, to make a Regret. Properly to lament, then to
disturbance. grieve for. I mone as a chylde doth for
Kegimen. — Begiment. Lat. regi- the wanting of his nourse,/^ regrete. —
men, regimentum, government. Medical Palsgr. Regreter was also to scold.
regimen is the government of one's diet,
Que Madame m'a fait regret
&c., under medical directions. regi- A Que j'ai affaitie mon chiennet.
ment, a body of men under one command. ,
Fab. et Contes, 4. 319.
See Regal.
Region. Lat. regio, -nis, a tract of
Grate, —
reprimande. Pat. de Champ, on.
grdtr, weeping, lamentation Sc. greet,
country. From rego.
to cry.
;

Register. 'L.tA. regero {gerci,to carry), Regular. —Regulate. Lat. regula, a


to cast back, cast up again regestum,
;
rule or ruler, a pattern for guidance in
earth cast up out of a trench ; whence
drawing lines. From rego, to direct or
fig. regesta, and corruptly registra, notes
govern.
of things thrown together in a memoran- To Rehearse. Fr. rehercer, to repeat
dum book, a .register. what one has already said. Roquef. —
Regesta, -orum, res multse in unum coUectse, Properly to go over again like a harrow
et in tabulas et commentarios relatae, quas vulgo (Fr. herce) over a ploughed field.

registra dicunt. Vopiscus in Forcell, I regyster,
Et si le rois o lui conseille
I put a thyng in writynge in a booke of recorde.
—Palsgr. Molt ait bien overte I'oreille,
Que ne lui covient kercier,
Regrator. A huckster, or one who Ce que le rois li velt chargier.
trimmeth up old wares for sale but it is;
Fab. et Contes, 2. 161.

commonly taken for him who buys and — it is not fitting to go over the ground
sells any wares or victuals at the same again, to make the king repeat his charge.
market, or within five miles thereof B. — The same met. is seen in ON. hrifa, a
Fr. regrat, sale of salt by retail ; mar- rake, also iteration. Hann kalladi upp i
chandises de regrat, trumpery goods hrifu, clamitabat. To rake, to repeat a
bought to sell again ; regratter, to haggle, tale.- -Hal. Gael, ric, rake, rehearse, re-
to sell salt in small quantities. C'est un peat. —
Arm strong.
homme qui regratte sur tout, who haggles Reign. See Regal.
at the most trifling article ; regrattier, a Rein. Fr. resne, reine, the reigne of a
huckster, broker. Regratier de sel, de bridle. —
Cot. OFr. regne, Prov. regns,
vivres, &c. regiia. It. redina, Ptg. redea, rein, bridle.
Commonly explained from Fr. gratter, According to Diez from retinere, to hold
to scratch, through its supposed com- in.
pound regrater, to dress, mend, scour, Bret, ren, direction, government ; r^a,
furbish, trim or trick up an old thing for to direct, govern, guide ; ranjen, renjen,
sale.— Cot. The difficulty is that it is reini
hardly possible to separate Fr. regratier Reins. —Renal. Lat. ren, rents, the
from It. rigatiere, a huckster, retailer, re- kidneys.
grater, or such a one as at a cheap rate Relative. Lat. relativus, from refero,
engrosseth commodities and then sells relatum, to bring back, refer.

them very dear. Fl. Rigatiere also, like Relay. A
relay of dogs or horses is a
Fr. regratier, signifies a broker or fur- supply of fresh animals posted to relieve
bisher up of old things for sale. Sp. re- and take the place of a tired set. The
gatero, regatdn, a huckster, a retailer. explanation of the word is not to be found
The two forms, with and without the r, in the notion of laying on the fresh
are found side by side in Limousin regro- animals, but in the release or dismissal of
taire, recotaire, a corn badger, or one who the old. It. rilasciare, to release, to ac-
buys corn at a cheap market to sell it at quit or discharge ; rilascio, rilasso, a re-

one worse supplied. Beronie. Fr. Flan- lease or discharging. Cani di rilasso,
ders haricotier (Vermesse, Hdcart), a fresh hounds laid for a supply set upon a
huckster, broker, seems to be another deer already hunted by other dogs. Fl. —
form of the same word, corresponding to Fr. chevaux de relais, horses layed in cer-
Bayonne haricoter, to haggle, as Sp. re- tain places on the highway yor the ease of
gatero to regatear, recatear, Ptg. regatar, those one hath already rid hard on, A
34 *
— ;;

S32 RELEASE RENOWN


relazs, spared, at rest, that not used.
is livdoitai, perf. ;i£^i/)(/iai,to remember. From
Relayer, to succeed in tlie place of the the root men (signifying think) of mens,
weary, to relieve or ease another by the mind.

undertaking of his task. Cot. Relays, Remonstrate. Mid. Lat. remonstrare:
•chose delaissde, abandonn^e. Roquef.— re and inonstrare, to show, point out.
Release. To 7'elease is to let loose, to Remorse. Lat. mordeo, morstun, to
let go the hold one has on anything. bite 7-e7nodero, to bite again, to torment
;

Lat. relaxare, to slacken ; It. rilasciar-e, or grieve one. An old English treatise
to relax, release, relinquish ; Fr. relaisser, on the Remorse of Conscience is called
to relinquish, forego again. See Lease. the Againbite of Inwit.
Relent. Fr. ralentir. It. rallentare, Remote. Lat. rejiiotus, from removeo,
Lat. reUntesco, to grow soft and hmber ; to move back, away.
lentus, supple, pliable. Remtmerate. Lat. munus, -eris, a
Relevant. Tending to support the gift, recompense.
cause, important to the matter in question. To Rend. on. rdiz, rapine ; rajta, to
Lat. relevo, to lift up again. seize by
violence, plunder. E. dial, ran,
Relic. —
Relict. —
Relinquish. Lat. force, violence. —
Hal. The radical image
linqiio, to leave ; relinqtio, relictum, to is the sound accompanying violent action,
leave behind ; reliqnia:, Fr. relique, relick, produced by giving way of opposition
remains. Lith. lykus, overplus, remain- iDefore it. Examples of the representation
der ; likti, to remain over. See Eleven. of such a noise by the syllable ra« are
Relief. —
To Relieve. Lat. relevare, to given under Random. We may add
lighten, to raise or lift up, to relieve from Gael. ra«, roar, shriek, make a noise It. ;

a burden, render more tolerable, refresh. ratito, the noise made in the throat by
It. rilevare, rilievare, to raise, lift up difficult breathing rantolare, rantacare,
;

again, to work raised or embossed work ; to hawk or keck.


to comfort, to cure or recover again ; The resemblance between the harsh
any uprising or uptaking,
rilevo, relievo., sounds produced in the throat when op-
any raising or advancing, any ease or re- pressed by phlegm and the sound of tear-
lief, also any raised or embossed work ing is witnessed by Gael, ric, a crash,
also leavings, remainders or scraps of the noise of cloth in the act of tearing, of
anything (what is taken up after a meal). a scythe in the process of mowing, com-
— Fl. It. rilievo, Fr. relief, E. relief, was pared with N. mkja, to hawk Picard. ;

also the duty paid by the heir to his lord raqiier, to spit and by
Bret, strak, noise,
;

on taking up the inheritance of a deceased crack, crash ; Gael, srac (for strak), tear,
ancestor. rend, rob, spoil ; It. stracciare, to tear,
Religion. Lat. religio. compared with Grisons scracchiar, Sicil.
Relinquish.. See Relic. scraccair, to spit.
Relish. Savour, enjoyment of food. To Render.—Rent. Lat. reddere {re-

CentralFr. relicher, to lick; se relicher, dare). It. reiidere, Fr. rendre, to give up, to
to show enjoyment by licking one's chaps yield. It. rendita della terra, the fruits
again. II a trouvd ce plat si bon qu'il of the earth what it annually yields
; ;

s'en reliche. —
Jaubert. The Academy rendita, rendite (Fr. rente), revenues, in-
uses the expression ^e7i Ucher les babines. comes, yearly rents, land profits.— FI.
Reluctant. Lat. lucta, a wrestling Renegade. It. rinnegato, Sp. rene-
reludor, to struggle against. gado, one who renounces his faith, an
To Rely. To rest or repose upon apostate, a wicked, perverse person rene- ;

R., properly to look to for rest or repose gare (Lat. fiegare), to deny, disown, then
not from E. to lie, but Fr. relayer, to ease to blaspheme, to curse. See Runagate.
another by an undertaking of his task Rennet. —Runnet. The membrane
se relayatis I'lm Vautre, easing one an- of a calf's stomach for curdling milk. G.
other by turns. —
Cot. To rely on one gerinnen, Du. renneti, riimen, runnen
then is to look to him for a relay. (Kil.),to run together, to coagulate, curdle;
To Remain. Lat. maneo, to wait, rensal, rinsal, runsal (Kil.), OE. renlys or
stay, stick ; rcinaneo, to continue, to be rendlys [renels, P.) for mylke, coagulum.
left after. — Pr. Pm.
Remedy. See Medicine. Renown. Fr. renom, renommie, re-
Remember. Lat. rememoror, to call nown, fame. Sp. renombre, surname,
to memory. See Memory. epithet added to the name of a person,
Reminiscence. Lat. reminiscor, me- renown, reputation ; renombrar, to give
mini, to remember. Gr. fii;uv^(jKOfiai, a name, to render famous. The nasal
— ;

REPAIR REREMOUSE 533

sound of the final m and n in Fr. being Christ suffered many reprevynges
tleton.

unknown in E. was represented indiffer- for us. Mandeville in Hall. Reprevyn,
ently by m or n. Thus Fr. nom, a name, reprehendo, redargue. Pr. Pm. —
The re-
became E. noun, a substantive, and the prieve of a criminal must be an elliptical
word was written in the same way in our expression for the disallowing of the sen-
Norman Fr. Les nouns de lour nief, tence.
barge, balengere, &c. the names of their
: Reprimand. Fr. reprimande, Sp. re-
ship, &c.— Stat. H. v. c. 6. On the other primenda. Explained from Lat.. repri-
hand, renown was often written with niere, to repress, snub, or keep under
an m. (Litt.), analogous to Fr. offrande, an offer-

Her name was Rosiphele,


ing, from offrir. On that principle repri-
Which was of grete renome. Gower. — menda should signify a fault, but it does
not appear in Latin in that sense.
Go to then, O thou far renow-med son Reprisal. It. ripresaglia, whence Fr.
Of great Apollo.— F. Q.
reprhaille, E. reprisal, from Lat. repren-,
Bepair. i. Lat. reparare, Fr. reparer, dere, reprensus, to take back again.
to get again, to restore, recover, renew. Reproach. Fr. Sp. reproche, It. rim-
2. Fr. parer, to ward off, leads to It. proccio, Prov. repropche, reproach, blame,
riparo, a defence, shelter, place of refuge outrage. Explained by Diez as equiva-
Fr. repaire, a lodging, haunt, den of a lent to a Lat. repropiare (analogous to
beast, and thence repairer, to haunt, fre- Fr. approcher for appropiare), hovaprope,
quent, lodge in a certain place, giving near to bring a man's actions before
;

rise to E. repair, to resort to, to return as him, to twit him with them.
to one's den. But repropiare, to bring near, is far
Kepartee. Fr. repartie, an answering from having the force of G. vorwerfen, to
blow in fencing, &c., and thence, a return cast before one. And though no doubt a
of or answer in speech, a reply. —
Cot. difficult step remains to be supplied, it
Partir, to set out, start with impetuosity, seems more probable that the origin is to
to go off as a gun ; partir d'un dclat de be found in It. brobbio, from opprobriuvi,
rire, to burst out laughing. Thus repar- reproach, disgrace. Mi disse mille brob-
tee is a prompt reply. bii, he covered me with abuse. Rimbrob-
Bepast. Lat. pascor, to feed ; pasius, biare, r-ijnbroggiare, or rimproppiare,
food. rimprocciare. The intermediate form
To Repeal. Fr. rappeler (Lat. re-ap- rimbroccio is vouched by Florio. The
pellare, to call back), to revoke or make change from bbi to ggi is exemplified in
void. abbia, aggia, may have, while that from
Kepeat. Repetition. Lat. repeto, ggi to cci is seen in staggia, staccia, a
repetitum, to ask back, go over again. lath.— Fl.
Repertory. Lat. repertoriu7n, an in- —
Reprobate. Reprove. See -prove.
ventory, from reperio, repertum, to find, Repudiate. Lat. repitdium, a putting
meet with. away one's wife. This, like pudor, shame,
To Repine. Properly to feel dissatis- and refuto, to reject, refuse, is probably
faction, then to express it. one of the words derived from the inter-
Then the knyght retoumed again lo them and jection fu! or pu ! expressing in the first
shewed the kynges wordes, the whiche gretly en- instance disgust at a bad smell, then dis-
couraged them, and refoyned [se repentirent] in like and rejection. G, anpfuien, verp-
that they had said to the king as they did.— Ber- fuien, to cry fie upon, to reject. By a
ner's Froissart in R.
similar figure the Lat. has respuo, to spit
From It. repugnere, Fr. repoindre, to back, to refuse.
prick agaiil. Repugnant. Lat. repiignare, to con-
Now when they heard this they were pricked in trary one pugno, to fight. See Pugilist.
;

their heart (weren compunct in herte. —


Wicliff). Requiem. Lat. requies, rest, repose,
— ^Acts ii 37.
.
the accus. of which is requiem, the initial

Replenish. Replete. Lat. repko, word of the service for the dead, whence
repletmn, to fill full. See Plenary. the term is taken.
Replevy. See Pledge. Beremouse. AS. hreremus, a bat,
Reprehend. Lat. reprehendo, to lay equivalent to G.flittermaiis, from the flut-
hold on, blame, rebuke. See -prehend. tering of his wings, from AS. hreran, ON.
*
Reprieve. Reprieve or repreve is hrara, to move. At hrara tungu, to
OYr. reprover, repreuver, from Lat. re- wag the tongue —
sverd, to brandish a
;

probare, to disallow, reject, mislike. — Lit- —


sword. Egils.
; ; —— '

534 RESCIND RET


Bescind. Lat. rescindo, to cut off, of verb, Sp. surtir, to spring as water
abolish. (Taboada), Ptg. surtir, to fly, to soar,
Bescue. OE. rescous, rescow, from Cat. surtir, to spring up, Fr. sortir, to go
OFr. rescouyr, rescourre, to recover, re- out. To resort to a thing is to have re-
deem, deliver whence rescous, recovered
;
source to it, to come back to it as the source
rescoueur, one who redeems goods from or supply of what is wanting to meet the
the hands of creditors. It. riscuotere emergency.
(Lat. re-excutere), to fetch a thing out of Al I refuse but that I might resorte
Unto my love, the well of goodlihede.
pawn, to exact payment riscuotersi, to ;
Chaucer.
escape riscossa, exaction of payment,
;

rescuing, deliverance. The same met. sense is


found in Prov.
recovery, retaking,
— Altieri. Lat. excutere, to tear from, ressort.
Contra mort ressort ni cubatura.
take away by force, to which corresponds
OFr. escourre, to beat corn from the chaff, — against death there is neither resource
as rescourre to riscuotere. nor protection.
Kesemble. From Lat. similis, like, Bespite. Breathing time, delay, for-
similare or simulare, to make like, to —
bearance. B. From Lat. respectus. It.
imitate ; It. sembiare, sembarre, Fr. sem- rispetto, Prov. respieg, respeit, Fr. respit,
bler, to seem ; Prov. resemblar, Fr. ras- regard, consideration, expectation, then
sembler. It. rassembrare, to resemble. respite, delay. 'Tout prent sans nul
Besort. — Besouroe. To resort, to re- respit avoir ' takes everything without
:

pair or betake oneself to. Resource, some- regard for any consideration. Fab. et —
thing to apply back to for succour. B. — Contes, 4. 445. ' Mando vobis ut respec-
Fr. resortir, ressortir, to issue, go forth tetisbenedictionem usque ad Pascham :

again, to resort, repair, to appeal from an should delay the blessing until Easter.
inferior to a superior court. dernier En Eadmer. '
Et ainsi fut respoitiez li allers
ressort, finally, without further appeal. a Adrenople a cele fois :
' was put off.^-
Sans nul resort, without delay. Fab. et — Villehardouin.
Contes, II. Bespond. —
^Besponse. Lat. spondeo,
Diez would explain the meaning from to promise, engage for; respondeo, to
It. sortire, to 'obtain or acquire, whence answer.
risortire would signify to get back, to re- Best. Two words are confounded.
cover, and thence to betake oneself to, 1. From Lat. restare,\.o remain, to re-
on the same principle on which ricove- sist, stand firm, hold out; Fr. rester, to
rarsi signifies to have recourse to, to fly remain ; reste, a remainder ; It- res tare,
to for help. But risortire Aoes not appear to remain, abide, or stay still in one place,
ever to have been used in the sense of to cease from, to leave or be left over-
recover, and we have no occasion for this plus.
hypothetical explanation. 2. From G. rast, Du. ruste, raste, ease,
The truth is, that Fr. ressort and res- quiet, repose.
source are parallel forms with the same —
Bestive. Besty. It. restio, restive,
general meaning more or less directly resty, drawing back, loth to go as some
derived from Lat. surgere, to rise. Hence horses,by met. slow, lazy. Fl. Fr. restif, —
It. sorgere, ppl. sorto, Fr. sourdre, ppl. stubborn, drawing backward, that will
sors, sours, to rise, spring, come out of —
not go forward. Cot. From Lat. restare.
se resourdre, to spring up again, recover, Bestore. Lat. restaurare, to repair,
come to one's former estate or vigour | remake. See Store.
resours, raised, recovered, got up again Lat. resulto, to leap back ;
Bestilt.
ressource, a new spring, recovery, up- re and a freq. of salio, to leap.
sulto,
rising, also refuge for succour. Cot. — Besurrection. Lat. resurrectio, from
From the other form of the participle, resurgo, resurrectum, to rise again ; re
sorto, surto, are formed Cat. siiri, a bound and surgo, to rise.
or spring ; Ptg. surto, the spring upwards To Bet. To rait timber, to set it to
of a bird, Fr. essort, essour, essor, source, soak. —
Ray. Hay is raited -whsn it has
spring, fiight ; ressort, spring, elasticity, been much exposed to wet and dry.
the spring which moves a piece of me- Hal. G. rosteii, Pl.D. rothen, Du. rotten
chanism, and thence metaphorically, re- or rooten het vlasch, to ret flax, to steep
source, supply of needful power. II a it in water in order to separate the fibre
fait jouer tous ses ressorts, he has used by incipient rotting. Rettyn' tymber,
all his means, resources.^Tarver. From hempe, ur other lyke, rigo, infundo. Pr. —
the substantive arises a secondary form Pm.
; ;

RETAIL RHYME 535


The word isa mere modification of awake, not to watch or sit up late. The
rot. Sw. rota, N. royta, to rot, putrefy, real origin is in the notion of noisy merry-
decay, to ret flax. Royte upp klceda, to making. Swiss rdbeln, to clatter, make a
rot clothes by much exposure to wet. disturbance grdbel, rdblete, disturbance,
;

Royte hamp, skitm, to set hemp or slcins uproar, confusion rdbelkilth, nocturnal
;

to soak in order to loosen the fibre in assembly of young people. Bret, ribla,
the one case and the hair in the other ;
to revel, lead a dissipated life. Champ.
royta, rottenness, long continuance of ribler, to be out at night, lead a debauched
wet weather in which corn is in danger life revel, noise, disturbance, gaiety
;

of rotting, also the steeping or stripping reveaux, pleasures, debauches.


of goods.
Retail. Fr. retail, a shred or small
Plains est de joie et de revel. Roquef. —
piece cut from a thing. —
Cot. Tailler, to Du. ravelen, raveelen, sestuare, fluctuare,
cut. et circumcursare et delirare, insanire,

Retaliate. Fr. talion, a pain equal to furere. Kil. With a change of termina-
the harm done ; retalionni, requited or tion, ravotteji, tumultuari et luxuriari, po-
paid back with the like. —Cot. Lat. talis, pinari, to riot, romp. Connected forms
such. are Du. rabbelen, to gabble ; Swiss raf-
To Retell. It. recere, Lang, raca, to feln, to rattle Gael, ramhlair, a noisy
;

vomit. AS. hrcecan, Picard. raquer, N. fellow ramhlaireachd, play or sport.


;

rakja, to retch, hawk, spit. on. hraki, Revenge. Fr. revanche, requital, re-
spittle ;Du. rachelen, to cough, to hawk venge. See Vengeance.
and spit ; Bret- rodha, roc'hella, to snore, Revenue. Fr. revenir, to come back,
to breathe with difficulty. It. recere Vani- to profit or yield increase revenue, a re- ;

ma, to breathe one's last, expresses the turn or coming again revenue de bois, ;

stertorous breathing of the death-bed. the new springing of wood after it has
The origin is a representation of the been lopped or felled. Cot. In like —
harsh raking noise made in forcing the manner revenue is applied to the yearly
breath through passages encumbered with income from property in general.
viscous secretions. Revere. — Reverend. Lat. vereor,
Reticent. See Tacit. revereor, to stand in awe of.
Reticulate. Lat. reticulatus, made in Reverie. When ideas float in our
the form of a irete) net. mind without any reflection or regard of
Retinue. Fr. retenir, to retain or hold the understanding, it is that which the
land of a superior retenue, a holding, a
; French our language has
call resverie,
train of retainers or persons holding of or scarce a name for it. Locke. Resver, —
dependent upon one. to rave, dote, speak idly resvetir, a. ;

To Retire. Fr. retirer, to draw back dotard or dreamingfop. Cot. See Rave. —
tirer, It. tirare, to draw, pull, strike ;
Revulsion. Lat. revtilsio, a. plucking
tiro, a throw, draught, stroke. Identified back vello, vulsum, to pull or pluck.
;

by Diez with Goth, tairan, to tear, on the Rhapsody. Gr. pa^/ipSid, a portion of
principle on which we use tear for any an epic poem for recitation at one time ;
violent action ; to tear a paper down, to paiTTio, to stitch or link together, and (fSnj,

tear along the road. It must always be a song.


remembered that the original image from Rhetoric. Gr. piiTup, an orator; ri pr/-
whence an expression is taken will com- ropiKi) {rixvri), the art of the public
monly appear a gross caricature of the speaker.
thing signified. —
Rheum-. Rheumatism. Gr. ptv/ia,
Retreat. Fr. retraite corresponding pevfianubsS from plw, to flow, the idea
to a Lat. retracta, from retrahere, retrac- being that there was an undue flow of
tum, to withdraw. rheum, or humour, through the part af-
To Retrench. Fr. retrancher, to cut fected by the disorder itrmtd Rheumatis7n.
off. See Trench. Rhinoceros. Gr. pivoK^pwQj piv, the
To Retrieve. To recover, get again. snout, nose, and Ktpas, a horn.
See Contrive. Rhomboid. Lat. rhombus, Gr. pofifSog,
Retro-. Lat. retro, backwards, behind. a lozenge, and iWoe, form, fashion.
Reveal. Lat. revelare, to disclose, as Rhyme. It. rima, Fr. rime, G. reim.
ifby throwing back {velum) a veil. Diez objects to the derivation from Gr.
Revel. Commonly referred to Fr. re- pvQ/iSg, measure, proportion, regular move-
veiller, to waken, as if signifying one who ment, metre, rhythm, that it would have
keeps late hours. But reveiller is to given rise to an It. rimmo or remmo in-
— ;

53'> MB RID
stead of rima, and he more inclined to
is Ribald. OFr. ribault, ribauld. It. ri-
OHG. rim, AS. «'»?, gerim, w. Mz/^ Bret. baldo, a name applied generally to any
ricinm, number. But in Fr., at least, loose character. Fures, exules, fiigitivi,
'

there is no difficulty in the formation of excommunicati,quos omaesribaldosYxzca.-


rime from the older spelling rithme, rime cia vulgariter consuevit appellare.' Matt. —
or metre. —Cot. Rithmailler (rimailler), Paris in Diez. Du. rabaud, scortator,
to rime paltrily. —
Ibid. The term rith- lascivus, nequam, nebulo, mendicus faUax,
micare was used in the sense of versifying aruscator. KiL —
long after the introduction of rhj-me, and It is probable that the original signifi-
it is perfectly natural that rithmus, which cation is nothing worse than a reveller or
signifiedmetrical writing, should gradually noisy companion, from Fr. rabalter, to
have been applied to the rhyme which rumble, rattie, make a terrible noise, as
became its most striking characteristic. they say spirits do in some houses. Cot. —
An Ars rithmicandi written in the 14th Du. ravotten, to riot, racket, lead an up-
century begins as follows Ad habendum roarious hfe. Hahna.
•. —
Ravot, revot,
artem rithmicandi et dictaminis notitiam cater\'a nebiJonum et lupanar. Kil. —
sciendum est quid sit rithmus et ex quot In ultimate formation the word is a re-
syllabis constare debet —
et ubi ser\'anda presentation of ratde, clatter, analogous
est consonantia [the rhyme]. Rithmus to Piedm. rabadan, noise, uproar, clatter ;

est consoiia paritas syllabarum sub certo or to E. rubadub, ro-wdydow, from the last

numero comprehensarum. Reliq. Ant. i. of which is formed the American roii'dy,
30. As consonantia is used throughout a term exactly synonymous with OFr.
in the sense of rhyme, it seems that con- ribauld.
sona in the latter clause must be under- Eibband. Eibbon. Yr.rubdn. From
stood in the sense of rhyming, showing Du. rijghe, rije, a row or line ; riighen,
that in the apprehension of the author to string, to lace ; rijghbaiid, rijghsnoer,
rhyme formed an •
essential element of rijghnestel, a.lace, band, tie. Du. nestel,
rhythm. a lace or strap, is identical with It. nostra,
Rib. Du. ribbe, a rib, beam, lath, a ribbon.
rafter G. rippe, rib ; gerippe, Pl.D. rif,
;
Rich. Prov. ric, noble, powerful, illus-
rift, sceleton. —
Brem. Wtb. AS. /trif,the trious, rich Sp. ricos hombres, magnates,
;

intestines, is probably what is contained grandees. Goth, reiks, ruler ; reikinon,


in the framework of the ribs. Swab, nzf, to rule. OX. riki, realm, power ; rikia,
rafen, rafter or spar of a roof. to reign ; rikdomr, riches. G. reich, em-
The radical image seems to be a frame- pire, rich. GaeL righ, king; righich,
work of rods or bars, perhaps originally govern. Lat. regere, rex, &c.
from comparison with the parallel teeth Rick. AS. hreac, OX. hraukr, especi-
of a comb or rake. G. raufe, raffel, 7-iffel, ally applied to a heap of fuel ; hreykia,
an iron comb for plucking off the heads to pile up. N. rdyk, rauk, a small heap,
of flax-seed ; raufe. Swab, raf, reff, the as of corn-sheaves in the field, or of turf.
rack or lath-work which holds the hay Rickets. Mid. Lat. rachitis, disease of
for cattle, the cradle of a scythe. G. the spine. Gr. pax'f, the spine.
helmreife, the grate of a helmet or bars To Rid. ON. h7ioSa, to clear away ;
which protect the mouth. Brem. Wtb.— hrodi, rubbish, what is cleared away
G. raufe, Bav. reff, reft, is also a basket hrodit skip, a ship in which all th^de-
made of rods for carrying on the back ; fenders are killed ; riodr, a place cleared
reftrager, feferer, higler, one who carries of wood, in E. commonly called riddings.
about fowls, eggs, butter, &c., on his back Dan. rydde, to grub up, to clear ; rydde
for sale. We have the same word in E. op i en stue, to set a room to rights
rip, a panier for carrying fish ; ripper, rydnitigs-plads, a cleared place rydde
;

one who carries about fish for sale. bort, rydde af veicn, to clear away. G.
The foregoing supposition would unite reuten, Bav. ricdcn, to clear away, root
w. crib, a comb, cribin, a hay-rake, Bret. out, extirpate ; das ried, geried, rieder,
cribin (as G. ratfe, riffeV), a comb for flax, riddings, place cleared of wood and
with G. krippe, a crib, rack for cattle, any bushes.
framework of rods or beams to be filled Sc. red, to clear away, set in order,
up with earth or stones. Das tifer krip- clearance, removal of obstructions red, ;

pen, to fasten a bank with stakes or piles, outred, rubbish.


by which the earth is held together, as Pl.D. redden, G. retten, Dan. redde, to
the soft parts of the body of an animal save or rescue, seems a wholly different
by the (gerippe) skeleton. word, signifying perhaps to snatch from
—;

RIDDLE kk; 537


danger, as. fireddcvi, rapere, eripeic. Kiding, In Domcsihiy, tn'diii,^:, one
Lye. of the divisions of tlnx-c into which the
Riddle, i. as. hriddel, hridder, G. county of \'ork is broken up. ON.
reiter, rdder, Bret, ridel, W. rhidyll, Gael. Thridjiinor, n. tridjiing, a third part.
rideal, a sieve, especially a corn-sieve. The initial t was probably lost, as Miiller
From the v^^.y in which a sieve is shaken suggests, in consequence of the difficulty
whenever it is used. ON. rida, to tremble of recognising the sound in the com-
AS. hrethadl, Du. ridde, a fever or shak- pounds jVor//^-, East-, and West-trithing,
ing sickness riideren, rijeren, rijelcn, to
; in which the word would principally
shiver with fever or with cold. Thes.— occur.
Ling. Teut. E. dial, to rue, to ree, to sift Rife. Du. rijf, copious, abundant. ON.
— Hal. Sc. ree, a small riddle.
; Bav. rifr, rijlegr, liberal, munificent rifka, to ;

erridern, to shiver. The primary origin increase. In the N. of E. ripe, prevalent,


S3ems to be the representation of a rust- abundant.— Hal.
ling or rattling sound. G. rattel7i, to sift. Riffraff. Refuse, dregs, scum of any-
Bav. rodel, a tin box with pebbles in it ;
thing. —
B. Rif and raf, tag rag and
rodeln, rudeln, to shake, to stir G. rut-
; bobtail, every atom, scrapings and all.
teln, to shake, sift, winnow corn. Gr. King Richard it wan and tille his sister it gaf,
K^oToKov, a rattle Gael, crith, tremble,
; The Sarrazins ilk man heslouh alle rif and raf.
shake, quiver. AS. hriscian, to make a R. Brunne in R.
rustling noise, to shake, frizzle. II ne lui lairra rif ni raf, he will strip
2. AS. rcEdelse,!Ln imagination, a riddle. him of all. On n'y a laiss^ ni rifle ni
'Se leasa wena and sio radelse thara
dysigra monna :' the false opinion and
rafle, they have swept it all away. Cot. —
It.raffola-ruffola, riff-raff, by hook or by
the imagination of foolish men. OHG. crook. Lomb. o de riff o de raff, in one
ratsal, ratisca, ratissa, rdtersch, radisli, way or another. See Raff
a riddle. Rat mir dise ratschen, read me Rifle. A
rifle is a gun' having a barrel
this riddle. internally grooved or scored in a spiral
Bav. rdten, G. erratlien, ratheii, ON. in order to make the bullet revolve. Pl.D.
rdda, to conjecture, divine, make out, rifeln, to streak, to furrow. Dan. rijle, to
imagine. Rathe was ist das, guess what groove a column. See To Rifle, Rive.
is that. Dan. raade, to divine, devise. To Rifle. Fr. rifler, to rifle, ransack,
Raade bod paa, to devise a remedy for. sweep all away before him. Du. rijfelen,
See Read. to scrape, rub, seize. It. raffa, a raffling,
To Ride. on. reida, to sway, lift, weigh, rifling ; raffio, any hook or crook, a rake,
brandish, move up and down. La reidir a drag ; raffolare, to rake, drag, scrape
buk, the tide carries the corpse. Skip together by hook or by crook ruffolare,
;

reidduz, the ships were borne on the ruffaae, to rifle, to filch or pilfer craftily.
waves. A
ship rides at anchor when she Lombard ruff, sweepings, dirt. See
is borne up and down by the waves with- Raffle.
out changing place. ON. rida, to be Rift. A cleft, chink, crack. — B. From
borne on a horse or in a ship. Rida rive.
kjol, to be carried in a ship. To be borne To Rig.
* I. N. rigga, to rig a ves-
or carried aloft as a standard, a sword, sel. Perhaps a metaphor from harness-
an axe. N. rida, to sway to and fro as a ing a horse. Sw. dial, riggapd, to har-
boat resting on a stone. Du. rijden, to ness a horse. From rygg, the back ?
ride on horseback, to be borne in a car- 2. To rig about, to be wanton, to romp;
riage, to slide on the ice. rig, a wanton, romping girl ; riggish,
Parallel with reida and rida are ON. rampant, ruttish. B. —
leidg., to lead, and lida, to be borne. At The wanton gesticulations of a virgin in a wild
lida i lopti, to be borne through the air. assembly of gallants warmed with wine, could be
Du. lijden, to slide, to pass by. no other than riggish and unmaidenly. Bp —
-ride. -ris-. Ridicule. Lat. rideo, Hall in R.
risum, to laugh ; as in Deride, Derision, Probably from the excited movements
Lat. ridiculus, what moves to laughter. of animals under sexual impulse, as in-
Ridge. AS. hricg, ON. hryggr, Pl.D. dicated under Ramble. N. rugga, rigga,
rugge, Dan. ryg, G. riicken, the back. rugla, rigla, to rock or waver E. wrig- ;

Then anything formed like the back of gle. Manx reagh, ruttish, wanton, merry,
an animal, a long horizontal line from sportive, lecherous riggan, to rut rig-; ;

which the surface slopes down on either gyl, as E. rig, ridgil, ridgeling, a ram
side. imperfectly castrated, and consequently

538 RIGHT RIME


liable to sexual excitation. To play reaks, Of Ragemon upon the chaunce,
run a rig, to act in an excited manner, She leyeth no peys in the balaunce.
to
MS. in Hal.
to do something outrageous.
Bight. AS. rikf, Goth, raihts, G. recht, The name of Ragman
given to theis
devil in P. P., and he is probably made
Lat. rectus, straight, stretched out ; por-
to preside at our game as the father of
rigo, to stretch out ; dirigo, to stretch
towards a definite point. Gr. opsyw, to
sorcery. Sw. raggen, the devil.
stretch.
From the strings hanging out at the
The meaning of right is always a end of the roll by which the characters
metaphor more or less direct from were drawn, the name oi ragman-roll ^zs
The right given to any deed with a number of seals
the image of straightness.
course is that which leads in a straight
hanging to it, and especially to the inden-
Moral tures by which the Scottish Barons were
line to the object sought for.
right is that which has to be done, which
made to subscribe allegiance to Ed. I.,
lies inthe straight way to satisfy the con-
and of which a record was kept in four
large rolls of parchment preserved in the
science. The right hand is the hand it
is right to make use of
Tower. Unum instrumentum sive car-

Rigid. Kigour. 'LaX.rigidus, rigors tam subjectionis et homagii faciendi re-
rigeo, to be stiff. ON. rigr, stiffness. —
gibus Anglise a Scottis propter multa
Rigmarole. A
repetition of idle words, sigilla dependentia ragman vocabatur.

a succession of long foolish stories Wor- — Chronicon de Lanercost in Wright.


cester ; a confused, unconnected dis- Swa thai consentyd than
,

course. —
Hal. There can be little doubt And mad upon this a ragman
With many sells of Lordis, thare
that it is a corruption of ragman-roll, That that tyme at this trett^ ware.— Wyntown.
which was used in a very similar sense.
There preached a pardoner as he a priest were,

Tindall hath in the handling of that one mat- Brought forth a bull with many bishops seales ;
ter alone utterly destroyed the foundation of all —
He raughte with his ragman both ringes and
the heresies they have in their whole raggemans
rolle.— Sit T. Moore.
broches. —P. P.
In the play of Juditian, Towneley Mys-
Rill. A
trickling stream, from the
sense of trickling, explained under To
teries, p. 311, Tutivillos, one of the devils
Rail, 2.
who had been employed in catching
people sinning, and comes to make his Aganippe's spring
report, says :
—with softmurmurs gently rilling
Adown the mountains where thy daughters
Here a roUe of ragman of the rownde tabille haunt. — Prior.
Of breffes in my bag, man, of synnes dampnabille.
Pl.D. rille, a little stream or water-
The origin of the term has been made course, such as those which the rain
out by Mr Wright in his Anecdota Litte- makes in running off meadows, or the
raria. The name was originally given to tide retiringfrom mud-banks.
a game consisting in drawing characters Rim. rima, margin, edge. The
AS.
from a roll by strings hanging out from rime of the sea was used for the surface
the end, the amusement arising from the of the sea.
application or misapplication of the cha-
The weeds being so long that riding in fourteen
racters to the persons by whom they were
'

fathoms water, many times they streamed three


drawn. or four fathoms upon the ryme of the sea. Haw- —
A roll of this kind, from MS. Fairfax kins' Voyage, p. 116.
16, is printed by Mr Wright :
It is perhaps in this sense that the mem-
Here begynnyth Ragmane roelle, brane enclosing the bowels is called the
My ladyes and my maistresses echone rim. Sw. and Dan. bryn is used as well
Lyke hit unto your humbyl womanhede,
in the sense of edge or border as of sur-
Resave in gr^ of my sympill persone
This rolle, which ^^thouten any drede face. Dan. bryn, the ryme or surface of
Kynge Ragman me bad serve in brede, the sea, also the brow or rim of the eye.
And cristened it the merour of your chaunce. G. augenbraune, the eyebrow, is in other
Drawith a strynge, and that shall streyght you dialects augenbramen. Thus rim, brim,
leyde
Unto the very path of your govemaunce.
and bryti, must be regarded as radically
identical. N. bryning, Dan. brcemme,
The popularity of the amusement is a border or edging, w. rhim, rhimp,
shown by the familiar allusion of Gower: edge, rim.
Venus whiche slant withoute lawe Rime. G. reif, Du. rijpe, rijm, Sw.
In non certeyne, but as men drawe rim, hoarfrost. ON. hrim, soot, hoarfrost.
RIMPLE RISE 539
Bret, frimm, Fr. frinias, mist which and even to they appear to be
animals if
freezes in falling. lean, half-starved, or otherwise ill-condi-
Rimple. — Bumple. — Hippie, as. tioned. —
Hal. A
rip of a horse is a thin,
hrympel, Du. rimpe, rimpel, rompe, rom- worn-out horse. Pl.D. rif, rift, a skele-
pel, a wrinkle, rumple, pucker. Words ton. G. gerippe, a skeleton. He is een
representing a broken sound are com- rift, so mager as een rift. Brem. Wtb. —
monly applied to signify a broken move- E. rip is also applied metaphorically to a
ment, then a broken, uneven, rugged sur- morally ill-conditioned person.
face. The gentle sound of small waves To Bip. I. To tear. Ultimately de-
breaking on the shore is represented by rived from the sound of scratching or
the word ripple, which is then applied to tearing. See Raffle. ON. Ari/a,. to scrape,
the uneven surface of the rippling water, to snatch ?ifa, riufa, to tear ; Du. roo-
;

and rimple is used in the same sense. pen, reupen, ruppen, G. raufen, to pluck ;
As gilds the moon the rimpling of the brook. Yr.friper, to rub, to wear fripon, a rag. ;

Crabbe in R. 2. ON. at rippa upp, Dan. oprippe, to

Pl.D. rumpeln, originally signifying to rip up, to go over again, to repeat. Jeg
rumble, to clatter, is now chiefly used in ei oprippe vil det som jeg for har sagt :

the applied sense of jolting, jogging. I will not repeat what I have said before.

Rumpelgeest, as G. poltergeist, a clatter- Du. Die zaak werd niet gereptj men repte
ing ghost. De bunk rumpelt mi, my belly van die zaak niet they did not make :

rumbles. De wage rumpelt up dem mention of the thing.


steenwege, the carriage clatters along the When each party had ripped up their sundry
road, or jolts along. Ik kan dat rumpeln fortunes and perils passed, they highly praised

nig verdragen, I cannot endure the jolting. God.— Haokluyt in R.


Rumpumpeln, to jolt excessively. Du. It has been shown under Rehearse
rompelig, uneven, rugged. Then as a that the figure of raking is often used to
shaking motion throws a surface into express iteration. ON. hrifa, a rake, also
confusion, to rumple, to disorder, disar- iteration. To rip and to rake tip old
range, crumple. See Rumble, Rumpus. grievances are used indifferently.
To Bince. Fr. rincer, ON. hreinsa, Bipe. Du. rijp, G. reif.
Dan. reuse, to cleanse. ON. hrein, G. To Bipe. To rake, to probe, and
rein,Dan. reen, pure, clean. thence met. to search or examine.
Bind. Du. G. rinde, crust, bark. Then fling on coals and ripe the ribs
Biug. ON. hringr, a circle, a ring ; And beek the house baith but and ben.
kringr, a circle. Dan. kringel, krinkel, Ramsay.
crooked, twisted kringle, to go in folds,
; All the hymis of his goist
to run round. E. crinkle, to curl. The He rypit with his swerd amid his coist,
So his hart stoundith the prick of death.
til
connection of the foregoing forms with D. V. 330. 38.
ON. hringla, to tinkle, is probably based
on the principle so often referred to on from this sort of action that a sword
It is
which a crooked, curiing form is desig- called in Sp. raspadera, Fr. rapilre, a
is

nated by the figure of a broken or qua- raker or rasper. Esthon. riipma, to rake.
vering sound. W. crychlais, a quivering See To Rip.
voice crychiad, a shake in music ; crych,
;
Bipple. See Rimple.
a curling, wrinkling, rippling. To Bipple. To pluck off" the heads of
To Bing. ON. hringia, to ring bells ;
flax seeds by drawing the straw through
hringla, to clink, ring, tingle. Hann a fixed iron comb. Walach. grebla,.z.
hringlar gialldi, he chinks his money. comb or rake. Fris. rebbel, Dan. ribbel,

Dan. ringle, klingre, to ring, tinkle. All a frame with iron teeth through which
thrashed straw is drawn and combed to
imitative.
Biot. Fr. rioter, Bret, riota, to chide, save any remnants of the corn. Outzen. —
brawl, jangle ; Gael, raoit, indecent mirth. G. raufen, rupfen, Swiss riipfeln, to pluck ;

G. raufen, raiifeln, to ripple flax raufe,


It. riotta, riot, brawl ; Du. ravotten, tu-
;

multuari, et luxuriari, popinari ; ravot, reffe, raufel, reffel, riffel, the comb used
in that operation. Pl.D. repen, reppen,
revot, caterva nebulonum, et lupanar,
luxus, luxuria.— Kil. Ravotterig, bruit, repeln, to rip, pluck, tear, to ripple flax ;
tintamarre, charivari. -Halma. — repe, a rack for hay ; repe, repel, a ripple.
A
similar word to Fr. rabater, men- Dan. rive, to rake, rive, tear, rasp.
tioned under Ribald. To Bise. ON. risa, to rise ; Goth.
Bip. I. A panier for fish. See Rib. urreisan, AS. arisan, to rise up ; reosan,
2. A name applied to men and boys, to rush, to fall. Du. riisen, opriisen, to
— ; ;

54° RISIBLE RIVET


riseup ; riisen, afriisen, to sink, to fall. zitternd rauschen —
Stalder ; Sv/ab. risse-
OHG. risan, to anarisan, irruere
fall ;
len, to rustle, shake in the wind ; Sc.

arrisan, corruere, surgere zarisan, de- reissil, a clattering noise.



;

albi, ruinari.— Graff. Regenes tropphen Rite. Ritual. Lat. ritus, a custom,
risente in erda, rain-drops falling on the ceremony, established order of proceed-
earth.— Notker, Ps. 71. 6. Bav. reisen, ing.
_

to fall reisuhr, an hour-glass, marking


;
Rival. Lat. rivalis, explained in dif-
time by the trickling of the sand. Swiss ferent ways from rivus, a brook ; by some
riesen, rauschend herabfallen; laicbriesi, from the struggles between herdsmen
laubriesete, the fall of the leaf. using the same watercourses ; by others
The radical image seems to be the rust- as signifying those who dwell on opposite
ling sound of fragments falling to the sides of the stream.
ground, which is represented by such —
To Rive. Rift, -reave. Ryvyn' or
forms as Bav. riseln, Swiss riesehti, to rakyn', rastro ryvyn' or reendyn', lacero
;
;

fall in drops, in little bits. Es riselet, ryvyn' or clyvyn', as men doo woodde,
cadit nivosa grando. Der risel, hail. findo revyn', or be vyolence take awey,
;

Schmeller. Swiss rieslete, stones rattling rapio. —


Pr. Pm. OX. rifa, to scratch,
down a hill-side ; worm-eaten
riesobsi, tear, tear asunder ; Sw. rifwa, to scratch,
fruit that falls prematurely. Sometimes tear, claw, to grate, to grind. Rifwa of,
the imitative syllable begins with gr or to tear, pull, strip off; —
sonder, to tear
dr instead of a simple r, as in G. grieseln, to pieces ; N. riva, to scratch, tear, tear
to fall in bits ; Ff. gresiller, to fall in to pieces ; riva. Da. rive, a rake ; riva.
rime ;
gr^sil, hail ; Swiss droseln, troselii, Da. revne, rift, a rift, crack, split. See
to patter down ; E. drizzle. To these To Rob.
latter forms are related Goth, driusan, Rivel. Wrinkle. Riveling, turning
AS. dreosan, to fall, in the same way as in and out. —
B. w. of E. to reeve, to
OHG. risan to riseln. wrinkle.
Gr. ^poo-oj, Lith. Hal. —
'D-a.ruyffeleii, to wrinkle.
rasas, Lat. ros, dew, probably owe their Closely allied with rabble, nibble, rum-
designation to being originally conceived ple, rimple, ripple ruffle, ravel, all from the
as what drizzles or falls in a fine shower. radical figure of a broken confused noise,
Bav. es reisst nebel, a drizzling mist falls.
leading to the notion of a jolting irregular
The direction of the motion in the act movement, then of a rugged, rumpled, or
of falling being often expressed by a pre- entangled structure. Grisons rabaglia, a
position, as when we speak of falling wrinkle teila rabagliada, rumpled, tum-
;

down, tumbling down, coming pattering bled cloth. E. Ravelled, entangled. Pa-
down, it was a natural device to desig^nate rallel forms with an a and i in the radical
motion in the opposite direction by the syllable are very common.
same radical with a preposition of oppo- River. OFr. riviere, shore ; from
site signification Du. afriisen, to fall Lat. riparia, derivative from ripa, bank.
:

down ; opriisen, to rise up. In English, It. riviera, coast. Ptg. ribeira, meadow,
where the compound signifying to fall was low land on the bank of rivers, shore,
wanting, the addition of the preposition coast ; ribeiro, a stream.
in the compound expressing the opposite Rivet. From Lat. ripa, shore, bank,
idea would appear superfluous, and thus are formed Lang, ribo, Fr. rive, edge,
it may have been that the simple verb to border, strip along the edge of anything
rise has come to include the signification rivet, Lang, ribe, the welt of a shoe, the
of motion upwards which it originally strip of leather turned in between the
owed to union with a preposition indi- upper leather and the sole, to which they
cating that relation. both are fastened Sp. Ptg. ribete, bor- ;

Risible, -ris-. See -ride. der, seam, binding, the doubling down at
Risk. Fr. risque. It. risico, risco, Sp. the edge of a garment. Welt of a shoe,
riesgo, risk. Bret. 7-iska, riskla, to slip rivet d'un Soulier. Sherwood. —
Hence
or slide riskuz, slippery.
; slippery A Fr. river, Ptg. rebitar (for ribetar), to
path affords a lively image of risk or double back the edge or point of a thing,
danger. So Gael, sgiorr, slip, slide, run to rivet or clench a nail river un lit (in
;

a risk sgiorrach, apt to slip or stumble,


; Berri), to tuck in a bed rebitar chapeo,
;


running a risk. ^Armstrong. to cock or turn up the brim of the hat ;

Rissoles. Fr. rissoler, to fry meat till nans arrcbitado, a turned-up nose. It.
it is brown. Cot. —
From the rustling ribadire, to clench a nail. In Craven
noise of fr>ing. Dan. risle, to purl, mur- rebbit, Sc. roove, ruiff, to clench, to rivet.
mur Swiss riesen, riesenen, krachen.
; It is not surprising that the word should
RIVULET ROBE S4I

have been referred to a root which would and more generally to roast or toast.
account for the meaning so well as It. Pol. roszt, a grate rossczka, a rod, twig, ;

ribattere, Fr. rebattre, to beat back, turn small branch. A grate is a collection of
back the extremity, but such a derivation parallel or interlaced rods. See Roost.
would destroy the connection between Rob. It. robbo, Fr. rob, Arab, robb,
Fr. river and E. rivet, nor could It. ri- the thickened juice of fruits.
battere have been corrupted to ribadire. To Rob. Goth, biraubon, to strip or
Rivulet. A double dim. from Lat. spoil Prov. raubar, OFr. rober, Sp. ;

rivus, a brook. robar. It. rubare, Du. rooven, Dan. rovej


Road. From ride, pret. rode, a wa.y E. reave, bereave, to take by violence, to
through which men ride. An inroad is plunder, rob. The Gael, reub has the
.a riding into an enemy's country a road simpler sense of rend, tear, pull asunder,
;

at sea (Fr. rade, Du. reede), a place where but the meaning is completely developed
ships may ride at anchor. in the derivatives reubainn, robann, ra-
To Roam. It. romeo, romero, OFr. pine reubair, robair, a robber. ;

romier, a pilgrim, one who makes a pil- MHG. rotiben signifies both to rob and
grimage to Rome. Chiamansi romei in- to rtib, and it is probable that the differ-
quanto vanno a. Roma. —
Dante, Vita ence between these two forms has only
nuova. From romeo is formed It. ronie- arisen from the tendency, which may
are, romiare, to roam or wander about as often be observed in the growth of lan-

a palmer. Fl. The verb to roam how- guage, to distinguish variations in the
ever could hardly have come to us direct application of a term by slight changes
from the It., and it does not seem to have in the pronunciation of the word. Thus
had a Fr. equivalent. I am inclined Grisons rapar, to rub, and Du. raepen,
therefore to believe that it is from G. to scrape, will be connected with Lat.
raum, E. room, space, analogous to Lat. rapere, to rob. The senses of rubbing,
spatiari, G. spazieren, to walk abroad, scrubbing, scraping, scratching, tearing,
from spatium. gradually pass into each other, and acts
The usual signification of ON. ryma, G. of this kind being accompanied by a pe-
raiimen, Du. ritimen, is to clear a space, culiar harsh sound, while the effect of
to make or leave room. the action when sufficiently forcible is to
tear away a portion of the body operated
Hii alijte with drawe suerd, with matis mony on,
on, it furnishes language with a conve-
And with many an hard stroc riimcde lier way
anon,
nient type of robbery. Dan. rive and
Vort hii come up to the deis. — R. G. 536. Sw. rifuia are used in all the foregoing
senses, to rasp, scrape, rake, rub, rend.
AS. rym thysum manne setl : give this Rive farver, to grind colours rive noget
;

man place. ^Luc 14, 9. Pl.l3. ?7/«ot of eens haand, to snatch a thing out of
|

hus maken, to vacate a house. The one's hand ; en rivende strain, a rapid
verb was then used in the special sense stream. Sw. rifwa of, to tear away, to
of leaving home, wandering abroad. take by violence. G. raffen, to rake to-
Uuanda andere fogela ritment, sparo ist gether, to take away everything by force
heime when other birds quit the nest,
: —
and violence. Kiittn. Bret, krafa, krava,
the sparrow remains at home. Notker, — j/^r«i5a,J/Jra/a, signify to scrape or scratch,
Ps. loi, 7. Hence OSw. rum, abroad ;
and also to seize, steal, rob.
wara rumme, to be abroad, as opposed Robbins. g. raabanden, small ropes
to wara hemma, to be at home. Ihre. — on board a ship that fasten the sail to
From this application may be explained the yard, from ON. rd, Sw. ra, a sail-yard,
the use of roam in the usual sense of and batid, a tie.
wandering abroad. Robe. It. 7-oba, any robe or long upper
Roan. Fr. rouen, It. roano, Sp. ruano, garment for man or woman, also goods,
roano, the colour of a horse having a stuff, merchandise. — Fl. Fr. I'obe, a gown,
mixture of bay and grey hairs. mantle, coat. Sp. ropa, cloth, clothes.
To Roar. as. raran, Du. reeren, from The name is undoubtedly taken from the
the sound. notion of stripping, whether it be from
Roast. It. rosta, a frying-pan rostire, ; the fact that clothes originally consisted
Fr. rostir, to roast, broil, toast. G. rost, in skins stripped from the backs of ani-
a grate, trellis, a gridiron. Feicerrost, a mals or that they were regarded as what
fire grate ; bratrost, a gridiron helm- ;
might be stripped off the wearer.
rost, the grate of a helmet ; r'dsten, to Prov. ratibar, to rob rauba, garment,
;

dress meat on a gridiron, to broil, fry, spoil. Du. rooven, to spoil roof, spoils,
;
;

542 ROBIN ROGUE


plunder ; roof van 't schaep, a fleece. AS. ruck, a shake, toss, or jerk. Dem tische
reaflan, to rob or spoil ;reaf, garment, einen ruck geben, to give the table a
spoil, plunder. Lith. rubas, a garment shove.
rubiti, to plunder, also to clothe. It has The original image would seem to be a
indeed been supposed that the derivation broken sound, as represented by Sw.
runs in the opposite direction, and that rockla, N. rukla, to rattle in the throat.
the act of robbing takes its name from the See Ruck, Rugged.
clothes which would constitute the earli- Rocket. It. rocca, a rock or distaff;
est subject of plunder. And it must be rocchello, rochetto, a rocket or bobbin to
admitted that such a relation of ideas wind silk on ; also the wheel about which
seems to hold good in the case of Prov. the cord of a clock or jack goeth also ;

pan, cloth, panar, to rob or steal. But it any kind of rocket or squib of wildfire.—
is incompatible with the relations estab- Fl.
lished in the case of the verb to rob. The distaff was commonly made of
Bobin. The most familiar of our wild reed, and with its clothing of flax offered
birds, called Robin-red-breast (from Rob- a familiar resemblance to a barrel-wheel
in, the familiar version of Robert), on the with the cord of the jack round it, or to a
same principle that the pie and the daw quill or bobbin wound round with silk.
are christened Mag (for Margery) and From these the appellation is transferred
Jack. In the same way the parrot takes to a firework contained in a hoUow case
its name from Pierrot, the familiar version or cylinder.
of Pierre, Peter. Rod. Du. roede, G. ruthe, a rod.
Robust. Lat. robustusj robur, vigour, Walach. ruda\ a pole or stick, the pole of
strength. a carriage, a stick of sealing-wax.
Kochet. It. rochetto, a garment of Rodent, -rosion. -rode. Lat. rodo,
plaited lawn worn by bishops. Central rosum, to gnaw. As in Corrosion, Erode.
Fr. rochet, a smock-frock. From G. rock, Rodomontade. A boasting speech
a coat. See Frock. such as those of Rodomonte in Italian
Eock. I. ON. rockr, OHG. rocco. It. Romance.
rocca, a distaff The origin of the term Roe. I. ON. rd, G. reh, a small kind
seems preserved in Fin. and Lap. ruoko, of deer.
a reed, from the distaff having been made 2. ON. hroga, Sw. rog, rom, Du. roghe,
of that material. Thus Legonidec in ex- roghen, the eggs of fish.
plaining Bret, kegel, a distaff, observes -rogate. — Rogation. — Prorogue.
'
ce b^ton est ordinairement un roseau,' Lat. rogo, -as, to ask. Rogare legem, to
and Altieri explains rocca, strumente di propose a law. Hence abrogare, to ab-
'

canna o simile.' rogate, annul ; prorogo, to adjourn de- ;

2. It. rocca, Fr. roc, a rock, crag, cliff, rogo, to withdraw something from sur- ;

a fortress or stronghold ; rocke, rocker, a rogo {sub-rogo), to substitute, whence


rock, stony crag or hill. Bret, roc'h, a surrogate, an official authorised to grant
rock rodhel, a mass of stone.
; licences in the place of the Bishop.
Diez' suggestion of a derivation from Rogue. To rogue, to wander round
rupes through a form rupica, analogous the country. Fr. divaguer, to stray,
to avica, natica, cutica, from avis, natis, range, rogue about, wander inconstantly
cutis, is not satisfactory. Probably the up and down. Cot. —
original may be merely a lump, then a
Fye on thee, thou taynted doge !

small piece of stone for throwing. Fr. What, laye thou still in that stonde.
rocque, lump of earth — Roquef. ; It. And let that losinger go on the roge f
Chester Plays II. 94, in Hal.
rocchio, any round rugged stone, any un-
polished lump or mass of stone or earth, Apparently an equivalent of Fr. roder, to
any mammock or luncheon piece. Roc- roam, wander, vagabondise it, rogue
chino, a piece of an eel or other fish baked abroad (Cot.), from Prov. rodar (Lat. ro-
in a pie. Rocchetio, a bobbin (a short tare), to roll, as N. ralla, to roll, also to
piece of stick ?) to wind silk upon. Cat., trapip about. The Prov. has a secondary
Lim., roc, a stone for throwing ; OFr. form rogar,\D. the same sense, from whence
rocher, to throw stones. E. rogue seems to be descended in the
To Hook. 'Qa.'a.rokke, N. rugga, to rock, same way as Fr. roder from rodar.
shake, vacillate rugla, to waver, go up
; Peyras y rogan molt espes stones roll
:

and down. e. dial, to rog, roggle, to there thickly.


shake ; roggan, a rocking-stone ; OFr. Swiss rugeln, to roll e. dial, to niggle
;

rocquer un enfant, to rock a child. G. about, to stir about.


— '

ROIL ROMANCE 543


To Eoil.— Rile. i. To roil, to dis- If we
were to adopt the ordinary de-
turb, trouble, vex. Hal. —To rile, to from Lat. rota, we must suppose
rivation

render turbid, to vex, disturb Brockett, that the Scandinavian and Teutonic forms
to stir up liquor and make it turbid by above cited are borrowed from the Ro-
moving the sediment, figuratively applied mance, a supposition, in the case of the
both to the temper and complexion ; a Scandinavian forms at least, extremely
riled complexion is one coarsely ruddy. unlikely. Onthe other hand, if the origin
Forby. 'How roiled Xh& water looks :' of the word be the representation of a
i. e. muddy. —
Mrs Baker. The word rattling or rolling: sound, it would con-
seems to signify lees or sediment. Ryall, versely afford a derivation of rota, a

fome or barme, spuma. Pr. Pm. Riall wheel, as the implement of rolling, on the
of wine, fome, brou^e, ileur. —
Palsgr. principle in accordance with which we
Cot. explains fleur de vin as mother of have in other cases had occasion to ob-
wine, the mouldy spots that float on old serve that words of an imitative nature
wine. often seem to take their birth in the fre-
2. To roil, to range. B. — quentative form, from which the element
Man shall not suffre his wife roil about. indicating continuation is subsequently
Wife of Bath, Prol. 680. eliminated.
'
Don't roil about so' is often said to rest- Bomance. The name of Roman was
less children. —
Mrs Baker. ON. rdla, to given to the popular language, Spanish,
wander about ; N. ralla, to roU, also to Proven9al, French, &c., which grew out
vagabondise ; Bav. ralle?t, to run about. of Latin in the different provinces of the
Swab, rollen, to be noisily merry roller, ; Empire, and the name is preserved in the
a rambler, a Tom-cat. Swiss rollen, to native designation of the dialects spoken
run hither and thither, to toy, dally, romp. in the Grisons and in Wallachia, Ru-
To BrOist. —^Eoisterer. To roist, to monsch or Rumauntsch, and Romanesca.
Swagger or boast roisii?ig, noisy, bully-
; The Walloon
dialect was (in Ducange's
ing roister, a rude, boisterous fellow.
; by the Belgians la langue
time) called
B. Gloucestersh. to roust, to disturb, to Romane, and the parts of Flanders and
rouse. —
Hal. Sw. rusta, to make a rout Brabant where it was spoken, le Roman
or disturbance ; rustande, noise, bustle, pays. In Sp. the expression hablar en
banqueting, dissolute life ; rustare, a dis- Romance signifies to speak in plain Span-
solute fellow. Piedm. rustU, to squabble, ish, to speak in plain words. chronicle A
quarrel ; rustlon, a quarrelsome person. of A. D. 1177, speaking of translations into
Fr. rustre, a roister, hackster, swaggerer. French, says, Multos libros et maxim^
'

^Cot. Bret, rouestl, tumult, disturb- vitas sanctorum de Latino vertit in Ro-
ance ; rotiestler, reustler, a disturber. manum. In Provencal we find Latin
Gael, riastair, become turbulent or dis- called letra, the letter or learned language,
orderly. in opposition to Roman, the language of
Perhaps the representative origin of ordinary speech. Aquest peccat es epelat
the word is clearest in Pl.D. rastem, to en letra presomptio, mas en Romans se
clatter, do a thing noisily. In't hus rUmm deu apelar folia esperansa.
rastem, to racket about the house.— From the name of the language were
Danneil. Holstein raastern, to rattle ; formed Ptg. arromangar, Prov. romansar,
raasterer, one who makes an outcry, Fr. romancier, to translate into or to write
speaks with much noise. in the vulgar tongue ; and rotnans, ro-
To KoU. It. rotolare, Venet. rodolare, mance, roman, a writing in that language.
:
Prov. rodolar, rotlar, rollar, Fr. rouler, ' Lo libre que vos ay de Lati romansat
Du^ G. rollen, ON. rulla, Dan. rulle, Bret. the book which I have translated out of
rula, W. rholio, to roll. Latin into (in this case) Provencal. ' Cel
The origin of the word seems to be the 4jue vola romansar la vida Sant' Alban :
rattling sound which is so marked a cha- he who chose to write in the vulgar tongue
racteristic of rolling bodies, and remains the life of St Alban. —
Rayn. The name
as the only meaning of the word when we of Romance was subsequently appropri-
speak of the roll of the drum or of tliun- ated in different countries to different
der. Swiss rollen (of a stream of water), kinds of writings, according to the form
to brawl, to murmur. Dan. ralle, to rat- which the popular literature took in each.
tle ; Da. dial, rallesteen, loose rolling In Spanish it came to signify a ballad.
stones, rubble ; ralde, to rattle along, to In English, where the literature began
roll rattling along. Bret, rula, to roll with translations from the French, the
down, to fall rolling. name was commonly given to the French
;;

544 ROMP ROSARY


original, but was subsequently used in the the sense of kissing the rod or submittino-
°
sense the word had acquired in French, to authority.
of a story of fiction. Thou raw-mou'd rehald, fall down at the roist—
Say Deo mercy, or I cry thee down
Whan PhilipAcres cam, hteUe was his dede,
tille
And leave thy ryming, rebald, and thy rows.
;

The romance sals grete sham, whoso that pas


will rede. From the same source are G. rost, a.
The romancer it sais, Richard did make a pele.
grating or framework of rods, Sc. ?vost,
R, Brunne, ii8.
the spars forming the inner roof of a cot-
Men speken of romaunces of pris,
tage, OSax. hrost, roof See Roast.
Of Hornchild, and of Ipotis, Root. ON.
Of Bevis and Sir Guy. Sir Thopas. — To Root.
rot.
AS. wrotan, Du. wroeten,
Romp. See Ramp. Dan. rode, to root as a pig or a mole. N.
Eonyon. A mangy person. Fr. rogne, rota, to dig, to dabble ; rot, digging,
scurf, scabbiness, mange. labouring in mud and dirt, long-continued
Rood. I. Mid. Lat. 7'2y^a&, a measure and wearisome work. Then from the use
of land, from the rod used in measuring. of the snout by a pig in rooting (and not
Du. roede, a rod, a measure of ten feet in •vice versa), AS. wrot, G. russel, a snout
land-surveying. Du. rote, an elephant's trunk. Pol. ryi,
2. AS. rM, the cross Fris. rode, gal-
;
Bohem. ryti, rypati, to dig, to root, to en-
lows, cross. G. riithe (the equivalent grave rijak, rypak, a snout.
; Pol. ryci'e,
form) is by no means confined to such a the act of digging, burrowing, rooting as
slender shoot as that to which we com- swine, also of engraving tytowac', to en-
;

monly give the name of rod in E., but is grave.


applied to the beam of an anchor, and Rope. ON. reip, Pl.D. reep, rope
specially to the swipe of a well, or long Goth, skaudaraip, shoe-tie Du. reep,
;

transverse pole working at the top of an roop, rope, cord, strip or band, hoop ;
upright support which seems (as v/e have angelreep, a fishing-line.
argued) to have furnished the original The analogy of E. strap. It. stroppa,
type of a gibbet. Du. siroop, a noose or cord G. strippe, ;

Roof. AS. hrof, ODu. roef, Russ. strap, string (Fliigel), in the first instance
krov, krovU, roof Serv. krovnat, thatch- probably a strip or narrow piece of bark
ed krovnaisch, a straw hut.
; stripped from a tree (Du. stroopen, to
Rook. I. AS. hjvc, Du. roek,roekvogel, strip), would lead us to suspect a similar
not (as Kilian supposes) from the sooty origin of the word rope, which may have
colour of the bird (Du. roek, smoke), but served to designate a band ripped from a
from its croaking cry. Gael, roc, cry surface of some stringy material. G. reif,
hoarsely, croak rbcas, a rook, a crow.
; rope, hoop ; ra^ifen, to pluck. The oc-
Lat. raucus, hoarse. currence of parallel forms beginning with
2. It. rocco, Fr. roc, the rook or castle r and scr or str respectively is very com-
at chess, from Pers. rokh, a camel. Diez. — mon. G. reifen and strcifen both signify
Room. Goth, riims, space, place, to groove or channel, properly to stripe
spacious ON. rum, AS. riim, G. raum,
;
or streak. Rie7n, rieiiwn, a tliong, strap,
Lith. rtiimas, space. tie ;sti ieme, a stripe or streak.
Roost. AS. hrost, Du. roest, sedile Ropy. Viscous, stringy.

avium, pertica gallinaria. Kil. Plausibly ^'iscous bodies, as pitch, wax, birdlime, cheese
explained by some from Du. rust, G. rast, toasted, will draw forth and roape, —
Bacon in R.
rest. Dan. dial, roste, to rest solrdH, ;

sunset. But the true meaning of the word Rosary. Rosarium


or rosarius, sig-
nifying properly a collection or garland
seems to be simply that indicated by
Kilian, the rod or perch on which the
of roses, was a title of many works (like
E. garland, a common name for small
bird settles itself to rest. Traces of thi*
fundamental meaning may be found in collections of popular ballads —
Hal.) con-
sisting of compendiums of flowers as it
the proverbial expression to rule the roast,
where the word must probably be under- were culled from preceding authors. Of
stood as the rod, the emblem of authority these the most celebrated was that of
to rule or wield the rod.
;
Arnold de Villanova, entitled Liber quon-
dam abbreviatus, verissimus thesaurus
This ycir sail rioht and reason rule the rod.
thesaurilm, Rosarius philosophorum et
New Year's gift to Q. Mary, in Evergreen.
omnium secretorum maximum secretum,
To fall down at the roist, in the Flyting &c. It begins as follows : Iste liber no-
of Kennedy and Dunbar, can .only have minatur Compositor alias Rosarius eo
ROSE ROUSE 54S
philosopliorum breviter spheric agitations, when the wind has lulled.
quod ex libris
abbreviatus est. Carp. — —
They call it the rote or rut of the sea. D. Web-
ster in Worcester.
In the course of time the name was
specially appropriated to a string of Pater- ON. sioar-rdt, roar of the sea. as,
nosters and Ave Marias to be recited in hrutan, Sc. rout, to roar, to bellow.
a certain order in honour of the fifteen Ane routand burn amydwart thereof rynnis
mysteries of our Lord in which the Virgin Rumland and soundand on the craggy quhynnis,
was a partaker, and from the collection of D.V.
prayers the name was transferred to the
string of beads used for the purpose of
Rouge. Fr. rouge. It. roggio, robbio,
Sp. rubio, Prov. rog, from Lat. rubeics or
keeping count in the recitation.
robius. — Sch.
The Rosary, otherwise called Virgin's Psalter,

Rough. G. rauch, Du. ruych, ruygk. —
isa new manner of praying which is made up Kil. AS. hruh, ruh, rug, ruw. Da. ru,
of 150 Ave IMariesand 15 Paters tacked together
with little buttons on a string. — Breviat in R. rough, hairy. AS. hreoh. Da. raa, Sw.
rd, stormy, fierce, cruel, seems a different
Eose. Lat. rosa, Gr. p65oi/. word, though the two are sometimes con-
Rosemary. Lat. rosmarinus, Fr. ros- founded. Da. ru hugger, raa hugger,
marin, Sp. romero. rough-hewer. G. das rauche heraus keh-
Roster. In military language the list ren, to turn the rough side outwards, fig.
of persons liable to a certain duty Bav. ;
to show severity ;rauh, hoarse, rough,
der roster. Wacht-roster, the list of those disagreeable to the feelings. Eine rauhe
who are to take the watch. Probably luft, a sharp raw air. Ein rauher mann,
from register, the common word for a a rough, severe, inhuman, austere man.
list in G. Schm. — Rauh is also used for hairy.
Eostrum. Lat. rostrum, the bill of a Round. Lat. rotundus. It. rotondo,
.bird, stem or beak of a ship the rostra Sp. redondo, Prov. redon, OFr. reont,
;

in the Forum at Rome was a pulpit or roont, Mod.Fr. rond, round. From ro-
speaking-stage adorned with the beaks tare, to turn round. See Roll.
of captured ships. To Round or Rowne. To round one
To Eot. ON. 7'otna, to decay, to fall in the ear is to whisper. G. rau7ien, Du.
off. HdriS rotnar, the hair falls off. At roenen, ruenen, to whisper, to whisper in
rota skinn, to strip the hair from skin. the ear. — Kil. Rouchi rotcn ! roun / re-
Du. rot, rotten, rottenness. presents the noise made by a cat purring.
Rota. An arrangement of the mem- Sp. runrun, rumour, report. Lap. rudn^
bers of a court to perform certain duties fame, rumour, speech.
in turn. From Lat. rota, a wheel. The —
Roundel. Roundelay. Fr. rondeau,
Rota at Rome is a high court of appeal rondelet de rime, a rime or sonnet that
which proceeds on this principle. —
ends as it begins. Cot. Of rondelet we
Rotate. Lat. rotarej rota, a wheel. have made roundelay, as if compounded
* Rote. Routine. — with lay, a song.
Rouse. The radical sense of the word
I know and can hy roate the tale that I would is shown in Pl.D. ruse, rusie, noise,
tell. — Surry in R. racket, disturbance G. rauschen, to rustle,
;

Now it lies on you to speak to th' people roar, to bustle, rush, do things with noise
Not by your own instruction, nor by th' matter and bustle. Der bach ra«j(r,4// die wellen
Which your heart prompts you, but with euch
words
rauschen J der wind rauschtm den biischen.
That are but roated in- your tongue. Coriolanus. — Gr. polios, any rushing sound, the whizzing
of an arrow, flapping of wings, &c. The
Fr. route, a track or road, was formerly original sense is preserved in a rousing
written rote, whence rotine, routine, an fire, a roaring or crackling fire a rousing
;

usual course, ordinary way ; par rotine, lie, a cracker, a thundering lie. Fris.
by rote. Cot. —Faire une chose par ruwzjen, to roar as the sea. —Epkema.
routine, only by habit without reflexion. In the same way G. rausch is a flare up, a
Routiner, router, to make one learn by sudden blaze. Einen rausch or raiisch-
routine; routiner quelqu'un h coudre. chen in den ofen machen, to make a quick,
II est routini k ce travail, is thoroughly clear, burning fire in the stove. —
Kiittn.
accustomed to it.— Gattel. See Route. The same word is metaphorically applied

Rote. Rut of the sea. to excitation from drink. Sich einen
hear the sea very strong and loud at the
I rausch trinken, to have a flare up, a
North, which is not unusual after violent atmo- drinking bout, to be made tipsy. Im
— ;

546 ROUT ROW


ersten rausch, in the first heat. Stalder. — wolf, boar, fox, &c.— Cot. Bret, rouden,
Pl.D. ruusk, ON. russ, Du. roes, tipsiness. a trace, line, vestige, mark ; Gael, rathad
When transferred to the cognate sense of {ra'ad), a road, way ; Manx raad, a track,
a full glass or bumper, E. rotise was not road, path raad cart, a cart way. Wall.
;

itnnaturally supposed to be contracted 7'ote, arote, trace, footsteps. Grandg. —


from carouse (G. garaus), with which it A rut isthe trace of the wheel. Banff
has a merely accidental resemblance. 7'ot, a line drawn on the soil as a guide in

I have took since supper planting, &c., a row, a rut.


A rouss or two too much, and by G — N. rad, rod, ro, a line, row.
warms my blood. B. & F.
It — —
To Rove. Rover. Rover was form-
Rouse, noise, intemperate mirth. Hal. — erly used in the special sense of a pirate
From the noise accompanying impetuous or sea robber. Rovare, or thef of the
action, G. rauschen, Sw. rusa, to rush, to se, pirata. Pr. Pm. —
move impetuously. Rusa opp, to rouse And over that the best men of the cytie by thyse
up, rise briskly up. Han rusade opp iir ryotous persones were spoyled and robbid and ;

somnen, he roused up, started up out of by the rovers also of the sea. Fabyan in R. —
sleep. There is no doubt that in this use of
jEneas rousing as the foe came on, the word it is a simple adoption of Du.
With force collected heaves a mighty stone. roover, a robber, from rooven, to rob ;.

