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1 2
Load B Load A
Bus 1 Bus 2
S3Φ , base
I base =
3VL, base
VL, base
Z base =
3 I base
Z base =
(VL,base )2
S3Φ , base
actual value
Quantity in per unit =
base value of quantity
As we have seen in Chapter 2, many transformers and machines have their internal
impedances specified as per unit resistances and reactances, using the voltage and
apparent power ratings of the device itself as the base quantity. If these impedances are
expressed in per unit to a base other than the one selected as a base for a power system,
we must convert the impedances to per unit on the new base. This conversion could be
done by using the original base impedance to convert the impedances back into ohms,
and then using the power system base impedance to convert the value on ohms to per unit
on the new base. Alternatively, we may combine the two steps into a single equation:
2
Vgiven S new
Per − unit Z new = per − unit Z given
S given
Vnew
Example
A simple power system consisting of one synchronous generator and one synchronous
motor connected by two transformers and a transmission line is shown in the following
Figure. Develop a per-phase, per unit equivalent system for this power system using a
base apparent power of 100 MVA and a base line voltage at generator G1 of 13.8 kV.
1 2
L1
R=15Ω
Load A
X=75Ω
Solution:
Z base,1 =
(VL,base )2 = (13.8 kV )2 = 1.904 Ω Region 1
S3φφbase 100 MVA
Z base,2 =
(VL,base ) 2
=
(110 kV )2 = 121 Ω
Region 2
S 3φφbase 100 MVA
Z base,3 =
(VL,base )2 = (13.2 kV )2 = 1.743 Ω Region 3
S 3φφbase 100 MVA
15 Ω
Rline, system = = 0.124 per unit
121 Ω
75 Ω
X line, system = = 0.620 per unit
121 Ω
2
Vgiven S new
Per − unit Z new = per − unit Z given
S given
Vnew
2
14.4 kV 100 MA
RT2, pu = (0.01) = 0.238 per unit
13.2 kV 50 MA
2
14.4 kV 100 MA
X T2, pu = (0.05) = 0.119 per unit
13.2 kV 50 MA
2
Vgiven S new
Per − unit Z new = per − unit Z given
S given
Vnew
2
13.8 kV 100 MA
RM2, pu = (0.01) = 0.219 per unit
13.2 kV 50 MA
2
13.8 kV 100 MA
X M2, pu = (0.05) = 2.405 per unit
13.2 kV 50 MA
0.01 + j0.05 pu 0.124 + j0.62 pu 0.023 + j0.119 pu
+ +
- G1 M2 -
T1 T2
G1 M3
Line 2 Line 3
T3 T6
T4 T5
Load 2
A simple three-phase power system
Yb
1 3
Ya Yc
V1 2 V3
I1 I3
V2
Yd Yf
I2
Ye
Ax = b
x = A−1b