Unit 3: Electronic Circuit Simulation Package (Pt. 2) E3004 / Unit 3/ ''''''''''''''''''''''''

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT SIMULATION PACKAGE (PT.
2) E3004 / UNIT 3/ 1
````````````````````````
UNIT 3
OBJECTIVE
General Objective : To understand and apply the concept of DC analysis.
Specific Objective : At the end of this unit, you should be able to :-
 Explain dc analysis.
 Explain dc source.
 Apply and set up independent dc sources.
 Apply and set up dependent dc sources.
 Apply and set up two dc sources in the same circuit.
 Set up dc analysis
 Explain output format.
 Draw samples of dc analog circuits.
 Measure dc voltage drop across a component.
 Measure dc current flow in circuits.
 Calculate dc operating point.
ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT SIMULATION PACKAGE (PT. 2) E3004 / UNIT 3/ 2
INPUT
3.0 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC SIMULATION
There are FOUR (4) types of analysis used in simulation process. Each
analysis has its own setup format. The analysis are :
 DC Analysis
 Transient Analysis
 AC Analysis
 Fourier Analysis
In this unit, you will learn about DC sources, DC analysis and their setup.
To run dc analysis, the circuit to be simulated has to have dc source. A dc
source generates dc voltage or dc current for the circuit to operate. No dc
analysis can be done to a circuit without a dc source connected to it.
3.1 DC SOURCE
 A dc source is a source that generates dc voltage or dc current. For each of

the sources, there are the dependent type and the independent type.
a) Independent dc source
An independent dc source generates voltage or current by itself and
does not depend on other elements in the circuit.
b) Dependent dc source
There are FOUR(4) types of dependent dc sources as listed below.
VCVS - Voltage Controlled Voltage Source
A voltage source that is dependent on the voltage of other
elements.
CCVS – Current Controlled Voltage Source
A voltage source that is dependent on the voltage of other
elements.
VCCS – Voltage Controlled Current Source
A current source that is dependent on the voltage of other
elements.
CCCS – Current Controlled Current Source
A current source that is dependent on the voltage of other
elements.
3.1.1 DC Source Setup
 Get a dc source part called VDC from source.slb and place it on the
schematic sheet.
 Double click on the dc source graphic and the partname window will
appear.
 Highlight the DC = line and key-in the value 10V in the value box. Click
Save Attr button to save the new value.
 Highlight the PKGREF = line and key in the designator of the dc source,
V1.
See the diagram below.
3.2 WHAT IS DC ANALYSIS?
 DC analysis is a type of analysis which involves the use of dc source. In

this analysis, all inductor elements are considered as short circuit and
capacitor elements as open circuit. This is because at 0Hz frequency,
reactance of inductor is zero and reactance of capacitor is infiniti, ().
 In this type of analysis, the dc source could be set constant at certain value
or made to vary depending on the need of the analysis. If the source is
varied, the dc values at other nodes in the circuit would also be affected.
3.2.1 Setting up DC analysis
To set up a dc analysis, values for certain attributes have to be set

before the analysis could run or executed. For a single source, the
attributes are:
a) Swept variable type. (i.e. voltage source, temperature, current
source, model parameter or global parameter)
b) Sweep type (linear, octal, decade, value list)
c) Designator or name of the dc source
A voltage source will have a designator that starts with the letter V
and a current source will have a designator that starts with the letter
I.
For example, for voltage source - V1, V2, Vs, Vin ;
for current source - I1, I3, Is, Ix.

d) Initial value – the starting value for the source to generate.
e) End value - the final value for the source to generate.
f) Step value – the increment value of which the source is to be
varied.
 To do a dc setup on a single source. Click on analysis setup icon.
Check the Enable box on left of DC Sweep box.
 Click DC Sweep box.
 Key in the attributes for the dc source as in Fig 3.1.
Fig 3.1 DC analysis setup

 If there are TWO(2) dc sources in the circuit, both the sources could
be varied in turns or simultaneously.
 You would have to determine first of all, which of the two sources is
the primary source and the secondary source.
 To set up two dc sources. Click DC Sweep box in the analysis setup

window. When the DC Sweep window appears, key in the attributes
for the primary source. Finally click ok.
 To set the attributes for the secondary source, click the nested sweep
box in the DC Sweep window. Key in the attributes of the secondary
source. Finally click ok.
Refer to the diagram below.
ACTIVITY 3a
 TEST YOUR COMPREHENSION BEFORE PROCEEDING TO THE

NEXT INPUT…!
 CHECK YOUR ANSWERS IN THE FEEDBACK SECTION ON THE
NEXT PAGE.