Pope's Homer. Dan. rbverskip, a pirate ship. But as


More commonly however it is used as an pirates are eminently a roving race, the
'
active verb in the sense of exciting others verb to rove acquired from the coincidence
to vigorous action. the special sense of ranging the seas in
Rout. To 7-out is to snore, to bellow search of plunder.
as oxen N. rjota, ON. hriota, ryta, to
; Four score of them departed with a barke and
mutter, grumble, grunt, snore. —
To rout a pennesse and so went to the islands of His-
about is then to itiove about uneasily, to paniola and Jamaica a roving, Hackluyt in R. —
make a disturbance. Prov. rota, tumult, Bow. I. OE. rew, AS. rcewa, 7-awa,
confusion, rout. Mais dura la 7'ota que Pl.D. 7'ege, rige, Du. rijge, rije, G. reihe,
fan en I'albergada ; longer lasts the rout a line, rank, row, streak Pl.D. 7-ige, It. ;

or disturbance which they make in the 7'uga, Fr. rue, a row of houses or' street.
lodging. Cuia eissir de la rota, he thinks- It. riga, a line, streak, ruler Fr. I'aie, a ;

to get out of the tumult. ray, line, stroke, row ; raier, to rew,
From the noise, made by a crowd of streak or skore all over. Cot. On the—
people, OFr. route, G. rotte, E. 7-out, come other hand the word seems related to ON.
. to signify a gang, crowd, troop of people. rod, N. rad, rod, ro, Sw. rad, Pol. rst^, a
'
The rabble rout.' line, row, rank. Lat. 7-adius, a rod, spoke
But nightingales a full great rout of a wheel, beam, ray. Chaucer uses
That flien over his head about. R. R. — row of the rays of light.
To rout together is to meet together in a The rffwis red of Phebus' light.
rout, to consort. See Ray.
On the same principle we have Lat. 2. Row is familiarly used in the sense
turba, tumult, confusion, uproar, then a of noise, disturbance, tumult. The imita-
crowd of persons, animals, things, a com- tive character of the word is shown by
pany of soldiers. Diez' explanation of the term rowdydow, fonned like rubadub
rout in the sense of assemblage, from to represent a continued noise. Swiss
Lat. rupta, as a fraction or division, is rauht, ranwcii, to make a dull, hollow,
quite unsatisfactory. It is however to muttering sound rausen, to run noisily
;
this latter origin that we must refer It. about, to revel ; rausi machen, to make a
rotta, a breach, rout, or overthrow of an row, make merry in a loud and unre-

army Fl., Fr. 7-oute,a rout, discomfiture, strained manner Tvscii, ruusse7i, to roar,
;
the breaking of a troop or squadron of buzz, snore russe7i (rumoren),to make a
;
men.— Cot. On the other hand, Fr. de- row. Pl.D. noise, tumult, quarrel.
jiisc,
route, of precisely the same signification,
Swiss riidcu, to bellow, to make a noise
would seem to be from route, a troop. 7i7neruodeii, to rove noisily about. NE.
I parte a rowte or company
of men
'
to 7-ow, to stir about.
asonder. Je desroute.'—Vslsgr. To Row. V)n.rocde,7'oeyc,s.roA,^
1.
Route.—* Rut. Fr.
(formerly route pole. Roedealso an oar, the pole with
is
rote), a rutt, way, path, street,
course, a flat blade by which a boat is propelled
passage trace, tract or footing routes,
; ; in rowing. Plence rocde7i or roeyen het
the footing of ravenous beasts, as the
schip, to row. Roedcii or roeyeTi den

ROWDY RUCK 547


wijn, to gauge a cask with a measuring ment from the Wardrobe account of a.d.
rod. G. ruder, Du-. roer, an oar. 1480, for cariage away of a grete loode
'

2. To row, to dress cloth. Du. roud, of robeux, that was left in the strete after
rouw, rough, raw, unfinished ; rottden, the reparacyone made upon a hous ap-.
rouwen het laecken, to card or dress perteigning unto the same Wardrobe.'
cloth, to dress rough cloth and raise the Robrisshe of stones, platras. Palsgr. —
nap upon it. Rowed or unrowed cloth These words have a similar origin, and-
was what was sold as such after or before are not to be explained as rubbage, or'
the nap had been raised respectively. what comes away in the process of rub-'
Sw. rugg, rough entangled hair ; rugga, bing. The radical image (as in rammel,
to raise the nap on cloth. rubbish, compared with Sw. ramla, tq
Kowdy. A
noisy turbulent fellow, rattle, crash, fall down) is the rattling
from rowdydow, an expression framed to down of fragments from a ruinous struc-
represent continued noise. ture, and the origin of rubbish may be
Deuced handsome fellow that a little too
: found in Fr. rabascher, to rumble, rattle'

row-de-dmo for my taste. Aspen Court, i, p. 6. — Cot., while rubble (mortar and broken'
Bowel. Fr. i-ouelle, dim. of roue, a stones of old buildings Baret) may be —
wheel, any small hoop, circle, iring or explained from Du. rabbelen, G. rappeln,'
round thing that is moveable in the place to rattle Fr. rabalter, to rumble, rattle.
;

which it holds. Cot. — Venet. roda, a Pl.D. rabakken, to rattle ; een old rabak,
wheel rodela, the rowel of a spur.
; a rattle-trap, old ruinous piece of goods.
To Eowne. To whisper. See To Bubiound. — Eubrio. — Euby. Lat.
Round. ruber, rubicundus, red; rubrica, a red
Boyal. Fr. royal, OFr. reial, real, pigment.
Lat. regalisj from rex, a king. Buck. A disorderly mass, a crease or
Eoynous. — Roynish. Fr. rogneux, fold in linen, '
Your gown sits all o''
roigneux, scabby, mangy, scurvy ; rogne, rucks' To
ruckle, to rumple or work up'
roigne, Sp. rofla, Bret, rouii. It. rogna, into wrinkles. '
The bandage ruckles up,
the mange ; Wall, rogti, ragn, itch, so it must all come off.' Mrs Baker. —
mange, also moss on a tree. Fin. rohna, ON. hrucka, to wrinkle ; N. rukka, a
scurf, rubbish. crease, a wrinkle. The course of deriva-
To Bub. ON. rubba, to move a thing tion seems to be the same as we have'
from place, to rub ; Sw. rubba, to put
its had occasion to observe in so many other
out of place, to disorder ; Dan. rubbe, to instances, from a tremulous or broken'
rub, scrub, rough-hew. Lap. ruobbet, to sound, to a tremulous or abrupt move-'
rub, to scratch ; aiweb ruobbet, to scratch ment, then to a wavy or broken, uneven
the head. w. rhwbio, Gael, rub, to rub. surface
G. reiben, to grind or rub, seems the Representing broken sound may be"
equivalent of Dan. rive, to grind, grate, cited Sw. rockla, N. rukla, G. 7''6cheln, to'
tear,and not of rtib. rattle in the throat ; Du. ruchelen, to'
From the meaning of the Scandinavian bray like an ass, cough, grunt, mutter ;•
forms it would seem that the radical E. dial, ruggle, a child's rattle ; to rucket,
signification is to jog, to give an abrupt to rattle. Then, in the sense of abrupt
impulse, whence may be explained Pl.D. or broken movement N. rugla, to wag- ;

rubberig, Du. robbelig, rough, uneven, gle, shake, rock E. dial,; roggle, to
pimply. From the sense of jogging, that shake ruggle, to stir about ; ruckle, a
;
'

of moving abruptly to and fro, and of struggle ; Pl.D. ruckeln, rucken, to jog
rubbing, would readily follow. Danneil ; N. rugga, to rock, shake, vacil-
Sc. rug, to tug, and thence to rob, is a late ; Sc. rug, to tug. Roggyn or mevyn,
parallel form, and corresponding to rug agito. — Pr. Pm.
and rub may be noted Du. rucken, rup- Finally from the idea of a jogging or a
pen (Biglotton), to pluck, to rip, snatch jolting movement to that of a rough un-
away G. rucken, to push, pull, remove,
;
even surface is an easy step. The com-
proceed dem tische einen rilck geben,
;
plete transition from sound to shape is
to give the table a shove ; rupfen, to exemplified in N hurkla, to rattle in the
.

pluck, to rob. throat ; glainra, skrangla, to rumble,



Bubbish.. Bubble. Rubbish or rub- rattle ; hurklet, glamren, skranglen, rug'
ble, moilon, decombres. —
Sherwood. Ro- ged, uneven. In like manner we pass
from Dan. skrukke, to cluck as a hen, to
bows or coldyr, petrosa, petro (Petrone
sunt particukis quae abscinduntur de pe- N. skrukka, a wrinkle, an unevenness ;
tris. — Cath.)— Pr. Pm. Way cites a pay- skrukkjen, hard, uneven, wrinkled.
35 *

548 RUCK RUGGED


The same connection between the the scaffold he was interrupted by the ruffle of
image of a confused noise and a rumpled
the drum. —
Wodrow.
structure is seen in Dan. tummel, uproar, Sc. ruff, the roll of the drum, beating
racket, and E. tumbling of a garment. with the feet in token of applause. Jam.
Ptg. rufa, rufla, a roll on the drum.

To Ruck. To squat or cower down. Fr.
After a most comely sort sTie rucketh down upon ronfler,
Lang, roicflar, Gr\sori%' grunflar,
the grounde, not muche unlike the sitting of our grufflar, to snore E. gruffle, to growl.
;

gentlewomen oft-times here in England. Fardle — That ruffen was used in the sense of
of Fashion, A.D. 1555. shivering or trembling' is shown by the
But now they rucken in their nests glossaries cited in Dief. Supp. Frigutire,

And resten. Gower in Mrs Baicer. zittern vor frost, von kalte ruffen : van
A brooding hen is provincially called a kelden roeffen : schaderende of bevende
rucking hen, probably from her importu- kald lijden. To ruffle is then to throw a
nate clucking at that time. Gael, rbc, to surface into elevations, to disturb, disor-
croak. Dan. skrukke, to cluck skruk- ; der, whether in a physical or figurative
hone, a brooding hen. To ruck then is sense. A breeze ruffles or curls the sur-
properly, as It. chioccare, chiocciare, to face of the water anger ruffles or dis-
;

cluck as a brooding hen, also to cower or turbs the mind. To 7-uffle silk is to tum-
squat down as a hen over her chickens. ble or rumple it. A
ruff is a plaited
Fl. Dan. ruge, to brood, to hatch. collar ; 7-uffles, plaited borders for the
The same transposition of the r that is wrist or in other parts of di-ess. Du.
found in N. rukla, hurkla, to rattle in the ruyffelen, to rumple, wrinkle Ptg. arru-
.

throat, connects E. ruck with Pl.D. hur- farse, to snarl as a dog, to set up his fea-
ken, dual hurken, to squat down ; hurke- thers as a turkey-cock, to curl as the sur-
pott, a pot of embers over which women face of water, to become angry. Cat.
crouch to keep themselves warm. E. dial. arrufar, to wrinkle, crumple ; arrufarse,
io hurkle, to shrug up the back to hurch,
;
to bristle, to set up the hairs or feathers ;
to cuddle. — Hal. arrufar las nas, to turn up the nose, to
Kudder. i. g. ruder, an oar ; steuer- show displeasure. Castrais 7-ufa, to
ruder, the steer-oar or rudder, vessels wrinkle, crumple, crease ; Lang, rufa, a
having originally been steered by an oar wrinkle, crease, rumple ; rufe, rough,
working at the stern. See To Row. rugged.
2. A sieve for separating corn from Kt^fflan. —Rufler. To ruffle is to do
chaff. — B. G, reiter, rader, Du. rede, anything with noise and disturbance, to
reder, a sieve.— Kil. See Riddle. bustle, to swagger.
Buddy. Of a red colour. Fl.T).rood, The night comes on, and the high winds
W. rhudd, AS. read, red ; AS. rudu, red- Do sorely ruffle. —
Shakesp.
ness ; OE. rode, complexion, the red colour The winds a ruffling gale afford. Dryden.
rising —
of the face, and thence ruddy, full colour- Fr. ronfler, Bret, rufla, to snort, snore,
ed. Gr. poJov, the rose, is doubtless the snift. Hence ruffler, a bully. So Ptg.
same word ; Lat. rutilus, red, roncar, to rumble, roar, snore, also to
Kude. Lat. rudis unwrought, un- hector ; roncador, a snorer, a fierce bully,
taught. a noisy fellow. Rufista, a quarreler.
Budiment. Lat. rudimentum, the From the same origin is It. ruffiano, Sp.
first teaching, a principle or beginning.
rufian, E. ruffian, properly a swaggerer,

To Kue, Kuth. as. hreo-wan, reo- swasher, a bully, then the companion of
wan, to rue, be sorry for, grieve, lament. a prostitute, and in It. a pimp or pander.
G. reue, OHG. hriuwa, mourning, lamenta-
Sp. arrufianado, quarrelsome, swaggering,
tion ; ON. hryggr, sorrowful ; hrygd, E. insolent.
ruth, pitifulness, sorrow. Rufous. Lat. rufus, reddish.
Eruff. — E.uf3.e.
Another instance of Rugged. —Rug. A
rugged surface is
the kind mentioned under Ruck, where
one broken up into sharp projections, the
from a root representing in the first in- idea of abrupt irregularities of surface
stance a tremulous or vibratory sound are
being expressed by the figure of sharp
developed forms signifying motion of like
abrupt movements, as in the case of
character, then a waving, uneven, irregu-
shagged, shaggy, from shog, or jagged,
lar surface.
In the original sense, E. ruffle, a vibrat-
horn Jog. Roggyn or mevyn, agito. — Pr.

Pm. Roggle, to shake.— Brockett. Sc.


ing sound made upon a drum less loud
rug, to tug, to snatch. N. rugga, to rock,

than the roll. Btocqueler in Worcester.
shog, jog. Sw. rugga sig, se hdrisser, to
When James Robertson offered to speak upon stand on end ruggig, raggig, rugged,
;
—;; "

RUIN RUMP 549


rough, shaggy shaggy hair rugga
; rtigg, Bumbustical. Boisterous.— Hal. Fr.
;

kldde, to raise the nap on cloth. Water- rabaster, to make a clatter or disturbance.
rugs mentioned in Macbeth are shaggy Cot. —
Lang, rabastaire, rambaliaire
water-dogs. A rug is a shaggy garment. (tracassier), a busybody ; Castrais rabas-
See Ruck, Rag. traire, rabastejha, to trouble, importune.
Buln. Lat. ruinaj ruo, to fall head- Euminate. Lat. rumen, the paunch,
long. belly, the cud of beasts nimino, to chew ;

Kule. Lat. regula, Prov. regla, Fr. the cud.


rigle, OE. rewele, reule.
Buuunage. Two words seem con-
founded. I. Rmmnage, the proper stow-
Bum. Rome rum,
in the cant of
or
ing of merchandise in a ship ; rummager,
rogues and thieves, signified great, good.
the person appointed to look to that duty;
Romevyle (rumville), London ; roinemo}-t from
Du. ruim, Fr. nun, the hold of a
[mart, woman), the Queen (Elizabeth) ;
ship.
rome bouse {bouse, drink), wine. Har- —
The master must provide a perfect mariner call-
man, A.D. 1566. Ru?n, like the opposite ed a romager, to raunge and
bestow all merchan-
term queer, properly signifying bad, is dise in such place as is convenient. Haokluyt —
used in the secondary sense of odd, in R.
curious, out of the way, in a contemptible And that the masters of the ships do look well
sense. '
A
rummy old fellow,' or ' a queer to the romaging, for they might bring away a
old fellow.' —
Modern Slang. great deale more than they do if they would take

-

From rum-booze, good drink, strong paine in the romaging. Ibid.


drink, wine, brandy, the name of rum has Hence to rummage, to search thoroughly
been appropriated to the spirits distilled among the things stowed in a given re-
from the produce of the sugar-cane. ceptacle.
Rmnbooze, wine or other good liquor. 2. But in addition to the foregoing the

Grose. word is sometimes used in the sense of


Bum.b. The angle which a ship makes racket, disturbance.
in her sailing with the meridian of the And this, I take it,

Is the main motive of our preparations,


place where she is ; one point of the
The source of this our watch, and the chief head
mariner's compass, or eleven degrees and Of this post haste and romage in the land.
a quarter. B. — It. rombo, Ptg. rumbo, Hamlet.
rumo. The points of the compass were In this sense it may be a parallel form
in old charts marked by large lozenges or with rumpus; It. rombazzo, rombeggio,
rhombs, whence the name of rhuinb is a rumbling noise rammoscio, disturbance;

said to be given to the points of the com- (shown in rammoscinare, to rumple, ruffle
pass. Fr. rumb, a roombe, or point of —
Torriano), or with Sc. rummes, ruin-
the compass, a line drawn directly from myss, to bellow, roar rammis, to rage ;

wind to wind in a compass, traversboard, about, and perhaps with Fr. ramage, the
or sea-card. —
Cot. But it is not unlikely' song of birds, chatter of children. Under-
that the word may have been introduced the same head must be classed E. dial.
with the compass itself, which is sup- rummage, lumber, rubbish, probably from
posed to have come through the Arabians. the rattling, shaky condition of old things.
Now Arab, rub" is quarter; rub"-ii-takhta G. rummel, rumble, lumber, old things ;
{takhta, board), a wooden quadrant for rumpeln, to rumble, rattle rumpelkasten, ;

taking altitudes, a graduated board. a chest for lumber, figuratively, an old


To Bumble. Du. rommelen, to rum- coach, exactly corresponding to E. rattle-
ble, buzz ; rommeling, lumber, old fur- trap ; geriimpel,\nmbtr. V\.V>.rabakken,
niture ; rammelen, to clink, rattle, tattle to rattle ; een old rabak, an old piece of
rammeling, clash. G. rummeln, to rum- furniture.
ble ; rummel, geriimpel, rzimmeley, lum- Bumm.er. Sw. remmer, Du. roomer,
ber rumpeln, to rumble, rattle, clatter. G. romer, a large drinking glass.
;

,E. dial, rommle, to speak low or secretly Bumour. Lat. 7-tcmor, a rumbling
rommock, to romp boisterously; ram- sound, a report.
making, behaving riotously and wantonly; Bump. G. rumpf, Du. rompe, trunk,
rumbullion, a great tumult rumbustical, body separate from the extremities. Sw.
;

boisterous ; rtimmage, lumber, rubbish rumpa, the tail, rump. We are led from
;

rumpus, a noise, uproar ; It. rombare, analogous forms to suppose that the pri-
rombazzare, rombeggiare, to make a rum- mitive meaning is projection, then stump,
bling or clattering noise rombolare, to tail, tail-part or rump. Thus we have G.
;

rumble, roar, clash, clatter. sturz, shock, plunge, something project-


; —

550 RUMPLE RUSH


ing, stump, dock of a horse's tail slurs ; deny. In Sp. renegador is commonly
am pflug, plough-tail. Bav. starz, cab- used in the original sense of an apostate,
bage stalk, tail of a beast. Again from while renegado is taken in the secondary
stutzen, to start, push, knock against sense of a reprobate, a wicked abandoned
stutz, shock, push, anything short stutz- ; person.
schwanz, bobtail. He letteth the runagates continue in scarcity.
The sense of projection would naturally Rundlet. —Runlet. A small cask, a
spring from Pl.D. rumpeln, rumpumpeln, further dim. of OFr. rondelle, s. s.
to jolt, jog. Roquef.
Rumple. G. rummeln, rumpeln, to Rung^. A staff, a step of a ladder.
rumble, rattle. Pl.D. rummeln, mmpeln, Goth, rugga, a staff, rod. Gael, rang,
both in the first instance identical with rongas, a staff, bludgeon, rib of a boat,
E. rumble, are generally appropriated, the any piece of wood by which others are
one to the original sens?, the other to the joined. ON. raung, rong, rib of a boat.
derived one of jogging, jolting. De wage Runnet.
.


Rennet. The maw of a
rumpelt up dem steen wege the carriage calf, used to make milk run or curdle for
:

rattles or jolts along the road. Rum- cheese.


pumpeln, to jolt greatly. As nourishing milk when runnet is put in
Then, as in so many other cases, we Runnes all in heapes of tough thicke curd, though
pass from the notion of broken sound or in his nature thinne. —
Chapman, Homer in R.
shaking motion to that of disturbance, G. rennen, to run rennse, rennet ; Du. ;

confusion, a disordered, tumbled struc- rennen, rinneji, riinnen, to run, to coagu-


ture. Bav. rummel, a disturbance, uproar: late runsel, rensel, rennet.
; Kil. —
der Bayrische rummel, the war of suc- Runt. Sc. runt, trunk of a tree kail ;

cession in 1778. To rumple clothes is runt, a cabbage-staik. E. dial, runt,


to disorder by rough usage. Du. ro7iipeleti, stump of underwood, dead stump of a
rimpelen, rompen, to wrinkle. —
Kil. Rom- tree, the rump. From the sense of a
pelig, rough, uneven. stump or dead stock the term is figura-
In like manner rammel, rattle, clatter ;
tively applied to a withered hag, an old
G. rammeln, to rout about, make a dis- woman, or to poor lean cattle. The
turbance, move noisily to and fro. Das primitive sense is probably a projection,
kind raminelt sich im bett herum, das as in the case of rump. Sw. runka, to
bett zu schande verrammelt, the child jog, shake, vacillate.
tumbles about in bed, tumbles the bed The occurrence of parallel forms with
shamefully. an initial r and sir or scr is very common,
Eumpus. A disturbance. Rumbus- as rub and scrub ; G. rumpfsjid. strumpf,
tious, rumbustical, boisterous, noisy. Sc.
trunk, stock. In like manner, corre-
rtimmyss, to bellow, roar It. rombazzo, sponding to runt, we have E. dial, strunt,
;

a clatter Swiss rumpusen, to pull one a bird's tail strunty, docked, short.
;
;

another alDout, to contend in sport. ON. -rupt. -I'uption. —


Rupture. Lat.
ru77ir, jytnr, clash, noise. ruptus, broken, burst, ruptio, a bursting,
Run. AS. riiiiian, and transposed, breaking, from rumpo, ruptum. As in
Corrupt, Disruption, &c.
yrnanf Du. rennen, to run. ON. re7ina
{rann, runnit), Dan. rinde, to flow, to

Rural. Rusticate. Lat. rus, ruris,.
the country, whence ruralis, and rusticari,
melt, to run, to fly ; ON. retina, rensl,
to dwell in the country.
Dan. rende, a canal, a rtitinel. on. renna
Rush.. AS. rise, Pl.D. rusk, aurusk,
{rendi, rent), to pour out, liquefy, to cause
to run
risch. Probably from the whispering
renna kopar, to smelt copper.
;
sound when moved by the wind. as.
Line, to rind or render, to melt as lard,
hriscian, to make a rustling noise, to
&c.— Hal.
Runagate. A refugee or runaway, ruskla, to rustle, to shake. To shake as

shake, vibrate, frizzle. Bosw. Sw. ruska,

from OE. gate, way. a rush is a proverbial expression. He.


Whom they coulde not overcome by battell, bevef as een aurttsk. Brem. Wtb. See
tliey overcame with fear of beating, and made

Reed.
them run away, not like enemies overcome by To Rush. G. rauschen, to rustle, purl
battell, but like runnagate slaves.—Golding, Jus-
as a brook, whisper as the wind in the
tine in R.
bushes, roar as the waves, to make a noise
The word is then confounded with Fr. or bustle, to rush, to move swiftly A\ith a
retidgat. It. rinnegato, one who renounces noise or bustle.. —
Kiittn. Du. ruysschen,
his religion, from rinnegare, to renounce, bombilare, strepere, fremere, susurrare et

RUSSET SACK 551


impetum facere, irruere, grassari.— Kil. —Cot. In Bret, the term rud or net is
N. rusk, noise, rattle, uproar, sudden applied also to domestic animals, as
movement; rough weather; ruska, to dogs ruda, to be on heat.
;

rattle, throw into disorder, do things with From the violent behaviour of the ani-
bustle and haste. mal under sexual excitation. See Ram-
Busset. Fr. roux. It. 7-osso, Lat. rus- ble, Rout. G. ranzen, to make disorderly
sns, red. mbtions united with a loud noise, to rout
Eiust. G.rost;V)M.roesti about, is applied to hogs and all four-
To Rustle. AS. hristlan, Pl.D. russeln, footed beasts of prey when they go to
krusselii, ruscheln, G. rasseln. Pl.D. De rut or to couple. Ratischen, properly to
muus riisselt im stro ; G. die maus rasselt roar or rustle, is also appUed to hogs and
im stroh. Sw. riiskla, to move with a especially sows on heat Swiss riiden,
slight noise, to rustle in moving. Directly to rnake a noise, to bellow umeriiodeji,
;

imitative. to riot about ; der riiedi, riiedibub (wild-


Rut. I. The trace of a vi'heel. See fang), an inconsiderate and petulant
Route. young man. In a special sense riiden is
2. Fr. the rut of deers or
ruit, T^tt, to rut, to be on heat ; riid, riidi, a Tom
boars, their lust, and the season when cat. Sp. ruido, noise, uproar, tumult.
they engender also a herd of female
; Rye. ON. rugr, Du. rogge, G. rockett,
deer followed by the male in that season. roggen, Lith. ruggei, Russ. rozhj.

Sabbath. A Hebrew word signifying away), he hath his passport given him. —
rest. Cot. Den sack sijnen knecht geveti, to
Sable. It. zibellino, G. zobel, Pol. so-
bol, ON. safali ox savali. Jornandes calls
dismiss his servant ignominiously. ^il.
2. Sack (wine), vin d'Espagne, vin sec.

the iar pelles saphirincz. —Sherwood, Bishop Percy cites
1650.
Sabre, a sabel, Ital. sciablo, Pol. from an old account-book of the city of
szabla, Magy. szablya, a sword, from Worcester, Anno Eliz. 34. Item for a
'

szabni, to cut. gallon of claret wine, and seek, and a


Saccharine. Lat. saccharum, Gr. pound of sugar.' The name was properly
ai^ic^ap, aaKxapov, sugar. given to the dry Spanish wine such as
Sacrament. — Sacerdotal. — Sacred. that still imported under the name of
— Sacrifice. — Sacrist. Lat. sacer, sacred, sherry. 'Sherry sack, so called from
whence sacerdos, a priest ; sacrificium, Xeres, a sea town of Corduba in Spain,
the holy rite of offering a victim ; sacra- where that kind of sack is made.'
mentum, a solemn or sacred oath sa- ; Blount, Glossographia in Nares. Shake-
a keeper of holy things, &c.
crista, speare uses sherris and sack as synon-
Sack. I A word common to a wide ymous.
.

range of languages, Heb., Arab., Gr., This valour comes of sherris, so that skill in
Lat., G., &c. theweapon is nothing without sack. H. IV.—
Sp. saquear, Fr. saccager, to sack a Minsheu (1625) explains sacke, a wine
town, is from the use of a sack in re- that Cometh out of Spaine, Belgicd Roo-
moving plunder. Du. sacken, to sack, menije [Roomenije, vinum Hispaniense
put up in sacks, thence to rob, to plunder. — Kil.],wijn seek, quasi siccum, propter
Sacken ende packen, convasare omnia, magnam siccandi humores facultatem,
furto omnia colligere. Sackman, a plun- giving the right derivation of the word
derer, robber. —
Kil. In the same way we though he did not understand the mean-
speak of bagging game for bringing it to ing of the term dry applied to wine;
bag. When the proper mea,ning of the name
1 To give the sack is a very general ex- was so early lost in England, it is not
pression for dismissing one from his em- surprising that it should have been ap-
ployment, equivalent to packing him off, plied to other strong white wines coming
sending him off bag and baggage. Fr. from the same quarter, whether sweet or
On lui a donn^ son sac et ses quilles (?aid dry, and we hear of Canary and Malaga
of a servant whom his master 'hath put I sacks. Venner (Via recta ad vitam longani
552 SACRILEGE SAINT
1637 in N.), after discussing medicinally of absorption. The
roof of a house is
the propriety of mixing sugar with sacli, seggit when has sunk a
little inwards.
it

adds :But what I have spoken of mix-


'
— Jam. Gael, sug, suck, imbibe sugh, ;

ing sugar with sack must be understood drain, dry up, drink up. Swiss suggen,
of Sheric sack, for to mix sugar with to suck ; siiggern, siickern, G. sickern, to
other wines, that in a common appella- drain away, trickle, ooze. AS. sigan,
tion are called sack, and are sweeter- in pret. sah, to suck in, to sink down, to
taste, makes it unpleasant to the pallat set. Swa swa sigende. sond thonne ren
'

and fulsome to the stomach.' Canarie '


swylgth as thirsty sand swallows the
:
'

wine, which beareth the name of the rain. G. saugen, pret. sog, to suck, to
islands from whence it is brought, is of absorb moisture ; sogen, to drop, trickle
some termed a sacke with this adjunct, down, to sink, settle. Sw. suga, to suck,
sweet' to soak suga i sig, to absorb, imbibe
; ;

Kilian's sack-wijri, vinum percolatum, suga or siga sig igenom, to soak through,
vulgo saccatum, was a totally different to drip ; signa, to sink, fall gradually. N.
thing, being a wash of the lees of wine siga, to ooze, as water through the earth,
and water strained through a bag. 'Sac- to fall gradually by its own weight, be-
catum, buffet, c'est beuvraige de lie de come gradually lower, sink. on. at lata
vin et d'eau coulee parmy un sac' Ca- — siga undan, to give way. ByrSin sigr at,
tholicum parvum in Due. the load weighs heavy on the horse, sags
Sacrilege. Lat. sacrilegimn, a steal- on him. Bav. ersaigen, to make the sur-
ing of sacred things ; lego, tectum, to face of water sink, to dry up, exhaust,
pick, to gather. waste seigen, to sink. 'Die prawt swaig
;

Sad. The radical meaning is at rest, und saig nider in amacht the bride :
'

steadfast, fixed, serious, sorrowful. was silent and sank down fainting. Du.
Though be absent in bodi, bi spyryt I am
I
seyghen, sijghen, G. seigeii, seihen,
to
with lou joiynge and seynge jour ordre and the strain liquids, to cause them to sag or
sadnesse [in common version steadfastness] of sink down through a strainer. Seiger,
your bileve that is in Christ. —
Wiclif, Coloss. c. an hour-glass, marking time by the sink-
2, in R.
ing of sand. Bav. seig, G. seicht, shallow,
But we saddere [firmiores] men owen to sus- having sunk down or drained away.
teyne the feblenesses of sike men and not plese
Lith. nuseku, nusenku, I flow away, dry
to ussilf. — Id. Romans, c. 15.
up, sink sunkus, heavy.
; N. sakka,
W. sad, firm, wise, sober, discreet 7nerch ; Pl.D. sakken, to sink down. Dat water
sad, a discreet woman. Pl.D. sade, rest, is in't sakken, the water is falling. De
stillness, quiet, from setten, to set, to fix. mudder, de barm is sakket, the sediment '

Sik to sade geven, to be at rest ; saden, is fallen or settled. Af sakken, hen under
sadigen, Lat. sedare, to quiet, to bring to sakken (as Fr. sier en arrifere), to fall
rest. ON. settr, Dan. sat, sedate, steady, with the stream.
staid. Swab, satt, fast, firm, close. Das Sagacious, -sage. Lat. sagax,a^\^
eisen liegt satt an. Satt binden, to bind of apprehension, or of sight or scent or
fast. taste sagio, to smell out, to perceive
;

Saddle. Du. sadel, G. sattel, Bohem. quicldy, to guess at or foresee. Prcssagio,


sedlo. Lat. sella is a contracted form of to presage or have scent of beforehand.
the same word, signifying a seat or con- Probably a modification of sapio, to
trivance for sitting on a horse. Bohem. savour, smell, taste or smack, to under-
sedeti, to sit ; sedadlo, Lat. sedile, a seat. stand and perceive well, to be wise.
Pol. siodlo, saddle ; siedlisko, seat. The Sage. I. Fr. sage, OFr. saive. It.
word is very likely to have been formed savio, saggio, from Lat. sapius, preserved
among the equestrian Sarmatians. in nesapius, imprudent, silly. Petronius. —
Safe. — —
Save. Salvation. Salvage — . Sapio, to taste, thence to discriminate, to
Lat. salvus, in good health, whole, sound, be wise.. See Sagacious.
well ; Fr. sauf, safe. Lat. salvo, Fr. 2. Fr. saulge, Lat. salvia,, the aromatic
sauver, to save, and thence salvage, the plant.
saving of goods from wreck or fire. Sail. G. segel, ON. segl, sail ; sigla, to
To Sag. To sink gradually down, to sail ; w. siglo, to shake, rock, move, or
be depressed properly to sink as the stir.
— Sanctify.— Sanctimonious.
;

surface of water leaking away or sucked Saint.


up through the cracks of the vessel in Lat. sanctus, devoted or dedicated, thence
which it is contained. Sc. seg, seyg, to holy, a saint ; sanctimonia, holiness. See
sink as liquids in a cask in consequence Sanction.
SAKE SAME 553
Sake. AS. sacu, contention, dispute, (as w. halen, Lat. sal; W. hen, Lat.
in
suit at law. Weartli sacu betweox Abra- senex) are Gr. oXog, whole, sound Goth.
— Gen.
;

hames hyrdemannum and Lothes. hails, hale, whole G. heil, health ;


; E.
xiii. 7. Forsecgan, CEtsacan, andsacan, heal, holy, &c. Compare the Lat. salu-
withersacan, to gainsay, deny, forsake. tation Salve ! with E. Hail!
Goth, sakan, to object, reprove, contend Salve. Goth, salbon, G. salven, to
with andsakan, to oppose gasakan, to
; ; anoint ; Pl.D. salven, to smear, to mess.
accuse sakjo, contest. Pl.D. sake, suit
; Mit dem eten up'n teller herum salven, to
at law, cause of a thing saken, to com- ; make a mess on one's plate in eating. Wo
plain, to bring an action versdken, to ; hest du di so to salvet ? how have you so
deny. G. sache, a complaint, process, suit dirtied yourself, made such a mess of
at law, an affair, business, occurrence, yourself.' Sien tiig besalven, to daub or
thing. dirty one's clothes. Bav. salben, a mish-
Salad. Fr. salade, It. insalata, pro- mash. Henneberg i5£j(2//^/« (of children),
perly a dish seasoned with salt. Coblenz besdbeln, Palat. besalben, to daub
Salary. Lat. salariutn, a soldier's pay, oneself; Osnabr. besabben, to beslobber.
properly an allowance of salt. The word is probably, like sjnear and
Sale. See To Sell. others signifying grease, formed from the
Salient. Lat. salio, to leap. image of dabbling in the wet, dirtying,
Sallow. I. AS. salig, salh, Gael, seil- then daubing with grease as the most
each, Lat. salix, w. helyg. Fin. salawa, a, permanent kind of dirtying. It would
willow. thus be of a common origin with E. sal-
2. AS. salowig, dark in colour. Bav. low, Fr. sale, and the parallel forms sully,
sal, discoloured, dark, dirty. 'Der spiegel soil, &c. Traces of the original sense of
glitz was worden sal : the polish of the '
dabbling in the wet are to be found in
mirror was become
Goth, bisauljan,
dull. Bav. gesalb, gesalf, gesalfer, chatter, tat-
Fr. salir, to dirty. Gael, sal, dross, scum, tle, a sense constantly expressed by terras

filth salaich, to sully


; W. halawg, de- ;
taken from the agitation of water sal- ;

filed halogi, to defile. fe7-n, to spatter; siilfern, to sip. Swiss


;

Most words signifying to dirty have sulpern, to blot, to dabble. Bav. salber,
their origin in the figure of dabbling in one who works slow, on the same princi-
the wet, as shown under Salve, Soil, Sully. ple on which we give the name of a dab-
Under the latter head are indicated a bler to an inefficient workman.
parallel series, Fr. souiller, Pl.D. solgen, Salver. Sp. salva, salvilla, a salver,
sSlen, Flem. solowen, seulewen, &c., to or piece of plate on which glasses, &c.,
dirty,which it is difficult clearly to dis- are served at table. As salva was the
tinguish from those in the present article. tasting of meat at a great man's table,
salvar, to guarantee, to taste or make the
Sally. Fr. saillie, a breaking out
essay of meat served at table, the name
upon, a leap, spring saillir, to leap, go;
of salver is in all probabiUty from the
out, stand out beyond others. Bret, sala,
article having originally been used in
Lat. salire, to leap.
connection with the essay. The Italian
Saloon. Fr. salon, a large hall salle. ;
name of the essay was credetiza, and the
sala, a hall ; OHG. sal, ON. salr, AS.
It.
same term was used for a cupboard or
salo, house, palace, hall. Goth, saljan,
sideboard ; credentiere, credenzere, a
to lodge, to dwell salithvos, lodgings.
;
prince's taster, cup-bearer, butler, or cup-
Salt. — Saline.
Lat. sal, Gael, salann, board-keeper.— Fl. Fr. credeizced' argent,
salt ; water, the sea
sal, salt Gr. dXc, ;
silver plate, or a'cupboard of silver plate.
salt, the sea ; W. halen, salt hallt, salted. ; —Cot.
The word is common also to the whole Same. Goth, sama, same ; Slav. j«;«,
Finnish family. Fin. suold, Wogul sal, Russ. samiii, self; Pol. sam, alone, by
Magy. s6. himself, mere, same, self. Sanscr. sama,
Saltier. Fr. saultoir, properly a stir- like, equal, plane, all, whole.
rup, from sauter, to mount, but in Fin. sama, same, in what is called the
Heraldiy applied to signify St Andrew's adessitive case, becomes samalla, which
Cross. / is used elliptically in the sense
of ' at the

Salubrious.— Salute. Lat. salvus, same time,' agreeing in a remarkable


whole, sound, in good health saluber, ;
manner with Lat. simul, and offering a
-bris, healthbearing, wholesome salus, far from singular instance in which an
explanation of Greek or Latin forms may
;

-utis, health. Corresponding forms with


an initial h corresponding to the Lat. s be found in the Finnish languages. Sa-
; —

554 SAMPHIRE SATRAP


malla niuodolla, in the same mode or Saracen. Gr. 'SapaKrivog. Commonly
manner. explained from Arab, shark, rising, the
Samphire. Fr. Herbe de Sai7tt Pierre, East sharki. Eastern.
; The difficulty
a sea-side plant. is that the Moslems would not have ap-

Sample. Sampler. From Lat. ex- peared *to themselves in the character of
emplum, OSp. enxemplo, Ptg. enxeinplar, Easterns, but only to the Western
exemplar, a model. Tlie same insertion enemies whom they were attacking. In
of an n is seen in Ptg. enxame, a swarm fact the name of Saracens seems to have
of bees, from Lat. examen. been unknown to the Arabs themselves,
Sanction. Lat. sancio, sancitum and and only to have been in use among the
sanctutn, to ordain, 'appoint, establish, Greeks, who never would have devised a
ratify, consecrate, dedicate ;
thence to name with an Arabic explanation..
sanctus, ordained, sacred, inviolable, holy Sarcasm. Sarcastic.
Gr. udp?, -ciie,
sanctio, an ordinance, ratification. flesh ; tear flesh like dogs,
ffop/cajw, to
— —
Sane. Sanity. Sanatory. Lat. sa- to sneer (in mod.Gr. to bite, to deride) ;
nus, whole, sound ; sano, -as, to make aapKaaixog, a bitter laugh, sneer.
sound, to heal. Insanus, unsound of —
To Sarce. Searce. Fr. sasser, to
mind, insane. See Sound. sift through a fine sieve ; sas (OFr. sdas,
Sand. ON. sandr, G. sand. Lang, sedas), a ranging sieve or searce.
Sandal. Gr. aaiSaXov, Lat. sandalium. — Cot. It. setaccio, setazzo, a sieve or
Sanguine. —Sanguinary, -sanguin-. strainer made of horse-hair ; Lat. seta, a
Lat. sanguis, -inis, blood. Consanguin- bristle, horse-hair.
ity,community of blood. Sarcenet. It saraciitetto, q. d. Sara-
Sap. Pl.D. sapp, juice, wet. '
He cen's silk. —
B. Pannus Saracenici operis.
paddjet in den drekk dat em de sapp um — Due.
de oren flugt he paddles in the dirt so
:
' Sarcophagous. Gr. aapico^ayoe ; sap?,
that he is splashed over head and ears. flesh, and ipaytiv, to eat.
G. saft, juice. Sardonic. Gr. 2ap5wrt(c6c, SapSowog.
The word seems ladically the same VaXaQ 2orp5o2/ioe, a bitter, feigned laughter ;

with sop, from the noise of dabbling. from a herb growing in Sardinia, which,
Pl.D. sappen, to sound as wet in motion, if eaten, caused great laughing, but ended
to drip, leak, ooze. De schoe sappet, the in death.
water sounds in one's shoe. Idt is so Sash. I. It. sessa, a Persian turban
vuul up'r straten dat it sappet : it is so [a piece of muslin wrapped round the
dirty in the streets that one hears it splash, cap] —
Fl.
it is .sopping wet. Een sappigen weg, a 2. Fr. cJiAssis, the sliding frame of a
soppy or muddy way. De appel sappet window cli&sse, framework in which cer-
;

dor den sakk the apple-juice soaks


: tain things are held, a shrine for relics.
through the sack. Bay. safferen, to squash La chdsse d'un rasoir, the handle of a
or sound under the feet like wet ground, razor d'une rose, the calix.
; See To
or shoes full of water ; OHG. saf, G. saft, Chase.
juice. Sassafras. A
medical wood. Fr.
To Sap. Fr. sapper, to undermine, to sassafras, Sp. saxafrax, salsafrax, saxi-
dig into ; It. zappare, to dig zappa, a
; frage, because the same virtue was attri-
mattock, spade, shovel ; Wal. sapd, to buted to sassafras as to saxifrage, of break-
dig. . ing up the stone in the bladder.
. Essentially the same word as step, from Satchel. Du. sackel, G. sdckel, a purse.
the stamping action of the foot in digging, Fr. sachet, a little sack.
on the same principle on which Bohem. To Sate.—Satiate.— Satiety.— Satis-
kopati is to kick, and also to hack or hoe, faction. Lat. sat, satis, enough.
to dig. Venet. zapar, to tread, paw as a Satellite. Lat. satelles, a personal
horse, stamp ; It. zappegare, to trample. attendant.
Sap-green. g. saft-fdrbe, among Satin. Ptg. setim. Said to he a
painters, colours made of the juices of the
animal or vegetable kingdom as opposed
Chinese word. N. and Q. —
Satire. Lat. satira, satyra, a poem
to minerals. Saft-griin, sap-green, made in which the manners of the times were
of the juice of buckthorn-berries. freely treated without respect of persons.
Sapient. Lat. sapio, to be wise. See Gr. o-arupoe, a play in which the chorus
Sagacious. consisted of Satyrs.
Saponaceous. Lat. sapo, Gr. adwuv, Satrap. Gr. aarpavrie, originally Per-
soap. sian.
— ; ;

SATURATE SCALE 555


Saturate. Lat. satur, full fed, sated. Saw. I. ON. sag, N. sag, Da. sav,<i.
Saturnalia. Lat. saturnalia, feast of sage. It. sega, Fr. scie, a saw. The origin
Saturn, in which unrestrained licence was is perhaps the zigzag or seesaw movement
allowed, even to slaves. by which the act of sawing is character-
Saturnine. A grave unsocial disposi- ised. S'p. chiguechaque,Z:&z.vijtx Pl.D. ;

tion ascribed to the influence of the suggen, suggeln, to hack, haggle, cut
planet Saturn, as a Jovial disposition ex- with a blunt knife.
presses the tendency to good fellowship 2. Du. saege, a narration, a saying.
induced by the planet Jupiter. ON. saga, a narrative.
Satyr. Lat. Saiyrus, Gr. Sarupog. Saxifrage. Lat. saxifragaj saxum, a

Sauce. Saucer. It. salsa, Fr. sauce, stone, and frango, to break, being sup-
properly a mixture of salt, then any relish- posed to be good against stone in the
ing addition to food. Saucer, a little bladder.
dish to hold sauce. To Say. as. secgan, ON. seiga, G. sagen.
Saucy. As sauce is a sharp-tasted Scab. Lat. scabies. It. scabbia, G.
seasoning of food, it is metaphorically schabbe, scab, scurf, itch, from scabere,
applied to sharp speech, short sharp re- Du. schabben, schobben, schrabben, to rub,
plies. Fr. sauce, met, a reprimand. A
scratch, scrape. Bret, skraba, to scratch,
man is said to be bien sauci when he has scrape.
received a sharp reprimand. * Scabbard. Might be plausibly ex-
Wo was his coke but if Ins sauce were plained from being made of scaleboard or
Poinant and sharp, and ready all his gere. thin board, in the same way that a hat
Chaucer, Prol.
If it be so, as fast
was called a beaver. Scaleboard com-
monly pronounced scdbboard. ^Worces- ——
As she answers thee with frowning looks, I'll ter.
sauce

Her with bitter words. As You Like It.
— —
The ancients used splints and of them some
are made of tin, others of scabbard and tin, sewed
To Saunter. One of those cases in up in linen cloths. —
Wiseman, Surgery.
which either an / after the initial j has But this explanation is opposed by the
been lost, or parallel forms beginning with OE. forms scawberk {scauberke —
Merlin
.f and si respectively have originally been 514), or scaberge (Rom. of Partenay),
developed, as in Lat. sorbere and G. schliir- scaubert (Miiller). Of these scawberk
fen, E. sop and slop, Pl.D. sabbeln, sdb- may have passed into Fr. escaubert or es-
berii, and E. slobber. cauber, by which vagina is glossed in John
In like correspondence with saunter de Garlandi^ vaginas, escaubers. Hence :

we have G. schlentern, Sw. sldntra, to conversely E. scaubert, scabbard. The


wander idly about ;G. schlendern, to first syllable should mean blade, as giving
saunter, loiter —
Fliigel ;Pl.D. slender- the word the meaning of blade-cOver,
weg, a promenade. but no one has succeeded in making out
The radical meaning would seemto be that signification.
to trail or drag along. G. schlender, a Scaffold. Fr. eschaffaut, Lang, escafold,
gown with a train Pl.D. slender, the escharfaut, escadafaut. It. catafalco, cata-
;

usual course. E. dial, slade to drag farco, Sp. cadafalso,


;
Prov. cadafalc.
Sw. slade, E. sled, a sledge or drag. Sw. From Prov. and OSp. catar (Lat. cap-
slinta,Fl.t>. slindern, to slide Da. slunte, tare), to look, to see, and It. palco, a
;

to idle. planking. —D iez.


Sausage. It. salsiccia, Fr. saucisse, To Scald. Fr. ichauder. It. scaldare,
from being cured with salt. to heat, warm, scorch, scald ; caldo, Lat,
'
Savage. Fr. sauvage. It. selvatico, calidus, hot. Gael, sgald, scald, pain,
selvaggio, salvaggio (Lat. sylvaticus), torture ; Bret, skaota, to scald, sting like
savage, wild, untamed, forest-bred. Fl. a nettle ; Dan. skolde, Sw. skolla, to scald.
To Save. See Safe. — —
Scale. I. Shale. Shell. T)\i. schaele,
Saveloy. Fr. cervelas, a kind of dry. bark, crust, shell, scale ; schelle, bark,

sausage eaten cold. Cot. It. cervelada, shell, skin, scale. G. schale, a shell, dish,
a kind of yellow sausage in use in the cup, bowl, bark of a tree, cover of a book,
Milanese. Doubtless from being made peel of fruit, shale or mineral that separ-
of (Fr. cerveille) brains. ates in flakes. It. scaglia, scale of fish,

Savour. Fr. saveur, Lat. sapor, taste shiver or splinter of stones, skin of snake
sapio, -ere, to smack, taste or smell, to Fr. escaille, scale of fish. Escailler des
reUsh. Probably the syllable sap repre- noix, to pill or shale walnuts ; escailleures,
sents the smacking of the lips. shards or spalls, small pieces broken or
;;

556 SCALE SCANTLING


hewed from stones. Fr. dial, challe de yXuTTTu, to hollow out, to carve, must be
noix, the green husk or shale of a walnut. classed under the same head.
The radical signification is something Scalp. It. scalpo, the skin of the head.
that splits or separates or that is picked Sc. shaup,\\iS\., husk; peaskatcp. Da. dial.
off. The shale or husk of fruit or vege- skalp, the shell of peas. Fr. escalbotter,
tables or scales of fish are what is picked to pill, to unhusk, or loosen the husk of.
off as unfit for food. The shailes of — Cot. ON. skdlpr, sheath. See Scallop.
hemp (HoUyband) are the bits of stalk To Scamble. To scramble, to make
that have to be picked from the fibre. shift. Fr. griffe-graffe, scamblingly, catch
Lith. skelfi, skilii, to split, burst ; skel- that catch may. —Cot. Scambling,s^-^2cvi\-
deti, skaldyii, to crack, burst, split skalus,
; ing.— Hal.
skillus, easy to split ; skalai, splinters of Thus sithe I have in my voyage suffered "vvrack
fir for torches skilstis, hoof of a cloven- with Ulysses, and wringing wet scambled to the
;

footed animal ; skyle, a split, hole, open- shore. —


Gosson {1579) in Hal.
ing. Gr. anxisXiii, to rend, tear, flay It. scarmigliare, to card cotton or wool,

(TKuXoc, the skin of an animal ; aicuKa, arms to scramble, scratch, touse or tug by the
stripped from a slain enemy, spoils. Gael. hair ; scarmigliato, scrambled, toused,
sgil, sgiol, shell, unhuskj sgiolta, un- scratched, &c.
husked, active, quick ; It. sciolto, loosed, Aparallel form with scramble, in the
active. Da. skille, to separate. Melken same way that we have Du. schabben and
skilles, the milk is turned. E. dial, to schrabben, to scrape or scrub, or E. dial.
sheal milk, to curdle, to separate the parts scaffle and scraffle, to scramble.

of it. Ray. It. scagliare, to shiver or Scamp. A
cheat, a swindler. Jam. —
splitter— Fl. ; Fr. mur escailU, a wall full A workman is said to scamp his work
of cracks or chinks. when he does it in a superficial, dishonest
— —
Scale. 2. To Scale. Escalade. Lat. manner. Swab, schampe, liederlicher
scala (from scando, to climb ?), Sp. escala, mensch. Schmid.—
Fr. ichelle, a ladder, thence a scale or Du. schampen, to shave, scrape, slip
graduated measure Sp. escalar, to mount away schampig, slippery schampschoot,
; ; ;

by ladders escalada, an escalade.


;
a grazing shot.
Scalene. Gr. erKoXjjroc (o-KaJw, to limp), To Scamper. "Qzy. gampen, gampern,
to sport, spring about. Sw. skumpa, to
limping, halting, uneven, unequal.
jog ; —
sin ivdg, to jog off, scamper away.
Scall. Scurf in the head scalled or
;
See Jump, Game.
scald head, a scurfy head. Du. schelle, To Scan. i. It. scandere, to mount,
bark, shell, skin, membrane schellen
;
ascend, also to scan a verse, to examine it
van't hoofd, scurf of the head. Dan. by counting the feet hence ;

skaldet, bald, bare. 2. To examine narrowly.


Scallop. A shell-fish of a round in- Scandal. Lat. scandalwn, from Gr.
dented shape, whence scalloped, having dKavZaXov, a trap for an enemy, a stumb-
the edge indented like a scallop shell. lingblock, offence.
Du. schelpe, shell, cockle-shell, nut-shell Scant. Scanty. — Barely sufficient.
schelpevis, shell-fish St Jacob's schelpen, ON. skammr, short skamtr, a measured
; ;

coquille de St Jaques, the scallop-fish or portion. I skornum skamti, circumcissl


pilgrim's scallop-shell. portione, i. e. parc^, circumcis^. —
Egills.
Words signifying shell, peel, husk, are N. skant, a measuring rod, measured por-
commonly derived from the notion of tion ; skanta, to measure off, to cut off a
scaling, peeling, or picking off, separating little so as to make a thing exact, to give
the outer useless portion. Du. schelfe, sparingly, reckon closely. Skanta, mea-
shell, scale ; de vis schel/en, to scale a sured, exactly fitted, leaving nothing to
fish, to scrape off the scales ; Bret, skalfa, spare.
to separate, to split. Gael, sgealb, a quick, Scantling. A
small piece of anything,
sudden sound, the sound of a blow, a also the size to which a timber is to be
slap, then, from the crack of things burst- cut. From Fr. cliantel, chajtteau, a cor-
ing or splitting, to split, splinter. Sgealb- ner-piece, lump or cantle of bread, &c.
chreag, a sphntered or shelvy rock. Sc. (g. kan(, edge ; It. canto, side, corner),
skelp, a slap, blow, stroke ; to shelve, to are formed Fr. eschanteler, to break into
separate in lamina. cantles, to cut off the corners or edges
Probably Lat. scalpere, to scrape, of, eschantillon, a small cantle or corner-
scratch, engrave, sculpere, to form by piece, also a scantling, sample, pattern,
cutting or carving, Gr. yXa^w, y\u0u. proof of any sort of merchandise. Cot. —
;;

SCAPE SCARCE 5S7


Hence to scantle, to cut bits from. 'The Gael, sgairt, a loud shout or cry, and
chines of beefein great houses are scantled, thence Fr. escarter, to scatter, disperse,
to buie chaines of gold.'— Lodge (1596) with Fr. escarre, escarrir.
in Hal. Omnes denarii Jaccenses qui Scarce. OFr. eschars, eschard, escar,
falsi non sint recipiantur ab omnibus close, sparing, niggardly ; escharcer,
hominibus — sive sint fracti, sive perforati, escharder, to diminish, to spare ; eschas,
vel etiam scantellati. — Fori Aragon. in scarcely. Sp. escaso, scanty, narrow,
Due. small, short, sparing, niggardly. It.
The sense of measurement is explained scarso, scarce, scant, sparing. Bret.
by Sp. descantillar, descantonar, to break skarz, slender, little, close, niggard,
off part of a thing, to lessen ; descantillon, clean, cleansed ; skarza, to spare, re-
a small line marking the proper scantling trench, diminish, also to cleanse, scour,
to which anything is to.be cut. Neum. — steal. Re skarz
eo h6 sae, your gown is
Scape. Lat. scapus, shaft of a pillar, N^
ket skarz ann ?d-man,
too short.
stalk of a plant ; Gr. oicijjrrw, to prop, to this corn is not clean. The radical
lean on. meaning of the verb would seem to be
Scapular. Lat. scapula, the shoulder- to scrape, leading on the one side to the
blade. notion of cleansing, and on the other to
Scar. Originally a crack or breach, that of paring, shaving off, clipping,
then specially applied to the mark of a sparing. Piedm. moneda scarsa, hght
wound, a cliff, precipice or broken rock, money, money that has been clipped or
a fragment. It is used by Gower in the rubbed. ScarsoU, to pluck off super-
original sense : fluous leaves and shoots from vhies. Du.
schaers, a razor schaers afschaeren, to
And eke full ofte a littel skare ;

Upon a banke, ere men be ware, cut close ; schaers, close, niggardly, also
Let in the strenie. hardly, scarcely. It. cogliere scarso, to
strike a grazing blow shaving along the
Bret, skarr, crack in a wall, chap in the surface, to strike slanting.
skin ;skarra, to crack, to open. Fr. The root may be traced through a wide
escarre, breach, bursting open, opening extent of variation. Sometimes it is
made with noise and violence. Faire found without the initial s, as in Bret.
grande escarre, to disperse people, to karza, to scrape, cleanse, sweep, to clear
leave a wide space open escarrir, to out dung
; kars, sweepings, ordures ;

;

scatter, disperse. —
Trev. ' Le canon a karzpren, kazpren, karpren, a plough-
fait une grande escarre dans ce bataillon, staff, stick for scraping the coulter of
dans la muraille has made a great the plough. The Breton z changes to th
:
'


breach in them. Gattel. The foregoing in w. carthu, to scour, cleanse, carry out
must not be confounded with Fr. eschare, dung from stables or cowhouses carth- ;

surgically, the crust of a burn or ulcer, bre7i, a plough-staff; earth, offscouring,


from iaxdpa, from whence E. scar of a outside, rind, what is peeled off ; ysgarth,
wound is commonly derived. offscouring, ordures.
In the Scandinavian and Teutonic With the loss of the final d or z, on.
dialects the root is found as well in the karra, kara, to scrape, to cleanse, ex-
shape of scar as with the addition of a plaining Dan. karrig, sparing, niggardly
final d. Du. scheure, schaerde, crena, ON. skara, to rake or scrape, to snuff
ruptura, rima, schaere (vetus) scopulus, the candle G. scharren, to scrape, to
;

rupes ; scheure, schore, scissura, njptura. cleanse stables, streets, &c.


— Kil. ON. skor, N. skar, notch, breach, The ultimate origin is an imitation of
cleft in a rock. OHG. scorro, scorra, the sound of scraping or scratching,
prseruptum montis, scopulus. —
Gl. in which are often represented by the same
Schm. in v. schorren. on. skarS, a forms. ON. karra, to creak as a wheel
breach, nick, opening ; skardx vor, Dan. Gael, sgairt, screech, shriek Sc. scart, ;

hareskaer, a. hare-lip. Dan. skaar, a to scratch, scrape, cleanse by scraping,


cut, notch, fragment, shard. E. dial. gather money in a penurious way. Heart,
potscar, a potsherd; share, the opening a scratch, a niggard. Move thee to '

of the thighs ; /hard or sherd, a piece of scrape, to scart, to pinch, to spare.'


broken stone or pottery, a notch or gap, The same train of thought is indicated
an opening in a wood. Hal. — in Gael, sgread, a shriek, cry sgreadan, ;

The ultimate origin is in all probability a disagreeable sound, noise of anything


a representation of the noise made by tearing asunder Sc. screed, any loud
;

a thing cracking or bursting. Comp. shrill sound, the sound or act of rending,
;

558 SCARE SCATTER


a rent, the thing that is rent or torn off. Scarf-skin. The outside skin. Bav.
See Shard, Shred. schiirffen, scherpffen, to scratch or pick
To Scare. Sc. skar, skair, to take oif the outside of a thing. Sich scherpffen,
fright. A skair horse, or a horse that summam cutis stringere. See Scurf.
skars, is one that is easily startled. Skare, Scarify. Lat. scarifico (for scarifo), to

a fright, a scarecrow. Jam. ON. skidrr, lance or open a sore. Gr. mcapi(poe, a
timid, shy. N. skjerra, to frighten, to stile, etching tool BKapiipiiii), incapi^do/jin,
;

scare. to scratch.
The idea of frightening is commonly Scarlet. It. scarlato, Fr. Scarlate, o.
expressed by the figure either of the scharlach.
trembling symptomatic of fright, or of a The origin of the word has been much
sudden noise which instinctively startles disputed, and it has been supposed to be
and produces fright. It has been argued borrowed from an Eastern source. But
under Afraid that Fr. effrayer and G. the name of an article of commerce is at
schrecken, to frighten, both have their least as likely to have passed from Europe
origin in forms representing a crash or to the East as vice versa, and the word
crack, and it is probable that scare is admits of a plausible explanation in the
derived from a like source. Fr. escarre, Lat. carii, flesh.
breach, bursting open with noise and It. scarnatino, flesh-coloured, became

violence. —
Trev. Bret, skarr, crack, in Venet. scarlatin, explained hy Patri-
breach. Gael, sgairt, a loud cry or shout. archi as a colour of mixed white and
A similar connection may be observed red. But the mixture of a colour with
between E. scream and Sw. skrama, Xa white is considered as a dilution or weak-
frighten. ening of the colour, and therefore if the
To Scarf. To join timbers with a diluted colour were expressed by a di-
slanting joint. Sw. skar/wa, to join to- minutive, the full colour would be signi-
gether, to piece, eke out. Skar/wa en fied by the primitive form. Thus from
arm, to lengthen a sleeve —
timmer, to
; scarlatin, a whitish red, would be formed
scarf two pieces of timber. Dan. skarre, scarlato, full- red, scarlet. Compare
jsr. skara, skjerve, to scarf timber skarv, ; Shakespeare's incarnadine, to dye with
a bit cut off the end of a plank. Bav. crimson.
scharben, to shred vegetables, to make a Scarp. It. Scarpa, Fr. escarpe, Sp.
notch in a timber to receive a cross- escarpa, the slope of a wall or steep front
piece. Bret, skarfa, to scarf timber or of a fortification. See Scarf
stone. — Lepelletier. —
Scatclies. Skates. Fr. eschasses, stilts
The origin of the term
to be found
is or scatches to go upon. —
Cot. Schaeise, in
in the scraping down or slicing off a Flanders stilts, '
vulgo scacce,' in Holland
piece of each of the timbers in order to skates ;also a carpenter's trestle, the sup-
make the joint. Sp. escarbar, to scrape port on which he saws wood. Kil. Pl.D. —
or scratch the ground like a fowl or skake, shank or leg. It. zanca, shank
beast ; escarpar, to rasp or cleanse works zanchc, stilts. Sp. zanca, shank zan- ;

of sculpture, to escarp or slope down a cudo, long-shanked zancos, stilts. ;


So
bank, to scarf timber. Escarpa, the Lira, digo, a leg diga, a long-legged
;

scarp or steep slope on the inside of a person digas, stilts. The point in which
;

ditch next the rampart. It. scarpello, a stilts and skates agree is that they are
chisel, lancet, tool for slicing or paring. both contri\'ances for increasing the
Scarf. Fr. escharpe, a scarf or bau- length of stride.
drick escharpe d'un pdlerin, the scrip Du. chaetse (from whence E.j-/?^a&) would

;

wherein he carries his meal. Cot. It seem to be a corruption of Pl.D. skake,


would seem that the name of the scrip which was Latinised under the form
was transferred to a scarf from the latter scaca, scata, scadea, scacia, scassa. Dief. —
being worn over the shoulder in the way Supp. But see To Scotch.
that a beggar's scrip was carried. In Scathe. Goth, skatlijan, G. schadcn,
the same way Da. taske, a pouch, becomes to injure ; ON. skadi, AS. sceatha, Pol
Sc. tische, a belt. Da. taskebelte, zona szkoda, damage, hurt. Gael, sgad, mis-
taskemagere, zonarius. —
Lye. Scheler's
;

fortune, loss ; sgath, lop off, prune, de-


explanation of the word as signifying a stroy, injure.
strip, of cloth from OFr. escharper, to To Scatter. Du. schetteren, to crush,
tear, is not satisfactory. OHG. scherbe, a resound, burst out laughing, to scatter.
scrip, comes still nearer the E. form than It. scaterare, to scatter. Fl. The idea —
Fr. escharpe. See Scrip. of a thing breaking to pieces is represent-
;

SCAVENGER SCOFF 559


ed by the figure cf the sound of an ex- school of philosophers who doubted of all
plosion. So Fr. sVclatei; to crash, to things.
burst or shiver to pieces. Eclat de ton- Sceptre. Lat. sceptrum, Gr. aicrjTrTpou,
nerre, a clap of thunder par eclats, in; a regal staff, from mriTTTM, to prop, to lean
shivers. Dan. sprage, to crackle, S\v. upon sKrivToiiai, to support oneself on a
;

spraka, to crack, explode, show the origin staff.


of Lat. spargerc, OE. sparkle, to scatter. Schedule. Lat. scheda, schedula, a
Dan. skitigrc, to ring, clang, resound ; scroll, leaf of paper, short writing schidia, ;

Sw. skingra, to scatter, dissipate. a sheave of thin slice of wood ; Gr. ffxi^ij,
Scavenger. The scavage or shewage a tablet, leaf From ox'?"") 'o split.
was originally a duty paid on the inspec- Scheme. outward form,
Gr. axnv^a,
tion of customable goods brought for sale fashion, appearance, from OGr. nyiu, to
within the city of London, from AS. scea- have, hold.
wian, to view, inspect, look. The sec- Schism.— Schist. Gr. axiafia, a rent,
tion De Scawanga, Liber Albus, p. 223, ffXiffroc, split, from trx'?", tocleave, split,
commences as follows Qi est contenuz
:
' produce fissures.
des queux marchaundises venauntz en Scholiast. Gr. o-xoXiacr);?, from tr^o-
Londres deit estx^e prys Scawenge nostre \iov, a comment. See School.
Seignur le Roy et comebien doit estre
;

School. Scholar. Gr. o-^oX^, leisure,
prys de chescun. —
Et fait assavoir que rest, that in which leisure is employed,
Scawenge est dite come demonstfance, discussion, lecture, philosophy, the place
pur ceo qe marchauntz demonstrcnt as where such studies were pursued, a
viscounts marchaundises des queux deit school.
estre pris custume, einz qe rien de ceo Sciatic. Gr.
lax'ov, the hip hxtac, ;

soit vendue.' The scawengers or scava- -aSog, painthat region


in hx'aSiKoc, ;

gers were the inspectors to whom the subject to pains in the hips Lat. sciatica, ;

goods were actually shown. Afterwards disease in the hips.


the inspection of the streets seems to have Science. —
Sciolist. Lat. scio, to
been committed to the same officers, know ; scientia, knowledge.
unless the name was used in the general Scimetar. Fr. cimeterre. It. scimitarra.
sense of inspectors. Qe scawageours
' Scintillate. Lat. scintilla, a spark.
eyent poair de survder les pavementz et Scion. A graft, or young shoot of a tree.
qe touz ordures es rewes soyent oustez,' Here, as in scent, the c is inserted without
p. 585. The oath of the scawageour is etymological grounds. Fr. scion, sion, a
given p. 313. 'Vouzjurrez qe vcnis sur- young and tender plant, a shoot, sprig, or
•verrez diligientement qe les pavementz twig. — Cot.
deinz vostre garde soient bien et droitur- The proper meaning of the word is a
element reparaillez —et qe lez chemyns,
;
sucker, a shoot that sucks its sap from
the parent tree. Sp. chupar, to suck, to
ruwes et venelles soient nettez des fiens
et de toutz maners des ordures, pur imbibe moisture ; chupon, a scion or
honestee de la citde et qe toutz les
;
sucker of a plant, a young twig. Gr.
chymyneys, fournes, terrailles soient -de ai^uiv, a reed, straw, tube used to draw

pierre, et suffisantement defensable en- wine out of the cask, the sucker of a
contre peril de feu.' The lab-ourers by pump. It. stone, a pipe, gutter, or quill
whom the cleansing of the streets was to draw water through. Fl. —
Another
actually done were then called rakyers, application of the sense of sucker is seen
or rakers. in Lat. siphon. It. sione, a whirlwind,
waterspout, sucking up the water as it
-scend. -scans-, -scent. Lat. scan-
passes over it. See Sip.
do, scansum, to climb (in comp. -scendo,
Scirrhus. Gr. aKippog, an indurated
-scensuin) ; as in Ascend, Descent, Ascen-
tumor.
sion.
Scissors. Written by Chaucer sisoures.
Scene. — Scenery. Gr. the cover
o-ict)?/)),
It. cesore, a cutter, a tailor ; cesoie, Mo-
or tilt of a waggon, a tent, booth, stage, or Mantuan
denese cesore, zisora, scissors ;
scaffold, the stage on which the actors
Lat. casus, cut.
performed, a scene at a theatre. Scoff. ON. skatip, skauf, skop, derision
Scent. Fr. senttr, to smell. draga skaup at einum, hafa i skaupi, to
Sceptic. Gr. a-Kljrro/joi, to look about, deride. Thad hlaup vard at skaiipi, that
look carefully, consider aKi-il/ig, examina-
;
inroad was in vain. OFlem. jfAo/, schoppe,
tion, inquiry, doubt ;ffKETrriKof, inclined ludibrium; Du. j^r/io^^^, scomma, sarcas-
to reflection ; oKEirriKoi, the Sceptics, a —
mus. Kil. Possibly a shave, a dry wipe.
; ;

560 SCOLD SCORN


Compare Du. schampen, to graze the sur- Pl.D. schuppe, a scoop, shovel. Fr. ^cope,
face, to deride, scoff, abuse. Kil. Lat. — a scoop for baling boats.
perstringere is used in both senses, to Boh. kopati, to kick, hack, dig, hoe ;
graze, and to censure, speak acrimoni- Pol. kopad, to dig, hollow, scoop out
ously. Serv. kopati, to dig ; kopanya, a wooden
Scold. Du. schelden, to scold, revile ; bowl.
scheUnaem, nickname, name of abuse. Scope. Lat. scopus, from Gr. o-kottoc,
From the loud tone qf scolding.
shrill a mark or butt to shoot at, thence a pur-
ON. skellr, clang, crash skella, to bang.
;
pose or object ; mci-nTOfiai, to look at
Hann skelldi upp og hid he burst out a steadily.
:

laughing. Sw. skalla, to bark like a dog, To Scorch. The Ormulum has scorrc-
to cry out loud, to scold, make use of ned, scorched, of a crusty loaf, or land
abusive language. Alia hans kreditoren shrunk up with drought.
skalla efter honom all his creditors cry
: All the people that the violent wind Nothus
after him. Skalla ut, to decry ; skallsord, scorclith, and bakyth the brennyng sandes by his
abusive language. N. skjella, a clapper, drie heate. Chaucer, Boeth. —
rattle. Du. schroken, PI. D. shroggen, to scorch,
Sconce, i. A small fort. Du. schantse, singe.
a rampart made of trees and branches, The origin seems to lie in the crackling
parapet, outpost ; sc/tanlsen, to defend sound of frizzling or scorching. Boh.
with a rampart schantskorven, gabions. sskwrciti, to crackle or fizz as butter on
;

— Kil. G. schanzen, to make a fence, in- the fire sskwrliti, to scorch, singe ;
;

trench, fortify ; schanzkleid, a canvas zsskwrknauti, to fizz in singeing sskwrk- ;

screen drawn round a ship at the time of nautise, skwrkatise, to shrivel up ;


an engagement to prevent the enemy from sskwrkly, shrivelled, shrunk. Pol. kur-
seeing. To sconce or ensconce oneself is czyd, skurczyd sif, to shrivel.
to post oneself behind a screen of some Score. A
notch, then from the cus-
kind. tom of keeping count by cutting notches
The meaning of the word is something on a stick, account, reckoning, number,
to conceal or cover one from the enemy, the specific number of twenty, as being
from Fr. esconser (Lat. abscondere, abscon- the number of notches it was convenient
suni), to hide, conceal, cover. Esconsail, to make on a single stick when that ;

a screen or shelter, a sconce, abri, ca- number was complete the piece on which
chette, refuge. —
Roquef Guigneville (in they were made was cut off (Fr. taillie),
Carp.) makes man after the fall address and called a tally.
God, Whereas before our forefathers had no other
Fai moi de toi un esconsail, books but the score and the tally, thou hast caused
Un abril [abri] et un ripostail printing to be used. H. VI. —
Ou je me puisse aler bouter. ON. skera {sker, skar, skorii), AS. sceran,
2. A sconse or little lanterne. — Baret. scyran, Du. scheren, to shear or cut ; ON.
1580. Scons to sette a candel in, lanterne skor, Dan. skaar, skure, Du. schore,
&. main. —
Palsgr. Mid.Lat. absconsa, schorre, a notch or score. See Shear.
sconsa (Lat. absconsa candela, a hidden Scoria. Gr. cr/cwp, dung, ordure ; Lat.
light)., originally a dark lanthorn. Ab- scoria, dross or refuse from the smelting
sconsa, abscons, absconse, luchte, lan- or refining of metal.
terne. — Dief Sup. '
Debet Prior cum Scorn. Two closely resembling forms
absconsd accensa per choi-um ire ac videre from totally different figures are found in
quam regulariter sedeant.' Sconsas ' — the Romance languages. First, It. schema,
nunquam Prior vel Abbas habuit nisi Sp. escarnio, Prov. esgue?-n, OFr. eschern,

illam qua; omnium communis fuit.' Due. derision, mockery ; It. schernire, OFr.
' Lesquelz
compaignons alumerent la escarnir, eschemir, eschermir, to mock.
chandelle et la mirent dedens une esconse Eschermirs est quant I'en gabe homrae
'


ou lanterne.' Lit. Remiss. 145 1 in Carp. seulement de bouche.' Roquef. —
Scoop. Du. schoepe, schuppe, a shovel The foregoing forms are derived from
schoepen, scheppen, to draw water, draw OHG. skern, derision skernSn, to mock ; ;

breath ; schepyat, a scoop scheplepel, a skirjio, a mountebank. Diez. The radi-


; —
ladle G. schuppe, a scoop, shovel
; sch'dp- cal meaning would seem to be to treat
;

fen, to draw water, take breath, let in one as dirt, from Dan. skam, ordure, dirt,
water, met. a scoundrel, worthless person. ON.
'Tis as easy with a sieve to scoop the ocean skarnlega, shamefully. E. dial, scam,
As to tame Petrachio.— B. & F dung scarnyhmighs, a dirty drab.
;
— ;

SCORPION SCOUT S6i


Ambitious mind a world of wealth would have,
port, put a wedge under the leg of a
And and scrapes for scorfe and scorn ie
scrats
dross. —
Mirror for Mag. in R. v. Scrab. shaking table ; acouta las rodos, to scotch
the wheel. The word scotch is probably
In the next place, from the helpless con-
identical with E. skatch, Du. schaetse, a
dition of an animal that has lost its horns
stilt, properly a support. Du. schaetse is
we have It. scomare, to take off the horns,
also a carpenter's trestle, a support for
and met. to scorn, mock, flout ; scorno, a
his work.
scorn, —
mock, flout Fl. ; Fr. escorner, to See Scatches.
The idea of propping or supporting
deprive of horns, to take from one a
rests on that of a shock or push, as shown
thing which he thinks an ornament and
in It. cozmre, to shock, to butt Genevese
grace to him, to lop the boughs of trees, ;

cotter, to boggle, hesitate in reciting, to


to deface, disgrace se laisser escorner,
;
prop or support rester cotte, to stop short;
;
to sufferhimself to be made a fool, used
se cotter, to break off cotte, stay, prop,
;
like a gull escome, shame, disgrace
;
as of a loaded apple-branch, shore of a
escorni, unhorned, that hath lost his
ruinous building, wedge under the leg of
horns, hence melancholy, out of heart,
a ricketty table. Vaud. cottar, to push
ashamed to show himself, as a deer is
that hath lost his head. Cot. —
or shut the door, to support, steady.
dial, scant, to push violently
E.
as a noun,
Scorpion. Lat. scorpio. ;

To Scoss or Scourse. To change. B. a dragstaff. — The same train of ideas is seen in G.


See Horse-courser.
Soot. —Shot. Fr. escot, payment of
stutzen, to butt, to start or boggle like a
horse ; stutzen, to stay or underprop ;
one's own share of a common expense.
Dan. stode, to push, thrust, jog; P1.D.
It. scotto, the reckoning at an inn. AS. studde, stutte, a prop.
sceotan, to shoot, cast, throw down in Scough. See Scuff.
payment, expend, pay. Pl.D. scheten, to Scoundrel. In the absence of any
cast; schott, contribution, tribute. G.
foreign analogue we may suggest the pos-
schiessen, to shoot ; geld zusammenschies-
sibility of the word having originally been
sen, to contribute one's share of money; scumberel, from scumber, scummer, to
vorscMessen,X.o advance money; zuschuss, dung. ' With filth bescumbered.'— Mars-
a disbursement of money for one's quota
ton. Comp. Da. skarn, dung, dirt, met.
of expense, on. skot penningr, money
a good-for-nothing, a scoundrel.
for expenses on a journey.
To Scour. There is little essential
Scotch. A
notch to scotch, to notch.
;
difference in the sound made by the act
Scotch-collops are sliced or minced col-
of scraping, scrubbing, scratching, tear-
lops.
ing, and accordingly all these modes of
What signify scotch-collops to a feast. action are designated by closely resem-
King in R. bling forms. Du. scheuren, schoren, to
The word probably "formed on the same
is tear ; G. scharren, to scrape, rake, scratch;
principle as nock or nick, representing, in scheuern, Dan. skure, It. scitrare, Fr.
the first instance, a sharp sudden sound, escurer, to scour, cleanse ; N. skura, to
then applied to a sharp sudden impulse, a rub, scrape, scour. Pol. szorowad, to
projection or indentation. It. coccare, to rub, scrub, scour, to drag as a gown, to
snap, click, crack ; cocca, notch of an shuffle with the feet, also to go fast;, as in
arrow, nib of a pen ; scoccare, to clack, E. to scour the country.
snap, or pop ; un bacio, to give a smack- Scourge. Fr. escourgde, a thong, latchet,
ing kiss ; —
delle hore, the striking of the —
a scourge or whip. Cot. It. scoreggia,
hours. coreggia, strap, scourge, whip. Lat. cor-
E. dial. Seattle, to haggle or cut badly. rigia, strap, from corium, leather.
Bret, skourjez, a whip, rod. Gael.
The beef was scotfled shamefully.
sgiurs, to whip, drive away. It. scuriscio,
To Scotch. To scotch or scoat a wheel, a switch ; scurisciare, to switch.
to stop it by putting a stone or piece of Scout. OFr. escoute, a spy. Etre aux
wood under it. —B. Scote, a prop, a drag- Scoutes, to be on the watch, to spy, from
by which a waggon is pre-
staff or stay escouter. It. ascoltare, Lat. auscultare, to
vented from running back when going listen. To scout or reject contemptuously
up-hill. —
Hal. Wal. ascot, anything used seems to be Sc. scout, to pour forth any
to support an unsteady object ; ascoter, hquid forcibly — Jam. ; to throw away
to prop, to scotch ; Fr. accoter, to under- slops. It is also used, in a neuter sense,
'

prop, shore, bear up, stay from shaking to fly off quickly, most erroneously ap-
or slipping.— Cot. Lang, acouta, to sup- plied to liquids.'
— ; ;

562 SCOWL SCRAGGLE


But as he down upon her louted screpolare, to crackle, are used as direct
Wi' arm raxed out, awa she scouted. representations of sound, while the figur-
ative sense is exhibited in Fr. escarbillat,
In
Pl.D. schudden, to shake, to pour.
the last application compare E. scud.
stirring, quick, lively Cot. —
Sp. escara- ;

pelar, to dispute, wrangle, quarrel Ptg. ;

To
Scowl. Da. skule, to look with
escarapellar, to scratch, to scuffie Sp. ;
downcast eyes, to look privily from fear
escarabajear, to scribble, scrawl, crawl to
or distrust. Pl.D. schulen, Du. schuilen,
Daar schulet wat and fro like insects ; escarabajo, Ptg.
to sculk, lurk, spy.
escaravelho, Lat. scarabceus, a beetle, the
unterj there is something hidden. Pl.D.
scrabbling animal.
schuuloord, Du. schuilhoeck, a lurking-
schuiltoren, specula et insidiae.
On the same principle Sw. skramla,
place
— K.
;

The sense seems to be to look


to racket, clack, cackle. Da. skramle, to
rumble, explain It. scaramelare, to play
from under cover of the overhanging tricks of legerdemain, to make rapid and
eyebrows or from under cover of a more
confusing movements with the hands.
general kind. on. skjdl, shelter, conceal-
Sw. skrdla, to bawl, to make a racket,
ment, covered place skjdleygdr, whose
;
Du. schrollen, to mutter, grumble, cor-
eyes lie deep in the head ; AS. sceoleage,
respond to E. scrawl, to crawl about, to
scyle-eagede, squint-eyed.
make irregular confused scratches on
Da. skeeloiet, squinting ; skele, G. schiel-
paper. Fr. grouiller, to rumble, in a
en, E. dial, shelly, to squint ; Sc. to showl
secondary sense signifies to move about
the mouth, to make wry mouths. Bohem.
sskula, sskulina, a
in numbers, to swarm. Du. rabbelen, to
sskuliti, to squint ;
rattle, to speak quick and confusedly,
(peephole) slit. Pol. skulony, Gr. anoKiltQ,
figuratively to scribble, scrawl ; rabbel-
crooked, bent. ON. skjAlgr, skew, squint-
schrift, a scrawl. See Scraggle, Scrall.
ing at skjota augum i skjdlg, to squint
;

N. skjaag, skjegl, squinting skjegla, to


Scrag. A
lean scrag, a body which is
squint. Possibly there may be a confu-
;

nothing but skin and bones. B. Fris. —


skrog is used in while Da. skrog
s. s.,
sion of two forms, one expressing a covert
signifies carcase, the hull of a ship. Scrag
look and the other a crooked or slanting
of mutton, the bony part of the neck;
one. See Shallow.
scraggy, lean and bony.
To Scrabble. To scratch with the
nails, to scramble. —
Hal. To feel about The scragged and thorny lectures of monkish
— Milton.
with the hands. B. — .sophistry.

