Problems

Section 9-2: Differential Equations for Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

P9.2-1

v dv
KCL: i L = +C
R2 dt
di L
KVL: Vs = R 1i L + L +v
dt

v s = R1
LM v +C
dvOP
+
L dv d2v
+ LC 2 + v
NR 2 dt Q R 2 dt dt

vs =
LM R + 1OPv + LMR C + L OP dv + [LC] d v
1
2

N R Q N R Q dt
2
1
2 dt 2

R 1 = 2Ω, R 2 = 100Ω, L = 1mH, C = 10μF

dv d2v
v s = 102
. v +.00003 + 1 × 10 −8 2
dt dt
dv d 2 v
1 × 108 v s = 102
. × 108 v + 3000 + 2
dt dt

P9.2-2

v
KCL: i s = + i L + Csv
R1
KVL: v = R 2 i L + Lsi L

Solving Cramer' s rule for i L :

is
iL =
R 2 Ls
+ + R 2 Cs + LCs2 + 1
R1 R1
LM1 + R OPi + LM L + R COPsi
2
+ LC s2 i L = i s
N R Q NR
1
L
1Q 2 L

R 1 = 100Ω, R 2 = 10Ω, L = 1mH, C = 10μF

1.1i L +.00011si L + 1 × 10 −8 s2 i L = i s
. × 108 i L + 11000si L + s2 i L = 1 × 108 i s
11
P9.2-3
t>0 dv c v s + v c
KCL: i L + C + = 0
dt R2

di L
KVL: R 1i s + R 1i L + L − vc − vs = 0
dt

Solving for iL :
d 2iL ⎡ R1 1 ⎤ diL ⎡ R1 1 ⎤ − R1 R di 1 dvs
2
+⎢ + ⎥ +⎢ + ⎥ iL = is − 1 s +
dt ⎣ L R2C ⎦ dt ⎣ LR2C LC ⎦ LCR2 L dt L dt

P9.2-4
After the switch opens, apply KCL and KVL to get

⎛ d ⎞
R1 ⎜ i ( t ) + C v ( t ) ⎟ + v ( t ) = Vs
⎝ dt ⎠
Apply KVL to get
d
v (t ) = L i (t ) + R2 i (t )
dt
Substituting v ( t ) into the first equation gives

⎛ d⎛ d ⎞⎞ d
R1 ⎜ i ( t ) + C ⎜ L i ( t ) + R 2 i ( t ) ⎟ ⎟ + L i ( t ) + R 2 i ( t ) = Vs
⎝ dt ⎝ dt ⎠⎠ dt
then
d2
R1 C L
dt 2 (
i ( t ) + R1 C R 2 + L ) dtd i ( t ) + ( R1 + R 2 ) i ( t ) = Vs
Dividing by R1 C L :

d2 ⎛ R1 C R 2 + L ⎞ d ⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞ Vs
2
i ( t ) + ⎜
⎜ R1 C L ⎟ dt
⎟ i ( t ) + ⎜
⎜ R1 C L ⎟
⎟ i (t ) =
dt ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ R1 C L
P9.2-5

After the switch closes, use KCL to get

v (t ) d
i (t ) = + C v (t )
R2 dt
Use KVL to get
d
v s = R1 i ( t ) + L i (t ) + v (t )
dt
Substitute to get
R1 d L d d2
vs = v ( t ) + R1C v ( t ) + v ( t ) + CL 2 v ( t ) + v ( t )
R2 dt R 2 dt dt

d2 ⎛ L ⎞d R1 + R 2
= CL v ( t ) + ⎜
⎜
R C + ⎟ v (t ) + v (t )
R 2 ⎟⎠ dt
2 1
dt ⎝ R 2CL
Finally,
vs d2 ⎛ R1 1 ⎞d R1 + R 2
= 2
v ( t ) + ⎜
⎜
+ ⎟⎟ v ( t ) + v (t )
CL dt ⎝ L R 2C ⎠ dt R 2CL

P9.2-6

After the switch closes use KVL to get

d
R 2 i (t ) + L i (t ) = v (t )
dt
Use KCL and KVL to get
 ⎛ d ⎞
v s = R1 ⎜ i ( t ) + C v ( t ) ⎟ + v ( t )
⎝ dt ⎠
Substitute to get
d d2 d
v s = R1i ( t ) + R1CR 2 i ( t ) + R1CL 2 i ( t ) + R 2i ( t ) + L i ( t )
dt dt dt
2
= R1CL 2 i ( t ) + ( R1 R 2C + L ) i ( t ) + ( R1 + R 2 ) i ( t )
d d
dt dt
Finally
vs d2 ⎛ R2 1 ⎞d R1 + R 2
2 ( ) ⎜
= i t + + ⎟ i (t ) + i (t )
R1CL dt ⎜ L R1C ⎟ dt R CL
⎝ ⎠ 1

P9.2-7

After the switch opens, KVL gives

d d
L1 i1 ( t ) = R 2 i 2 ( t ) + L 2 i 2 ( t )
dt dt
KVL and KCL give
i 1 ( t ) + R1 ( i 1 ( t ) + i 2 ( t ) ) = 0
d
L1
dt
Use the operator method to get
L1s i1 = R 2 i 2 + L 2 s i 2
L1s i1 + R1 ( i1 + i 2 ) = 0
L1s i1 + R1s i1 + R1s i 2 = 0
2

s ( R 2i 2 + L 2 s i 2 ) + (R i + L 2 s i 2 ) + R1s i 2 = 0
R1
2 2
L1
⎛ L2 ⎞ R1 R 2
L 2 s 2 i 2 + ⎜ R 2 + R1 + R1 ⎟ s i 2 + i2 = 0
⎜ L ⎟ L
⎝ 1 ⎠ 1

⎛ R 2 R 1 R1 ⎞ R1 R 2
s 2i 2 + ⎜ + + ⎟ s i2 + i2 = 0
⎜ L 2 L 2 L1 ⎟ L1 L 2
⎝ ⎠
so
d2 ⎛ R 2 R1 R1 ⎞ d R1 R 2
i
2 2 ( t ) + ⎜⎜ + + ⎟ i 2 (t ) +
⎟
i 2 (t ) = 0
dt ⎝ L 2 L 2 L1 ⎠ dt L1 L 2

P9.2-8

After the switch closes, KVL and KCL give

⎛ d d ⎞
v1 ( t ) + R 3 ⎜ C 1 v1 ( t ) + C 2 v 2 ( t ) ⎟ = v s
⎝ dt dt ⎠
KVL gives
d
v 1 ( t ) = R 2C2 v 2 (t ) + v 2 (t )
dt
Using the operator method
v 1 + R 3 ( C 1sv 1 + C 2 sv 2 ) = v s
v1 = R 2C 2 sv 2 + v 2
so
v1 = (1 + R 2C2 s ) v 2
(1 + R C s ) v
2 2 2 + R 3C 1s (1 + R 2C 2 s ) v 2 + R 3C 2 sv 2 = v s
Then
R 2 R 3C 1C 2 s 2 v 2 + ( R 2C 2 + R 3C 1 + R 3C 2 ) sv 2 + v 2 = v s

R 2C 2 + R 3C 1 + R 3C 2 1 vs
s 2v 2 + sv 2 + v2 =
R 2 R 3C1C 2 R 3 R 2C 1C 2 R 2 R 3C 1C 2

⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 1 vs
s 2v 2 + ⎜ + + ⎟ sv 2 + v2 =
⎜ R 3C 1 R 2 C 2 R 2 C 1 ⎟ R 2 R 3C 1C 2 R 2 R 3C 1C 2
⎝ ⎠
so
vs d2 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞d 1
= v
2 2 ( t ) + ⎜ + + ⎟
⎜ R 3C 1 R 2C 2 R 2C 1 ⎟ dt
v (t ) + v (t )
R 2 R 3C 1C 2 dt ⎝ ⎠ R 2 R 3C 1C 2

