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Cisco Exam #640-801: CCNA (MeasureUp, set 1)

Test your basic networking knowledge for Cisco's entry-level
certification exam with these 15 questions and answers.

courtesy of MeasureUp

Questions:
1. Which of the following is true regarding passwords on a Cisco
router?

a. All passwords are encrypted.

b. A password is not active until the login command is issued for

the associated line.

c. The console, auxiliary, and Telnet passwords cannot be the same.

d. Only one password can be set for all Telnet sessions.

···> read answer

2. A prompt such as "Router >" indicates you are in what mode?

a. Privileged mode

b. User mode

c. Setup mode

d. Configuration mode

···> read answer

3. When in enhanced editing mode, you can move to the beginning of a

command line by pressing which of the following key sequences?

a. Ctrl-A

b. Ctrl-E
 c. Esc-B

d. Esc-F

e. Ctrl-B

f. Ctrl-F

···> read answer

4. Where is the active configuration file of the router stored?

a. In NVRAM

b. In RAM

c. In ROM

d. In Flash memory

e. On a TFTP server

···> read answer

5. Which commands will display the IP addresses of all interfaces on a

Cisco router? (Choose all that apply.)

a. show ip route

b. show ip address

c. show ip interface

d. show interfaces

e. display ip addresses

···> read answer

6. Which command would supply information about BECN and FECN?

a. show frame-relay int

b. show frame-relay map

 c. show frame-relay pvc

d. show int

e. show frame-relay lmi

···> read answer

7. Which one of the following protocols describes the process of a

TCP/IP host learning a remote host's MAC address?

a. ARP

b. SLARP

c. RARP

d. IARP

···> read answer

8. What is meant when the Destination Service Access Point (DSAP) is

set to AA?

a. All stations with AA contained in their MAC addresses would

receive this frame.

b. All stations would receive this frame because it acts like a

broadcast.

c. The encapsulated protocol contained in the frame must be IP.

d. A SNAP header follows the 802.2 header.

e. The SNAP "length" field is set to 1494.

···> read answer

9. Which statement most correctly describes what happens on an IP over

Ethernet network when one host sends data to another host?

a. Actual communications is between IP addresses.

b. Actual communications is from IP address on the sender to MAC

address on the receiver.
 c. Actual communications is between physical addresses.

d. Actual communications is from MAC address on the sender to IP

address on the receiver.

e. On an Ethernet network, all communication is via either

broadcasts or multicasts.

···> read answer

10. Which protocols are link-state routing protocols? (Choose all that
apply.)

a. IP

b. OSPF

c. RIP

d. IPX

e. IGRP

f. Integrated IS-IS

···> read answer

11. Which of the following is NOT a function of the Transport Layer?

a. Provides the ability to send unacknowledged packets.

b. Can issue a "not ready" indicator.

c. Provides a non-connection oriented service.

d. Segments can be placed back into their correct sequence at the

destination.

e. Provides routing services.

···> read answer

12. Which of the following would most likely use the protocol TCP?
(Choose three.)
 a. DNS

b. FTP

c. TFTP

d. Telnet

e. SNMP

f. SMTP

···> read answer

13. What protocol would be needed to send a host unreachable message to

a source host?

a. ARP

b. FTP

c. ICMP

d. RARP

e. SNMP

···> read answer

14. How can split horizon best be described?

a. It is a Cisco proprietary feature of switches, which prevents a

bridge from sending frames to a network segment that does not contain
the destination host.

b. It is a calculation in a router that limits the maximum size of

a packet that a particular interface can route.

c. It is a feature of a router that helps prevent routing loops by

preventing routing updates from including information about routes to
remote networks that were learned through the interface the update is
being sent from.

d. It is a feature of routers to help reduce the convergence time.