Do the following exercises.
1. You will now apply what you have learnt from this unit about dc source and
dc analysis setups.
a. Draw the circuit given below.
b. For the source, VDC1, get the dc source part from the library
source.slb\vdc
c. Save the schematic as dc1.sch.
d. Set the attributes for the dc source, VDC1, by clicking twice on the source
graphic and then fill in the attributes.
e. Set the dc analysis setup as illustrated.

2. Reinforce your skills by again applying your knowledge to the circuit below.
a. Draw the second circuit given below.
b. For the sources, V1 and V2, get the dc source part from the library
source.slb\vdc
c. Save the schematic as dc2.sch.
d. Set the attributes for the dc sources, V1 and V2, by clicking twice on the
source graphics and then fill in the attributes accordingly as illustrated.
e. Set the dc analysis setup. Set V1 as the primary source and V2 as the
secondary source. Set the attributes for V1 first. Then set the attributes for
V2 by clicking the nested sweep box and fill in the attributes as shown.
FEEDBACK 3a
Answer :
Discuss your answer with your lecturer!
Good, better, best; never let it rest till your good is better
Good,
and yourbetter,
betterbest; never let it rest till your good is better
is best.
and your better is best. - Anonymous
- Anonymous
INPUT
3.3 MEASURING DC VOLTAGE AND DC CURRENT IN A CIRCUIT
 In this unit, you will learn simulation techniques to measure dc voltage and
dc current flow in an electronic circuit.
 DC voltage and dc current flow are types of important data that a user
would want to know from a circuit.
 Using simulation, the results are generated by Pspice and then compared
with the theoretical values calculated manually. This is to verify the values
calculated.
3.3.1 How to measure DC Voltage?
There are two techniques to determine dc voltage in circuits. You get

to choose which technique is better.
1) DC voltage drop across a component can be measured by placing a

part called VPRINT1 or VPRINT2 in parallel with the component.
 VPRINT1 is used to measure voltage drop at a single node.
This means that voltage is always measured with reference to
ground.
 VPRINT2 is used to measure voltage drop across two nodes

and the second node is not the ground node.
 The part is connected in parallel to the component by using

“wire”.
The above figure shown are the parts VPRINT1 and VPRINT2
hooked across two resistors using wire.
Fig 3.2 Voltage measurement using VPRINT1 and VPRINT2
 Edit the attributes of both Vprint1 and Vprint2 by keying in the

nodes where the measurement is to take place.
 The results of the measurement are kept in an output file as in
fig 3.3. This file is generated automatically by Pspice after
running simulation process.
This file has the same name as the schematic file but with the
extension .OUT. The output file could be read using a text
editor software such as Notepad, Wordpad, MSWord, etc.
Fig 3.3 Output file
2) Another way to determine dc voltage is to place a part called

VIEWPOINT at the nodes in the circuit. Shown below is the
symbol for VIEWPOINT.
 VIEWPOINT will measure the voltage at a node with reference

to ground as shown in fig 3.4.
Fig 3.4 Voltage measurement using VIEWPOINT

 After running simulation, the result will be shown on the screen

displayed close to the node in the schematic.
Figure 3.5 shows a few VIEWPOINTs used in measuring voltage

at circuit nodes and the result displayed on the schematic.
Fig 3.5 Voltage measurement using VIEWPOINT
3.3.2 How to measure DC Current?
As in measuring voltage, there are also two ways in determining dc

current flow in a circuit. It is up to you to decide on the best way.
1) DC current flow through a particular part or circuit branch can be

measured by placing a part called IPRINT in that branch.
 IPRINT is placed in series with the part that you wish to
measure the current flow. If current flows are to be determined
in other branches of the circuit, then a few IPRINTs are needed.
Shown in fig 3.6 is how IPRINT is placed and used to determine

current flow in a circuit.
Fig 3.6 Measuring current flow using IPRINT.
 Edit the attributes of IPRINT by keying in the two nodes where

IPRINT is inserted.
 The results of the current measurement are kept in an output
file. This file is generated automatically by Pspice after running
simulation process.
This file has the same name as the schematic file but with the
extension .OUT. The output file could be read using a text
editor software such as Notepad, Wordpad, MSWord, etc.
Fig 3.7 Current measurement results in output file

2) Another way of determining dc current is to place a part called

IPROBE shown below. It is placed in series into the circuit as
shown in fig 3.8.
IPROBE will measure the current flow through a component or in
a branch.
Fig 3.8 Current measuring using IPROBEs
Figure 3.9 Setting IPROBE attributes
 After running simulation, the result will be shown on the screen

displayed close to the IPROBE symbol in the schematic.