P9.2-9
After the switch closes
d
i (t ) = C v (t )
dt
KCL and KVL give

⎛ 1 ⎛ d ⎞⎞ d
v s = R2 ⎜ i (t ) + ⎜ L i (t ) + v (t ) ⎟ ⎟ + L i (t ) + v (t )
⎜ R1 ⎝ dt ⎠ ⎟⎠ dt
⎝

Substituting gives
⎛ R2 ⎞ d2 d ⎛ R2 ⎞
v s = ⎜1 + ⎟ LC 2 v ( t ) + R 2C v ( t ) + ⎜1 + ⎟ v (t )
⎜ R1 ⎟⎠ dt dt ⎜ R1 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎝
⎛ R2 ⎞ d2 d ⎛ R2 ⎞
= ⎜1 + ⎟ LC 2 v ( t ) + R 2C v ( t ) + ⎜1 + ⎟⎟ v ( t )
⎜ R ⎟ dt dt ⎜ R
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
Finally
R1v s d2 R1 R 2 d 1
= v (t ) + v (t ) + v (t )
LC ( R1 + R 2 ) dt L ( R1 + R 2 ) dt LC

P9.2-10
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the part of the circuit to the left of the inductor.

v s − v oc ⎫
ia = ⎪
R1 ⎪ v s R 2 (1 + b )
⎬ ⇒ v oc =
v oc ⎪ R1 + R 2 (1 + b )
ia + bia =
R 2 ⎪⎭
 vs
i sc = i a (1 + b ) = (1 + b )
R1

v s R 2 (1 + b )
v oc R1 + R 2 (1 + b ) R1 R 2
Rt = = =
i sc vs R1 + R 2 (1 + b )
(1 + b )
R1

d i (t )
Rt i (t ) + L + v ( t ) − v oc = 0
dt

d v (t )
i (t ) = C
dt

d v (t ) d 2 v (t ) d 2 v (t ) R t d v (t ) 1 v (t )
Rt C + LC + v ( t ) = v oc ⇒ + + v (t ) =
dt d t2 dt 2
L dt LC LC
Finally,
d 2 v (t ) R1 R 2 d v (t ) 1 v (t )
+ + v (t ) =
L ( R1 + R 2 (1 + b ) ) d t
2
dt LC LC

P9.2-11
KCL gives
v s ( t ) − v1 ( t ) d d
= C1 v1 ( t ) ⇒ v s ( t ) = R1C1 v1 ( t ) + v1 ( t )
R1 dt dt
and
v1 ( t ) − v 2 ( t ) d d
= C2 v 2 (t ) ⇒ v1 ( t ) = R 2 C 2 v 2 (t ) + v 2 (t )
R2 dt dt
Substituting gives
d ⎡ d ⎤ d
v s ( t ) = R1C 1 ⎢ R 2C 2 v 2 ( t ) + v 2 ( t ) ⎥ + R 2C 2 v 2 ( t ) + v 2 ( t )
dt ⎣ dt ⎦ dt
so
1 d2 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
vs (t ) = 2 v 2 (t ) + ⎜ + ⎟ v 2 (t ) + v 2 (t )
R1 R 2C 1C 2 dt ⎜ R1C 1 R 2C 2 ⎟ R R C C
⎝ ⎠ 1 2 1 2
P9.2-12
KVL gives
d
v s ( t ) = R1C 1 v1 ( t ) + v1 ( t )
dt
KCL gives
d d v 2 (t )
C1 v1 ( t ) + C 2 v 2 ( t ) + =0
dt dt R2
KVL gives
v o (t ) = v 2 (t )
Using the operator method
v s = R1C 1sv1 + v1
v2
C 1sv1 + C 2 sv 2 + =0
R2
Solving
⎛ C2 1 ⎞
v1 = − ⎜ v2 + v2 ⎟
⎜ C1 R 2C 1s ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ C2 1 ⎞
sv s = ( sR1C 1 + 1) ⎜ s+ ⎟ vo
⎜ C1 R 2C 1 ⎟⎠
⎝
1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
sv s = s 2 v o + ⎜ + ⎟ sv o + vo
R1C 2 ⎜ R1C 1 R 2C 2 ⎟ R R C C
⎝ ⎠ 1 2 1 2

The corresponding differential equation is

1 d d2 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞d 1
vs (t ) = 2 v o (t ) + ⎜ + ⎟⎟ v o ( t ) + v o (t )
R1C 2 dt dt ⎜
⎝ R1C 1 R 2C 2 ⎠ dt R1 R 2C 1C 2

P9.2-13
After the switch opens, KCL gives
vs (t ) d
+C v (t ) = 0
R1 dt
KVL gives
d
v (t ) − v o (t ) = L i (t )
dt
and Ohm’s law gives
v o (t ) = R2 i (t )
so
 d 1
v (t ) = − vs (t )
dt R1 C
and
d d d2
v (t ) − v o (t ) = L 2 i (t )
dt dt dt
Then
1 d d2 d
− vs (t ) = v (t ) = L 2 i (t ) + R2 i (t )
R1C dt dt dt
or
1 d2 R2 d
− vs (t ) = 2 i (t ) + i (t )
R1CL dt L dt

P9.2-14
KCL gives
vs (t ) v1 ( t ) d
= + C1 v1 ( t )
R1 R2 dt
and
v 2 ( t ) + v1 ( t ) d
+ C2 v 2 (t ) = 0
R3 dt
so
d R2
v1 ( t ) + R 2C 1 v1 ( t ) = vs (t )
dt R1
and
⎛ d ⎞
v 1 ( t ) = − ⎜ v 2 ( t ) + R 3C 2 v 2 ( t ) ⎟
⎝ dt ⎠
Substituting gives
⎡ d d ⎡ d ⎤⎤ R2
⎢ v 2 ( t ) + R 3C 2 dt v 2 ( t ) + R 2C 1 dt ⎢ v 2 ( t ) + R 3C 2 dt v 2 ( t ) ⎥ ⎥ = − R v s ( t )
⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎦ 1
or
d2 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞d 1 1
2
v 2 ( t ) + ⎜
⎜
+ ⎟⎟ v 2 ( t ) + v 2 (t ) = − vs (t )
dt ⎝ R 2C 1 R 3C 2 ⎠ dt R 2 R 3C 1C 2 R1 R 3C 1C 2
P9.2-15

Apply KVL to the left mesh : i1 + s(i1 −i2 ) = vs (1)

where s = d
dt
⎛1⎞
Apply KVL to the right mesh : 2i2 + 2 ⎜ ⎟ i2 + s(i2 − i1 ) = 0
⎝s⎠
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
⇒ i1 = 2⎜ ⎟i2 + 2⎜ 2 ⎟i2 + i2 (2)
⎝s⎠ ⎝s ⎠

Plugging (2) into (1) yields

d 2i di d 2v
3s 2i + 4 si + 2i = s 2v or 3 2 + 4 2 + 2i = s
2 2 2 s 2 dt 2 2
dt dt
Section 9-3: Solution of the Second Order Differential Equation - The Natural Response

P9.3-1
From Problem P 9.2-2 the characteristic equation is

−11000± (11000)2 − 4(1.1×108 )

1.1×108 +11000 s + s 2 = 0 ⇒ s1 , s2 = = −5500± j 8930
2

P9.3-2
di L
KVL: 40(i s − i L ) = 100m + vc where m = 10 −3
dt
1 dv c
i L = ic = m
3 dt