E. dial,scrag, a crooked, forked branch ;


He scrabbled up the tree. Mrs Baker. And — scrog, a stunted bush ; scraggy, twisted,
he —
fained himself mad in their hands, and
scrabled on the doors of the gate. i Sam. xxi. — stunted.
The proximate origin seems. to lie in
13-
the notion of shrinking or shrivelling. N.
Du. schrabben, Bret, scraba, Da. skrabe, skrekka, skrokna, to parch, shrink; skrok-
E. dial, scrab, to scrape or scratch ; kjen, dried up, shrunk, hard, wrinkled ;
scrapple, to grub about. Hal. The no- — skrokka, to shrink ; skrukka, a wrinkle,
tions of scratching, scraping, clutching, pucker, unevenness ; skrukkut, wrinkled,
griping, scuffling, struggling, making re- shrunk. E. dial, shrockled, withered.
peated irregular exertions of the arms Pl.D. schrdkel, schrokel, a stunted, mis-
and legs, are signified by a variety of shapen thing. Gael sgreag, shrivel,
forms adapted in the first instance to become dry, parched, or shrivelled
represent any harsh and broken sound. sgreagair, an old shrivelled or close-
Thus from ON. spraka, to crackle, we fisted man ; sgreagan, anything dry,
have sprtikla, to throw about the arms shrunk, or shrivelled sgrog, shrivel ;

and legs, to sprawl G. spratzeln, to


;
sgrogag, anything shrivelled and con-
crackle Sc. sprattle, to sprawl.
; Lith. temptible, a little old woman, useless old
skrebsti, to rattle, craclde, signifies also timber, stunted tree. See Scorch.
to struggle, sprawl, crawl. Sw. skrafla, To Scraggle. Dorset to scramble.
to rustle, crackle, leads to E. scraffle, to
struggle, scramble, climb, to wrangle,
— Hal. In Northampton used in the
sense of struggle, make efforts with dif-
quarrel. In the same way NFris. skrab- ferent members of the body.
liii, to rattle, is used in a secondary
sense for strugghng, working laboriously. I'm often so poorly I can hardly scraggle along.
A daskar skrabbalt, the plates rattled. Scraggling, irregular, scattered. Also
Johansen, p. 49. It. scarabillare, to applied to vegetation that grows wild
make a scraping or squeaking sound, and disorderly.— Mrs Baker. Essentially

SCR ALL SCREAM 563


the
an
same word with straggle or
initial scr or str often interchanging.
struggle, to make a noise in eating. B.
imitative, like craunch, crunch.

Directly
Du.
'
Iscruggell with one to get from him, schrantsen, to gnash, chew, craunch, eat
je m'estrive.' Palsgr.— The word origin- greedily.
ally represents a broken sound, then a * Scrap. A
shred or small fragment.
jerking irregular movement. N. skrangle, Not to be identified with Da. skrab, Sw.
to jingle, rumble, rattle. Palsgrave gives skrap, afskrap, scrapings, rubbish, but
murmur or grumble as the first sense of rather with G. scherbe, a sherd or frag-
stroggell. 'He stroggleth at everything ment of something hard. MHG. schirbe,
I do. II grommelle a tout taflt que je scharp, schurben, Bav. zerscherben, to
fays.' break in pieces ; schdrben, OHG. scarbon,
Probably Fr. escarquiller, to straddle, to shred vegetables. Farskirbindn, dis-
is an equivalent of E. scraggle, having crepare. —
Graff. See Scrip.
first signified to throw about the legs, The radical image is the crack made
then to stretch them apart. by a hard body in breaking, on. skrap,
To Scrall. Scrawl. — To scrawl or crack, rattle. Lat. crepare, to crack, also
scrall is used in two senses first, to be
: to break to pieces. The same train of
in general movement and, secondly, to ideas is seen in Fr. Sclat (esclat), a crack,
;

write or draw ill, to make irregular, ill- clap, also a fragment, splinter ; dclater, to
formed scratches. To scrall or stir, burst.
muovere to scrall or scribble, scara-
; To Scrape. Direct from the harsh
bocchiare. —
Torriano. Fr. grouiller, to sound of scraping, scratching, tearing.
rumble, also to move, stir, scrall, to N. skrapa, to make a harsh sound, to
swarm or break out confusedly in great grate, scrape skraapa, skraaba, to cre^k,
;

numbers. Cot. — crackle skreppa, to rattle ON. skrapa,


; ;

The two senses may be reconciled if to creak or grate, to rattle as hail, rustle
we observe that to scrawl or scribble is as dry skin. Du. schrabben, to scratch
to scramble about the paper, to move or scrape schraeffen, schrapen, to scrape.
;

over it in an irregular variety of direc- Bret, skraba, to scratch. Sp. escarbar,


tions, while to scrall as a set of young to scratch or scrape like an animal with
pullets, or an ant-hill, is to be in a state the paw escarpar, to rasp ; Prov. escar-
;

of confused, multifarious movement. It. pir, escharpir, to tear to pieces. Cat. es-
scrollare, Piedm. scroU, to shake, to wag. garrapar, Ptg. escarvar,to scratch, scrape.
The present is one of the numerous Scrape in the sense of difficulty, dis-
cases in which the representation of a grace, is perhaps from the metaphorical
rattling, crackling, rumbling sound is sense of Sw. skrapa, to reprimand. Han
applied to movement of fancied analogy. adrog sig en skrapa, he drew down a
Fr. grouiller, above quoted, is applied reprimand on himself, got into a scrape.
both to sound and movement. Devon- It may however be from the figure of a
shire scrowl, to broil or roast (properly narrow exit where you can only scrape
doubtless to make a crackling sound). through, on the same principle on which
Hal. Du. schrollen, to mutter, grumble. we call a narrow escape a close shave.
Da. skraale, to bawl skralde, to rattle
; N. skrapa, to get on with difficulty, to
;

N. skrella, to bawl, to rattle, crack, echo. make shift to live.


ON. skridla, to rustle hke dry things. —
To Scratch. Scrat. Cratch. As —
To Scramble. To do something by in the last article, the present forms are
repeated clutching with the hands. To direct representations of sound. ' Cratch-
scramb, to puU or rake together with the ing of cheeks.' Chaucer. Du. krassen, —
hands to scramp, to catch at, to snatch. to scratch, scrape, splutter as a pen,
;

—Hal. To scraum, to grope about as a croak as a raven. Kratsen, to scratch,



person in the dark. Craven Gl. Du. scrub. ON. krassa, to scratch, to tear. Fr.
scrammen, to scratch. It. scaramelare, to grater, to scratch, scrape ; esgratigner,
juggle or move the hands rapidly to and to scratch.
fro,seems an analogous form. To Scrawl. See To Scrall.

The origin is probably similar to that To Screak. Synonymous with creak,


of scrabble, scraffle, scraggle, words in as scranch and cranch, sqtiash and quash,
the first instance representing confused smash and mash, &c.
sound. Da. skramle, to rumble ;Sw. Scream. It. scramare, sclamare, to

skramla, to clash, clatter, cackle. It. cry out W. ysgarm, outcry, bawling ;
;

scramare, to cry out. See Scrabble. garm, shout, outcry. AS. hryman, to cry
To Scranch. To crash with the teeth, out, call.
36 *
— ;.

564 SCREECH SCUD


Screech.. Shriek. Da. skrige, Sw. and burdoun.' OHG.
scherbe, pera ein ;

skrika, to cry, shriek, scream. It. scric- scharpe, ein sack, stips. —
Graff. From
ciolare, scricciare, to screech. W. ysgrech, this latter gloss it appears that scharpe
a scream. was used in the sense not only of a scrip
Screen. —Shrine. Pol. chronid, schron- or bag, but also of Lat. stips, an alms,
ii,to shelter, to screen ; Bohem. chraniti, contribution, scrap, agreeing with OG.
schraniti, to guard, protect, keep ; schrana, scherf, a mite, the smallest coin. It is
a receptacle, a screen. In the first of probable then that scrip is properly a re-
these senses Boh. schrana corresponds to ceptacle for scraps, a scrap-sack.
Lat. scrinium, G. schrein, Fr. escrain, a On the other hand, Bav. scherben (pro-
chest, casket, shrine ; in the second with perly a potsherd) is used for an earthen
Fr. escran, dcran, a skreen, the one being vessel licht-, tnilch-, nacht-scherben. And
:

an implement to keep something of value as in the East the beggar collects his
in, the other, to keep what is noxious off. alms in a basin, it is possible that an
The final n is exchanged for an m in earthen vessel (G. scherbe, Du. scherf,
Du. schermen, to defend, scherm, a screen ; scherve, a. potsherd) was used for that
G. schirm, anything that affords shelter or purpose among our own ancestors when
protection, a screen It. schermagUa, a
; the term scherbe, scherpe, scrip, took its
fire-screen ; schermire, scremire, Fr. rise, and that the name was inherited by
escrimer, to exercise the art of defence, to the bag or wallet which served the same
fence or fight scientifically with swords purpose in later times. The former ex-
or foils. Skirmish is quite a different planation however appears far the more
word. probable one.
A screen for gravel or com is a grating Scrivener. Bret, skriva, to write ;
which wards off the coarser particles and skrivaner, one who teaches to write, or
prevents them from coming through. who does writing for another. It. scrivano,
Screw. Fr. escroue, G. schraube, Sw. a notary, clerk, scrivener.
skruf. Da. skrue, Pol. szruba. Scrofula. Lat. scrofulcE, diseased
To Scribble, i. To scratch with a glands of the neck, from scrofa, a sow.
pen, write ill. Scribble-scrabble, sorry or Probably a translation of the Gr. name
pitiful writing. —B. Fr. escrivailU, which was or seemed to be de-
)(pign,iti,
scribbled, baldly written. Cot. —
See To rived from %oi^oQ, a pig.
Scrabble. Scroll. Corrupted from scrow. See
2. To scribble wool, to card, scratch or Escrow.
tear it to pieces with a wire comb. Gael To Scrub. Sw. skrubba. Da. skrubbe,
sgrlob, scratch, scrape ; sgrloban, a Pl.D. schrubben, to rub, scrub Du. ;

scraper, currycomb, wool-card. Sw. schrobben, to rub or scrape schrabben,


;

skrubba, to rub, to scratch skrubbel, a. ; to scratch. Gael, sgrlob, scrape, scratch,


wool-card ; skrubbla, G. schrabbeln, to make bare by rubbing, curry a horse. A
card or scribble wool. Pol. grzebai, to scrub, in the sense of a sorry fellow, a
scrape or scratch grzebieii, a comb
; person treated with contempt, might be
grepel, a wool-card ; greplowad, to card explained by Da. skrab, scrapings, fig.
or scribble. trumpery, trash, but more probably it
-scribe, -script-. Scripture. Lat. signifies only something stunted, poor of
scribo, scripium, to write scriptura, a
; its kind. See Shrub.
writing. Hence G. schreiben, Du. schrij- —
Scruple. Scrupulous. Lat. scrupu-
ven, Bret, skriva, Gael, sgrlobh, to write. lus, a small stone such as may get into
Doubtless, like Gr. ypa^M, or E. write, a traveller's shoe and distress him, whence
from the notion of scratching lines. Bret. the further meanings, of a doubt or source
krava, skraba, to scratch, scrape ; Gael. of doubt, and a small weight.
sgrlob, scratch, scrape, draw lines ; To Scruse. — Scrouge. To scruse, to
sgriobair, a graving tool. press or thrust hard, to crowd. —B.
Scrimp, Scanty. G. schrumpfen, Da.
Into his wound the juice thereof did scruze. — F.Q.
krympe, to shrink, w. crimpio, to pinch
or crimp. See Shrimp. Fr. escrager, to crush and squeeze out of;
* Scrip. Pl.D. schrap, Fris. skrap, escraser, escrager, to crush. Cot. —
ON. skreppa, W. ysgrepan, Fr. escharpe, -sorut-. Scrutiny. Lat. scrutor, to
Lith. krapszas, a wallet, scrip. De Guile- seek diligently ; scrutinium, a search.
villes Pilgrimage, Cotton MS., has, I ' Scud. Du. schudden, to shake, toss,
ffailede a sherpe and bordon,' where the jolt, wag. Hence, as the figure of shak-
Cambridge Prose has, ' Me failede scrippe ing expresses the exertion of superior
;

SCUFF SCULLERY 56s


liower over an object, e. scud
used to
signify the movement of a body under the
is to hide a thing. —
Brem.Wtb. Du. schui-
len, Pl.D. schulen, to conceal oneself, get
influence of overpowering force. To send out of the way from shame, fear, &c. ON.
before the wind is to drive before it with- skjol, Da. skiule, cover, shelter, hiding-
out attempt at resistance. A
scudoi rain place. Fris. schuwl, shelter, conceal-
is a violent shower driving with the wind. ment schuwlcjen, to shelter from rain,
—Epkema.
;

* Scuff. Skuff' or skuft, the nape of the &c. See Lurk.


neck. A good skujffing, a punishment Scull. I. See Skull.
among boys by nipping the neck with the 2. A To scull a boat, to
small oar.
finger and thumb. —
Whitby Gl. Du. drive it by a
single oar working to and
schocht, scho/i, atlas, the nape of the neck, fro at the stern like a fish's tail. From
higher part of the back on which a burden N. skol, splash, dash, as Fr. gache, an
is borne. —
Kil. Schoft (P. Jlarin), Fris. oar, from gacher, to splash. ON. skola,
skuft, the withers of a horse, properly the to wash ; N. baare skol, the dashing of
tuft of hair which a person mounting lays the waves.
hold of to help himself up. Hence E. —
Scullery. Scullion. Two derivations
scuff,applied to the loose skin on the are given for scullery, either of which
shoulders by which one lays hold of a dog would be quite satisfactory were it not
or a cat The radical notion is a tuft of for the occurrence of the other. From
hair, Goth, skuft, hair of the head, G. Lat. scutella we have It. scudella, Venet.
schopf tuft of hair or of feathers. Shtiff squela, OFr. escuelle, a bowl, platter,
is used in familiar language for a dis- saucer escueillier, place where the dishes
;

orderly mass of hair. See Shag. are kept sculier, officer in charge of
;

* Scuffle. I. A fray, a close hasty con- —


them. Roquef And as we ha^ve pantry
test. Probably the radical meaning is a and buttery from the Fr., analogy would
straggle in which each seizes the other by lead us to look to the same source for
the scuff or hair of the head, in which scullery. But the primary office of a
they fall together by the ears. See Scuff. scullery is that which is indicated in the
Words expressing the same idea are definition given by Bailey, a place to
widely formed on this principle. Thus wash and scour in. In this direction we
from G. schopf, Bav. schiibel, a tuft of hair, are led to on. skola, Sw. skolja, Da.
are Austr. schopfen, schiibeln (to scuffle), skylle, to rinse, splash, wash, skylle-regn,
to pull by the hair Pol. czub, hair of the
;
a drenching shower, skylle-vand, N. skol,
head ; czubid, to pull by the hair czubid ; dish-water, Sw. skoljerska, a scullery-
si^, to fall together by the ears Swiss ; maid or scullion. The corresponding E.
tschogg, tschuber, tuft of hair ; tschoggen, form is s-will or squill. ' I swyll, I rynce
tschubern, to pull by the hair. See Tug. or dense any maner vessell.' Palsgr. —
On the other hand we have Sw. skuffa, to Swiller, a scullion. Lixa, a swyllere. —
shove, jog, nudge skuffas, to shove or
;
Nominale, xv. Cent. Of the hero of a
push one another, to hustle but the ; story in the Manuel des Pecch^s who be-
former appears to me the more probable came a scullion it is said,
origin.
He makede hymself over skyle
* 2. Du. schoffel,^ Dutch hoe or scuffler,
Pottes and dysshes for to swyle. /. 5827. —
an instrument for lightly paring the sur-
face of a garden bed and cutting off the And shortly after he is spoken of as ' the
weeds. to scufHe
Schoffelen, weeds. —
squyler of the kechyn.' /. 5913. Other
Here the radical notion seems to be instances of the use of squiller in s. s. are
whisking or passing lightly over the sur- cited by HaUiwell. '
The pourveyours of
face. Du. schuiffelen, to hiss, whistle. the buttlery and pourveyours of the squy-
Banff, scuff, with slightly whizzing sound. leny.' —
Ord. and Reg. p. 77. Palsgr.
'A hard the stane gang scuff past ma has squillary for scullery, and Worcester
hehd.' Scuff, to wipe very lightly. gives Norm. Fr. squillerge in s. s.
Scuffle, a shghtly grating sound. ' The In the case of scullery then we must
scuffle o's feet gart ma leuk roon.' To pronounce in favour of the Scandinavian
scuffle, to rub lightly, do any kind of etymology ; but scullion would seem to
work, as hoeing, sweeping, brushing, &c., have a totally different origin in Fr.
in a slight manner. See ShufHe. escouillon, escouvillon j Sp. escobillon,
To Sculk. Da. skulke, to slink, sneak a dish-clout, oven-malkin Lang, escoube,
;

skulke syg, to sham sick. ' I skowlke, I a brush, also a maukin for an oven. Cot. —

hide myself, je me couche.' ^Palsgr. Pl.D. Sp. escoba, Lat. scopuB, a besom, broom,
schulken, to shirk school verschulken,; w. ysgubo, to sweep. In the same way
566 SCULPTURE SCURVY
malkin, mawkin, is used both for a Dan. skorpe, crust ; skorphud, scurf.
kitchen-wench and for the clout which Lancash. scroof, dry scales or scabs.
she plies. The ideas of scratching and of itching,
Sculpture. Lat. sculpo, sculptum, to or the cause of it, a rough, scabby, scurfy
engrave, to carve in stone or wood. Gr. skin, are closely connected. Thus from
ykv^ia, to hollow out, to carve. Lat. Lat. scabere, to scratch, rub, scrape, we
scalpo, to scratch, scrape, grave. have scaber, rough, scabby, scabies, scab,
Scum. ON. shim, G. schaum, OFr. itch, mange. On the same principle, g.
esaime, schiuma, scuma, Gael, sgum,
It. schaben, to scrape, schabe, the itch, scab,
foam, froth, scum. From the humming scurf; kratzen, to scratch, krdtze, the
sound of agitated waters. Pol. szumied, itch ; Sw. kla, to scratch, kldda, the itch.
to rush, roar, bluster as the wind, waves, It is probable that scurf ox the equivalent
&c. szum, rush, roar, bluster, then (as
;
scrur, scroof, has a similar origin in a
foam is produced by the agitation of the form allied to E. scrub, scrape, Du. schrab-
waves), froth, foam. ben, schraeffen,S-p. escarbar, Ptg.escarvar,
* To Scummer. — Soumber. To dung, to scratch, scrape. Pol. skrobcu! sif po
and fig. to dirty. OFr. encumbrer, encom- glowie, to scratch one's head. Another
brier, escunbrier, to emb^-rrass, encum- application of the same radical figure is
ber, dirty. —
Burguy. to express the notion of refuse, worthless,
Scuppers. —Soupperholes. The holes whence E. dial, scroff, scruff, refuse wood
in the side of a ship by which the water or fuel scrawf, refuse.
; —
Hal. So from
runs off from the deck. Commonly de- G. kratzen, krdtze, the waste or clippings
rived from Pl.D. schuppen, to cast with a of metals or minerals. It is a strong con-
scoop or shovel. Dat water uut schuppen, firmation of the foregoing derivation that
to bale out water. But it must be ob- parallel with scurf, or the more original
served that the action by which the water scruff, and related to it as rub and its
runs off through the scuppers is very numerous allied forms are to scrub, are
different from baling, nor are they known found widely spread among the European
by a name similar to the E. term in any languages a series of synonymous forms,
Teutonic or Scandinavian dialect, in all of which perhaps the most instructive is
of which the name is spit-holes, G. spei- Lap. ruobbe, scar, scab, itch, to be com-
gaten. We
are thus reminded of OFr. pared with ruobbet, to rub or scratch ;
escopir, escupir, Sp. escupir, to spit, to aiweb ruobbet, to scratch the head ruob- ;

which however the designation of scuppers bajes, scabby. Fin. rupi, scurf, scab,
in the latter language {embomales) has no itch, small-pox ; G. ruf, rufe, Fr. rouffe.
relation. Walach. scupi, scuipi, Bret. It, ruffia, scurf;
roffia, Milan, ruff,
skopa, to spit. sweepings, rubbish, filth, scurf; Venet.
To Sour.— Skir. To scur, to move rufa, crust, dirt, moss of trees ; Swiss riife,
hastily ; to skir, to graze, skim, or touch riefe, eruption, scab Sc. reif, eruption,
;

lightly ; to skirl, to slide. —


Hal. To skir the itch ; as. hreof, scab, leprosy hreofla,
;

the country round. — Macbeth. a leper; hrieftho (to be compared with


The light shadows
Du. scherfte) scaliness of the skin, scurf,
That in a thought scur o'er the fields of com. leprosy ; ON. hrufa, roughness, crust,
B. & F. scab ; hrufla, to scratch the surface,
Gael, sgiorr, slip, slide, or stumble. Sw. slightly wound ; PI.D. roof, rave, rob,
skorra, Da. skurre, to grate, jar. The scab Du. rappe, scab, scurf, scabies quae
;

primary force of the syllable scur or skir —


plerumque decerpi solet Kil. ; E. dial.
is probably to represent the sound of
rove, scab.
rapid movement through the air, as in —
Scurrile. Scurrilous. Lat. scurra, a
htirry-skurry. buffoon, professional jester.
Sctirrer in the sense of scout is proba- Scurvy, i Scurfy, scabbv, then shabby,
.

bly distinct from the foregoing, being mean.


taken from It. scorrere, to run, gad to and 2. Mid.Lat. scorbutus ; Fr. scorbut j E.
fro.— Fl. dial, scorvy. Sw. skdrbjugg, G. scharbock,
are doubtless corruptions ai scorbutus, the
And he sent for the scurrers to advyse the deal- origm of which is unknown. Perhaps
ynge of their ennemyes and to see where they the disorder may have taken its name
were and what number they were of. Berners, — from the scurfy unwholesome skin of a
Froiss. in R.
scorbutic person.
Scurf, G. schorf, Du. schorfte, Sw. Scurvy grass, provincially scrooby grass,
skorf, scurf, scab j skorpa, crust, scab. the botanical cochlearia, may be an ac-
;

SCUT SEASON 567


commodation from the ON. name, skarfa- feeding saginare, Sp. sainar, to fatten
;

gras, from skarfrj a cormorant, the plant beasts. Prov. sagin. Champ, sahin, Sp.
growing on seaside rocks. sain. It. saime, grease or fat.
• Scut. The short tail of a rabbit or Sean. Lat. ^agena, Gr. <7ayrivrj, a drag-
deer. Sw. dial, skati, tip, point, extremity, net.
top of a tree, spit of land, short tail of Sear. —
To Sear. Du. zoor, Pl.D.
animals as of a bear or a goat. soar, dry sooren, AS. searian, to dry,
;

To Scutch. To cleanse flax. Scutched, dry up. Fr. sorer, to dry herrings in the

whipped. Pegge. Gael, sguids, switch, smoke Gr. Sijpde, withered, dry.
;

lash, dress flax. A


form analogous to E. Sear leaves, leaves withered or dead as
switch, from the sound of a thin rod at the fall of the leaf; sear wood, dead
moving rapidly through the air. boughs. B. —
Scutch.eon. Fr. escusson, a scutcheon, To Scarce. See Sarce.
small target or shield. —
Cot. Dim. of To Search. It. cercare, Prov. cercar,
escu, a. shield, coat of arms, from Lat. sercar, Fr. chercher, Norm, sercher (Pat.
scutum. de Brai), Bret, kerc'hout.
Scuttle. I. Sp. escotilla, Fr. dscou- The Diez has well shown, is
origin, as
tilles, the scuttles or hatches of a ship, the Gr. a circle, from the idea of going
Kipicog,
trap doors [properly openings] by which round through every corner of the space
things are let down into the hold. — Cot. which has to be searched. When Ahab
Sp. escotar, to hollow a garment about and Obadiah made their anxious search
the neck ; escote, the hollow of the neck ; for any springs of water remaining un-
escotado, a dress cut low in the bosom. dried, it is said in the Vulgate, ' divise-

From OHG. scoz,G.schooss,\>o%<sa\.. Diez. runtque sibi regiones 7Jt circuirent eas.'
See Sheet. Propertius uses circare in the same sense.
2. A hoUow basket. AS. scutel, G. Fontis egens erro, circoque sonantia lymphis.
schiissel, Du. schotel, a dish, bowl, Lat.
scutella, scutula, dim. of scutum, a shield. The monk or nun whose business was
To Scuttle. I. To make holes in a to make a round of examination was
ship's deck or sides to let out or in the called in Mid.Lat. circa, Fr. cherche.
water, from scuttle, a small hatchway. '
Ordonnons qu'il y aura deux cherches
2. To hurry furtively away. Apparent- lesquelles on prendra pour un an, les-
ly for scuddle, a dim. of scud. To scuddle, quelles iront par sepmaines ciraiir les
to scud away, to run away all of a sud- officines du monast&re pour voir si on ne
den.— B. trouvera point aucunes caquetant ou fai-
Scythe. See Sithe. —
sant autre chose iUicite.' Carp. Albanian
Se-. Lat. se-, a particle used only in kerkoig signifies both I go throughout,
composition, and signifying apart : se- and I search. Kerkoig dynjame, I travel
ponere, to jAace apart. It seems to be round the world. In the same way from
merely the ablative of the reflective pro- Gr. yvpoQ, a turn, a circle, Mod.Gr. yuptiw,
noun. To lay apart is to lay by itself. to seek, search, inquire for ; yupiju rbv
Seorsum (for se-vorsuni), apart, asunder, Koa/Jiov, I travel round the world.
in a direction by itself In the same way Season. Fr. saison, due time, fit op-
ON. sir, the dative of the pronoun, is used portunity, a term, a time. Cot. Sp. —
to signify separation : k hofud sir, on his sazon, fit time, time of maturity, proper
head ; vera einn sir, to be alone by one- condition, taste, savour ; sazonar, to
self sirhverr, everj one by himself.
;
ripen, bring to maturity, or to a proper
Sea. ON. sior, sea, salt-water. Da. condition for enjoyment, to season meats.
so, G. see, Goth, saivs, lake. Ptg. sazao, proper time, time of maturity,
Seal. I. ON. selr, Da. sceI, scelhund, season of the year. Prov. sazo, period,
OHG. selach, a seal. time. En breu de sazo, en pauc de sazo,
2. Lat. sigillum(dim. of signum, a in a short or little time ; manta sazo,

mark). It. sigillo. Pro v. sagel, OFr. sael, many times, often. Sazonar, to ripen, to
seel, Sp. sello, a signet, seal. come to maturity, to satisfy. No fui
Seam. i. on. saumr, a sewing, seam sazonada de, I was never surfeited with,
saum thradr, sewing thread. Du. zoom, satisfied with.— Rayn. Dessazonar, to
a hem, brim, border ; G. saum, Sw. som, trouble, derange, disconcert. Mid.Lat.
hem, seam. saisonare, sadonare, assaxonare, to bring
2. Fr. saim, seam, the tallow, fat or to a proper condition. '
Quod pelles quae
grease of a. hog. —
Cot. Lat. sagina, fat- ex dorsis scuriolorum erant confectas non
Item fumarii debent
tening, fatted animal, fat produced by bene saisonatce.' '
;

S68 SEAT SEEK


coquere bene sadonare panes in furno.'
et . Sedate. Lat. sedo, -as, to render calm
— Consuet. Teneatur
Perpin. in Carp. '
or still, the causative of sedeo, to sit.
Sedentary. — Sediment.
(furnarius) panem bon4 fide coquere et Lat. sedeo,

asaxonare! Stat. Vercel. ibid. to sit or settle down.
Two derivations are commonly offered, Sedge. AS. secg, carex, gladiolus.
first from Lat. satio, sowing, seed-time, Lingula, the herb gladen or seggs. Fl. —
extended to other seasons of the year ;
Ir. seisg, w. hesg, sedges.

the objection to which is that satio does Sedition. Lat. seditio {se itio), a
not appear ever to have been used in the going apart, making a separate cabal or
sense of seed-time, much less of season in mutiny.
general. The second explanation sup- Sedulous. Lat. sedulus, careful, as-
poses the word to be a corruption of It. siduous, sitting at work.
stagione (from Lat. sfatid), a season or See. Properly the seat or throne of a
time of y£ar, Sp. estacion, station, a bishop. OYx. sd,sied2,siez. 'The arch-
place appointed for a certain end, season bishop of Canterbury took him be the
of the year, hour, moment, time. The rite hand and sette him in the Kyngis se.'
loss of the /, which would bring It. Capgrave, 273. — Quant il fu sacre e '


stagione to Fr. saison, is no doubt a dif- miz el sd.' Vie St Thomas. ' E sui assis
ficult step, but the senses correspond so al sed xiaX.' —
Livre des Rois. Lat. sedes.
exactly that I am inclined to believe that To See. as. seon, Goth, saikvan, g.
saison has originated in such a manner.
It. zocco, Fr. souche, the stock or stump Seed. AS. sad, G. saat, ON. sdd. w.
of a tree, have a like relation with E. hdd, seed. Lat. satus, sown.
stock. To Seek. Goth, sokjan, ON. scekia,
Seat. See Sit. Sw. sSka, Pl.D. sbken, seken, G. suchen.
Second. Lat. secundus, Fr. second. The most obvious type of pursuit is an
Secret. Lat. secretus j secerno, secre- infant sniffing for the breast, or a dog
tion, to sever, lay separate, put by itself scenting out his prey or sniffing after food.
Sect. Lat. secta, for secuta, a follow- On this principle we have Du. snoffelen,
ing, course of life, course of doctrine, naribus spirare, odorare, indagare canium
union of persons following the same leader. —
more Kil. G. schniiffeln, to search out
;

Divitioris enim sectam plerumque se- Bav. schnurkeln, to snift, also to search
quunttir. — Lucret. Quy hanc sectam, about, ferret out N. snusa, to snuff, sniff,
;

rationemque vitae re magis quam verbis to search, to pry into ; Du. snicken, to
secuti sumus. —
Cic. Hostes omnes draw breath, to sob, sigh, sniff, to scent
judicate qui M. Antonii sectam secuti out E. dial, sneak, snawk, snuck, to
;

sunt. —Cic. Sector, tg follow. Mid.Lat. smell ; snook, snoke, Sw. snoka, to search
secta was used for a suit or uniformity of out, to trace a thing out. Snoka i hvar
dress. '
Quodlibet artificium simul vestiti vrd, to thrust one's nose into Svery corner.
in una secta,' each guild dressed in one Now the sound of sharply drawing
suit of colour. —Knyghtonin Due. 'Libra- breath through the nose as in sobbing or
tam magnam panni unius sectcB,'a. copious sniffing is often represented by parallel
livery of cloth of one suit or of uniform forms beginning with sn and j respectively.
colour and quality. —
Fortescue, ibid. Thus we have E. dial, snob, to sob G. ;

Secta in English Law was also suit or fol- schnauben, to short, schnobern, to sniff, to
lowing. Secta curia, attendance on the scent out, to be compared with E. sob;
court of the Lord secta ad molendinum, and E. snuff, sniff, to be compared with
;

duty of carrying the tenants' corn to a Sc. souff, to breathe deep in sleep, AS.
certain mill. Secta or sequela, the right seofan, to sigh. In the same way Du.
of prosecuting an action at law, the suit snickeft, Pl.D. snucken, to sob, correspond
or action itself. to OE. sike, to sigh, and Sw. sucka, to
-sect. — Section. —
Seg'ment. Lat. sigh or sob. The syllabic suk is used to
seco, sectum, to cut sectio, a cutting; represent the sound of sniffing or snifting
;

segtnentum, what is cut off. in Lap. sukt, a cold in the head, to be


Secular. Lat. seculum, an age, se- compared with E. dial, sjieke, Du. snof, in
cularis, belonging to this age or world. the same sense. Such an application of
Secure. Lat. securus; se and cura, the root would also explain W. swchio [to
care, without care, safe. sniff out], to search with the snout as a
-seoute. -sequence. Lat. sequor, pig or a dog (Lewis), the origin instead
secutus, I follow, whence Persecute, Cojt- of a derivative of swch, Gael, soc, the
secutive, Consequent, &c. snout. Hence Fin. sika, Esthon. sigga.
;

SEEL SEIZE 569


a hog, W. socyn, a pig, as the rooting quotes E. seem as formerly signifying
animal. Sw. sSka to seek, is applied to decere, now videri. —
II. p. 192. It is not
dogs in the sense of tracing by scent very obvious how such a change of mean-
soka som hundar, to scent out sdka efter
; ing C0UI4 have taken place, although, if
ijorden, to root like a pig in the ground. the meaning had originally been to ap-
To Seel. Fr. siller les yeux, to seel or pear, the change to that of appearing
sew up the eyelids, (and thence) to hood- right or fitting would have been compre-
wink, keep in darkness. Cot.— It. ciglio, hensible enough. It is however some
Fr. cil, an eyelid cigliare, to seel a confirmation of Diefenbach's position that
;

pigeon's eye or any bird's. —


Fl. Seeling Bav. zemen (= G. ziemen), to become,
(among falconers) is the running of a beseem, behove, is also used in the sense
thread through the eyelids of a hawk when of being acceptable to one, seeming good
first taken, so that she may see very little to him, and generalLy of seeming or ap-
or not at all, to make her better endure pearing to one in a certain light. Mich
the hood. —
B. The process of ensiling a zimet, gezimet eines dinges : I am well
hawk's eye is described in the book of St pleased with a thing, it seems good to
Alban's. 'Take the nedyll and threde me. rDas ziinbt mich : videtur mihi, me-
and put it thorough the ouer eyelydde, and seem% Ss zam mi, or zam mi, me-
so of that other [and so with the other thought, meseemed. Zimts di weit auf
eye], and make them faste und the becke, Traunstein: do you think it is far to
that she se not, and then is she ensiled Traunstein ? Comp. w. of E. sim, zim,
as she oughte to be.' to think.
We must not confound the word with It is to be remarked that It. semirare,
sealing in the sense of closing. Fr. sembler, to seem, are derived from
— —
To Seem. i. Seemly. Beseem. To the same ultimate root from which we
seem was formerly used in the sense in have explained seem, to become or be
which we now use beseem, to become, be fitting.
suitable to. There is an accidental resemblance to

Honest mirth that seemed her well. Spenser. ON. synask. Da. synes, to think, to seem,
from syn, sight, view. Mig sy?ies, me-
ON. sama, to fit (as a coat), to be fitting seemeth, methinks. Maanen synes os
or becoming, to adorn ; soma, sama, to lige stor sem solen : the moon seems to
be or to deem fitting or becoming. Betr us as large as the sun. n. han kann
samdi thar : it would better become koma naar han synest : he can come
you. Hann samir thaS ecki : he does when he thinks fit, when it seems good
not approve of it, does not think it fitting. to him. ON. mer syndiz, it appeared to
Samilegr, N. sameleg, Dan. sommelig, me.
decorous, seemly, fitting. To Seethe. on. sjoSa, to cook by
The principle of the foregoing expres- boiling G. sieden, to boil.
; Doubtless
sions the unity resulting from a well-
is from the bubbling noise of boiling water.
assorted arrangement, giving rise to the ON. suda, hum, buzring, boiling. Pl.D.
use of the root sam (which indicates suddern, to boil with a subdued sound ;
unity or identity in so many languages) Sc. softer, to make the bubbling noise of
in expressing the ideas of fitness, suit- a thing boiling, to simmer. Gael, sod,
ability, decorum. N. sams, like, of the noise of boiling water, steam, boiled
same kind sam, agreement, unity usam,
; ; meat. Gr. tri^tiv (of hot iron plunged
discordance scemja, to fit one thing to
; into wet), to hiss.
another, to agree together, to live in To Seize. Fr. saisir, Prov. sazir, to
unity. See Same. seize, to take possession of; sazina, sa-
We must not confound the foregoing dina. It. sagina, Fr. saisine, seisin, pos-
with G. ziemen, geziemen, Goth, gaiiman, session of land. It. sagire, Mid.Lat.
Du. taemen, betaemen, to be fitting or sacire, to put in possession. Regarded
becoming G. ziemlich, Du. taemeligh, by Diez as formed from OHG. sazjan, to
;

taemigh, Sw. temmelig, decent, tolerable, set bisazjan, to beset, to occupy.


; Ga-
middhng, the origin of which is explained sazjan, to possess sezzi, possession. ;

under Beteem. Graff. Mid.Lat. assietare (from Fr. as-
To Seem. 2. There is considerable siette, seat) is used in the sense of giving
difficulty in tracing the development of possession. Quod feudum castri de Po-
the verb seem, to appear. Diefenbach —
piano fuerat assignatum, assietatum, et
regards as undoubted that it is a second- —
traditum dicto militi. Arest. Pari. Paris,
ary application of seem, to be fitting. He A.D. 1355, in Carp. It may be doubted

S70 SELDOM SEPT


however whether the word not of Celtic is ing, perception ; j^«jz&7zj,thatmaybefelt.
origin. Gael, sds, lay hold of, fix, adhere -sent. I. -sent in absent, present, Lat.
to sds, a hold or grasp, an instrument,
; absens, prcesens, is the active participle of
means. the verb sum (for esutti), to be. See
Seldom. Goth, sildaleiks, wonderful ;
Essence.
ON. sjaldan, seldom, sjaldsin, seldom -sent. 2.— Sentient. — Sentiment.
seen, sjaldgcetr, seldom got, rare, &c. Sentence. Lat. sentio, to feel, perceive,
AS. seid, -or, -ost, unusual, rare ; seldan, think ; as-, dis^, con-sentio, to agree to,
seldon, rarely, seldom ; seldcuth, selcuth, to think differently from, to think with.
rarely known, wonderful, strange ; G. Sententia, opinion, pronounced opinion,
selten, seldom. decision.
avows that he has no light on the
Dief. Sentinel.— Sentry. It. sentinella, Fr.
subject either from within or without the sentinelle,from whence E. sentinel is
Gothic stock of language. borrowed, are variously explained from ;

Self. ON. sjalfr, Goth, silba, G. selb. Sp. sentar, to seat, as signifying a soldier
Possibly from the reciprocal pronoun, appointed to watch a fixed post in opposi-
Lat. se, G. sich, and leib, body, as OFr. tion to a patrole or from sentire, to
;

ses cars. Et il ses cars ira avec vmis en


' perceive, as It. scolta, a scout, from ascol-
la terre de Babiloine and he himself
:
' tare, to listen ; or from sentina, the sink
will go with you, he will go bodily with of a ship, on the hypothesis that the name
you. —Villehardouin, p. 46. was originally given to a person appoint-
To Sell. ON. sella. As. sellan, syllan, ed to watch the state of water in the
ODu. sellen, to transfer, deliver, sell ; ON. hold. But neither sentar nor sentire
sala, MHG. sal, delivery. could have formed a feminine noun like
Selvage. Du. selfende, selfkant, self- sentinella in the senses above understood,
egge (Kil.), the selvage, properly self-edge, nor could the word be a corruption of
that which makes an edge of itself with- sentinatore, which must have been the
out hemming. De zey'kanten worden original fjprm if it signified the watcher of
niet gezoomd, the selvages are not hem- a sentina.
med. Halma.— The real origin of the designation is the
Semblance, -semble. Lat. simulo confinement of the sentinel to a short
(from slmllls, like), to make as if, to path or beat along which he paces to and
assume the appearance of dissimulo, to ; fro,from OFr. sente, a path, the origin of
make as if it was not, to dissemble. It. the modern sentier, and of the diminutives
seinblare, sembiare, sembrare, Fr. sembler, sentine, sentelle, senteret, cited by Roque-
to seem, to resemble ; It. sembianza, Fr. fort. Thus sentinelle (as a secondary
semblance, appearance, semblance It. ; dim. from sentine) or senteret would
simigliare, Sp. semejar, to resemble, to originally signify the sentinel's beat, and
seem like It. rassomlgliare, Fr. ras-
; his function would be familiarly known
sembler, to resemble. by the phrase /aire la sentinelle, or per-
Semi-. Lat. semi, Gr. ij/it, half; both haps battre la sentinelle or senteret, as in
used in comp. only. English to keep sentry, whence the name
Seminal. Lat. semen, seed for sowing ;
would be compendiously transferred to
sero, I sow. the functionary himself. Fr. lever de
Senate. — Senile. — Senior.
Lat. sentinelle, to relieve a sentinel, to take
senex, an aged man ; senior, elder ; him from his beat.
senilis, belonging to old age ; senatus, It is a strong confirmation of the fore-
properly an assembly of aged men. Goth. going derivation that it accounts for the
sineigs, aged, from a simple sins, preserved origin of both the synonyms sentinel and
in the superl. sinista, the eldest. W. hhi, sentry, the last of which is commonly
Gael, sean, aged, old. assumed to be a corruption of sentinel
To Send. on. senda; Goth, sandjanj without further explanation.
G.,Du. senden. Separate. Lat. separo, -as, to put by
Seneschal. Mid.Lat. siniscalcus, fa- itself.
mulorum senior, the steward. From Sept. A clan or following ; a corrup-
Goth, sineigs, old, superl. sinista, and synonymous sect.
tion of the
skalks, EL servant. —
Grimm. In like man- Wherein now M'Morgho and his kinsmen,
ner, the starost or steward of a village, in O'Byme and his sepie, and the Tholesbien in-
Russia, signifies eldest. habited. —
State Papers, A.D. 1537.
There are another secte of the BeAes and divep

Sense. Sensation. Sensible. — Lat. —
of the Irishry towards Sligo. Ibid. A.D. 1536, in
sentio, sensum, I think, feel ; setisus, feel- N. & Q. May 9, 1857.
;

SEPULCHRE SETTLE 571

The same corruption is found in Prov. played before the door of one's mistress
cepte. '
Vist que lo dit visconte non era by way of compliment. Sereno (of the
eretge ni de lor cepte:' seeing that the weather), open, fair, clear, thence the
said viscount was not heretic nor of their open air as opposed to the confinement
sect. —
Sismondi, Litt. Proveng. 215. of a house ; giacere al sereno, serenare, to

Sepulchre. Sepulture. Lat. sepelio, lie in the open air. Sereno is also applied
sepultum, to bury. to the evening dew which only falls in

Sequel. Sequence, -sequent. Lat. clear weather.
sequor, secuius sum, to follow ; sequent, Serene. Lat. serenus, clear, bright,
following ; sequentia, sequela, a following. calm.
Sequester. Lat. sequester, an inter- Serg^eant. It. sergente, a Serjeant,
mediary, one who holds a deposit ; se- beadle, also a servant, a groom or squire.
questra, to put into the hands of an — Fl. Fr. sergent, Piedm. servient, a
indifferent person, to lay aside. beadle, officer of a court. Li serganz kil
Seraglio. The palace in which the servoit, the servant who served him. —
women of a Mahometan prince are shut Chanson d'Alexis in Diez. Mid.Lat. ser-
up. It. serragUo, a place shut in, locked vient ad legem, a serjeant at law. The i
or inclosed as a cloister, a park, or a of serviens is converted into a / and the v
paddock ; also used for the great Turk's lost, as in Fr. aireger ixora. abbreviare.
chief court or household. Fl. From — Series. Lat. series, a train, order, row,
serrare, to lock in, to inclose. Probably from sero, to lay in order, to knit.
the application to the sultan's palace was Serious. Lat. serius, grave, earnest.
favoured by the Turkish name saray Sermon. Lat. sermo, a discourse.
(from the Persian), a palace, a mansion. Serpent. Lat. serpens j serpo, to
Sarayli, any person, especially a woman, creep, glide, as snakes do.
who has belonged to the sultan's palace. Serrate. Lat. serra, a saw.
Caravanserai, the place where a caravan Serried. Fr. serrd, closely pressed
ishoused, an Eastern iim. serrer (Lat. sera, a. lock), to shut in, in-
Sere. Several, divers. B. — close, press.
-sert. Sero, sertum, to knit, wreathe,
Befor Persye than jffl>-men brocht war thai.
join ; as in Assert, Insert, Desertion, &c.
Wallace.
To Serve. —
Servile, -serve. Lat.
In seir pards, in several divisions.— Ibid. servus, a. slave ; servio, to be a slave, to
NE. They are gone seer ways, in different serve, to work for another. Hence to de-
by work.
directions. —
Jam. Sw. sdr, apart. Taga
i sdr, to take to pieces. S&rdeles, singu-
serve, to earn a thing
-serve, -serv-. Lat. servo, properly
lar, special ; sarskildt, diverse, different, to look, to take heed, then to take care
particular. of, to keep, preserve, or save. Hence Con-

The origin is ON. sdr, sibi, for or by it- serve, Observe, Preserve, Reserve.
self. Hann var um
mat, he was
sir Session. Lat. sedeo, sessum, to sit
by himself at meat. ' Their foro stun- sessio, an act of sitting.
dum bathir samt, stundum ser hvarr (Sw. — —
To Set. To Sit. Seat. as. settan,
hvar for sig) ' they went sometimes both
: G. setzen, ON. setia, to place, to let down ;
together, sometimes each by himself. — G. sitzen, ON. sitia, to sit, to set oneself
Heimskringla, I. 27. SMegr, singular, down. Lat. sidere, to let oneself down,
morose. SdrrdSr (Dan. selvraadig), self- to alight, to sink, settle, sit down sedere,
;

willed, obstinate sdruitr (Dan. selvklog),


;
to sit, to remain sitting ; Gr. E?opoi, to
conceited, confident in his own wisdom. seat oneself, to sit ; 'iSog, seat t?w, to
;

See Se-. make to sit, to sink down, settle, sit.


Swed. sin, suus,'is used in an analog- Seton. Fr. seton, an issue in the neck,
ous way in the sense of separate, peculiar, where the skin is taken up and pierced
particular. Sin budkaflei hvamfidrding, with a needle, and a skein of silk or
a separate token (baculum nuntiatorium), thread passed through the wound. Mid.
in each division. Sinaledes, quisque suo Lat. It. seta, silk setone, a hair cord.
;

modo {sin led, his own way), whence pro- Bret, seizen, a string of silk.
bably may be explained Sc. seindle, sel- Settle.—* To Settle. AS. setl, a seat,
dom, rare originally, peculiar.
;
a setting setlgang, setlung, the setting
;


Sere. Cere. The yellow between the of the sun. To settle is to seat oneself,
to subside, to become calm. In the sense
beak and eyes of a hawk. From the re-
semblance to yellow wax ? of adjusting a difference, coming to agree-
Serenade. It. serenata, evening music ment upon terms, there is probably a
;

572 SEVEN SEX


confusion with a radically dififerent verb Sometimes, instead of considering the
from ON. sdtt, satt, agreement, reconcilia- effect of the suction in di7ing the subject
tion AS. sahte, seht, peace, agreement
; ;
from whence it is drawn, our attention is
sahtlian, sehtian, OE. saghtle, to compose, directed to the bodily presence of the
settle, reconcile sahtnys, an atonement.
;
liquid withdrawn. In this point of view
For when a sawele is sa^tled and sakred to we have E. dial, sew or sue, to ooze or
dryjten: when a soul is reconciled and dedicated issue as blood from a wound, water from
to the I^rd.— Morris' AUiterative Poems, p. 72. wet land, to exude. Ta sew out stam-
The confusion with settle, to subside, took —
minly, it flowed out surprisingly. Moor.
place very early, and in the poem last NE. seugh. Midland sough, suff, a drain.
quoted it is said of the Ark, —
'The town sink, the common j«k/.' No-
Where the wynde and the weder warpen hit menclator 1585, in Hal. Grigons schuar,
wolde, assaver, assovar, to water ; Fr. essiaver,
Hit sa^tled on a softe day synkande to grounde. to flow away; essiaw, essuier, essuyer,
P-Si- esseouere, essiaviere, seuwiire, esewiere, a
Again, of the subsidence of the storm as conduit, mill leat, drain of a pond. — Ro-
soon as Jonah was cast into the sea. quef. Mid.Lat. assewiare, to set dry, to
The se sa-jUed therwith as sone as ho most. drain. '
Quod ipsi mariscum praedictum
p. 98. cum pertinentiis assewiare, et secundum
Seven. AS. seofgn, Goth, sibun, ON. leges marisci vallis includere et in cultu-
Dan. syv, Gr. eVra, Lat. septem, Gael.
si'd, —
ram redigere, et mariscum sic assewia-
seachd, W. saith, Sanscr. saptan.
— Several. tu7n, &c.' —
Chart. Edw. III. The use of
To Sever. Fr. sevrer, to seware in the sense of watering is a
wean severare, to sever or sunder,
; It. secondary application, as the water drawn
from Lat. separare. Hence OFr. several, off in the process of draining would often
divers, several, separate persons. be usefully employed on other land. ' Cum
Severe. Lat. severus, stern, rigorous, prohibuissera ne ecclesia S' Bertini pra-
harsh. tum suum per terram meam sewaret.' —
To Sew. Lat. suere, Goth, siujan, AS. Chart. Domi de Basenghem, A.D. 1220,
simian, suwan. in Carp.

Sew. Sewer, i. To sew is used in the * Sewer. 2. An officer who comes in
sense of to make or to become dry. A
before the meat of a king or nobleman
cow when her milk is gone is said to go and places it on the table.^— B. To sew
sew ; a ship is sewed when she comes to was used in the sense of serving up
lie on the ground or to lie dry. To sew dishes.
a pond is to empty or drain it, to set it Take garlick and stamp it and boil hit and seiv
dry. —
B. To sew (of a hawk), to wipe it forihe. Pr. Pm. —
the beak. Hal. — The origin may probably be found in
A corresponding form is found in all Pl.D. sode, soe (from sieden, to boil), so
the Romance languages with the radical much as is boiled at once, a dish een soe
;
sense of sucking up moisture, the origin Sew in the Liber
fiske, a dish of fish.
of which is shown in Gael, sitg, suck, im- cure cocorum is commonly used for
bibe ; sAgh, juice, sap, moisture, and as sauce :

a verb, drink up, suck in, drain, dry, be-


Hew thy noumbuls alle and sum,
come dry ; sughadh (pronounced sii-a), And boyle \hy sew, do horn therinne. p. 10. —
drinking or drying up, seasoning of wood; I^ay the hare in charioure (charger), as I the
gun sugh (without moisture), dry. In the kenne,
same way Sp. jugo. It. suco, succo, sugo, Powre on the sewe and serve it thenne. p. 21. —
sap, juice Sp. enjugar. It. asciugare, It is used for boiled meat in the following
;

Prov. eisugar, essugar, echucar, Fr. essuer, passage :

esseuwer (Roquef.), essuger (Jaubert),


At Ewle we wonten gambole, daunce.
essuyer, to dry, and thence to wipe. Prov. To carrole and to sing,
eissuch, Fr. essuy- (Vocab. de Berri), E. To have gud spiced sewe and roste,
dial, assue, k sec, dried. Grisons schig, And plum-pies for a king.
Schick, dry ina vacca Schick, a cow that Warner, Alb. Eng. V. c. 24.
;

is gone a sew. Sckichiar, silar, siier, to The w. forms are probably borrowed
dry, to wipe. The W. sych, Bret, sec'k, from the English. W. saig, seigen, a dish
dry sycku, sedha, to dry, to wipe, con- or mess of meat
; seigio, to serve up
;

nect the foregoing forms with Lat. siccus, seigiwr, one who serves up dishes, a
and showtliat the latter is (like Gael.^a« sewer.
sil^h, dry) formed on a negation of succus. Sex. Lat. sexus.
; — ;;

SEXTON SHAIL 573


Sexton. OE. sehesteyn, Fr. sacristain, scapus, stalk, shaft of a pillar, post
the keeper of the sacristy or place where scipio, a. staff.
the sacred vestments and other imple- Shag^. — Shaggy. — Shock. Shag or
ments of a church are stowed. shock is long tufted hair, long nap of cloth.
The Setesteyn for all that defense Of the same kind is the goat hart, differing only
3yt he save the body ensense, in thebeard and long j>5fl^about the shoulders.
Manuel des Pecchfe, ii.ioo. Holland, Pliny. Buls with shackt heares and
Sextry, a vestry. —B. —
curled manes like fierce lions. Hollinshed in R.
Shabby. Mean,
contemptible. A Shag wool'd sheep. Drayton. —
term expressive of contempt, of like origin Ashock head is a head of tufted hair ;
and application with scurvy, from the a shock dog or sh(j.g dog, a rough shaggy
itching skin and scratching habits of a dog.
neglected dirty person, e. dial, shab AS. sceacga, csesaries, item frondium
(Fris. shab), the itch shabby, mangy, ; fasciculus ; sceacged, comatus, comosus.
itchy. —
Hal. Du. schabben, schobben, to — Lye. ON. jyJ^.gg', beard. ^yi\s?, tschogg,
scratch, to rub schabbe, scab ; schabbigh, tuft on a bird's head, locks of a man's
scabby — Kil.
;

schabbig, schabberig, head ; tschoggen, to tug one by the hair.


shabby. —
Bomhoff.
;

Dan. skabe, to It. ciocca, any tuft, bush, lock of hair, silk

scratch skabbig, Dan. skabbed, mangy. or wool, also a thick cluster ; cioccoso,

;


Outzen. bushy, shaggy, bunchy. Fl. Du. schocke,
: Shack. The shaken grain remaining —
a heap. Kil. E. shock, a pile of sheaves.
on the ground when gleaning is over, the Lap. tuogge, a tangled lock ; Fin. tukka,
fallen mast. —
Forby. Hence to shack, to forelock, hanging lock.
turn pigs or poultry into the stubble-field Parallel with the foregoing is a series
to feed on the scattered grain shack, ;
of similar forms with exchange of the
liberty of winter pasturage, when the cattle final guttural for a labial. Goth, skuft,
are allowed to rove over the tillage land. OHG. scufi, scuff, hair of the head ; MHG.
To go at shack, to rove at large, and met. schoup, bunch, wisp of straw ; G. schopf,
shack, a vagabond ; shackling, idling, Swiss tschuff, fschnp, tuft of feathers,
loitering. Hal. — hair of head, It. ciuffo, a tuft or forelock
In the original sense, shackin, the ague of hair, Fr. touffe, E. tuff, tuftj G. zopf,
shackripe, so ripe that the grain shakes tuft or tress of hair, top of tree ; Pol.
from the husk. —
Craven Gloss. Shack, czub, tuft, crest; Let. tschuppis, tuft of
to shed as over-ripe corn. Mrs Baker. — hair, bunch, cluster, heap ; W. sidb, tuft,
Manx skah, shake, shed. tassel ; sioba, crest of bird.
Shackle, as. scacut, sceacul, a. clog, The radical image is probably a shag,
fetter Du. schaeckel, the link of a chain,
; shog,jog or abrupt movement, leading to
step of a ladder, mesh of a net ; schakelen, the notion of a projection, then a lump,
to link together. It is not easy to see bunch, tuft. ON. skaga, to project, skagi,
any connection of meaning with Sw. a promontory. In the same way Sw.
skakil, Dan. skagle, the shaft of a cart. ^'^Sgj shaggy hair, seems to be connected
Shade. Goth, skadus, shade ufar- ; with Da. rage, to project.
skadrjan, to overshadow gaskadveins, ;
To Shag.— Shog. To jog, move ab-
covering AS. sceado, sceadu, Du. schaede, ruptly to and fro. Shoggle, to shake, to
;

schaeye, schaduwe, schawe, G. schaiten, joggle. —


Brocket. ' And the boot in the
shade Gael, sgdih, Bret, skeud, shade
;
myddil of the see was schoggid with
W. cysgod, shadow, shelter ysgodi, to ;
;


waives.' Wiclif. To rock, shake, shog,
shelter, shadow ysgodigo, to be affright-
;
wag up and down. Cot. W. ysgogi, to —
ed (comp. Fr. cheval ombrageux). Gr. wag. A
parallel form with gog (in gog-
o-iMtt, shade BKiaX,ia, to shade
; tymaSiiov, mire),jog,jag, formed on the same prin-
;

cKiaSiffKr], a screen. ciple with them from the representation


Shaft. ON. skapt, the shaft of a spear, of abrupt movements by sounds of similar
a handle Du. schacht, schaft, a stalk, character. Compare Swiss tschaggen, to
;

reed, rod, pole, arrow, quill, the shaft of a tick as a clock schaggeri (stossen), to jog. ;

mine. Da. skoggre, to make a loud harsh noise


Chaucer seems to use it in the sense of skoggerlatter, horselaugh, roar of laughter.
reed. See Jag.
His slepe, his mete, his drinke was him byraft To Shall. To w^lk crookedly. To
That lene he wede and drie as is a. shaft. drag the feet heavily.— Craven Gloss.
Knight's Tale. Esgrailler, to shale or straddle with the
Gr. BKa-iTTOv, nKfjirTpov, a staff Lat. feet or legs.— Cot.; ON. skjdlgr, oblique.
. —
; .

574 SHAKE SHAM


Swab, schelk, awry
schelken, to go awry.
; skil, N. skiel, right, just demand ; aUe ei
To Shake, on. skaka, to shake, to skjel, one rule for all ; ON. gdra skil, Da.
jog; Du. sehocken, to shake, jog, strike gjore ret og skjel, to do justice, satisfy all
against ; Sift3h.schakken,schokklen, schuk- legitimate claims upon one,
ken, to shake, strike against, move. Dem A king to kepe his lieges in justice,
schuldigen schokkt das mantele: the cloak Withouten doute that is his office.
of the guilty trembles. Schick, an im- AllwoU he kepe his lordes in hir degree
pulse schuckweis, by starts.
;
As it is right and skil that they be
Parallel forms with Shag, Shog. Enhansed and honoured.—Chaucer in R.
Shale. A kind of slaty marl that may N. gjera skjel fyr' ein ting, to make satis-
be separated in thin sheets. G. schale, a faction for a thing, to earn it. Sw. skdl,
shell or scale. See Scale. reason, ground, motive. Hwad skdl
Shall.— Should, Goth, skulan, pres. fdregaf han, what excuse did he give,
skal, skulun, pret. skulda j on. skal, what pretext did he make. Hafwa skdl
skuldij G. sollen, shall. Goth, skula, a att, to have ground for. Han har skdl
debtor Sw. skuld, fault, crime, cause,
; at klaga, he has reason to complain.
debt. Skuld pd en rekning, balance Med ritt och skdl, with right and reason.
due in an account. Lith. skeliti, skilti, Han har gjordt j'.ta/fdrmaten, he has de-
to be indebted skola, debt.
; served his meat. Han har gjordt skdl
The sense of liability or indebtedness fdr sig, be has performed his part. From
is explained by Grimm on the supposition the foregoing forms we pass to ON. skal
that the original meaning of skal was I (pi. skidurri), AS. sceal (pi. sceolon), I
have slain, thence, I have become liable shall, as fundamentally signifying, I have
for the weregelt. A
more satisfactory ground for, I have reason, I am bound
explanation may be found in N. skil, to do so and so, to pay a sum of money, &c.
skjel, skyl, separation, difference, distinc- The derivation of shall from a word
tion. D'as skil paa (of anything unusual), signifying difference is supported by the
there is a difference. Hence skilja, to analogy of ON. munr, difference, and
make a difference, to be of consequence, thence man (infin. munti), I must, E. dial.
to produce an effect, to signify, to concern / mun. Munr er at tnans lidi, there is
one. Dffi skil ikje lite, there is no little a difference in one man's aid ; one man's
difference. Dae skilde meg inkje, that aid produces an effect. Siafyri mun um
made no difference to me, did not con- eit, to foresee the consequence of a thing,
cern me. In this sense it skills not was the difference it will make. N. mun, dif-
formerly common in our own language. ference, change ; muna, to change, to
produce an effect, to be of use, to help
Now we three have spoken.it
It skills not greatly who impugns our doom. mune (auxiliary), must, ought.
2nd pt. H. VI. Shalloon. Stuff of Chalons.— B.
It skilUth very much [it is of great importance]
Shallop. —
Sloop, It. scialupa, Fr,
in this matter and question now in hand to know chaloupe, Du. sloepe, a boat.

the nature of the earth, &c. Holland, Pliny Shallo-w. —
Shelve. —
Shoal. Swiss
in R. schalb, schelb, slanting, shelving. In
In the same way odds, difference, is proportion as the shore shelves or slants
vulgarly used in the sense of consequence, the sea is slow in deepening. Hence
tendency to produce an effect. ' It's no shallow, shoal, undeep. ON. skidlgr,
odds which you take.' oblique. Sc. schald, shallow, shoal. Swab.
The term signifying difference is then schelb, crooked, wry ; schelk, askew, wry,
applied to that from whence the differ- of the eyes or gait. See Shelve.
ence proceeds, the reason, cause, grounds Sham. Pretended. To sham one, to
of an action, the sake or that on account put a trick upon one.— B. Probably a
of which it is done, the proper principles hide-shatne, as Da. skamskiul {skiute, to
of action, equity, justice. hide, conceal), Sw. skamidcke {tdcka, to
cover), a false pretext, cloak for shame.
In like manner Joon the apostle for humilnesse
in his epistleyirtlie same skile sette not his name
Hans sygdom var kun skamskiul: his
thereto. —
Wiclif in R. sickness was only a sham. G. schand-
Philip herd that chance how the Inglis had done, deckel, a sham, a flam, what one takes
And alle howbegan, and all the skille why
it for a cloke to cover one's shame with.
That thei togidder ran, and we had the maistrie. Kiittn.
R. Brunne, 252.
This pretended zeal for natural religion is a
Da. ban veed intet skiel til det han sager, mere shaiii and disguise to avoid a more odious
he has no grounds for what he says. ON. imputation. — Stillingfleet
— ;;

SHAMBLES SHARD S7S


Shambles. Lat. scamillus, dim. of form, shape. OHG. scaffelosa zimber, in-
scamnuin, a bench. It. scabello, OFr. formis materia. Probably derived from
eschatne, eschatnel, a stool, as. sceamol, the notion of carving or shaping by the
a bench. Du. schabelle, schaemel, a sup- knife. Lith. skabeti, to cut ; skabus,
port,*trivet, stooL sharp ; skapoti, to shave, to carve ;
Shambling. Du. schampelen, to iszkapoti, to hollow out, cut hollow.
stumble. Swiss tschiimpelen, to go about Abroza skaptoti, to carve an image in
in a slack and trailing manner. Sc. wood or stone.
shamble, to rack the limbs by striding Shard, i A broken piece of a tile or
.

too far. '


You'll shamble yourself.' of some earthen vessel, a gap in a hedge.
Shamble-chafts, wry mouth, distorted — B. Du. schaerde, scheure, a breach,

chaps. ^Jam.
Sham.e. Goth, skaman sik, to be
notch, crack, piece of broken pottery
schaerdtandig, gap - toothed, broken-
;

ashamed. ON. skomm, shame, dishonour, mouthed. P1.D. skaard, G. scharte, ON.
abuse ; skamma, to dishonour, disfigure, skarS, Da. skaar, a notch, breach, cut.
abuse ; skammask, to be ashamed. OHG. orskardi, lidiscardi, injury to the
Shame is the pain arising from the ears or limbs. Da. skaar, also, as NE.
thought of another person contemplating potscar, a fragment. Fr. escharde, a
something belonging to us with con- splinter.
tempt, indignation, or disgust. It shrinks The corresponding verb is seen in the
from the Ught and instinctively seeks con- forms Du. scheuren, schoren, to rend, tear,
cealment, like Adam when he heard the cut, crack —
KU., Pl.D. scheren, to tear
voice of God in the garden and knew he away, separate, OHG. skerran, Prov.
was naked. Accordingly the word may esquirar, to scratch or tear, 07r.deschirer,
well originate in the idea of shade or con- to tear apart, G. scharren, to scrape,
cealment, and may be illustrated by P1.D. Bret, skarra, to crack, chap, Gael, sgar,
jcA^»j£, shade,shadow; a-verschetnen, to tear asunder, separate, divorce, Fr. es-
overshadow hevenschemig, dark, over-
; carter, to separate, to disperse. All from
cast. See Shimmer. the sound of scraping, scratching, tearing,

Shanioy. Shammy. Fr. chamois, a analogous to Gael. rcLc (which uses the
wild goat, and the skin thereof dressed. same consonantal sounds in an opposite
It. camoccia, camozza, the wild goat order), make a' noise as of geese or ducks
camoscio, Fr. satneau, chameau, shammy or of cloth tearing, tear asunder, rake,
or buff leather, leather dressed soft G. harrow. See Scarce.
gemse, chamois ; zetnisch, semisch, Du. 2.A special application of the notion
seem., seemen, seetnsch, PoL zaTnsz, Sw. of separating (closely allied to that seen
samsk, shammy leather. The resemblance in Fr. escharde, a spUnter) gives OE.
to the name of the chamois seems acci- shard, a scale.
dental, as it is not likely that an animal She sigh her thought a dragon tho
so rare as the chamois must always have Whose scherdes shynen as the Sonne. Gower.—
been should give its name to a leather in The sharded beetle.
general use.

Cymbeline.
Some explain it as Samogi- scarda, a scale ; scardare, to scale fishes,
It.

tian (G. SdmiscK) leather. It must be card wool.


observed however that the characteristic 3. Shard, dung.
of the material is pliantness as opposed
You forget yourself—a squire,
to the stiffness of tanned leather. Now Aad think so meanly ? fall upon a cawshard.
Du. sam- (applied to leather) is soft, B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, 4, 5.
pliant ; sm£u en sam, sappig en malsch.
— Overyssel Almanach, 1836. E. dial.

Sharde and dung. Elyot in Hal. It is
'
semmit, semtnant, pliant, supple, slender. in this sense that ' the shard-born beetle
is to be understood in Macbeth ; dung-
As soft and semmit as a lady's glove. As
tall and semmant as a willow wand.
bom, and not borne aloft on shards or
Whitby Gl. scales.
Shank. AS. earmscanca, the arm-bone The humble bee talceth no scom to lodge in a
cow's foul shard.
Pl.D. schake, schanke, long leg, leg in a
depreciatory sense. Da. skank, G. schenkel, So from sham, dung, the beetle is called
the shank ; diehschenkel, the thigh. It sharnbug, shambude, P1.D. schambulle,
zanca, leg, shank, shin. Sp. zanca, leg schamwevel.
of a bird, long thin leg. This sense of the word is to be explained
Shape. Goth, gaskapjan, ON. skapa, from the notion of scraping or raking
Du. schaepen, scheppen, to form. N. skap. away and casting out as refuse. G.
.576 SHARE SHATTER
scharren, to scrape, scratch, rake Swiss ; The sense of scraping or scratching is
scharren, to scrape the dirt of the roads ; commonly expressed by direct representa-
schoren, to cleanse out the dung from a tion of the sound. E. screak, to creak or
stall schorete, ausschorete, dung
; schor-
; grate like a door or a cart-wheel ; scrauk,
graben, gutter that receives the draining —
to scratch. Hal. The same radical form
from stables ; Bret, skarza (properly to may be recognised in Da. skrukke, to
scrape), to sweep, to cleanse W. ysgarth,
; cluck like a hen, when it is observed that
offscouring, excrement Sw. skrdda, to
; the cries of domestic fowls are often de-
cleanse, to pick, to cast out the bad. signated by the same fbrms as the harsh
Skrdda ogras, afskrap ifran, to weed, to sounds of scraping or tearing. Thus we
free from rubbish. It. scardare, to weed, have Bret, graka, to croak, to cluck, to
is the same word, although commonly ex- make a noise like scrubbing a rough body,
plained as if it signified to free from to scrape ; Gael, rdcadh, noise of geese
thistles. or of ducks, noise of tearing, act of raking

Share. Shire. As scir, a share, a or of tearing.
shire or territorial division ; sceran, The transposition of the liquid and
scyran, to shear, shave, cut off, divide, vowel (which often conceals the imitative
part, share. Pl.D. scheren, to separate, character of words) leads to Du. schurken,
tear away, shear ; Du. scheuren, schoren, to scratch {schurkepaal, a scratching-post
to tear, cut, burst ; Prov. esquirar, to for cattle), Fris. skurke, skark, a scratch
scratch or tear ; Fr. deschirer, to tear ; —
or notch Outz., corresponding to Du.
It. scevrare, to sever or sunder, to tear schurk, G. schurke, a rogue, sharper, knave,
apart. OHG. scerran, to scrape ; gascer, —
shark, cheat Kiittn., as E. scrauk to It.
a portion, division ; scara, ON. skari, It. scrocco and Fr. escroc.
schiera, a body of troops. OHG. scaro, G. Sharp. ON. skarpr, G. scharf, sharp.
pflugschar, a ploughshare, the part of the AS. scearfan, to cut in pieces; scearfe, Du.
plough which tears up the furrow-slice. scherf, scherve, a fragment. Bav. scherp-
Gael, sgar, tear asunder, separate. Bret. fen, schiirpfen, to scratch, to cut. Sich
skarra, to crack, chap. scherpfen, summam cutis stringere.
The radical image is the harsh sound The earliest kind of cutting would be
of scraping, scratching, tearing, cracking, scraping with a. shell or the like. Du.
all agreeing in the separation of a portion schraeffen, Sp. escarbar,to scrape, scratch;
of the body operated on. escarpar, to rasp, rub, cleanse. Lat. scal-

To Shark. Shark. To shark is to pere, to scratch, scrape, also to cut or
clutch greedily after, thence to make dis- engrave; scalprum, a knife, lancet, chisel.
creditable shifts to obtain shark, a fish
; In the same relation which sharp bears
eminent for its voracity. Du. schrokken, to scrape, stands Lith. skabus, sharp, to
to eat greedily; schrok, schrokdarm, a skaboti, to cut, skapoti, to scrape, shave,
greedigut. It. scroccare, scrocchiare, to carve.
shark or shift for, to shark for victuals, to Sharper. Properly one who resorts to
live by wit ; scrocco, any wily shift or any means of obtaining money, from Du.
sharking for ; mangiare a scrocco, to live schraapen, to scrape, which is specially
well at other people's expense, to shark used in the sense of getting money by
for victuals. —Fl. Grisons scrocc, a rogue. hook or by crook; schraaper, an avari-
Fr. escroquer, to swindle. II escroque son cious, unconscientious man. The word
diner ou il pent he gets his dinner where
; would thus be exactly synonymous with
he can. The signification is attained shark or sharker above explained.
through the figure of scraping, clutching, * But the idea of playing a trick on
getting by hook or by crook. En gierige one, and thence of cheating, is so fre-
schrok is explained by Halma, vrek die quently expressed by the representation
regts en links schraapt, a wretch who of a blast with the mouth, that it is not
scrapes right and left. And Bret, skrapa, improbable that sharper may be from
to scrape, is also rendered by Fr. gripper, shirping. It. buffa, the despising blast
enlever, escroquer. Skraba, to scratch, with the mouth that we call shirping.
scrape, steal.— Legon. e. to scrape ac- See Halliwell.
quaintance is to make shift to get ac- To Shatter. A
parallel form with
quainted, to seize on any indirect means Scatter. Du. schetteren, to crack, crash,
that may occur for attaining that end.' resound, burst, scatter with noise ; schet-
Comp. It. grofolare, to scrape together, teritighe, sonus vibrans, sonus dissolutus,
to filch or shift for by hook or by crook, to stridor
dispersus, fragor. Kil. —
Swiss
snatch one's meat and feed greedily.— Fl. tschdtiern, schdttern, to rattle like a heavy
: ;

SHAVE SHED 577


fallof hail or rain. E. dial, shatter, to ate, distinguish, choose ; skirtis, to part
sprinkle, to scatter about shafted, be-; asunder ; skyris, difference, distinction.
spattered. Hal. — The radical meaning is probably to
To Shave. Du. schrabben, schabben, tear, from the harsh sound of rending.
schobbeu, to scrape, shave schaven, to ; Albanian shkyir, I tear asunder.
rub, to shave, polish. Sw. skubba, to rub. Shears. G. schere, an implement for
Lat. scabere, G. schaben, to scrape, scratch, shearing, scissors, shears. See Share.
shave. Lith. skaboti, to cut, to hew. Sheath, g. scheide, on. skeidir, sheath.
Shaw. A
thicket. ON. skogr, Dan. Sw. skida, shell, pod, husk, sheath. The
skov, a wood. Comrtionly identified with fundamental purpose of the sheath is
ON. skuggi, Du. schawe (Kil.), Sc. scug, undoubtedly the protection of the sword,
scoug, shade, shelter. It is certain that and the origin of the word may perhaps
E. shaw was very generally used for the be shown in Gael, sgiath, a wing or pin-
shade of shelter of the woods. ion, a promontory jutting into the sea,

Welcome, quoth he, and every good felaw shelter, protection, a shield. So lUyrian
;

Whider ridest thou under this grene shaw ? krilo, a wing, also protection kriliti, to ;

Frere's Tale. protect.


I rede that ye drawe —
Sheave. Shive. Sheave, the circular
Into the wode schawe. disc on which the rope works in a pulley
Your heddes for to hyde shive, a slice. Du. schijve, schijf, G.
Ritson, Lybiaus Disconus.
scheibe,a disc, wheel, slice, quoit fen- ;

Sc. scug, to seek shelter. The


and NE. sterscheibe, a pane of glass Pl.D. schive, ;

sctig of a brae, of a dyke, the shelter it anything round and flat, the leaf of a
affords. To scug is said of one who is table. Sw. skifwa, a slice of bread, meat,
skulking from the pursuit of the law, and &c., sheave of a pulley. ON. skifa, Dan.
is compared by Jam. with on. skogar- skive, a slice.
madr, skoggangr-matr, an outlaw, one From the notion of shivering or split-
who has taken refuge in the woods. ting to pieces, on. skifa, to split, to
Shawl. Persian, shal. cleave G. schiefern, to scale, to separate
;

Sheaf. Du.
schoof, G. schaub, schob, a in small pieces schiefer, a splinter, slate,
;

bundle of straw, a sheaf OHG. scoub, a a kind of stone which splits in flat layers.;
bundle of straw or the like, Pl.D. schevelsteen, schevel, slate; scheve.
a mop, a troop.
Gael, sguab, Bret, skub, w. ysgub, a sheaf Da.
skicEve, Sw. skdfwa, splinters of
of corn, a besom ; Sp. escoba, Mod.Gr. hemp and flaxstalks that fly off in dress-
oKoirra, a besom, scrubbing brush, w. ing. See Shiver.
siob, sioba, a tuft, crest, tassel. Shed. I. penthouse or shelter of A
It. ciuffo,
tuft or forelock of hair ; Pol. czub, hair of boards. —
B. Du. schutten, to ward off, to
the head ; Let. tchuppis, bunch of hair. hedge, defend, hinder, shut. Schutten
The radical image is probably a projec- den slag, den wind, to parry a blow, to
tion, bunch, bush. See Scuff, Shag. shelter from the wind ; het water met

Sheal. —
Shealing;. A
hut for shep-
dyken schutten, to stop the water with
dykes ; schutberd, paling schut tegen 't ;
herds, fishers, &c., shed for sheltering
vuur, a fire-screen ; schutdack, an open
sheep. To sheal the sheep, to put them
roof for shelter against the weather, a

under cover. ^Jam. ON. skjol, shelter,
shed ; Du. schot, a pigsty ; N. shut, a
protection skyla, shade as a verb, to
shed made by the projecting roof of a
; ;

protect. Gael, sgd.il, shade, shadow, cur-


house ON. skuti, shelter given by a pro-
tain sgailean, a little shade, umbrella,
;
;

jecting rock N. skuta, to project Sw.