···> read answer

15. What is the maximum number of subnets that can be assigned to

network 172.16.0.0 if you use a subnet mask of 255.255.240.0?

a. 14

b. It is an invalid subnet mask for the network given.

c. 16

d. 32

e. 30

···> read answer

Answers:
1. B is true. A password is not active until the login command is
issued for the associated line. The enable password, used to enter
privileged mode, is not encrypted. The enable secret password is
encrypted. The
console, auxiliary, and Telnet passwords are all set separately. You
can enter any password for any of the lines. All configured vtys
typically have the same password, but it is not required. If you want,
you can
set a different password on each vty line.

···> back to question

2. B is correct. There are three major command prompts that you should
be able to recognize. They are:

* "router>" This prompt indicates you are in user mode, sometimes

called user exec mode. This mode has very limited capabilities other
than being able to issue the "enable" command, which takes you the next
level known as privileged exec mode.
* "router#" This prompt indicates you are in privileged exec mode,
sometimes called enable mode or privileged mode. It is a powerful
command-line context because it can get you into global configuration
mode.
The most powerful commands for troubleshooting in privileged mode are
the "show" commands. Issue the "config t" command to enter global
configuration mode.
 * "router(config)#" This prompt indicates you are in configuration
mode or sometimes called global configuration mode because changes made
to the configuration files in this mode affect the entire router, not
just a specific interface on the router.

Setup mode, sometimes called Initial Configuration mode is not

characterized by a unique command prompt. It is used typically when the
router
first boots and no configuration files are saved in non-volatile random
access memory (NVRAM). You can start the "setup mode" by typing "setup"
in privileged mode.
···> back to question

3. A is correct. The Cisco IOS offers several key sequences called hot
keys that are designed to allow you to move around the command line
more quickly if you need to edit a command string. These hot keys can
come
in handy if you Telnet into the router with an old Telnet program.

Some older terminal programs do not supply the proper keystrokes needed
for command-line editing. The hot keys built into the IOS will overcome
this limitation.

The key sequences are defined as follows:

* Ctrl-A - moves cursor to the beginning of the line.

* Esc-B - moves the cursor back one word in the current command.
* Ctrl-B - moves the cursor backward one space at a time without
deleting text.
* Esc-F - moves the cursor ahead one word in the current command.
* Ctrl-E - moves the cursor to the end of the line.
* Esc-F - moves the cursor forward one word.

···> back to question

4. B is correct. The active configuration file is called

"running-config" and is stored in RAM. Routers have the following types
of memory
installed:

* Random Access Memory (RAM) - volatile memory that stores

running-config, routing tables and any information that is dynamic in
nature.
* Read Only Memory (ROM) - permanent memory that contains the basic
instruction set that boots the router (bootstrap). The following are
stored in ROM:
o rxboot, which is a limited feature IOS
o ROM Monitor (ROMMON), which is used for password recovery
* Flash Memory - non-volatile memory that can serve as a storage
area for config files and the full IOS image files. Routers can run the
IOS from Flash.
* NVRAM - Non-Volatile RAM is where the startup-config file is
saved. This memory area has a battery backup to preserve its contents.

Routers can boot from a TFTP server, but the active configuration file
is stored in the local RAM.
···> back to question

5. C and D are correct. Both "show ip interface" and "show interfaces"

will list IP addresses with the associated interface.The command "show
ip route" displays the contents of the routing table. The command "show
ip address" does not exist. The command "display ip addresses" also
does not exist.
···> back to question

6. C is correct. Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) is

used in a Frame Relay network. When a Frame Relay switch recognizes
congestion in the network, it sets the BECN bit in the Frame Relay
packet
traveling backward to the source router, instructing the router to
reduce
the rate at which it is sending packets. It is used to track congestion
in a permanent virtual circuit (PVC).

Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) is used in a Frame

Relay network. When a Frame Relay switch recognizes congestion in the
network, it sets the FECN bit in the Frame Relay packet traveling
forward to
the destination device, indicating that congestion was detected in the
path used.

Frame Relay uses permanent virtual circuits (PVC), which are permanent
logical circuits that represent the paths that frames travel between
end units. BECN and FECN values are shown when you enter the "show
frame-relay pvc" command.