40 dis 40 di L 100 2 d 2i L
i = m − m − m
L 3 dt 3 dt 3 dt 2
d 2i L di di
+ 400 L +30000i L = 400 s
dt 2 dt dt

s 2 +400s+30000 = 0 ⇒ (s+100)(s+300) = 0 ⇒ s1 = −100, s 2 = −300

P9.3-3
v − vs dv
KCL: + i L + 10μ = 0 where μ = 10 −6
1 dt
KVL:
di L
v = 2i L +1m where m = 10 −3
dt

di L di d 2i L
0 = 2i L + 1m − v s + i L + 10μ ⋅ 2 L + 10μ ⋅ 1m
dt dt dt
2
di d i
v s = 3i L +.00102 L + 1 × 10 −8 2L
dt dt
d 2i L di
+ 102000 L + 3 × 10 −8 i L = 1 × 108 v s
dt dt
s + 102000s + 3 × 108 = 0, ∴ s1 = 3031, s2 = − 98969
2
P9.3-4
Assume zero initial conditions
1 di1 1 di2
loop 1 : 10i1 + − = 10 − 7
2 dt 2 dt
1 di1 1 di2
loop 2 : − + + 200 ∫ i2 dt = 7
2 dt 2 dt
⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎤
⎢⎜10 + 2 s ⎟ − s ⎥
⎢ ⎝ ⎠ 2
⎥
determinant :
⎢ 1 ⎛ 1 200 ⎞⎥
⎢ −2s ⎜ s+ ⎟
s ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎝2
s 2 + 20 s + 400 = 0, ∴ s = − 10 ± j 17.3
Section 9.4: Natural Response of the Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit

bg
P9.4-1 v 0 = 6,
bg
dv 0
= − 3000
dt

v ( v − vs ) ⎛ L ⎞
Using operators, the node equation is: Csv+ + =0 or ⎜ LCs2 + s+ 1⎟ v = vs
R sL ⎝ R ⎠
1 1
So the characteristic equation is: s2 + s+ = 0
RC LC
⇒ s1,2 = − 250 ± 2502 − 40,000 = − 100, − 400

bg
So v t = Ae −100 t + Be −400 t
vb0g = 6 = A + B
dvb0g U A = −2
= − 3000 = − 100A − 400BV
dt W B=8
∴ vb t g = − 2e −100 t
+ 8e −400 t
t>0

P9.4-2
bg bg
v 0 = 2, i 0 = 0
1 1
Characteristic equation s2 + s+ = 0 ⇒ s2 + 4s + 3 = 0 ⇒ s = − 1, − 3
RC LC
bg
v t = Ae − t + Be −3t

Use eq. 9.5 − 12 ⇒ s1A + s2 B = −

b g − ib0g
v0
RC C
−1A − 3B = −
2
1
−0 = − 8 b1g
4
bg
also have v 0 = 2 = A + B b2g
From b1g & b2g get A = −1, B = 3
∴ vb t g = −1e + 3e V
−t −3t

P9.4-3
di1
KVL : i1 + 5
dt
di
−3 2 = 0
dt
b1g
KVL : − 3
di1
dt
+3
di 2
dt
+ 2i 2 = 0 b2 g
in operator form

(1+5s )i1+( −3s )i2 = 0 ⎫⎪

⎬ thus Δ = (1+5s ) ( 3s+2 ) − 9 s 2 2
= 6s + 13s+ 2 = 0 ⇒ s = − 16, − 2
( −3s ) i1 +( 3s+2 ) i2 = 0⎪⎭
 bg
Thus i1 t = Ae
− t6
+ Be −2 t

i b t g = Ce
− t6 −2 t
2 + De

Now i b0g = 11 = A + B;i b0g = 11 = C + D

1 2

from b1g & b2g get

di b0g 33 A di b0g 143 C
1
= − = − − 2B ; = − 2
= − − 20
dt 2 6 dt 6 6
which yields A = 3, B = 8, C = − 1, 0 = 12
i1 (t) = 3e − t /6 + 8e −2 t A & i 2 ( t) = − e − t /6 +12e −2 t A

P9.4-4
Represent this circuit by a differential equation.
(R1 = 50 Ω when the switch is open and R1 = 10
Ω when the switch is closed.)

Use KCL to get

v (t ) d
i (t ) = + C v (t )
R2 dt

Use KVL to get

d
v s = R1 i ( t ) + L i (t ) + v (t )
dt

Substitute to get
R1 d L d d2
vs = v ( t ) + R1C v ( t ) + v ( t ) + CL 2 v ( t ) + v ( t )
R2 dt R 2 dt dt

d2 ⎛ L ⎞d R1 + R 2
= CL v ( t ) + ⎜
⎜
R C + ⎟ v (t ) + v (t )
R 2 ⎟⎠ dt
2 1
dt ⎝ R2
Finally,
vs d2 ⎛ R1 1 ⎞d R1 + R 2
= 2
v ( t ) + ⎜
⎜
+ ⎟⎟ v ( t ) + v (t )
CL dt ⎝ L R 2C ⎠ dt R 2CL
Compare to
d2 d
2
v ( t ) + 2α v ( t ) + ω 0 2 v ( t ) = f (t )
dt dt
to get
 R1 1 R1 + R 2
2α = + and ω 0 2 =
L R 2C R 2CL

(a) When the switch is open α = 14.5 , ω 0 = 14.14 rad/s and ω d = j3.2 (the circuit is
overdamped).

(b) When the switch is closed α = 4.5 , ω 0 = 10.954 rad/s and ω d = 9.987 (the circuit is
underdamped).

P9.4-5
1 1
s2 + s + = 0
RC LC
s 2 + 40 s + 100 = 0
s = − 2.7 , − 37.3

The initial conditions are v(0) = 0 , i (0) 1 A .

vn = A1e −2.7 t + A2 e −37.3t , v(0) = 0 = A1 + A2 (1)
v(0+ ) 1 dv(0+ )
KCL at t = 0+ yields : + i (0+ ) + =0
1 40 dt
dv(0+ )
∴ = − 40v(0+ ) − 40i (0+ ) = − 40(1) = − 2.7 A1 − 37.3 A2 (2)
dt
from (1) and (2) ⇒ A1 = −1.16 , A2 = 1.16
So v(t ) = vn (t ) = − 1.16e −2.7 t + 1.16e −37.3t
Section 9.5: Natural Response of the Critically Damped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit

P9.5-1 t>0

di c dv
KVL a : 100i c + .025 + v c = 0, i c = 10 −5 c
dt dt
d 2 vc dv c
∴ + 4000 + 4 × 106 v c = 0
dt 2 dt
s2 + 4000s + 4 × 106 bg
= 0 ⇒ s = − 2000, − 2000 ∴ v c t = A 1e −2000 t + A 2 te −2000 t

t = 0− (Steady − State)

e j
i L = i c 0− e j
= 0 = ic 0+ ⇒
e j
dv c 0 +
= 0
dt
v e0 j = 3 V = v e0 j
c
−
c
+

e j=3= A
so v c 0 + 1

dv e0 j
c
+

= 0 = − 2000A 1 + A 2 ⇒ A 2 = 6000
dt
bg b g
∴ v c t = 3 + 6000t e −2000 t V

P9.5-2

t>0
KCL at v c :
2
d vc
z
−∞

dv
t dv
v c dt + v c + 1 4 c = 0
dt

⇒ d dt + 4 c + 4v c = 0
dt dt

bg
s2 + 4s + 4 = 0, s = − 2, − 2 ∴ v c t = A 1e −2 t + A 2 te −2 t
 t = 0− (Steady − State)

e j = 0 = v e0 j & i e0 j = 2010 ΩV = 2 A = i e0 j
v c 0− c
+
L
−
L
+

Since v e0 j = 0 then i e0 j = − i e0 j = − 2 A
c
+
c
+
L
+

dv e0 j i e0 j + +
e j=0=A
So v c 0 + 1 ∴ =
c
= −8V
dt
c
1 S
dv e0 j
c
+ 4
= −8 = A 2
dt
bg
∴ v c t = − 8te −2 t V