Figure 3.10 shows a few IPROBEs used in measuring current at

several branches in a circuit and the results are displayed on the
schematic.
Fig 3.10 Displayed results using IPROBE

ACTIVITY 3b

NEXT INPUT…!
NEXT PAGE.
Practice, practice and practice...... all the way to success!!!
Do the following exercises.

1. Now you will apply the first technique discussed earlier in measuring dc
voltage in an electronic circuit. You will be using the previously drawn
schematic in file dc1.sch.
a. Calculate manually using a calculator, the voltage drops across all resistors
and current flows in all the circuit branches.
b. Place VPRINT1 and VPRINT2 to measure dc voltage drop across the

resistors and wire up. Set the nodes for the measurement to take place.
c. Enable dc analysis.
d. Do dc analysis setup.
e. Run simulation.
f. Examine output file.
g. Check and compare the results generated by Pspice with the manually
calculated values.
2. You will still be using the manually calculated results in activity 3b1 and the
schematic drawn in dc2.sch with slight modification. You will now use the
second technique to measure dc voltage in a circuit.
a. Calculate manually using a calculator, the voltage drops across all resistors
and current flows in all the circuit branches.
b. Get new part VIEWPOINT from special.slb\viewpoint and place it at

every node in the circuit except ground. See illustration.
c. Run simulation.
d. Observe and see whether the voltage drop values are displayed on the
schematic.
e. Check and compare the values with the calculated ones.
f. Which method of determining dc voltage is better in your opinion?
3. You will be using schematic saved as dc1.sch for this activity. This time you
will apply what you have learnt on how to measure current flow in circuit
dc1.sch.
a. Get new part called IPRINT and place it into the circuit dc1.sch in series
as illustrated.
b. Run simulation.
c. Check and compare the values with the calculated ones from activity 3b1.
4. You will be using schematic saved as dc2.sch for this activity. This time you
will apply what you have learnt on how to measure current flow in circuit
dc2.sch.
a. Get new part called IPROBE and place it into
the circuit dc2.sch in series as illustrated.
b. Run simulation
c. Check and compare the values with the
calculated ones from activity 3b1.
d. In your opinion, which current measuring
method is better?
FEEDBACK 3b
Answer :
Get the correct answers from your lecturer.
“I“Ihear,
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understand.”
- -Confucius
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INPUT
3.4 CALCULATING DC OPERATING POINT
One of the first things you should do when you are simulating an amplifier circuit is
to check the transistor operating point. If the transistor bias is incorrect, none of the
other analyses will be valid. If another analysis does not make sense, check the
operating point. When Pspice finds the bias point, it assumes that all capacitors are
open circuits and all inductors are short circuits.
For BJT, the Bias Point Detail gives the collector current, the collector-emitter
voltage, and some small-signal model parameters at the bias point. The results of the
Bias Point Detail are contained in the output file.
3.4.1 How to enable the Bias Point Detail analysis
After you have succesfully wired the the schematic circuit and saved the drawing,
follow these instructions:
i. Select Analysis and then Setup from the Schematic menu bar. You can also
click the button .
ii. Enable the Bias Point Detail button.
iii. Click Close to exit from the Analysis Setup window.
iv. Run the simulation. Click
v. The simulation window will appear as shown below:
vi. Click File and the Examine Output from the Pspice window pull down menu.
vii. The Windows Text Editor program will run and display the contents of the
output file as shown below:
viii. Scroll down the output file and you will see the Small Signal Bias
Solution and the Operating Point Information.
ACTIVITY 3c

NEXT INPUT…!
NEXT PAGE.
Do the following exercise:
Find the small signal bias and operating point for the transistor in the circuit below:
FEEDBACK 3c
Answer :
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SELF-ASSESSMENT
You are approaching SUCCESS! Try to answer ALL the questions in this self-
assessment section and check your answers in the feedback section in the next page.
If you encounter any problem please discuss with your lecturer. Try your best
and SUCCESS is on your way! Good-Luck!!!
QUESTION 3-1 :
Refer to the above figure :

a. Draw the circuit. (10pts.)
b. Set V2 = 10V and vary the value of V1 from 0V to 10V with the increment of
2V. (10pts.)
c. Get the DC value for :
i. Voltage across every resistor
ii. Current that flows in each resistor (10pts.)
d. Now, vary both V1 and V2 simultenously from 0V to 10V. Get the output
using the method in step (b).
(20pts.)
QUESTION 3-2 :
Refer to the figure :

a. Draw the circuit. (10pts.)
b. Measure dc voltage drop across R5 and R6. (15pts.)
c. Measure dc current flow through R4 and R6. (15pts.)
d. List the part names for all the components used in the schematic along with its
library name. (10 pts.)