The Frame-Relay "show frame-relay" command line options are as follows:

*
Router-A# show frame-relay ?
 *
ip show frame relay IP statistics
*
lapf show frame relay lapf status/statistics
*
lmi show frame relay lmi statistics
*
map Frame-Relay map table
*
pvc show frame relay pvc statistics
*
qos-autosense show frame relay qos-autosense information
*
route show frame relay route
*
svc show frame relay SVC stuff
*
traffic Frame-Relay protocol statistics

So, judging from the list above, the correct answer would be:

Router-A#show frame-relay pvc

The output from this command would be as follows:

PVC Statistics for interface Serial0/0 (Frame Relay DTE)

DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE =
Serial0/0
input pkts 24 output pkts 5 in bytes 6526
out bytes 520 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0
in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0
in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0
out bcast pkts 0 out bcast bytes 0
pvc create time 00:13:09, last time pvc status changed 00:08:17

Notice the BECN and FECN packet count in the above printout.

The "show frame-relay lmi" command lists Local Management Interface

(LMI) statistics on an interface configured for Frame Relay
encapsulation.
It does not display BECN or FECN statistics.

The "show frame-relay map" command lists the interface, IP address, and
Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) information but does not display
BECN or FECN statistics.
The "show int" command displays up-down status on all interfaces but
not the BECN or FECN statistics.

The "show frame-relay int" command uses the wrong syntax as indicated
in the "show frame-relay ?" display shown above.
···> back to question

7. A is correct. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) maps a known Logical

Address (IP Address) to a Physical Address (MAC Address).

When a host wants to send traffic to a host that isn't on the local
segment, the first thing it does is ARP for its default gateway. It
sends
out a message that says something like: "I know my gateway is
192.168.1.1, but I don't know the MAC address. I checked my ARP cache
and didn't
see an entry that mapped 192.168.1.1 to a MAC address...can someone
tell me who this is?"

IARP (Inverse Address Resolution Protocol) is what Frame Relay uses to

map a data link connection identifier (DLCI) to an IP address.

SLARP (Serial Line Address Resolution Protocol) is used when a router

attempts to request an IP address for a serial interface.

RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) is the exact opposite of ARP

(mapping a known MAC address to an unknown IP address). This was used
by "diskless" workstations to get an IP address. It is somewhat similar
to DHCP.

···> back to question

8. D is correct. Each Data Link header has a field in its header with a
code that defines the type of protocol header that follows. The IEEE
called its Type field the destination service access point (DSAP). It
is
only one byte long, which is not big enough to number all the
protocols. To accommodate more protocols, the IEEE allowed the use of
an extra
header, called the Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) header. When the
DSAP field is set to hex AA, this implies that a SNAP header follows
the
802.2 header. The SNAP header includes a two-byte protocol type field
so all possible protocols can be identified.
Setting both the Source Service Access Point (SSAP) and the Destination
Service Access Point (DSAP) fields to "AA" indicates that SNAP is in
use.

SNAP eliminates the limitations of the LLC. The SNAP header allows for
a varying "type" field to allow for as many protocols as necessary.
This allows LLC to identify and handle protocols that it was not
originally designed to handle.

SNAP provides for backward compatibility of older protocols.

The "AA" setting does not set the protocol to IP or specify what the
MAC address has to be to receive the frame.

The SNAP header contains a "type" field, not a "length" field.

···> back to question

9. C is correct. In a TCP/IP network, logical addressing using IP

addresses is used to identify the source or host IP address and the
final
destination IP address. But an IP packet may (and most likely will)
traverse the internetwork by passing through many different Data Link
technologies. The IP packet may originate on an Ethernet segment, pass
through a Frame Relay, ATM, HDLC, and PPP segment on the way to the
destination. Each Data Link protocol will use the MAC address of the
next hop
router to build the destination MAC address in the associated header.
This is the process of routing.

One of the sub-components of the Data-Link Layer (Layer 2) is the MAC

sublayer. The MAC sublayer protocols deal with the Media Access Control
(MAC) address of the sending and receiving network nodes.