P9.5-3
Assume steady − state at t = 0 − ∴ vc 0− e j= 104 V & i L 0 − e j= 0

t>0
KVL a : − v c +.01
di L
dt
+ 106 i L = 0 b1g
Also : i L = − C
dv c
= −
LM
d 2i L di
+ 106 L
OP b2g
dt C .01
dt 2
MN dt PQ
d 2i L di L
∴ .01C 2
+ 106 C + iL = 0
dt dt

Characteristic eq. ⇒ .01C s2 + 106 s + 1 = 0 ⇒ s =

−106 C ± e10 Cj − 4b.01Cg
6 2

2b.01Cg
for critically damped: 1012 C 2 −.04C = 0
⇒ C = 0.04pF ∴ s = − 5 × 107 , − 5 × 107

bg 7
So i L t = A 1e −5×10 t + A 2 te −5×10
7
t

Now from (1) ⇒

di L +
dt
e j
0 = 100 v c 0 + − 106 i L 0 + = 106 A s e j e j
di Lb 0g
bg
So i L 0 = 0 = A 1 and
dt
7
= 106 = A 2 ∴ i L t = 106 te −5×10 t A bg
Now vb t g = 10 i b t g = 10
7
6
L
12
te −5×10 t
V
P9.5-4
1 1 1 1
s2 + s+ = 0 with = 500 and = 62.5 ×103 yields s = −250, −250
RC LC RC LC

v ( t ) = Ae −250t + Bte −250t

v ( 0) = 6 = A
dv ( 0 )
= −3000 = − 250 A + B ⇒ B = − 1500
dt
∴ v ( t ) = 6e −250t − 1500te −250t

P9.5-5
di
KVL : + Ri + 2+ 4 ∫0t idt = 6 (1)
dt  

v( t )

d 2i di
taking the derivative with respect to t : + R + 4i = 0
dt 2 dt

Characteristic equataion: s 2 + Rs + 4 = 0

Let R = 4 for critical damping ⇒ ( s + 2 )2 =0

So i ( t ) = Ate −2t + Be −2t

i( 0 ) = 0 ⇒ B = 0
di( 0 )
from (1) = 4 − R( i ( 0 ) ) = 4− R( 0 ) = 4 = A
dt
∴ i( t ) = 4te−2t A
Section 9-6: Natural Response of an Underdamped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit

P9.6-1
t>0
KCL at v c :
vc
250 + i L + 5 × 10
−6 dv c
dt
= 0 b1g
also : v c = .8
di L
dt
b2g

Solving for i in (1) & plugging into ( 2 )

L
d 2 vc dv
+800 c + 2.5×105 vc = 0 ⇒ s 2 +800 s +250,000 = 0, s = − 400± j 300
dt 2 dt
−400t
∴ v
c
(t) =e ⎣⎡ A1cos300t+A 2 sin 300t ⎦⎤

t = 0− (Steady − State)

−6V
e j = 500
i L 0−
Ω
= −6 500 A = i e0 j L
+

v e0 j = 250e −6 500j + 6 = 3V = v e0 j
c
−
c
+

dv e0 j +

Now from b1g : = − 2 × 10 i e0 j − 800v e0 j = 0

c 5 + +
L c
dt
e j=3=A
So v c 0 + 1

dv e0 j
c
+

= 0 = − 400A 1 + 300A 2 ⇒ A 2 = 4
dt
bg
∴ v c t = e −400 t 3 cos 300t + 4sin 300t V

P9.6-2
t = 0−

bgi 0 = 2A
v b0g = 0

t = 0−
KCL at node a:

z
t
v
1
dv 1
+C +
dt L
vdt + i 0 = 0 1 bg bg
0
 1
bg FG
1
v + i 0 = 0 or s2 + s +
1 IJ
in operator form have v + Csv +
Ls CH LC
v=0
K
with s2 + 4s + 8 = 0 ⇒ s = −2 ± j2

bg
v t = e −2 t B1cos2t + B2 sin 2t
vb0g = 0 = B 1

dvb0g 1
From b1g, = −ib0g − vb0g = −4 2 = −8 = 2 B 2 or B2 = −4
dt C
So vb t g = −4e sin 2tV
−2 t

P9.6-3 t > 0
KCL at v c :
1 dv c v c
4 dt
+
2
+ iL = 0 b1g
KVL : v c =
4di L
dt
+ 8i L b2 g

d 2i L di
( 2) into (1) yields
2
2
+ 4 L + 5i = 0 ⇒ s + 4s+ 5 = 0 ⇒ s = − 2 ± i
L
dt dt
−2t
∴i
L
(t) = e ⎡⎣ A1cos t+A 2sin t ⎤⎦

t = 0− bSteady − Stateg
e j
v c 0− F 48 I
2
= 7 GH 4 8 + 2 JK

e j = 8 V = v e0 j
⇒ vc 0− c
+

−8 V
i e0 j =
L
−
= − 4 A = i e0 j L
+
2Ω

b g det j e j − 2i
+
di 0 v c 0+
∴ from 2
L
=
4
L e0 j = 84V − 2b−4g = 10 As
+

So i L 0 + e j = −4 = A 1

di L e0 j = 10 = − 2A
+

1 + A2 ⇒ A2 = 2
dt
bg
∴ i L t = e −2 t −4 cos t + 2 sin t A
P9.6-4
The response is underdamped so

∴ v ( t ) = e− α t ⎡ k cos ωt + k sin ωt ⎤ + k
⎣1 2 ⎦ 3
v ( ∞ ) = 0 ⇒ k = 0, v ( 0 ) = 0 ⇒ k = 0
3 1
∴ v ( t ) = k e− α t sin ωt
2

From Fig. P 9.6-6

t ≈ 5ms ↔ v ≈ 260mV (max)
t ≈ 7.5ms ↔ v ≈ −200 mV (min)

2π
∴ distance between adjacent maxima is ≈ ω = = 1257 rad
T s
so
−α (.005 )
0.26 = k e sin 1257 (.005 ) (1)
2
−α (.0075 )
−0.2 = k e sin 1257 (.0075 ) ( 2 )
2
Dividing (1) by (2) gives
α (.0025) sin ( 6.29 rad )
− 1.3 = e ⇒ e⋅0025 α = 1.95 ⇒ α = 267
sin ( 9.43 rad )
From (1) k 2 = 544 so
v ( t ) = 544e −267t sin1257t ( approx. answer )
P9.6-5

bg
v 0 = 2V
i b0g = 1 A
10

1 1
Char. eq.⇒ s2 + s+ = 0 or s2 + 2 s +5 = 0 thus roots are s = −1± j 2
RC LC

So have v(t) = e − t B1 cos2t + B2 sin 2t

now v(0 + ) = 2 = B1

Need
e j
dv 0 +
=
1
i c 0+ e j e j
KCL yields i c 0 + = −
e j − ie 0 j =
v 0+
+
−
1 V
dt C 5 2 s
e j
dv 0 +
= 10 −
FG 1 IJ = − B1 + 2 B2 ⇒ B2 = − 3 2
So
dt H 2K
bg
Finally, have v t = 2e − t cos2t −
3 −t
2
e sin2t V t>0
Section 9-7: Forced Response of an RLC Circuit