; ;
arbour, cottage, booth ; sgdlan, a hut.
skydd, protection, shelter, rampart skyd-
To Sheai To sheal milk, to separate da, to protect, shelter. Suffolk ; shod,
the parts, to curdle it. Dan. skille, to shud, a shed. The origin appears to be
sever ; skilles, to part asunder. Melken
the notion of shoving forwards, inter-
skilles, the milk is turned. See Skill. posing an obstacle between ourselves and
To Shear. P1.D. scheren, to tear the danger which threatens us. on.
asunder, separate, to shave. Schere hen skjota ifkyt, skaut, skutum, skotit). Da.
shear off, pack off, or in Vulgar slang, skyde, to push forth, shove, shoot. Skyde
cut ! Du. scheuren, schoren, to tear, wand, to repel water skyde skylden paa ;

break asunder, crack, burst ; scheure, een, to throw the blame upon one. Du.
schore, a breach, crack, cut, opening, on. schieten, to push forwards, to shoot. Het
skera, to cut, and (as Sc. shear) to reap brood in den oven schieten, to put the
corn, to clip hair. Lith. skirti, to separ- bread into the oven. Hence schot, the
?7
— ; ;;

578 SHED SHELTER


act of shooting forwards, or the obstacle baptise. Skirdagr, skirithorsdagr, Sheer
pushed forwards. Een schott voor schieten^ Thursday, was the evening before the
to shove forwards an obstacle., to prevent Passover, when our Lord washed the
a thing. Pl.D. schott, the bolt of a door disciples' feet. The sense of clear, trans-
Da. skodde, a shutter. parent, when applied to cloth, passes into
From schot again and its equivalents that of thin, flimsy. Pl.D. een schier lass-
are formed the verbs Vl.Ji.schotten, schut- gaarn, a wide-meshed salmon-net.
ten, schuMen, to bolt a door, to repel by From the same root probably belong
a panel or shutter, and Du. schutten, Sw. Lith. czyras, pure Pol. szczery, Russ.
;

skydda, above mentioned. shchiruii, clean, true, pure, and possibly


2. Another shed is provincially pre- the latter element in Lat. siiicerus.
served in the sense of parting, difference, Sheet. An open piece of cloth not
from Goth, skaidan, G. scheiden, AS. scea- made up into a shaped garment, and
dan, to separate, divide, belonging to the thence any flat expanse. AS. sceat, cor-
same root with Lat. scindere, Gr. axi^i'v, ner, part, region, covering, sheet. Eor-
to cleave, oe. shed, shead, shade, the than sceatas, regions of the earth. —
parting of the hair. ' The dividing or Csedm. Sees sceat, a corner of the sea, a
shedding of a woman's hair of her head.' bay. Under his sceat, under his garment.
— Fl. To shead, to distinguish ; shed, — Bede. Weafod sceatas, the covering of
difference between things. B. — the altar. G. schooss, the lap, lappet,
To Shed. Properly to shake, then to skirt, the loose part of a garment.
shake off, shake down, shake out, spill, The primary meaning is a corner, then
scatter. Pl.D. schudden, to shake, also the lap of a garment, corner of a sail
to pour out. Appel un beren schudden, then, in nautical language, the ropes
to shake apples and pears from the tree. fastened to the corner of the sail by which
Bav. schutten, to shake, to spill, to pour. it is drawn to one side or the other of the

Entschiitten sich eines dinges, to rid vessel. Lap. skaut, point ; aksjo skaut,
oneself of a thing, to shake it off. Es the point of an axe skautek, angular
;

schiittet, it pours with rain. Gib acht das ON. skaut, corner, lap, corner of a sail.
d'n^t schidst, take care that you do not Suffolk scoot, an angular projection mar-
shed or spill anything. Shedes, pours. ring the form of a field. —
Forby. Goth.
Sir Gawaine in Hal. skauts, the lap of a garment. AS. Pes
Allied with scatter, shatter, shudder, veil, sceat. —
Vocab. nth century in Nat.
and with Gr. okiS {aKiSdvwui, (TKiSdtria), Ant. Gael, sgdd, corner of a garment or
scatter, shatter, sprinkle, shed. XntSiiaai of a sail, sheet of a sail.
alfia, to shed blood

aixiirjv, to shatter
;
Sheld. Spotted, particoloured, whence
a spear. Manx shah, shake, shed. sheldapple iiox sheld-alpe ?), the chaffinch,
Sheen. Fair, shining. B. as. scyne,— or pied finch sheldrake, a particoloured
;

scyna, bright, clear, beautiful. Wif curon kind of duck. ON. skioldr, a shield
scyne and fsegere, chose wives beautiful skioldottr. Da. skioldet (of cattle), parti-

and fair. Caedm. Engla scynost, bright- coloured ;N. skioldet, spotted ; skiolda
est of angels. G. schon, beautiful. See (of snow), to thaw in patches.
Shine. Shelf. AS. scylfe, a. board, bench,
Sheep. G. schaaf, sheep. The name shelf; Du. schelf, the scaffold on which
has been referred to Pol. shop, Bohem. a mason stands; VXSi.schelfen, upschelfcii,
skopec, a wether or castrated sheep to raise on a scaffold or boarding. Brem. —
(whence skopowina, mutton), from sko- Wtb.
piti, to castrate. It should be observed The primary meaning seems a thin
that the common It.mutton is
word for piece formed by splitting. Gael, sgealb,
castrate, and the original meaning of split, dash to pieces sgealb-chreag, a
;

Mid. Lat. vtulto, Fr. mouton, seems to splintered or shelvy rock. Sc. skdve, to
have been a wether, derived by Diez from separate in lamina. A
stone is said to
Lat. mutilus. skelve when thin layers fall off from it in
Sheer. Altogether, quite, also (of cloth) consequence of friction or exposure to the
thin. —
B. The fundamental signification air.— Jam. Du. schelffe, a shell, husk,
seems to be shining, then clear, bright, scales of a fish schelfferen, to split off,
;

pure, clean. Da. skiar, gleam, glimmer- to scale schelffer, a splinter, fragment
;

ing Sc. skyrin, shining.


;
Goth, skeirs, schelferachtig, fissile. Kil. — See Shiver.
clear ; gaskeirjan, to make clear, to in- Shell. Du. schaele, schelle, shell, scale,
terpret. ON. skirr, clean, bright, clear, bark. See Scale.
Shelter. Covering, protection. Pro-
innocent; skira, to cleanse, thence to
;;

SHELVE SHIFT 579


bably from shield,OHG. schild, schilt. dispergere cum sonitu, difiundere, spar-
Swab, schelter, guard for a stove. gere. — Kil. The sense
of quivering or
To Shelve. It. stralare, to shelve or shaking preserved in shudder, differing
is

go aside, aslope, awry. Fl. ON. skjdlfa. slightly in form from shider, while the
Da. skjalve, to shake ; skjdlga, to shake, two senses of trembling and breaking to
to make crooked, awry ; skjdlgr, shaking, pieces are united in shiver. On the same
failing to hit the mark, squinting, askeW. principle Bav. tattem, to shiver for cold,
See Shallow. is connected with E. tatter, a rag or frag-
Sherbet. It. sorbetto, any kind of thin ment of cloth.
supping broth ; also a kind of drink used Parallel with E. shide, shider, shinder,
in Turkey, made of lemons, sugar, cur- are Lat. scRidice, chips, splinters sciii- ;

rants, almonds, musk, and amber, very dula, a shingle or thin piece of cleft
delicate, called in England Sherbet. — wood; Gr. <!yyc,r\, axi^Vi a- shide or splin-
Fl. There is no doubt that the E. word ter and as these are undoubtedly con-
;

is from Arab, sharbat, a drink or sip, a nected with Lat. scindo, scidi, to cleave,
dose of medicine, sherbet, syrop shur- ; split, cut, Gr. axZ,ia, to cleave, we must, if
bat, a draught of water, from sharb, shirb, we rely on the principle of derivation
shurb, drinking, supping, the exact equi- above explained, suppose that it also
valent of Lat. sorbere, It. sofbire, to sup gave rise to the last-mentioned verbs, but
or suck up liquid the Arab, as well as
; there is- no reason to suppose that these
the Latin root being doubtless, like G. latter were earlier in the order of forma-
schlurfen, a direct representation of the tion than the related substantives.
sound. Lith. srebti, srobti, sraubti, srMti, Shield. G. schild, on. skjbldr. Com-
sruboti, to sup, sip ; sruba, soup, broth. monly referred to ON. skjol, shelter, pro-
Sheriff as. scirgerefa, a shire-reeve, tection, skyla, to cover, protect, as ON.
governor of a county. The origin of the hlif, a shield, hlifa, to protect. Gael.
latter element is unknown. sgail, shade, covering, curtain.
Sherry. Wine of Xeres in Spain, the Shift. The older sense of dividing,
Sp. X often representing the sound of ch distributing, allotting, is now nearly obso-
or sh, as in xague, check, xe/e, chief, lete. Shifting, in Kent, the partition of
xeque, a sheik, xabeque, a kind of vessel land among coheirs. B. —
called a shebeck. —
Baretti. God clepeth folk to him in sondry wise
To Shew. AS. sceawiaii, Du. schouwen, And everich hath of God a propre gift
to look, to show. G. schauen, to look Som this, som that, as that him Irketh shifi.
Sw. skdda, to behold, to view. Du. Chaucer, W. of B. Prol.

schoude, schouwe, an outlook, high place. ON. skipa, to ordain, arrange ; skipta, to
Shide. distribute, share, arrange a succession
And bad shappe him a shup aishides and of among heirs, booty among captors. Gud
bordes.— P.P. skipti meS okkr: let God deal with us
two, let him allot to each what seems
ON. skid, a thin piece of wood, splinter
good to him. Skipta is then, like e. shift,
for burning skidgardr, a fence of laths,
;
to change. N. skipa, to' arrange, appoint;
Du. schieden, to split wood. G. scheit, a
skipta, skifta, Da. skifte, to partition,
splinter, a fragment, a piece of cleft fire-
wood scheitern, to split to pieces OE.
; ;
shift, change. A shift or woman's smock
is not, as Richardson explains it, a gar-
shider, a shiver or fragment to shider or ;

shinder, to shiver to pieces.


ment often shifted, but simply a change
of linen, as a delicate periphrasis which
Faste they smote them togedur its virtue when shift via.s no longer
That their sperys can to-sckyder. —MS. in Hal.
lost
understood as a special application of the
The origin of shide and shider seems sense of change. The name then became
precisely analogous to that of shive and liable to the same feeling which made
shiver. In both cases we proceed from smock obsolete, and has in modern times
the representation of a broken sound to been widely replaced by the Fr. chemise.
express the idea of shivering, shattering, The radical meaning of the verb seems
bursting asunder. In the original sense to be to give shape or form to. AS. sceo-
we have Swiss tschddern, schddern, tschi- pan, scyppan, to form, create, ordain. Ic
dern, tschudern, to give a cracked sound hiwige oththe scyppe : I form or create^
tsch&deri, a clapper; Du. schetteren, to Alfr. Gr., where it will be observed that
crash, resound, burst with laughter, to the synonymous hiwige is derived in an
quaver with the voice, then (as the equiv- analogous manner fiom hiw, form,
alent E. scatter, shatter) to burst in pieces, fashion, appearance. Pl.D. schippen, to
37 *
— ;

58o SHILLING SHIN


give a thing its form and appearance, to and the quarter of which was in as. called
arrange. 'Du hest hier niks to schippen:' feorthlyng, a farthing or ferlyng, or styca,
you have nothing to meddle with here. a bit.
Misschippen, to deform, misfit umschip- ; To Shimmer. G. schitnmern, PI.D.
pen, to alter, change the form of a thing. schemeni, Sw. skimra, to glimmer, flicker,
— Brem. Wtb. The same change of ch shine unsteadily or obscurely, whence
and/" which is seen in PI.D. achter, E. Du. schemeren, schemelen, to shade, PI.D.
after, in Du. schacht and schaft, a shaft, scheme, shade, shadow.
lucht and luft, left, PI.D. lucht and luft, We have frequently had occasion to
air, identifies shift with G. schicht, a part observe that ideas connected with the
or division erbschicht, share of an in-
; faculty of sight are expressed by words
heritance. Schicht is also a.layer, stratum, applying in the first instance to the phe-
row, so much of a certain arrangement as nomena of sound. Thus Fin. kilina is
is laid out at one continuance without a rendered tinnitus clarus, splendor clarus
break. Eine rede in drei theilen schichten : kilia, clarfe tinniens, clarfe lucens kilistad,
;

to arrange a discourse in three parts. tinnitum clarum moveo, splendorem cla-


A special application is to a definite rum reflectb kimistd, acut^ tinnio
;

period of work, as (when the day is divided (comp. E. chime) kimaltaa, kiimottaa,
;

into three parts) friih-, tage-, nacht- to glitter, sparkle komista, to sound
;

schicht, the morning, day, and night-shift. deep or hoUow komottaa, to shine as
;

Schicht halten, to take one's turn or shift the moon. Esthon. kum, noise, shine,
of work. In the same sense PI.D. schuft, brilliancy ; kumama, to glow ; kummama,
schuft-tied. Das kann ich in einer schuft to roar, hum, tingle, to shine. Du. scha-
thun I can do that without resting.
: teren, schetteren, to ring, crash, resound ;
Adelung. Du. schoft, schoff, the division schitteren, to glitter, shine. The same
of the day's work into four parts also ; relation holds good between Pol. szemrad
the meals by which they are broken. {sz =E. sh), to murmur, mutter, rustle, or
Schoften, schoffen, to rest or to take meals the equivalent E. simmer (in Suffolk
at the stated hours. Kil.—G. bierschicht, shimper), to make a gentle hissing or
pause when workmen leave their work rustling noise like liquids just beginning
for a draught of beer. Thus schicht, or to boil, and shimmer, to shine unsteadily
the equivalent shift, might be applied to or faintly.
the breaking off of the old strain or the From the frequentative, which in imi-
commencement of a new one, and hence tative words
is usually the original form,
acquires the sense of change. A
shift of are developed OHG. scimo, splendour,
work is properly a bout of work, the brilliancy, ray of light, sciman, to glitter ;
period during which the labourer works ON. skima, splendour, reflection, and, as
at a single stretch, but is subsequently a verb, to glance suspiciously round ; AS.
applied to the change of workmen at the sciman, to glitter, to squinny, still pre-
expiration of the proper time. In the served in the provincial skime, a ray of
same way a shift of linen would properly light, also to look at a person in an un-
be the period during which a shirt would derhand way shim, appearance, white
;

wear without washing, then the entrance streak on the face of a horse.— Hal. N.
on a new shift, or the change of shirt skjoma, to glance, to flicker ; PI.D. scheme,
when the old one was sufficiently worn. reflexion, shade.
It is in this sense of a turn of work Shin. G. sckiene, a splint or thin piece
that the word is used when we speak of of wood, splint for a broken arm, tire of a
making shift, making a thing serve our wheel or strip of iron with which it is
turn. To shift is to do the duty of the bound round. Armschiene, beinschiene,
hour a shifty person, one skilled at turn-
; a piece of armour for the arm or thigh ;
ing his hand to various kinds of work. schienbein, the shinbone, so called from
Shilling. G. schilling, a piece of its sharp edge like a splint of wood. The

money, a definite number of certain analogous bone in a horse is called the


things, or a definite quantity of materials. splintbone.
The most likely suggestion as to the The original meaning of the word is
origin is that supported by Ihre, from Sw. probably a splinter or fragment, from a
skilja, to divide. The name, according form like E. dial, shinder, to shiver to
to his view, would be originally given to pieces. Adelung mentions an obsolete
those pieces of money which
were schinen, to split, and perhaps Lat. scindere
stamped with an indented cross, so that may be referred to the same root if the
they could easily be broken into four, primary sense were to burst asunder, then
SHINE SHIRT S8i

to separate, to cut. For tbe ultimate In Lat. scintilla, a spark, the sound of kl
origin, see Shingle. inskinkle is exchanged for tl, in a manner
Shine. Goth, skeinan, ON. skina, G. analogous to the interchange of _^/ and dl
scheimn, to shine. Bret, skina, to spread, in E. shingle and G. schindel, or in N.
to scatter , skin, ray, spoke of a wheel, singra, to jingle, and ON. sindra, to
furrow. sparkle.
The resemblance of the fonns shime Shingle.— Shindle. i. A
lath or cleft
and sAine,however striking, is probably —
wood to cover houses with. B. It. scan-
not to be accounted for on the supposition dole, laths or shindells. Fl. —
G. schindel,
of a confusion between the pronunciation a shingle, a splint for a broken arm. Lat.
of m
and n, but rather from both the scandiila, scindula, a shingle.
foregoing forms having arisen from inde- The idea of breaking to pieces is com-
pendent representations of somewhat simi- monly expressed by reference to the
lar sounds. sound of an explosion, as explained under
In designating the phenomena of sight Shine. Thus OFr. esclat, properly sig-
we are necessarily driven to comparison nifying a clap or crack, is used in the
with sounds which produce an analogous sense of a shiver, splinter, also a small
effect upon our sensitive frame. Thus and thin lath or shingle. Cot.— The
the sudden appearance of a brilliant light origin of shingle, shindle, is shown in
is represented by the sound of an explo- Dan. skingre, to ring, clang, resound,
sion, and a sparkling or broken glitter by leading to Sw. skingra, to disperse, scat-
the sound of crackling. Fr. ^dai, origin- ter. In E. dial, shinder, to shiver to
ally representing a loud smart sound, is pieces, the sound of ng exchanges for nd
applied to a brilliant light Maf de ton-
; as in shingle and shindle, or in N. singra,
nerre, a clap of thunder dclat de lumiire,
; to jingle, and ON. sindra, to sparkle.
a sudden flash of light. Petiller, to The dental is also found in Lat. scindere,
crackle, also to sparkle, twinkle. Du. to split, and in It. schiantare, to rap, split,
schetteren, schateren, to crash, resound ; or burst in sunder, whence schiantolo, a
schitteren, to glitter. At the same time, splinter, shiver [shindle]. Fl. —
the sounds employed as the types of visual Shingle. 2. The pebbles on the sea-
conceptions have their connections also shore, from the jingling noise made by
in the realm of mechanical action. A every wave on a shingly beach. N. singla,
loud and sudden crash suggests the notion singra, to jingle, clink ; singl, gravel,
of explosive action, bursting asunder, shingle.
shivering to pieces, while a crackling Ship. Goth, skip, G. schiff, Fr. esquif.
sound is connected with the idea of vibra- It. schiffo, Lat. scapha, Bret, skaf, ship,
tory or broken movement. S'Maier, to boat. Gr.
aicd(pri, anything scooped or
burst, crash, shiver into splinters ; ^clat, dug a hollow vessel, tub, bason, bowl;
out,
a shiver, splinter, small piece of wood a light boat or skiff (TKawTui, to dig. The
:

broken Du. schet-


off with violence.— Cot. first boat would be a canoe or hollowed
teren is identical with E. scatter, and was trunk, now called a dug-out in the U. S.
formerly used in the same sense diffun- ,-
Shire. See Share.
dere, dispergere cum sonitu. —
Kil. In To Shirk.— Sherk. A modification of
like manner Da. sprage, to crackle, cor- shark, signifying, in the first instance, to
responds with Lat spargere and with E.
. obtain by rapacious or unfair proceeding,
sparkle, which itself was formerly used in then to deal unfairly, and finally to avoid
the sense of scatter. I j;^ar^/abroode,
'
or escape from anything by underhand
I sprede thynges asonder.' Palsgr..
— proceeding. ' Certainly he (Laud) might
Hence may be explained the relation of have spent his time much better— in the
Bret, skin, dispersion, as well as of G. pulpit than thus sherking and raking in
schiene (mentioned under Shin), a shiver, —
the tobacco shops.' State Trials in R.
splinter, to E. shine. Laud was accused of fraud in contracting
When we look for forms representing for licenses to sell tobacco. '
Idle com-
sound which might, on the principle above panions that shirke living from others,
explained, give rise to the root skin sig- but time from yourselves.' — Bp Rainboro
nifying shine, we meet with Da. skingre, inR.
to ring, clang, resound, leading to Sw. Shirt.— Skirt. G^.skyrta, Da., skiorte,
skingra, to disperse, scatter, and Sc. Sw. skjorta, shirt ; Da. skiort, Sw. skorte,
skinkle, to sparkle. skirt. The original meaning of shirt
The gay mantel seems to have been a short garment,
Was skinkland in the sun.- -Jam. while skirt is the part shortened or

532 SHIVE SHOCK


tucked up for the convenience of action. of shivering a pane of glass, breaking a
AS. sceort, short sceortian, scyrtan, to
; thing to shivers.
shorten OHG. scurz, short scurziu kau-
; ; The birdes song
uati, short garments. Walach. scurtu, So loud ysang that all the wode yrong
scurtd, to shorten scurteica, a Like as it should shiver in pecis small.
short ; ;
Chaucer, Black Knight.
short garment (togula superior), small
And than the Squyer wrocht greit wonder
upper cloak. Ay till his sword did shaik in sunder.
Bibelesworth distinguishes O Fr. eschmir, Squyer Meldrum, 156.
a shirt, and escour, a skirt. She dithered an' sha'k, you thought she wad
Prenez, valets en vos eschours [the schirtes]
ha' tummled i' bits. — Cleveland, Gloss, in v.
dither.
De 90 frael hareng rous.
Par devant avet escour [the shirte beforne] Du. scheveren, to break to pieces scheve, ;

Et de cote sont gerons [gores] —


Nat. Antiq. a shive, a fragment scheversteen, slate, ;

stone that splits up into slices, on. skija.


EscourchU, tucked up. —
Roquef. Du. Da. skive, a thin slice ; ski/a, to cleave
schorssen, schorten, to tuck up, suspend, or split.
be wanting ; schorsse, schorte, an apron, In the same way ON. skjalfa. Da.
upper petticoat. Pl.D. upschorten, Da. skicelve, to tremble, are connected with
skiorte, opskiiirte, to tuck up one's clothes. Du. schelfe, schelve, schelfer, a scale, crum,
G. schurs, schiirze, an apron schUrzen,
;
splinter, fragment E. quiver, to tremble,
;

to truss or tuck up ; die drmel schiirzen, with Sp. quiebra, crack, fracture ; quebrar,
to tuck up the sleeves. to break.
Shive. See Sheave. ShoaL I. AS. theqfsceol, a gang of
To Shiver. Written cMver, chever, thieves thegnscole, a train of retainers.
;

by Chaucer. Chyveryng or quakyng for Du. school, a shoal of fishes, flock of


cold. Chymerynge or chyverynge, or birds. En school vinken, a flock of spar-

dyderynge, frigutus. Pr. Pm. rows. Ir. sgol, a scull, school, or shoal
The analogy between sound and move- of fishes.
ment enables us to speak of a quivering The radical meaning seems to be a.
or tremulous sound and a quivering clump or mass. Du. scholle, a clod, mass,
or tremulous motion, and thence to de- lump of ice ; scholen, to flock or crowd
signate the motion by what was originally together. It. zolla, a clod zollare, to ;

meant as a representation of the sound. grow together in clods ; zolle delP aria,
Thus the word chitter, originally repre- the clouds. 'A cloud of witnesses.' Mod.
senting confused, broken sound, as the Gr. aicovXa, a mass, lock of wool, flax, &c.
chirping of birds, is applied to trembling Compare flock of wool, flock of sheep, of
movement; Chytteryng, quivering or
'
birds, &c.

shakyng for cold.' Huloet in Hal. So 2. Ashallow place in the sea. Perhaps
Du. quetteren, to chirp, corresponds to from Fr. escueil, ecueil. It. scoglio, Sp.
Lat. quatere, to shake. Du. schetteren, escollo, a shelf on the sea, or rock under
to crack, to warble, is also rendered by shallow water, from Lat. scopulus, a rock.
the Lat. tremere, intremere. Schetter- More probably however it corresponds
inghe, sonus vibrans, stridor dispersus, to Sc. schald, schaiil, shallow. The '

modulatio. —
Kil. schaldis of Affirik syrtes D. V. Shawl
:
' — '

On the same principle, Sp. quiebro, a waters maik maist din.' Ramsay, Sc. —
trill or quaver, leads to E. quiver, to Prov.
tremble, Du. kuyveren, kuyven, to shiver, Shock. I. Fr. choquer, Sp. chocar,
tremble, parallel forms with Lat. vibrare. Du. schokken, to jog, jolt, knock against.
The same variation of the initial con- The word is of analogous formation with
sonant which is seen in shake as com- cock, kick, cog, shag, shog, jag, jig, jog,
pared with quake, or in Du. schetteren as &c., from a form in the first instance re-
compared with quettereti, brings quiver presenting an abrupt sound, then used
into parallelism with shiver. Lower Rhine to signify an abrupt movement, a projec-
schoeveren, to tremble. tion, prominence, bunch or tuft.
When a body not altogether rigid is Forms closely bordering on the sylla-
violently shaken, the parts of which it is ble shock are used to represent broken
composed are flung into movement in a sound in Sc. chack, to clack or click e. ;

variety of directions, and seem to be fly- dial, chackle, to chatter Sp. chacolotear, ;

ing apart from each other. Thus the to rattle like a loose shoe Swiss tschdg- ;

senses of shaking and of breaking to gen, to tick like a clock Da. skoggre, ;

pieces are frequently united, and we speak skoggerlee, to roar with laughter. P1.D.
SHOE SHOWER S83
suk! is used to represent the jolt of a short, red-short, &c. In this combination

rough conveyance. Of a rough horse it is often pronounced and sometimes


they say, Das gait jummer suk ! suk ! it written shear, as red-shear iron, and is
goes always suk suk Ene olde suksuk,
! 1 from Sw. skor, brittle. —
Marsh. The
an old rattle-trap, of an old spinning- technical terms of iron point to Sweden
wheel, or a jogging-horse. Hence suk- as the early seat of the manufacture, as
keln, G. schttckeln, sckaukeln, schokkeln, in the case of Sw. ivdlla, to weld iron.
Fr. sagoter, to shake, jolt, jog. Shoulder, ohg. saeltara, G. schulter.
2. Shock, tufted hair, pile of sheaves. Connected by some with ON. skjoldr, a
See Shag. shield, a derivation supported by E. dial.
Shoe. Goth, skohs, on. skor, G. schuh. shield-bones, blade-bone. —
Hal. But per-
To Shog. To jog, joggle, or make to haps a more likely origin is the broad
vacillate. —
B. Swiss schauggen, schaggen, shovel-like shape of the bones. E. dial.
to jog ; W. ysgogi, to wag. See Shag, shull, a shovel shull-bane, the shoulder-
;

Shock blade. The G. schanfel is applied to any


To Shoot. ON. skjota, Du. schieten, broad flat implement, as the blade of an
G. schiessen, to dart, shoot,move with im- oar, fluke of an anchor. Pol. lopata sig-
petuosity. A shoot or young branch is nifies a shovel, oven-peel, blade of an oar,
the growth shot out in a single season. while the dim. lopatka is a shoulder-

Shop. Shippen. Fr. eschope, a stall blade. Lat. scapula may not improbably
or little shop G. schoppen, P1.D. sckupp,
;
be identical with G. schaufel. In parts of
a shed ; AS. scypen, a stall, stable, shed ;
England the sho'ulder is called spade-,
NE. shippen, a cow-house; ON. skdpr, spaud-, or spuw^bone, from Sc. spald,
Da. skab, Sw. skdp, a press or cupboard. spauld, spawl, Fr. espaule, Sp. espalda,
Shore, i. The border of the land, or Prov. espatla. It. spalla, a shoulder, show-
extremity where the land is broken off. ing the same relation to Lat. spatha,
Du. schore, ruptura, scissura, rima, et spatula, a spatula, spattle or broad slice,
acta, ripa —Kil. ; scheuren, schoren, to and to E. spade, as that which has been
burst, split, tear, divide ; Pl.D. schoren, shown above h&fi&tnshoulderz.iidshovel.
to tear asunder. See Shard. To Shout. A
parallel form with hoot,
2. Aprop. N. skora, ON. skorcta, a as E. dial, siss and hiss, Pl.D. schuddern
shore or prop, the shores or stocks by and huddern, to shudder. It. scioare, to
which a ship is supported on dry land. cry shoo to frighten birds.
! Mod. Gr.
N. skora, skara, to hew ; skoraspone, UKovZw, to shout.
chips. The word properly means a piece Shove. Du. schuiven, G. schieben, on.
or length of timber. Bav. schrot, a piece skufa, N. skwua, skyve, to shove, push,
of bread, flesh, cloth, paper, especially a draw ; Du. gaan schuiven, to abscond,
length of timber, abschnitz von holzstam- steal away. Fr. esquiver, Sp. esquivar,
men. —Schmeller. In the same way G. Grisons schivir, to slip aside, avoid,
stolle, a piece stollen, a support, prop,
;
escape ; It. schifare, schivare, to shun,
pedestal. See Shard, Sherd. avoid, to loathe, or abhor. It is to be

3. A public drain. Erroneously sup- remarked that the proper meaning of shun
posed to be a corruption of sewer. It is is to shove or push, then to avoid.
really from G. scharren, to scrape, Swiss Shovel. G. schaufel, Du. schtiffel,
schoren, to cleanse, sweep out stables, schuyffel, schoepe, schuppe, a shovel or
whence schorete, ausschorete, what is similar implement. The meaning would
scraped or swept out, dung, manure ;
seem be an implement for digging.
to
schorgraben, the drain which receives the Pol. kopai, to dig, scoop, hollow kopnac
;

runnings of the cattle. So shoreditch is nog<f {noga, foot), to kick; kopystka, a


the ditch which receives the scrapings of spattle ; Boh. kopati, to dig ; skopati, to
the streets. The scavengers were form- dig away; kopyto,'^oo'i; kopeysko, a coal-
erly called rakiers, scrapers. Item quod shovel. Russ. kopnut', to dig ; kopanie,
homines cujuslibet Wardas habeant ras- digging ; kopanitza, a spade, shovel.
tratores sufficientes ad purgandas War- Walach. scobi, to scoop, hollow out,

das de diversis fimis. Liber Albus, 258. carve in wood, stone, &c. Bret, skop,
scoop, bowl. As digging is a
See Shard. skob, a
Short. I AS. sceort, OHG. scurs, Walach.
. coarser kind of scraping, Lat. scabere, G.
sciirta, Alban. shkourte, G. ktirz, Lat cur-.
schaben, and E. shave, must probably be
Pol. krotki, short ; skrocid, to shorten.
tiis, closely allied. N. skavl, skjevla, a scraper.
2. Applied in a technical way to the Shower. Goth, skura wmdis, a siorm
quality of iron it signifies brittle ; hot- of wind. ON. skur, a shower of rain.
;

584 SHRED SHRIMP


Pl.D. schuur, a passing fit of illness. ging mouse, from scharren, schoren, to
Dat duUe sehtiur hebben, to have an at- scrape, to dig.
tack of madness. Dat schuur is vorbi, The derivation is confirmed by a pas-
the fit is passed. Bi sclmren, at recur- sage in Higden Polychron. by Trevisa, p.
ring intervals. 335, new ed. 'There is grete plente of
The origin is probably shown in G. —
samon and of wel schrewed mys.' The
schmidern, schauern, to shudder, shiver Latin text has mures nocentissimos, the
schauer, a trembling, shivering, especially
;

other old translation most nyous mys. —


that of cold or fever. Then, taking an Marsh.
attack of fever as the type of a passing Shriek. See Screech.
fit of illness, the term is applied to other Shrift. See Shrive.
cases of intermittence wholly unconnected Shrill. Used by Spenser as a verb.
with the symptom of shivering, and At last they heard a horn that shrilled dear
finally to a passing shower of rain or hail. Throughout the wood that echoed again.
In the same way Da. gys, shudder, and Sc. skirl, to cry with a shrill voice ; a
also shower. shriek, a shrill cry. N. skryla (of children),
Shred. Du. schroode, schroye, a bit, to cry in a high note skraala, to squawl.
;

piece of paper, scrow ; schrooder, a tailor Pl.D. schrell, harsh, sharp in sound or
VXXi.scharden, schraen, to eat, to gnaw as taste, hoarse. Schrell bier, hard, sour
a mouse ; G. schrot, what is cut up into beer de appel het ejien schrellen smakk,
;

fragments, corn coarsely ground, lead cut the apple has a sharp taste. Shriek and
up for shot schroten, to shred, cut up. shrill are related to each other as squeak
;

OberD. schreissen, to split ; Goth, dis- and squeal.


kreitan, to tear asunder. Shrimp. Anything very small of its
The word differs only in the transposi- kind, a small shell-fish.
tion of the liquid and vowel from shard, Such things go for wit as long as they are in
sherd, and the radical meaning is a piece Latin, but what dismally shrimped things would
rent off, from a representation of the sound they —
appear if turned into English. Echard in R.
of tearing. Gael, sgread, shriek, cry, Du. krimpen, to contract, diminish.
harsh grating sound ; Sc. screed, a loud AS. scrym7nan, to wither or dry up. G.
shrill sound, the sound made in tearing, schrumpfen, to shrivel, wrinkle, shrink ;
the act itself of rending, or the piece torn Sc. scrimp, to deal sparingly with one ;
off. Gael, sgraid, sgrait, a shred, rag. contracted, scanty, deficient. ' He scrimps

* Shrew. Shrewd. Shrew was form- him in his meat.' Da. skrumpe, to shrivel,
erly used in the general sense of a bad man. shrink Du. schrompelen, to shrivel, be-
;

^'^r«K/zV/ generation, prava. —


Wiclif, Acts come wrinkled or crumpled. E. dial.
2. Shretide folke, improbis. —
Chaucer, shrump, to shrug, to shrink; shi-ump-
Boeth. 6. II. The primitive sense of the shouldered^ crump-shouldered, having
word seems to be shewn in G. schroff, contracted shoulders. Gr. Kpa/ipog, parch-
rugged, passing into the notion of harsh, ed, shrivelled.
hard, sharp, disagreeable, bad. A
shrewd The idea of contraction is connected
air is a sharp air, a shrewd man, a. man with a vast variety of forms which may
of a hard clear judgment. In Hesse the be arranged in two parallel series, rtip,
word appears under the form schrd, schrd, rump, crup, crump, skrup, skrump, and
schreff, in the pi. schrowe, shrawe, ruk, runk, cruk, crunk, skruk, shrunk.
schrewe, rough to the touch, poor, miser- But whether the. foregoing forms have
able, bad. Ein schroes pferd, an ill-fed grown from a common root or have arisen
poor horse ein schroes essen, coarse bad independent of each other, or whether the
;

food; ein schrA maul, a. sharp tongue ; connection between the fact of contraction
ein schrower, a shrewd man, one ready of and the sound by which it is signified is
speech and act. Pl.D. schrae weide, bare, always of precisely the same nature, are
scarce pasture ene schrae tied, a shrewd questions on which it would be rash to
;

time, hard times schrae huus holen, to pronounce a decisive opinion.


;

keep a spare house. The general course of development


Shrewmouse. AS. screawa, mus would seem to be from the analogy be-
araneus cujus morsus occidit. From tween a broken, rugged sound, and a
shrew, wicked, as the bite of the animal movement, and thence a shape of similar
was supposed to be fatal, and it was said character, and from the individual con-
to lame cattle even by running over them. tractions of a rugged line or surface to
It must not be confounded with Du. the idea of contraction in general.
schermuys, G. schormaus, the mole or dig- As examples of the different forms may

SHRINE SHROUD 585


be cited Lith. rupas, rugged ; E. ripple, or enjoin, literally, to trace out a line to
rimple, the surface of water curled by a be followed by the agent in question.
breeze ; rumple, G. riimpfen, to distort ' Culter vocatur, pr^densam, priusquam
the mouth or nose ; Gael, crup, crouch, proscindatur, terram secans, futurisque
contract, shrink ; E. crump, crimp j Sw. sulcis vestigia prcsscribens incisuris '

skrttmpen, shrivelled, shrunk ; and for the Pliny; where the latter clause may be
series with a terminal k instead of p, N. translated, and marking out beforehand,
rukka, Lat. ruga, a wrinkle ; E. 7-uggeds by the incisions, a track for the future
Sw. rimka, to shake, vacillate ; rynka, furrows.
wrinkle, rumple ; E. crook, crouch, crincle; From the same original source, but
N. skrukka, a wrinkle ; as. scrincan, to doubtless by no direct descent, is Pl.D.
shrink ; Sw. skrynka, wrinkle ; skrynkia, schreve, a line, which is used in the same
to crumple, wrinkle. metaphorical sense as the verbal element
Shrine. AS. serin, G. schrein, Fr. escrin, in p?-ascribere. Na dem schreve hauen :

Lat. scrinium, a cabinet or place to keep to c\it according to the line chalked out.
anything in. See Screen. Aver den schreven gaan to go beyond :

* To Shrink. To start back, instinc- the line, to transgress. Thus we are


tively to withdraw from something pain- enabled from the internal resources of
ful then, to contract, to draw in. OFlem. the language to explain AS. scrifan, ge-
;

schrinckeH, contrahere, retrahere. Kil. — scrifan, to trace out a line of action, to


It seems to be a nasalised form of the ordain, enjoin, assign. Sylle with his
Du. schrikken, to start back, to startle life swa hwtet swa him man scrife : he
(Bomhoff), the origin of which is ex- shall give as a ransom for his life whatso-
plained under Shrug, which is indeed —
ever is laid upon him. Exod. xxi. 30.
fundamentally synonymous. Florio ex- Throwige tha;r swa bisceop him scrife :
plains It. raggruzzare, to crinch, shrink patiatur ibi sicut episcopus ei imponat.
or shrug together. '
I drawe together Buton swa gescryfen sy unless it is in
:

as lether or other thing that shringeth any way enjoined. Edictis, gebennum
together.' — Palsgr. G. eschrecken, to be oththe gescrifum ; ahdictis, /orscri/enum.
alarmed, properly to start at, to shrink
is —
Gl. Cot. in Junius.
from. Du. e?i schrikkig paard, a startlish To shrive then had reference originally
horse. N. skrekka, to shrink as cloth. to the injunctions given by the priest on

To Shrive. Shrift. To shrive is ex- hearing confession, and was only a spe-
plained by Bayley, to make confession to cial application of a word which in its
a priest, also to hear a confession, and it is general sense has been lost to the Eng-
generally understood to include the whole lish language.
circumstances of the transaction, the im- To Shrivel. Gael, sgreubh, sgreag,
position of penance and consequent ab- dry, parch, shrivel sgreagan, anything
;

solution. From the latter applications dry, shrunk, or shrivelled. E. dial, shravel,
ON. skript is used in the sense of repri- dry faggot wood. Related to OE. rivel,
mand and of punishment. to wrinkle, as Du. schrompelen to E. rttm-
The word has been explained from ple, or as Sw. skrynka to rynka, to wrin-
Lat. scribere, to write, on different grounds kle.
which hardly bear examination. Ac-
will The word, like so many others con-
cording to Skinner, because the names of nected with the idea of a wrinkled, rug-
persons confessing were taken down in ged surface, may be from the mere repre-
writing ; according to Ihre, because the sentation of a broken sound, but in .the
penance enjoined was given by the priest present case it is probable it has a more
in writing. But the name must have specific origin in a form like ON. skrdfa,
arisen at a period when writing materials N. skraava, to creak or rustle like dry
were too dear, and the knowledge of read- things. ON. skrdthurr, so dry as to make
ing too confined to make it possible that a noise of the foregoing kind. N. skraaen,
the injunction of penance should with dried, shrunk skraana, to dry, shrivel,
;

any generality have been delivered in shrink. Da. dial, skrasle, to rustle ; skras,
writing. The truth appears to be that skraasel, very dry. On the same prin-
there is no direct descent from Lat. scri- ciple, Lith. skrlbeti, to rusde, crackle ;
bere, and in order to explain the relation skrebti, to become dry.
with the Lat. verb we must go back to a Shroud. To shrowd, to cover, shelter.
meaning which it had anterior to that of — B.
writing, viz. the scoring of a line, as shown Give my nakedness
in the covx^awxidi prcescribere, to prescribe Some shrewd to shelter in.— Chapman, Homer.
—!

S86 SHRUB SHUN


I gan anone so softly as I coude der mitt.' ON. skrugga, thunder ; skrykh;
Among the bushes prively me to shrtrwde.
a sudden movement. Med rykkjum ok
Chaucer, Black Knight.
skrykkjum, with jerks and starts, n.
AS. scriid, garment, clothing, on. sknid, skrukka, a wrinkle, or drawing in of a
ornament, clothing ; skrudbumn, state- texture. Parallel forms without the sibi-
lily clothed ; loptlig skrud, the ornaments
lant initial are N. nikka, a wrinkle, OE.
of the sky, the heavenly bodies. Skryda,
to adorn, to clothe.
^gi rog, to tug, wag, shake on. rykkja, ;

Da. rykke, to twitch, pluck, tug; Sw.


Shrub. A dwarf tree, also a little sorry rycka, to pluck or snatch ryckapdaxlar- ;
fellow.— B. Scrubby, stunted, poor of nar, to shrug one's shoulders.
its kind. Da. dial, skrub, bush, brush- To Shudder. Du. schudden, schuddeni,
wood. Egeskrub, bogeskrub, an oak or Pl.D. huddern, Du. huggeren, huyvercn,
a beech that is stunted in its growth. The to shiver ; P1.D. schiiddeln, to shake
;
scrubs in Australia are growths of brush- schuddern, G. schaudem, schauern, to
wood or stunted trees. shudder, shiver. The radical figure is a
The original meaning would seem to broken sound, the representation of which
be a roughness, then a prominence, pro- is subsequently applied to a broken move-
jection, stump, low tree with stiff brushy ment. Swiss tschddem, tschudern, tschi-
branches, a stunted growth. V)2,. skrubbet, dern, schddern, to give a cracked sound ;
rough, rugged. The E. shrub or scrub tschdderi, a clapper. E. dial, 'shider, to
and scrog correspond to Du. strobbe and break to shivers shider, a shiver. Da.
struik, Pl.D. struuk, G. strauch, a shrub
or bush. Du. stobbe, struik, stronk, G.
dial, skuddre, to shiver.
;

Molb. in —
:

toddre.
strumpf, a stump or stalk. Straube, To Shuffle. Bav. schufeln, to go along
anything with a rough or uneven surface. scraping the ground with one's feet.
'
Harte und strmibe hinde wie ein reibi- Hesse, schuben, shufeln, to slide, schufel,
sen.' —Schmeller. Bav. strauben, struben, a slide on the ice. See ScufHe.
strupen, to stand up stiff, subrigere, in- To Shun. Properly to shove (in which
horrere strobeln, to be or to make rough,
; sense it is still provincially in use), then
like disordered hair. G. struppig, rugged, to shove on one side, to avoid. Sussex A
standing on end like hair or feathers. A peasant said He kept shtmning me off
:
'

shrub or scrub is a bush with stiff project- the path.' I shonne a danger, I starte
'

ing branches. asyde whan I se a thynge, Je me guenchys.


Du. strobbeUn, strompehn, struikelen, An I had not shon?ted asyde he had hit
stronkelen, to stumble, are probably not
to be understood as striking against a

me in the eye.' Palsgr. So from Du.
schuiven, to shove, Fr. esquivcr, to slip
stump, but as plunging, striking irre- aside, shun, avoid.
gularly out with the feet. Bav. strabeln, From turning aside from arose the sense
strappeln, to move the hands and feet. of forbearing, sparing.
See Stumble. What wuste I what was wrong or right,
* Shrug^. The actual meaning is a What to talce or what to schone.
twitch or convulsive movement, especially Body and Soul, 341.
of the shoulder, a shuddering, shrinking. Hence may be explained G. schonen, to

Schruggyn, frigulo. Pr. Pm. The touch '
spare, to abstain from. Er schonete zu
of the cold water made a pretty kind of nehmen von seinen schafen und rindern :

shrugging come over her body like the he spared to take of his own flock.
twinkling of the fairest among the fixed Synonymous with shun, and probably
stars.' —
Arcadia in R. Kiittner translates a mere corruption of it, is shunt, a word
den kopf zHcken, to shrink or shrug in which, having become obsolete in culti-
order to ward off a blow. Zucke nicht vated language, has been brought back
don't shrug, don't stir in the least. Shrug again by accidental use in the termino-
corresponds to OHG. scrican, screcchan, logy of railways. A
train is said to shimt
to start, spring, leap, dash. The syllable when it turns aside to allow another to
scrick, like crack or crick, represents in pass.
the first instance a sharp sudden sound, Then I drew me down into a dale whereat the
then a sharp quick movement. Sw. dial. dumb deer
skrdkka, to give a crack, to move by Did shiver for a shower ; but I shunted frotn a
jerks. Bav. schrick, a sudden sound, a freyke,
For I would no wight in the world wist who I
clap of thunder, a crack in a glass vessel.
'VoU der offnen schriick und ritzen.'
were. — Hal.
Schm. Crepuit medium, zerschrick in
' To shunt is also, as G. verschieben {scldcben.
— ; ;

SHUT SIDE 587


to shove), toput off, delay. Schape us be mdicated by Sw, skygg, timid, fearful,
an answer and schunte yow no lengere. shy, wild ; skygga, to take fright, to turn
Morte Arthure in Hal. aside ; which seem derived from skugg,
To Shut. From Du. schieten, to shoot, shade, shadow, making the original signi-
cast, drive forwards, is formed schut, fication, starting at a shadow, a figure
something put forwards, a defence, ob- very generally used to express the idea of
stacle, hindrance, mound, dike. Schieten taking fright. Sw. wara rdddfarsin egen
een gracht, to dig a ditch. Een schut skugga, to be afraid of one's own shadow,
voor jets schieten, to place an obstacle be- to be fearful ; Bret, skeud, shadow ; lam-
fore a thing, to hinder it. Schut tegen 't mout rag he skeud, to start at his shadow,
vuur, tegeit de wind, a screen against the to be afraid. So s}l?,<:i M ysgod, shadow;
fire or wind.
.

Schutdeur, a sluice gate ; ysgodigo, to take fright as a horse —


schutdak, shed ; schuthok, schutkooi, a Richards ; Sp. sombra, shadow ; asom-
pound for cattle. Pl.D. schott, a bolt, a brar, to overshadow, to take fright as a
sliding door by which water can be kept horse, to terrify, amaze ; Fr. ombrage,
out. Bav. schiitt, a mound. Schntten shade ; ombrageux, jealous, suspicious ;

machen, aggerem facere. Gl. in Sclim. chez'at ombrageux, a shying horse ; Gr.
Again from the substantive schutt or o-«a, shadow ; Mod.Gr. CTKidJw, to shade,
schott is formed a secondary verb, Du. to terrify ; cKidZonai, to be afraid.
schi/tten, to ward off, turn back, hinder, Sib. Related, of kin ; preserved in
stop, shut up. Schutten den wind, to gossip (God-sib), related in God, i. e. by
keep out the wind, whence schutsel, a the ordinance of baptism. Goth, sib/a,
window shutter. Slag schutten, to parry relationship ; OHG. sibba, sippia, affinity,
a blow. Schutberd, boarding for in- peace ; ON. sifi, relation, friend AS. sib, ;

closures. Schutten de beesten, to impound peace, alliance, kindred, companionship.


beasts. Pl.D. schotten, schutten, to keep Sick. AS. seoc, G. sicch, ON. siukr,
or shut out. Schotte de d'dre to, bolt the Goth, sinks, sick ; G. siechen, to be sicljly,
door. Water schotten, to repel the water to languish. Connected by Diefenbach
by a dam. In the latter sense, the Da. with the notion of drying up, fading
uses the primary verb skyde, to shoot ; away. Lett, sukt, to fade away ; Pol.
skyde vand, to repel water. Bav. schiiiten, suchy, dry ; suchota, dryness, leanness ;
to fence round, to protect ; Sw. skydda, suchoty (pi.), consumption. Russ. soch-
to protect, shelter ; G. schiitzen, to pro- nuty, to fade away, dry up. Bret, seach,
tect, are equivalent forms. dry ; siochan, feeble, delicate, tender.
Shuttle. Da. vaverskytte, N. skutul, A more probable derivation may be
skiot, skyt, the "implement by which the drawn from the sighing and moaning of a
thread is shot to and fro in weaving. sick person. Pl.D. siiclit signifies both
Shy. G. scheu, timorous, shunning sigh (and thence longing, strong desire),
scheuen,1o\ie: afraid of, to shun ; scheuchen, and also sickness. G. sucht, an im-
to scare away, to affright ; scheuche, moderate longing for a thing, sickness.
vogelscheu, a scarecrow. Du. schouw, Ehrsticht, geldsiicht, zanksucht, a longing
timid, wild ; schowen, schuwen, to avoid. for or devotion to honour, money, broils
It. schifare, to loathe or abhor, to shun ; gelbsucht, jaundice. E. love-sick and
schifo, loathsome, also nice, coy. Prov. love-longing are equivalent terms. Du.
esquiu, wild, frightened ; esquivar, to suchten, to sigh, groan, languish. Gael.
avoid, refuse. . Sp. esquivo, scornful, shy, acain, sigh, sob, moan ; acaineach, wail-
'•"
cold. -" ing, sickly. Da. hive, to pant or gasp,
A natural origin of the word may be also to languish in sickness. Han har
found in the interjection of shuddering, Icenge hivet, he has long been ailing.
schu ! schuck ! (Grimm, 3, 298), leading Sickle. AS. sicel, Du. sekel, seckel, OHG.
to OHG. sciuhan, expavescere, perhor- sihhila, G. sichel, Lat. secula, a sickle or
rescere, terrere ; kisciuhit, perterritus ;
scythe, from seco, to cut.
liohtskihtig, lucifugus ; Pl.D. schuck, -side, -sidence. Lat. sedeo, sessuin,
horror, fear, avoidance. Ick heffn schuck to sit ; sido, sedi, sessum, to seat oneself,
vaorn aust I shudder at the thoughts of to sit down, settle whence Reside, Sttb-
: ;

harvest. He schuckt sick nao hus te side, &c. In like manner are related Gr.
gaon : he fears to go to the house. Dat tZ,o\Lm, to seat oneself, sit, and I'Jw, to seat,
part schuckt : the horse shies. — Danneil. place, sit, 'iZvftai, to settle down.
G. schUchtern, shy, timorous. And this I Side. I. ON. sida, G. seite, a side.
believe is the true explanation of the word, 2. Long, as ' my coat is very side.' —
B.
although a different origin would seem to AS. sid, ample, spacious, vast ; ON. sidr,
; —

588 SIDEREAL SILLABUB


long, loose. Sidr har, flowing hair ; The immediate origin is the form ex-
siteyrdr, long-eared ; sidd, length of gar- emplified in N. siga, Du. zijgen, doorzij-
ment. gen. Da. sie, to strain, percolate, sink in ;
Sidereal. Lat. sidus, -eris, a star, con- G. versiegen, to drain or dry up ; N. sika,
stellation. to strain or drain off moisture, whence
Siege. Fr. siige, It. sedia, seggia, a the frequentatives sikla, to trickle, also
seat or sitting assedio, Lat. obsidium,
; (as Da. sagle) to drivel sila, to drip, to;

the sitting down before a town in a hostile strain ; silla, to drip fast G. sickern, ;

way. See -side. siekern, to trickle, leak, percolate.



Sieve. Sift.- as. sife, Pl.D. seve, Du. As in so many similar cases, a parallel
zeef, zijghe, G. sieb, a sieve ; si/ten, sich- form is found with a terminal labial in-
ten, Du. sijghen, Dan. sigte, to sift. The stead of guttural in the radical syllable.
name may probably be taken from the Du. door zijpen, doorzijpelen, to drip or
implement having originally been made trickle through ; Pl.D. sipen, sipern, to
of sedge or rushes, ox. sif, Dan. siv, ooze, drip ; sipeln, sippern, to let tears
sedge, rush. Sieves were made of flax-
'
trickle.
string, but many of a more common The ultimate origin is to be found in
quality were made of thin rushes, and that the notion of sucking or supping up, then
they were originally of this simple mate- sinking into the cracks of the vessel or
rial is evident from the sieve being repre- walls in which the liquid is contained.
sented in the hieroglyphics as composed See To Sag.

of rushes.' -Wilkinson, Ancient Egypt- Silence. Goth, silan, Lat. sileo, Gr.
ians. ffiya'w, to be silent. In all probability
The probability of the foregoing deriva- from hushing or commanding silence by
tion issupported by w. hesg, sedge a hiss. Gr. ffi?a),to hiss, to cry sh ! to hush.
hesgyn, a sieve ; Pol. sit, a rush ; sito, a The interjection commanding silence is
si^ve. On the other hand, the name inTurk, sitsdf Ossetic ss .' sos / Fernan-
might naturally be derived from Dan. dian sia ! Yoruba sio / Tylor. —
sive, N. siga, to ooze as water, to fall by Silk. Lith. szilkai, silk ; silkai, cot-
its own weight, to sink ; Du. zijgen, zij- ton. From Gr. ati^mdv, Lat. sericum, the
pen, to trickle, drip, strain ; N. sia, sila, produce of the Seres, by the conversion
to filter, to strain. Boh. prosywati, to of the r into /.
sift, to strain through a sieve ; prosywad-
The first people of any knowledge and acquaint-
lo, a sieve. Da. sie, to strain si, a ;
ance be the Seres, famous for the fine silke that
strainer, filter. See Sile. theii woods doeyeeld. —
Holland, Pliny.
Sigh.. AS. sicaii, siccettan, E. dial, sike, *
Sw. sucka, w. igio, to sigh, sob ; AS. seof- Sill. The threshold of a door or win-
ian, to mourn ;'e. dial, to sife, to j^ dow. Pl.D. siill, G. schivelle, Fr. seuil.
sigh ; G. seufzen, Pl.D. suchten, sufteii, to It. soglia, a threshold. Sw. syll, Dan.
sigh. Da. hige, hie, hive, to pant, gasp. syld, base of a framework, building,
Sc. souch, swoitch, the sound of the wind, ground-sill. NE. sites, the main timbers
or of one breathing heavily in sleep, a of a house ; soil, rafter, window-sill.
deep sigh souch, souf, to sound as the
;
Hal. Fr. solive, a beam.
wind, to breathe deep as in sleep. All Sole signifies in general the founda-
directly imitative. tion, or that on which a thing rests, v/.

Sign. -sign. — Signal. — Signify. swl, a flat place, ground, soil Bret, sol, ;

Signum, a mark, sign ; whence signifo- soil, area, floor of a house foundation, ;

care, to make a sign, to signify signacu- ;


base, bottom sole of a shoe, beam.
;
vt.

lum, a seal OFr. seignal, signacle, a


;
sail, syl, a groundwork, foundation, base ;

seal, mark, signal. To Oqnsign, Resign, seilddar {daear, earth, ground), a founda-
&c. tion, pile, or prop seilfaen, ;
sylfaen,
To Sile.— Silt. To sile, to drip, to ooze foundation stone seilddor, door-sill,
;

through, sink down, to fall siling dish, ;


threshold gosail, an underpinning or
;

a milk-strainer silt, sediment, ooze.


;
ground silling, foundation goseilio, to ;

And then syghande he saide with sylande terys. underpin, to prop. Gael, sail, a beam ;
Morte Arthure. sailbhunn {bonn, sole, foundation, base),
Many balde gart he sile the sole, lower beam of a partition.
With the dynt of his spere. —MS. Hal. Sillabub. A
frothy food to be slapped
Sw. sila, to sila sig frain,
strain, filter ; or slubbered up, prepared by milking from
to percolate or ooze through. Pl.D. silen, the cow into a vessel containing wine or
to drain off water. spirits, spice, c&c.
;;

SILLY SIMPLE 589


AnrJ we will ga to the davvnes and sluiber up Silver. Goth, silubr, Slav, srebro,
a silUbub. —Two Lancashire Lovers in Hal. Lith. sidabras.
The word is a corruption o{ slap-up or Similar. —
Similitude. Lat. similis,
slub-up (like Fr. salope, from Swab. like similaris, of like nature ; similitudo,
;

schlapp, a slut), and is the exact equiva- likeness. Goth, sama, same ; sainaleiks,
lent of Pl.D. slabb' tit, Swiss schlabutz, samelike, agreeing together ; samaleiko,
watery food, spoon-meat, explained by Squally, likewise.
Stalder as schlabb mis, from schlappen, To Simmer. Imitative of the gentle
slabben, to slap, lap or sup up food with hissing or murmuring of liquids beginning
a certain noise. Schlabbete, schlappete, to boil. '
I symper as licours on the fyre
weak soup.— Stalder. Mantuan, j-/«//ar, byfore it bygynneth to boyle-' — Palsgr.
to devour. To slap up, to eat quickly, to
lick up food. Hal. —on. slupra. Da.
The crs.2ixaoi simpering xm)ik. — Fl. Comp.
Du. sissen, to fizz as water on hot iron;
slubre, Pl.D. slubbern, to sup up soft
food with a noise represented by the
to simmer. —
Bomhoff. Pol. szemrad, to
murmur, ripple, rustle. Turk, zemzemd,
sound of the word. On the same prin- soft murmur of voices. In the name of
ciple are formed E. dial, slubber, anything the fountain zemzem at Mecca the same
of a gelatinous consistency, the spawn of root represents the purling of water.
toads or frogs slub, wet and loose mud.
; Simony. The crime of Simon Magus,
— Hal. Du. slemp [sillabub], a certain selling spiritual things for money.
drink made of milk, sugar, &c. (Bomhoffj, * To Simper. To smile in a restrained
is derived in like manner from slempen, manner, to put on an
affected air of mo-
Bav. slampen, to lap, sup up, junket. desty.
Silly. AS. salig, g. selig, blessed,
happy. With a made countenance about her mouth
between simpering and smiling, her head bowed
O God (quod she) so worldly selinesse, somewhat down, she seemed to langtiish with
Whiche clerkes callen false felicitie,
Ymedled is with many bittemesse.
overmuch idleness. —Sidney, Arcadia.
Chaucer, Tro. and Cress. Swiss zimpfer thun, to behave in an over-
It is probably from the union in an infant bashful way, to affect propriety, to eat,
of the types of happiness or unalloyed drink in an overdelicate way zimpfer- ;

enjoyment, innocence, and inexperience, len, to mince, to be prudish, overdelicate


that we must explain the train of thought zimpferli, zimpertrili, a girl of affected
in the present word. It is constantly sensibility, as OE. simperdecocket, a nice
used by the older writers in the sense of thing. —
Cot. Bav. zimpern, zimpeln, to
simple, unknowing. behave -in an affected, delicate, nice
Thus craftily hath she him besette way. Swab, zumpfer, zemper, bashful,
With her Hme roddes, and panter and snare, affected, nice in eating; zimperknickele,
The selie soul ycaught hath in her nette, an affected person. Sw. sipp, simp, sem-
Of her sugred mouth alas nothing ware.
!

Ch., Remedy of Love.


per, affectedly moderate in eating. Ihre. —
Da. dial, semper, simper, affected, coy,
The simplicity of a child carried on into prudish, especially of one who requires
later life implies deficiency of understand- pressing to eat She is as semper as a ;
'

ing, and thus simpleton or innocent be- bride.' The radical meaning is probably
come synonymous for an idiot or fool. the same as that of E. prim, signifying a
The French say, que vous etes bon enfant, conscious restraint of the lips and mouth,
what an innocent you are N. Fris. as if closing them in the pronunciation of
!

salig, half saved, weak in mind. The the word sipp. Sipp,' says the Brem. ^

same train of thought is seen in Gr. Wtb., 'expresses the gesture of a com-
lufiOije, good-liearted, simple-minded, then pressed mouth, and an affected pronun-
silly, in Fr. bejiH, a simpleton, from bene- ciation with pointed Irps. A woman who
dictiis, blessed, or in Boh. blazen, a fool, makes this sort of megrims is called Miss
from blaziti, to bless. Sipp or Madam van Sippkels. Of such
The primary origin of the word is a one they say. She cannot say Sipp.
probably shown in Manx shilloo, a. herd Den mund sipp trekken, to screw up the
of cattle ; Gael, sealbh, cattle, posses- mouth. De bruut sitt so sipp, the iDride
sions, good fortune sealbhmhor, having sits so prim.' See Prim.
;

great possessions sealbhach, prosper-


; Simple. Lat. simplex, single, without
ous, fortunate. In the same way AS. ead, pretence. Ihre compares semel, once
a possession ; eadig, rich, happy, blessed. semita, a footpath, path for a single per-
Silvan. Lat. sylva or silva, a wood. son ; singulus, each by himself, single.
;
; ;

590 SIMULATE SIR


referring them to the possessive pronoun give a long-drawn whining sound ; singla,
sin, suus. See Se-. singre, to clink.
Simulate. Lat. si?nulare, to feign. Du. senghen, senghelen, To Singe.
See -semble. de gesengde lucht-
to burn superficially ;

Simultaneous. Lat. shmd, together, streek, the torrid zone. Derived by Ade-
all at once. Fin. sa?na, the same in the lung from a representation of the sound
;

adessitive case, samalla, at the same mo- of blazing. ON. sangra, to murmur
ment, together ; satnalla muotoa, in the sangr, having a burnt taste.
same manner. Single. Singular. — Lat. singulus,
Sin. G. siinde, OHG. sunta, ON. synd. singularis.
The radical meaning is probably breach. Sinister. Lat. sinister, on the left
N. sund, synd'e, sundered, injured, broken; hand, unlucky.
i sund, in pieces, asunder ei( sundtglas, ; To Sink. Goth, siggquan, ON. sbkkva,
a broken glass stmde klade, torn
; G. sinken, Sw. sjunka, to fall to the bot-
clothes, N. synd is used not only for sin tom Goth, saggquan, G. sdnken, Sw.
;

or guilt towards God, but breach of right sdnka, to cause to sink. It is not easy to
in general. Hava synd /yr' ein, to re- separate the present form from the series
proach one with his misconduct ;
gjera mentioned under Sag, where the radical
synd paa ein, to deal hardly with one, do notion is the wasting or soaking in of
him injustice syndapeng, money unjustly
; water through the pores and interstices of
e.xtorted. OHG. sunta, peccatum, culpa, the basin in which it is held, then the
noxa, macula aiio sunta, sine macula
; ;
lowering of the surface, the fact of gradu-
suntiga, noxisi (corpora); Lat. sons, sontis, ally lowering or sinking down. Lith. seku,
guilty, hurtful ; insons, OHG. unsuntig, senku, to dry up, drain away, become
innocent. shallow sunkus, heavy
; AS. sigan, to ;

Since, as. sith, late, and as an adv. sink down, fall, set as the sun N. siga, ;

lately, afterwards sithmczst, sithest, last


; to ooze or trickle through, to sink slowly,
siththan, siththen, after, after that, thence- become imperceptibly lower, to fall gradu-
forth, since. OE. seththe, sith, sithen, sin, ally down by its own weight.
sithence, Sc. syne. In accordance with the original mean-
And he axide his fadir how long is it sitlie this ing, to sink was used in the sense of
hath falle to —Wiolif, Marie
him ? 9. pouring away liquids, and the word is
For sithen the fadris dieden. — 2 Peter
still used in the sense of a drain or place
3,
where slops are poured away.
O mighty God, if that it be thy will,
In the lordys cup that levys undrynlcen.
Sin thou art righteous judge, how may it be, &c.
Man of Laws T. Into the almes dische hit schall be sonken.
Book of Curtasy, Percy Soc. vol. iv.
From consequence time since is trans-
in
The had the charge of the publick
bailiff that
ferred to consequence in reasoning and sinkes vaulted iander the ground dealt with Scau-
causation. In accordance with, or in de- rus for good security. —
Holland, PHny in R.
pendence on the fact that thou art In the same way Du. siipen, to trickle,
righteous judge, how may it be, &c. ON.
sid, sidar, sidast, o. late, later, at last
drip, ooze siipe, a drain or sink.
; Kil. —
Sinuous. Lat. sinus, a bosom, a bay.
um sidir (ace. pi.). Da. omsider, at last,
Sip. A
related forni with sap, sop, sup,
at length, on. fyrr og sider, from be-
all representing the sound of a mixture of
ginning to end. Pl.D. seder, sedert, sinter,
air and water, as in the act of sucking up
sint, Du. sedert, sinds, G. seit, since.
liquids or of agitation in a confined
Sincere. Lat. sincerus, apparently a
space. Du. sop, soppe, juice, sauce sope, ;

compound of the same element which


suype, a draught of liquid ; suypen, G.
gives the sim in simplex, and Pol. szczery, Du.
sau/efi, to sup up, to drink deep ;

pure, unmixed, genwine, sincere, true. AS.


sippen, to sip or take small draughts.
sin (in comp.), ever, always ; G. singriin,
OHG.
Asippet is a small piece of bread sop-
E. sengreen (evergreen), a plant ;
ped in sauce. Skelton uses it for a sip.
sinvluot, G. sundjluth, the great flood.
Sinew. AS. sinu, Du. zemiw, G. sehne, And ye will geve me a sippet
ON. sin, sinew.
Of your stale ale. —EUnor Rummyng.
To Sing. Goth, siggvan, to sing, to Gr. a'l^uiv, a reed or tube used to suck or
read aloud. Gael, seinn, ring as a bell, sip wine out of the cask.
play on an instrument, sing, chant, pro- Siphon. Gr. (ti^mi', a tube.
claim. Sanscr. chinj, ring, tingle. ON. Sir.— Sire. It. Ser, Sere, a title given
sangra, to murmur ; N. sangra, to whine, to Doctors, Priests, Clerks, &c., and to
SIREN SIZE 591
Knights, as we say, Sir ;Ser buono, Sw. siska, siskin. Du. sissen, to twitter
Goodman Sir ; Ser bello, fair Sir. Mes- like small birds.
sere, my Sir; also a master. — Fl. Fr. -sist. Lat. sisto, to place, stay station-
Sire, Sir or master a title of honour
; ary. As in Consist, Insist.
which without addition is given only to Sister. Goth, swistar, Pol. siostra,
the King, but with addition unto mer- Lith. sessere, Esthon. sossar. Fin. sisa,
chants or tradesmen (Sire Pierre, &c.), Sanscr. swasri, sodary, Lat. soror, w.
and unto knights (Sire chevalier), and chwaer, Gael, piuthar.
unto some few owners of fiefs or seig- To Sit. See Set.
niories. —
Cot. Site.— Situate. Lat. situs, -a, -um,
The question has been raised whether set, placed, buried situs, -its. It. sito, Fr. ;

the word is a contraction of Signore, sit, the setting or standing of a place, a


Seigneur, or whether it is an adoption of situation. According to the form of the
Mod.Gr. Kup, Sir, master, from Kvpioi, word, situs should be the pple. of sino,
Lord. But st'gywr and seigneur readily situm, to permit, let be, suffer, but the
pass into sior (used colloquially for Sir sense is as if it came from sido, sesswn,
in the N. of Italy), and sieur, sire, and to set down.
seigneur were used indifferently by the Sithe. ON. sigS, a sickle, a sword ;

early writers. '


Messires Nicolas Pol, Pl.D. seged, segd, seed, seid, a kind of
qui peres Monseigneur Marc estoit, et sickle or billhook for cutting turf. Lat.
Messires Mafo, qui frferes Messires Nico- securis. Boh. sekera, an axe. From the
las estoit.' —
Marco Polo, ch. i, from verbal root exemplified in Lat. seco^exA-
Marsh. The old Catalan form is Mos- ish, sseku, sseczu, to cut Bohem. sekati, ;

sen. to cut, hew, strike with a rod, sword, &c.,


Siren, Lat siren, from Or. SfipTJr. whence sekac, a mower. Pol. siekad, to
Sirloin. Properly surloin, as it is chop, hack, mince. ON. sax, a knife, or
written in an account of expenses of the short sword ; saxa, to chop, to strike.
Ironmongers' Company, temp. H. VI. Six. Lat. sex, Gr. tf, Goth, saihs. Boh.

:

'
A surloyn beeff, vii.d.' Athenjeum, ssest, w. chivech, Heb. schesch, Sanscr.
Deer. 28, 1867. Fr. suiionge, terme de shash, Gael. sd.
boucherie ; superlumbare. Trevoux. — Size. I. From Lat. sedere, to sit, de-

Sirname. Fr. stirnom, It. sopranome, scended It. assidere, Prov. assezer, assire,
additional name. assir, Fr. asseoir, to seat, set, place, fix,
Sirocco. Sp. xirque, Ptg. xaroco, S.E. and thence It. assisa, Prov. asisa, Fr.
wind, from Arab, charqut, adj. of chare, assise, a sitting, setting down, settlement,
the East. arrangement. It. assisa, a settled fashion,
Sirreverence. From salvd reverentid, the arrangement of a tax, and thence the
save your reverence, sa' reverence, an in- tax itself. All' assisa, according to the
troductoiy excuse made when anything fashion. Prov. asiza, state, condition,
indecorous has to be mentioned. manner^ ' Per mostrar noel asiza, so es
Neither would common fame report these noela maniera to show a new assize,
:
'

horrid things of them, not to be uttered without that is, a new manner. Raynouard. E. — .

a preface of honour to the iuarer. Minucius — assize, and corruptly size, was the settle-
Felix by James, 29. ment or arrangement of the plan on which
At which the lawyer taking great offence anything was to be done. The assize of
Said, Sir, you might have used save reverence. bread or of fuel was the ordinance for the
Hartington. sale of bread or of fuel, laying down price,
The beastliest man ; why, what a grief must this weight, length, thickness, &c.
be
'Tis not in thee •
(Sir-reverence of the company) a rank whore-

master. Massinger in Nares.
To grudge my pleasures, to cut oif my train,
To bandy hasty words, to scant my sizes. — Lear.
Siserara. Corruption of certiorari,
the name of a legal writ by which a pi-o-
— i. e. to curtail my allowances.
There was a statute for dispersing the standard
ceeding is moved to a higher court. of the exchequer throughout England, thereby to
They cannotso much as pray, but in law, that size [regulate] weights and measures. Bacon, —
their sins may
be removed with a writ of error, H. VII.
and their souls fetched up to heaven with a sasa- The term was then the applied to

rara. O. Play in N.
specific dimensions laid the down in
Siskin. A
small singing bird of a regulation, and finally to dimensions of
yellowish hue. Du. siisken, ciisken, G. magnitude in general. The measure de-
zeisig, Pol. czyz, a goldfinch, greenfinch ; scribed by Rastall as an act for the assize
— ; — ;

592 SKATE SKILLET


of fuel is mentioned by Fabyan in the schieben, to shove ; sich schieben, to be
following terms : displaced or awry, to be removed out of
Also year was an act of parliament for
this
its horizontal situation sideward —
Kiittn.;
weed and coal, to keep the full size [the regulated verschieben, to put out of its place, to dis-
construction of the faggots, &c.] after the Purifi- order. Eure perriicke ist verschoben, sits
cation of our Lady— that no man shall sell of any quite awry. OberD. schiebicht, awry.
other jiE^^^^pon pain of forfeiture. Gr. (TKaiof, Lat. sccevus, left.
2. A
second meaning, apparently very In the same way E. shun, to shove, to
different from the former one, is a kind of turn aside, seems connected with Du.
glue used to give coherence to the coat schttyn, oblique, E. dial, aswyn, awry.
laid on in coloufing walls or to stiffen Skewer, In Devonshire called a skiver,
paper. It. assisa, sisa, a kind of glue probably identical with shive or shiver, a
that painters use. Fl. — The original splinter of wood. Da. skiave, Pl.D.
meaning seems to be a laying on, a coat scheve, a bit of straw or of the stalk of
of plastic material laid on for gilding, then hemp or flax. E. diaL skeg, stump of a
the viscous ingredient used to give cohe- branch, peg of wood.
rence to the coating. Fr. assiette is often Skid. A piece of wood on which
used synonymous with assise, and both heavy weights are made to slide a slid- ;

forms are used in the sense of a couch or ing wedge to stop the wheel of a carriage.
layer of stones or bricks in building, To skid the wheel is then applied to any
while assiette a dorer is gold size. Cot. —
mode of locking the wheel ; skidpan, an
Skate. Lat. sguatus, squatina, ON. iron shoe used for that purpose. The
skata, perhaps from its pointed tail. N. word signifies a shide or billet of wood.
skat, top of a tree, properly point skata, G. scheit, a splinter, fragment, piece of
;

to become smaller at the end, to run to a cleft wood. ON. skidi, a billet of wood,
point. Da skata att, it runs to a point a snow-shoe, consisting of thin boards
behind. Skaten, narrow at the end. fastened to the feet skidgardr, a fence ;

Skein. Fr. escaigne, W. cainc,ysgainc, of cleft wood. See Shide.


a branch ysgainc o edaf, a skein of thread
;
Skiff. Fr. esquif. It. schiffo, scaffo,
rhaff dair cainc, a rope of three yarns Lat. scapha, a boat. ;

cainc o gerdd, a tune in music cainc o ;


Skill. The radical sense is separation,
for, an arm of the sea. Gael, sgeinnidh, then difference, distinction, discernment,
flax or hemp, thread, twine sgeinn, reason, intellectual or manual ability.
;

sgeinnidh, a skein. ON. skil, separation, distinction, discrim-


Skellum. A rogue. Du. schebn, a ination. SJd skil handa sina, to know
carcase, carrion, dead animal a plague, his right hand from his left. Kunna skil
;

pest, pestilent fellow schelmshals, a eines, to know the rights of a thing, to


;

villain schelmstuk, a piece of wicked- understand it.


; Gora skil, to do what is
ness. G. schelm, a rogue. OHG. scelmo, right and just. Skilja, to separate, dis-
scalmo, pestilence. tribute, arrange. Ver skildum Ijds frd
Sketch.. Fr. esquisse, It. schizzo, from myrkri, we parted light from darkness.
schizzare, to squirt or spirt, to dash or Da. skille, to sever, put asunder adskille, ;

dabble with dirt or mire, to blur or blot, to sever, divide, distinguish, discriminate.
also to delineate the first rough draught Skiel, separation, boundary, discernment.
of any work, as of painting or writing. Han veed inlet skiel til del han siger, he
Schizzata, a spitting, a dashing with dirt, has no grounds, no reason for what he
blurring with ink, any rough draught. says ret og skiel, right and justice
;

Fl. skiellig, reasonable.


•The proper meaning of the word is In like manner Joon the apostle for humelnesse
something dashed off or jotted down upon same siitesette not his name
in his epistle, _/&? the

paper a mere blotting of paper. So


;

same reason]. Wichf,
thereto [for the

from Du. kladde, a blot, patch of dirt, See Scale, Shall.


Madden, to blot, to dirt, also to scribble Skillet. — Skellet. A small vessel with
— B. Fr.
;

Pl.D. kladde, thorough draught oi sketch feet for boiling. a


escuellette,
of a writing. little dish (Cot.), designates an object of
Skew. G. schief, Du. scheef, on. skeifr. a somewhat different kind. The skillet
Da. skicev, oblique, wry skiave, to slant,
; is a metal vessel, and is apparently from
to swerve or deviate. The radical mean- the resemblance in shape and material to
ing seems to be something shoved or a mule-bell. It. squilla, a little bell, from
thrust out of the straight line, as wry is squillare, to [squeal] ring, clink, squeak,
what is writhed or twisted aside. G. shrill, to sound shrill and clear. Fl. G.
— " ;

SKIM SKULL 593


schellen, to ring ; schelle, a small bell. Pl.D. schurren is said of anything that
Lang, esgiiile, esquileto, a mule-bell. ' Si makes a noise by rubbing along the
quis skellam de caballis furaverit.' —
Leg. ground ; to slide over the ground with a
Sal. in Due. '
Skeletta, in old Latin re- rustling noise ; especially to shuffle along
cords, a little bell for a church steeple, with the feet. If the noise is clearer the
whence our vessels called skillets, usually term is schirren. Wat sChurret da ?

made of bellraetal.' Philip's N ew World whence comes that scraping noise ? Af
of Words, 1706. schurren, to scuttle away. Vorbi schur-
To Skim. To take off the scum, ren, to slide by. G. scharren, to scrape
thehce to move lightly over the surface with the feet. To shurl, to slide on the
of a liquid. ice. Grose. —
To Skime. To look asquint. B. ON. — Skirmish. A
small encounter of a
skima, to glance around, to look out fur- few men when they fight in confusion
tively ; skima, a glimpse, gleam. AS. without observing order. B. OE. scar- —
sciman, to glitter, to be dazzled, weak- mish, Fr. escarmouche, G. scharmiitzel.
eyed ; me scimiath, lippus sum. Swiss The word has no relation to Fr. es-
schimer, specious, showy. crimer, to fence, to which it is often re-
From shimmer, to glitter, to shine in- ferred. It properly signifies a row or
termittently or feebly, and not vice versi, uproar, from a representation of the noise
the frequentative being usually the of people fighting, as. hream, clamour,
original form in these imitative words. outcry ; Bret, garm, clamour, battlecry ;
So we have shive and shide', a fragment, W. garm,ysgarm, shout, bawUng, outcry ;
splinter, from shiver- and shider. ysgarmes, outcry, also a skirmish, bicker-
Skin. Du. schinde, scheene, skin, bark, ing.
peel ; schinden, to skin. ODu. schin, Gael, gairm, call, crow like a cock;
scurf ON. skinn, skin, fur. w. cenn, sgairn, howling of dogs or wolves ; sgair-
skin, peel, scales ; cenn y coed, the moss neach, crying aloud, shouting, howling.
of trees ; ysgcn, scurf. Bret, kenn (in Skirt. See Shirt.
comp.), skin, leather. Bugcnn, neat's Skit. An oblique taunt, something
leather ; talgenn, band worn across the cast in one's teeth like a splash of dirt.
forehead. Kenn, scurf, dross of metals. Sc. skite, to eject any liquid forcibly, to
Skiuk. AS. scene, drink, a drinking squirt, to throw the spittle violently
cup ;scencan, to skink or serve with through the teeth. It. schizzare, to squirt,

drink. Du. schenckeji, to pour out, serve to dash or dabble with dirt or mire, to
with wine, give to drink ; schencker, a blur or blot.
skinker or drawer, one who serves with The same metaphor is seen in E. dial.
drink. G. schenken, to pour out of a slart, to splash with dirt, to taunt by in-
larger vessel into a smaller schenke, a sinuations
; —
Hal. ; ON. sletta, a splash or
place where liquids and even other wares spot, a slur ; sletta, to dash (properly
are retailed. Sw. skdnka, to pour out something liquid), spargere, projicere
wine, &c. ; skdnksven, Fr. ^chanson, a sletta i nasir, to have a skit at one.
cup-bearer. Skittish. Humoursome, fantastical,
Skip. —
To leap. w. dp, a sudden frisking. B. It, schizzinoso, peevish, self-
snatch or effort ; ysgip, a quick snatch. weening, skittish, froward, from schizzare,
Gael, sgiab, start or move suddenly, schizzinare, to frisk or spirt and leap as
snatch at. To skip is to move with a wine doth being poured into a cup, to
sudden start. spin, spirt, gush forth violently. — Fl. The
Thanne shal your soule up into heven skifpe effervescence of youthful spirits is a com-
Swifter than doth an arow of a bow. mon metaphor.
Merchant's Tale. Skull. I Da. skal, shell hierneskal,
. ;

If one read skippingly and by snatches. brain-pan, skull. Sw. skal, shell skalle, ;

Howelin R.
hufwud skalle, skull, pate, noddle. ON.
See Jib. skdl, bowl, scale hiarnskdl, the skull.
;

Skipper. Du. schipper, a sailor Gael. ; If skull be radically identical with ON.
sgioba, ship's company, a company asso- skdl. Da. skaal, Sw. skull, skoll, OE.
ciated for any purpose sgiobair, ship-
; schal, a bowl or drinking-cup, it is not, as
master or pilot. Jamieson suggests, because our barbarous
To Skir. To glide or move quickly. ancestors used the skulls of men for such
B. To graze, skim, or touch lightly. Hal, — a purpose, but from the resemblance of
Send out moe horses, shirre the country round. the skull to a drinking bowl, the earliest
Macbeth. contrivance for which would be a shell of
38
— ; ;

59+ SKY SLADE


some kind, of a gourd, a cocoa-nut, or N. slabba, to dabble, dirty, spill E. dial- ;

shell-fish. It. cocuzza, a gourd


,
cocuz- ; slab, a puddle or wet place ; slabby, sloppy,
zolo, the crown of the head ziccca, a ; dirty Gael, slaib, mud, ooze.
; E. dial.
gourd, also a kind of round drinking-glass slub, wet and loose mud (Hal.), thick mire
by met. a man's head, pate, or nob. Fl. — in which there is danger of sticking fast.
We have seen that mazzard, the head, — Forby. Here we see that the same
is probably from mazer, a bowl. tenn is used to express two opposite
In flakoun and in skull kinds of consistency, wet and loose, or
They skink the wyne. —D. V. 210. 7. stiff and thick. In the one case the mud
Servanz war at thes bridale, is compared with solid ground, and in the
That birled win in cupp and schal. other with water, and on this principle it
Small, Metrical Horn. 120. is that slab has sometimes the sense of
2. A small oar. See Scull. thick, stiff.