Take a look at the components of a 802.3 Frame below:

| Preamble | DA | SA | Length | Data | FCS |

If you looked at the data in both the Destination Address (DA) and the
Source Address (SA) fields, you would see MAC Addresses of the nodes
involved in the data transmission.
···> back to question

10. B and F are correct. Link-state routing protocols have the

following characteristics:
 1) They build and maintain a database of the network topology.
2) The database is built from the information learned via
Link-State Packets (LSPs).
3) They only send incremental topology updates.
4) They rely on the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm to analyze
routing updates.
5) They allow the creation of larger hierarchical network
topologies.
6) They support classless addressing.
7) They allow route summarization.

Of the choices given, only OSPF and Integrated IS-IS are link-state
routing protocols.

*
OSPF - uses route "cost" as a metric (not hop count), maintains a
network topology database, runs the SPF algorithm, and sends
incremental updates.
*
Integrated IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System) is
also a link-state protocol. It supports VLSM, converges quickly, and
updates incrementally every 15 minutes.
*
RIP - relies on hop count, sends entire routing table at each
update interval. It is a Distance vector protocol.
*
IGRP - uses a composite metric (not hop count), sends routing
table to neighbors at 90 second intervals. It is a Distance vector
protocol.
*
IP - Layer 3 protocol, provides connection-less transmission of
data. It is a routed protocol, not a routing protocol.
*
IPX - uses "ticks" or "hops" as a metric, broadcasts entire
routing table. It is a routed protocol, not a routing protocol.

···> back to question

11. E is correct. The Transport Layer is responsible for setting up and

defining how two nodes will communicate. Since the Transport Layer
resides above the Network Layer, it is tasked with assembling and
disassembling segments and preparing them for dissemination over the
network
infrastructure. It is at the Transport Layer that most of the network
error detection and error correction takes place.

In addition, the Transport Layer can "speak" both reliably (TCP - a

connection-oriented protocol) and unreliably (UDP - a connectionless
protocol).

The Transport Layer ...

*
... can issue a "not ready" indicator (TCP).
*
... arranges segments back into their proper order at the
destination.
*
... can provide the ability to send unacknowledged packets.
*
... can provide a non-connection oriented service (UDP).

Routing services are provided by routers, which operate at the Network

Layer, not the Transport Layer.
···> back to question

12. B, D and F are correct. To answer this question, you need to look
at each protocol and determine whether it requires a connection-
oriented
(reliable) session (TCP) or a connectionless session (UDP). A
connection-oriented session supports error detection and correction. If
packets
are lost during transfer, the lost packets will be identified and
retransmitted. A connectionless session is not concerned about losing
packets, and no error correction is attempted. If data transfer fails,
the
originating host simply requests the data again.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfers files between two nodes, so it

is very important that the communication pipeline is monitored and is
considered reliable. FTP requires a TCP session.

Telnet most certainly requires a connection oriented (reliable)

communications session to function. Telnet is a remote control between
two
stations.

Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) should not to be confused with

SNMP. It is the protocol responsible for delivery of mail throughout
the
internetwork. Receipt of e-mail is important and requires a reliable
delivery pipeline such as TCP.

Domain Name System (DNS) can use either TCP or UDP ports. A DNS request
generally uses UDP since it is a request for an IP address for a fully
qualified domain name. It would not require a reliable two-way
communication pipe. Since the question specifies "what would be the
most
likely", UDP would be the most correct answer.

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) provides only the most basic of
file transfer capabilities. It does not require you to log in. It just
sits there and waits for files to come in. TFTP uses IP for addressing
and UDP at layer 4.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a passive protocol that

handles MIB queries by sending out UDP responses. The requester
interrogates the SNMP capable Router (a string called an OID) and the
router
responds with the information requested. It sounds connection oriented,
but it's actually a series of UDP conversations.
···> back to question

13. C is correct. The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a

helper protocol for IP to deliver messages. Some ICMP messages are
Destination Unreachable, Source Quench, Echo, and Address Request. Each
of
these ICMP messages is carried in IP datagrams.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used by TCP/IP to find the MAC

address of a node whose IP address you already know. The ARP request is
broadcast (as an all station announcement) to all the nodes on the
segment. Only the host with the matching IP address responds with its
MAC
address.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an Application layer protocol that is

used to transfer files back and forth between hosts.