P9.7-1
v dv
KCL : i s = + iL + C
R dt
di L
KVL : v = L
dt

L di L d 2i L
is = + i L + LC
R dt dt 2

(a) i s = l u(t) ∴ assume i f = A

d 2i L1 di L 1
2
+ + i L = is
dt RC dt LC
1
0+0+A = 1
b ge
.01 1 × 10 −3 j
A = 1 × 10 −5 = i f

(b)
is = .5t u(t) ∴ assume i f = At + B

b gb g b g b gb g
65 1
0+A + At + B = .5t
100 .001 .01 .001
650A + 100000B = 0
100000At = .5t

A = 5 × 10 −6
B = 3.25 × 10 −8
i f = 5 × 10 −6 t − 3.25 × 10 −8 A

(c) i s = 2e −250 t ∴ assume i f = Ae −250 t

This does not work ∴ i f = Bte −250 t

Be −250 t −250Bte −250 t Bte −250 t

+ + = 2e −250 t
RC RC LC
150 B = 2
B = .0133
if = .0133 te −250 t A
P9.7-2

d 2 v R dv 1
+ + v = vs
dt L dt LC

(a) v s = 2 ∴ assume v f = A
0 + 0 +12000A = 2
A = 1 6000 = v f

(b) v s = .2 t ∴ assume v f = At + B
70A + 12000At +12000B = .2t
70A + 12000 B = 0
12000 At = .2t

1 70A
A = , B = , B = 350
60000 12000
t
∴ vf = + 350 V
60000

(c) v s = e −30 t ∴ assume Ae −30 t

900A − 2100Ae −30 t +12000Ae −30 t = e −30 t
10800Ae −30 t = e −30 t
1
A =
10800
e −30 t
vf = V
10800
P9.7-3
(a) v " + 5v ' + 6v = 8
Try vf = B & plug into above ⇒ 6 B = 8 ∴ vf = 8 / 6 V
(b) v " + 5v ' + 6v = 3e −4t
Try vf = Be −4t & plug into above
⇒ (−4) 2 B + 5(−4) B + 6 B = 3 ⇒ B = 3 / 2
∴ vf = 3 / 2e −4t
(c) v " + 5v ' + 6v = 2e −2t
Try vf = Bte −2t (since − 2 is a natural frequency)
⇒ (4t − 4) B + 5 B(1 − 2t ) + 6 Bt = 2 ⇒ B = 2
∴ vf = 2te −2t
Section 9-8: Complete Response of an RLC Circuit

P9.8-1

First, find the steady state response for t < 0, when the switch is open. Both inputs are constant
so the capacitor will act like an open circuit at steady state, and the inductor will act like a short
circuit. After a source transformation at the left of the circuit:

22 − 4
i L ( 0) = = 6 mA
3000
and
v C ( 0) = 4 V

After the switch closes

Apply KCL at node a:

vC d
+C vC + iL = 0
R dt

Apply KVL to the right mesh:

d d
L i L + Vs − vC = 0 ⇒ vC = L i L + Vs
dt dt

After some algebra:

d2 d2 ⎛ 4 ⎞
i + (103 ) i L + ⎜ × 106 ⎟ i L = − × 103
1 d 1 V d 16
i +
2 L
iL + iL = − s ⇒ 2 L
dt R C dt LC R LC dt dt ⎝ 25 ⎠ 25
The characteristic equation is
 ⎛ 4 ⎞
s 2 + (103 ) s + ⎜ × 106 ⎟ = 0 ⇒ s1,2 = −200, − 800 rad/s
⎝ 25 ⎠

After the switch closes the steady-state inductor current is iL(∞) = -4 mA so

i L ( t ) = −0.004 + A1 e−200 t + A2 e−800 t

⎛ 4 ⎞d 4
vC (t ) = ⎜ ⎟ i L (t ) + 4 = ⎡⎣( −200 ) A1 e −200 t + ( −800 ) A2 e−800 t ⎤⎦ + 4
⎝ ⎠
25 dt 25
= ( −32 ) A1 e−200 t + ( −128 ) A2 e −800 t + 4
Let t = 0 and use the initial conditions:

0.006 = −0.004 + A1 + A2 ⇒ 0.01 = A1 + A2

4 = ( −32 ) A1 + ( −128) A2 + 4 ⇒ A1 = ( −4 ) A2

So A1 = 8.01 and A2 = 2.00 and

i L ( t ) = −0.004 + 8.01e−200 t + 2.00 e−800 t A

v C ( t ) = ( −104 ) e −200 t + (104 ) e −800 t + 4 V

v C (t )
i (t ) = = ( −10 ) e −200 t + (10 ) e −800 t + 0.004 A
1000

P9.8-2
First, find the steady state response for t < 0. The input is constant so the capacitor will act like
an open circuit at steady state, and the inductor will act like a short circuit.

−1
i (0) = = 0.2 A
1+ 4
and
4
v (0) = ( −1) = −0.8 V
1+ 4

For t > 0
Apply KCL at node a:

v − Vs d
+C v+i = 0
R1 dt

Apply KVL to the right mesh:

d d
R2 i + L i − v = 0 ⇒ v = R2 i + L iL
dt dt

After some algebra:

d2 L + R1 R 2 C d R1 + R 2 Vs d2 d
2
i+ i+ i= ⇒ 2
i +5 i +5i =1
dt R1 L C dt R1 L C R1 L C dt dt

d2 d
The forced response will be a constant, if = B so 1 = 2
B + 5 B + 5 B ⇒ B = 0.2 A .
dt dt

To find the natural response, consider the characteristic equation:

0 = s 2 + 5 s + 5 = ( s + 3.62 )( s + 1.38)
The natural response is
in = A1 e −3.62 t + A2 e −1.38 t
so
i ( t ) = A1 e −3.62 t + A2 e−1.38 t + 0.2
Then
⎛ d ⎞
v ( t ) = ⎜ 4 i ( t ) + 4 i ( t ) ⎟ = −10.48 A1 e −3.62 t − 1.52 A2 e−1.38 t + 0.8
⎝ dt ⎠
At t=0+
−0.2 = i ( 0 + ) = A1 + A2 + 0.2
−0.8 = v ( 0 + ) = −10.48 A1 − 1.52 A2 + 0.8

so A1 = 0.246 and A2 = -0.646. Finally

i ( t ) = 0.2 + 0.246 e −3.62 t − 0.646 e −1.38 t A

P9.8-3
First, find the steady state response for t < 0. The input is constant so the capacitors will act like
an open circuits at steady state.