3. A skull of herrings. See Shoal. Make the gruel thick and slab. —Macbeth.
Sky. Properly a cloud, then the
So G. wolke,
* Slab. 2. A slab
or thick unhewn piece
clouds, the vault of heaven.
of wood or stone, must be explained from
a cloud, compared with E. welkin, the sky.
Lang, esclapa, to split wood bos esclapa, ;
And let a certaine winde go split logs esclapo, grand quartier de
;
That blewe so hidously and hie
That it ne lefte not a skie. bois, ^clat de moeUon brut, a slab of
In all the welkin long and brode. wood or stone. Esclapa is a parallel
Chaucer, House of Fame. form with esclata, to crack, Fr. ^clater,
In the same way Sw. sky, a cloud ; skyn to burst, split. 'See Slate.
(in the definite form), the sky, heaven. Slack.— To Slake, on. slak, Flem.
Om skyn fSlle ned, if the sky should fall. slack, G. schlapp, schlaff, Da. slap, not
Ropa til skyn, to call to heaven, to call tight, flapping, loose ; N. slekkja, to
upon God. ON. sky, cloud skylaus, evi- ;
make slack, and figuratively, to slake, to
dent /// skyia, up in the sky.
;
diminish the active force of anything, to
still pain or thirst, to quench the fire, to
Probably the word may be connected
with Sw. skugga, AS. scuma, scua, Du. deaden, to put out. N. slokkjen, exLin-,,
schaede, schaeye, Gr. ff/ci'a, shadow, shade. guished ; slokna, to go out, to faint.
My fader than lukand furth throw the sky (umbra) The sound of the flapping, of a loose
Cryis on me fast, Fie son, fie son in hye. sheet or of dabbling in liquids is repre-
D. V. 63, 12. sented equally well by a final b or as tiy p
Slab. I.— Slabber. Slobber. —The g or k, and hence the sy\\3.h\&s flab, Jlap,
sound of dabbling in the wet, of the flag, flak, slab, slap, slag, slak, with tlie
movement of the air and liquid in a con- usual modifications, are found in innu-
fined space, of supping or drawing up merable instances expressing the idea of
liquid into the mouth, is represented by a wet or loose condition, the absence of
the forms slabber, slobber, slubber, or the tension or inherent strength. Pl.D. slak-
syllables slab, slap, slop. kern (of the weather), to be sloppy, to
We may cite G. schlabbern, to slabber rain continuously, to dabble in the wet
one's clothes, to sputter in speaking, and dirt, to slobber or slop one's food
schlabberig, schlabbig, sloppy, plashy,' about, to wabble or waver slakkerig, ;

dirty ; Swiss schlabbete, schlappete, watery sloppy, wet ; slikk, mud, ooze. Sc. slau-
drink, broth, &c. Pl.D. slabbem (of kie, slaupie, flaccid, flabby, inactive,
ducks), to make a noise with the bill in slovenly. Pol. slaby, faint, weak, feeble.
seeking their food in water, to slobber, to Sc. slack, a depression in the ground
spill liquid food in eating ; Du. slabberen, or a gap between hills, may be explained
slabben, to slap up Uquids, to slobber. E. by N. slakkje, slackness, a slack place in
slabber is sometimes used in the sense of a tissue, where the sarface would swag
splashing only. down.
To Slade. To drag along the ground
Till neare unto the haven where Sandwitch
slade, a sledge or carriage without wheels
stands
We were enclosed in most dangerous sands, for dragging weights along. ON. slada,
There were we so\ised and slabbered, washed to trail ; sladar, the train of a gown.

and dashed. Taylor in Hal. slodi, what is sladed or dragged along,
His hosen a brush harrow. Gael, slaod, trail along
Al beslombred in fen as he the plow folwede. the ground.
P. P. 1. 430, Skeat. The idea of dragging along the ground
Pl.D. slabben, to lap like a dog, to make is probably connected with the fi^re of
a noise in supping up liquids (Danneil) ;
a rope which when hanging slack trails
; —— ;

SLAG SLAP 595


along the ground, while when hauled Slander. OE. sclaunder, Fr. esclandre,
tight it suspended in
is the air. Thus scandal, discredit, from Lat. scandalum,
from Da. slap, slack, is formed slepen, G. a stumbling-block, cause of offence. 'Ce
schleppen, to drag, to trail, to carry on a qui tourne au grand esclandre de la jus-
sledge, and in the same way Gael, slaod, tice.'— Coutume d'Anjou in Diet. Etym.
to trail, may perhaps be explained from The word, as Menage remarks, was
Du. slodderen, to flap or hang loose ; Du. first escandre, then esclandre. Escandale,
sladde (what hangs loose), a rag or tatter. escande,esca7tdle, escandre, esclandre, scan-
See To Slur.
Slag. G. sMacke, Sw. slagg, scoria,
dal, noise, bad example. — Roquef We
find skandre in R. Brunne.
dross of metals slaggsump, the pit into
; Till Emme, Hardlcnoutes moder he did a grete
which the slag nans from a furnace. When outrage,
minerals are smelted in a furnace the His brother a foule despite, himself vileyn skan-
melted metal sinks to the bottom, and dre.—^. S3.
the slag or vitrified dross is allowed to Slang. I. N. slengja, to fling, to cast
run off from the surface like slaver drivel- slengje kicEffen (to fling jaw), to give bad
hng from an infant's mouth. N. slagg, words, to make insulting allusions, as in
slaver, spittle ; slagga, to drivel, to spill E. to slang or to jaw one are vulgarly
or flow over the sides of a vessel. used in the same sense. N. slengje-ot
The word is connected with many simi- (slang- words), insulting words, also new
lar forms derived from a representation of words taking rise from a particular occa-
the sound made by the agitation of liquids sion without having wider foundation.
or masses of wet. Sw. slagg, slush, a Aasen. Pat. de Flandre, nomg'te (nom
mixture of snow and water ; Pl.D. slakk, jdtd), a nickname, a name flung on one.
so much of a slabby material as one takes —
Vermesse.
up at once in a shovel or large spoon and 2. A
long narrow strip of land. Sw.
flings down anywhere. —
Brem. Wtb. Sc. slang, a stroke ; piskslang, a slash with
slag, a quantity of any soft substance a whip. In the same way stripe signifies
lifted from the rest, as a slag of porridge, both a blow with a lash and a long nar-
a large spoonful. Slag, miry and slip- row portion of surface. Pol. kresa, cut,
pery. —
Pr. Pm. slash, also a long streak. The word
To Slam. To shut or to fling down streak itself is a. close relation to stroke.
with a bang. Lap. slam, noise ; nialme Slangam. An awkward lout Hal. ;
slam, the noise of the mouth, words. ' one that being sent on an errand is long

Uksa slamketi, the door was slammed, in returning.' —
Cot. in v. longis. N.
was shut with violence. Sw. slamra, to slengja, slyngja, to dangle, sway to and
jingle, clatter, chatter. It. schiamo, schia- fro, to saunter idly about ; slyngjar, a
mamo, uproar, noise. dawdler. G. schlingel, a sluggard, lazy-
Slammacking. To slammack, to walk bones, scoundrel, clown.
slovenly, do anything awkwardly;
to Slant. It. schiancio, oblique, sloping ;
slammocks, slammerkin, slamkin, an awk- a schiancio, aslant. The notion of ob-
ward waddling person, a sloven. liquity seems derived from the figure of
The sound of dabbling in the wet or of sliding or slipping aside, w. ysglentio,
the flapping of loose clothes is repre- Sw. slinta, to slide, to slip. OFr. en
sented by the syllables slab or slap, slamp, etclenkaunt, obliquando (in the next page
slam. Du. slap, slack, loose, weak ; slab- he writes etpines for espines, thorns).
bakken, to go slackly to work, to loiter Neckam, Nat. Antiq. 'Fr.glisser, glincer,
;

slabbakke, a loitering woman. Pl.D. vers- esclincher, esclinser, to slide or glance.


labben, slampn, slampamfn, to neglect Esclanche, the left side. Roquef Sc. —
one's dress, to let it go into disorder sklent, to slope, decline, move or strike
slabbsack, slamp, slampamp, a slovenly obliquely glent, glint, to glance, gleam,

;

woman. Danneil. Swiss schlampen, glide, to start aside, to squint. See


schlatnpern, to be flappy Swab, schlappe, Glance.
;

schlamp (Fr. salope), a slut ; schlampam- Slap. A blow with the flat hand, from
pen, to go dawdling about ; schlampere, a direct imitation of the sound. To fall
schlampamp, Hamburgh slammetje, a slap down, is to fall suddenly down so as
slatternly woman. See Slattern. The to make the noise slap ! It. schiaffb, a
meaning seems to vibrate between slack- slap. In Da. slap, G. schlapp, schlajf,
ness or laziness of action, and the ex- slack, loose, the sound represented is the
pression of neglect by the figure of loose, flapping of a loose sheet.
trailing, or flapping clothes. To slap is also to slop or spill liquids,
38*
! ! — ; ;

596 SLASH SLAVER


to sup up watery food. G. sMappen, G. schlottern, to flap like loose clothes,
PI.D. slabben, to lap or sup up' with a and in Bavaria, to dabble in the mud ;

noise like dogs or pigs. SlabV nich so! schlotterig, loose, flapping; schlotterig
said to children who eat in such an un- gekleidet gehen, to be slovenly or care-
gainly manner. —
Danneil. lessly clad. Du. slodde7-en, to hang and
Thy milk slept up, thy bacon filcht flap ; slodderkleed, loose flapping clothes
;
Gammer Gurton, ii. j.. slodderig, slovenly, negligent slodder, ;

Slash. A
representation of the sound slodderer, a slattern, sloven. PI.D. slod-
of a blow cutting through the air, or derig, loose, wabbhng, lazy, slow, lifeless.
scissors closing sharply. Devonsh. sloudring, clumsy, loutish. —
What's this, a sleeve 'tis like a demi cannon.
!
Hal. Swiss schlodig, negligent in dress.
What, up and down, carved like an appletart From the figure of flapping is derived
Here's snip and nip, and cut and slish and slash. PI.D. slodde, a rag, then a ragged dirty
Taming of the Shrew. man ; Fris. slet, a rag or clout, a ragged
The same form is used to represent the slovenly woman— Epkema; Du. slodde,
dashing of liquids, or the flapping of loose sordida et inculta mulier (Kil.), a slut.
clothes. E. dial, slashy, wet and dirty ; Da. slat, slattet, loose, flabby ; slatte, a
Da. slaske, to dabble, paddle, to hang slut or slattern. But probably in many
loose as flapping clothes; slasket, slovenly. of these cases the idea of flapping or
See Slush. Sw. slaska, to paddle, to be flagging is used in a figurative sense to
sloppy ; slask, puddle, wash. express a dull, spiritless, inactive dis-
To Slat. See Slate. position, and not the actual flapping of
Slatcli. The slack part of a rope which loose and ragged clothing. PI.D. slitd-
hangs down. See Slouch. dern, to flag, to hang loose, to be slow, to
Slate. OE. sclaf, sclaie, fissile stone deal negligently with.
used for roofing. On the other hand, from the same
The puple wenten on the roof and bythe sclattis original imitation of sound with the fore-
thei letten him doun with the bed into the myddil. going, are Bav. schlott, schlutt, mud, dirt,
—Wiclif. sloppy weather schlutt, a puddle, a dirty
;

^Sklat or slai stone.' Pr. Pm. From — person, a slut Swab, schlettern, to slat-
;

Fr. esclat, a shiver, splinter, also a small ter or spill liquids, schlutt, a slut or dirty
and thin lath or shingle; shsclater, to split, woman E. dial, slud, sludge, mud, dirt
;

burst, crash, shiver into splinters. Cot. — slutty, dirty. Bav. schlotzen, to dabble
Lang, esclata, to crack, chap ; esdatos, in the mud, to be negligent and slow;
chaps in the hands. Esclapa, to split schlotz, dirt, mud ; schlotzen, schlutzen,
wood ; esclapo, a chip. an uncleanly woman. See Sleet, Slouch.
The ultimate origin is a representation Slave. Fr. esclave. It. schiavo, G.
of the sound of a blow or of an explosion sclavc. Commonly supposed to be taken
by the syllable sclat, slat, sclap, slap. from the name of the Sclavonian race,
O Fr. esclat de tonnerre, a clap of thunder. the source from which the German slaves
To slat, to slap, to strike, to throw or would be almost exclusively derived, and
cast down violently, to split or crack. it isin favour of this derivation that the
Hal. ODu. had slavven as well as slave, a
And withal such maine blows were dealt to and slave. But possibly the word may be
fro with a.xes that both headpeeces and habergeons formed on the same principle with the

were slat and dashed a-pieces. Holland, Am- synonymous drudge, a name derived from
mian in N. dragging heavy weights and doing such
Slattern. — Slut. The act of paddling like laborious work. Da. slcebc, to drag,
in the wet and the flapping of loose tex- trail, toil, drudge slcsbe en seek paa ryg-
;

tures are constantly signified by the same gen, to carry a sack on one's back slabe- ;

words, from the similarity in the sound kiole, gown \^ith a train slcebetoug, a
;

by which the action is characterised in towing line. Sla-b, a drudge. E. dial, slab,
both cases and the idea of a slovenly,
; a drudge, a mason's bo)-. Forby. Fris. —
dirty person may be expressed either by slobbjen, Du. slooven, to toil, to moil, or
reference to his ragged, ill-fitting, neglect- drudge. N. slava, to slave or drudge
ed dress, or by the wet and dirt through slave, a drudge, a slave. G. schleppen,
which he has tramped. The Da. slaske Du. sleypen, to drag or trail sleype, the ;

is to dabble or paddle, and also (of train of a gown. Sw. slap, train of a
clothes) to hang flapping about one, from gown, laborious work.
the last of which senses must probably To Slaver. A variation of slabber,
be explained slasket, slaskevorn, slovenly. slobber, in the same way that the G. has
— ;;

SLAY SLEEP 597


schlaff as well as schlapp, slack, on. Perhaps the forai sledge may corre-
slafra, to lick, to chatter, j/<j(^a, N. sieve, spond to OHG. sleihha, a sledge sleichim,
slaver, drivel ; Lat. saliva. Slavering or traheas. —
Graff. From
;

slihhan, G.
slattering weather, a continuance of slight schleichen, to slide.
rain. — Forby.

Sledge. 2. AS. slecge. Da. slagge, Sw.
To Slay. Slaughter, as. sleati, sloh, slagga, a large smith's hammer, from AS.
geslagen, to slay, smite, strike, cast. slean (ppl. gestagen), to strike. See Slay.
Goth, slahan, to strike afslahan, to slay
;

Sleek. Slick. Polished, smooth.
ON. sld, to strike sldtr, slaughter, meat
; Her flesh tender as is a chike,
of slaughtered cattle ; sldtra, to slaughter. With bent browes smooth and slikc.
G. schlagen, to strike, to move with vio- R. R. in R.
lence ; schlacht, battle ; schlachtcn, to slay, Who will our palfries slick with wisps of straw.

to slaughter. B. & F., Knight of burning pestle.


From the sound of a blow represented Which dissolved, and he
by the syllable slag/ as smack, slap, Slicki all with sweet oil. — Chapman, Odyssey.
slash, &c., all signifying the act of striking The most natural type of the act of
with a certain noise. smoothing a surface is a cow or a cat
* Sleave. Sleave or sleave silk would licking its young or its own skin. ON.
seem to be the tangled refuse of the co- sleikja, Da. slikke, to lick. N. sleikja,
coon which cannot be wound off, but only also to stroke with the hand ; slikja, to
spun. It. capitone, the hurds of silk cods, be sleek, to shine ; slikjande, sleek, shin-
or coarse sleeve-silk ; floscio, faint, droop- ing. Hesten ce so fat' at dee slikje ti haar'a,
ing seta floscia, sleave or ravelling silk ;
; the horse is so fat that its coat shines.
flosciare, to ravel as sleave silk doth. ON. slikja, to sleek, to polish ; slikju-
Fl. Fr. flosche, fagg^, weak, soft ; sole steinn, a whetstone. E. slickstone, a stone
flosche, sleave silk. Cot. — for polishing the surface of paper or cloth.
Eight wild men apparelled in green moss made In the same way Gael, sliob, lick, stroke,
with sieved silk. —Hollinshed. rub gently with the hand, polish ; sllobta,
The meaning is probably husk or cod licked, stroked, polished, tf.sleip, smooth,
silk, from G. sMaube, schlaue, Pl.D. slippery, polished ; slipa, to whet ; slipe-
sluwe, Du. sloove, sluive, the husk, cod, stein a whetstone. Du. slijpen, to grind,
pod of peas, beans, &c., husk of grain, the whet, polish.
covering out'of which the grain is slipped. —
Sleep. Slumber.
Goth, slepan, ohg.
Bav. schlauffen, sloufen, to make sldfan, slaffan, G. schlafen, Du. slaepen,
to slip ;

inslouf, indumentum ; urslouf, exuvije to sleep. The radical figure is probably


Schm. See Sleeve. From the nature of the relaxation of all the vital energies in
sleave silk, sleave acquires the sense of a sleep, from OHG. slaf, staph, slack, relaxed,
tangled mass of fibrous matter, as when weak, slothful ; slafen, slaffen, tabescere,
Shakespear speaks of ' the ravelled sleave torpere, dissolvi arslaffen, resolvi, elan-
;

of care.' guescere. G. einschlafen, to slacken, be-


Sled.— Sledge, i. Du. sledde, slidde, come remiss, to fall asleep. ON. slapa,
G. schlitten, a sledge or carriage made to to hang loose. Russ. slaV, relaxed, loose,
slide along the ground instead of rolling feeble ; slabety, to faint, become slack.
on wheels. G. schlittern, to slide or slither When one of our limbs is rendered tem-
schlitten, a sledge ; schlittschlth, a skate porarily torpid by pressure, we say that
or sliding shoe. It. slisciare, to slide or it is asleep. Westerwald schlaafen, to go
glide, to go on sleds or trucks ; sliscio, a lazily and slow, to drag on; schlaafer,
sled. —
Fl. ON. sledi, sledge ; slodi, any- schlaa/sack,a.la.zyhorLes ; schlaafig,schlaa-
thing that is dragged over the ground, as ferig, dawdling, lazy.
a brush-harrow. Gael, slaod, drag, haul, In the same way G. schlummern, Du.
trail along the ground, a raft or float, a sluimeren, sluimen, E. to slumber, NE.
sledge. To slade, to drag on a sledge sloom, slaum, a gentle sleep or slumber
Forby ; sled, to drag the feet, to go slip- (Grose), to sleam, to slumber, sloomy,
shod. —
Craven Gl. Sladering drag, a duU, slow, inactive, dreamy, may be de-
small drag sliding on the ground, drawn rived from the root slap, stamp, slump

by one horse. Hal. To slade is to make (indicated under Slammack), signifying
to slide, as Da. slcebe, Du. sleypen, to trail flagginess, feebleness, slackness, relaxa-
or drag, is to make to slip, but we must tion. Du. slomphose, loose bagging trow-
not in either case assume that the factitive sers Bav. schlumpen, to slobber, to hang
;

is a derivative form from the neuter verb. loose and negligently, to be negligent,
See Slade. especially in dress ; schlummerig, loose,
— — ; — ;;

598 SLEET SLENDER


flapping. E. dial, sloimnakin, slovenly, schlotter, mud, dirt ; schlott, schlutt, mud,
loose, untidy. To go slooming along is dirt, sloppy weather, thaw. Swiss schbid-
to go along in a dreamy, inactive way. erji, to slobber, eat and drink uncleanly
ON. sJuma, to be dejected slcenileiki,
; schluderig, watery geschluder, slops ; ;

failure of strength at slama til, opus ali-


; Swab, g'schliitten, snowy and rainy wea-
quod leviter et invalide attrectare (Gudm.), ther in winter ; schluttig, sloppy, rainy,
to go to it in a sloomy way. Sw. slumra, E. dial, sludder, to eat slovenly ; slodder.
to slumber ;
qfver, to slubber a thing sluthir (Mrs Baker), slud, sludge, slutch,
over, to pass over it slightly slumrare, slush, wet mud. Da. slud, sluus, N. sletta.
;

a lazybones, indolent, sluggish person Lap. slatte, rain and snow together, or
slumrig, indolent, lazy, torpid, negligent. sleet ; N. slatra, to rain and snow toge-
Without the initial s, Swiss liihm, luinm, ther.
soft, gentle, then sleepy, spiritless, yield- Sleeve, as. slyf, Fris. slief, a sleeve,
ing. Das wetter Itiemet, the weather be- what one slips the arm into, from Bav.
comes mild. Du. lome, slow, lazy.— Kil. schlaiffen, to slip (as a bird does its head
Swiss lummern, to lounge, slug, lie lazily under its wing) schlauffen, to slip in or ;

about. out anschlauffen, to slip on an article of


;

Sleet.— Sludge.— Slush. The sound dress Swab, anschliefen, ausschliefen, to


;

of paddling in the wet and dirt or of the slip on or off ; einschlauf, the whole
dashing of water and wet bodies, is re- dress Swiss schlauf, a muff for slipping
;

presented by the syllables slash, slosh, the hands into. E. dial, slive, to put on
slush, slatter, slotter, shitter, sladder, hastily. '
I'll slive on my gown and gang
slodder, sludder, with such modifica- wi' thee.' — Craven Gl.
tions as are common in the different Where her long-hoarded groat oft brings the
dialects of the Gothic race and with the
;
maid
image of paddling in the wet is con- And secret sliver it in the sibly's fist.— Clare.

stantly joined that of the flapping of loose I slyppe or slyde downe, je coule; / slyve
textures, and the idea of slackness or downe; je coule. Palsgr. —
looseness, passing into that of inactive, On the same principle Du. sloop, Fris.
slow, lazy, slovenly. slupe, a pillow-slip, the washing cover
We use the words slosh and slush that is slipped on and off a pillow ; bes-
with a distinct consciousness of their lopje, to slip a covering over. See Slop.
effect in representing the sound of dash- * Sleeveless. Wanting reasonableness,

ing water. To slosh or slush,^ to splash propriety, solidity. Todd. sleeveless — A


about liquid mud. // sloshes so, is often errand, reason, tale. Probably a corrup-
said after a thaw. To slush, to wash tion of Sc. thewless, thieveless, unprofit-
with much water without rubbing. Slush ^ able, unsatisfactory ; a thieveless excuse,
it in the river.' —
Mrs Baker. Slosh, snow errand, &c., exactly as E. sleeveless. AS.
in a melting state. —
Craven Gl. Sc. slash, theaw, custom, manner, thew ; theawlice,
a great quantity of broth or sorbillaceous according to manners, decently, properly.

food ; slashy, wet and dirty. ^Jam. Cor- Sleazy. Weak, wanting substance. J. —
responding forms are Da. slaske, to dab- cannot well away with such sleazy stuff, with
I

ble, paddle, to hang flapping as loose such cobweb compositions. Howell in Todd. —
clothes ; Sw. slaska, to dabble, splash, The
radical sense is, apt to fray or tear,
slop ; slaskwdder, sloppy weather ; sno- from G. schleissen (the equivalent of E.
slask (sloshy snow), sleet. Bav. schlass, slit), to fray, wear out, tear, slit, split.
schloss, loose, slack, flaccid. Swiss schlas- Kiittn. E. dial, sleeze, to separate, come
sem, soft damp snow, slack. apart, applied to cloth when the warp and
With a change of the final sound from woof readily separate from each other
s or sh to d or t, w. yslotian, to dabble, sleezy, disposed to sleeze, badly woven.
paddle ; E. dial, sladdery, sloddery (Mrs — Jennings. Carinthian schleiss'n, to tear
or to fall asunder ; schleissik, worn out,
Baker), slattery, wet, dirty ; to slatter, to
wash in a careless manner, throwing the ready to tear a' schleissige pfdt, a thread-
;

water about ; slattering, rainy weather. bare coat. Cimbr. slaiscg, thin through
Forby. ' It's varra slattery walking.' To wear, worn out. See Slit.
slat, to dash water slat, a spot of dirt.
;
Sleight. See Sly.
— Craven Gl. ON. sletta, to splash ;

— K.
Slender.
The
ODu. slinder, tenuis, exilis.
radical meaning is pliant,
Swab, schlettern, to spill liquids. E. dial.

slotter, to dirty, to spatter with mud, and bending to and fro, thence long and thin,
as a noun, filth, nastiness; BaN.schlottern, from a verb signifying to dangle, to sway
schlotten, schliitten, schlotzen, to dabble ; to and fro, the evidence of which is pre-
;;

SLEW SLIME 599


served in Bav. schUnderling, something even ; schlichten, to straighten, to malce
dangling ; rotzschlenderling, stiria e naso smooth or flat. Du. slecht, slicht, planus,

pendens Schm. ; G. schlendem, to stroll, aequus, et simplex, et ignobilis, communis,
saunter, walk about without settled pur- vulgaris, vilis, tenuis —
Kil. ; slechten,
pose Du slidderen, sHnderen, to wriggle,
; . slichten, to level to the ground, to demol-
to creep as a serpent. Kil. On the same— ish.
principle G. schlank, pliable, slender, from In three days they slighted and demohshed all
Bav. schlanken, schlinkschlanken, to dan- the works of that garrison. —
Clarendon in R.
gle ; Pl.D. slakkern, slukkern, slunkem, Goth, slaihts, ON. slettr, even, smooth ;

to waggle, joggle. Sw. sldt, smooth, polished, plain, poor,


To Slew. To turn round. — Hal.
Pro- shght, common, bad. Sldta ord, flatter-
perly to slip. ' It slewed round to the ing words. N. sletta, to fling or cast, ex-
other side.' !
plains the passage where Falstaff speaks
A lynnand cord they slewyt our his hed of being slighted out of the buck-basket
Hard to the bawk, and hangyt him to ded. into the river. Skoen slatt utav fot'a,
Wallace. ;
the shoe was cast or flew from his foot ;
Slewyt, slipped. ^Jam. —It is the same sletta nice haandaa, to fling with the
word with E. slive, to slip. See Sleeve. hands.
Slice. OFr. escleche, separation, dis- Slim. Slender, thin, slight, also dis-
memberment, portion ; esclisse, a splinter

torted, worthless, sly, crafty. —
Hal. Du.
esclisier, to separate, divide. Roquef. stem, slim, transverse, oblique, distorted,
G. schleisseti, to cleave, slit, split, on. worthless, bad. Slim, pravus, perversus,
slita, to tear asunder ; slitr, a piece torn astutus, vafer. —
Bigl. Slimgast, a sly
off. See Slit. fellow ; slimbeen, slimvoet, having a dis-
Slick. See Sleek. torted leg or fopt. Bav. schlimm, wry.
Slidder.—Slither.— Slide. Du. sled- Fris. slom, oblique ; aslem {oi the door),
deren, slidderen, slibberen, to slip, slide, half open ; slemme, to set the door ajar.
fall; slidderen, slinderen, to creep (wriggle) — Outzen. E. dial, slam, the slope of a
like a serpent, w. llithr, a slip, slide hill ; tall and lean. —
Hal. ON. slamr,
llithrig, slippery. Lith. slidtis, sliddus, vilis, invalidus ; at slcema til, to set
slippery, smooth, shining ; slidin'eti, slackly to work. Probably the original
slysti, Pol. slizgad sie, to slip, slide ; meaning of the word may be flagging,
sliski. It. sliscio, slisso, slippery ; slisciare, flaccid, then hanging down, sloping, lead-
to slide. Lett, slids, slanting ; sliddet, ing to the idea of obliquity and depravity.
sliddinat, to slide ; sltdet, to slip ; slid- See Slammack, Slope. To slim in Sus-
dens, sltsch, shppery, sloping, steep. sex is to do work in a careless and decep-
The radical signification is probably a tive manner (Hal.), to be compared with
vacillating unsteady movement, as in Du. ON. slcema, above mentioned, and Pl.D.
slodderen, slobberen, to flap, flag, waggle stamp, a slovenly woman. E. dial, slimmy,
G. schlottern, to waggle, joggle, swag ; on. of slight texture. Hal.—
slodra, to drag oneself on ; Sw. sliddrig, Slime. G. scklamm, mire, mud; schleim,
loose, flagging. From the notioA of a ON. sHm, Du. slijm, slime, viscous matter.
vacillating movement arises that of slip- In the same way, without the initial sibi-
ping or sliding as opposed to moving lant, AS. lam, Pl.D. leem, G. lelun, loam,
steadily onwards. And from the frequent- clay, mud ; leim, AS,, lime, glutinous mat-
ative and earlier form slidder is formed ter. Lat. limtis, mud.
the verb to slide, to move smoothly over Probably the fundamental notion may
a surface without leaving it. The root is be sloppy mud, from a representation of
then applied to smoothness of surface the sound of dabbling in wet. Du, slob-
which causes one to slide. See To Slur. beren, slabbereii, slabben, to slap up liquid
It is however equally difficult to ignore food Gael, slaib, E. dial, slob, Du. slibbe,
thfe relation of sUde with glide; slidder
;

slibber (limus, casnum moUius —


Kil.),
with glidder, slippery ; Sw. slinta, to slip, mud, ooze. Slip in the Potteries is the
slide, with E. glint, to ^3.nce,yf. ysglentio, name given to the sloppy mixture of clay
to slip, or to derive both series from a and water.
common image. See To Glide. The terminal labial is first nasalised,
Slight. G, schlecht, originally plain, as in Bav. schlampen, to lap like a dog,
%mooth, sti-aight, then plain, simple, un- to eat greedily and uncleanly, and finally
qualified, plain as opposed to what is of extinguished, leaving the nasalising liquid
superior value, low in value, mean in esti- into which it seems to have been con-
mation, bad, base ; schlichi, sleek, smooth, verted. Thus we have Du. slempen, slem-
;; ;

6oo SLING SLIT


men, schldmrnen, scfilemmen, to guzzle,
G. meaning of Du. slinderen, to creep like a
live luxuriously, while in a different appli- serpent, is to wriggle, to move by zigzag
cation G. schlamm, mud, corresponds to efforts.
Gael, slaib, E. slob, above mentioned. Slip.— Slippery. It may perhaps not
The same connection is seen between be possible to trace the derivation of the
G.schlocken,schlicken,V)\x. slacken, slicken, word slip in all its senses from a single
to guzzle (from the sound of supping up source. In the first place, from Svi. slapp,
liquids), and Du. slijck, G. schlick, mud. lax, slack, we have sldppa, to let loose, let
On the other hand, there are grounds slip. Sldpp hunden Ids, let the dog loose,
for suspecting that the name of slime let slip the dog. Sldppa ndgot ur hdnd-
may be derived from the image of licking. erna, to let slip a thing out of one's hands,
Gael, sliob, to lick, stroke, rub gently with Sldppa fram ei ord, to slip out a word.
the hand Macleod — to smooth, polish,
; Sldpphdnd, clumsy-handed, apt to let slip

besmear Armstrong sliom (properly to
; out of one's hands.
lick?), to smooth, gloss, flatter; sliom, From the foregoing seems to be formed
sleek, smooth, slippery, lubricated. Na the neuter slippa, slapp, sluppit (ON.
brie shliom, the sleek (slimy) trout. sleppa, slapp, slopipit), to slip, to get off,
Esthon. libbama, limpama, to lick libbe, ; get loose from, escape. Et ord slapp
smooth, slippeiy, flattering; limma, slime, fram for honotn, a word slipped out from
mud. him, he let fall a word, hoinen slipper
Sling'. Sw. sldnga, to totter, stagger, up, the seam rips up, comes apart, separ-
twist, swing, fling, hurl. Slinga, to twist ates. In a similar way we speak of taking
slingra,Xa curl, to roll. Sldnga sig som a slip from a plant, i. e. separating a
en mask, to writhe like a worm. Da. small portion of the plant from the parent
slingre, to reel, stagger, roll like a ship. stem. When the foot slips, it loses its
Du. slingern, to dangle, stagger, whirl ' hold. When we speak of anything slip-
round, hurl ; slingen, slingeren, to creep ping through an obstacle we imply that
as a serpent, to sling ; slinger, slanger, it gets loose from it, is not held by it.

spira. •
— Slinger, a pendulum, a
Kil. To slip into a chamber implies escape
sling. — Bomhoff. G. schlingen, to twist from something that might have hindered
schlingeln, to loiter, saunter, ramble. the action. G. schliipfen, Pl.D. slippen,
To Slink. To creep or move secretly, slupen, to slip away, slip or slide into
to slip a foal or calf, i. e. cast it privily Sw. slipprig, G. schlUpfrig, ON. sleipr,
before its time. as. slincan, to creep, OE. slipper, slippery. Swab, sclilappig,
crawl sliticend, a reptile, creeping thing.
; schlapperig, loose, flagging; schlapper,
G. schleichen, Du. sleyken, to sneak, slink, old trodden-down shoes, slippers. To
creep sleyncke, a hole. Das schleichen
; slip on a garment is to throw it loosely
einer schlange, the wriggling of a serpent. over one. So also we may compare G,
Sw. slinka, to dangle. Hdret slinker schlaff, loose, with Bav. schlaiffen, schlauf-
kring dronen, the hair hangs loose about fen, sloufen, to slip in, slip on. Der spar
the ears. Slinka efter quinfolk, to dan- slaifft sein haubt under sein fettig, the
gle after women. Han slank bart, he sparrow slips its head under its wing.
slunk away. Tiden slinker forbi,' time '
Anesloufe, indue.' Einschlauf what is
slips by. N. sle/tja, to dangle, sway to slipped on, dress tirslouf what is slip-
;

and fro, saunter, loiter. Bav. schlanken, ped off, cast clothes, skin, &c. Schleiffen,
schlinkschlanken, schlinkenschlanken, to OHG. slifan, G. schleifen, to slide, glide.
dangle, sway to and fro, loiter about Perhaps we should set out from forms
schldtikeln, to dangle schlenkern, to
; like slabber, slobber, representing the
swing, to sling. Swiss schlenggen, scklen- agitation of liquids or loose textures ; Du.
ken, to sway to and fro. Lith. slinkti, to slobberen, laxum sive flaccidum esse, to
slip, slide, creep. Platikai slenka, the hair flap ; slibbe, slibber, mud, mire ; slibberigh,
falls off. Slankioti, to lounge, saunter, muddy, slippery ; slibberen, to slip, slide.
dawdle. Slinkas, lazy, slow. — Kil. Somerset slopper, loose, unfixed.
The radical idea in creeping or crawl- —Hal.
ing is wriggling onwards, moving onwards To Slit. AS. slitan, to tear, to con-
by alternate movements to the right sume ; G. sclileisscn, to slit, split, fray, wear
and left, and the notion of secrecy seems out ; schleisse, a splint, lint, scraped linen.
to arise from the movement not being Sw. slita, to tear, separate by force. Slita.
directed in a continuous right line to the sig Ids ifrdn, to shake oneself free from ;
object sought for. On this principle it is slita opp ur jordcn, to tear up out of the
argued under Slender, that the primitive earth. Slita ut kldder, to wear out
— — 1

SLIVER SLOUCH 60

clothes ; slita sonder, to tear asunder ; cidum esse, corroborates the derivation
slitning, wear and tear. ON. slita, to tear above given of slip from slapp, loose,
asunder, separate ; slita Jlokk, to dismiss slack. See Sleeve.
an assembly slita thiug-i, to close the
; ToSlope. To hang obliquely down-
court ; sHtr, slitri, a rag, portion. Da. wards like a slack rope, from Du. slap,
slide, to pull, tear, to wear, to toil, slack. —
Skinner. But the immediate
drudge. origin is a verb like ON. sldpa, flaccere,
Sliver. A splinter, slice, slip. — Hal. —
pendere Haldorsen N. slope, to hang
;

Slive, sliver, a large slice. Mrs Baker. — down, to slope or be a little inclined
"Tis broke all ta slivvers.' Moor. — downwards. ON. slapeyrdr, lop-eared,
We'sterwald schliewer, a splinter. AS. having hanging ears.
sKfan, Craven slieve, to cleave, split. Slot. I .—Sleuth. The slot of a deer is
Slyvyn asundyr, findo ; slyvynge of a tre the print of a stag's foot on the ground.
or other lyke, fissula. — Pr. Pm. '
I slyve Sc. sleuth, the track of man or beast as
a gylowflowre from his braunche or known by the scent, whence sleuth-hmmd,
stalke.' — Palsgr. Tusser uses sliver for a bloodhound, dog kept for following the
split logs of firewood. To slive, to slip, track of a fugitive. ON. slod, track, path,
slide. — Mrs B. See Sleeve, Slip. way ; doggslod, the track left by men or
Slobber. See Slabber. animals in the dew ; mark made by
Sloe. Du. sleeuwe, sleepruyme, G. something dragging along when the
schlehe, the small astringent wild plum, ground is covered with dew ; slodi, a
so named from what we call setting the drag-harrow. Cheshire cartslood, cart-
teeth on edge, which in other languages rut. —
Wilbraham. Gael, slaod, trail along
is conceived as blunting them. ^Adelung. — the ground slaodan, the track or rut of
;

Du. she, sleeuw, dull, blunt (of the teeth) ;


a cart-wheel. Pol. slad, a trace, track,
set on edge ; (of fruit) sour, astringent. footprint. See To Siade.
Sleeuwe scherpte, a blunt edge sleeuwe ;
* Slot. 2. bolt. ASlot or schytyl of
tanden, stupidi dentes, obtusi. Kil. Die — a dore, verolium (Fr. verrouil). Pr. Pm. —
prnimen zijn soo slee als of het wilde Probably a somewhat different applica-
pruimen waren: these plums are as sour tion of Du. slot, a lock or fastening, from
as sloes. Bav. schleh, blunt, set on edge. sluiten, G. schliessen, to shut. Du. sluif
ON. sliofr, dull, inactive, blunt ; sliofar boom, a bar, barrier, rail ; vectis et clath-
tennur, teeth on edge. rus ; slotel, a key ; slotelen, securicute,
Sloop. Du. sloepe, a shallop, light snbscudes duo tigna inter se vincientes.
vessel from sloepen, shiipen, to slip
;
.'
Kil. From this last may probably be
See Shallop. explained Cleveland slot, a crossbeam or
Slop. I. Imitative of the sound of bar running from one side to another in
dashing water. To slope, to make a noise any construction slotes of a cart", the
;

when supping liquid. —Teesdale Gl. underpieces which keep the bottom to-
Thy milk slop't np, thy bacon filcht. gether slotes of a ladder or a gate, the
;

Gammer Gurton, ii. x. flat step or bar. — B.


Du. slabben, to lap, to slobber. Lap. Slot in engineering is a hollow for the
sldbbot, tosprinkle ; slebbet, to pour, to head of a bolt or the like to work in, the
splash slappe, wet and soft snow partly
;
tuck in a dress for a string to run in.
thawed. Fris. door dik, door dun te slob- Atkinson. Probably from Du. sluitgat,
ben, to splash through thick and thin. a mortise or hollow to hold a tenon.
Epkema. Sloth. See Slow.
2. A
loose, outer dress, smock-frock. Slouch. To slouch is to flag, to hang
His overest slopfe it is not worth a mite. down for want of inherent stiffness, to do
Chaucer. anything with unstrung muscles, to walk
With slop-frock suiting to the ploughman's taste. with a negligent gait. A slouch, a lub-
Clare. berly fellow. — B. '
No weather pleaseth:
ON. sloppr, a wide outer dress, a surplice, it colde, therefore the slouch will not
is
night-dress. Fris. slupe, a pillow-slip ;
plow.' —
Granger in Todd. The slatch of
beslopje, to slip a covering over. Bav. a rope is the slack part of a rope which
schlauffen, to slip in or out; anschlauffen, hangs trailing.
to slip on an article of dress ; einschlauf, From ON. slakr, slack, we pass to Sw.
the whole dress. Du. slobbe, sloejhose, a sloka, to droop sloka med oronen, med
;

pair of slops or loose bagging breeches. wingarna, to hang the ears, drag the
The connection of the latter form with wings. Slokhatt, a slouch hat, hat with
slobberen, to flap or flag, laxum sive flac- hanging flaps slokbj'ork, a weeping birch.
;
602 SLOUGH SLUBBER
Gd och sloka, to go slouching about. ON. also the prepuce, in which sense it is to
slokr, a slouch or dull inactive person. be compared with G. schlauch, the sheath
Da. slukoret, slouch-eared, having hang- of a horse.
ing ears. * Sloven. A
person careless of dress
In the same way without the initial s, and personal cleanliness. Du. slof, sloe/,
w. llac, slack, loose ; llacio, to droop, to an old slipper, and fig. a sloven or slut.
decline ON. Uka, to hang down ; Ukr, Sloef, toga sive tunica rudis, impolita et
;

anything hanging; Idkubyr, a light wind sordidula; sloefhose, tibiale laxum. Kil. —
that lets the sails flap Fr. locker, to See Slop.
shake like a loose wheel logue, a dan-
;

; —
Slow. Sloth. AS. sleaw, slaw, lazy,
gling rag E. dial, louch-eared, having
; slow ; slawian, aslawian, to be lazy,
hanging ears ; G. latschen, to go dragging torpid ; slawth, slewth, sloth. Du. sleeuw,
one's feet, to slouch along. she, blunt, ineffective Bav. schlew, schle-
;

In another set of parallel forms the •wig, feeble, flat, faint, slow, insipid, un-
final k of slack is exchanged for ss, t, salted, lukewarm, blunt ; OHG. slewe,
or tz. Bav. scMottern, to hang dangling, slewechait, torpor —
Schm. ; sleo, sleuuo,
to slouch about (Schmid) schlotzen, to ; dull, faded, lukewarm ; sleuuen, to fade,
dabble in the dirt, to be negligent and waste, become torpid, indifferent, luke-
slow schlotz, a lazy slow person schlass,
; ; warm ; sleuui, languor, dullness ; slewig,
schlatt, flaccid, slack schlattoret, slouch- ; slebig, dull ; Swab, schlaib, unsalted,
eared schlatte, a lazy ill-dressed per-
; watery, thin, empty. ON. sljdr, slcer
son ; schlossigkeit, inactivity ; ON.
Swab, blunt, dull, slow, inactive ; sleeva,
islcBfr),
slota, sluta, to be relaxed, to soften, sljdva, to blunt, dull, slacken ; Da. slov,
to hang down. Vedrinn slotar, the wea- Sw. slo, blunt, dull, slow of apprehension.
ther becomes mild. Lata hattin slota, to Probably Pol. slaby, faint, weak, feeble,
slouch one's hat, let the flap hang down. dull of hearing, Russ. slabuii, slack, re-
Slough. I. A deep muddy place in laxed, weak, faint, feeble, belong to the
which one ingulfed. Du. slacken, to
is same stock. The radical image would
swallow ; slock, gula, fauces, et bara- be the slapping of a slack structure, as a
thrum, vorago, gurges. Kil. Gael, sluig, — rope or the sail of a ship. Related forms
swallow, ingulf; slugpholl, a whirlpool; are Du. slap, G. schlaff, slack, flaggy,
slugaid, a slough or deep miry place. weak, soft, flat. Met slappe handen to
* 2. The cast skin of a snake the ; werk gaan, to work slowly. Du. slof,
skin or husk of a gooseberry or currant slow, negligent, careless.
(Atkinson) the crust of dead matter that
; Slowworm. This name may really
separates from a sore. MHO. sMch, the signify what appears to do, as motion
it
skin of a snake ; G. schlauch, properly, as is veiy difficult to the animal on a bare
balg, the skin of an animal stripped off, surface such as a road, where it is fre-
and made into a vessel for liquids, a quently found, though among herbage it
wineskin, hose for conveying liquids, also is agile enough. But the element slow
the loose skin of a horse's sheath. The is suspiciously like schleich in the G. name
meaning of the word is something slipped blindschleiche, Carinthian schleich, plint-
off, that from which something has slip- schleich, plintschlauch, from schleichen, to
ped, from OHG. slthhan, MHG. slichen, G. slide. In N. it is called sleva, sldge,slde,
schleichen, to slip, slide, slink. Bav. perhaps from its slime ; sieve, slaver,
schlaichen, to slip in or out, to convey drivel.
privily ; einem etwas ztischlaichen, to To Slubber. A
word of like formation
slip or slive it into his hand. Schlich, with slabber, slobber, representing the
the gliding of a brook or of serpents, to sound of supping up liquids into the
be compared with slough, the slime of mouth, dabbling in the wet, &c. ON.
snakes (marking the track where they slupra, Dan. slubre, Pl.D. slubbeni, to
have slid). — Hal. sup up liquids. Hence in Hamburgh
In the same way from the parallel metaphorically, from the notion of hasty
form OHG. sttfan, Bav. schleiffen, e. dial. and greedy eating, slubbern, to slubber
slive, to slide, slip, with the factitive up, to do a thing carelessly and superfi-
schlauffen, sloufen, to make to slip, are cially slubberer, slubberup, a careless,
;

schlauff, that into which a man slips ; negligent person.


inslouf, indumentum ; urslouf, exuviae ;
Bassanio told him he would malce some speed
G. schlauf, a serpent's slough schlaiibe, ;
Of his return he answered, Do not so,
:

husk or cod of beans, &c. (Sanders) ; Du. Slubber not business for my sake.
sloof, sloove, husk, velum, tegmen, exuvia;; Merch. Venice.
; — ;;

SLUDGE SLUR 603


Du. slobberen, to sup up liquids like ducks, gate, may be connected with E. souse, re-
pigs, &c., to sup up in a dirty uncouth presenting the sound of dashing water.
manner over keen slobberen, to pass Soss, a slop as a verb, to pour out, to
; ;

lightly over a matter. In like manner dabble in the dirt. From the same origin
Du. slorpen, slorven, to sup up, serve to is the cry sus! sus! to pigs to come to
explain Sw. slurfwa, to bungle, botch, their wash.
slubber. To Slumber. See Sleep.
To slubber is also to slobber or spill Slump. To fall plumb down into any
liquids in eating, hence to dirty. wet or dirty place.— B. '
In Suffolk we
To slubber the gloss of your new fortunes. should say, I slumped into the ditch up
Shakesp. to the crotch.' Moor. —
Slump, a dull
noise made by anything falling into a hole.
N. slubba, to spill liquids, to dirty.
Sludge. See Slush. —Jam.
Slug. — Sluggard.
Another of the
From representing the
falling
noise of a thing
plump upon
the ground the term
numerous metaphors from the image of a
is applied to chance, accident, what hap-
loose unstrung condition. Pl.D. slukkern,
pens at a single blow or in an unforeseen
slunkem, Westerw. schlockerii schluckern ,

manner. Pl.D. slump, a chance slump-


(synonymous with schlappem, schlottern), ;

schote, a chance shot slumps, plump,


to wabble, shake to and fro. Da. slug- ;

oret, sluk'dret, having flagging ears. To thoughtlessly up'n slump kopen, to buy ;

upon the chance, without knowing the


slug is thus to lie slack and unstrung, to
exact quantity. Sw. of en slump, by
indulge in sloth.
chance ; en blott slump, a pure chance ;
He lay all night slugging under a mantle. slumpa, to buy things in block. Da.
Spenser in Todd.
slumpe, to light, stumble, chance upon
/ slogge, I waxe slowe or drawe behynde. slump, a lot. To slump things together,
— Palsgr. A
slug is a creature of a soft to throw them together in a single lot.
boneless consistency. ON. slceki, a duU. To Slur. Slurry. —
To bedaub or
inactive person. dirty, whence met. slur, a stain or dis-
In like manner without the initial s, grace. Slur, slurry, thin washy mud.
Swiss lugg, luck, loose, slack das sell Forby. To slairg, slerg, slairy, to be-
;

lugget, the rope trails, is slack Du. log, daub. Jam.


;

heavy, slow E. luggish, dull, heavy, slow
; We
have frequently had occasion to
lug, luggard, a sluggard Fris. lugghen, remark the identity of forms representing
;

to be lazy and slothful luck, luggerig, the sound of dabbling in the wet and the
;

slothful. Lith. slukyti (fauUenzen), to flapping of loose fabrics, giving rise to an


slug slunkis, a sluggard, a lazy creeper intimate relation between words signify-
;

about slinkas, lazy, slow.


; ing mud or dirt, and a loose texture, a
Slmce. Sw. sluss, Du. sluys, G. schleuse, wabbling, vacillating, slipping or sliding
Fr. dcluse, a sluice or floodgate. Da. movement, inefficient nerveless action,
sluse, lock in a canal ; sluseport, flood- and the like.
gate. Mid.Lat. clnsa, eclusa, as if for ex- The sound made by the agitation of
clusa, from the notion of shutting off the liquids or of loose textures is represented
water, a derivation supported by Swiss by the forms sladder,slodder,sludder, slid-
Muss, a large sluice in a gorge where der. Thus we have Da. sladder, sludder,
water is collected until it is sufficient to tattle, idle talk (an idea constantly ex-
wash down a collection of timber ; klusen, pressed by reference to the sound of dab-
verklusen, to stop the flow of water. Das bling in water) Swiss schlodern, to slobber ;

wasser hat sich geklusst, has stopped in eating E. dial, sludder, to eat slovenly
;

running. slodder, slud, sludge, wet mud Hal.; slu- —


But it may be doubted whether the ther, liquid mud Mrs Baker; Bav. schle- —
Mid.Lat. form is not an accommodation, dern, to move to and fro in the water, to
and the word really derived from the rinse linen ; schluder, mud ; schludern,
sloshing or slushing sound of the water schlodern, to wabble schlaudern, to work ;

as it rushes through the gates. To sluice negligently and superficially, to slur a


one with water is to slosh water over him, thing over Du. slodUeren, to hang loose,
;

to throw a mass of water over him. Sw. to flag slodderig, slovenly, negligent
;

slosa, to lavish, squander ; Da. dial, sluse, Pl.D. sludern, sluren, to wabble, to flag
to purl as a brook. Westerw. schlosen, or hang loose, to be lazy, to deal negli-
schlusen, to become sloshy, to thaw. gently with. Aver ene arbeid sluren, to
On the same principle Du. sas, a flood- slur over a piece of work. Slodderig,
— —

6o4 SLUSH SMACK


shidderig, slung, flagging, lifeless, in- about in an idle manner. — Hal. Bav.
active. De kleder sittet em so sludderig schlotzen, to dabble, meddle with dirt, to
[or slurig\ umH lief, the clothes hang so be lazy and negligent schlotzen, schlut- ;

loose about him- Du. shore, slorken, zen, a slut ; schlotz, dirt, mud, a lazy per-
sordida ancilla, serva vilis, ignava— Kil. ;
son, sluggard.
slaoren, sleuren, to drag, trail, sweep along Sly.— Sleight. Sleight, dexterity.
the ground as a loose hanging garment, B. ON. slcegr, crafty, cunning ; slagct,
a slack rope ; sloorigh, dirty. Swiss contrivance, cunning slcsgdarbragd, art- ;

schlarggen, to dabble, to debaub, to go ful trick N. slog, dexterous, expert,


;

trailing or shuffling along; schlargg, a clever, sly, cunning. Sw. slog, dexterous,
slur or spot of dirt geschlargg, nastiness,
;
handy slogd, mechanical art
; handa ;

dirt ; schlarggig, dirty E. dial, sladder-


;
sldgd, manufacture slug, G. schlau, Pl.D.
;

iiig-drag,3. sled for traihng timber along; slo2t, cunning, sly.

Pl.D. slarren, slurren, to shuffle, slip the The same connection of ideas is seen
feet along ; slarren, slurren, slippers, old in handicraft compared with crafty, and
shoes i Du. slieren, to stagger, to slide on in a7-tificer compared with artful. And on

the ice, to drag Bomhoff ; E. dial, to the same principle ctmning was formerly
slither, to slir, to slide, to slip. — Hal. used in the sense of manual skill. Per-
Pl.D. slieren, to lick (to sup up). — Schiitze. haps the ultimate origin may be found in
Bav. schlieren, to bedaub schlier, mud. ;
the root slag, strike, from the use of the
ON. sUr, uncleanness, slime of fish ;
hammer being taken as the type of a
slorugr, dirty. handicraft. ON. slcegr (applied to a horse)
Slush. Slodder, slotter, sluther, slud, signifies apt to strike with his heels. Sw.
sludge, slutch, slosh, slush, are used pro- slogda, opera fabrilia exercere." Ihre. —
vincially or in familiar language for wet Sldgamens werk, the work of artificers.
mud or dirty liquid, melting snow, &c. Jerem. x. 9.

The origin is a representation of the noise The radical unity of sly and sleight was
made by dabbling or paddling in the wet, formerly more distinctly felt than it is

by forms Swiss schlodern, to slobber,


like now.
E. dial, sludder, to eat slovenly, Bav. —and stele upon my
enemy,
For to slee him slehliche, slehies Ich by thenke.
schledern, to rinse linen in water ; schlot-
P.P.
zen, to dabble, Sw. slaska, to dash, dabble,
For thei ben sllgh in such a wise
slop, giving rise to Sw. slask, dirty liquid, That thei by slyght and by queintise
Bav. schlott, schhUt, mud, slush, thawing Of fals witnes biingen inne
weather schlotz, mud, dirt. Da. sladder,
; That doth hem often for to winne.
sludder, tattle, idle talk, belong to the Gower in R.

same root, on the same principle that G. Smack, i . A syllable directly represent-
waschen signifies both to wash or to ing the sound made by the sudden col-
agitate in water and to tattle. lision or separation of two soft surfaces,
Slut. In this word, as in slattern, the as a blow with the flat hand, the sudden
idea of dirt is constantly mixed up with separation of the lips in kissing, or of the
that of lazy negligent work, on the prin- tongue and palate in tasting. Hence
ciple mentioned under Slur. Pl.D. slatte, smack, a slap, a sounding blow, a hit with
sladde, anything that hangs loose and the open hand. Hal. —
flagging, a rag ; slatje, Du. sladde, slodde, Du. smak, noise that one makes in eat-
sletse, slet, Da. slatte, slutte, a slut, a ing. Gy moet zoo niet smakken als gy
negligent, slovenly woman ; Swab. eet you must not smack so in eating.
:

schlatte, a lazy, slovenly man schlutt, a ; Halma. Smak, noise of a fall, [and
slut. Pl.D. slatterig, flaccid, flagging thence] 'smakken, to throw, cast, iling,
G. schlottern, to flag, dangle, wabble. Da.
;

to fall down. Bomhoff. —


Met dobbel-

slat, slattet, loose, flabby ; slattes, to steenen smakken : to rattle the dice
slacken ;Bav. schlattoret, having flag- Halma smackmuylen- {muyl, the chops),
;

ging ears. Bav. schlott, schlutt, mud, maxillas sive labia inter se claro sono col-
slosh ; schlutt, a puddle schliitten, to ; lidere, manducando sonum edere smack- ;

dabble in the wet and dirt schliitt, an ; tanden, to strike the teeth together in
uncleanly person. E. dial, slutch, mud chewing. Kil. —
Kussen dat het smakt, to
Tim Bobbin slatch, the slack of a rope ;
; give one a smacking kiss. PI. D. smaksen,

slatching, untidy Hal. slotch, a sloven; ; G. sch?natzen, Da. smaske, N. smatta, to
slotching, slovenly, untidy. His stockings smack with the tongue and chops in eat-
hang slotchikin about his heels. Mrs — ing. Schmatzen is also applied, as E.
Baker. Slouch, a lazy fellow ; to walk smack, to a loud kiss. E. dial, smouch,
— ; — ;•

SMACKERING SMATTERING 60S


smoucker, a loud kiss. Pol. smoktad, naca, Fr. nacelle, a skiff, with Fin. nokka,
cmokai, to smack with the lips, to kiss, to beak. Wenheen nokka, the prow of a
sip or suck. boat.
Smackrepresents the sound of a blow- Smackering'. A
longing for to have •

er of a sudden fall, in such expressions as


knocking a thing smack down, cutting it
a smackering after a thing. B. Origin- —
ally a smacking of the chops at the
smack off. thoughts of food, as Lat. Kgurio, to long
Fromthe smacking of the chops in the for, properly to lick the chops at, from
enjoyment of food has arisen the sense of lingere, to lick.
taste, in which the root smak is widely ^ Small. Du. smal, thin, narrow, small
used. Pol. smak, savour, taste, relish. ON. smdr, comp. smceri, superl. smsstr.
AS. smcEccan, smecgan, to taste Sw. ; Da. smaa, Fris. sma, smad, smaed, small;
smaka, Du. sinaken, G. schmecken, to taste S. Da. smddsk (kleinlich), small in size.
geschmack, schmackhaft, of agreeable Outzen. ON. smdregn, sindsandr, fine
taste. Geschmacke speis, savoury food. rain, sand.
Schm. Pol. smaczny, well-tasted. Lith. Perhaps from Da. dial, stnadder, E.
smagurei, dainties ; smagus, good, plea- 'smatter, a fragment, Gael, smad, a par-
sant, nice. Lett, smakka, taste, smell. ticle, jot, the smallest portion of a thing.
In some dialects the initial s of the So in ON. of the golden calf, eg molade
imitative syllable is dropped, as in Fris. hann z smaat, I stamped it to powder. —
viacke, kiss
to —
Outzen ; Fin. maku, Deut. 9. Sc. to smatter, to deal in small
taste ; makia, well-tasting, sweet ; mais- wares, to be busily employed about trivial
kia, maskia, to smack the chops ; maiskis, matters to smatter awa', to spend on a
;

smacking, dainties, also a kiss Jtiaistaa, ; variety of articles of little value.


to taste, to sip, to be savoury; maisto, It may be observed that Pol. mala,
the sense of taste, taste of a thing. Lat. little, has a similar connection with Lat.
maxilla, a jaw, must be referred to the molere, to grind.
same root. In Bohem. an / is inserted Smalt. A
colour made from blue
after the m; mlask, a smack %\ith the enamel. It. smalto, a name given to
mouth, a loud kiss ; nilaskati, mlasstiti, different bodies which are used as coat-
to smack with the mouth ; mlaskanina, ings in a melted or liquified state, and
delicacies. subsequently harden, as enamel, plaster
Pl.D. smakk, Fr. semaqiie, a light
2. of Paris, mortar. G. schmelz, enamel,
vessel. The m
is probably a corruption metallic glass, from schmelzen, to melt.
from an original nj AS. snakk, ON. sneckia, See Enamel.
Sw. sndcka, P1.D. snikk, a small vessel. Smart. As a noun or verb it signifies
The original meaning was probably a sharp pain ; as an adjective, sharp, brisk ;
beaked vessel. OG. snaggun, snacgu?i, significations which may be connected
naves rostratse — Gl.
Schmeller,' who
in on the supposition that the word originally
cites ' holzschuhe mit schnackcn' as pro- signified a sharp stroke or cut. G. schmerz,
bably signifying wooden shoes with beaks. Du. smart, pain, ache.
Sette Communi, snacko, beak. Swiss Da. snerte, to lash snert, lash of a ;

schneicke, schneugge, snout, from schneick- whip Da. dial, at sidde snert (of a gar-
;

en, schneuggen, Sw. snoka, to sniff, search ment), to sit close snyrt, neat, pretty,
;

about with the nose like a dog or a pig. smart (smukt), ON. snirta, to smug, adorn,
See Snook. Lith. smikkis, snout, beak. smarten smrtinn, neat, spruce. Fris.
;

Du. snoeck, a pike, from his beaked snout. snar, quick, smart snirre, a stroke with
;

Schmeller has also ' snarcken, rostratae —


a whip. Outzen. The notion of smart-
naves,' to be explained by Sw. snoi-k (pro- ness of dress is connected with that of
perly snout), extremity of anything, from briskness of action,, as opposed to the
snorka, to snort, snuff, sniff. Bav. dawdling movements of a slattern.
schnorren, prow of a boat schnorren, ; To Smash. It. smassare, to crush
schnurren, snout, mouth and nose. flat. See Mash. Gael, smuais, smash,
It is certain that this principle of no- break in pieces smuaisrich, a breaking
;

menclature has taken place in the case of into pieces, splinters, fragments. Da.
Du. sneb, a boat with a beak, from S7ieb, smaske, to smack with the lips in eating ;
beak and Pl.D. snau, snanschip, a snow,
; Sw. smiska, to smack, slap smiska sdn- ;

a kind of small seaship, from snau, snout, der, to smash, break to pieces. It. smac-
beak and probably navis may be con- care, to crush, squash, bruise.
Smattering. — Smatch.
;

nected in the same manner with neb, Smatch, a


snout, beak, as G. nachen, Mid.Lat. taste or small touch of a quality. Smat-
;;;
;

6j6 SMEAR SMILE


tering, superficial or knowledge
slight ;
Smeech.— Smeegy. e. dial, smeech, a
smatterer, one who has some smatch or stench, obscurity in the air, arising from
tincture of learning. B.— Pl.D. smak- smoke, fog, or dust. To smeech, to make

——
sen, schmatzen, Swiss schmatzern,
G. a stink with the snuff of a candle. Hal.
schmatzeln, n- smatta, to smack with the Smeegy, tainted, ill- smelling. Moor.
tongue in eating. Fris. smeijtsen, to taste, Connected with as. smec, smic, smeoc,
to try. —Epkema. smoke, as G. riechen, to smell, with rauch,
After he had indifferently taught his scollers smoke. Bav. schmecken, to smell, and
the Latine tong and some smackering of the thence schmecker, the nose schmecke,
Greek. —
Primaudaye Fr. Acad, transl. by T. B. schtneckbuschel, a nosegay.
;

There is
C. A.D. 1589, p. 3. however a strong tendency in the Ober
Smatters, in the expression breaking Deutsch dialects, as in the English, to
to smatters, must be explained from use the word in the sense of a bad smell.
G. schmettern, to crash or crack, as a peal Thus the Swiss translation of the Bible,
of thunder, and thence like zerschmettem, speaking of Lazarus in the tomb, says,
to break to pieces. Sw. smattra, to '
Er ist vier tage im grabe gelegen, er
crackle. Tallwed smattrar i elden, deal- schmecket }ezX..' See Smoke.
crackles in the fire. And as the crackhng Smell. The original sense of the word
is the result of the wood splitting to would seem to be dust, smoke, then smell,
pieces, it is natural that the term which as G. riechen, to smell, from rauch, smoke.
represents the crackling should be applied Pl.D. smelen, smellen, to burn slow with
to the splinters. So Fr. &lat signifies a strong-smelling smoke. Dat holt smelet
both crack and fragment. Da. dial, smad- "weg, the wood smoulders away. Hier
der, crack, fragment. Det gav en smad- smelet wat, here is a smell of burning
der saa man kunde hdre det langt borte, smelerig, smelling of burning. — Brem.
;

it gave a crash so that one could hear it Wtb. Du. smeulen, to burn or smoke
a long way off. Det gik i smadder, it in a hidden manner. —
Bomhofif PLD.
went to smatters. Han smaddrede cegget smoPn, a verb applied to thick dust,
mod steenbroen, he smashed the egg on mist, mizzling rain, a smoking fire. — Dan-
the pavement. Gael, smad, a particle, neil. Lith. smalkas, smoke, vapour
jot. smelkti, to smoke, to rise in vapour
To Smear. Du. smeeren, G. schmieren, smilksteti, to smoulder, burn in a hidden
Bav. schmiren, schmirben, to smear, daub, way smilkyti, to perfume ; smilkimas,
;

grease as. smeru (g. smerwes),G.schmeer,


; perfume. Sw. smolk, dust ; Da. dial.
ON. smjor, smor, fat, grease, butter. smelk, smilk, fine rain. Da. smul, dust
Another OE. form stiU provincially pre- smule, to crumble. See Smoulder. On
served is smore or smoor. I smore one's
'
the same principle ON. dupt, dust, dtipta,
face with any grease or soute je bar- to throw out dust, N. duft, dupt, fine dust,
bouylle.' —
Palsgr. And this probably
:

dufta, to fly in dust, to smoke, must be


points to the true origin of the word as a identified with Da. dt4.ft, fragrance, dufte,
contraction from smother, which itself is to exhale odour, g. duft, vapour, mist,
provincially used in the sense of smear or evaporation, the fine exhalation of sweet-
daub. —
Hal. Pl.D. smudderen, smud- smelling bodies, scent.
delen, smuUen, to dabble, dirty; smudder- Smelt. G. schmelzen, Du. smelten, to
regen, E. dial, stnur, drizzling rain. Du. melt, dissolve, liquefy. See Melt.
smodderen, smeuren, to daub, smear ; To Smicker. To look amorously upon.
smodderig, smorrig, smeerig, Fris. smorig, Sw. smeka, to stroke, caress, flatter
dirty ; smorig linnen. — Epkema. Gael. smickra. Da. smigre, to flatter ; ON.
smiir, smiiir, smiirach, a blot, spot, par- smeykligr, smooth, sweet, flattering. Du.
ticle of dust, ashes, earth ; stniir, smiur, smeecken, smeeckehii, to speak smoothly,
bedaub, smear. The radical image would to implore, to flatter ; G. schnidcheln, to
thus be the act of dabbling in the mud, coax, caress, fondle, cajole, flatter. See
and the name would be transferred to Smile.
grease, as the material that daubs in the To Smile, n. smila. Da. smile, ohg.
most effectual manner. On this principle smielan, mhg. smielen, smicren, Bav.
G. schmutz, filth, dirt, is in Swiss applied schmieren, Manx smooir, to smile. AS.
to lard, butter, grease ; schmutzen, to smcsrc, laugh smercian, to smirk, smile,
;
smear the hair with grease. Bav. sc/unotz, where smirk is evidently a diminutive
dirt, fat, grease. Pol. mazad, mazgad, to form, in the same way that the Fris. has
blot, smear,
daub, anoint ; maslo, butter. smilleken (Outzen), j;wV,^^ (Junge), alono--
See Smother. side of smillen, smiile, smeele.
; ;

SMIRCH SMITH 607


probable that both modifications
It is way
in other instances. E. dial, to smudge,
of the root, smile as well as smire, are to daub, to stifle or smother, to smoulder
contracted, the one from a form like G. or burn in a hidden way, is also used in the
schmeicheln, to caress, coax, flatter, the sense of smothered laughter.— Brockett.
other from one like Sw. smickra. Da. G. schmutsen, to dirty, also, as schmutz-
smigre, of the same signification, both lachen, scamutzeln, schmuntzen, schmunt-
these latter forms being derivatives from zeln, to smile, simper, laugh in one's
an equivalent of Sw.smeka,o^G.smezcken, sleeve. Du. smuysteren, to daub or smear,
to caress, cajole ; smeichan, assentiri, corresponds with Pl.D. smustem, smuns-
adulari, blandiri. —
Graff. G. schmeicheln tern, smusterlachen, to smile; as Swiss
is actually used in the sense oi smile. smusseln, to dabble, dirty, NE. smush, to
'
Sie lachlet, sie schmutzt, sic schmeichlet.' smoulder, with Pl.D. smuschern, to laugh
— Sanders. And conversely Westerwald in a covert way. In the same way we
schmieren and Sw. smila are used in the have Manx smooir, MHG. smieren, schmier-
sense of fawn,coax, flatter. Smila or smeka lich lachen, E. smirk, to smile, titter,
sig i?i hos ndgon, to curry favour with one parallel with E. smear, Pl.D. smoren,
sfnila med munnen {munnen, the mouth), .smorchen, smurken (Br. Wtb.), to smother,
to smile, to simper. Da. dial, smila, to stifle, stew, Du. stneuren, smooren, to
flatter, to be false. Pol. smead sie. Boh. smoke (K.), e. dial, smur, fine rain.
smati laugh.
se, to Lett, smeet, to laugh ; Sw. smdle, N. smaalcegja, to smile, are
smeekls, laughter, sport, ridicule smaidit,; wholly unconnected with any of the fore-
to smile, flatter, sport. Sanscr. smi, to going, being analogous to G. klein lachen,
smile. Fr. sourire, from smd, smaa, little, small,
The ultimate origin of the expression and le, Icegja, to laugh.
may be the caressing of an infant with the * To Smirch.— Besmirch. To black-
mouth and chin, whence the designation en, to dirty. From 7nirk, dark, a root
of the chin seems to be used in express- much developed in the Slavonic lan-
ing the idea of caressing. Sw. smekas, guages. lUyr. merk, dark ; merciti (mer-
to caress one another, to bill and kiss ; chiti), toblacken, befoul, dirty smerk-
;

smekimge, a darling. Gael, sm-ig, smi- nutise, to become dark. Pol. mrok,
gean, Manx smeggyl, Lith. smakras, the darkness, mroczny, murky, dusky ; Serv.
chin, Gael, smig, smigean, also a smile, mrchiti, to blacken ; Boh. smrkatise, to
mirth. In the same way, from Fin leuka, .
become dark. Commonly explained from
the chin, leukailla, to use the chin, to the notion of smearing or daubing.
kiss, sport, smile. So also W. gwen, a To Smirk. See Smile.
smile, gweniaith, flattery, seem connected
with gen, chin, jaw, mouth. The intro-
To Smite. Pl.D. smiten, G. schmeissen,
to strike, to cast. Doubtless from an
duction of the w, at least, need cause no
imitation of the sound of a blow, which is
difficulty, as we have both gwenfa and
represented indifferently by the forms
genfa, a bit, curb, from gen, jaw.
smack, schmatz, smat. N. smatta, to
On the other hand, a smile may be
considered as smothered laughter, and
smack with the tongue Bav. schmatzen,
;

to smack with the tongue, to kiss, strike,


may be typified by the smoke and ashes
let a thing fall with a sudden noise
which betray the presence of a smoulder- ;

schmitzen, to strike, to cast ; G. schmitz,


ing fire. Thus we may compare Du.
smuylen, smollen (K.), Swab, schmollen, a lash with a whip. Sw. smiska, to lash,
to dash ; Bav. schmaiss, schmiss, a blow.
Fris. smillen, smilleken, smilke, to smile,
N. smolla, smolka, to laugh low, to titter,
'
Der fuhrman schmeisst mit der giesel
with Du. smeulen, Pl.D. smelen, smullen, und gibt ein schmitzen : ' the carter
smolen, to smoulder or burn in a hidden
smacks or cracks his whip and lashes
way, to send up a thick smoke, steam, his horses. —
Schm.
dust, mist, to rain fine, Sw. smolk, dust, Smith. — Smithy, on. smiSr, arti-
mote, dirt. Da. dial, smilk, fine rain, Lith. ficer s?nidja, smithy, workplace ; smiS,
;

smalkas, smoke, vapour, snielkti, to workmanship, art ; smida, to construct


smoke. Schmollen, in ordinary G., sig- smidi, an object of art.
nifying a sulky silence, may be explained, The radical sense seems to be a
as if brooding over hidden ill- will instead worker with the hammer, one who smites
of hidden mirth. metal into shape. In Galla tuma is to
The connection of the idea of covert beat or strike, to forge iron, whence tumtu,
laughter with that of smouldering, dust, every kind of craftsman (' but the signifi-
dirt, smoke, holds good in a remarkable cation oi strike preponderates '), especially
; ;;

6o8 SMOCK SMOTHER


a smith, locksmith, but also a shoemaker, sounds with the mouth closed ; Gael.
tailor, —Tutschek.
&c. milch, mutter, hum mugach, snuffling
Smock. — Sm.ockfrock.
;

on. s>nokkr, a sinuc, a snivel, snore, nasal sound smu- ;

shirt without arms, also a sheath, or what each, snivelling, snuffling, snoring.
one sticks a sword or knife into. In He- Hence must be explained Bav. schmec-
ligoland smock is a woman's shirt. The ken, to sniff, to smell, to detect by smell,
meaning is a garment one creeps into or in the same sense as E. smoke, to find any
slips over one's head. ON. smokka, to one out, to discover anything meant to be
stick in smokka sir in, to creep into ;
;

kept secret. Hal. Swiss erschmekkern,
smokka sdr or nete, to slip out of a net to smell out, to discover. AS. smeagan,
smeygia, to slip into, to slip on smjuga,
; smean, to investigate, consider. Bav.
to creep through or into. Lith. smaigti, schmeckst eppes [etwas] ? do you smell
smeigti, to stick into, as a pole into the anything ? do you smoke ? do you twig ?
ground smaigas, a hop-joole.
;
Schmecken, a nosegay schmecker, a nose- ;

Smoke, as. smec, smeoc, G. schmauck, gay, the nose. In schmeckende bach, the
Du. smook, smoke. Gr. aiivx"', to burn in sulphur springs, we see the passage from
a smouldering fire. w. mwg, smoke, the idea of smelling to that of vapour,
fume ysmwcian, a little smoke, mist, fog
;
smoke. Devon, smeech, stench, as of a
mygu, to smoke, smother, stifle. Bret. candle blown out obscurity in the air
;

moug, (originally doubtless smoke, then) arising from smoke, fog, or dust. Hal. —
fire, family, house ; moged, smoke ; mo- Bav. schmecken and the equivalent Ber-
geden, exhalation, vapour ; mouga, to nese, schmoke, are especially applied to
suffocate, extinguish. Gael. 7miig, milch, the disagreeable smell of tainted meat.
smilch, suffocate, smother ; ?niichan, a Das fleisch schmbkt, Bav. 's Jleisch
chimney ; muig, smoke, mist, gloom schmeckt, is schmecked warden, would in
muigeach, smoky, misty, gloomy ; Ir. Suffolk be rendered ' the meat is smeegy.'
milch, smoke ; miichaim, to smother, ex- Bernese, ubel-, wolschmbkig, ill or well
tinguish ; muchna, dark, gloomy. Manx smelling. G. schmauchen, to smoke to-
inoogh, extinguish smoghan, stink; smog-
; bacco, is to be rather understood in the
ham, a suffocating or smouldering fume. original sense of snuffing or inhaling
The ultimate origin is, I believe, to be than in that of making a smoke.
found in a representation of the nasal Sm.ooth. AS. smethe, smooth, even,
sounds made in sniffing an odour or in soft. The radical meaning is, pliable,
gasping for breath. From sniffing an from G, Schmieden, to forge or form by
odour we pass, on the one hand, to the the hammer, leading to geschmeidig,
idea of that which is snuffed up, exhala- malleable, ductile, then soft, pliant, com-
tion, vapour, smoke then, from smoke
; plaisant Pl.D. smidig, S7nodig, Du.
;

being considered as the suffocating agent, smedig, pliant, soft Pl.D. smdden,smodi- ;

to the idea of choking, suffocation ; or we gen, Du. smijdigen, mulcere, mollire—


may step at once to the latter conception Kil. Dan. smidig, limber, supple.
from the figure of gasping for breath.
;