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is used by TCP/IP to find

the IP address of a node whose MAC address you already know.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an Application layer

protocol that is used to interrogate devices and return system
performance
metrics.
···> back to question

14. C is correct. The split horizon rule says, "Never announce a

routing update back to the router that originally told you about it."

This technique attempts to prevent routing loops from occurring by

eliminating the source of an update from the list of routers that will
receive the update. Split horizon is designed to fix the "counting to
infinity" problem. This is best described by an example:

Router-A tells Router-B that its route to network 1 has failed at about
the same time that Router-B advertises a valid path to network 1. If
routing update information crosses paths, a never-ending cycle of
updates
begins with one router saying the link is up and the next router says
it's down. Then, both routers accept the update from each other and
announce the opposite information back to each other. This would go
back
and forth for an infinity of cycles if not managed. Split horizon
provides the procedure to prevent this problem.

Split horizon is a feature of routers, not bridges or switches.

Preventing a bridge from sending frames to a network segment that does
not
contain the destination host is exactly what switches are supposed to
do.
A bridge looks up the destination address in its bridge table and
forwards it to the proper segment. This is standard bridge/switch
operation
and has nothing to do with Split horizon.

Split horizon is not a calculation in a router that limits the maximum

size of a packet that a particular interface can route. The maximum
packet size that a router interface can route is called the maximum
transmission unit (MTU).

Split horizon is not designed to help reduce convergence time.

Convergence time is a general term that describes the length of time it
takes
for routers to completely update routing tables.
···> back to question
15. A is correct. The IP address given, 172.16.0.0, is a Class B
Network, which has a default subnet mask of 255.255.0.0. The subnet
mask used
in this problem is 255.255.240.0, which means that there are 20 network
bits (/20) total and 12 host bits. Therefore, 4 bits in the third octet
are used for subnetting.

If you converted this subnet mask to binary, you would have the
pattern:

11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000

To determine the number of subnets, you use the 2^N-2 formula on the
number of subnet bits (4). This yields:

16 - 2 = 14 networks (subnets)

To calculate the range of host addresses per network, use the 2^N-2
formula on the number of host bits (12). This yields:

4096- 2 = 4094 (hosts per subnet)

An easy way to determine what IP addresses are available is to use the

following table:

128 064 032 016 008 004 002 001

128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255

Notice that this table is built by first writing the number one (001)
starting at the right margin, then doubling it successively from right
to left like this, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128. Next, starting from the
left, add the number in the top row to the previous number in the
bottom row like this: 128, 128 + 64 = 192, 192 + 32 = 224, 224 + 16 =
240,
240 + 8 = 248, 248 + 4 = 252, 252 + 2 = 254, 254 + 1 = 255.

Using this table, find the subnet mask number you are working with in
the lower row. In this case, you are using the 240 from the third
octet.
Take the number directly above the 240, which is 16, and this is the
incremental value of the subnet numbers in the associated octet (the
third octet in this case).This means that the subnet numbers begin with
172.16.0.0 and increments by 16 in the third octet for a total of 14
subnets. The resulting subnets are:
 172.16.0.0

172.16.16.0

172.16.32.0

172.16.48.0

Repeating this pattern all the way to the last subnet 172.16.240.0

Notice that you begin with the zero subnet and carry it through to the
subnet with the same number as the subnet mask. This yields 16 subnets,
but the formula says to delete two of them, the first, and the last.

So, the maximum number of subnets that can be assigned to network

172.16.0.0 if you use a subnet mask of 255.255.240.0 is 14.
···> back to question

Questions and answers provided by MeasureUp. To order the full version

of this exam simulation, click here.

You can contact TCPmag.com about "Cisco Exam #640-801: CCNA

(MeasureUp, set 1)" at editor@tcpmag.com.

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