1000
v1 ( 0 ) = (10 ) = 5 V
1000 + 1000
and
v2 ( 0 ) = 0 V

For t > 0,

Node equations:

v1 − 10 ⎛ 1 ⎞ d v −v
+ ⎜ × 10−6 ⎟ v1 + 1 2 = 0
1000 ⎝ 6 ⎠ dt 1000
⎛1 ⎞ d
⇒ 2 v1 + ⎜ ×10−3 ⎟ v1 − 10 = v2
⎝6 ⎠ dt

v1 − v2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ d
= ⎜ × 10−6 ⎟ v2
1000 ⎝ 16 ⎠ dt
⎛ 1 ⎞ d
⇒ v1 − v2 = ⎜ × 10−3 ⎟ v2
⎝ 16 ⎠ dt

After some algebra:

d2
v + ( 2.8 ×104 ) v1 + ( 9.6 × 107 ) v1 = 9.6 × 108
d
2 1
dt dt

The forced response will be a constant, vf = B so

d2
B + ( 2.8 ×104 ) B + ( 9.6 ×107 ) B = 9.6 × 108 ⇒ B = 10 V .
d
2
dt dt
To find the natural response, consider the characteristic equation:

s 2 + ( 2.8 × 104 ) s + ( 9.6 × 107 ) = 0 ⇒ s1,2 = −4 × 103 , −2.4 × 104

The natural response is
3 4t
vn = A1 e−4×10 t + A2 e−2.4×10
so
3 4t
v1 ( t ) = A1 e−4×10 t + A2 e−2.4×10 + 10
At t = 0
 −4×103 ( 0 ) −2.4×104 ( 0 )
5 = v1 ( 0 ) = A1 e + A2 e + 10 = A1 + A2 + 10 (1)
Next
⎛1 ⎞ d d
2 v1 + ⎜ × 10−3 ⎟ v1 − 10 = v2 ⇒ v1 = 12000v1 + 6000 v2 − 6 × 10 4
⎝6 ⎠ dt dt
At t = 0
d
v1 ( 0 ) = 12000v1 ( 0 ) + 6000 v2 ( 0 ) − 6 × 104 = 12000 ( 5 ) + 6000 ( 0 ) − 6 × 104 = 0
dt
so
( ) ( )
d 3 4
v1 ( t ) = A1 −4 × 103 e−4×10 t + A2 −2.4 × 104 e −2.4×10 t
dt
At t = 0+

−4×103 ( 0 ) −2.4×104 ( 0 )
0=
d
dt
(
v1 ( 0 ) = A1 −4 × 103 e ) (
+ A2 −2.4 ×104 e ) (
= A1 −4 × 103 + A2 −2.4 × 104 ) ( )
so A1 = -6 and A2 = 1. Finally

4t 3t
v1 ( t ) = 10 + e−2.4×10 − 6 e−4 ×10 V for t > 0
P9.8-4
t>0 FG di L IJ
− 5cost + i L + 112 dv dt = 0 b1g
H
KCL at top node : .5
dt K
di
KVL at right loop : .5 L = 112
dt
dv
dt
+v b2 g

d
dt of 1 ⇒ bg
.5
d 2 i L di L 1 d 2 v
dt 2
+ +
dt 12 dt 2
= − 5sint (3)

bg b4 g
2 2
d of 2 ⇒ .5 d i L = 1 d v + dv
dt dt 2 12 dt 2 dt

Solving for
d 2i L
dt 2 bg
in 4 and
di L
dt
bg
in 2 & plugging into 3 bg
d2v dv
+7 + 12 v = − 30sint ⇒ s2 + 7s + 12 = 0 ⇒ s = − 3, − 4
dt 2 dt

so v(t) = A 1e −3t + A 2 e −4 t + v f Try v f = B1cost + B2 sint & plug

into D.E., equating like terms
yields B1 = 2117 , B2 = − 3317
t = 0+
5V − 1V dv(0 + )
e j=
i c 0+
1Ω + 1Ω
= 2A ∴
dt
= 2
1 = 24 V s
12

So v(0 + ) = 1 = A 1 + A 2 + 2117 U| A 1 = 25
dv(0 + )
= 24 = − 3A 1 − 4A 2 − 3317
V| A 2 = − 429 17
dt W
e
∴ v(t) = 25e −3t − 117 429e −4 t − 21cost + 33sint V j
P9.8-5 Use superposition − first consider 2u(t) source

KVL at right mesh : v c + si L + 4(i L − 2) = 0 (1)

also : i L = (1 / 3) sv c ⇒ v c = (3 / s) i L (2)

Plugging (2) into (1) yields (s2 + 4s + 3) i L = 0 , roots : s = −1 ,−3

So i L (t) = A 1e − t + A 2 e −3t
t = 0 − ⇒ circuit is dead ∴ v c (0) = i L (0) = 0
+
di L (0 )
Now from (1) = 8 − 4i L (0 + ) − v C (0 + ) = 8 A / s
dt

So i L (0) = 0 = A 1 + A 2 U|
di L (0)
= 8 = − A 1 − 3A 2
V| A 1 = 4 , A 2 = −4
dt W
∴ i L (t) = 4e − t − 4e −3t
∴ v1 (t) = 8 − 4 i L (t) = 8 − 16e − t + 16e −3t V
Now for 2u(t − 2) source, just take above expression and replace t → t − 2 and flip signs
∴ v 2 (t) = −8 +16e − ( t − 2 ) − 16 e −3( t − 2 ) V
∴ v(t) = v1 (t) + v 2 (t)
v(t) = 8 − 16e − t +16e −3t u(t) + −8 + 16e − ( t − 2 ) − 16 e −3( t − 2 ) u (t − 2) V
P9.8-6

First, find the steady state response for t < 0, when the switch is closed. The input is constant so
the capacitor will act like an open circuit at steady state, and the inductor will act like a short
circuit.

5
i (0) = − = −1.25 mA
4
and
v ( 0) = 5 V

After the switch closes

Apply KCL at node a:

v d
+ 0.125 v = i
2 dt

Apply KVL to the right mesh:

d
−10 cos t + v + 4 i+4i =0
dt

After some algebra:

d2 d
2
v + 5 v + 6 v = 20 cos t
dt dt

The characteristic equation is

 s 2 + 5 s + 6 = 0 ⇒ s1,2 = −2, − 3 rad/s
Try
vf = A cos t + B sin t

d2 d
2 (
A cos t + B sin t ) + 5 ( A cos t + B sin t ) + 6 ( A cos t + B sin t ) = 20 cos t
dt dt
( − A cos t − B sin t ) + 5 ( − A sin t + B cos t ) + 6 ( A cos t + B sin t ) = 20 cos t
( − A + 5 B + 6 A) cos t + ( − B − 5 A + 6 B ) sin t = 20 cos t
So A =2 and B =2. Then
vf = 2 cos t + 2 sin t

v ( t ) = 2 cos t + 2 sin t + A1 e−2 t + A2 e−3 t

Next
v (t ) d d
+ 0.125 v ( t ) = i ( t ) ⇒ v (t ) = 8 i (t ) − 4 v (t )
2 dt dt

d ⎛ 5⎞ V
v ( 0 ) = 8 i ( 0 ) − 4 v ( 0 ) = 8 ⎜ − ⎟ − 4 ( 5 ) = −30
dt ⎝ 4⎠ s

Let t = 0 and use the initial conditions:

5 = v ( 0 ) = 2 cos 0 + 2 sin 0 + A1 e−0 + A2 e−0 = 2 + A1 + A2

d
v ( t ) = −2 sin t + 2 cos t − 2 A1 e −2 t − 3 A2 e −3 t
dt
d
−30 = v ( 0 ) = −2 sin 0 + 2 cos 0 − 2 A1 e −0 − 3 A2 e −0 = 2 − 2 A1 − 3 A2
dt

So A1 = -23 and A2 = 26 and

v ( t ) = 2 cos t + 2 sin t − 23 e−2 t + 26 e−3 t

P9.8-7

First, find the steady state response for t < 0, when the switch is closed. The input is constant so
the capacitor will act like an open circuit at steady state, and the inductor will act like a short
circuit.

i ( 0) = 0 A
and
v ( 0) = 0 V

After the switch closes

d
Apply KCL at node a: C v=i
dt

Apply KVL to the right mesh:

d
8 i + v + 2 i + 4 (2 + i) = 0
dt
d
12 i + v + 2 i = −8
dt

d2 d ⎛ 1 ⎞ 4
After some algebra: 2
v + ( 6) v + ⎜ ⎟v = −
dt dt ⎝2C⎠ C
The forced response will be a constant, vf = B so

d2 d ⎛ 1 ⎞ 4
2
B + ( 6) B + ⎜ ⎟B = − ⇒ B = −8 V
dt dt ⎝2C⎠ C
(a) d2 d
When C = 1/18 F the differential equation is 2
v + ( 6 ) v + ( 9 ) v = −72
dt dt
The characteristic equation is s + 6 s + 9 = 0 ⇒ s1,2 = −3, −3
2