Smother. Smoor. The radical image
Pl.D. snikken, to gasp for air, to sob, in seems to be dabbling in wet and dirt,
Hamburgh, to be suffocated,- to choke ;
whence follow the ideas of splashing,
versnikken, to draw the last gasp, to die. slobbering, dirtying, spotting, of a spot,
The imitative form preserved in Bav. stain, separate particle of dirt or dust,
pfnechen, to pant, to breathe deep, leads, thickness of air, mist, smoke, and thence
on the one hand, to Gr. irvsw, to breathe ; suffocation, choking, extinction. Pl.D.
TTvoi], a breathing, an exhalation, vapour, smaddern, to dabble, meddle with dirty
odour, and, on the other, to Tri/i-yw, to stifle, things, make blots in writing Danneil —
choke, drown, stew ; Lat. necare, to kill smudden, S7nuddcrn, smuddeln, smulkii,
It. annegare, to drown. Du. smodderen, E. dial, smother, Swiss
The inarticulate sounds made in mut- schmusseln, schmauseln, to dabble, daub,
tering, sobbing, sniffling, were imitated dirty Du. smoddig, smodderig, smodsig,
;

in Gr. by the syllable nv, which must Pl.D. smudderig, smuddelig, smullig, G.
sometimes have been strengthened by a schmottrig, schmutzig, E. smudgy, smutty,
final guttural, shown in iivxjiOQ, groaning, smeared, dirty Pl.D. besmiid'dern, to be-
;

the nose or snout, jivkoc, snivel,


fivKTrip, smotter, to splash with dirt smuddcrregn ;

the mucus of the nose, fiMije, snuff of a (stavJoregn), S7mittregn (Schiitze), Da. dial.
lamp. The same imitation gives rise to s?nudskregn, mizzling rain Pl.D. idt ;

G. mucken, muckscn, Mag. mukkani, Fin. smuddert, E. dial, it smithers, it drizzles ;

viiikahtaa, to make slight inarticulate Pl.D. smudderig, smullig weder, dirty


— — —;

SMOTTERED SMUGGLE 609


weather, moist, rainy weather smudder- ; hidden way, consume away without show-
s-weet, sweat caused by close smotheiy ing the fire.
weather ; Bav. schmodig, schmiidig,
schmudrig, close, oppressively hot ; Du. The powder sendes his smoke into the cruddy
skies,
smul, smoel weder, aura tepida, aer lan- The smoulder stops our nose with stench, the
guidus, calor flaccidus, close, oppressive
weather. —
Kil. Da. smuds, Sw. snaits,
fume offends our eyes. —Gascoigne in R.
spot, splash, dirt, mud ; E. smotch, smutch, Now the Sonne is up your smooder is scattered.
smut, stain, soot, dirt ; smudge, a thick — Jewell.
bumeth not
/ smolder
clere. —Palsgr.
as wete wode doth that
smoke, and as a verb, to stain or smear,
to smoulder or burn without flame, to Sometimes used in the sense oi smother.
stifle — Craven Gl. ; smudgy, hot and
close. A great number of them falling with their
As Vl.T) smuddeln
. contracts to smullen, horses and armour into a blind ditch were
so smuddem melts into Du. smooren, smouldered and pressed to death. Hollinshed. —
smeuren, to exhale, smoke, suffocate, ex-
tinguish smoor, vapour, smoke
; Kil. — We
have seen under Smother that Pl.D.
smuddeln, to dabble, smear, dirty, passes
;

E. dial, smoor, smore, to daub, smear,


into smullen, as smuddem into smooren.
smother ; smur, small misty rain West-
Dat weder smullet, it is dirty weather ;
;

erwald schmorren, schmarren, to smoke


smudderig, smuddelig, smullig, dirty,
tobacco.
smudgy; dat ligt smullet weg, the candle
The same course of development may gutters
away. Hence Da. smul, dust;
be traced in Boh. sinud, smoke, vapour,
falde hen i smul, to crumble into dust,
Gael, smod, dirt, dust, smut, mizzling rain
smule, smulre, smuidre, to crumble,
;

smodan, a little spot or blemish, dirt, dust,


moulder. Pl.D. smelen, smellen, smolen,
drizzling rain, haze ; smudal, sweepings,
Du. smeulen, to burn slowly with a thick
trash ; smttdan, a particle of dust, soot,
smoke. In E. smoulder the burning body
smut, smoke smud, smuid, smoke,
;
is considered as going away in ashes and
vapour, mist ; smuidre, smuidrich, clouds
soot. In an analogous manner smudge,
of smoke or dust, exhalation, mist
dirt, is in Craven used for a thick smoke
;

smuidir, smuidrich, to smoke. Then in


or suffocating vapour to smudge, to ;
a contracted form, smilr, smiur, bedaub,
smoke without flame, to smear, to stifle ;
smear smilr, smiiir, smilrach, a blot,
;
smudgy, hot or close, smothery. See
spot, blemish, a particle of dust, an atom,
Smother.
dust, ashes, dross. See Smoulder.
Smug. Spruce, neat to smug up one- ;
Smottered. See Smut.
self, to trim, to set oneself off to the best
Smouch. I. kiss. A'

What bussing, advantage. B. G. schmuck, pretty, hand-
what smouching and slabbering one an- some, fine, neat schmiicken, to adorn, set
other.' —
Stubbs in Todd. Swiss iiber- off, deck, trim, smug up or beautify.
;

schmauseln, iiberschmussetn, to kiss over Kiitner. Da. smuk, pretty ; det smukke
and over, to beslabber, from schmau- kion, the fair sex. G. sich schmiegen, and
seln, schmusseln, to dabble, dirty. Swab. in Bavaria schmucken, to shrink, contract,
schmatz, schtnutz, a hearty kiss. G. make oneself small ; geschmogen, small,
schmatzen, to smack. contracted schmugelich, neat, pretty,
;

2. To smouch, to convey away secretly, pleasing. Neat and tight in dress is the
to steal. opposite of loose, flapping, slatternly.
Swiss mauchen, mucheln, mautschen,
To Smuggle. G. schmuggeln. Da.
tnauscheln, to enjoy delicacies in secret smugle, to smuggle ; Du. smokkelen, to
;

schmauchen, verschmauchen, to smouch, or smuggle, sharp at play, pilfer. AS.


secretly purloin eatables, to conceal ;
smugan, to creep stnygelas, holes, lurk- ;
maiicken, schmaiicken, verschmaiicken, G. ing-places Du. smuigen, to do anything
;
mausen, to pilfer, steal. Sw. smussla, to ter smuig, ter smuik. Da. i
do anything furtively ; —
bort, to make
furtively ;

smug, Sw. z smyg, i mjugg, clandestinely


away with privily ; in nagotin sinficka, smyga, to slip privily in or out of ; smyg-
to slip something into his pocket ; un- smyghdl,
handel, smuggling trade ;
dan, to appropriate slily, to smouch ; Du.smygwra, a lurking-place ; ON. smeygja,
smuigen, to eat and drink in secret, to doto slip into, to put into. Smeygja fati
anything secretly. See Smuggle.
yfir hofudser, to slip on a garment over
Smoulder. Thick smoke to smould- one's head, to creep into it smjuga, to
; ;

er, to burn with a thick smoke, burn in a press oneself through or forwards with a

39
— ;

6io SMUT SNAIL


creeping motion ; smuga, Da. smoge, a money can be made ;
'
looking out /of
little hole, narrow passage. snaps' waiting for windfalls or odd jobs.
The primitive sense is probably pre- —Modern Slang. Hence logo snacks, to
served in Lith. snaigti, smeigti, smegti, go shares, to participate in the booty.
to stick into, whence smaigas, a hop-pole. The imitative character of the word is
Isismeigti, to penetrate, stick into, jier- shown in Pl.D. snapps! interj. expressing
smeigti, to stick through, pierce. quickness. Snapps / snupps ! het de
Smut. The senses of paddle, puddle, katte de muus weg. G. schnapps ! da
plash, splash, spatter, sputter, spot, are gieng es los ; snap there it went off.
!

closely allied, and similar senses are Bav. in ein'm schnipps, Du. met eenen
signified by PID. pladdem, plasken, G. snap, Sc. in a snap, in a crack, in a mo-
platschen, to dabble, . splash ; platsen, ment ; snaply, quickly ; Da. dial, snap,
Pl.D. plastern, plattern, to soCind like Sw. snabb, quick ; Du. snapreisje, a hasty
a heavy shower ; Sw. plottra, to blot, journey. Asnap is a spring which closes
to scrawl ; Da. plet, a spot, stain, &c. with the sharp sound represented by the
In other cases the same class of pheno- name. G. schnapps, a dram of spirits, so
mena are represented by imitative forms much as is tossed off at a swallow.
in which the/ or pi of the former class Snaflle. A
bit for a horse, an imple-
is replaced by an m. Pl.D. niaddem, ment to confine the snout, on the same
moddern, to dabble, paddle (Danneil), principle on which Bav. schnabel is ap-
and thence Du. modder, mud; bemod- plied to an iron mask fastened on the
deren, to —
bedaub Epkema E. muddle, ; faces of abandoned women, from Pl.D.
Swab, motzen, PLD. matschen,inantschen, snavel, G. schnabel, the snout.
to dabble, plash, daub, and with the sibi- The designations of the words signify-
lant, PI. D. smudden, sniuddern, smuddeln, ing snout are commonly taken from the
Smullen, to dabble, dirty smaddem, to ; sounds made by snuffing through the
dabble, let wet or dirt fall about (Dann.), nose, snorting, or smacking with the
to blot, scribble Sw. smattra, to crackle,
; jaws. Thus we have G. schnaubeit,
sputter. Da. smadder, E. smatter, E. dial. schnaufen, Pl.D. snuven, to snuff; Bav.
smither, N. S7nitter, fragment, atom ; E. snabett, to smack like a pig E. dial.
;

smotter, to spatter, dirty ; Sw. smuts, snabble, to eat greedily, eat with a smack-
spot, splash, dirt, mud G. schmutz, E.
; ing sound snaffle, to speak through the
;

smut, smudge, smitch, dirt, smoke, dust nose, to chatter, talk nonsensically and ;

Du. smetten, Sc. smad, smot, E. smit, to Du. snabbe, snebbe, snavel, snebel, Bav.
mark or stain. W. ys7n.ot, a spot ysmotio, ;
schnufel, Pl.D. snuffe, a snout, beak.
to spot or dapple. See Smother. Snag. Ashort projection, the project-
Snack. —
Snap. —
Snatch.. sharp A ing stump of a broken branch, a tooth
sudden sound like that of the collision or standing alone (Hal.) ; snaggletoothed,
breaking of hard bodies is represented by having the teeth standing out.
forms like knack, knock, knap, snack, The word snag is adapted to signify a
snap, which thence are applied to signify short projection, on the same principle as
any sharp sudden action, or the quality of k7iag, jag, shag, cog, syllables represent-
quickness essential for the production of ing a sound abruptly brought to a con-
the noise in question. clusion, and thence applied to a movement
Sc. snack represents the snapping of a .suddenly cut short, or to the figure traced
dog's jaws, a sudden snap, then quick, out by such a movement, an abrupt pro-
alert, agile. jection. Gael. snag,!L little audible knock,
The swypper tuskaud hound assayis a hiccough, a wood-pecker ; snaglabhair,
And neris fast, ay ready hym to hynt stammer in speaking ; Manx snog, nod ;
Wyth hys wyde chaftis at hym makis ane snak. snig, a fillip, a smart stroke or blow. G.
D. V. 439, 33.
dial, schnacke, schnocke, to jerk the
A snack is familiarly used in the sense head about ; schnicken, to snap, move
of a hasty meal, a mouthful snatched or
snapped up in haste.
quick. — Deutsch. Mund. III. E. dial.
snug, to strike or push as an ox with his
Our kind host would not let us go without horn.
taking a snatch, as they called it, which was, in Snail. AS. sncegel, sncegl, snal; West-
truth, a very good dinner. —
Boswell, Journey. erwald schndgel, sc/uial; G. schnecke, Pl.D.
The knack 1 learned frae an auld auntie snigge, E. dial, snag, snig, snake, ON.
The snackest of a' my kin. Ramsay. — S7iigil, N. snigjel, s/tiel, all apparently
In vulgar slang snack or snap is booty, from Swiss schnaken, schnaaggen, to
share, portion, any articles out of which creep, go on all fours, crawl ; AS. snicalt,
1 ;;

SNAKE SNATCH 61

to creep, as Du. a snail, from G.


slecke, sound oi an object rapidly turning through
schleichen, to creep. the air, of which different modifications
Snake, as. snaca, ON. snakr, snokr, are represented by syllables framed on the
Da. snog, Sanscr. naga, a snake. AS. vowels a, i, u, according as the sound is
siiican, to creep. of a sharper or a duller nature. Pl.D.
Snap. See Snack. snarren, to whirr like a spinning-wheel, to
Snapsack. Originally, perhaps, a beg- grumble, mutter, to pronounce the r in
gar's wallet. ON. snapa, to seek one's the throat G. schnarren, to make a harsh
;

living ; snap, scanty pasture, begged noise like that of a rattle, or a string jar-
scraps. See Knapsack. ring to cry like a missel-thrush or a
To Snape. —Sneap. To nip with cold,
;

corn-crake OE. to snarre, as a dogge


;

to check, rebuke, properly to cut short. A doth under a door when he sheweth his
step-mother snapes her step-children of teeth. —
Palsgr. Hence, in a secondary
their food. To snaple, to nip as frost application, ON. snara, to whirl, hurl,
does. Du. snippen, to nip. De wind turn, twist. N. snara seg ihop, to snarl
snipt in't angezigt, the wind cuts one's or twist up like thread ; snara eit baand,
face. to twist a rope.
Scharp soppis of sleet and of the snyppandsnsm. With the other vowels we have Pl.D.
D. V. 200. 55. snirren, to whirr like a thing whirling
Da. dial, sneve, snevve, to cut short,
clip, round, to lace, to draw a string tight ;
to cut one's hair, to nip or dwarf with snirre, a lace, a noose. P1.D. snurren,
cold, to give one a reproof. At snyppe or to whirr like a spinning-wheel, buzz like
snevve een of, to cut one short, set him a fly, snore ; Sw. snorra, to whirr, hum,
down. N. snikka, to cut, also to repri- and thence to spin round, to whirl ; snorra,
mand, to put one to shame. In Suffolk a spinning-top. G. schnur, Sw. snore, a
the word is snip. The frost ha' snipt
' string or lace. See next article.
them tahnups.' Also in the sense of To Snarl. The final / is merely an
checking or rebuking. Moor. — element implying continuance of action,
The sense -of cutting short may be as in Fr. miauler, to cry miau ! E. kneel
attained in two ways i. From the sharp
:
from knee, whirl from whirr, &c. To
snap of a pair of scissors, or the blow by snarl like a dog was formerly stiar, as
which the cut is given and, 2. From an mentioned in the last article. The term
;

abrupt movement leading to the notion is then applied in the same way as the
of a projection or point, then to that of simpler form, to the idea of twisting, curl-
removing the point or stump, or reducing ing, entangling. To ruffle or snarl as
to a stump, as explained under Snub. over-twisted thread. —Cot. '
Lay in wait
From Bav. schnauppen, snout or ex- to S7iarl him in his sermons.' — Becon in
tremity, is formed g'schnaupet, nipped by Hal. Snarl, a snare Hal. — ;Sc. sjiorl,
the frost, which seems the true equivalent a snare, difficulty, scrape ; snurl, to ruffle,
of E. sneaped or snaped. Bav. schneppen, wrinkle ; snurlie, knotty.
schnippen, to make a short sudden move- —
Northern blasts the ocean snurl. Ramsay.
ment, gives schuepp, Pl.D. sfiibbe, snippe, Pl.D. sndrk'n, to snarl as thread. Dan- —
beak or point, so that even snip may be neil. Henneberg schnarren, to shrink, to
explained in the sense of cutting off the crumple up. On a similar principle to
point, docking, curtailing. the above. Da. kurre, to coo like a dove
Snare, on. snara, a cord, snare, kurre, a knot, twist, tangle in thread.
springe ; Du. S7iare, a cord, string of a — —
Snast. Snace. Snat. The snuff of
musical instrument ; Fris. snar, a noose. a candle ; snasty, cross, snappish snatted, ;

The designation of cord or string may be snub-nosed. Parallel forms are seen in
taken from the notion of twisting or turn- knast or gnast, the snuff or wick of a
ing, in two ways, viz. either from the twist- candle (emunctorium, lichinus Pr. Pm.) —
ing of the fibres in the formation of the Pol. knota, wick or snuff of a candle ;

string, or from the notion of its use in Lith. knatas, wick Pl.D., Da. knast, a
;

twisting round and entangling, or con- knot in wood. The radical meaning
fining another object. Thus from the should be a knot or tuft of fibrous mate-
verbs to twist, to twine, the name of twist rial used as a wick, then the burnt por-
or twine is given to various kinds of thin tion of the wick that is snuffed off. The
cord. In the same way Sw. sno, to twist, same equivalence of an initial sn and gn
twine, entangle sno, string, twist ; hatsno,
; or kn is seen in snag and knag, snarl and
hat-string. gnarl.
The ultimate origin is the whirring To Snatch. See Snack.
39 •
; ;

6l2 SNATHE SNICK


To Snathe. — Snaze. ne. snathe, snaze, then snook) to go about with the
(like E.
sned, to prune trees. Westerwald schnasen, head down, to sneak or skulk about.
schnaseln, ausschnaseln, Cimbr. snoazen, Again, ON. snefja, to scent, to ferret out,
snozen, snoazeln, to prune, to lop trees ; explains E. dial, sneving, sneaking ; snevil,
ON. sneis, branch or twig of tree af- ; a snail. See Snee.
sneisa, to cut off branches, to prune ;
To Sneap. See Snape.
Silesian jf^wa/, twigs, branches, lop Bav. ; Sneb. See Snub.
schnaiten, to prune, lop, hack geschnattel,
;
To Sneck. To latch a door ; snecket,
geschnaitel, E. ^\2X.snattocks, crums, frag- the latch. From the clicking sound made
ments, scraps. by the latch in falling to, on which ac-
Snead. —
Sneath. The handle of a count it was also called clicket, and in Fr.
scythe, not the short projections by which loquet.
it is held in the E. form of the implement, To Snee. — Snie.— Snive. —Snew. To
and therefore the AS. snced, a bit, seems snie with lice, to swarm or abound. '
The
hardly to afford a satisfactoiy explana- room was as full as it could snive! — Mrs
tion. Baker. Snew
used by Chaucer in the
is
To Sneak, '
as. snican, to creep ; sni- same sense, where it is commonly ex-
cendne wyrin (ace), a creeping worm ; plained as a met. from snowing.
Swiss schnaken, schnaaggen, schtohgen, Withoutin balce meat never was his house
to creep schnage, schnaagbohne, creep-
; Of fishe and fleshe, and that so plenteouse,
ing kidney-bean. Gael, snclg, snAig, to It snewed in his house of mete and drink.

creep, crawl, sneak snAgair, one who


; The true explanation is to be found in
creeps along, a lazy fellow Ir. snaighim,
; Ir. snaighim, to crawl E. dial, sneving,
;

to creep or crawl. sneaking snevil, a snail.


;

The radical signification seems to be To Sneer. Properly to snarl, to ex-


going along like a dog scenting his way press ill-temper, to laugh scornfully. To
with his nose to the ground, sniffing for sneer, to make wry faces sneering match,
;

victuals or what can be picked up. Fris. —


a grinning match. Forby. PID. S7iar-
sniicke,sn'dke,snickje, to sniff"; Westerwald ren, to mutter, grumble, snarl, Da. snarre,
schnaticken, to sniff, to seek for victuals. to snarl, growl. Fr. ricaner, to sneer, is

E. dial, snawk, sneak, to sniff, smell explained by Palsgr. to snarre as a dogge


snook, snoke, to smell or search out, to pry doth under a door when he showeth his
about curiously, to look closely at any- teeth. By Cotgrave it is understood in
thing, to lie hid. See Snook. O'S.snikja, the sense of E. snicker, or snigger, to
to hanker after, to spunge or seek meanly laugh in a suppressed way, being explain-
for entertainment ; at snikja mutu, to ed to giggle, tighy (tee-hee).
sniff after bribes. The idea of meanness There she gave mony a nicker and sneer>
arises from the dog being deterred by no Rise up, quo' the wife, thou lazy lass,
Let in thy master and his mare.
rebuffs when he is sniffing after food.
N. Han fm 'kje vera tykkjen so snikje Stiiggeren and sneeren, speaking con-
skal : he must not be sensitive who would temptuously of others. Moor. —
spunge, or sniff after food. The meta- To Sneeze. Du. niezen, G. 7iiesen, to
phor is distinctly seen in the slang term sneeze nieseln, to snuffle, to speak
;

of an area sneak, one who pries into areas through the nose. on. hniosa {of cattle),
for what he can pick up. ON. s?iaka, to to sneeze. From a representation of the
sniff about, then to creep or move over sound of air driven through the nose. Da.
the surface like fire. Eldr snakadi iim snuse, to snuff, sniff; sniius, Gael, snaois,
klesSi theira : the fire crept over their Sc. sneeshin, E. dial, snush, snuff.
clothes. Da. snage, to snuff about, rum- Snell. Sc. snell, sharp, severe, pierc-
mage ; snagen, prying, pilfering ; snige, ing ; properly, energetic in action, rapid.
to convey privately ; at snige sine varer Berinus answered snell. Chaucer. —
ind, to smuggle in his wares ; at snige sudden, quick, agile.
G. schnell. It. snello,
sig bort, to sneak off. Tyven sneg sig G. schnall represents the sound of a snap,
ind i huset om natten, the thief sneaked whence schnellen, to move with a snap,
into the house at night ; snigvei, a secret to spring or bound. Bav. schnall, a snap
path ; snigende feber, a slow, creeping with the fingers, a loud sudden noise
fever. dersclniellen, to burst. Schm. Swiss —
In the same way from
schnaufen, to
G. schnall, the snap of a spring or a vicious
snuff, sniff, Westerwald schnaufer, a sly dog itn schnall, in a moment, in a snap;
;

person schncmfen gehen, to go on the


; schnellen, to snap.
sly, to go a stealing. ON. sndfa, to sniff, Snick.— Snook. The sound of a smart
;
! ;

SNICKER SNITE 6iJ


crack or blow is represented by the syl- make out what you can of equivalent
it !

lables knack, knick, knock, snack, snick, to Go look ask about from schmecken,
! !

snock, the final k often changing for a g to sniff, to smell. Du. snicken, e. snucke,
and when the blow is given with a sharp to sniff, scent out like a. dog. Kil. See—
implement, the knock becomes a hack or Snook. ON. sndfa, to sniff, to trace by
chop. scent ; snafadu hedan, pack off, begone.
w. cnic, cnicell, a slight rap, a pecker, To Snip. To nip, snip, clip, are all
anything that smacks. G. schnicken, to formed on the same plan representing the
snap the fingers, to snip Sanders ; Sc. — sharp click of a pair of blades coming to-
sneck, sneg, to cut with a sudden stroke gether in the act of snipping. Du. knip-
of a sharp instrument sneck, sneg, a cut,
;
pen, to snap the fingers, to give a fillip,
notch. N. snicka, to cut, to work with a also, as snippen, to snip or clip. G.
knife. Flem. snoecken, to cut, lop, prune. schnippen, to crackle, to snap the fingers,
E. dial, to snag, snig, to cut off lateral fillip. Bav. in einem schnipps, in a mo-

branches. Wilbraham. In Staffordshire ment schnipfen, to snip, to sip, to pilfer.
;

snig is the cut herbage of sedges, and a Snipe. Du. sne-ppe, snephoen, G. schnepfe,
snigbob is a tussock of growing sedge. snipe, a bird distinguished by the length
Sniddle, long coarse grass, stubble. Hal. — of its bill. Pl.D. snippe, snibbe, beak,
Austrian schnegern, to whittle with a also snipe. So Fr. bee, beak, bdcasse, b^-
knife. Gael, snagair, to carve wood. ne. cassine, woodcock, snipe. Bav. schnepp,
snick, a notch, a cut SE. snig, to cut, to
; schneppen, the beak, bill, from schneppen,
chop. —Hal. Snock, a knock, a smart schneppen, to make a short quick move-
blow.—Jennings. SnoUh, a. notcb.. Manx ment; schnipfen, to pick. Ttw. snabben,
snig, a fiUip, a sharp stroke or blow ; sneg, to peck, to snap ; snabbe, snebbe, beak.
a latch.
— —
To Snite.— Snot. Snout. The de-
To Snicker. Snigger. These forms signations of the mucus of the nose and
represent the broken sound of suppressed of the nose itself, the snout or nose and
laughter, of a mare whinnying to her foal, mouth of animals, are commonly taken
of a horse at the approach of his corn. from a representation of the sound made
Sc. snocker, to snort, to breathe high in sniffing or drawing air through the
through the nostrils nicker, nicher, to
; nose impeded by mucus. Thus from-
neigh, to laugh in a loud and ridiculous Pl.D. snurren, snoren, to snore, we have
manner. Jam.
Snickup.
— —Sneckup. i. represent- A
snurre, the nose or snout, and Sw. snor,
mucus of the nose. From G. schnauben,
ation of the sound of the hiccup. A to snuff, E. dial, snob, to sob, we have
charm for the hiccup is 'Hickup, snickup, snob, snot, and G. schnabel, beak, snout
three sups in a cup are good for the hick- from Du. snuyven, snuffen, to snuff or
up.' Then taking the hickup as the type sniff, are derived snuyve, snof, rheuina,
of the least possible malady, to say of a catarrhus, running at the nose, E. snivel,
man that he has got the snickups, means and Du. snavel, Pl.D. snuff, the nose,
rather that he fancies himself ill than that snout. From Pl.D. snorken, to snore,
he is really so. — Forby. Du. hikken, Sw. snorka, to snift, Bav. schnurkeln, to
snikken, to hickup ; snikken, also to sob, draw the air or mucus through the nose
to gasp. P1.D. snikken, snukken, to sob; with a certain sound, to sniff, snore, snuffle,
smikkup, slukkup, the hiccup. Brem. —
Nuremberg schnorgeln, to speak through
the nose (Brem. Wtb. in S7iarren), Lith.
2. Sneckup or snickup is used interject snargloti, to snift, we pass to Lith. snar^
tionally in the sense of begone away glys, snot, Sw. snork (properly snout),
!

with you (Forby), as by Sir Toby Belch extremity. From Du. snicken, Fris. sniicke,
!

to Malvolio when he comes lecturing him to sniff, Sc. snocker, to breathe high
and his companions in their drunken through the nose, to Lith. snukkis, Cimbr.
orgies '
:Give him money, George, and snacko, Swiss schneicke, snout. From Da.
let him go snickup.^ No, Michael, let snuse, to sniff, Lap. snusotet, to snite or
'


thy father go snickup.' Knight of Burn- blow the nose, to Pl.D. snuss, the snout.
ing Pestle, B. and F. in N. In the same way we have Pl.D. snot-
The expression may perhaps be eluci- teren, to make a noise in the nose when
dated by Bav. scAmeck's / an interjection impeded with mucus, to snifter E. snot- ;

used in exactly the same way, being ren- ter, to cry, to snivel (Craven Gl.), to
dered by Schmeller, I have no answer for breathe hard through the nose, to snort.
you, that is nothing to me. The force of
the word is sniff find out for yourself
! Close by the fire his easy-chair too stands,
;

6i4 SNIVEL SNOOZE


In which all day he snotters, nods, and yawns. snorkinn, shrunk, contracted. N. snorka,
Ramsay. to snift, snort, grumble, scold snerka, ;

G. schnaitem, schnadern im kothe, to to shrink. With the final gu.tural ex-


muddle like ducks in the mud ; Swab. changed for a labial, Bav. sctinorfezen,
schnudern, to dabble in mud ; Bav. schnurfeln, to snift, snifter; schnerfen,
schnudern, schnodeln, to draw breath schnarpfen, schnurpfen. Da. snerpe, to
through the impeded nose. So si den '
contract or shrink ; snerpe munden sam-
atum hart haben un schnudrent durch men, to purse up the mouth Du. snerpen,
;

die nasen.' —Schm. Swiss schnudern, to to make one smart, to pinch. NE. to
snivel, to snift in crying Bav. schrzauden,
; snerple, to shrivel up. —
Hal. Compare
to draw breath, snort, pant. ON. snudda, also Lat. ringor, to gtin, to be in ill-
snudra, Bav. schniiien, to snifif about, to humour, to wrinkle, shrivel.
search. Gael, snoi, smell, snuff the wind, Snob. In Suffolk a journeyman shoe-
suspect ; snoitean, a pinch of snuff. Lap. maker ; in slangish language used in the
snodkeset, to snift ; snudtjet, to sniff out, sense of a coarse vulgar person. Sc.
to trace by scent. snab, a cobbler's boy. The proper mean-
From these we pass to Bav. schnuder, ing of the word is simply a boy, then,
schnudel, Du. snodder, snot, snut, Pl.D. like G. knappe, a journeyman or work-
snotte. Da. snat, snot, on. snyta, snot, the man, servant. E. dial, snap, a lad or servant,
mucus of the nose, and on. snudr, Bav. generally in an ironical sense. Hal. The—
schnuder, schnud, Pl.D. snute, Tixx.snuite, ultimate meaning of the word seems to
G. schnautze, the snout. G. schnaiitzen, be a lump of a boy. Snap, a small piece
Du. snutten, smitten, Pl.D. snutten, on. of anything (frustulum —
Coles). Hal. —
snyta, to snite, to blow the nose and See Knave.
cleanse it from mucus, and thence to To Snook. — Snoke. To smell, to
snuff a candle, are pretty equally related —
search out, pry into Hal. ; to lie lurk-
both to snout and s?wt, and perhaps may —
ing for a thing. B. ' Halener, to vent,
have been developed simultaneously with snook, wind, smell, or search out.'— Cot.
those forms from the same radical image. Nicto, to snoke as houndes dooth. Ortus —
From Gael, snot, snuff the wind, Bav. in Hal.
sniiten, N. snutra, to sniff, search, may The sound of sharply drawing the
be explained Goth, snutr, as. snotor, breath, as in sobbing, snifting, sniffing,
sagacious, prudent, an exact equivalent is represented by the syllable snik, snuk;
of Lat. sagax, keen at following the and from the figure of sniffing the air is
scent. very generally expressed the idea of
Snivel. Besides the ordinary sense of searching about, especially seeking for
snifting, drawing up the mucus audibly delicacies or eatables, prying curiously
through the nose, especially in crying, into things. Pl.D. snikken, snukken, to
snivel is used in Northamptonshire in sob Du. snicken, to sob, gasp, sniff,
;

the sense of shrink, shrivel. Fruit that scent out. —


Kil. E. dial, sneke [a snift-
is over-ripe and withered is said to be ing], a cold in the head. Swiss schneicken,
snivel'd up ; flannel snivels up in wash- schneuggen, to sniff like dogs or pigs
ing. 'I'm so cold I could snivel into a schneicke, schneugge, Lith. snukkis, the
nut-shell.' nose or snout. Da. dial, snoke, to trace
How and old he looks. Mrs Baker.
snivelled — by scent ; at faae en snok of noget, to
This is one of the numerous cases in get wind of something snykke, to snuff
;

which the idea of contraction is expressed tobacco. N. snik, smell ; snikja, to han-
by the drawing up the nose and mouth ker Lap. snuogget, to scent, trace
after.
in the act of grinning, snarling, snifting, by scent a dog, pry into ; Sw. snoka,
like
sniveling. Da. snage, on. snaka, to snuff about,
A kind of cramp when the lips and nostrils are rummage, search. E. dial, snawk, sneak,
puUed and drawne awry like a dog's mouth when snuck, to smell. Fris. sniicke, snoke,

he snarreth.- Nomenclature, 1585, in N. snickje, to sniff.
Bav. schnarkeln, to snore ; schnurkeln To Snooze. To slumber, nap. Wor- —
schniirkeln, to draw the air or mucus cester. Snoozing, nestling and dozing,
through the nose with a certain noise, to lying snug and warm. —
Mrs Baker. Lith.
sniff, snore, snift, pry, shrink ; schnurkel, snudau, snusi, snusti, to fall asleep, to
a wrinkled old woman ; G. schnorkel, a doze snausti, to be sleepy
; snudis, a ;

volute in Architecture, on. med snerk- dozer, dreamer.


janda nef, with upturned nose ; snerkja, The word may spring from the same
pain that makes one wry the mouth ; origin in a representation of the sound of
;; ;;

SNORE SNUB 615


breathing, by two different courses, viz. the first instance, a short abrupt sound,
1st, direct from the deep breathing of a then applied to a sudden movement
person in sleep, as in the case of OE. abruptly stopped, then an abrupt projec-
swough, Sc. souff, signifying, in the first tion or stump. To snub is, then, to re-
place, breathing heavily, and then sleep. duce to a stump, to cut short, as Sw.
In the same vvray ^aM.pfnausen, to breathe stympa, to dock or mutilate, from stump,
deep through the nose, is used exactly as a snag or stump.
E. snooze, in the sense of comfortable In thesense of a short abrupt sound
sleep. 'Als er einest bey nachtlichem we may cite E. dial, snob or snub, Swiss
weise in dem warmen ied.erhst'hpfnauste :' schnupf, a sob, passing to the idea of
as he nightly snoozed in the warm feather- abrupt movement in Swiss auf den
bed. schnupf, Da. z en snub, in a moment, at a
On the other hand, the sense may be blow, and in Sw. dial, snubba, snabbla,
taken from the figure of an infant sniffing snubbla, snappla, snoppla, snuppla, to
after food, and pressing close to its mo- stumble. Then, as stumble and stump
ther's breast. Dan. snuse, to snuff, sniff, are connected together, we have Sc. snab,
and, in a secondary sense, to sniff out, to the projecting part of a rock or hill, a
pry ; E. dial, snowze, to pry into, to ferret rough point ; E. snub, a jag or snag.
about. '
Don't come snowzing after me.' His dreadful club
-^Mrs Baker. N. snuska, snusla, snutra, All armed with ragged snuis and knotty grain.
to sniff or pry after eatables. ON. snudda, F. Q.
snudru, Bav. snauden, to sniff, scent out
E. snuddle, to nestle (Hal.) ; nuddle, to
A snubnose is a stumpy nose. Sw. dial.
snubba, nubba, a short tobacco pipe, a
nestle, to fondle, as when a child lays its
head on the bosom of its nurse nuzzle,
dumpy woman. Hence ON. snubba, to
;
reduce to a stump or snub, to cut short
to creep closely, as an infant in the bosom
of its nurse or mother. — Mrs
Baker.
snubbottr, Da, snubbed, stumpy.

P1.D. sniisseln, to sniff after, to trace by The heads and boughs of trees towards the —
sea are so snubbed by the winds as if the boughj
scent snusselije, niceties, tit-bits ; snuss,
;

the snout ; herumsnusseln, to pry about.



had been pared or shaven off. Ray in Todd.
Dat kind snusselt an dem titte the child : Da. snubbe af, Sw. dial, snubba, to cur-
nuzzles or snuggles up to the breast, e. tail, to dock snubba, a cow without horns
;

snoozling, nestling. Hal. — snubbug, snubbut (of cattle), wanting


The association of the idea of seeking horns snuv-orug, having short stumpy
;

for food with those of warmth and sleep ears.


is derived from the earliest period of the To snub or snib is then figuratively to
infant's See Snug.
life. setdown or reprimand, take one up short,
To Snore. —
Snort. Snort bears the cut off his excuses, &c. Sw. snubba. Da.
snore as snift to sniff,
saijie relation to dial, snibbe, Fris. snubbe, snobbe, snope,
the addition of the final t intimating a afsnope, to set one down, as a too forward
separate act as distinguished from the child, to give a sharp reproof; snap, snupp,
continuous action of snore or sniff, ' In ashamed, cast down. It is the same
the snirt of a cat,' in a moment. metaphor when we speak of being com-
Swiss schnodern, to snore, sniff, snort pletely stumped, being cut short, reduced
schnerre, Pl.D. snurre, the snout, nose ;
to a nonplus.
snurren, to whirr like a spinning-wheel, The foregoing is, I believe, the true ex-
to snore in sleep; snoren, snorken, G. planation of the connection between the
schnarchen, Lap. snoret,snorret, to snore verb to snub or snib, and forms like Du.
Sw. snor, mucus of the nose ; Pl.D. snir- snabbe, snebbe, Bav. schnauppen, on.
ren, to whirr snarren, to grumble, mutter.
; sfioppa, the snout otherwise there is a
;

Snot. See Suite. close analogy between a sharp reprimand


Snout. See Snite. and a slap in the face, blow in the chops,
Snow. I. G. schnee, ON. sniSr {snjdva, as shown in It. nasada, Venet. mustaz-
snjda, to snow), Goth, snaivs, Pol. snjeg, zada, a rebuff, from naso, and mustazza,
Lith. snegas, Gael, sneachd, Lat. nix, a snout, respectively. * Pol. btizia, the
nivis {fiingere, to snow), Gr. vi^ds, a mouth buzowa^, to snub. Swiss schnautz,
;

snowflake. a rough reproof; schnautze, snout an- ;

2. Pl.D. snau, a kind of ship, originally schnautzen, to speak roughly to one


a beaked ship, from snau, beak, snout. —
Dorsetsh. snout, to snub Hal. ; and we
Snub, iinub is a word analogous to might be inclined to explain a snubbing
jag, jog, job, snag, &c., representing, in as a figurative application of ON. snap-
;; ;

6i6 SNUDGE SOAP


pungr, a blow on the chops Gloucest.
;
Betwixt them two the peeper took his nest
snoiip, 2l blow on the head. —
Hal. Where snugging^e\S. he well appeared content.
Sidney.
To Siiudge. To snudge along, to
walk looking downward and poring as Hence snug, warm and close, sheltered,
though the head was full of business— B., concealed. The ultimate origin is the
marcher d'un air rampant et pensif.— figure of snooking or sniffing after food.
Miege. To snudge over the fire, to keep See Snook. Westerwald schnaucken, to
close to it. To nudge or snudge, to hang sniff after eatables, to eat schnaucker, ;


down the head. Mrs Baker. one who pokes his nose everywhere ;

The primitive meaning seems to be schnuckeln, to seek after delicacies, to suck


going along with the face bent to the at the breast schnuckler, a. person with
;

earth like a dog tracing out the scent, a lickerish tooth, an infant at the breast ;

then looking closely after, seeking greedily schnuckeles waare, lollipops. Bav.
for, leading to the use of snudge in the schnuckeln, to suck, lick, eat with plea-
sense of a miser. ON. 'snugga, snudda. sure ; abschnuckeln einen, to devour with
Da. snuse, to sniff, snuff, search out kisses schnuckes, a darling. Sw. snugga,
;

snugga til eines, to have hope of some- to play the parasite, to sponge ; snugga
thing. N. snuska, snusla, to sniff out, sig til nagot, to get a thing by fawning.
search for something to eat. From the See Snooze.
latter se'hse must be explained the familiar So. Goth, sva, AS. swa, on. sva, svo,
E. nuzzle, nuddle, to creep closely or G. so, Fr. It. si, Lat. sic. Gael, so, this,
snugly, as an infant in the bosom of its these ; an so, here gu so, hither, to this ;

mother. place ; Mar so, thus, in this manner., So !


She nuzzhth herself in his bosom. here, see here, take this. Fr. ce, OFr. qo,
Stafford's Niobe. Prov. aisso, so, this. Fin. se, he, that.
We then pass to the idea of grovelling, Esthon. se, the, this ; sel kombel, sedda
going along in a dejected way with the wisi (in this wise), sis, so. In vulgar'
head down. language, a person says, ' I was that
Sir Roger shook his. ears and nuzzled along, angry ' for so angry, angry in that degree.
well satisfied that he was doing a charitable work. —
So. Soa. A
tub with two oars to
— Arbuthnot in Todd. How he goes nuddling
carry on a stang. B. —
ON. sdgr, sdr. Da.
along. — Mrs Baker.
saa, tub, pail, bucket j not to be con-
The passage from the idea of sniffing founded with Fr. seau, a bucket, formerly
to that of a miser is shown in Du. snicken, siel, from situla.
to sniff, to scent, and Sw. snikas, to be To Soak. To drain through or into,
greedy of gain ; sniken, greedy, avaricious, to imbibe or suck up, to cause to imbibe.
Stingy, mean. E. dial, sock, the drainage of a farmyard ;
To Snuff.— Snifif. From a representa- socky, wet sog, a quagmire sagged,
; ;

tion of the sound made by drawing soaked with wet. G. and ON. sog, the
breath through the nose. Du. snojfen, sink of a ship, lowest place that receives
snuffen, snuffelen, snnyven, to breathe the drainings of the ship ; soggr, wet G. ;

through the nose, to trace by scent sogen, socken (in salt worKs), to drip, to
inoffen, snuffen, to sob ; snof, scent, drain ; siekern, sickern, in Hesse sockern,
perception by scent ; snoeven, snuyven, to leak, trickle, soak through ; Gael, silg,
to take breath ; snoff, snuff, cold in the suck, imbibe ; silgh, juice, sap, moisture
head, running at the nose — Kil.
; Fr. as a verb, suck in, drink up, drain, dry ;

renifler, nifler, to snifter, snuff up, snivel. nan tonn, as ON. sog, the flux
OE. nevelynge with the nose.— Pr. Pm. G. and reflux of the waves. Manx sooghey
schnauben, schnaufen, scknieben, to snuff, soo, to suck, steep, soak w. swg, a soak ;

snort, huff, puff and blow. Emungere, or imbibing ; swgio, to soak, to become
snuben, snuuen de nasen. — Dief. Supp. soaked soch, E. sough, a sink or drain.
;

Schnuffeln, schnilffeln, to snuffle, speak Soap. Du. zeep, G. seife, Lat. sapoirC),
through the nose schnupfen,Xo snuff up, w. sebon, Gael, siabunn, siopunn, soap.
;

a cold in the head schnuppe, the snuff Bret, soav, soa, sua, tallow ; soavon, suan,
;

of a candle schnuppen, -pfen, to be of- soap.


; Fr. suif, tallow savon, soap. W.
;

fended at a thing, to snuff at it ; sthnup- swyf, scum, foam, yeast, also suet.
pem, to snivel. Pl.D. snuff, snuffe, nose, Soap was regarded by the Latins as a
snout. Celtic invention, and therefore it is rea-
Snug.— Snuggle. To snuggle is to sonable that we should look to the latter
nestle, to lie close, like an infant pressing class of languages for an explanation of
itself to its mother's bosom. the name. Prodest et sapo. Gallorum
'
; — ;

SOAR SOIL 617


hoc inventum,
rutilandis capillis, ex Colo, a clog. Fr. socque, a sock or sole of

sevo et cinere.' Plin. Martial calls it dirt cleaving to the bottom of the foot in
Batavian scum or foam. a cloggy way. Cot. —
Et mutat Latias spuma Batava comas. The proper meaning of the word seems
to be a clog or block, as in It. zocco, Prov.
ToSoar. It. sorare, to soar or hover soc, soca, Fr. souche, a stock or stump of
in the air like a hawk. Fr. essorer, to air a tree Lang, souc, a block of wood, a
;

or weather, to expose to the air, and so hack-block. A


clog or wooden shoe is,
to dry, to mount or soar up, also, being on the same principle, in Du. called
mounted, to fly down the wind. Cot. — block, holblock J in G. klotzschuh, from
Prov. eisaurar, essaweiar, to lift into the klotz, a log in Gr. rl^oiiapov, from tX,o«ov,
;

air, to raise. From aura, air. a stump of a tree, a log.


To Sob. A
representation of the sound. The sense of a stump or stock is taken
Sober. Lat. sobrius, sober, as ebrius, from the idea of a projection, an abrupt
drunk. No plausible explanation is of- movement suddenly checked. P1.D. suk,
fered of either. a syllable expressing the idea of a jog or
Sobriquet. Fr. sobriquet, a nickiiame. jolt. Of a rough trotting horse they say,
Norm, bruchet, the bole of the throat, Dat geit jummer suk ! szck ! it goes
breast-bone in birds. Fouler sus I'bruchet, always jog jog ! Sukkeln, to jog along,
!

to seize by the throat. Hence soubriquet, to stumble. A


similar resemblp^ce is
sobriquet, [properly a chuck under the seen between stump and stumble.
chin, then] a quip or cut given, a mock or Socket. The base upon which a can-
flout, a jest broken on a man, [finally] a dle is fixed like a tree upon its stump.
nickname. Cot. — Percussit super men-
'
Fr. souchet, souchon, *souchette, Lang.
tonem faciendo dictum le soubriquet.' — soukete, a little stock or stump of a tree ;

Act A.D. 1335 in Archives du Nord de la Fr. souche, Prov. soc, soca, stump. See
Fr. iii. 35. '
Donna deux petits coups last article.
appelfe soubzbriquets des dois de la main Sod. Pl.D. sode, soe, Du. sode, soede,

sous le menton.' Act a.D. 1335, ibid, in Fris. satha, a turf Gael, sod, a turf, a
Hericher Gloss. Norm. In the same way clumsy person sodach, a robust or clumsy
;

soubarbe, the part between the chin and man sodair, a strong-built man ; sodag,
;

the throat a check, twitch, jerk given to


; a clout, a pillion or pannel.
a horse with his bridle ; endurer une Soda. Sp. soda, sosa (from Lat. salsa).
soubarbe, to endure an affront. Cot. So — Mid. Lat. salsola, seaside plants, from
also Gael, smeachar, the chin, smeachar- whose ashes soda was made.
anachd, a taking too great a Hberty with Sodden. See Seethe.
one, as taking one by the chin. Sofa. Arab, sofah.
Soccage. See Sock, i. Soft. Du. sacht, soft, Pl.D. sagt, G.

Social. Society. Lat. socius, a com- sacht, sanft.
panion, fellow, mate. Soil. I. Fr. sol. It. suolo, Lat. soltim,
Sock. I. A
ploughshare. B. Yx.soc, — ground, foundation, sole of the foot.
soil,
the coulter or share of a plough, the 2. Fr. soil, sueil de sangUer, the soil of
plough itself Cot. —
From Gael, soc, a wild boar, the mire wherein he wallows
snout, beak, chin, fore part of anything, se souiller (of a swine), to take soil, to
plough-share ; W. swch, snout, point ; wallow in the mire. Da. sol, mire, mud ;

swch aradr, swch esgid, snout of a plough Sw. sola, to wallow. Bav. solen sich {pi
(ploughshare), point of a shoe. G. sech, a stag), to cool himself by wallowing in
coulter. The plough turns up the land the water. To take soil, to run into the
like the snout of a pig. For the ultimate water as a deer when close pursued.
origin of the word see Seek. Soccage, a B. Soal, a dirty pond. Hal. —
See next
tenure of land by inferior services in hus- article.
bandry [by plough service] to be per- To Soil.— Sully, i. Fr. souiller, It.
formed to the lord of the fee. B. — sogliare (Fl.), ohg. solagSn, mhg. siiln,
2. Lat. soccus, a kind of shoe ; Du. solgen, Swiss siilchen, Pl.D. solen, siillen,
sacke, a sock, woollen covering for the feet. Du. solowen, seuleiuen, s'dlen,^ ON. sola.
Prov. soc, 3. buskin, a wooden shoe Da. sole, to daub, dirty. Swiss sulch, a
soquier, a maker of sabots or wooden stain of dirt ; G. solung, the wallowing
shoes ; Cat. soch, soc, clog ; Pied, soch, place of swine ; It. sugliardo, filthy. ON.
soca, socola, a clog or shoe with a wooden sulla, to paddle, dabble, mess.
sole ; Ptg. socco, a wooden shoe, also, as The proper meaning of the word is
Fr. socle, the base of a pedestal ; It. zoc- doubtless to dabble in the wet, and the
— . ;

6i8 SOIL SOKE


primitive form is probably similar to that of flowing bowls, luxurious enjoyment,
shown in Sc, suddill, stcddle, G. sudeln, sated appetite.
suddeln, soddeln, (Brem. Wtb.), Du. soete- Both branches of the metaphor are ex-
len, to daub, sully, stain, from a repre- hibited in Pl.D. smudden, smuddeln,
sentation of the sound of dabbling in smullen, to dabble, splash about, dirty,
water. Bav. suttern, sottern, to boil a also to eat and drink copiously, to live
gallop, make a noise in boiling to gug-; luxuriously Du. smul, gluttony ; smul,
;

gle out of a narrow-necked bottle ; suit, smul van dranke, ebrius, obrutus vino,
a puddle. thoroughly drunk. — Kil. Smullen, to
The elision of the d is palpably shown soil oneself ; to make good cheer, to gor-
in Bav. sudeln, sul'n, to dirty, to boil (in mandise [and hence to satiate oneself];
a contemptible sense), Pl.D. smuddeln, Ik heb er van gesmuld, I have had my
smullen, to smear, dirty, dabble. In a belly-full of it. —
Bomhoff. Smullbroer, a
similar manner Fr. mouiller, E. moil, boon companion, lickerish fellow. In the
maul, to wet, dabble, dirty, must be re- same way from forms like Sw. sudda, PI.
garded as contracted from forms like D. suddeln, soddeln, soetelen (Brem.
muddle, m,addle, originally imitating the Wtb.), to dabble, we pass to the contract-
sound of dabbling in the wet. ed sblen, used in both senses. Besolen,
For a parallel series of similar origin to bedabble, to dirty, also to swill one-
see Sallow. self with drink ; solig, drunken ; sblbroer
It is not improbable that Lat. solum (as Du. smullbroer), sblgast, a boon com-
belongs to the same stock with the fore- panion. With these last may be compared
going, having originally signified mud, E swillbowl, swilltub, a drunkard to ;

then ground, loM^Sst place, foundation. swill, to wash or rinse, to drink copiously
To Soil. 2. To feed cattle with green swill, hog's wash, swiller (exactly equiva-
food in the stall. In Suffolk it signifies lent to Fr. so.uillard), a scullion. Hal. —
to fatten completely soiling, the last fat-
; Sw. sSla, to wallow, dabble, bedaub also ;

tening food given to fowls when they are to sot, to guttle N. sulla, satiated, drunk.
;

taken up from the baru-door and cooped. It is hard to separate the series here
— Forby. In this sense of high-fed, stall- given from Fr. saoul, soul, sated, drunk.
ed, it is used by Shakespeare. Sotil comme une grive, as drunk as an
owl. But if the forms are truly analogous,
The fitchew nor the sqiled horse goes to 't
we must suppose that the root sat, ap-
With a more ravenous appetite.— Lear.
pearing in Lat. satur, satiari, satullus,
E. dial, soul, to satisfy with food. Hal. — was derived from a form like satullare,
The origin is undoubtedly Fr. saotiler, originally (like Pl.D. suddeln, soddeln, Du.
Prov. sadollar, Lat. satullo, to glut, sa- soetelen, Bav. sottern, suttern) represent-
tiate. Prov. sadol, Fr. soul. It. satollo, ing the agitation of liquid. From this
Lat. satur, satullus, sated, full, fatted. source also would be explained the con-
It is singular that even in this last tracted form shown in Fr. sale, Gael, sal,
sense the word seems ultimately to spring dirty, Fr. salir, to dii-ty, E. sallow, which
from the same physical image of dab- it is so difficult to keep apart from the
bling or wallowing in liquids. When series connected with Fr. souiller and E.
once man had become acquainted with sully.
intoxicating liquors,abundance of drink To Sojourn. Fr. sejoumer; It. sog-
would become the normal type of the giornare; OFr. sorjornier. Chron. Dues —
highest luxury, and hence probably must de Norm. 2. 11607. Ed uimeis od mei
be explained the figures of bathing or surjurneras. — L. des Rois.
swimming in dehght noticed under Gala. Soke. The privilege of holding a court
N. sumla, to paddle, dabble, bathe, swim which the tenants of the lordship are
(Aasen), is inon. applied to Pharaoh bound to attend, or the territory over
and his host overwhelmed by the billows which the duty of attending the court ex-
of the sea. Sutnladisk konungrinn i tends. The soke of a mill is the territory
sidvarins bylgium. Hence stiml, sumbl, over which the tenants are bound to bring
drink, ale, a drinking bout. AS. symbel, their corn to be ground at a certain mill.
a feast, banquet, supper symbelnys, a The word is derived from AST socan, secan,
;

festival, solemnity. Tha symbelnys incessa- to seek, and is equivalent to Mid.Lat.


sanges, the solemnity of the mass. From secta, Fr. stiite, E. suit. Soca molendini
the image, then, of the splashing of liquids and secta molendini are both used for the
M'C pass, on the one hand, to the idea of soke of a mill. Soca placitorum and secta
filth and dirt, and, on the other, to that placitorum signify the right of holding a
I
— ——;

SOLACE SOOL 619


court to which the tenants of the lordship hollow ;solus, only, alone j Gr. iiXos,

owe suit. Sw. soka, to seek, to bring a whole, entire.


suit at law. —
Solitary. Solitude. Lat. solus, alone.
Solace. Lat. solor, to console, solace, Sollar. An upper room of a house.
ease solatium, It. solazzo, Fr. soulas,
; B. Properly simply a flooring, then ap-
solace, sport, recreation. In Gael, the plied to floors or stages in different parts
particles so and do are used like ti and of the house. It. solaro, sollato, a floor

Ivg in Gr. Thus from leir, sight, percep- or ceiling ; solare, a story of any build-
tion, soilleir, bright, clear ; doiUeir, dim, ing, from solare, to sole, to floor, or ceil.
dark, obscure ; solas, comfort, cheerful- — Fl. OFr. solier, sollier, an upper floor,
ness, joy ; dblas, woe, grief, mourning. ground floor, loft.
Solar. Lat. sol, the sun. Du. solder, solier, lacunar, tabulatum,

Solder, Sodder. Fr. soulder, souder, contignatio ; solderen, contignare, con-
to soulder, consolidate, close or fasten to- tabulare et in solario sive horreo con-
;

gether. —
Cot. It. saldo, sodo, solid, firm dere.— Kil. Corn, soler, a stage of boards

;

saldare, to fix, fasten, to stanch blood, in a mine. Dief. Bret, sol, base, found-
solder metals, starch linen, gum or stiffen ation, beam solier, ceihng, floor, loft.
silks, close or heal up a wound. — Fl.
;

Solstice. Lat. solstitium, midsummer


Lat. solidus. or midwinter, the period at which the
Soldier. OFr. souldart. Norm, soldar, midday sun is stationary in the heavens,
soldier, one who receives pay. Eo son neither rising nor falling ; sol, sun, and
stao to soldaero. —
Barsegap^ (Milanese statio, standing.
13th cent.). It. soldo, Fr. solde, pay, hire, Soluble. — Solution, -solve. Lat.
from solidus, Fr. sol, sou, a piece of solvo, solutum, to loosen, relax. Gr. Xint,
money. to loosen, undo.
Sole. The basis of anything, floor of Some. Goth, sums, Swiss som, sum,
a mine, lower surface of the foot, of a Sw. soni, somlige, Du. sommig, some.
shoe, &c. P1.D. sale, G. sohle, Lat. solea,
Sw. som is used as a relative particle in
It. suola, Sw. sola, sdla, sole of the foot
the sense of that, as, so.
or of a shoe. Goth, sulja, sandal stil-
;
Son. Goth., Lith. sunus, Russ. siein,
jan, to found, to lay a foundation. W.
Bohem. syn, Sanscr. s^nu, son. Fin.
sail, foundation, groundwork ; seilgamu
siindua, to be born sunnuttaa, Esthon.
;
{camii, to step), to tread a sole away ;
siinnitaina, to beget. Sanscr. su, to beget,
seilddor (foundation of door), threshold ;
to bear, bring forth ; ptcple past, suta,
seilddar (daear, earth, ground), a found-
a son ; sutA, a daughter si.na, born,;

ation, pile, a prop, explaining Pl.D. sjile,


blown, budded (as a floWer), a son ; sunA,
G. saiile, a column, pillar.
a daughter.
The radical signification is probably
Song. See Sing.
that of Lat. solum, the ground or earth,
from the origin explained under Soil. Songle. —
Songow. A handful of
Sole. Lat. solus, only.

gleaned corn. B. Sc. single, s. s. Jam. —
Du. sangh, sanghe, fasciculus spicarum.
Solecism. Gr. ffoXoiKio-fioe, a barbarism
Kil. Bav. sdngeln, to glean sdngel- ;
in speech ; from 26X01K01, dwellers at Soli,
biisckel, a bundle of gleaned corn. Sange,
a city in Cilicia, who had lost the purity
of the Attic speech.

manipulus, gelima. Gl. in Schmeller.
Swab, sange, a bundle of hemp.
Solemn. Lat. sollemnis, solemnis, so- The origin is Da. sanke, to gather, cull,
lennis, what is done every year at a cer- glean, pick. Sanke-ax, gleanings of corn,
tain time. Solemnia sacra dicuntur quas sankebrcende, bundles of firewood, faggots.
certis temporibus annisque fieri solent. Sw. samka, samla, to collect, gather, from
Festus. It then aicquired the sense of the particle sam, in composition equiva-
accustomed, authorised, formal. The de- lent to Lat. con, Gr. am samman, toge- ;

rivation of the first syllable has been ther. Bav. sdmen, to collect, gather. Satn.
much disputed, whether from solus, only, sdmnat, manipulus. Gl. in Schm.
according to the analogy of biennis, from

Sonorous, -son-. Lat. somas, a sound
bis, twice, and annus, or from sollo, which, sonorus, sounding. Consonant, Dissonant,
according to Festus, signified all, whole, &c.
in Oscan.
Sool. Sowl. —
Anything eaten with
Solicit. Lat. solicittis, careful, troubled, bread.— B. The butter, cheese, &c.,
busy. eaten with the bread that forms the staple
Solid. Lat. solidus, whole, entire, not of a poor man's meal, is called sowling
;

620 SOON SORE


in Pembrokeshire. Edulium, Anglice, On the same principle the word lull is
sowylle. — Nominale xv. cent., in Hal. derived from monotonous singing, la-la-
Kam he nevere hom hand bare, la. Da. nynne, to hum a tune It. ninnare,
;

That he ne broucte bred and sowel. to sing, to lull or dandle children asleep.
Havelok, 767. N. hulla, lulla, sulla, to hum, to lull.
Maria Egyptiaca eet in thyrty wynter It seems to be from some hazy feeling
Bote thre lytel loves, and love was her souel. of the physical origin of the word that it
P.P.
is so frequently used in the sense of calm-
ON. sufl, N. swvl, Sw. sofwel. Da. suul, ing by sound.
anything eaten with bread. Sw. sofia, to There is little doubt but the verse as well as
season. the lyre of David was able to soothe the troubled
The origin of the term is shown in Bret. spirits to repose. — Knox, Ess. in R.
soubinel, the sowling or sauce eaten with Ideal sounds
the brose or porridge that forms the prin- Soft-wafted on the zephyr's fancy'd wing.
cipal part of a peasant's diet. The sou- Steal tuneful soothings on the easy ear.
binel consists of honey, melted butter, &c.,
Thomson.
The godlike man they found
and is commonly put in a hollow in the
Pleased with the solemn harp's harmonious
middle of the porridge, each spoonful of sound :

which is dipped in the soubinel as it is With this he soothes his angry soul. — Pope,IUad.
eaten. From souba, to sop or dip. Le- — Possibly Lat. sedare may have the same
gonidec. Goth, supon, OHG. soffon, ga- origin. See Seethe.
sofon, to season food. Sowling is called To Sop. To dip into or soak in broth,
slppersauce in Cleveland.
&c. Sop, bread soaked in broth, drip-
Soon. Goth, suns, immediately, sunsei,
as soon as ; AS. sona, soon. Du. saen,
ping, wine, or any liquid. —
B. N. sabba,
svabba, subba, to paddle, dabble subben, ;
immediately, soon. soaked, wet. Goth, supon, gasupon, to
Soot. Condensed smoke. Du. soet, season, properly to dip bread in sauce.
Pl.D. sott, sud, Sw. sot, Da. sod, Gael.
Sw. soppa, broth, soup. N. soppa, bread
suith, Lith. sodis.
and milk. Pl.D. sappen, to make a sound
Probably from Du. soetelen, Pl.D. sud- like water in dabbling. Idt is so vuul
deln,Sw. sudda, to dabble, dirty, in the
up'r straten dat idt sappet : it is so dirty
same way as the nearly synonymous smut, in the streets that it splashes audibly. De
from Pl.D. smudden, smuddeln,' in the
schoe sappet : it squashes in one's shoe.
same sense. The idea of staining or Sappig, soppy, plashy.
dirtying is expressed by the figure of
Sophist. Lat. sophista, Gr. aotptarrie,
splashing or daubing with wet, and then
from aoipiZia, to teach wisdom anfoe, ;
the name is given to soot as the most
wise.
staining or dirtying material.
Soporiferous. Lat. sopto, -Hum, to
Sooth. ON. saimr, sadr, true, in ac-
set to sleep ; sopor, sleep.
cordance with the fact. Sanscr. sat (nom.
Soprano. See Sovereign.
sail, ace. santam), being, equivalent to
Sorcerer. Fr. sorcier, a wizard, pro-
Lat. sens, sentis mprcssens; whence asat,
perly one who divines by casting lots
nothing ; satya, true. When the Houyh- ;
sortilege, witchcraft, divination by lot
nyms were driven to express the idea of sort, Lat. sors, a lot.
;

Alban. short, lot


falsehood, new to them, they called it say- ;

shortar, soothsayer, sorcerer. Fin. arpa,


ing that which is not.
lot ; arpamies {mies, man), soothsayer.
To Sooth.e. The radical meaning is Sordid. Lat. sordes, filth; sordidtis,
to lull or calm by a monotonous sound.
dirty, slovenly, vile.
Goth, suthjan, to tickle the ears. AS.
gasothian, to flatter. ON. suda, to hum,

Sore. Sorry, on. sdr, wound, sore ;
sdrbeittr, very sharp ; sArkaldr, very
to buzz. Sc. south, sowth, to hum a tune,
cold, sorely cold, so cold as to be
a murmuring sound.
painfully felt ; sdrligr, painful, sore
The soft sotith of the swyre [gorge of the hills],
sdrliga, sdrla, badly, hardly.
and sound of the stremes, N. soar,
The sweit savour of the swairde, and singing of wounded, injured, sore, and in a figurative
fovvlis. sense, painful, bitter. Eiti saar sukk, a
Might comfort any creature of the kyn of Adam. bitter sigh ; ein saar'e graat, bitter weep-
Dunbar in Jam. ing ; saart, painfully, bitterly, with pain-
G. sausen. Da. suse, to buzz, whizz, sound ful effort. Bav. ser. Swab, seir, seer,
as wind or water einein kinde sause sin-
; painful, sore ; OHG. sMg, painful, suffer-
gen, to lull a child asleep; W. suo, to buzz, ing, sad. Sc. sare, sair, a sore, wound,
to hush, to lull. pain to the mind, sorrow ; sore, painful,
;

SORREL SOUGH 621

Sorrpwful, oppressive, severe, violent, They soused me over head and ears in water when
hard ; Sc. sary, sad, sorrowful, pitiable, —
a boy. ^Addison.
wretched. Jam.— e. sorry has come —The rabble sous' d them for't
.

pretty generally to be felt as if it was the O'er head and ears in mud and dirt. — Butler in T.
adjective of sorrow, with which, in reality, Swiss sotschen, shoes full of water which
it has no etymological connection. make a sousing or squishing noise at
Sorrel. I. Fr. sorel, the herb sorrel every step.
or sour dock ; sorel du bois, sour trefoil, Sot. A drunkard ; to sot, to drink to

wood sour [wood-sorrel]. Cot. n. sure- excess. From drunkenness the meaning
gras, G. sauerampfer, Gr. b^dKi^, from seems to have passed to drunken stupidity,
65us, sharp. folly, misconduct. Fr. sot, sottish, dull,
2. A horse of
a mixed red colour. It. gross, absurd, foolish, vain, lascivious.
sauro, a sorrel colour of a horse. Fr. Bret, sot, sod, stupid, imbecile, coarse.
saur, sorrel of colour ; harenc satir, a red The idea of drinking to excess is in
herring. Saurir les harencs, to redden many cases expressed by the figure of
herrings, to lay them on hurdles in a close paddling or washing, as in E. szvlll,,'v/hich
room and then smoke them with dry from signifying rinsing or washing with
leaves until they have gotten their sorrel water is applied to inordinate drinking.
hue sorer, to reek, to dry or make red as Sw. sdla, to dabble, wallow ; sola och supa,
;

herrings in the smoke. Cot.— to sot away one's time. —


^Widegren. PI.
As the sorrel stems are of a brown-red D. solen, to dabble ; besolen, to swill, to
colour, strikingly conspicuous in a field drink oneself full ; solig, dabbled, drunk.
of mowing-grass, the word may simply Again, Pl.D. smudden,smuddeln,s?nullen,
signify of the colour of sorrel. On the to dabble, paddle, daub, also to sot, to
other hand, it may be from P1.D. soar, gormandise, guttle, tope, and suddeln, sod-
dry ; OHG. sauren, soren, to dry. See deln, Sw. sudda, suddla, to daub, blot
Sear. The name of the colour would N. sulla, drunken, full. The noise made
then be taken from that of a dried her- by the agitation of water, in a somewhat
ring. different manner, is represented by Pl.D.
Sorrow. Goth, saurgan, to sorrow ; suddern, to boil with a gentle sound ; E.
saurga, sorrow G. sorge, ON. sorg, care,
; dial, sotter, to boil gently.
sorrow, anxiety syrgja^ to mourn.
;
Fin. From forms like the foregoing the radi-
sum, grief, sorrow, care ; surua, surkua, cal syllable sod, sot, is used in the expres-
to grieve, mourn surra, to be sorrowful,
; sion of ideas connected with the dashing
painful, to take care of. of liquids . Gael, sod, noise of boiling
Sort. Fr. sorte, Du. soorte, G. sorte, water ; E. soapsuds, water and soap beaten
Lat. sors, sortis, lot. Sort was frequently up together in washing ; sot, to tope, a
used in the sense of a company, assem- drunkard ; Lith. sotus, g; satt, full, sati-
blage, as lot is in vulgar language. ated.

There on a day as he pursued the chase,



Souce. Souse. Pickle of salt, any.,
He chanced to spy a sort of shepherd grooms thing pickled, especially the ears of pigs,

Playing on pipes. F. Q. whence souse, the ear. To souse, to steep
in pickle, to season with pickle.
Soss..— Souse. Soss, a mucky puddle
Kill swineand sowse 'em,
^B. anything dirty or muddy, a heavy
;
And eat 'em when we»have bread.
fall ;souse, a thump or blow ; a dip in B. & F. in T.
the water. —Hal. Souse or soss is used Oil though it stink they drop by drop impart ;

to represent the sound either of a dull But souse the cabbage with a bounteous heart.
blow or of dabbling in the water. To Pope.
souse or soss down is to sit suddenly Fr. saulse, sauce, sauce.
down. To sotise into the water, to plunge Souchy. Du. zootje, Pl.D. soodje;
suddenly in. ' Sossing and possing in the water-soodje, water-souchy, perch served
durt.' —
Gammer Gurton. ' Of any one up in the water in which it has been
that mixes slops or makes a place wet boiled. Zootje, soodje, is the dim. of PI.
and dirty, we say in Kent, he makes a D. sSde, soe, Du. zoo, a boiling, so much
soss.' —
Kennett in Hal. Sossed, saturated; as is boiled or sodden at once. Een sSe
sossle, to make a slop. —
Hal. N. susla, fiske, a dish of fish.
to paddle, dabble. Pigs are called to Sough.. An underground -drain, w.
their wash by the cry of sttss ! suss ! To soch, a sink or drain. ON. sog, the sink
suss, to swill like a hog. It. sozzare, to of a ship, outflow of a lake. See to Soak,
defile, sully. to Sew, Sewer.
!;

622 SOUL SPADE


Soul. Goth, saivala, AS. sawel, sawl, more singular by the fact that we are
ON. sdl, G. seek, soul. Gael, saoil, think.brought round to the same designation
Sound. I. w. sdn, noise, report, from other quarters. Fin. suutari, Lap.
rumour ;Bret, son, soun, sound, tune ; sutar, a shoemaker, are supposed by some
Fr. son, Lat. sonus. to be corruptions of G. schuster. They
2. A narrow arm of the sea, properly- also remind us of ON. sutari, a tanner,
one that can be swum over. as. and on. from suta, to tan.
sund, swimming. He mid sunde thas ea The origin of Sp. zapdta, as well as of
oferfaran wolde he would pass the river Fr. sabot, appears to be a representation
:

by swimming. A'in er &, sundi : the river of the sound of the footfall. Sp. zapatdzo,
must be crossed by swimming. ON. sund, clapping noise of a horse's foot, noise
a sound or straits N. su7id, a ferry ; ON. attending a fall ; zapatear, to beat time
;

sund/ugl, water-fowl ; sundfcerr, what with the sole of the shoe, to strike the
may be swum over. n. symja, to swim ground with the feet, said of rabbits when
;

sumd, symd, capable of swimming. chased ; zaparrazo, a violent fall attended


3. From the same source must be ex- with great noise. Prov. sabotar, to shake,
plained cod-sounds (in Shetland called to stir.
soutns), the swimming bladder of the cod- South.. Du. zuid, G. sUd, ON. sunnr,
fish. ON. sundmagi {magi, maw or sudr, Sw. sunnan, soder, Da. sijnden, .

stomach), the swimming bladder. south. There can be little doubt that
4. G. gesund, Du. zond, gezond, Lat. the meaning of the word is, turned to the
sanus, sound, whole, uninjured. sun. Bav. sunnenhalb, sunnhalb, sunder-
To Sound. Fr. sonder, to measure the halb, turned towards the sun, southward ;

depth with a plummet. Bret, sounn, stiff, sunderwind, the south wind. Swiss sun-
steep, upright, perpendicular. Sounn net-halb (on the sunny side), southwards ;

gand ar riou, stiff with cold. Sounn eo schatten-halb (on the shady side), north-
ar menez, the mountain is steep. Sound- wards.
er, uprightness, perpendicular. Sounna, Sovereign. Fr. souverain. It. sov-
to make or become upright, to stiffen, w. rano, soprano, uppermost, supreme. Lat.
syth, stiff, erect, upright. supra, above.
Soup. — ToSup. Fr. soupe. It. sopa, * Sow. AS. sAgu, Du. soegh, sogh, souwe
broth with bread soaked in it ; also sops (Kil.), Pl.D. soge, G. sau, Sw. sugga,
of bread. Mouill^ comme une soupe. OberD. sucke,'^?iSS.. couche (Sigart), Fin.
NE. soup, to saturate, soak soupy, wet sika, Esthon. sigga. Let. cuka (tsuka),
;

and swampy, on. supa {syp, saup, sopii), Lat. sus, sow ; suada, OberD. suckel, Fr.
to sup up liquids, to drink. OHG. wein- cochon, w. soccyn, a pig.
sawf, wine-sop. Swiss saufen, to sup up, The name seems to be taken from the
eat with a spoon. G. saufen, Sw. supa, cry to call the animal to its food, OberD.
Pl.D. supen, to drink copiously sopen, to suck! Norfolk sugJ (Hal.), Let. cuk
;

give to drink soopje, a sip, a little drink. Wall, couche! U.S. chuk ! (Bartlet).
;

Like sap, sop, sip, from the sound. To Sow. Goth, saian, AS. sawan, Pl.D.
Sour. G. sauer, ON. siirr, w. sHr. saden, saien, OHG. sahan, G. sden, Sw.
Source. Fr. source, from sotirdre, sdda, sa, Bohem. syti, Lith. seti, Lat.
Prov. sorzer. It. sorgere, to rise, spring, serere {sevi, satum, semeti), W. hau, to
bubble up as water. Fr. sourgeon, a sow had, seed ; Bret, hada, to sow.
;

young shoot of a. tree, the rising up of * To Sowle.— Sole. To sowle by the



water in a spring. Cot. Lat. surgere, to ears, to lug one by the ears.
rise. He'll go, he says, and sole the porter of Rome
Fr.
Souter.
savetier,
A cobbler. Immediately from
ciabattiere, a cobbler,
gates by the ears —Coriolanus.
It. Du. sollen, to toss up and down, as a ship
Souter or clouter of old shoes. FI. Fr. — upon the waves, to toss in a blanket
savate. It. ciabatta, an old shoe ; Sp. jemand sollen (Fr. houspiller), to towze
zapdto, a shoe zapdto de tierra, earth or
;
one, pull him about. Sol over bol, solle-
clay which sticks to the shoes. Lang. bol, sol or sole over bol vallen, prjecipi-
sabdto, a shoe ; sabAtier, a shoemaker. tari, to tumble head over heels, q. d. solea
Fr. jai^o^, a wooden shoe. In the Limou- supra caput.— Kil. Fr. sabouler, to toss,
sin dialect sabot is contracted to sou; tumble with, tread under the feet, to tug
whence soutid, a malcer of sabots, whicli
may serve to illustrate the passage from
or scuffle with. Cot. —
Space. Lat. spatium.
savetier to E. souter. The resemblance
to Lat. sutor is a curious accident, made

Spade.—Spud. Spattle. g. spaten,
a spade ; Du. spade, spacye, a spade, hoe ;
— ; ;

SPALL SPALLES 623

spadelken, spayken, G. spattel, a spattle or The grete schafte that was longe

mixing medicines or spreading AUe to spildurs hit spronge.


slice for Avowing of Arthur.
plaisters. Spattle is also used in the
sense of spud, a spade with a diminutive Bav. gespilderter zaun, a fence of laths.
blade for digging weeds. N. spode, spudu, OE. spillers or spilters, the thin divisions
a small shovel. Gr. tnra.9ti, a blade. Lat. at the top of a deer's horn. Hal. —
spatha, a short broad sword spathula, ; There is no doubt that the foregoing
spatula, a spattle. It. spada, Sp. espadu, forms signifying a splinter or fragment
Fr. epee, a sword. It. spdtola, spatella, are of like origin with G. spalten, Gael.
spatula, a spattle, trowel, cook's flat scum- spealt, to cleave, Fris. spjellen, to split
mer or broad slice, broad flat shovel, (Outzen in Spille), but it would be rash
shoulder-blade, a broad flat lath, or splint to say that the noun is derived from the
of wood with a handle to beat flax with. verb or vice versS,.
— Fl. Alb. shpate, sword ; shpatoule, The sound of a blow or of an explosion
shoulder-blade. is represented by an articulate form,
The primitive type of a blade or im- which is then applied either to the act of
plement for digging would be a splinter flying to pieces, or to the separate parts
of flint or piece of cleft wood, as shown which are the result of the explosion. Ir.
in G. grabscheit, a spade, properly a shide spallaim, to beat or strike ; spalla, frag-
or piece of cleft wood for digging. It is ment of stone for walling. Gael, sgealb,
probable, then, that spade may be radi- the sound of a blow, a slap ; as a verb,
cally identical with Swab, spatt, speitel, to split, dash into fragments ; and again,
Bav. speidel, spaitl, a chip, splinter, shin- sgealb, a splinter.
gle. The ultimate origin may perhaps Spalles. Shoulders. B. Spalde, —
spawde, a shoulder spadebone, spawbone,
be found in forms like E. spatter, spattle, ;

to scatter liquid in small drops ; Piedm.


spautbone, the shoulder-bone. It. spalla,

spatare, to spatter, scatter, squander ;OFr. espalde, Fr. dpaule, Ptg. espalda,
Du. bespatten, to bespatter, bedash. Theespddra, Prov. espatla, Gris. spadla, w.
spattering of liquid by a sudden blow yspawd, shoulder.
would afford a lively image of dashing to The meaning of the word has doubtless
small fragments. reference to the broad shovel- or blade-like
Spall.— Spell.— Spill.— SpoU. Spalls shape of the shoulder-bone. Gr. airndri,
or broken pieces of stone that come off any broad blade, a flat strip of wood used
in hewing. —
Nomencl. in Hal. Shivers, by weavers, a spatula for stirring aTraOri, ;

spals, rivings. — Fl.Spawl, a splinter. Tov avdptinrov, costa, humerus, armus.^


fl

Hal. Sc. spale, speal, a splinter, lath, Joannes de Janua. hat spatha, a sword .

chip. A splint or speall of wood or stone. spathula, spatula, a spattle, or slice


— Fl. Spels, spoils, chips of wood. Hal. Alban.— shpate, sword schpatoule, ;
;

Spell, spill, a chip of wood for lighting a shoulder-blade. Mid.Lat. spatula, spa-
candle. Swiss spallen, to apply splints. dula, schulder, schulderbein. —
Dief.
Du. spelle (properly a splinter), a pin. It. Supp. Spatulosus, magnas et diffusas
spillo, a Fl. —
N. spile, a
pin, prick, spill. —
habens spatulas. Joan, de Jan.
thin lath, a shaving ; spilekorg, a chip The radical meaning of spatula, as
basket spjeld, a shive, shelf, float of a
; shown under Spade, is a splinter or piece
water-wheel ON. spjall, spjald, a lath,
; of cleft wood, from a form like scatter,
thin board, tablet, back of a book spattle, to scatter abroad, and a similar
steinspjold, the tables of stone on which contraction to that from spatula to It.
the law was written Goth, spilda, a
; spalla is seen in E. spattle, spawl, to spit
tablet AS. speld, a torch, chip for light-
; about. It is probable, then, that the con-
ing ;E. spelt, a splinter. Chippes and traction may have taken place at a very
spelts of wood. —
Nomencl. 1585, in Hal. early stage of language, when the root
Gael, spealt, a splinter ; spealt, cleave, was used in the sense of splashing about,
split, break with force. Sw. spillra, to and thus that E. spall and spill, a splinter,
shiver to pieces ; spillra, a splinter, shiver. may be true equivalents of It. spalla.
P1.D. spellern, spellen, to split. Brem. — Bav. speidel, a splinter, is pronounced
Wtb. in v. spelje. Pl.D. sf alter, a thin spei'l, spa'l. — Schm, The
nasalisation of
piece of wood ; spiller, a smaller splinter, speidel gives G. spindel, while the con-
such as matches are made of; spallrig tracted form is seen in the synonymous
(Swiss spdllig, spellig), easily cleft. spille, a spindle.
Uanneil. E. spelder, a shiver or splinter. It is reasonable, on the same principle,
Spelder of wood, esclat.— Palsgr. to 'suppose that Lat. pala, a shovel, is
; ;

624 SPAN SPAR


contracted from a form corresponding to Gael, spang, anything shining or spark-
It. padella, any flat or frying pan —
FL, ling, any small thin plate of metal
the root of which is preserved in Pol. spangach, shining, sparkling. Bav. span-
padai si(, to chap, crack, burst. geln, to sparkle or bubble up like wine in
Span. G. spanne, It. spanna, Fr. espan, a glass, to ornament with metal plate.
empan, the length of the outstretched To spangle was used in the sense of
thumb and fingers. G. spannen, to strain glitter.
or stretch, extend, bind, fasten. Einen Lucignolare, to shine, flare, sf angle, glitter.
auf die folter spannen, to stretch one on Lucignoli, ribbands, flowers, gUttering jewels,
the rack. Tiicher in den rahmen spannen, spangles, bodkin pendants Smoghare, to shiver
.

in pieces, to spangle or glitter as some precious


to stretch cloth on the tenters.
The radical meaning of the verb to

stones do. Fl.

span is probably to fasten with spans, i. e. In the application to a clasp, perhaps


chips, splinters, or pegs. Fris. sponne, a the snapping sound with which it shuts
peg or nail. In support of this deriva- may also come into play. Du. spang, a
tion may be cited Lap. spanes, a chip stud, clasp, spangle ; ON. spong, a clasp,
;

spanestet, to peg a skin out to dry. In a plate of metal. N.Fris. spungin, to


the same way, ON. spita, a splinter or snap. —
Johannson, p. 176. From the
sound of a snap also must be explained
peg ; spita, to fasten with pegs, especially
to stretch out a skin to dry. N. spila, the Sc. sense of the word, to leap with
spile, a splinter, chip, peg spila, Pl.D.
;
elastic force, to spring. —Jam.
spilen, to stretch out, to fix open. De The arrowis flaw spangand fra every stryng.
ogen upspilen, to open wide the eyes. D. V.
T)Vl. spaik, a. splint or splinter; spalken, See Spank.
to support with splints, to set open. He Spaniel. Fr. ipagneul, OFr. espag-
spalkte ziine oogen op, he opened wide his neul, espagnol —
Sherwood; a Spanish
eyes. Fris. spalckjen, to stretch out, to dog.
fasten on the cross. —
Epkema. Spank.— Spunli. Spank, a sounding
To Span. To wean a child. B. G. — blow with the open hand to spank along,
to move at a rapid rate ; spanking,
;

spanferkel, a sucking pig spdnen, to


;

wean ; AS. spana, ON. spene, a teat sprightly, active, large ; spanky, showy,
;

spendrekkr, spenabarn, a sucking-child. smart. W. ysponc, a smack, a jerk, skip


Flem. spene, spenne, sponne, spunne, or quick bound; yspo7tcio, to smack, to
mother's milk. Pl.D. spennen, to wean, bound sharply. In" familiar E. spunk,
in other dialects to suck. —
Brem. Wtb. spirit; spunky, %-^vn.\.e.ii. FI.D spakkem, .