QUESTION 3-3
a. Draw the circuit above. (10pts.)

b. From the results of Bias Point Detail analysis, get the value of Ic, I B, dc, VBE
and VCE. (15pts.)
c. Verify the value of Ic that you get from (b)using this formula:
(5pts.)
Ic=IB
FEEDBACK
Have you tried to answer the questions???

If “YES” , please check your answers
to see whether it is correct or not.
ANSWERS TO SELF-ASSESSMENT
Answer to Question 3-1:
a.
b.
V2 = 0V
V2 = 2V
V2 = 4V
V2 = 6V
V2 = 8V
V2 = 10V
V2 = 0V
V2 = 2V
V2 = 4V
V2 = 6V
V2 = 8V
V2 = 10V

d. R – analog.slb
VDC – source.slb
AGND - port.slb
b.
From the analysis, of Ic = 6.16mA

IB = 38.5A
dc = 160
VBE = 0.715
VCE = 1.67V
c. Ic = IB
= (160 ) (38.5A)
= 6.16 mA
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ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT SIMULATION PACKAGE (PT.

General Objective : To understand and apply the concept of DC analysis.

Specific Objective : At the end of this unit, you should be able to :-

3.0 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC SIMULATION

 A dc source is a source that generates dc voltage or dc current. For each of

3.2 WHAT IS DC ANALYSIS?

 DC analysis is a type of analysis which involves the use of dc source. In

3.2.1 Setting up DC analysis

To set up a dc analysis, values for certain attributes have to be set

for current source - I1, I3, Is, Ix.

 Key in the attributes for the dc source as in Fig 3.1.

Fig 3.1 DC analysis setup

 To set up two dc sources. Click DC Sweep box in the analysis setup

 TEST YOUR COMPREHENSION BEFORE PROCEEDING TO THE

Do the following exercises.

a. Draw the circuit given below.

c. Save the schematic as dc1.sch.

e. Set the dc analysis setup as illustrated.

a. Draw the second circuit given below.

c. Save the schematic as dc2.sch.

Discuss your answer with your lecturer!

3.3 MEASURING DC VOLTAGE AND DC CURRENT IN A CIRCUIT

3.3.1 How to measure DC Voltage?

There are two techniques to determine dc voltage in circuits. You get

1) DC voltage drop across a component can be measured by placing a

 VPRINT2 is used to measure voltage drop across two nodes

 The part is connected in parallel to the component by using

Fig 3.2 Voltage measurement using VPRINT1 and VPRINT2

 Edit the attributes of both Vprint1 and Vprint2 by keying in the

Fig 3.3 Output file

2) Another way to determine dc voltage is to place a part called

 VIEWPOINT will measure the voltage at a node with reference

Fig 3.4 Voltage measurement using VIEWPOINT

 After running simulation, the result will be shown on the screen

Figure 3.5 shows a few VIEWPOINTs used in measuring voltage

Fig 3.5 Voltage measurement using VIEWPOINT

3.3.2 How to measure DC Current?

As in measuring voltage, there are also two ways in determining dc

1) DC current flow through a particular part or circuit branch can be

Shown in fig 3.6 is how IPRINT is placed and used to determine

Fig 3.6 Measuring current flow using IPRINT.

 Edit the attributes of IPRINT by keying in the two nodes where

Fig 3.7 Current measurement results in output file

2) Another way of determining dc current is to place a part called

Fig 3.8 Current measuring using IPROBEs

Figure 3.9 Setting IPROBE attributes

 After running simulation, the result will be shown on the screen

Figure 3.10 shows a few IPROBEs used in measuring current at

Fig 3.10 Displayed results using IPROBE

 TEST YOUR COMPREHENSION BEFORE PROCEEDING TO THE

Practice, practice and practice...... all the way to success!!!

Do the following exercises.

b. Place VPRINT1 and VPRINT2 to measure dc voltage drop across the

b. Get new part VIEWPOINT from special.slb\viewpoint and place it at

Get the correct answers from your lecturer.

3.4 CALCULATING DC OPERATING POINT

3.4.1 How to enable the Bias Point Detail analysis

 TEST YOUR COMPREHENSION BEFORE PROCEEDING TO THE

Do the following exercise:

Refer to the above figure :

Refer to the figure :

a. Draw the circuit above. (10pts.)

Have you tried to answer the questions???