Then v ( t ) = ( A1 + A2 t ) e −3t − 8 .
Using the initial conditions:
0 = v ( 0 ) = ( A1 + A2 ( 0 ) ) e0 − 8 ⇒ A1 = 8

v ( 0 ) = −3 ( A1 + A2 ( 0 ) ) e0 + A2 e0
d
0= ⇒ A2 = 24
dt
So
v ( t ) = ( 8 + 24 t ) e −3t − 8 V for t > 0
(b) d2 d
When C = 1/10 F the differential equation is 2
v + ( 6 ) v + ( 5 ) v = −40
dt dt
The characteristic equation is s + 6 s + 5 = 0 ⇒ s1,2 = −1, −5
2

Then v ( t ) = A1 e − t + A2 e−5 t − 8 .
Using the initial conditions:
0 = v ( 0 ) = A1 e0 + A2 e0 − 8 ⇒ A1 + A2 = 8 ⎫
⎪
d ⎬ ⇒ A1 = 10 and A2 = −2
0 = v ( 0 ) = − A1 e − 5 A2 e ⇒ − A1 − 5 A2 = 0 ⎪
0 0

dt ⎭
So
v ( t ) = 10 e− t − 2 e−5 t − 8 V for t > 0
(c) d2 d
When C = 1/20 F the differential equation is 2
v + ( 6 ) v + (10 ) v = −80
dt dt
The characteristic equation is s + 6 s + 10 = 0 ⇒ s1,2 = −3 ± j
2

Then v ( t ) = e −3 t ( A1 cos t + A2 sin t ) − 8 .

Using the initial conditions:
0 = v ( 0 ) = e0 ( A1 cos 0 + A2 sin 0 ) − 8 ⇒ A1 = 8

v ( 0 ) = −3 e0 ( A1 cos 0 + A2 sin 0 ) + e0 ( − A1 sin 0 + A2 cos 0 ) ⇒

d
0= A2 = 24
dt
So
v ( t ) = e−3 t ( 8cos t + 24 sin t ) − 8 V for t > 0
P9.8-8
The circuit will be at steady state for t<0:

so iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0.5 A and vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 2 V.

For t>0:

1 1d 1 1d
Apply KCL at node b to get: = iL ( t ) + vC ( t ) ⇒ iL ( t ) = − vC ( t )
4 4 dt 4 4 dt

d ⎛1 d ⎞
Apply KVL to the right-most mesh to get: 4 iL ( t ) + 2 iL ( t ) = 8 ⎜ vc ( t ) ⎟ + vc ( t )
dt ⎝ 4 dt ⎠
Use the substitution method to get

⎛1 1 d ⎞ d ⎛1 1 d ⎞ ⎛1 d ⎞
4⎜ − vC ( t ) ⎟ + 2 ⎜ − vC ( t ) ⎟ = 8 ⎜ vc ( t ) ⎟ + v ( t )
⎝ 4 4 dt ⎠ dt ⎝ 4 4 dt ⎠ ⎝ 4 dt ⎠ c
d2 d
or 2= vC ( t ) + 6 vC ( t ) + 2 vC ( t )
dt 2 dt

d2 d
The forced response will be a constant, vC= B so 2 = B + 6 B + 2 B ⇒ B =1 V .
dt 2 dt

To find the natural response, consider the characteristic equation:

 0 = s 2 + 6 s + 2 = ( s + 5.65 )( s + 0.35 )
The natural response is
vn = A1 e−5.65 t + A 2 e−0.35 t

so vC ( t ) = A1 e −5.65 t + A 2 e−0.35 t +1
Then
vC ( t ) = +1.41 A1 e−5.65 t + 0.0875 A 2 e−0.35 t
1 1 d 1
iL ( t ) = +
4 4 dt 4
At t=0+
2 = vC ( 0 + ) = A1 + A 2 +1
1 1
=iL ( 0 + ) = +1.41A1 + 0.0875 A 2
2 4

so A1 = 0.123 and A2 = 0.877. Finally

vC ( t ) = 0.123 e-5.65 t + 0.877 e-0.35 t +1 V

P9.8-9
v = L di dt (1)
dv v
KCL : C + i+ = i s (2)
dt 2

Substituting (1) into (2) yields

5
(s2 + 4 s + 29 ) i = i s = = 145
1
29
roots : s = − 2 ± j5
∴ i n = e −2 t A cos 5t + B sin 5t
i f = 145 29 = 5
So i (t) = 5 + e −2 t A cos 5t + B sin 5t
Now i (0) = 0 = A +5 ⇒ A = −5
di (0)
from (1) = 0 = − 2A + 5B ⇒ B = − 2
dt
∴ i (t) = 5+e −2 t −5 cos 5t − 2sin 5t

P9.8-10
t = 0− 2
i(0 − ) = × 9 = 6A = i (0 + )
2+1
1
& v (0 − ) = × 9 × 1.5 = 4.5V = v(0 + )
2+1
 t>0

dv v
KCL at middle node: i + 0.5 + = is (1)
dt 1.5
dv v 5di
KVL : v + (0.5 + ) (0.5) = + i (2)
dt 1.5 dt

Solving for i in (1) and plugging into

(2) i ld
d2v 49 dv 4 2 d
2
+ + v = i s + 2 is where i s = 9 + 3e −2 t A
dt 30 dt 5 5 dt
49 4
So have s2 + s+ = 0 yields s = −.817 ± j.365
30 5
v n (t) = e −.817 t A 1cos (.365t) + A 2 sin (.365t)
⇒ B0 = 4.5, B1−= − 7.04
B0t+ B1e 2 t and plug into the D.E.,equate like terms
Try v f (t) =−.817
So v(t) = e A 1cos(.365t ) + A 2 sin (.365t) + 4.5− 7.04e −2 t
Now v(0) = 4.5 = A 1 + 4.5− 7.04 ⇒ A 1 = 7.04
from (1)
dv(0) 4 4
= 2 i s (0) − 2i (0) − v(0) = 2(9+3) − 2(6) − (4.5) = 6
dt 3 3
∴ 6 = −.817A 1 + . 365 A 2 + 14.08 ⇒ A 2 = − 22.82
v(t) dv(t)
so i(t) = i s (t) − −.5
1.5 dt
i(t) = e −.817 t 2.37 cos (.365t) + 7.14 sin (.365t) + 6 +.65e −2 t A

P9.8-11
First, find the steady state response for t < 0, when the switch is closed. The input is constant so
the capacitor will act like an open circuit at steady state, and the inductor will act like a short
circuit.

va ( 0 ) = −4 i ( 0 )

i ( 0 ) = 2 ( −4 i ( 0 ) ) ⇒ i ( 0 ) = 0 A

and
v ( 0 ) = 10 V

For t > 0

Apply KCL at node 2:

va d
+ K va + C v=0
R dt

KCL at node 1 and Ohm’s

Law:
va = − R i
so
d 1+ K R
v= i
dt CR
d
Apply KVL to the outside loop: L i + R i + v − Vs = 0
dt
After some algebra:
d2 R d 1+ K R 1+ K R d2 d
2
v+ v+ v= Vs ⇒ 2
v + 40 v + 144 v = 2304
dt L dt LC LC dt dt
The forced response will be a constant, vf = B so

d2 d
2
B + ( 40 ) B + (144 ) B = 2304 ⇒ B = 16 V
dt dt

The characteristic equation is s 2 + 40 s + 144 = 0 ⇒ s1,2 = −4, −36 .