Bav. spinn, spiinn, gespunn, gespunst, spenkem, to run and spring about, to
spun yarn, also mother's milk ; gespunne, gallop a horse. —
Brem. Wtb. Sc. spjink,
the breast.— Schm. a spark, a match or splinter of wood for
As we use the word spin to express the lighting.
springing forth of a thread of liquid from Spar. I. The crystallised minerals of

a small orifice, as blood from a vein, or a metallic vein. as. spceren, sparstan,
milk from the breast, it is probable that gypsum. '
Gypsum, sparchalch, gybss,
the milk springing from the breast was oder j;^fl^.' —Vocab. a.d. 1430, in Deutsch.
compared to the thread of yarn springing Mundart. G. spath, a spaad, spat, spalt
from the flax on the distaff, and from the or spar, a kind of leafy stone Jlusspath,;

flow of milk the name of spunn or spin fusible spath or spar.— Kiittn.
was given to the breast. S;pin, to stream 2. Abar of wood. Du. sperre, sparre,
out in a thread or small current. Todd. — a rod, stake, bar, post, beam. G. sparren,
The blood out of their helmets span. — Drayton. a rafter. It. sbarra, a bar, barrier, palis-
Span-new. See Spick and Span. ade, impediment. Gael, sparr, a joist,
Spangle. The radical meaning seems beam, spar, a hen-roost.
to be to tingle, then to glitter, sparkle, on The radical sense may perhaps be an
the principle by which words representing implement of thrusting. ON. sparri, a
ringing sound are transferred to glittering pin or stick which holds something apart
objects. Lith. spengti, to ring, to sound from another ;
gomsparri, a stick which
spangius, twinkling, squinting. holds the mouth open, a gag sperra, ;

The twinkling spangles, the ornaments of the Da. sparre, a n. sparre, a prop,
rafter,
upper world. — Glanville in R. stake set slanting against a door or a wall,
A vesture—sprinkled here and there a rafter. See next article.
With guttering spangs that did like stars appear. To Spar. i. To shut as a door.— B.
F..Q. AS. sparran, to shut. G. sperren, to set

SPARE SPAWL 62s


open, force apart ; das maul sperren, plode, sprdcka, to crack, to break to
auf-sperreii, to open wide the mouth; pieces ; Da. spraglet, Sw. spracklig,
die thiire aufsperren, to set the door wide variegated, speckled. The E. sparkle,
open. Also to shut, stop, block the way, spark, differ from these last only in in-
prohibit. Sich sperren, to resist, oppose. verting the place of the liquid and vowel.
Sw. spdrra upp, to set open ; spdrra igen, E. dial, spark, to splash with dirt ; spark-
to shut, bar, stop. ed, variegated ; sparkle, to sprinkle,
The radical image is probably exhibited scatter, disperse ; sparkled, spreckled,
in Lith. spirru, spirti, to kick, to stamp, speckled, spotted.
to strike or thrust against something. I sprede thynges asunder or j;^a?-fe// them abrode.

Spirti i zemi, to stamp, to paw the Palsgr.

ground. Spirtis, to rely upon, to lean Du. sparckelen, scintillare et spargere,


upon, to bear up against ; spirdyti, to dispergere. —
Kil. Lat. spargere belongs
stamp or kick spardyti, to kick like a
; to the same class.
horse ; atsispirti, to strive against, to set The exchange of the final k in the radi-
one's feet against ispirti, to thrust in, to
; cal syllable for a p produces the parallel
thrust away j paspirti, to support, to prop ; form shown in Fr. esparpiller (It. spar-
uzspirti {jiz, behind), to shut up, stop, pagliare), to scatter, disparkle asunder,
barricade. ON. sperrask, to make resist- dishevel —Cot., OE. sparpil, to disperse.
ance by thrusting with hands and feet. —
Besperpled with blood. Mort d'Arthur.
From the same source must be explained From the same root Lang, parpaliejha,
ON. spor, G. spur, footmark, the print Castrais parpalhefa, to twinkle as the
left in the ground by the pressure of the eyes, to range from object to object,
foot. opposed to a steady look at a given ob-
If the foregoing view of the radical ject ; parpalhol. It. parpaglione, a. butter-
meaning of the word be correct, it will fly, from its fluttering flight, changing in
also account for the next signification, viz. direction at every moment.
2. To spar, to practise boxing, to box Sparrow. Goth, sparva, ON. sporr.
in gloves, to set oneself in attitude to Da. spurre, spurv, G. Sperling.
fight. In this sense the word is a meta- Sparse, -sperse. Lat. spargo, spar-
phor from cock-fighting ' when a cock : sum, in comp. spersum, to scatter, strew.
is opposed to another, both having their Hence Disperse, Aspersion. See Spark.
spurs covered, to embolden them to fight.' Spasm. Gr. a-Kaaixa, a convulsion,
^-Todd. To spare a gamecock, to breathe from to wrench.
ffTrao),

him, to embolden him to fight ; the fight- To Spatter. —


Sputter. Spot. Du.—
ing a cock with another to breathe him. bespatten, to splash, bespatter or be-
—B. Sparing, the commencement of a spattle. The sputtering of a candle re-
cockfight by rising and striking with the presents the crackling noise caused by
heels. — Hal. moisture in the wick exploding and spat-
The immediate origin is Fr. esparer, to tering the grease about. Small portions
fling oryerk out with the heels, as a horse of grease or dirt so thrown about consti-
in high n3a.nage. —
Cot. S'sparer (in horse- tute spots. To spattle, or bespattle, differs
manship), to rear, to stand on the hind only in the sibilant prefix from Yr.petiller,
legs and paw the air with the fore-feet. to crackle, sparkle. La buiiiire pHille,
P. Marin in v. steigeren. the candle sparkles or spits. Cot. — A
To
Spare. To refrain from using, pen sputters when it scatters or spatters
taking, or doing something, on. spara, about the ink with a crackling noise in-
G. sparen, Lat. parcere, It. sparagnare, stead of moving smoothly over the paper.
sparmiare, Fr. ipargner. Lang, s'espatara, to spread oneself on the
Spark. —
Sparkle. The meaning of ground ; espatara, espoterat, scattered,
these words is developed on the same spattered, Fr. dparpilH. Piedm. spatard,
plan as that of Fr. esclai, signifying in the to spatter, sprinkle, scatter. Spatter and
first instance a clap or crack, an explosion, scatter are analogous forms.
the effects of an explosion, the breaking Spattle. See Spade, Spawl.
to bits, scattering in drops or fragments, Spavin. spavana, Fr. espavent,
It.
sprinkling, speckling, or throwing out rays esparvain, esprevain, a spavin, a cramp
of light and glittering. or convulsion of sinews in horses. Fl. —
Theradical sense is shown in Lith. To Spawl. To spit, to cast spittle
sprageti, Lett, sprakotei, to crackle as about. Contracted from spattle, as brattle,
firewood on the fire, to rattle ; sprdgt, brawl; sprattle, sprawl, &c. Spatyll,
(Da. sprage, Sw. spraka, to crackle, to ex- —
flame [phlegm], crachat. Palsgr. Lith.
40
j ;;

«26 SPAWN SPELK


to spit spjaudalas, spattle, wine out of a spigot-hole. In the same
spjauditi, ;

spawl.
way from Pl.D. sputtern,
sputter or t.o

scatter the
in speaking, also to
saliva
* To Spawn.
splash or squirt, Du. bespatten, to bedash,
To sfanyn as fysh. Pr.. Pm.— to spatter, Sw. spott, spittle, we pass to E.
Explained from the analogy between spot, the mark, as it were, of a drop of
the spawning of fish and the spinning of saliva or other wet falling on a body.
milk from the breast. Bav. span, Du. We
call it spitting when the rain falls in
spenne, sponne (Kil.), milk from the breast. small drops.
We would doubtfully suggest It. span- On the same principle Du. sprenckelen,
dere, to shed or spill. to sprinkle, also to speckle, spot ; sprenc-
To Spay. —Spave. To castrate a kel, a spot. G. gesprenkelt, sprenklich,
female animal. Gael, spoth, Bret, spaza, speckled, dappled. From Sw. spruta, G.
,W. dyspaddu, Manx spoiy, to castrate /er ;
spriitzen, E. spirt, spirtle, to scatter liquid,
spoiyt, Lat. spado, Gr. airaiiav, an eunuch. Flem. sprietelen, to sprinkle (Kil.), G.
To Speak, as. spcEcan, sprecan, G. spurzen, spHrzeln, to spit (Diefenbach),
sprechen, Fris. spreka, to speak. Bav. may be explained Du. sproet, sproetel, a
spachten, sprachten, to speak, tattle, freckle Sc. spourtlit, sprutillit, speckled
;

speechify ; spacht, speech, song of birds ;


sprutill, a speckle. —
Jam. To sparkle
was (as we have seen) used in the sense
whence probably specht, a woodpecker.
'
Schwatzen wie ein specht j' to chatter of sprinkling, corresponding (with trans-
like a woodpecker. Die vogel enphien-
' position of the r) with Sw. sprdckla, a
gen den tag mit suessem spacht : ' the speckle ; sprdcklot, E. dial, spreckled,
birds greeted the day with sweet song. speckled.
Anspecken, concionari ; speckere, con- —
-spect. Sp ectacle. Spectre, -spio-. —
cionator, rhetor. —
Gl. in Schm. ON. Lat. specio (in comp. -spicio), spectum, to
spekja, speech. behold, look, forms a very numerous
The connection of the word with Pl.D. class of derivatives ; specto, to look, spec-
spaken, Bav. spachen, spachten, to crack taculum, a thing to be seen spectrum, a ;

from drought, may be illustrated by the vision, a spectre ; speculum, a looking-


analogy of Sc. crack, rumour, noisy talk, glass species, appearance ; also the com.-
;

familiar conversation ; cracky, talkative. poMnAs,Aspect,Inspect, Respect, Conspicu-


A like relation may be observed between ous, &c.
the forms sprecan, sprechen, and on. Speculate. Lat. specula (from specio,
spraka, to crackle, sp>raki, a rumour, to look;, a look-out, watch-tower specu- ;

report. Fd spraka af einu, to get wind lor, to watch, contemplate, consider dili-
of a thing. gently. See -spect.
The existence of parallel forms with Speed. AS. spedan, to succeed, prosper,
and without a liquid after the initial mute speed, effect spedig, prosperous, abund-
;

is very common, as in cackle and crackle rich


sped, success, effect, virtue,
ant, ;

G. spund and Sw. sprund, a bung ; E. means, goods, substance, diligence, haste.
spout and Sw. sprutaj spruthval, the Thurh his mihta sped, by dint of his
spouting whale ; G. sputzen, to spit, might ; thurh his mildsa sped, through
spriltzen, to spirt, sprinkle ; E. speckled virtue of his mercies. Bringe spede us,
and Sw. sprecklot, &c. bring us assistance. On thas woruld-
Speal. A splinter.— B. See Spall. speda, on these worldly goods. Spedmn
Spear, g. speer, w. ysper. See Spar. miclum, with much zeal. Pl.D. spoden,
Species. — Special. —
Specify. Lat. spdden,to haste. OHG. spiion, spuoan, to
species, outward form or figure, appear- succeed ; gaspuon, to happen ; spuat,
ance, particular kind of things. See prosperity, success, quickness ; in spuote,
-spect. in brevi tempore ; gaspuat, substantia
Speck.—Speckle. Lith. spakas, spake- framspuat, prosperitas.
lis, a drop, a speck ; spakas, a starling, Bohem. sp&h, haste, success, fortune ;
from his speckled coat Boh. szpakas, a spechati, spessiti, to haste ; Pol. spieszyi,
;

starling, a gray horse ; szpakowaty, to hasten; spieszny, hasty, speedy; Russ.


grizzled, roan, gray. The origin lies in speshit, to haste. Lap. spaites, quick,
the figure of spattering with wet. Swiss rapid ; spaitet, to hasten. Gr. ffjreiJw, to
verspecken, to splash with dirt ; speckig, hasten ; ajrovSri, diligence, zeal, haste.
dirty. G. spiicken, Du. spicken, to spit, Spelk. A
thin chip frequently used
to scatter the saliva. It. spicchiare, to for lighting candles. To spelk, to apply-

gush or spirt out, as blood out of a vein, splints. Craven Gl. on. spjalk, spelka.
— ;;

' SPELL SPICK 627


spilka, a peg. Sw. spidle, spidlke, a splint, Sw. spola, G. spiilen, to dash or wash, and
splinter, round of a ladder. Du. spalke, E. spill, to shed liquid, in the same way

a splint.Spelt and spelk may originally that ON. skol, skvol, tattle, chatter, skola,
represent the crack of things splitting. to tattle, are from a figurative application
P1.D. spalk, noise, racket Gael, spealg,
; of skola, to rinse or wash, Sw. squal,
spealt, cleave, split, break with violence, splash, gush. There are many other
fall into pieces or splinters. E. dial. cases in which terms signifying in the
spelch, split, as spelched peas. —
Pegge. first place tattle or babble, are subse-
See Spall. quently applied to serious talk.

Spell. SpilL The radical meaning 5. A magic spell is commonly explained
of the word, as shown under Spall, is a as equivalent to incantation a form of ;

splinter or fragment, of which several words by the recitation (as. spellian, to


special applications may be noted. recite) of which magical effects were pro-
1. Spill, a thin slip of wood, and in duced. It was by charms of such a nature
later times, of paper, for lighting candles. that Circe worked.
From this source may perhaps be ex-
Carminibus Circe socios mutavit Ulyssis.
plained G. spiel, play, as originally sig-
Virg. Eel.
nifying drawing lots made of straws or
splinters. The word spielen is still used in And Boethius attributes the transforma-
this sense in some parts of Germany. tion to tacta cartnine pocula.'
'
In the
Westerw. Idiot. In Bavaria it is applied corresponding passage of Alfred's para-
to drawing lots for the conscription. phrase it is said ' Tha ongunnon lease
:

Schm. men wyrcan spell^ then began bad men


2. Spell, a turn, a job spill, quantity,
; to work spells.
lot. —
Hal. To do a spell of work, to See Sparse.
-sparse.
work by turns ; to give a spell, to be To Spew. AS. spiwan, Du. spouwen,
ready to work in such a one's room ; spugen, to spit, vomit Goth, speiwan, ;

fresh spell, when the rowers are relieved G. speien,Lith. spjauditi, spjauti, Lat.
with another gang. —
B. The sense, like spuere, Gr. irrvia, to spit.
that oijob, is a portion or separate piece. Sphere. Gr. a^ai^a, Lat. sphcera.
ON. spilda, a piece of anything, as of Spice. Fr. epices. It. spezie, spices.
meat, of land Pl.D. spal, spall, a certain
; Spyce, a kynde, espece. Palsgr. Lat. —
portion of land. species, kinds, was used at a later period
3. To spell, to tell the letters of a word for kinds of goods or produce in general
one by one, pointing them out with a spill species annonarim, agricultural produce.
or splinter of wood. Lang, toco, la touche, Equos quoque ejus, aurum argentumque,
'

buchctte dont les enfans se servent pour sive species quas meliores habebat, pariter

toucher les lettres qu'ils dpeUent. Diet. auferentes.' Greg. Turon. in Due.— The
Lang. Butza, petite buchette de bois ou term was then applied to spices as the
de baleine dont I'enfant se sert en dpelant most valuable kinds of merchandise.

pour suivre et indiquer les lettres. Gloss. ' Adde et aromaticas species quas mittit
du Pat. de la Suisse Romaine. Festue, Eous.'
to spell with, festeu. —
Palsgr. In York- In the same way Cat. generos, kinds, is
shire it is called to spelder, from spelder applied to kinds of merchandise, wares
or spilder, a splinter. —
HaL Fris. spjeald, generos, mercaderias, mercium genera.-^
a splinter letterspjealding, spelling ; Du. Esteve. Die. Cat.
;
Tabaco, cacao y '

spell, a splinter ; spellen, to spell. altros generos de America.'


4. Spell in Gospel is an entirely differ- Spick and Span. Span-new. Du. —
ent word. AS. spell, ON. spjall, discourse, spellenieiv, spikspelderniew, Sw. spill-
relation, rumour, language. Tha ongan erstny, ON. sp&nnyr. Da. splinterny, all,
he secgan spell, then he began to make a as well as the E. terms, signify fresh from
speech. Ealdra cwena spell, old wives' the hands of the workman, fresh cut from
fables. He thas boc hcefde of Ladene to the block, chip and splinter new. ON.
Engliscum spell gewende, he turned this spann, sponn, G. span, a chip^ Splinter, frag-
book from Latin into the English lan- ment hobelspdne, shavings;
sagespdne, ;

guage. Spellian, Goth, spillon, to an- saw-dust leuchtspdne, matches. The Du.
;

nounce, relate, declare. spelle and spelder correspond to E. spill,


The words signifying talking are so gene- spilder, Sw. spillra, a splinter. N. spik,
rally taken from the sound of the agitation a chip, splinter, match. See Spike.
of water, that it is plausible to derive The same metaphor is used to express
spell, discourse, from the same root with absolute nakedness Sw. spillernaken,;

40 *
; ;
;

628 SPIDER SPINDLE


Da. splittembgen, Pl.D. splinternackend, paper used as chips for lighting candles.
naked as a thing comes from the hands '
Spils or chips of the tree ,' ' Spils of
of the maker. broken and shivered bone.' Holland, —
Spider. Du. spinne, spinnekobbe, Pliny. It is used by Spenser in the sense

-koppe (Kil.), G. spinne, Sw. spinnel, E. of a slice of ivory for inlaying.


dial, spinner. '
Addercop or spiners web, Thoiigh all the pillars of the one were gilt

araign^e.' —
Palsgr. When the sound of And all the others pavement were with ivory spilt.

n and r come together there is a tendency ON. spjald, spil, a. tablet or thin piece of
to replace the n by d, as in ON. maSr for board, applied to the cedar wainscoting
mannr, man dudr for dunr, clang.
; with which Solomon covered the walls of
Spiggot. Spiddock: — A
peg to stop the temple. Spill in the sense of spUnter
the vent-hole of a cask, or the pipe of a or fragment seems to be ultimately identi-
.faucet. It. spigo, a spigot or quill. Fl. — cal with spill, to shed liquid, on the same
w. yspig, a spike, spine pigo, yspigo, to
;
principle that j^^rf itself is connected with
prick yspigod, a spiggot, spindle pigo-
; ; shide, a splinter of wood. The dashing
den, a prickle. Bay. spickel, a wedge, a or spattering of liquids affords a lively
pointed or tapering portion. type of the act of scattering in fragments,
The E. dial, spiddock, Manx spyttog, is and Sw. skSlja, N. skvala, skola, skylja.,
.not to be considered as a corruption of to sound like water in a flask, to wash,
spigot, but as formed in a similar manner gush, dash, may thus indicate the origin
-from the parallel root spid, spit, signifying of It. scagliare, to shiver or splitter, and
splinter. Bav. speidel, a chip, splinter; thence of scaglia, Fr. esqiiaille, esqualle,
also, as speigel, spettel, spittel, a gore or escale, a scale or splinter esguille, a little

;

pointed strip of cloth Swab, speidel,


; scale,a splint. Cot. The same relation
speigel, a wedge, or wedge-shaped portion holds good between splatter, splutter, to
of bread, meat, cloth, &c. speitel, a ; splinter, a shiver
splash, and splitter,
splinter, between Yx.fiatir, to dash water, and E.
w. pid, pig, a tapering point.
.See Spile. flittcr,flinder,3L shiver; between E. slatter,

Spike. Spoke. Sw. spik, a nail. N. to splash, and Fr. esclat, a shiver.
spik, a splinter, a match leggspik, the To Spill. To shed liquid, and figura-
;

.shin-bone ; handspik, a handspike, lever. tively, to waste, to destroy.


V\.T). speke, G. speiche. It. spica, spiga, And gaf them sonde at wille in Inglond for to
the spoke of a wheel. Manx speek, a peak, fare,
aspire; yf-pig, a point, prick ; yspig, a Man and beste to spille, non ne suld thei spare.

.spike, a spine. R. Brunne, p. 114.


The primitive sense is a splinter, from Pl.D. spillen, to shed, spill, waste, spoil;
whence the term is transferred to any- N. spilla, to gush, flow, spill, waste, throw
thing pointed or tapering, as in Lat. spica, away. Han
spille tied, it pours with rain
an ear of corn ; spiculum, a point, a sting. te spilles, to waste. G. spiilen, Sw. spola,
The origin of the word seems to be a re- to wash or rinse. Sjdn spolade Sfwer
,
presentation of the crack of an explosion. ddcket, the sea washed over the deck.
Vo\.p(ka6, to crack, crackle, burst, split The word probably represents, in the
sp^kad sii, to split ; Russ. pukat', to burst first instance, the sound of the dashing of
with a crack ; It. spaccare, spaQchiare, to water, from a root parallel with Sw. sgual,
crack or break, to burst, cleave, split in noise made by the dash of water, gush,
sunder ; P1.D. spaken, verspaken, Bav. flow ; squala, skSIja, Da. sky lie, to wash,
spachen, spachten, to crack with drought, rinse, pour, gush. Compare N. spilleregn
,to become leaky ; spachen, spachten, chips, and Da. skylregn, Sw. squalregn, a
-shides, firewood. Swiss spicken, to snap, drenching shower.
to fillip ; specken, spiggelen, to split wood, To Spin. ON. spinna, Da. spinde, G.
to splinter ; spiggel, a splinter. spinnen. See Spindle.
Spile. The vent-peg of a cask It. Spindle. The pin or thin rod formerly
spillo, a pin, prick, thorn, a spigot or used in spinning, for twisting the fibres
• gimlet, also a hole made in a piece of drawn from the distaff. The thread was
, wine with a gimlet or drawing-quill 5 spina, fastened in a slit at the upper end of the
a spigot, quill, gimlet, or tap to broach or spindle, and at the other end was a
pierce a barrel. Fl. — Spinare, Venet. whorl or round weight for keeping up the
.spilare, to spnle a cask, to bore a hole for circular movement. Hence the applica-
a peg in order to let in the air. See tion of the name to any axis of revolution,
, Spigot, Spill. as the axis of a wheel, of a capstan. In
J
Spill. Splinter, chip, fragment of another point of view it was taken as the
;

SPINE SPIT 629^

type of anything long and slender, as in spira, to shoot up, to spirt, stream, spring
spindleshanks. To spindle, among gar- forth. Bav. sporl, a pin, leaf of fir.
deners, to put forth a long and slender —
Sporle, acicula.^ Gl. in Schm.
stalk.— B. In G. the name of spindeln is The radical sense is perhaps a splinter,
given to the pointed lime-twigs of the which is frequently taken as a type of
fowler. In spindelbauni, the spindletree anything thin and pointed. It may be a
or prickwood, Euonymus Europeus, a contraction from Sw. spillra, Pl.D. spiller,
shrub of which skewers were made, it has a splinter, whence spillern, to spindle or
the sense of skewer. P1.D. spindel, a spire up, to shoot up into sletfder growth.
knitting-needle. The original sense would then be pre-
The radical meaning of the word is served in Pl.D. sptr, spirkn, a crum or
simply a splinter, and the act of spinning shiver (of bread, cheese, &c.) Danneil. —
seems to take its name from being per- Spirt. See Spurt.
formed by means of a spindle, instead of Spit. Du. spit, spet, a spit ; spief,
vice versi. Spindel is a nasalised form spiesse, spietse, a pike, spear. ON. spita,
of Bav. speidel. Swab, speitel, a splinter, a piece of wood, peg, skewer, &c.
little
analogous to E. shinder, shider, Jlinder, N. spyta, a spit, a thin pointed nail, a
Jliiter, splinter, splitter, all in the sense knitting-needle spita, to become pointed.
;

of shiver, fragment. It is a parallel form Sw. speta, a little rod spets, a point,
;

with G. schindel, a splint, splinter for a extremity. Da. spid, a spit ; spids, point,
broken limb, shingle or cleft plate of wood tip, end pointed, peaked ; spyd, a lance
;

for covering roofs, and is connected with or spear spydig, sharp.


; It. spito, spedo,
Lat. spina, a thorn, and G. span, a chip, spiedo, a spit, a spear. OHG. spiz, a spit,
just as schindel is connected with schiene, a pike, point ; G. spiess, any slender-
a splint or thin plate of wood or metal, E.pointed object, a spit, a pike, w.yspyddu,
shin, the sharp-edged bone of the leg. to jut out ; yspyddaid, prickly, sharp.
This constant parallelism between A spit of sand is a tapering point run-
forms beginning with sp and sk or sh is ning out into the sea spitter, spittart, a
;

explained by instances like E. spatter and young stag with simple pointed horns.
scatter, Piedm. spatar^, to spill, spatter, The type from whence the designation
scatter, spread, It. scaterare, to scatter was originally taken seems to have been
where the endeavour to represent a rat- a splinter of wood, designated on the
thng sound is equally satisfied with eitherprinciple explained under Spade, an ob-
initial. ject of finer point and narrower shape

Spine. Spinacli. Lat. spina, a thorn, being indicated by the thin vowel in spit
prickle ; spinacia, whence It. spinace, the as compared with the broader a in spat-
prickly plant. tle, spade. That there is no distinct line,
-spire. — Spirit. Lat. spirare, to however, to be drawn between the two
breathe, spiritus, breath, the soul or life. conceptions is shown by e. dial, spit, a
Inspire, Conspire, Respiration, &c. spade (Hal.), or spadegraft, the portion
Spire. A steeple that tapers by de- of earth taken up by the spade at once ;
grees and ends in a sharp point ; to spire, Du. spitten, to dig. The It. schidone,
to grow up into an ear as corn does. — B. schidione, a spit, is the augmentative of a
Spire, the sharp seed-leaf of corn that form corresponding to E. shide, G. scheit,
springs from the ground. a splinter or cleft piece of wood, which
Out of this ground must come the spire, that,by constitutes also the latter element in G.
processe of tyme shall in greatnesse sprede to have grabscheit (digging shide), a spade.

branches and blossomes. Chaucer. It. spezzare, to break, split, shiver in
Spy re of come, barbe du bled. pieces, must not be considered as formed
I spyer as come dothe whan it begynneth to from dis scrA pezza, pezzo, a piece, but as
waxe rype, je espie. — Palsgr. bearing the same relation to G. platzen, to
Spire, a stake, a young tree, the sharp crack or fly in pieces, which sputter does to
leaves of flags. —
Hal. Sw. spira, a rod, splutter, and must be regarded as a direct
lath, sceptre, yard or spar of a vessel, top, representation of natural sound, along
point, spire or pointed steeple ; also bud, with Fr. patatras, crash of falling objects,
shoot, sprout; Da. spire, germ, sprout, pHiller, to crackle, pdter, to crack or
to germinate, to sprout ; spirekaal, sprouts explode, Piedm. spatar^, to scatter, spat-
from the old stock of a cabbage ; spiir, ter.
boom, spar, spire ; spiiriaarn, a steeple. Spit. Spittle. —
OE. spaftle, spottle,
N. spir, point, top, ray of a crown, spirt spittle AS. spcetan, Sw. spotta, ON. spyta,
;

or little stream of liquid shooting forth ; N. sputta. Da. spytte, G. spiitzen, Lat.
;

630 SPITE SPOIL


sputare, Gr. -i^vmiv, to spit ; Du. spuy- between Fr. despit and N. spit, P1.D.
ten, to spit, to spout. spiet.
Pl.D. sputtern, N. sputra, to spirt or Splash. The sound of dashing water
sputter ; Piedm. spatari, E. spatter, sput- is represented by the syllable plad, plat,
ter, or witli a formative / instead of r, plash, splash. G. pladdern, Sw. plaska.
spottle, to splash or dirty (Hal.), bespattle, Champ, platrouiller, to paddle, dabble ;
to splash, represent the sound in spitting G. plaizregn, a dashing shower ; Da.
or scattering drops of liquid. pladse, to shower down ; pladske, to dab-
Spite. The somewhat antiquated equi- ble, splash. E. splotch, a splash of dirt

,

valent despite leads us at once to Fr. splitter-splatter, splashy dirt. Hal.


despit. It. dispetto, Prov. despieit, despieg, Spleen.— Splenetic. Gr. avkifv, Lat.
Sp. despecho, displeasure, malice, anger ; splen.
Lat. despecius, contempt. £n
depit de, Splendid.— Splendour. "LsA. splendeo,
in spite of. to shine brightly.
On the other hand, we have Du. split, To Splice. Du. splissen, Sw. splissa,
Pl.D. spiet, vexation, jeering, spite. Dai G. splissen, splitzen, to join together so
spijt my, it irks me. Di to 'm spiet, in that the two ends shall interlace or over-
spite of you ; spiet sines bardes, in spite lap. Probably to join so that the imple-
of his teeth. N. spit, vexation, annoy- ment shall appear as if split. G. spleis-
ance, derision, affront ; spiten, spitig, de- sen, to split, to cleave ; spliss, a cleft, sht.
risive, irritating ; Da. spydig, sharp, sar- —
Splint. Splinter. Splinter, and thence
castic, caustic. Now it is not easy to see splint, is a nasalised form of splitter, in
how a word of this nature should have the same way that we \i.-^ve, flitters and
been imported from Latin into the retired flinders, pieces, fragments. G. splint, a
Norwegian dialect, while two plausible pin or peg ; splinichen, a little shiver or
derivations occur in native ground. In splitter of wood. Kiittn. See Split. —
the first place, we have seen the root spit Splinter-bar. The bar to which a
used in the designation of any pointed horse is harnessed in drawing. Written
object, and hence spite may have the springireebar by Serenius ; spintree-bar
sense of pricking, irritation, analogous to in Wiseman's Surgical Treatises, p. 397,
Fr. piquer, to prick, nettle, sting, pro- cited in N. &
Q., March 10, i860.
voke, taunt, vex ; pique, vexation, quarrel, Doubtless from G. spannen, to fasten ;
grudge ; or to G. stickeln, to prick, and Du. aanspannen, voorspannen, to put the
figuratively to jeer, scoif, taunt. G. spitzig, horses to a carriage. Fr. atteler, to spang,
pointed, and figuratively, sharp, satirical, yoke or fasten horses to a chariot, plough,
offensive. cart, &c. Cot. —
The word was then
Again, the feelings of disgust, dislike, originally spa?igtree, corrupted to spin-
contempt, find natural expression in the tree, springtree, spintree-bar, splinter-bar.
act of spitting, whence Sw. spott, spittle, —
To Split. Splitter. OHG. splizen,
signifies also affront, contempt, derision. Du. splitten, splijten, G. spleissen, to split
Gawaine Douglas, expressing his vexation Bav. spleissen, schleissen, a match, splinter
at the way in which Virgil's language is for lighting. P1.D. spliten, to split, strip
spoilt in Caxton's translation, says : sputtern, to shiver to pieces. The sound
His ornate goldin verses mare than gylt made by dashing liquid is represented by
I spate for disspite to se thame spylte the expression splitter-splatter, splashy

By sic ane 'wicht. 5. 44. dirt. — Hal. To splutter is to scatter
On this principle E. pet, a fit of anger, drops about in speaking or in writing
has been explained from the interjection with an ill-made pen. Splatter-dashes or
Da. pyt .1 Norman pet ! equivalent to E. spatter-dashes are coverings for the legs
tut ! pish pshaw / expressing a con-
.' to keep off the splashes of mud. Thus
temptuous blurt with the lips which ulti- splitter expresses the idea of scattering
mately represents the act of spitting. abroad, in the first place, drops of liquid,
And as It. petto is explained by Florio, a and then fragments of a solid object, and
blurt, petteggiare, pettachiare, to blurt thence comes to signify a shiver or splinter.
with the mouth or lips, it is quite possible Sw. splittra, to shiver, splinter ; splittra
that this may be the figure by which dis- sig, to fly to pieces, explode ; splittra,
petto comes to signify displeasure, and splitter, a shiver, splinter. G. platzen, to
not from the calmer sense of Lat. despec- crack, snap, split, break to pieces.
ius. Thus spite and despite would ulti- To Spoil. I. To spoil or despoil, from
mately be derived from the same source Fr. despouiller, Lat. spoliare, to take the
without supposing any direct connection spoil or plunder.

SPOKE SPRAWL 631


2. In the sense of waste, make useless, chateux —et ceo de jour enjour, jawj nulh
go to ruin, the word is a broad pronun- disport avere [without having any remis-
ciation of spill, to shed liquids, and sion] ou nulle mainprise trovere. Lib.,

thence to waste. Alb. i. 474.
Spoke. See Spike. It. disporto, diporto, disport, solace.
Sponsor, -sponse. Lat. spondeo, Fl. On the same principle OFr. desduire,
sponsum, to be surety for another re- ; deduir (from Lat. deducere), se distraire
spondeo, to answer. The origin of the du travail, to divert, withdraw from work
word seems to have been the custom of or occupation ; deduit, pastime, recrea-
sanctioning an engagement by a sacrifice tion.
or libation to the gods. Gr. tTTrivSaj, to Spot. E. patter represents the rattling
pour out a drink offering ; airovdri, a sound of raindrops or hail; spatter, sput-
drink offering, libation ; pi. tyirovSai, a ter, the scattering abroad of drops of
treaty or truce. liquid or mud. Du. spatten, bespatten, to
Spontaneous. Lat. spontaneusjsponte, bespatter or splash spat, a drop of what ;

of one's own free will. is splashed, or the spot or mark which it


Spoon. AS. span, G. span, Sw. spin, leaves.
a chip ON. spdnn, spdnn, chip, splinter,
; Spouse. Espouse. — Lat. spondeo,
fragment, also a spoon, originally a chip sponsum, to engage, betroth ; sponsus, -a
of wood for supping up liquid. Du. spaen, (It. sposo, -aj Fr. espous, epoux, spouse),
a chip, a spoon schuymspaen, a scum- an affianced man or woman, a new-mar-
;


mer. Kil. ried man or woman, a spouse. See
Probably Lat. spina is a parallel form Sponsor.
with transference of the sense from a Spout. N. sputra, to keep spitting, to
splinter to a thorn. The final n seems to sputter, to spirt, squirt, spout sputr, a ;

stand in the place of an original d or stream of liquid squirted out sputta, to


;", ;

first strengthened, and then supplanted spit Du. spuyten, to spit, to spout. From
;

by an intrusive n. From an equivalent signifying a gush of water, spout is applied


of E. spatter, to scatter, we have derived to the pipe or mouth from whence it is
Du. spadel, G. spatel, a spatula or thin ejected.
slice of wood ;Bav. speidel, speitel, a —
Sprag. Sprack. Quick, lively, active.
sphnter, as well as the nasalised spindle —
Hal. A springy, elastic way of doing
of the same original sense. things is typified by the sound of a crack.
The nasalised form is also exhibited in Dan. sprcekke, to crack, to burst Sw. ;

Sw. spdnta, to cleave, to split spint, a spricka, to crack, burst, split, spring,
;

splint or snip spinta sSnder, to cleave


; sprout. ON. sprcekr, brisk, fiery ; sparkr,
into splinters,, to cut to pieces
; It. spon- brisk, lively. Pol. szparki, quick, lively.
tone (properly a large shiver or sphnter), A spark is a brisk young man.
a pike, a goad, a hunter's staff tipped On the same principle, E. sprunt, lively,
with iron, a long bodkin, the prick or active, brisk— B., may be compared with
sting of a serpent or wasp —
Fl. in
; sprunk, to crack or split. — Hal. To
Milanese, a needle or spindle— Diez ; G. sprunt, to spring. See Spruce.
spund, a bung or thick peg to stop a cask. Sprain. Fr. espreindre, to press, wring,
The growth of a ,^ after final n is seen strain, squeeze out, thrust together. From
in the vulgar pronunciation gownd for Lat. exprimere.
gown, and the passage in the opposite Sprat. A
small fish considered as the
direction from nd to a simple n is equally fry of the herring. Du. sprot, pullus,
easy. The same change of sound from d germen (a sprout), sarda pisciculus, vel
to n is also found in the parallel series hareng£e soboles sive halecis puUus ut
shide, shidder, shinder, shindle a shiver quidam putant : Angl. sprat, sprot. —
or splinter, G. schiene, a scale or thin Kil.
plate. To Sprawl. Fris. sprawle. Da. spralde,
Sport. —
Disport. Sport or amuse- spralle, to toss about the limbs ; at giore
ment, OFr. desport, deport, is properly sprceld, to make a fuss, cut a dash. Somer-
diversion, which is resorted to in order to set,sprawl, motion, movement ; Devon.
divert the thoughts from the serious busi- Hal.
sproil, liveliness. —
ness and sorrows of life. One of the numerous cases in which a
Amors I'avoit fait 4 ses mains broken confused sound is used to repre-
Por les fins amans conforter sent multifarious movement. We may

Et por les maulx miex deporter. R. R. 1866. cite AS. brastlian, to crash, crackle, roar
Qu'il soit distreint par touz sez biens et like flame ; G. prasseln, to crackle ; Sw.
;

632 SPRAY SPRING


prassla, to rustle, also to be in continual also to sprout or shoot as a tree ; sproga,
movement, to wag the tail, to flounde^r a spray or shoot of a tree.
like a fish out of water, to kick like an To Spread. Du. spreeden, spreyden,
infant, &c. ; sprassla, to crackle, spratila, G. spreiteii, Sw. sprida. Da. sprede, to
spralla, to throw the limbs about, to spread, to scatter. OFr. espardre, espar-
sprawl ; OHG. sprazalon, sprataldn, pal- tir, to scatter, spread abroad.
pitare, micare ; NE. sprottle, to struggle. The sound of a heavy shower or of the
Then with inversion of the liquid and dashing of the waves is represented by It.
vowel, as before in the case oi sparkle, Du. sprazzo (Fl.), while a less violent action
spartelen, to sprawl, frisk, flutter, wag is signified by spruzzare, to sprinkle,
one's legs, sparkle as wine. BomhofF. — spruzzolare, to drizzle. In a similar
ON. sprokla, sprikla, to sprawl or throw manner are formed Swiss spratzeln, to
about the limbs, E. dial, sprackle, to climb crackle, spreitzen, spyreissen, to spirt,
(to get on by the action of hands and sprinkle water, to rain ; Bav. spratzeln,
feet), are analogous forms from the re- to sputter like a pen in writing ; zersprat-
presentation of crackling sound mentioned zen, to burst asunder ; Sw. sprdtta, to
under Spark. sputter like a pen, to scatter abroad,
Spray. This word is used in two spread manure, or the like; spritta, to
senses, viz. scattered drops of water
: crackle like salt in the fire, to spirt, to
dashed into the air, and twigs or shoots start ; Swiss sprdtten, to spread hay, PI.
of .trees. The
idea from whence both D. sprei'n (for spreiden), to spread out
significations are developed is that of hay, flax, &c. to dry (Danneil) ; G. spru-
bursting open, springing forth, scattering deln,to sputter, to spurt; OTiG. anspradern,
abroad. to sprinkle ; E. spirtle, E. dial, sprittle (Mrs
The ultimate root is the representation Baker), spraid (Forby), to spatter, to
of a crackling noise, as by Swiss sprdt- sprinkle.
zelen, to crackle, Bav. spratzeln, to sput- Thus there can be no doubt that spread
ter like a pen in writing, to crack, burst comes from the image of spattering
(vor leid zerspratzen, of the heart, to burst liquids whether it is connected with G.
;

with grief Schm.) — It. sprazzare^ to


; breiten, to spread abroad, is a different
shower down as water upon stones, to question. It may be that breit itself takes
dash or bespirt, to roar and rage as the its rise in a representation of the sound of
sea ; sprizzare, spruzzare, G. s-pritzen, to spattering or scattering particles abroad.
spirt, spatter, Sw. sprdtta, to sputter like Spree. See Spry.
a pen, to scatter ; sprdtta upp i luften, to Sprig. The representation of a crack-
throw up into the air spritta, to crackle
; ling noise gives rise to two parallel roots,
like salt in the fire, to spirt, to start ; G. sprat and sprak, from the first of which
sprudeln, to sputter, to spout or spurt has been deduced spray, a twig. From
out, to emit moisture by small flying the latter form spring Sw. spraka, to crack,
drops ; OHG. anspradern, to sprinkle crackle ; spricka, to crack, burst, split ;
(Schm.), E. spraid, to
spatter, to
dial, spricka ut, to burst forth, to spring, bud,
sprinkle ; Da. sprede, to
scatter, to spread. shoot ; sprdcka, to shatter, break to
d
The final is softened down in spray in pieces, leading to Swiss spryggen, spryg-
the same way as in Fl.D.spredeii, spreen, gelen, to splinter ; spryggeli, a match or
to spread, or in G. sprudeln, spriihen, to small splinter ; gespriggelt, speckled
sputter, to sparkle or cast forth anything Lith. sprageti, spragseti, to crackle,
in a flow of small particles, to drizzle. sprogti, to crack, burst, split, and thence
The close connection between the idea to shoot, sprout, bud ; sproga, a crack, a
of the springing forth of waters and the sprig or shoot of a tree ; sprogalas, a
bursting forth of vegetation is shown by sprout or shoot, w. brigyn, ysbrigyn, a
the use of the word spring in both senses. sprig, twig, shoot of tree.
To sprout, also, as a tree, is the same Sprightly. See Sprite.
word with Sw. spruta, to spout, and with Spring. A sharp sudden movement is
E. spurt. Bav. sprutzen signifies both to typified by a sound of similar character,
sprout like a shrub, and to spurt or such as a crack or snap. Now the use of
sprinkle. The immediate antecedent of a root sprag or sprack, representing the
spray in the sense of twig is shown in sound of a crack, is exemplified in Sw.
OHG. sprad, frutex ; spreid, sarmentum, spraka, Da. sprage, Lith. sprageti, to
frutices, frutecta, arbutus ; gespraide, ar- crackle sprogti, Sw. spricka, to crack,
busta. —
Graff. Pl.D. sprate, spratel, a burst, split
;

; sprdcka, to cause to burst,


sprout. Lith. sprogti, to crack, to split. to shatter. Ofthese last Sw. springa, to
; —

SPRINGALD SPRUCE 633


split,burst, spring forth, and springa, to series may betraced to the parallel root
cause to burst, G. sprengen, to scatter, to sprat. G. prasseln, spratzen, spratzeln,
burst open, to cause to spring, are nasal- to crackle Swiss sprdtten, to spread
;

ised forms. Glaset sprang, the glass hay Sw. sprdtta, to sputter like a pen,
;

cracked ; springa lek (to crack to the ex- to scatter abroad, to spread ; spritta, to
tent of becoming leaky), to spring a leak. crackle like salt in the fire, to spirt, spring
Springa i stycken, to fly to pieces. To forth as water N. spretta, to split, to
;

spring a mast is when a mast is only spring asunder, to fly abroad like chips
cracked but not broken. B. — of wood or stone under the axe to spring ;

* Springald. i. A youth. '


Joseph, or shoot like leaves, to spring up like the
when he was sold to Potiphar, he was a feir sun at day dawn, and actively, to scatter

young springaid.' Latimer. In this ap- abroad, to sprinkle. Dae spratt fliserne
plication it is probable that the word has paa alle kantar, the splinters flew on all
originally signified a branch or shoot of a sides. E. sprit, to split, sprout, grow to ;

tree, like Gael, gas, gasan, or gallon, or sprittle, to sprinkle (Mrs Baker) sprotes, ;

our own irnp, all of which signify both a fragments. ' And thei breken here speres
branch and a youth. Thus Cot. trans- so rudely that the tronchouns flew in
lates mon peton, my pretty springall, my sprotes and peces alle aboute the halle.'
gentle imp. The origin is the OFr. es- Maundeville. ' OHG. sprat, a crum or
pringaler, to spring, bound, spurt (Cot.), atom. Du. sprot, a spot or freckle ;

and though espringale is not found in the sprietelen, to sprinkle spriet, the cleft
;

sense in question, yet Roquefort has es- or fork of the body ; sprietwegh, the part-
prinier, a scion, shoot, imp for grafting. ing of two ways ; spriet (properly a piece
2. Fr. espringalle, espringarde, espin- of cleft wood), a javelin, spear, shepherd's
garde, Prov. espringalo, espingalo, was staff, the yard of a sail, bowsprit. AS.
an ancient machine of war for casting eafor spreot, a boar spear ; sprota, a nail
large darts or stones, and the name was or peg.
subsequently applied to a piece of artil- Sprite.—Spright. Contracted from
lery. Sp. espingarda, a musketoon. The analogous to Fr. esprit, Sw. sprit.
spirit,
double form of the word with and without Winsprit, spirits of wine. Sprightly,
an r after the / is found in the original spirited, lively.
verb as well as in the derivative. We Sprout. —
Spurt. Spirt. —
The dis-
have Lang, espinga as well as Fr. esprin- tinctionbetween spurt as applied to the
guer, espringaler, to leap, spring, dance ;
spouting or projection of liquids, and
It.springare, springere, to wince or thrust sprout, to the springing of vegetable life,
forward violently, to fling sprinto, sprin-
; appears to be a late refinement, the two
gato, yerked, winced {Fl.) ; and also, spin- forms being used by Cotgrave indifferently
gare, to jog one's feet (Altieri), spingere, in either sense. ' Rejaillir,
to spurt or
spignere, to drive, to thrust on forwards. sprout (as water) back again.' ' Drageon
Springe. A noose to catch birds with, fourcherain, a shoot that spurteth out
a spring-noo%&. Du. spring-net, a net to between two branches.' In like manner
catch birds with. Bav. sprutzen, to spirt or sprinkle, also
To Sprinkle. The representation of to sprout or spring as a plant. Du. sprui-
a crackling or explosive sound by the ten,to sprout, is identical with Sw.j^^t//^,
syllable sprak (as shown under Spark) to spirt, sprinkle, squirt.
gives rise to Lat. spargere (for spragere), Spurt, sprout, and sputter, are differ-
to scatter in fragments, as well as the ent arrangements of the same consonantal
nasalised E. diaL sprunk, to crack or split sounds representing the noise made by
G. sprengen, OE. sprenge, to spread, scat- a mixture of air and drops of water. N.
ter, sprinkle ; Du. sprenkelen, to sprinkle sputra, spruta, spryta. Da. sprutte,sprude,
sprenkel, a spot, a spark ; G. sprenkeln, G. sprudeln, to spurt, spout, gush, to bub-
to mark with scattered spots, to speckle. ble up ; spruzzare, to sprinkle ; E.
It.
In the latter sense we have (without the dial, spruttled, sprinkled over Sc. spru-
;

nasal) Sw. sprdckla,^.ii\2\. spreckle, Swiss tillit,spourtillit, speckled, spotted Pl.D. ;

gespriggelt, speckled, freckled. sprutteln, Du. sproetel, sproet, spots,


Sprit. Examples have been given under freckles.
Spark, Spring, Sprinkle, of words derived A short exertion is familiarly called a
from a root, sprak, representing a crack spirt or spurt, while in Sussex the name
or explosion, and signifying cracking, of sprut is given to a violent jerk or sud-
splitting, bursting asunder, scattering in den movement.
fragments, spreading abroad, and a similar Spruce. 1. Neat or fine in garb. — B.
— ;

634 SPRUCE-BEER SQUAB


The original sense, as in the case of the Sw. spSde, spa, a staff, a rod N. spode, ;

nearly synonymous smart, is brisk, lively spuda, a stick for turning cakes the m
in action, then carefully attended to, as oven, a small shovel. W. yspodol, a slice
opposed to dull and slovenly. To spruce to spread salve, a staff ; yspodoh, to
lip, to trim, to dress. Sprack, sprag, quick, cudgel.
lively, active spark, a gay dashing fel- Spunk. Spirit, w. ysponcio, to smack,

;

low. Hal. ON. sparkr, brisk, lively. E. to bound sharply ysponc, a jerk, squirt,
;

spurk, brisk, smart. skip or quick bound. Spunk is also a


Come spurk up, here's your sweetheart a-coming. spark, and thence apparently a match,
Moor. tinder, touchwood. Sc. to spank is to
To spurk up, to spring, shoot, or brisk up. move with quickness and elasticity, and
— Ray. To sprug tip, to dress neatly. also to sparkle or shine. Jam. — Compare
also Sc. to spang, to spring, with spangle,
Hal. To perk up again, to recover from
sickness ; to perk oneself up, to adorn. to sparkle. See Spank, Spangle. Du.
The idea of attention to dress is con- voncke, a spark, also tinder.
stantly connected with that of briskness —
Spur. To Spurn. AS. spura, spora,
and life. G. sporn, ON. spori, Sw. sporre, Gael, spor,
The equivalent of E. spurk, sprug, is W. y
spardun, Fr. ^peron. It. sperone,
Sw. spricka, to crack, snap, spring, shoot, sprone, a spur ; AS. spurnan, spurnettan,
and in the same way it seems that spruce to kick, to spurn ; sporning, a stumbling-
is to be compared with Bav. spriessen, to block. Lith. spirti, sperdyti, spardyti,
spring, to sprout ; sprutzen, to sprout, to to kick, stamp, thrust with the foot. Fr.
spirt; sprutzen, a well-grown young girl esparer, to kick. Lat. spernere, to despise,
Swiss sprutzen, to spring with elastic probably signified, first, like E. spurn, to
force. kick, then to kick away, to despise. ON.
In like manner sprunt, to spring, and spor, Da._/»^j^(?r, footmark, the indenture
sprunt, lively, active, brisk, spruce. made by the pressure of the foot. See
See, this sweet simpering babe, To Spar.
Sweet image of tliyself ; see, how it sfrunts Spurge. A plant, the juice of which
With joy at thy approach. is so hot and corroding that it is called
B. Jonson, Devil is an Ass. Devil's Milk, which being dropped upon
How do I look to-day,
Spruntly ?— Ibid.
am I not dressed warts eats them away. —
B. Hence the
name, Fr. espurge, from espurger, to
Spruce-beer.— Spruce-fir. A decoc- purge, cleanse, rid of. Cot. —
tion of the young shoots of spruce and Spurious. Lat. spurius, bastard.
silver fir was much in use on the shores of To Spurn. See Spur.
the Baltic as a remedy in scorbutic, gouty, To Spurt. See Sprout.
and rheumatic complaints. The sprouts To Sputter. Pl.D. sputtern, N. sputra,
from which it was made were called spros- to sputter, spurt. .Formed to represent
sen in G. 3.ViA.jopeit in Du., and the de- the sound of a mixture of air and liquid
coction iXsAi sprossen- or jopeniier. From driven from an orifice.
the first of these is E. spruce-beer. Beke * Spy. —
Fr. espier. It. spiare, OHG.
in N. and Q., Aug. 3, i860. And doubt- spiohon, spiehan, spehon, G. spAhen, Du.
less the spruce-fir, G. sprossenfichte Ad., — spieden, spien. Da. speide, to examine
takes its name as the fir of which the narrowly, to explore. Notwithstanding
sprouts are chiefly used for the foregoing the terminal d. of the Du. and Da. forms,
purpose, and not from being brought the true relation seems to be with Lat
from Prussia, as commonly supposed. specio, specto, to look, whence specular, to
Spry. Nimble, active, alert. A soft- look out, explore ; speculator, a scout or
ened pronunciation of the synonymous spy. OberD. spegen, spechen, Pol. szpie-
sprag, sprack. Spree, a frolic, is proba- gowa^, Let. sptggot, to spy. The radical
bly from the same root, signifying a spurt, signification is probably shown in Let.
an ebullition of spirits. G. spriihen, to sptguUt, to glitter ; spiguls, a glowworm ;
spurt. spidlt, to shine spidigs, shining, bril-
;

Spud.—Spuddle, w. of e. spudlee, to liant. The G. blicken, radically signifying


stir the embers with a poker spuddle, to ; to shine, expresses also the idea of looking.
move about, to do any trifling matter Squab. Anything thick and
soft a ;

with an air of business.— Hal. To puddle soft stuffed cushion, a thick fat man or
iron is to stir a melted mass in the oven woman, an unfledged bird or nestling.
with an iron rod till it coheres in a viscous From a representation of the sound
lump. Spud, a pointed staff. made by the fall of a soft lump.
;;

SQUABBLE SQUASH 635


No, truly, Sir, I should be loth to see you squad, sloppy which seems to signify
dirt,
Come fluttering down like a young rook, cry a lump or dab, an unmoulded mass,
And take ye up mth your brains beaten into your when an awkward boy is called an awk-
buttocks.— B. & F. ward squad. In the same way, a swad,
The eagle took the tortoise up into the air, and a clown or bumpkin Hal. ; a swad of —
dropped him down, squab, upon a rock, that a woman, obesala. — Coles. The dim.
dashed him to pieces.-^L' Estrange in T. squidlet signifies a small piece of any-
In the same way plump, thick and fat, thing, as of meat or cloth. Hal. The de- —
from the sound made by the fall of a body rivation of Fr. escouade from E. squad is
of such a nature. supported by Rouchi escouater, to squat
Squabble. Words signifying noisy or press flat. Wad
is used in a similar
talk are commonly taken from the dash- manner for a body of people when it is
ing of water. Thus we have G. waschen, said of persons connected together in any
ON. thwcetta, to wash, also to tattle It. way of business that they are all in the
guazzare, to dabble, plash ; guazzolare,
;

same wad. Hal. —


to prattle Da, dial, squatte, to slop, also
;
Squalid. Lat. squaleo, to be filthy.
to chatter, tattle. In like manner, Du. Squall. A sudden storm of wind and
kabbelen, to beat as waves against the rain. Sw. squala expresses the sound
shore en kabbelend beekje, a murmuring
; of gushing water. Regnet squalade pH
brook ; Sw. kdbbla, to squabble, wrangle gatorna, the streets were streaming with
N. svabba, E. dial, squad, swab, swob, to rain. Blodet squalade ur saret, the blood
splash swobble, to talk in a noisy bully-
;
gushed out of the wound. Squalregn, a.

ing manner Forby ; Swiss schwabbeln, violent shower of rain ; squalbdck, a tor-
to splash G. schwabbeln, geschwabbel,
;
rent squalor, skulor, dish-wash.
; See
chatter. Scullery.
Squad. A group, a company. — Hal. To —
Squall. Squeal, on. squala, to
Fr. escouade, a small body of men. The scream, cry, make a noise squaldr, Da. ;

latter explained as if for escouadre,


is squalder, noisy talk, clamour N. skval- ;

from Sp. escuadra, Fr. escadre. It. squadra, dra, to yelp as dogs, to bawl, make a
a troop or square of soldiers, which is noise Sw. squallra, to tattle
; squdla, ;

also supposed to be the origin of G. gesch- to squall as an infant. E. squeal, to make


wader, OberD. geschwieter, Du. geswade, a shrill cry. It. squillare, to sound shrill
geswadder (Kil.), a squadron. But these and clear, to ring. Prov. quilar, quillar,
latterforms may be satisfactorily explained to chirp, chatter, cry, complain. La re- '

from an internal source, and if the Fr. gina va gitar un gran quil^ the queen
escadre or It. squadra had been adopted makes a great cry. Fin. kilid, ringing,
in G. they never would have received the clear sounding ; kilistd, to ring kiljua, ;

Teutonic prefix ge. The origin of G. to cry with a shrill voice, to vociferate.
geschwader is shown
in Du. swadderen, To Squander. A
nasalised form of
to splash, slop, to make a noise,
spill, squatter, signifying, in the first place, to
and thence gheswadder, a noise, disturb- splash or spill liquids, then to disperse,
ance, crowd, a troop of men. Sc. swatter, scatter, waste. Da. squatte, to splash,
to dabble, also a large collection, especi- spirt, and fig. to dissipate ; Sw. squdttra,
ally of small things 'a. swatter of hairns.'
: to squander. E. to squat, to splash ; to
In a similar manner we have charm, a swatter, to spill or throw about water, also
hum, or low murmuring noise ; a charm to scatter, to dissipate. Hal. —
Squan-
of goldfinches, a flock. dered is still used in the sense of dis-
The squad, and perhaps Fr. escouade,
E. persed.
may be derived from the same source by His family are all grown up and squandered about
a different track. The sense of break- the country. — Hal.
ing up a complex body into separate divi- Square. OFr. esquarrd. It. squadro,
sions may naturally be expressed by the Lat. quadratus.
figure of splashing or spilling liquid. To Squash. E. dial, squash, to dab-
Thus from E. squatter, swatter, to dabble, — Moor squish-squash, noise
ble, splash ;

splash, we pass to Sw. squdttra, to waste made by the feet in walking over a
or scatter, and the nasalised E. squander, swampy piece of ground.
provincially used in the sense of disperse, If nought was seen, he heard a squish-squash
scatter. N. squetta, to spirt, splash, to sound,
spread abroad like a flock of cattle As when one's shoes the drenching waters fill.
squett, a small portion of liquid. The Clare.

latter form is the eqiiivalent of Lincolnsh. Pl.D. quatsken, quasken, quassen, express

636 SQUAT SQUIB


the sound of dabbling in a wet material, squatter. N. skvittra, Grisons squittrar,
walking with water in the shoes, or dash- squittar, to squirt, spirt squittir (of cat- ;

ing a soft material on the ground. G. tle), to be loose in the bowels.


qtiatschen, to make the sound of wet —
To Squeak. Squeal. The moment-
things. In dreck treten dass es quatschet, ary sound of the terminal k in squeak, as
to plash in the mire. Quetschen, to quash, compared with the continuous sound of
squash, crush, bruise. Den saft aus den / in squeal, adapts the former word to re-
trauben quetschen, to squeeze the juice present a short acute cry, the latter a
out of grapes. Niisse quetschen, to crack prolonged note of similar character. G.
nuts. It. guazzare, to dabble, splash ;
quicken, quicksen, to squeak like a pig,
squazzo d'acqua, a plash of water squac- &c. Prov. quilar, to cry, chirp, &c.
;

ciare, squasciare, Fr. esguacher, to squash, Squeamish.. Sickish at stomach, and


crush something soft. met. nice, scrupulous.
To Squat. To bruise or make flat by Thou wast not skoymus of the maiden's womb.
letting fall, to sit or cower down — B. ; to Te Deum of 14th cent, in N. & Q., Feb. 20, 1869.

throw anything against' the ground
Cleveland swaimous, swaimish, diffident,
Baret; to splash, to make fiat, to quiet.
bashful, shy ; Devon weamish, squeam-
— Hal.
ish.— Hal.
Saieng that though laws were squatted in warre,
It was shown under Qualm that the
yet they ought to be revived in peace.— Hollin-
image of choking is used to express
shed.
every degree of oppression, from sim-
As radical syllable of the imitative J-j'Ka/- ple sickness of the stomach to death
ter, squat represents the sound of a drop
itself. Da. quale, to choke, to oppress,
of liquid falling to the ground, and is
plague, torment) Sw. qudlja, to make
then figuratively used to signify lying flat
sick. Mdten qudljer mig : the meat lies
and close to the ground like a liquid mass. heavy on my stomach, makes me qualm-
Da. dial, squatte, to slop, spill ; squat, a The derivative qualm signifies what
ish.
slop, blot, drop Derbysh. squot, to spot
;
causes choking. Sw. qualm, oppressive,
with dirt. It. guattare, quattire, to squat
suffocating weather qualm or qual i
or cowre down, to lie close and hushed.
;

inagen, sickness at stomach qualmig,


— Fl.
qualmish, sickish Da. qicalm, a choking
;
;

The same transition from the idea of feeling, thick oppressive air, also as G.
spilling liquid to that of lying close to the
qualm, and Du. walm, steam, vapour,
ground is seen in Da. dial, blat. Matte, a
smoke. Da. dial, swalm, oppressively hot,
drop, a blot, koblat, a cow-plat or flat
smoke, choking vapour. E. dial, swalm,
cake of cow-dung, compared with Fr.
swame, pestilence, sickness.
blotir, to squat, skowke or lie close to the

ground, to hide or keep close. Cot.

That yere litulle shal be of wyne,

To Squatter. Squitter. To squatter And swalme among fatte swyne. MS. in Hal.
is a word not generally recognised in pur OE. sweam or swaim, subita aegrotacio.
dictionaries, though fully understood by Gouldm. in Pr. Pm. Sweem, tristicia, mo-
every one. It is a parallel form with lestia,swemyn, molestor, maereo.
maeror ;

spatter, representing the sound of dashing — Pr.


Pm. To think swem in Genesis
about a liquid in scattered drops, and is and Exodus is to grieve over. Skeymows,
used by Cotgrave in explaining Fr. escarter, sweymows, queymows, abhominativus.
to scatter, to sheed, squatter, to throw Pr. Pm. Devon weamish may be com-
about or abroad. The parallel forms spat- pared with Sw. wdmjas, to nauseate, have
ter and squatter are also found in Piedm. disgust at. Walmynge of the stomake,
spatard, to spill, scatter, spread, and It. nausia. — Pr. Pm.
scattarare, to scatter. —Fl. Sc. squatter, To Squeeze. AS. cwysan, to squeeze,
swatter, to go splashing along ; E. dial. crush, bruise. Pl.D. quetsen, qudsen, G.
swatter, to spill or throw about water as quetsclien, quedden, quetten, to squeeze.
geese and ducks do in drinking. Bav. —
Squelch. Squolsh. The sound pro-
sckwadern, schwidern, to splash, to spill. duced by the fall of soft bodies. Wright. —
Sw. squattra preserves the secondary Hence squelch, a fall.
sense of chatter, tattle, constantly ex- Squib. A
child's squirt Mrs Baker ;—
pressed by reference to the sound of also a firework, spouting fire like a squirt
dashing water. It. squaccherato, squat- does water. A
modification of E. dial.
tered, plashy. — Fl. squab (Mrs Baker), swab, N. svabba, to
The thinner vowel in squitter indicates splash. From the notion of splashing or
an action of more confined nature than dashing about liquids we pass to that of
— — ;;

SQUINT STABLE 637


driving it out in a thin stream, as in spat- To Stab. To
give a sharp abrupt
ter, sputter,spurt or spirt j squatter, squit- thrust. Gael, stob, stab, thrust, drive into
ter, squirt. the ground, and as a noun, a projecting
To Squint. Fr. guigner, to wink or stump, a pole, stake, prickle ; ON. stappa,
aim with one eye, to Mink, to wink and stoppa, to pound, to stamp N. stappa ;

look askew. —Cot. To squinny, to look also, as Lat. stipare, to stuff, to cram
with eyes half shut, to squint. To squine, Pl.D. stappen, to step, to go slowly N. ;

to squint. —
Mrs Baker. To squink, to stabba, stabla, to go slowly, to stagger ;

wink or squint. Moor. See Wink. Gr. (T7-ti'/3w, to stamp, to tread.
To Sqiiir. To cast away with a jerk It has been shown, under Falter, Halt,
[to hurl], to whirl round. — Hal. To skir, Hamper, that the senses of stammering
to graze or touch lightly, to scour a coun- or stuttering, and staggering, limping,
try ; to scur, to move hastily. — Wright. stumbling, are often expressed by the
From a representation of the whirring same or slightly modified forms, signify-
noise of a body hurled through the air, ing a series of abrupt efforts made in the
with a prefixed J-. Sw. hurra, to whirl. one case with the voice in the attempt to
•Pl.D. swiren, to fly about, to riot, to swing speak, in the other with the legs and body
from side to side. G. scharren, to scrape ; in the attempt to walk. To stammer is
schurren, to slip over the surface with a used in the N. of E. and Scotland in the
scraping sound ; schurrende fusstrittej sense of stumble or stagger. Fr. chan-
Hinweg schurren, to scurry off. celer, to stagger, also to stammer. Cot. —
It. sguirrare is quoted by Adelung as Sw. stappla, to stammer, stutter, also to
equivalent X.o0.schwirren,\.o chirp, warble, stumble. In this latter example the fre-
whirr. ON. svarra, to whizz, roar, rush ; quentative / signifies repetition or con-
N. svirla, E. dial, swir, to whirl ; to swirk, tinuation of action, while the radical
to fly with velocity, to swirl, to whirl. syllable stap corresponds to a- single
Jam. element of which the action is composed,
Squire. See Esquire. viz. an abrupt effort with the voice or
To Squirm. To wriggle like an eel. with the limbs, a thrust, stamp, or stab.
The sound of a whizzing movement, as The same train of thought may be
shown under Squir, is represented by the traced through two similar series in which
syllables whirr, swirr, squir. The roots the final labial of stab, stamp, stammer,
so formed are modified by terminal ele- is exchanged for a corresponding guttural
ments adapted by their nature to repre- and dental.
sent a continuous or a momentary move- Thus in the guttural series, Swiss stag-
ment. Thus swirk signifies a jerk or geln, Rhenish staggsen, to stammer Sc. ;

rapid sudden movement swirl, a con- stacker, stacher, stacker, to stagger


; on. ;

tinuous movement, analogous to the re- stakra, to totter. Then passing to the
lation between squeak and squeal. The elementary form, Sc. slug, to stab stuggy, ;

final m, though not so common as /, has said of stubble when cut unevenly ; to
a similar effect in the construction of stock, to thrust stok, stog-sword, Fr.
;

words, giving to squirm the signification estoc, a thrusting sword.


of a whirling, twisting movement. G. For so Eneas stokkis his stifif brand,
schwarmen imitates the confused noise Throw out the youngkere hard up tyl his hand.
which things make in their motion, the D. V. 349, 14.
humming or buzzing of bees, of a crowd G. stock, a stick, staff, stock of a tree ;
of people. See Swarm. Bret, steki (for stokt), to knock, jolt ; stok,
Squirrel. Fr. dcureuil, Aragqnese a shock or knock.
esqiiirol, escurol, from a dim. of Lat. sciti- With a dental termination, G. stottern,
rus, Gr. adovpog, a squirrel, properly sig- and provincially stattern, statzen, stotzen,
nifying bushy-tail ; from aiad, shade, and statzeln, to stutter ; Sc. stoit, slot, stoiter,
ovpa, tail. to walk in a staggering way, to stumble.
Squirt. As we have spatter, sputter, Sho stottis at straes, syne stumbilles not ^t
spurt, sputra, spruta, by different
N. stanis. —Montgomery Jam. in

arrangements of the consonantal sounds, Du. stooten, to push, thrust, thump, hit
so we are led from squatter, squitter, to stootsteen, a stumbling-block.
squirt; from swatter to FID. swirtjeu, Stable. I. Lat. stabulum, from stare,
E. dial, swirt, to squirt. Esthon. wirt- to stand.
suma, to sprinkle, spirt, splash. N. Stable. 2. Stablish. Lat. stabilis,
squetta, squittra, to spirt, spout, squirt, firm on its basis, from stare, to stand
.splash. OFr. establer, Fr. dtablir, to make stable.
— ' ;

638 STACK STAKE


Stack. From forms like Sc. stacker, totter staka, to stumble ; Du. staggelen,
;

to stagger, ON. stakra, to totter, the sylla- to paw the ground. Swiss staggeln,
ble stak comes to express the sense of jog Rhenish staggsen, N.Fris. staggin (Jo-
or project sharply. ON. stakka, a stump ; hannsen, p. 52), to stammer, stutter.
staksteinar, projecting stones stakkr, a
;
Fr. saggoter, to jolt, rudely to shog or
stack or projecting heap. Gael, stac, a shake. —
Cot.
precipice ; a steep and high cliff; stacach, A
staggering gait is when one moves
rugged, uneven. A stack is a precipitous by a series of abrupt movements, sway-
rock standing separate from a line of ing from side to side, while in stammering
cliffs. See Stagger. or stuttering the broken efforts are made
Staddle. A young tree left standing with the voice instead of the legs. The
when underwood is felled ; a support. syllables dag, jag, jog, shag, shog, stag,
AS. stmthel, stcBthol, a. foundation, that on are all used to represent movement
which a structure stands. ON. stada, abruptly checked. See Stab.
standing ; Da. stade, stand, station. See Stagnate.— Stagnant. Lat. stagnum,
Stead. a standing pool. See Stanch.
StafE ON. stafr, G. stab, Alban. stapi, Staid. Grave, sober, stayed or sup-
a staff. The meaning of the word is an ported, not vacillating. See Stay.
implement of stabbing or thrusting, as —
To Stain. Distain. Fr. desteindre,
shown in Gael, stob, push, stab, thrust ; to distaine, to dead or take away the
stob, a stake, pointed iron or stick, prickle, colour of ; desteinct, distained, pale, wan,
stump ; Lat. stipo, to cram, stuff, pack ; bleak, whose die is decayed or colour lost.
stipes, a stake, stock. In like manner G. —Cot. I stayne a thyng, I marre the

stock, a stick, may be compared with Sc. colour je destains.


: —
Palsgr. Lat. tin-
stug, to stab ; stock, to thrust. The E. gere, to dye.
stick is used as a noun in the sense of Stairs, as. stager, a ladder, steps ; Du.
staff, and as a verb in that of stab or steiger, waterside stairs, a mason's scaf-
thrust into. fold ; Sw. steg, a step ; stege, a ladder
Stag. The name of stag is given to NE. stee, steye, a ladder. From Goth.
very different animals, chiefly however to steigan, AS. stigan, OE. steye, to mount, to
the male. ON. steggr, stcggi, a gander step up.
or drake. Sc. stag, siaig, a stallion or There ne is cable in no land malced that might
young horse. E. stag, a castrated bull, a stretche to me to drawe me into blisse, ne steyers
gander, a turkey-cock fatted in its second to steye on is none. —
Chaucer, Test. Love.
year. — Hal. Staggard, a hart in its N. stiga fram, to step forwards ; J. upp, to
fourth year. —B. Swiss stagel, a hart. lift the foot ; s. ned, to set down the foot,
Stage. Fr. estage, a story, stage, loft, to tread ; j. uppyve, to tread over shoe-
or height of a house ; also a lodging, tops in mud or water ; stig, a step, foot-
dwelling-house, or place of abiding. Es- print, step of a ladder or stairs. Gr.
tager, a vassal, dweller within such or ariixiiv, to Step, to mount ; Lett, staigdt,
such a liberty or manor. —
Cot. Prov. to go, to walk ; stigt (tief eintreten), to
estatge, residence, delay, rank, manner, Stump.
' Tornara
state. en aquel estatge on el The ultimate origin is the figure of an
era premeiramen ' will return to that
:
impulse abruptly stopped, which is repre-
state of life where he was first. '
Pueys sented by the parallel roots stag and stai,
s'en torna la mars suau en son estatge : as shown under Stab. From the former
then the sea returns quickly to its bed. we have Gael, stac, a hobbling step, and
Rayn. A stage is a framework of timber E. stagger, and from the latter ON. stappa,
on which anything is made to stand. to stamp, Du. stappen, stippen, to step.
' The great toure stode but on stages of In stamping or stepping the movement of

tymbre.' Berners, Froissart. the foot is abruptly stopped by the solid
From Lat. starey Prov. esiar, to re- ground.
main, to be. Staith. A stage or platform for ship-
The sense of stage on a journey may ping coals. ON. stod, Da. stadc, a stand,
be either a metaphor from the floors suc- station, standing -place stod also is ;
cessively attained in going to the top of a specially used in
the sense of Du. staede,
house, or it may be used in the original static navium.
sense of resting-place.
Kil. —
N. stod, a quay,
Ian ding stage, sea-wall. G. gestade, shore.
To Stagger. Sc. stacker, stacker, See Stage.
OE. staker (Chaucer), Da. dial, staggre, Stake. Essentially the same word with
staggle, stagge, to stagger; ON. stakra, to stack,
a syllable representing, in the first
— ;;

STALACTITE STALK 639


instance, effort abruptly checked, then the the foot deep in the ground. G. stange, a
idea of sticking up or sticking in, what is staff, pole stdngel, a stalk.
;

prominent or projecting, what fastens or To Stale. It. staltare, OFr. estaler,


is firm. Gael, stac, stumble (make a false Du. statten, a decorous expression for the
step— Armstr.), a hobbling step, halt, a urining of horses. Probably not as com-
stake or post driven into the ground, a monly taking place when the animal
pillar, column, eminence, rock, stack, returns to the stall or stables, but, as
thorn stacanach, knolly, rugged, full of
s Schmeller explains it, from stopping the
impediments. E. stacker, staker, to stag- horse to let him stale. Das pferd stallt,
ger ; ON. staka, to stumble. OFr. estac, the horse stops. Stallen den lauf des
estache, a stake, tie ; Sp. estaca, G. staken, krieges to stop the course of the war.
:

Du. staeck, a stake, stick, post. Lap. Sw. stdlla en hest, to stop a horse. Piedm.
staikes, stable, steady, firm. stali, to stop, to stanch.
Stalactite. —
Stalagmite. Gr. <sTa\- Their [mares] staling is no hindrance to their
aKTiQ, araXayiiOQ, from araXdaau) or araKdl^ut, pace in running their carriere, as it doth the
to fall or distil in drops. horse,
Pliny.
who must needs then stand still. —Holland,
Stale. I Stale was formerly used in
.

slightly varying senses, derived from Du. To Stalk.AS. stalcan, to step ; Da.
ste/te, position, place ; G. stellen, to place, stalke, to go with high
uplifted feet, with
post, set in a certain place. Die game, long steps. N. stauka, to go slowly, to
tine falle stellen, to pitch nets, to set a stump along hke an old man with a stick.
trap. Hence stale, a bait laid to entrap, 'A stalker or goer upon stilts or crutches,
a decoy, a snare. Stale for foules takyng. grallator.' —
Withal. 1608. The proper
— Palsgr. meaning is, to set down the foot with
marked effort, so as to throw the weight
Still as he went he crafty stales
did lay
With cunning him unawares.
trains to entrap of the body on that leg. Gael, stale, dash
F. Q.


your foot against M'Alpine walk with ;

G. stell-vogel, a decoy bird. Das gestell halting gait JWacleod ; sialic, strike,
derfischer, nets, &c., laid by fishermen. knock against, stamp, set down the foot
Closely allied is the sense of an am- suddenly ; Ir. sialic, stop or impediment
bush, a laying in wait. Late in stale, E. dial, stalk, to poach the ground, the
lay in wait. —
Stanihurst. Descr. Ireland. horse's feet to sink deep into it.
It stalks so as horses can't come on the land
Stale of horsemen in a felde, guecteurs.
—Mrs Baiter.
;

us were forced to dibble it.


Palsgr. OFr. prendre estal, to take posi-
tion, to stand. G. Eine schrift stellen, Stalky, miry. — Hal.
to draw up a writing. Sich stellen, to The origin may be a representation of
make as though, to behave purposely, to movement abruptly checked by a form
counterfeit. like Bret, stlak, clap, crack. In a similar
This easy fool must be my stale, set up manner, the parallel root stlap (shown in
To catch the people's eyes. —Dryden. Bret, stlapa, to dash, to throw with vio-
Was this your drift, to use Femeses name : lence) might give rise to Du. stalpen, to
Was he your fittest stale f—B. J paw the ground (unguli ferire), stelpen,
2. Another application is, when stale is stulpen, to.stop (properly to strike against)
used in the sense of old, past season, its — Kil. ; Sc. stilp, to halt, to go on crutches.
overkept. Du. stel, vetus, vetustus, reses, So also from Bret, strak, crack, loud noise,
quietus. —
Kil. This sense may be ex- we pass to G.straucheln, Du. struikeln, to
plained from OFr. tenir estal, to keep stumble ; Bav. storkeln, starkeln, to strut,

your place, to remain. Roquef. Piedm. stagger Dorset, stark, to walk slowly ;
;

stall, of a horse, kept long in the stable ; N.Fris. staurke, to strut.


of bread, stale. On a similar plan It. Stalk. ON. stilkr, N. stalk, stelk, sty Ik,
stantio, stantivo, what has long been stalk Da. stilk, stalk, stem, handle ; Suf-
;

standing, tainted, stale. folk stawk, the handle of a whip.


•Stale. —
Steal. A
handle, as of a be- The equivalence of G. stielchen, from
som, axe, plough. Pl.D. steel, G. stiel, stiele, a stalk, handle, column, would lead
stalk, pillar, prop, handle. Probably a us to regard the final k of stalk as a di-
contraction from a form like Swiss stigel, minutival ending, were it not for the oc-
stiegel, a staff, pole, stiegele, stagel, a currence of parallel forms stilp and stilt,
prop, support. Hence Swiss stielen, to in which the k of stalk is exchanged for
accompany a godfather to church for the a p and / respectively. Sc. stilp, to
sake of showing him honour, to support stump, to go on stilts or crutches Walach. ;

him. Lett, sttga, a stalk ; stigt, to stick stilpu, a column ; stilpare, a. shoot, twig
; ;;

640 STALL STANCH


Sw. stolpe, a stake, support, leg, pillar as shown in the forms OHG. stambilon,
E.diaL stulp, stump, post Swiss stelz, a
; OE. stamber (Hal.), E. stumble, stam^ner.
stalk—Adelung E. stilt, a support.
; A similar series is exhibited in Sw. hap-
The radical signification seems to be pla, Sc. kabble, habber, to stammer E. ;

that explained under To Stalk, viz. strik- hobble, to Ump Sc. hamp, to stanmier,
;

ing with the foot, throwing the weight of to halt in walking Du. hompelen, to
;

the body upon one leg as in staggering limp, E. hambyr (Pr. Pm.), hammer, to
or stumbling or stepping with delibera- stammer, to give repeated blows, to do' a
tion, whence the name is transferred to thing by repeated efforts.
anything used as a leg in bearing up a To Stamp. See Step.
weight, a prop, support, stalk. —
To Stanch. Stanch. Fr, estancher,
StaU. ON. stallr, that on which any- to stanch or stop the flow of liquid, to
thing stands or is placed, bench, foot, quench. Sp. estancar, to stop, to pro-
basis ; AS. steal, a stall, place, stead, seat, hibit, to stop a leak estanco, stanch,
;

room. Horsa steal, a place for horses or water-tight. K


stanch \ei%A\% one that
stable. Gehalgode on his stealle, con- will hold the water in or out, whence fig.
secrated in his stead. OHG. stall, G. stelle, stanch, firm, reliable. Bret, stanka, to
place stalgeban, to give place ; kernstal, stop the flow of liquid, to stop a hole, to
;

the place which holds kernels, the core of obstruct ; Prov. estancar, restancar, to
fruit. B.T.V. kerzenstall, a candlestick ; stanch, to stop estanc, firm, stable.
;

burgstall, place where a castle stands or Lat. extinguere, restinguere, to quench,


has stood. It. stallo, OFr. estal, place, put out a fire, in which sense E. stanch
seat, residence, whence estaller, to install, also was formerly used.
to place in seat. Prendre estal, to take Theforesayde erle sette fyreupon asyde of the
position. —
citie whiche fyre was scantly stenckyd in seven
De haut estal en bas escame —
dayes after. Fabyan, Chron.
Pu&nt bien lor sifege cangier
: Prov. estancir, to quench. In Lat. stag-
— from high stall to lowly bench can well change num, a standing water. It. stagnare, to
their seat.— Roquef. stanch, to stagnate, the g
and n are
In this sense we speak of the stalls of a transposed, which are again found in
cathedral. In a somewhat different ap- proper order in OFr. estanche, estang,
plication, Fr. estail, estal, the stall of a shop Gael, stang, a pond.
or booth, anything whereon wares are The sense of stoppage or hindrance of
laid and showed to be sold. — Cot. Lith. action is expressed by forms springing
stdlas, Pol. stdl, a table. Bav. stellen, from two parallel roots, stab, stap, stamp,
what is set for objects to stand on ; bucM and stag, stak, stank, signifying, in the
stellen, G. biichergestell, a book-stand or first instance, jog, thrust, impulse ab-
book-stall. ruptly checked by an obstacle, which may
Stallion. Fr. estalon, dtalon. It. Stal- either oppose an absolute resistance to
lone, stallione, a horse long kept in the motion, or may be penetrated to some
stable without being used, also a stallion. extent, allowing the implement of force
— Fl. A stallion is called equus ad stal- to stick fast in the substance of the im-
lum in Leg. Wisig. according to Diez. pediment. To the former class belong E.
Stamina. Lat. stamen, a thread, the stab, to strike with a sudden thrust
grain of wood. stamp, to strike the ground with the
To Stammer. Goth, stamms, ohg. foot Sw. stappa, to pound, to stuff or
;

stamm, ON. stamr, as. stomm, stamer, thrust into ; Sc. stap, to stop ; Prov.
stomer, stammering ; ON. staina, Sw. estampir, to stop, to close to the latter, :

stamma, OHG. stamen, stammen, stamma- Du. staggelen, to strike the ground with
Idn, stambilSn, G. stammeln, stammern, the foot, to paw like a horse, E. stagger,
stummem, AS. stoinmettan, to stammer, staker, to make abrupt movements right
stutter. Sc. stammer, to stagger. '
The and left instead of moving steadily on-
horse stammers' The broken efforts wards Swiss staggelen, sianggeln, to sttt-
;

made by the voice in stammering, as con- ter, to speak by a series of broken efforts
trasted with the uniform flow of ordinary Bret, stok, a shock or knock ; ON. staka,
speech, are represented by varying forms, to stumble, to strike against an impedi-
of which perhaps Sw. stappla, to stam- ment ;Sc. stock, to thrust G. stocken, to
;

mer or stagger, may be taken as the ori- stop, to cease from motion, to stick or
ginal type. The final p of the root is first stop short in speech Lang, s'estacd, to
;

nasalised and afterwards absorbed, leav- stick at, hesitate, boggle ; estangd, to
ing the nasal as its sole representative, stop, shut, fasten ; Devon slagged, stuck
—; — —

STANCHION STAPLE 641


in the mire ; Bret, staga, Castrais estaca,
to fasten ; G. stang, It. stanga, a stake,
arine del
lani in
commune de Firenze.
Due.

^Joh. Vil-
Extendarium, vexillum.
bar, or implement for thrusting ; on. Albertinus Mussatus (ob. A.D. 1329) de
stanga, to stick, thrust, strike with the Gestis Italicorum. On the other hand,
horns Sw. stdnga, Lap. stagget, to shut.
; the term frequently occurs in the histories
Stanchion. Supporters in buildings ; of the crusades, designating especially
(in ships) pieces of timber that support the ensigns of the Saracens, which con-
the wast-trees. — B. Fr. estanson, a prop, sisted solely of a stander or upright with-
stay, trestle ; estancer, to prop, to stay. out a flag.
Cot. Prov. estanc, firm, stable. Vf.ystanc, Unus autem nostrorum accepit standarum
a hold-fast, bracket ; ystando, to prop. Ammaravisi, desuper quod erat pomum aureum,
The office of a stanchion is to thrust hasta vero tola cooperta argento quod stanta-
against an object and prevent it from
rum apud nos dicitur vexillum. ^Tudebodus in— :

Due. Longissima ha^ta, argento operta per totum,


giving way. See Stanch. quod vocant Standart, et quas regis Babiloniae ex-
To Stand. Goth, standan, pret. stothj ercitui signum praeferebatur et circa quam praeci-
ON. standa, stoct, stadit. Stada, stand- —
pua virtus densabatur. ^Albertus Aquensis, A.D.
ing, standing still ; solstada, solstice mo. Qui omneS procedentes secus Alvertum in
vedrstada, the standing or direction of
campo quodam standart, id est, malum navis

erexerunt, vexillum S. Petri in eo suspendentes.
the wind. Stada, as Da. stade, stand,
station, stall ; also as Da. sted, stead,

Simeon Dunelm. A.D. 1138.
Aliqui coram in medio cujusdam machinEe,
place ; Goth, staths, place. quam illi adduxerant, unius navis malum erexe-
The root of the word is stad, which, on runt, quod Standard appellaverant, unde Hugo
the one hand, is nasalised in stand, while Eboracensis Archidiaconus ;

the d is softened down and lost in G. Dicitur a stando standardum, quod stetit illic
Militias probitas, vincere sive mori.
stehen, Lat. stare, Gr. VVrij-/!!, Sanscr.
stM, Boh. sti-H. The final t will be ob- In summitate vero ipsius arboris ^vexilla suspen-

served in Lat. status, standing, posture,

denmt. Ricardus Hagustald. a.d. iigo.

station. The primary meaning is proba- G. stander, an upright in building thiir- ;

bly to strike against, to meet with an im- stdnder, eckstdnder, a door-post, corner-
pediment, to come to a stop, from the post In this sense E. standard is a fruit-
representation of an abrupt sound by the tree that stands of itself in opposition to
syllable stad, stat, in a way analogous to one that is supported against a wall.
the course of development illustrated As the standard is the object to which
under Stanch. Gael, stad, impediment, the army looks for direction, the term is
stop, cessation ; stadach, stopping, hesi- met. applied to any fixed mark to which
tating, stammering; Devon stat, stopped certain actions or constructions are to be
— Hal. ; E. stotter, stutter, stut, to speak made to conform the standard of morals, :

in broken tones ; Sc. stot, stoit, stoiter, to standard of weights and measures.
totter, stagger, stumble.
Stang. ON. stong, ohg. stanga. It.
stanga, a bar, staff, pole, properly an in-
Sho stottis at straes, syne stumbillis not at stanes. strument of thrusting, from ON. stanga,


To stot, to stop. Jam. Goth, stautan, to thrust, stick, strike with the horns.
Sw. stita. Da. st6de, Du. stooten, to strike Sw. stdnga, to shut, to fence ; stangel, a
against, to jolt, jog, thrust. bar, also, as G. Stengel, a stalk, the part of
Standard. It. stendardo, Prov. estan- a plant that shoots up and supports the
dart, estandard, Sp. estandarte, Fr. hten- flowering branches. Lap. stagget, to
dart, Mid.Lat. standardum, stantarum, shut staggo, a stake or pole.
;

standarum. Two words from different de- Stanza. It. stanza, Fr. stance, a staff
rivations seem to be confounded. Yhe-stan- or stave of verses at the close of which
dard was a lofty pole or mast, either borne there is a pause in the versification. Sp.
in a car or fixed in the ground, marking the estancia, stay, continuance in a place, re-
head-quarters of an army, and commonly sidence, stanza. From estar, to stand.
bearing a flag on which were displayed Walach. stare, a pause, a stanza in verse.
the insignia of the authorities to which it Staple. I. AS. stapel, a prop, support,

belonged. Hence the word is explained trestle.


from Lat. extendere. stendere, to spread
It. Under ech stapel of his bed,
abroad, display. Stendale, any displaid That he niste,four thai hid. —Seven Sages.
streamer, banner, or standard. FL Era — Du. stapel, stalk, stem, support, heap,
uno carro in su quattro rote, et havevavi steeple, foot, basis on which anything
su due grande antenne vermiglie, in su le rests. — Kil. Sw. stapel, stocks on which
quali ventilava il grande stendale dell' a ship is built, a heap, pile ; OFr. estappe
41
;

642 STAR STARE


Rouclii estate, a stake, pole, pile. Gael. — ON. stirna, to glitter. But, on the
Kil.,
stapul, bolt, bar, staple. Fr. estampeau, other hand, nothing is more probable
a trestle estamper, to support, to under-
; than that the stars should take their name
prop. —
Cot. from sparkling or glittering, and a root
The origin of the word is the root stab ser or ster having that signification ap-
or stap, signifying abrupt thrust, from pears in Lat. serenus, bright, clear, shin-
whence we pass to the notion of a pro- ing ; Gr. (TrepoTT^ (darepoTr^), aarpaTri]
mirience or projection, as in Da. dial. (analogous to Champ, ablancer for. balan^
stap, N. stabbe, stump of a tree, ON. stabbi, cer), a flash of lightning, flashing, glitter.
a heap, a stack. The application of the See Stare.
name to a prop or support arises from Lat. Stella may perhaps be for sterula,
regarding the prop as thrusting upwards but it may be direct from the root stel,
against the weight imposed upon it. The parallel with ster, signifying, in the first
staple of a door is the iron loop stuck into \asX3Xice.,crack, then burst, scatter, sparkle,
the door-post in order to hold the bolt of according to the analogy of Fr. iclat,

2. In a derivative sense staple is used



the lock. Sc. siapalis, fastenings. ^Jam. which signifies, in the first place, the crack
of an explosion, then fragment, glitter.
for a market or emporium, the merchan- Sp. estallar, to crack, to burst with a
dise brought to be sold at such a market, loud sound estallo, crackling, crashing,
;

the principal merchandise of a country, sound of anything bursting or falling


the materials of manufacture, raw mate- OFr. estoile, estelle, dclat de bois, chip,
rial, substance of a thing. splint, to be compared with estoile, a star;
The origin of these significations is Du. esteler, to flash like lightning. Roquef. —
and Sw. stapel, a heap, and thence a place Another instance of the name of a star
where goods are stored up or exposed for being taken from the sense of sparkling
sale. Rouchi estapler, to expose goods is seen in Magy. tsillag, a star, compared
for sale in public market ; Champ, estape, with tsillogni, tsilldmlani, to sparkle,
estaple, shop, market ; estapler une voi- glitter ; G. schillern, to glance, play with
ture, to stop a conveyance for the purpose different colours.
of offering the goods for sale. Fr. estape, Starboard. The right side of the ves-
'

estaple, a public storehouse wherein mer- sel. ON, stjomborcK, Da. styrbord; from
chant strangers lodge their commodities stjom, the rudder, Da. sty}-e, to steer, be-
which they mean to vent ; also a certain cause the rudder consisted of an oar on
place whereto the country is enjoined to the right side of the ship, where the steers-
bring in provisions for a marching army man stood.
;

also the pecuniary contribution allowed Starch. See Stark.


by those towns or persons that bring in To Stare, i. To glitter, shine. ^Staryng
none. —
Cot. Hence itape, resting-place, or schynyng as gay thyngys, rutilans.
or soldier's allowance on march. Staryn or schynjm and glyderyn, niteo.'
In the N. of France, and Germany, the —
Pr. Pm. Du. sterren, to twinkle.
term was applied to a privilege accorded As ai stremande stemes stared aJle thaire wedes.
to certain towns, by which they were K. Alex. p. 129.
entitled to stop all imported goods brought Herfieryeyesvrith furious sparks didrfare.—F.Q.
within their limits until they had been ex- See Star.
posed to public sale for a definite period, 2. ON. stara, Sw. stirra, Du. staren,
and the name was also given to the towns staroogen, to stare, gaze, look fixedly. N.
possessed of such a privilege. Rouchi stara, stira, are also used in the sense of
estaple, public exposure to sale. ' Le temps simply looking, turning the eyes towards.
de testaple au lieu de deux heures devra Star, eyes, look, sight ; brunt star, brown
durer toute la journde.' E. staple, a city eyes.
or town where merchants jointly lay up As the act of looking consists only in
their commodities for the better vending opening the eyes for the reception of light,
of them by the great ; a public store- the senses of looking or gazing
and of
house. B. — shining are often expressed by the same
Star. Gr. aarx)^, aarpov, Lat. astrum, word, as in g. blick, a flash Of light,
a
Goth, stairno, Bret, steren, w. seren, a glance or look, and fig. the eye, looks.
star ;sSr, stars. Bret. stMden, a star Swiss glare, to stare, is identical with E.
;
stdrdd or stMdeimou, stars ;stMdenni, glare, glow ; OE. glare, glowr, to stare,
to twinkle, glitter. In a similar manner with N. glora, to glitter, to stare. To
appear to be formed W. serenu, to glitter, stare then, in the sense of looking fixedly,
dazzle, sparkle; Du. sterren, to twinkle may
be a secondary application of stare.
;

STARK STATIONER 643


to shine. '/ stare, as a man's eyes stare storczyi, to raise or set up, to bristle, to
for anger, —
mes yeulx s'alument.' Palsgr. prick up the ears ; sterczei, to stick out,
On the other hand, we have G. starr, protrude, jut out. G. sturz pfluge, am
stiff, rigid ; ein starrer blick, a fixed pflugstert, plough-handle ; E. dial, stert,
look i
starren, to be stiff ; starren, an- tad of a plough, stalk of fruit ; redstart, a
starren, starr anselien, to stare at. And bird with a red tail ; Bav. starz, tail of
certainly the verb to stare is used in this beasts, stalk, g. stiirzen, to dash, to
latter sense, when we speak of an ill- do things with a quick sudden motion,
fed horse having a rough and staring throw down, fall ; Du. storten, to hurl
' Aggricciamenti,
coat. astonishments, or throw headlong, to tumble, fall, to shed
starings of one's hairs.'— Fl. Holstein or spill. Stortregen, a violent shower.
sturr, stiff sturre haar, rigid hair.
; ON. G. eine tonne stiirzen, as in E. nautical
stargresi, Dan. stcErgrces, star, sedge, language, to start a cask, to spill the con-
rigid grass, growing by the sea or on tents.
moors, in E. provincially starr or bent. The origin appears to be the clattering
It. stora, a mat or hassock made of bents sound of dashing down. Bohem. stur-
or sedge. Sw. stirra utjingren, to spread cowati, to clatter, to empty out ; E. dial.
one's fingers ; stirra med igoneti, to strat, to dash to pieces, to splash with
look wildly, to stare.
project
Bav. storren, to mud strat, a fall. Hal. Comp. Bret.
;

der storren, the stump of a tree; stlaka, straka, to clap stlapa, to dash

;
;

Gael, sturr, rugged point of a hill stur- down.


; Swab, stritzen, to spirt. To
rag, turret or pinnacle ; sturrach, rugged, startle, to sparkle. Hal. '
Frizzare, to —
surly in temper. spirt, to frisk, to startle as good wine doth
Stark. —Starch, on. sterkr, styrkr, being poured into a glass, also to frisk or
OHG. starah, starh, G. stark, rigid, stiff, skip nimbly.' — FI.
strong. Goth, gastaurkan, to dry up ; To Starve. In the Midland Counties
ON. storkna, Du. storkelen, Swiss storche- to clem is to perish from hunger ; to starve,
len, to congeal, coagulate, thicken Sw. ; to suffer from cold. / am starved, I am
storkna, provincially strogna, to choke. perished with cold. on. starf, labour,
E. dial, stark, starky, stiff, dry. Mrs B.— trouble, inconvenience starfa sik, to ex-
;

The original sense is probably rugged, ert oneself. N. starva (of a sick or wearied
uneven in surface, an idea commonly ex- beast), to go slow and tottering, to shrug
pressed from the figure of a harsh, broken hke cattle in the cold, to go off, fall away,
sound. Bret, straka, strakla, to crack, perish starving, a slow and tottering
;

clap, crackle, rattle; strakel, stragel, the gait. Du. sterven,G. sterben, to die.
clapper of a mill ; Bohem. ssterkati, Compare as. deorfan, to labour, painfully
sstrkati, sstrokotati, to rattle ; Russ. to exert oneself, to perish. Gedurfon heora
sirogaf, strugat', to rake, scrape, plane ;
scipa, their ships perished. Sw. strdfwa,
strog', rigid, hard, austere ; Lith. stregti, to endeavour, to strive ; strdfwan, work,
to stiffen, to freeze. pains. See Strife.
As the sense commonly passes through State. —Station. — Stature. — Statis-
the idea of a broken movement before tic. From Lat. sto, statum, to stand, are
that of a broken surface, we must in all formed a. station or standing-place;
static,
probability refer to the foregoing root statura, stature ; status -ds, the standing,
such forms as E. straggle, struggle, and state or condition of a thing, and thence
G. straucheln, Du. struikelen, to stumble E. statist, one who examines the state of
Bav. storkeln, starkeln^ to stagger ; E. things.
dial, stark, to walk slowly, stump. Stationer. In Mid.Lat. and even in
Starch for stiffening linen is G. stdrke, classical times (according to Muratori,
strength, stiffness, starch. Sw. stdrkelse, Diss. 25), statio was applied to a stall or
Du. stijfsel, starch. shop. It became appropriated to a seller
To Start.—Startle. To start, to do of books and paper, &c., as grocer, which
anything with a sudden spring. At a formerly signified a wholesale dealer, to a
stert, in a moment. —
Chaucer. G. sturz, seller of spices. '
Datia (quod dant mer-

a fall, tumble, start, spurt. Kiittn. Sein catores de locis in quo vendunt) staytgeld.'
pferd that einen sturz, his horse started ; — Dief Supp. An ordinance of A.D. 1408
sturzkarren, a tumbril or cart that tilts prescribes, ' quod nuUus libellus sive trac-
up. Sturz is also what projects abruptly, tatus —
amodo legatur in scolis nisi per —
the stump of a tree, dock of a horse's tail, Universitatem Oxonii aut Cantabrigis
handle of a plough. Das ^ierd stiirzt die —
primitus examinetur et universitatis auc-
ohren, the horse pricks his ears. Pol. toritate stationariis tradatur ut copietur
41 *
^

644 STATUE STEAD


et facti coUatione vendatur justo pretio.' and as the staves are separately useless
— Concil. Britan. Ed. Spelman in . Q., N & until they are set up in the form of a
Jan. 12, 1861. vessel, so the letters are individually in-
Statue. Lat. statua. significant until set together in a word.
Statute, -stitut-. Lat. status, stand- Stay. I. ON., Da., Du., stag, Fr. estaye,
ing, posture, gives rise to statuo, -utum the stay or strong rope that fastens the
(in comp. -stituo), tp set, place, establish, top of the mast to the bow of the vessel.
ordain. Hence Constitute, Institute, Sec. ON. staga, to bind, to fasten. Bret, stag,
* To Staw. To glut, to clog, to be a tie, fastening ; staga, to fasten. See
restive, to refuse to draw.— Craven. Gl. Stanch.
Staud, surfeited, tired. Hal.— 2. Stay. —
Staid. Stay, a prop, a sup-

Or olio that would siaw a sow. Bums. port, also a stop, let, or hindrance ; to
stay, to support, to bear up, to stop, to
It is merely the broad pronunciation of
stall, in the sense of standing-place to
;
continue in a place. B. —
The primary sense is that shown in ON.
stall, to bring to a stand. Stalled, set
fast in* a slough, satiated, cloyed. —Mrs stod, N. st'dd, stydj Sw. stod, stake, prop,
support ON. stoda, to support, to help ;
;
Baker.
Du. staede, staeye (Kil.), Fr. estaye, a prop
As stille as a stone oure ship is stalled, or supporter. Hence staid, stayed, sup-
Townely Myst. ported, steadied, kept firm.
Bav. stallen, Sw. stdlla, to stop ; Piedm. The abbot who to all posterity did leave
stale, to stop, to stanch. The fruits of his stay'd faith, delivered by his pen.
Stave. I. A different pronunciation of Drayton.

staff, appropriated by custom to certain Du. staeden, stabilire Kil. — ; Sw. stoda,
modifications of the object, as a pole of stodja, to prop or support ; stodja sig, to
some length, or one of the bars of which rest, repose on; n. stod, sto, steady, continu-
a cask is composed, on. stafr, N. stav, a ous ; stoe se, to be steady. To stay, in
stick, pole, stave of a cask. the sense of hinder, prevent, stop, as
2. A stave in psalm-singing is a verse, when one speaks oi staying <ya.€% hand, is
or so much of the psalm as is given out a metaphor of the same kind as when we
at once by the precentor to be repeated use help in the sense of abstain from,
by the congregation. Pl.D. staven, to prevent. ' It cannot be helped.' In the
recite the words of a formula that is to same way from G. steuer, which properly
be repeated by another person, to admin- signifies a stake, prop, support, is formed
ister an oath een staveden eed, an oath steuern, to stop, hinder, stay, keep back,
;

solemnly administered. avert. —


Kiittn.
In this sense the word is a met. from Probably stay, in the sense of continue,
the construction of a hooped vessel by remain unmoved, has come to us through
putting together the staves of which it is the Romance. Lang, estaia, residence.
composed, and as each of these is separ- ' Estaia farem ab lui : mansionem apud
'

ately set up, so a stave is so much of the eum faciemus. Prov. estar, to stand, to
formula as is separately recited. ON. cease or abstain from action ; OFr. ester
stafa einum eid, to administer to one an esteir, to stand, remain, be.
oath ; SV& st'dfud sok, a matter so con- The essential function of a stay or prop
stituted, so arranged. N. stava, to set up consists in theupward thrust by which it
the staves in a cask, and thence fig. to counteracts the weight of an incumbent
set together the letters of which a written body. Thus the immediate origin of the
word is composed, to spell stavelse, a
; word may be found in G. stossen, Sw.
syllable, a separate element of a spoken stbta, Da. stode, to strike against, jog,
word. It is obviously from this meta- thrust, strike endways, stamp, pound. In
phor also (and not, as commonly sup- the same way from the secondary form G.
posed, from the upright bar forming the stutzen, to dash against, to come to a
body of the letter in the Runic alphabet) stop, we have G. stUtze, Sw. stotta, a prop
that we must explain ON. stafr, AS. staf, or support. A conjecture as to the ulti-
hocstcEf, G. buchstab, a letter. Litera,' mate origin is given under Stilt.
'

says .i^Ifric, is st(Bf on Englisc, and is


'
Stead. Steady. — —
Steadfast. Two
se laesta dael on bocum, and is untodae- words seem to be confounded in E. stead,
ledlic ' lette;j- is staf in English, and is viz.
:
I. Goth, staiks, 0J>!. stadr,stdd, Du.,
:

the least element in writings, and is in- AS. stede, Da. sted, place, spot, properly
divisible. In the same way the stave is standing ON. standa, stod, stadit, to
;

the ultimate element of a cask or tub. stand. Se stede is halig, this place is

STEAK STEER 64s


holy. — Jos. V. 15.
place of, instead of. From
Da. i steden, in the
this sense of
different branches of the Gothic stock the
syllables stap, slip, stup, convey the sense
the word we have homestead, the home of striking end foremost, stabbing, stick-
place ; bedstead; G. bettstatt, bettstdtte; ing into, stamping, setting down the foot,
ON. eldstadj Cleveland, firestead, door- throwing down, lowering, dipping or sink-
stead, meddensteadJ ON. stadfastr. Da. ing into a liquid, soaking.
stadfast, stedfast, standfast, E. steadfast, We may cite on. stappa, to stamp, to
firm in its place ; Sw. stadig, E. steady, pound ; N.Fris. stuppin, to strike against
standing in its place, stable ; on. stedja, (stossen, Johans. p. 50) ; Du. stappen,
to place, staddr, Sw. stadd, situated, stippen, to step, to set down the foot;
placed, bestead. Wara stadd i fara, to stippen, to fix, to stick into, to embroider ;
be placed in danger. Icke wara stadd G. stupfen, to goad, to prick ; Pl.D. stup-
wid penningar, to be hard bestead for pen, stippen, to strike the ground with a
money. stick in walking ; stipsiock, a walking-
2. Stead in the other sense corresponds stick ; stippen, also to dip instippen, to
;

to Du. staede, Sw. stdd, prop, stay, sup- dip the pen in ink. N.Fris. stiepen, to
port; ON. adstod, assistance ; stoda, to dip candles, Sw. stdpa, to dip candles, to
avail. cast metals, to steep seed or the like in
From this sense of the word must be water, to soak into, as ink into paper.
explained the expression, to stand one in The sense of soaking is incidental to that
good stead, exactly equivalent to the Du. of dipping into liquid. ON. steypa, to
te staede kommen, in staede staen. Kil. — cast or throw down, to pour out, to cast
See Stay. in metal steypask, to cast oneself down
;

Steak. SHces of meat to fry or broil. or out of, to fall. N. stbypa, to cast down,
'

— B. ON. steikja, Dan. stege, to roast, stupa, to fall. Sw. stupa, to incline, to
broil, fry ; ON. steikari, a cook. N.Fris. lower, to fall. Stupa en tunna, to tilt a
stajcken, to roast in the ashes. As roast cask ; s. omkull, to drop down. Han
seems originally to signify the rod on stupade i slagtningen, he fell in battle.
which the meat was stuck by way of a From the idea of tumbling to that of
spit, so it is probable that stea.k is a modi- steepness or abrupt inclination is an easy
fication of stick or stake. OHG. stekko, step. The Lat. prceceps, headlong, sig-
pole, stake, stick, peg. Da. steg, a stake, nifies also sloping, steep. Sw. stupad, in-
pole, also a roast ; at vende steg, to turn clined, leaning downwards ; stupning, de-
the spit. Sw. stek, roast meat. clivity. N. stup, a steep cliff; stupebratt,
Steal. A handle. See Stale. so abrupt that one may fall down. The
To Steal. Goth, stilan, on. stela. stoop of a hawk is when he falls from a
Steam. as. stem, vapour, smoke, height upon his prey.
smell. Du. stoom, dom, domp, damp Steeple, as. stypel, a tower Sw. ;

(Kil.), steam, vapour. Boh. dym, smoke. siapel, stocks on which a ship is built, a
Bav. daum, vapour, smoke ; doamwint, heap, a pile klockstapel, a steeple or
;

moist warm wind. See Damp, Stew. belfry; N. stupel, clock-tower; Pl.D. stipel,
Steed. AS. steda, a horse or stallion. stiper, a prop, support, pillar. pair of A
Gael, steud, to run, to race ; a race, a thick legs are called een paar gode stipels,
wave steudshruth, a rapid stream steud-
; ; to be compared with G. stapeln, to come
each, steud, a swift horse, racehorse, war striding along. See Staple. ON. stopull,
horse steudach, swift, billowy. support, pillar, tower, steeple.
;

Steel. OHG. stahal, OberD. stahel, —


Steer. Stirk. A
young bull, ox, or
stachel, G. stahl, steel. Probably Wach- heifer. Bav. ster, steren, sterch, sterchen,
ter and Adelung are right in connecting the male sheep or hog. OHG. stero, a
it with stechen, to stick, and stachel, prick, ram. Swiss sterchi, a bull for breeding ;

point ; analogous to It. acciaro, Fr. acier, stier, an ox calf Gael, stuir, a male calf
steel, from ofies, point, edge. When steel G. stier, stierchen, a bull stieren, to copu-
;

was first introduced it would be too late, of the bull and the ram. as. styric,
valuable to be used for more than the styrc, Du. stierick, heifer. Gris. stierl,

edge of the weapon, and would be known sterl, yearling bull.


as edge metaL Du. stael van het mes, To Steer. Stir. as. styran, astyrian,
the edge of a knife. Kil. —
A similar con- to move, stir, steer, govern. Hit ne mihte
traction is seen in ohg. stechal, Bav. that hus astyrian: it could not move
stickel, g. steil, steep. Boh. staly, firm, that house. — Luke vi. 48. He styreth
stable, is unconnected. thone roder: he moves the sky. Osric
To Steep. —
Steep. — To Stoop. In that rice xigear styrde : ruled the realm
;;;

646 STEM
eleven years. Eall thai the styrath and the keel below, and serves to guide the
leofath: all that moves and lives. —
ON. ship's rake. B. The parts of this timber
styra, to guide, steer, govern, control. that turn upwards before and behind are
OHG. stmran, stiurjan, to direct, move, in Sw. called framstam and bakstam, the
govern, control, also to prop, support, prow and poop respectively. In E. the
lean on. Du. stieren, stueren, to drive name of stem has been retained only in

forwards, impel, propel. Bigl. Kilian the case of the former. '
From stem to
renders it, agere, adigere, agere navigium, stern! N. stemm, the stem or prow of a
subigere navem conto, promovere navem. vessel. ODu. sieve, a staff; the handle
Stierboom, contus nauticus, trudes, per- of a plough ; sieve, veursieve, the stem or
tica nautica. The sense here indicated, prow of a ship ; achtersteve, stern.
of poling a boat or pushing it along with To Stem. i. To stop, to put a stop to.
the help of poles would seem to be the B. —To resist, as when we speak of
original meaning of the word, as it re- stemming the flood. ON. stemma, to stop,
conciles several applications, apparently close, bar, dam. At dsi skal d stemma :
unconnected. We have ohg. stiura, a river must be stopped at its source.
baculus, stipes, remus — Graff ; Bav. Stemma siigu fyrir einum. : to bar the
steuer, a prop, support, aid, contribution ; way before one.
ON. staurr, Sw. stdr, a stake or pole From a modification of the root stap,
E. dial, stour, stower, a stake, a boathook ; signifying thrust, endlong blow, the final

OHG. siurle, stbrlen,fischerstorl, a fisher's p


of which is first nasalised and then
pole for stirring the water, or fishing-rod. absorbed stap, stamp, stam. ON. stappa,
:

— Dief Supp. in v. contus. Gr. cravpoq, to stamp, to pound; Sc. stap, to stop,
\

a stake, pole, pale, afterwards the cross obstruct, to cram, to stuff. Prov. desta-
or stake on which a criminal was crucified. par, to unstop. '
Lo bondonel destapa'
The use of a pole for a somewhat he draws the cork. Sp. destapar, to un-
different purpose gives Du. siooren, to stop, uncover. Lith. stabdyti, to stop.
stir up the mud or shallows, to disturb, The nasalised form is seen in E. stamp,

impede, to stir up, irritate, excite Kil. ; to strike an endlong blow ; Rouchi stam-
G. siSren, to poke, rake into, stir up, dis- per, to support. Etampe-ti cont' P mur:
turb ; Sw. sidra, to trouble, interrupt, support yourself against the wall. S'itam-
hinder, molest; also to place stakes, to per, to stand upright. When the thrust
support ; Bav. stiiren, to poke, as with a is sufficiently violent, the implement is
stick in the mud, with a finger in the stuck into the obstacle by which it is met,
nose, &c. ; zandstiirer, a toothpick. and the act assumes the aspect of striking
Stem. I. AS. stemn, G. stamm, the or fixing, fastening, stopping. Prov. es-
stem or trunk of a tree. E. dial, stelms, tampir, tampir, to shut, to stop. ' Una
siembles, shoots that grow from an old porta —
que fon barrada et estampida de-
stock; staums, stalks. — Mrs B. Lith. dins ' a door that was barred and shut
:

stambas, the stock or stem of a cabbage within. The terminal p


is finally absorbed
or the like ; stambras, stalk of grass in G. stdmmen, stemmen, to plant, to stick
Lett. stSbrs, stalk of grass, shaft of an- something on or against an object with
chor. ODu. stapel, stalk. Lat. stipes, sudden thrust, as a stick upon the ground,
any piece of wood standing in the ground, the elbow on a table, the feet against a
a pale, stake, trunk of a tree ; stipula, a wall, the foot or knee upon an adversary's
stem, stalk, straw ; Bohem. stopka, the breast —
Sanders ; to stem, resist, bear up
stalk of a leaf, fruit, &c. Fr. estampeau, against, to sustain, support, prop. Kuttn. —
a prop, stay, trestle. Rouchi, s'^tamper, ' Sich gegen etwas stemmen : ' to bear up
to keep upright, to support. G. sidmmen, against it. '
Sich empor stemmen : ' to
to sustain, prop, stay or bear up; sick raise oneself up by leaning on one's elbow,
stdmmen, to lean or rest against some- &c. (to be compared with Rouchi sVtam-
thing. per). '
Sass ich aufgestemmt in ineinem
The stem is the part of the plant which bette ' I sat supported in
;
bed. my
Sw.
thrusts or shoots upwards and supports sidmma, to stop, stanch, to hem or border.
the boughs and whole produce of the A
parallel series of similar forms, differ-
plant. From the root stab, signifying ing only in the want of an initial s, may
thrust. Sanscr. stambh, to stop, support be found under Dam. Lang, tapa, tampa-,
statnbha, a pillar, post, stem. to stop, shut, inclose, surround ; ON. teppa,
2. The stem of a ship (as. stefn, stemn, to stop, to close ; Pol. tamowai', to stop,
ON. stafn. Da. stavn) is that great pile of to dam, to check, restrain.
timber which is wrought compassing from 2. To stem is sometimes used in a
— —

STENCH STERN 647


different sense derived —
from on. stefna or relinquam. ^Joh. xiv. 18. Ofhreow him
stemna, to turn the stem towards, to move thcBt astepede wif, miserabat eum orbatae
in a certain direction. Hafa eit fyrir mulieris. OHG. stiuf, steof, step (-father,
stafni, to have an object .before the stem, -child, &c.) ; stiti/an, orbare arstiufan,
;

to stem towards it, to move in that di- viduare ; bestiuftiu, orphani.


rection. Their stefndu inn i QorSin they :
Graff.
The origin may perhaps be shown in

steered in towards the firth. ON. stufr, a stump, whence styfa, to cut
They on the trading flood short styfdr, cropped, cut short. OSw.

;

Ply stemming nightly towards the pole. Milton. stuf, stubbe, a stump ; stubba, stufwa, to
Sw. stdfwa, to direct one's course towards cut short.
a point. N. stemna, course, direction, Stereo-. Gr. arepcbe, firm, solid ; as
appointment, a number of ships coming in Stereotype (fixed type). Stereoscope, &c.
at an appointed time. A colliery is said Sterile, Lat. sterilis.
to have a large stem on when there are a Sterling^. Originally a name of the
number of ships waiting for cargo, n.e. English penny, the standard coin in
Steven, an appointed time ; to set the which it was commonly stipulated that
Steven, to agree upon a time and place of payment should be made it was sub-
;

meeting. In Cornwall, stem, stemjnin, an sequently applied to the coinage of Eng-


appointed task, a day's work. land in general; and metaphorically came
Stench. See Stink. to signify, of standard value, genuine,
Stent. An allotted portion, a right of sound.
pastui-age [for a definite number of cattle] Denarius Angliae qui vocatur Sterlin-
'

— —
Hal. Stent, portion, part. -^ Palsgr. gus.' Stat. Edw. I. in Due. ' Moneta
Stente or certeyne of value or dette and nostra, videlicet sterlingi, non deferatur
other lyke, taxatio stentyd, taxatus.
; —
extra regnum.' Stat. David II. Scot. In '

Pr. Pm. The day's work of a collier is this year (135 1) William Edginton made —
called his stent in Staffordshire. Mid.Lat. the kyng to make a new coyne distroy- —
extendere, OFr. estendre, to estimate. ing alle the elde sterlynges which were of

Roquef. ' Hsec est extenta terrarum de gretter wight.' Capgr. Chron. 214. 'In
terris et tenementis Prioris de Derhuste centum marcis bonorum novorum et lega-

quantum valeant.' Monast. Ang. Par lium sterlingorum- tredecim solid, et 4
'

mesmes les jourours soient les terres es- sterling, pro qualibet marcd computetis.'
tendues k la very value.' Due. — —Chart. H. III. in Due.
Stentorian. Having a voice like The origin of the name is unknown.
Stentor, the crier of the Greeks at Troy. Some suppose it to be from the coin
Step. — Stamp. Du. stap, baculum, having had a star on the obverse, the ob-
gradus, passus ; stappen, to step, to set jection to which is that there is no evi-
down the foot. ON. stappa, to stamp, to dence of any coin in which the star occu-
thrust with a pole or the like. Their sidp- pied a place sufficiently marked to give a
pudu snjdinn med spjdtskSptum sinum : name to the coin. There are indeed
they beat down the snow with their spear- pennies of King John on which there is a
shafts. Stappa fcEtinum. i jordina, to star or sun in the hollow of a crescent
stamp with their feet on the earth. N. with other emblems, but it is a very in-
stampa, to stamp, to tramp in wet or conspicuous object. Others suppose that
mud ; stappa, to pound, to stuff in, cram the name was given to coins struck at
full; stapp, pounded or mashed food. Stirling in Scotland.
G. But the hypothesis
most generally approved is that the coin
stapfen, to step, to tread hard. Gr. artifiia,
to stamp, tread, ram down. Pol. stqpai,is named from the Easterlings or North
to step, stride ; stopa, sole of the foot. Germans, who were the first moneyers in
See Stab. England. Walter de Pinchbeck, a monk
Step-father.- Step-son. The original of Bury in the time of Ed. I., says, Sed '

application of the term is to a step-child, moneta Angliae fertur dicta fuisse a no-
signifying an orphan, a child deprived of minibus opificum, ut Floreni a nominibus
one at least of its parents, and is thence Florentiorum, ita Sterlingi a nominibus
extended to a person marrying a widow Esterlingorum nomina sua contraxerunt,
or widower with children, coming in the qui hujusmodi monetam in Anglia pri-
place of father or mother to orphan chil- mitus componebant.' The assertion how-
dren. Sie beam his astepte, in another ever merits as little credit in the case of
version, syn beam his steopcild, may his the Sterling as of the Florin. do not We
children be orphans. —
Ps. cviii. 9. Ne even know when the name originated.
late ic eow steopcild, ego non vos orbos Stem, I. Sc. stoume, stern.
;

648 STEW STICK


Ac wile Hunger was here mayster wolde non Stew, a place to keep fish in alive
2.
chide,
Ne stryve agens the statute, lie loked so sturne.
for present use. '
They take a milter out
of their sieeves or pooles where they use
P. P.
to keep them.'— Holland, Plinie in R.
ON. stura, sorrow, disturbance ; stiirinn,
Pl.D, stauen, to stop, to dam stau, a ;
N. sturen, sturall, sorrowful, cast down,
dam ; Pol. staw, a pond ; stawidlo, a
disturbed Du. stuer, torvus, austerus,
;
floodgate.
ferox ; stooren, to disturb, trouble ; Sc.
To Stew.— Stove.^Stews. It. stuva,
stour, disturbance, battle, conflict.
stufa, stua, Prov. estuba, on. stofa, Sw.
2. Stern, the steerage or afterpart of a
stufwa, OHG. stupa, G. stube, Pl.D. stove,
ship. From ON. styra, to steer, direct, stave, E. stove, a heated confined space,
rule ; styri, the rudder ; stiorn, govern-
heated room, hot-bath ; the notion of
ance, rule, rudder; stjoma, to steer, to
heat being incidental merely, on the same
govern. OHG. stiura, Du, ^siuur, rudder.
principle on which we speak of a room
Himself as skippare hynt the siere on hand.
being close when we mean that it is too
D. V.
hot. Piedm, stua, a stove or hot closet,
See Steer. also the wadding of a gun, what is ram-
Stew. I. Sc. sUw, vapour, smoke, med down to keep the powder tight.
dust.
Pl.D. veile stoven, venal chambers, a
All thair flesche of swait was wate.
bagnio or stews, a brothel.
And sic a siew raiss owt off thaim then.
Of aneding [aynding, breathing] bath of
From the noun is formed the verb Fr.
horss and men estuver, to stew, soak, bathe It. stufare, ;

And off powdyr, myrknes


that sic stuvare, stuare, to bathe and sweat in a
Intill the ayr abowyne thaim wes. — Barbour stove or hothouse, to stew meat in a close
MiUstew, G. muhlstaub, the dust of a covered pot or pan —
Fl. ; Sw. stufwa,
mill. Stew, when the air is full of dust, Pl.D. staven, stoven, to stew. G. stauchen,
smoke, or steam.— Grose ; dust, pother, to jog, thrust, stick into, stop the flow of
disturbance, ' What a stew you are water, is also used in the sense of stewing
making.' Figuratively, a state of vexa- meat to cram it into a confined space. ;

tion and perplexity, I was in a fine stew.' Stauchen einen, to poke one in the ribs ;
'

— Mrs Baker. Goth, stubjus, Pl.D. staff, sich aufs bett hinstauchen, to lean on the
G. statib, dust ; OHG. stoupon, turbare bed. — Schmeller. It. stufare, to glut or
stubbi, Bav. stubb, stupp, dust, powder. satiate, is also from the original sense of
It would seem that dust, smoke, vapour, stuffing or thrusting into.
is originally conceived as the suffocating Steward. ON. stivardr, the person
agent, and is named from stopping the whose business it is to look to the daily
breath, and, in the first instance, from work of an establishment, from stjd, N.
sticking or thrusting into. Thus we have sti, domestic occupation, especially the
Lat. stipare, to cram, press, stuff; It. foddering the cattle ; stia, to be busy
stipare, stivare, to pack, ram in hard, to about the house, especially in taking care
stop chinks ; Du. stuwen, to ram, to of cattle, to bring the cattle to the house.
stow ; E. dial, stive, to push with poles, to ON. stia, sheephouse.
stuff, to choke. road is said to be A To Stick. The radical image is a
stivven up when it is so full of snow as to shock or sharp blow, a thrust with a
be impassable ; to be stived up, to be pointed implement, which is driven into,
stifled up in a warm place ; stiving, close, and remains fixed in, a solid obstacle.
stifling. '
Sweep gently or you will stive Hence the idea of stoppage, cessation.
us.'Hence stive, dust. Mrs Baker. For
[ — When the action is considered with re-
the identity of stive and stew, compare ference to the source from which it pro-
skewer and skiver j E. dive and Du. ceeds, rather than the end to which it is
duwen, douwen. The room was so warm '
directed, we are led to the notion of pro-
I was quite stewed.' Mrs B. Stives, — jection, of something sticking sharply out
stews or brothels. Hal. — of the surrounding surface.
Aseries of parallel forms without the The radical sense is seen in Pol. stuk,
initial s is seen in Du. douwen, duwen, to noise made by striking with something
push, stick into ; It. tuffare, to dip, duck, hard ; make such a noise, to
stiikai, to
plunge in water, to smother ; Sp. tufo, knock Bret, stok, a knock or shock ;
;

choking vapour, Lang, toufo, oppressive steki, to knock; Sc. stock, to thrust. We
heat ; tub6s, fog, mist ; Gr. tv<^oq, smoke, have then Du. steken, g. stecken, to stick
mist, cloud ; ON. dupt, dust ; Da. duft, into, to put a ring on one's finger or
fragrance ; Grisons toffar, tuffar, to stink. money into one's hand, to stick a sword
;

STICKLER STILL 649


illthe sheath, to stab one with a sword, if we step in the path he himself appoints.
to stick fast, to come to a stand. Im —Morris, Alliterative Poems.
kothe sleeken, to sticlc in the mud. Die In accordance with the above the word
sache steekt, the thing is stopped. Sich is written stileler in the Coventry Mys-
sleeken, of water, to be stopped, to cease teries, p. 23.
to flow sleekhuslen, a choliing cough.
;

This is the watyre abowte the place, if any


In Scotland a sliekit minisler is one who dyche may
be made, ther it schal be played or
has failed to pass his examination. To ellys that it be strongly barryd al abowte, and lete
:

stick or sleke, to stab, to stitch, to fix or nowth over many stitelerys be withinne the plase.
fasten, and thence to close, to shut. To Stifif. G. steif, Dan. sliv. From the
sleek Ihe door, to shut it. ' He sleeked his
same source with slab, staff, stub, Lat.
eyne, his neive :' shut his eyes, his fist.
stipes, &c. ; what projects, stands abruptly
To sleek is also to stop, to choke. out, unbending, unyielding. Swiss slaben,
And Bannokbum betwix the braes geslaben, to be stiff with cold ; gestabet,
Off men, off horss swa stekyt wais Barbour.
.

stiff; met. uncultivated; stabi, a clown.
ON, slika, to dam. E. dial, slagged, slog- P1.D.
stdvig, stiff, staff-hke. Lith. stipti,
ged, stuck in the mire. It. stuccare, to
to become stiff with cold, or in death
stanch, stop or close up, to glut or cloy
stiprus, strong. Let. slaibus, strong,
(Fl.), also to stop masonry with a com-
brave. In hke manner Esthon. kang, a
position of lime, to parget. Da. slikke, to bar, lever,
pole ; kange, hard, stiff, strong,
prick, stick, stab, stitch.
great.
Alongside the verb we have G. slock,
The sense of stiffness may however be
sleeken, a staff or stick, an implement for attained from the notion of stuffing or
thrusting; It. slocco, a thrusting sword, thrusting in. Gr. bth^u), to stamp; ari-
also a short truncheon or cudgel, slecco,
^apos, strong, stiff, thick aruftKoQ, arv^\6g,
;
stecca, a stick, lath, splinter ; N. slikka, a
o-r«0pof, aTv<p6Q, close, solid, rugged, harsh;
stick, pin, point, prick.
ariu), to make stiff; ffn^poj, pressed close,
Stickler.— To Stickle. Slicklers were compact, solid, strong <rri0of, anything
;

persons appointed on behalf of each of pressed firm. Lat. slipare, to cram, stuff,
the parties in a combat to see that pack close ; It. slipare, stivare, to ram in
their party had fair play, and to part
hard ; Du. stijven, to stiffen. Dal stijft
the combatants when occasion required. de beurs, that fills the purse, e. sleeve, to
Hence to stickle for, to maintain one's stow cotton by forcing it in with screws,
rights to a thing. '
I slyckyll between
wrastellers or any folkes that prove mas-
to stiffen, to dry. —
Hal. Sc. stive, sleeve,
firm, compact, trusty.
tries to se that none do other wronge, or To Stifle. To stop the breath, on.
I part folke that be redy to fight je me
stiffa, to stop, to dam ; stifla, a stoppage,
:

mets entre deux.' Palsgr. — 'Advanced as of the nose, of water. Fr. eslouper, to
in court, to try his fortune with your stop, to close ; estouffer, to stifle, smother,
prizer, so he have fair play shown him,
choke. E. stuff, to ram, to thrust in. G.
and the liberty to chuse his stickler.' B. — slopfen, to stuff, to stop. Bret, stoufa,
Jon., Cinthia's Revels. stouva, slefia, stevia, to cork, stop a bottle.
The proper reading of the word should Gr. arvipta, to draw together, to compress,
be stightlers, as signifying those who E. dial, sttyi, a suffocating vapour ; slijy,
have the arrangement or disposition of stifling.
the field, from AS. stihtian, OE. sti'ifle, to
govern or dispose. ' Thas the Willelm
Stigma. —
Stigm.atise. Gr. ariyna, a
mark or brand, from ari^iii, to prick in, to
v/eolde and slihte Englelond :' from the brand oriy/iariju, to mark with aTiyitara.
;
time that w. wielded and ruled E. -stil. — Still. Lat. slillare, to drop, fall
Thaje he be a sturn knape in drops ; as in Distil, Instil.
To stiiUl and stad with stave, Stile, AS. sligel, gradus, scala, from
Full well con dryjtyn schape
His servauntej for to save.
stigan, to climb, to mount. A stile is a
Sir Gawaine and the Green Knight, 2136. contrivance for stepping over a fence.
When Gawaine goes to keep his appoint- P1.D. stegel, sliegsel, steps in a wall for
ment with the green knight in the chapel getting over Bav. sligel, a stile. ;

Stiletto. Lat. stylus, stilus, a bodkin


of the wood, he asks, Who sli^lles here ?
or pointed implement to write with ; It.
who rules, who is the master here 1
stile, a. pricker, knitting needle, goad, in-
If we leven the layk of owre layth synnes.
And stylle steppen in the styje he styitles hym- dex of a dial ; stiletto, a pocket dagger.
selven,
* Still, adj. and adv. Without move-
He will wende of his wodschip and his wrath leve: ment, and thence, without sound, or vice
I
; ;

650 STILT STINT


versi. G. still stehen, to stand still still ; in a similar manner in Du. stalpen (Kil.),
schweigen, to be totally silent. By those to stamp, compared with stappen, to step,
who regard the absence of movement as to stalk ; in G. stolpern, to stumble, com-
the original idea, the word is connected pared with Sw. stappla, to stammer,
with G. stelle, place, standing-place. Das stumble, and in E. stalk, compared with
pferd will nicht von der stelle, the horse OE. staker, to stutter, stagger, or Da. dial.
stands still, wiU not stir stellen, to place, stagge, stagle, to stagger.
settle, order or regulate something. Der
;

Stimulate. —
Stimulus. Lat. stimu-
hund stellet ein wild, the game stands lus, a prick, goad.
still before the dog ; Eine uhr stellen, to Sting'. ON. stanga, stinga. Da. stikke,
set or regulate a clock ; steller, the regu-' 'Ttinge, OHG. stungan, stingan, to butt,
lator; ON. stilla, to arrange, moderate, stick, thrust, prick. A
nasalised form of
direct, to tune an instrument, to stop a the sameroot with stick.
horse. Da. stille, to place, set,'^ation, to Stingy. '
Pinching, sordid, narrow-
set a watch, to level a gun, also to stop, spirited. I doubt whether it be of ancient

still, quell, appease stilles, to subside,


; use or original, and rather think it to be
abate. Grimm supposes a primitive verb, —
a newly-coined word.' Sir Thos. Brown.
stillan, stall, stullun, to rest, whence OHG. It is explained in the New Diet, of the
stil,quiet, still ; stillt, silence. Gr. trriXXo), terms ancient and modem of the Canting
to set in order, arrange, dispatch. Crew, by B. E. Gent (1710), as 'covetous,
On the other hand, the hushing of a close-fisted, sneaking.'
person to silence affords the most lively The word is probably a corruption of
image of calm and quiet, and a plausible skingy, used in Line, in the same sense,
origin is suggested in the interj. of silence, also in Suffolk in that of cold, nipping.
St Du. een stille geruisch, a soft noise.
! To skinch, to give scant measure, to nip
Stil! sag ik. Peace I say. But this sug-
! and squeeze, and pinch and pare. Hal. —
gestion again is opposed to forms like Schinch, a small bit. 'Just give me a
Lith. tylus, quiet, still tilti, to be silent
; schinch of your cake.' Schinching, nip-
tildyti, to to quiet ; tyld,, silence
still, ping, niggardly, parsimonious. Mrs B. —
Pol. tulid, utuli^, to calm, quiet, soothe. Lincoln, kinch, a small bit ; OE. chinche,
Stilt. G. stelzen, Du. stilten, stilts ;
Fr. chiche, pinching, niggardly, sparing
stilte, a wooden leg ; Bav. stelzen, a prop, chic, a small piece. De chic d chic, from
stilt stelzen, to prop, to go on stilts or on
! little to little. —
Cot. It. cica, any little
wooden legs, to strut ; Sw. stulta, to totter; jot.
stylta, stilt, prop, stay, support. Wide- — Stink. — Stench. OHG. stinchan, to
gren. Sc. stilt, to limp, go on
halt, smell sweet, or the converse. ' Er stinchet
crutches ; stilt of a plough, the plough- suozo :' he smells sweet, as. stenc, smell,
handle. fragrance. ' Blostman j/«««j .•' blossoms
The common element in the foregoing of fragrance. Stencian, to scatter, sprinkle.
significations seems to be the thrust ex- ON. stokkva, to spring or cause to spring,
erted through the stilt, chitch, or support, to sprinkle. 'Blod stokk or nosunom :'
and perhaps the type from which the de- blood sprang from his nose. Sw. stinka,
signation is originally taken may be the to spring ; stinkfidder, a steel spring;
abrupt exertion of the voice in impeded stinka, also to stink stdnka, to sprinkle.
;

speech, the broken efforts of the muscular N. stekka, to crack, to chip.


frame in staggering or stumbling being Smell seems to be considered as arising
constantly signified by the same terms from the exhalation of odoriferous par-
with the analogous exertions of the voice ticlesspringing from the odorous body
in stuttering or stammering. Thus we and spreading abroad in the air.
pass from E. stotter, stutter, to Sc. slot, To Stint. To cut short, to stop. Styn-
stoit, steet, stoiter, Yorkshire stauter, to tyn' of werkynge or mevynge, pauso, de-
stagger, stumble, Sw. stdta, to jolt, knock,
dash, thrust, G. stutzen, to knock or dash
sisto. —
Pr. Pm. ON. stuttr, short ; stytta,
to shorten ; stytta upp, to stop raining.
against, to start, and from thence to Sc. OSw. stunt, short; stunta, to shorten. G.
stut, steet, Du. stut, Sw. stotta, G. stiitze, stutz, stutze, anything cropped or docked,
a prop or support. or short of its kind ; stutzen, to crop, dock,
Again, the broad sound of the a in curtail.
Yorkshire stauter corresponds to the The radical meaning of stutz seems to
introduction of an / in Bav. staheln, to be a jog or sudden movement ; stutzen, to
stutter, from whence we pass as above to butt at, to hit, to knock, to start aufdeii ;

G. sielze and E. stilt. The I is introduced stut::, on a sudden. From the notion of a
; —

STIPEND STOLE 651

jog we pass to that of a projection or alms were put. From this last must be
stump, then of something stumpy or short. explained the Stocks or public funds, re-
Stipend. Lat. stipendium, pay siips, ; ceptacles opened by the state authorities,
small money, contributions, alms. into which the contributions of the public
Stipulate. covenant
Lat. stipulor, to might be poured as into the charity trunk
or engage, probably from a straw {sti- in churches. Stocks or gilliflowers are to
pula) being emblematically used in be explained by Du. stock-violiere, leu-
making the engagement. coion, viola lutea et muraria, q. d. viola
Stirrup. AS; stigerap, G. steigreif, a lignescens sive in baculum crescens
rope or strap for mounting on horseback ;- Kil., stem- or stalk-violets (violet being
stigan, G. steigen, to mount, and rap, rope, taken as the type of a sweet-smelling
G. reif, a ring or hoop, as well as cord or plant), as contrasted with the humble
rope. growth of the true violet. The stockdove
Stitch. A modification of stick, signi- is the wild kind, the stock or stem from

fying a prick, a sharp pain. G. sticken, to whence the tame pigeon is supposed to be
embroider. derived. In the same way, Sc. stockduck,
Stithe. AS. stitk, stithelic, hard, severe, G. stockente, wild duck stockerbse, wild
;

rigid; stithferhth, firm-minded. Appar- peas.


ently connected with N. styd, a pole, prop, The stocks is a wooden frame in which
support, on the same principle on which a prisoner is stocked or set fast.
stiff is connected with staff, or Fin. kan- Rather die I would, and determine
kia, rigid, with kanki, a stake or bar. Du. As thinketh me now, stocked in prisoun.
stedigh, steegh, firm, fixed, steady, obsti- Chaucer.
nate, restive. Sw. stockhus, prison ; G. stocken, to stick,
Stithy. ODu. stiete — Kil. ; ON. stedi, stagnate, stop. Das blut, die milch .f/(7c/J/ ,
Sw. stdd, an anvil. curdles, congeals. Gael, stocaich, grow
-stitute. See Statute. stiff or numb ; Lincoln, stockened, stopped
Stoat. A stallion horse. B. ; also a — in growth. Rouchi etoquer, to choke. A
weasel, from a supposed analogy. Du. ship is stoaked when the water cannot
stuyte,

equus admissarius, vulgo stuotus. come to the pump. B. —
iCil. Dan. stodhingst, a stallion; AS. Stocking'. The clothing of the legs
stodhors, stotarius. and lower part of the body formerly con-
Stock. The ultimate origin of the sisted of a single garment, called hose,
word a representation of the sound of
in in Fr. chausses. It was afterwards cut in
striking with something hard, by the two at the knees, leaving two pieces of
syllable stok, stuk, has been explained dress, viz. knee-breeches, or, as they
:

under Stick. Hence arose a verb signify- were then called, upperstocks, or in Fr.
ing to thrust, stab, strike endways, drive haut de chausses, and the netherstocks or
into, fasten and a noun signifying the
; stockings, in Fr. bas de chausses, and then
implement of thrusting or stabbing, for simply bas. In these terms the element
which is required something long, straight, stock is to be understood in the sense of
and rigid, as a stick, the stem of a tree, stump or trunk, the part of a body left
the part that shoots or thrusts upwards. when the limbs are cut off. In the same
The course of development may be way G. strumpf, a stocking, properly sig-
traced through Bret, stok, jog, shock, nifies a stump. Mit strump und wurzel :'
'

knock, blow ; Rouchi dtoquer, to knock with stump and root. Strump, strump-
Hereford stock, to peck Sc. stock, to ; fung, a short length cut off a strip of
thrust Yorksh. stoche, to stab stoach,
; ; land. —Sanders. An r is inserted or left
stolch, to poach, tread into wet land as out in many of these forms without
cattle in winter Fr. estoquer, to thrust
; change of meaning, as in the foregoing
or stab into ; Rouchi estoquer,
to stick strump and e. stumps Pl.D. strumpeln
into a soft material ; E. stoke, to poke the and the synonymous E. stumble; Du.
fire i G. stacker, a poker, picker ; Rouchi strobbe, a shrub or bush, and E. stub; the
stiquer, to poke, to stick. / stique toudi Pl.D. dim. stritddik and E. stud, G. staude,
aufeu; he always poking the fire. We
is a shrub G. strampfen and E. stamp.
;

have then Fr. estoc, a thrust or thrusting Stoic. Gr. aroa, a portico irra'ik-de, of
;

sword, the stock of a tree It. stoccata, a. ; a portico, whence a Stoic, a follower of
thrust in fencing ; G. stock, a stick, staff, Zeno the philosopher, who taught in the
stem of a plant or tree, stump of a felled portico called Paecile at Athens.
tree, a short thick piece or block atmo- ; Stole. Lat. stola, from Gr. btoXii, a
senstock, a trunk in churches in which robe.
; ;

652 STOLID STOUND


Stolid. Lat. siolidus, dull, foolish.vided or stored with. Magna Charta. —
Stomach. It may be doubted however whether the
Gr. <!Toy.a, mouth ; arbfiaxoq
(properly mouth, opening), the throat or word is not immediately derived from a
gullet, the orifice of the stomach, neck of Teutonic source. ON. staurr, Sw. star, a
the bladder, stomach itself. stake, pole, pillar OHG. stiura, a stake, ;

Stone. AS. Stan, ON. sten, G. stein. pole, prop, and thence aid, assistance,
Stook. A shock of corn of 12 sheaves. contribution. Bausteur, brandsteur, con-
From G. stauchen,\.o jog, is formed stauch, tribution towards building n. house, to-
Pl.D. stuke (properly a projection), a wards loss by fire; megsteur, viaticum,
heap or bunch. Stauchen einen, to poke provision for a journey. Schmeller. ohg. —
one in the ribs. Ein stauch Jlachs, a heristiura, expeditio, may be compared
bundle of flax ; ene stuken tor/, a heap of with OFr. estoree, fleet, naval expedition;
turfs set out to dry. Rouchi stoc, estoque, G. aussteuer, marriage portion, with Fr.
a shock or stook. Bohem. stoh, a heap, estor above-mentioned. On the same
a hay-cock. principle may be explained Lat. instauro,
Stool. I. Goth, j/o/j, OHG. j/^^iJ/, Gael. from Gr. aravpog, a Stake.
stbl, w. ystol, a stool, seat. OHG. stuol, Stork. bird remarkable for its A
stol, also a support G. stollen, a prop, Stalking gait and long legs* Dan. storken
;

foot, post; Pl.D. stale, foot of a table, &c.; stalker i mose : the stork stalks in the
Du. voetstal. It. piedestale, a pedestal. fen. N.Fris. staurke, to strut; Dorset.
P..USS. stul, a stool, a block ; Lith. stalas, stark, to walk slowly ; Bav. stSrkeln, to
Pol. stol, a table. Pol. stolek. Boh. stolec, walk with long legs ; storkel, man
stalk,
a seat, throne, bench ; with long legs or long thin body ; a fish-
Serv. stola, seat,
throne, table. See Stall. ing rod sterken, a stalk. ' Der truncken
;

2. Stool, a cluster of stems rising from starckelt auf den iussen ebrius titubat :

one root ; to stool, to ramify as corn. An pedibus.' Gl. in Schm. —


The ultimate
old stool is a stump that sends up fresh origin is seen in Bret, strak, a crack
suckers. Manx sthol, sprout or branch strakla, to crackle whence we pass to e. ;

forth, grow in many stalks from one root, strike, on the one side, and G. straucheln,
Lat. stolo, -nis, a shoot, sucker. Du. struikelen, to stumble, stagger, on
Stoop. A
drinking vessel. See Stoup. the other, and thence by inversion of the
To Stoop. See To Steep. r to the foregoing forms. See Stalk.
To Stop. The radical idea is stabbing, Storm. Du. storm, rumor, strepitus,
striking endways, thrusting a lengthened tumultus vehemens; impetus, procella,
implement into an orifice which it fills up, nimbus stormen, tumultnare, strepere, ;

or into the substance of a body in which oppugnare, impetum facere. It. stormo,
it sticks fast. N. stappa, to stamp, pound, a storm, a rumbling noise, a blustering
stuff, cram stappa, cramfuU ; Sc. stap, uproar, a confused rout or crue. Fl.
; —
to stuff, to obstruct or stop. The meal- Stormare, to storm, rumble, rumour,
'

kist was bienly stappit.' Stapalis, fasten- noise, to troop together tumultuously, to
ings ; stappil, a stopper Du. stoppen, to make an uproar.
;

stuff, to bring to a stand G. stopfen, to


; Story. I. Fr. histoire, Lat. historia, a
stuff, cram, close a hole Fr. estouper, to relation.
;

stop, close, shut estoupillon, a stopper


; 2. The height of one floor in a building.
esioupe, tow, the material for stopping or Probably from Fr. estorer, to construct^
stuffing, showing the origin of Lat. stupa, build, although I cannot find that estorie
Gr. ariirri, Du. stoppe, stopsel, tow. Mod. was used in the sense of E. story.
Gr. (TTvipu), to squeeze (rriitj/is, astringency, Hii bygonne her heye tounes strengthy vaste
;

alum ; arvirrtipi, a press aTovTrovu), to


;
aboute,
stop up; ffrowTTi, tow ; aToujuirdi/iD, to pound, Her castles and storys that hii my5t be ynne in
force in or fix. doute.— R. G. p. 181.
Store. Fr. estorer, to erect, build, store, Stound. Hour, time, season, also mis-
garnish, furnish. Cot. —Estor, marriage fortune. B. —
Properly a blow. as. siii-
provision estorement, provisions, furni-
;
nian, to dash, strike.
ture ; Norm, dtorer, to provide. There So tyl hys hart sioundis the pryk of deith. — D. V.
is no doubt that it is the same word with Sc. stound (a stab), a sharp pain affecting
Lat. instaurare, to repair, renew, provide, one at intervals.
by which it is rendered in Mid. Lat. Et :
'
When I was hurte thus, in stounde [at the mo-
reddat haeredi cum ad plenam astatem ment]
venerit terram suam totam iiistauratavi I fell doune plat upon the grounde.— R. R. 1733.
de carucis et omnibus aliis rebus pro- : '
OHG. stimt, a moment ; Du. terstond, im-
; ;;

STOUP STRADDLE 653


mediately, upon the Pl.D. upstund,
spot. to stride, straddle, deriving it with Dief-
at present. OE. stoundmele, at intervals, enbach from Goth, skreitan, to tear,
from one moment to another. In G. stund, OS ax. scritan, scindere, lacerare; from
an hour, the word has acquired the sense the notion of separating the legs. This
of a definite interval of time. view is strengthened by the double form
Stoup. AS. stoppa, Du. stoop, N. staup, adduced by Kil., schrijden and scherden,
a ilagon or drinking vessel. N. staup schrijdbeenen, scherdebeenen, to straddle ;
also, as well as stava, Sw. s'tdfwa, is a schrijdlinck, scherdelinck (G. schrittlings),
milking-pail or wooden vessel with one straddling, astride ; schrede, scherde, a
stave prolonged in order to form the stride, as if from schaerde, a gap, breach,
handle, a peculiarity from which the opening. E. share, the fork or division
vessel probably takes its name. ne. stap, between the legs. But this appearance is
staup, the stave of a tub. Hal. —
In the probably deceptive, as G. schritt, a step,
same way stonk, the handle of a pail, also can hardly be distinct from Sw. skridt,
a drinking-cup with a handle. Hal.— pace, rate of going. Da. skridt, pace, step,
Suffolk stawk, the handle of a whip. from ON. skrida, Sw. skrida. Da. skride,
Stout. OFr. estout, Du. stout, bold, to slide, glide, advance, OHG. skritan,
proud ; stouthertigh, stout-hearted ; G. gaskritan, labi, delabl, coUabi, significa-
stolz, proud, stately, fine. tions which appear to belong to a radical
Stove. See Stew. image of a totally different nature.
To Stow. I. Da. stuve, Du. sfouwen, It appears to me that the word straddle
stuwen, G. stauen, stauchen, to push, to (with derivative stride) is a kindred
its
stow or thrust wares together in packing. form with scrabble, scraggle, straggle,
Gr. BTitj3uv, to stamp, tread, stamp tight struggle, representing, in the first instance,
Lat. stipare, to pack together, cram, stuff, confused noise, then signifying tumultuous
make close It stipare, stivare, to stop
; movement, throwing about the arms and
chinks, to store or pile up close as they legs, thrusting in different directions,
do packs in ships Mod. Gr. ari^a, heap-
; standing on end, contending with, spread-
ing together ; mi^a tov Kapa^iov, the stow- ing out the legs in the exertion of force.
ing of a ship ; an^aCai, to heap together, The development of these significations
stow, pack. may be traced through Lat. stridere, to
2. To lop or top trees. Stowd, cropt, hum, whizz, creak, &c., G. strudeln, to
as a horse's ears ; stowin^s, loppings ;
move tumultuously like gushing water
stowKn, a lump of meat. The meaning Bav. strodeln, OHG. stredan, to boil ; AS.
is, to reduce to a stump. ON. stufr, a stredan, to sprinkle, scatter; Bav. stro-
stump Sw. stuf, Pl.D. stuw (Danneil),
; deln, also to kick or struggle. The
a remnant. ON. stufa, a female slave infant strodelt himself out of his swad-
whose ears have been stowd or cropt for dlings the child strodelt off the bed-
;

theft; Pl.D. stAf, blunt, stumpy, cut clothes. Da. dial, strutte, to stand on
short borne stuven, to lop or cut off the
; end, stick out, like the staring coat of
head of trees. a horse ; Pl.D. strutt, Da. strid, stiff,
As the verb to stow, to thrust or pack rough, hard Bav. strut, Pl.D. strudden,
;

tight, is a variety of stab,-stcp, stamp, so siruddik, a bush or shrub, a growth con-


stuf, stuw, above-mentioned, are modifi- sisting of stems striking out in all direc-
cations oi stub, stump. tions. N. strat, a stalk, stump of small
To Straddle.— Stride. Pl.D. striden, trees or bushes, obstinate person ; stratta,
strien, Du. strijden, G. streiten, ON. strida, stritta, Sw. j/r^^(Z, to resist, oppose streta ;

Da. stride, to contend, oppose, struggle emot strdmtken, to swim against the
with. P1.D. striden is also to stride ; be- stream. Bav. verstreten, Devonsh. to
striden, to bestride ; strede, AS. strcede, a strat, to stop, hinder. Da. dial, strede, to
stride ; P1.D. striedschoe, G. schrittschuh, set the feet apart for the purpose of re-
schlittschuh, skates. sistance. At strede med benene. Stred,
There seems so little connection be- Sw. streta, a. shore, support, strut. At
tween the two senses of Pl.D. striden, and staae til stred, to stand leaning against
the interchange of scr and str is so easy stredfast, firm, Pl.D. stridde, a
solid.
(E. scraggle, straggle, scruggle, struggle; trivet ; Da. to straddle.
stritte,
It. scrosciare, strosciare, to crack, clatter ; A closely similar series of forms may
E. scrub, Du. strobbe, shrub), that we are be traced in which the d of straddle is ex-
inclined to regard E. stride as a corruption changed for b, V, or f. OHG. stropalon,
of the form still retained in Somerset, crepitare, strepitum edere; Bav. strabeln,
scride, and in Du. schrijden, G. schreiten. strapeln, to scrabble, struggle, sprawl;
; — ;
;

654 STRAGGLE STRAW


strobeln, strauben, to stand on end ; stro- G. straff, tight, stretched. Violence of
belkopf, a person with tangled staring hair; action is expressed by reference to the
Du. strobbe, strubbe, a bush, shrub ; Bav. noise which accompanies it. See Strap-
straub, P1.D. struuf, bristling, rough, up- ping.
staring ; struben, striiven, to stand on Strand, i. on. strand, border, edge,
end, to set oneself against, to oppose ; G. coast, shore ;N strind, a row, stripe,
.

sich strauben, to resist, make head against; line ; Sw. rand, border, margin, stripe,
Pl.D. streven, to set oneself against, to edge.
strive, also to stride, to make wide steps ; 2. OHG. streno, G. strdhn, strange,
streef, what resists, strong, stiff ; streve, a strdhe, the strand of a rope, one of the
slanting support, also a stride ; to streve strings of which it is twisted, a skein,
staan (as Da. at staae til stred), to sup- tress.
port, to thrust in opposite directions with Strange. OFr. estrange. It. strano,
hands and feet. Sik to streve setten, to Lat. extraneus, from extra, without.
struggle against. Streveledder, a step- —
Strangle. Strangury. Gr. arpayya,
ladder, a ladder with a straddling sup- Lat. stringo, to strain, squeeze, draw tight ;.

port, Gr. arpayyaXri, a halter ; (rrpnyynXi'Jd), Lat.


Fr. escarquiller, to straddle, seems iden- strangulo, to strangle.
tical with E. scraggle, with inversion of Again, from the same root, orpoyj, what
the liquid and vowel, as in Du. schrede, is squeezed out, a drop ; arpayyovpLa (oupoK,
scherde. Lang, esparpalia, to straddle. urine), suppression of urine.
To Stragg^le. To move irregularly, in Strap. Du. strop, a noose, knot, rope,
varying directions, to separate from the halter ; Sw. stropp, tie, fastening, strap
regular line of march. From the figure Bav. strupfen, a strap, noose einstrup- ;

of a broken rattling noise. Bret, straka, fen, to draw together, to shrink. Strop- '

strakla, to crackle strakel, stragel, a fen, strangulare.'


;

clapper of a miU, rattle to frighten birds. struppus, a thong, tie.



Gl. in Schm. Lat.
It stroppo, a
A similar relation seems to hold good be- withy, osier to bind faggots. Bret. strSba,
tween Sw. skramla, to rattle, clash, and E. to tie or join several things together, to
scramble, to get on by broken efforts, to envelop, surround ; strSb, whatever serves
move irregularly, confusedly. See Strug- to envelop, surround, or tie together
gle. str&binel, a whirlwind, whirlpool. Gr.
Straight. G., ODu. strack, straight arpoPog, a whirling round, a cord, rope
stracks, stracksweghs, straight way s, direct- aTpoipog, a twisted band,
cord, rope
ly, at once. —
Kil. Bav. strack, gestrakt, <r7-po;8l(u, (Trpo0£cD, to spin, whirl round.
outstretched, direct, immediate. Stracks,
'
Strapping. Huge, lusty, bouncing.
recto modo, sine medio strackait, recti-
tudo.' — Gl. in Schm.
;

G. strecken, to
B. The idea of large size is expressed by
the figure of violent action, such as is
stretch. See Stretch.
accompanied by noise. Thus a large
Strain. Breed, race, hereditary dis-
object of its kind is called bouncing or
position, inborn character, turn, tendency,
thumping, whacking, strapping, the last
manner of speech or action, style or air
of which is to be explained by Bret, strap,
of music. In Scotch the word strynd or
clash, racket, noise, disorder; strapa, to
strain is met. used for the resemblance of
the features of the body. As we say, ' he
make a noise. It. strappare, to tear away
with violence, to break or snap asunder.
has a strynd or strain of his grandfather,'
i.e. resembles him. —Rudd. in Jam.

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