Then v ( t ) = A1 e− 4 t + A2 e−36 t + 16 .
Using the initial conditions:
10 = v ( 0 ) = A1 e0 + A2 e0 + 16 ⇒ A1 + A2 = −6 ⎫
⎪
d ⎬ ⇒ A1 = 0.75 and A2 = −6.75
0 = v ( 0 ) = −4 A1 e − 36 A2 e ⇒ − 4 A1 − 36 A2 = 0 ⎪
0 0

dt ⎭
So
v ( t ) = 0.75 e −4 t − 6.75 e−36 t + 16 V for t > 0

P9.8-12
Two steady state responses are of interest, before and
after the switch opens. At steady state, the capacitor acts
like an open circuit and the inductor acts like a short
circuit.

For t > 0, the switch is open. At steady state, inductor

24
current is i ( ∞ ) = . From the given equation,
R1 + 20
i ( ∞ ) = lim i ( t ) = 0.24 . Thus,
t →∞
24
0.24 = ⇒ R1 = 80 Ω .
R1 + 20

For t < 0, the switch is closed and the circuit is at steady

state.
24
= 0.24 + 0.193 cos ( −102° ) = 0.2
( )
80 || R 3 + 20

Consequently, R 3 = 80 Ω

After the switch opens, apply KCL and KVL to get

⎛ d ⎞
R1 ⎜ i ( t ) + C v ( t ) ⎟ + v ( t ) = Vs
⎝ dt ⎠

Apply KVL to get

d
v (t ) = L i (t ) + R2 i (t )
dt

Substituting v ( t ) into the first equation gives

⎛ d⎛ d ⎞⎞ d
R1 ⎜ i ( t ) + C ⎜ L i ( t ) + R 2 i ( t ) ⎟ ⎟ + L i ( t ) + R 2 i ( t ) = Vs
⎝ dt ⎝ dt ⎠⎠ dt
then
 d2
R1 C L
dt 2 (
i ( t ) + R1 C R 2 + L ) dtd i ( t ) + ( R1 + R 2 ) i ( t ) = Vs
Dividing by R1 C L :

d2 ⎛ R1 C R 2 + L ⎞ d ⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞ Vs
i ( t ) + ⎜
⎜ R1 C L ⎟ dt
⎟ i ( t ) + ⎜
⎜ R1 C L ⎟
⎟ i ( t ) =
dt 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ R1 C L
Compare to
d2 d
2
i ( t ) + 2α i ( t ) + ω 02 i ( t ) = f (t )
dt dt
to get
R1 C R 2 + L R1 + R 2 Vs
2α = , ω 02 = and f (t ) =
R1 C L R1 C L R1 C L

From the given equation, we have α = 6.25 and ω d = 9.27 rad/s . Consequently,

ω 0 = ω d 2 + α 2 = 11.18 rad/s . Next

R1 C R 2 + L 20 1 R1 + R 2 1.25 1
12.5 = = + and 125 = = ⇒ 100 =
R1 C L L 80 C R1 C L CL CL
So
20 1
12.5 = + ⇒ 0 = 2000 C 2 − 12.5 C + 0.0125 ⇒ C = 1.25, 5 mF
1 80 C
100 C

The corresponding values of the inductance are L = 8, 2 H .

There are two solutions:

R1 = 80 Ω, R 3 = 80 Ω, C = 1.25 mF and L = 8 H
and
R1 = 80 Ω, R 3 = 80 Ω, C = 5 mF and L = 2 H

We have used the initial condition i ( 0 ) = 0.2 A but we have not yet used the initial condition

d d v (0) R2 i ( 0) 8 4 4
v (t ) = L i (t ) + R2 i (t ) ⇒ i ( 0) = − = − =
dt dt L L L L L

from the given equation,

 i ( t ) = 0.24 + e −6.25 t ( −0.04 cos ( 9.27 t ) + 0.1888sin ( 9.27 t ) ) A for t ≥ 0

i ( t ) = ( −6.25 ) e−6.25 t ( −0.04 cos ( 9.27 t ) + 0.1888sin ( 9.27 t ) )

d
dt
+ ( 9.27 ) e −6.25 t ( 0.04sin ( 9.27 t ) + 0.1888cos ( 9.27 t ) ) for t ≥ 0

d
i ( 0 ) = ( −6.25 )( −0.04 ) + ( 9.27 )(1.888 ) = 2
dt

d 4
Consequently, 2= i ( 0) = ⇒ L=2H
dt L
and we choose
R1 = 80 Ω, R 3 = 80 Ω, C = 5 mF and L = 2 H

P9.8-13
First, we find the initial conditions;

For t < 0, the switch is closed and the circuit is at steady

state. At steady state, the capacitor acts like an open
circuit and the inductor acts like a short circuit.

12
v (0 −) = ×18 = 12 V
( 8 || 24 ) + 12
and
24 18
i (0 −) = × = 0.75 A
8 + 24 ( 8 || 24 ) + 12

Next, represent the circuit by a differential equation.

After the switch opens, apply KCL and KVL to get

⎛ d ⎞
R1 ⎜ i ( t ) + C v ( t ) ⎟ + v ( t ) = Vs
⎝ dt ⎠

Apply KVL to get

d
v (t ) = L i (t ) + R2 i (t )
dt
Substituting v ( t ) into the first equation gives

⎛ d⎛ d ⎞⎞ d
R1 ⎜ i ( t ) + C ⎜ L i ( t ) + R 2 i ( t ) ⎟ ⎟ + L i ( t ) + R 2 i ( t ) = Vs
⎝ dt ⎝ dt ⎠⎠ dt
then
d2
R1 C L
dt 2 (
i ( t ) + R1 C R 2 + L ) dtd i ( t ) + ( R1 + R 2 ) i ( t ) = Vs
Dividing by R1 C L :

d2 ⎛ R1 C R 2 + L ⎞ d ⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞ Vs
i (t ) + ⎜ ⎟ i (t ) + ⎜ ⎟ i (t ) =
2 ⎜ R1 C L ⎟ dt ⎜ R1 C L ⎟ R1 C L
dt ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Compare to
d2 d
2
i ( t ) + 2α i ( t ) + ω 02 i ( t ) = f (t )
dt dt
to get
R1 C R 2 + L R1 + R 2 Vs
2α = , ω 02 = and f (t ) =
R1 C L R1 C L R1 C L

With the given element values, we have α = 17.5 and ω 0 2 = 250 . Consequently, the roots of the

characteristic equation are s 1 = −α − α 2 − ω 0 2 = −25 and s 2 = −α + α 2 − ω 02 = −10 . The

natural response is
i n ( t ) = A1 e−10 t + A 2 e−25 t
Next, determine the forced response.

The steady state response after the switch opens will be

used as the forced response. At steady state, the
capacitor acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts
like a short circuit.

18
if = = 0.9 A
8 + 12

So
i ( t ) = i n ( t ) + i f ( t ) = A1 e−10 t + A 2 e−25 t + 0.9

It remains to evaluate A1 and A2 using the initial conditions. At t = 0 we have

0.75 = i ( 0 ) = A1 + A 2 + 0.9

The other initial condition comes from

d v (t ) R 2 d 12 12
i (t ) = − i (t ) ⇒ i ( 0) = − × 0.75 = 7.5
dt L L dt 0.4 0.4
then
d
7.5 = i ( 0 ) = −10 A1 − 25 A 2
dt

Solving these equations gives A1 = 0.25 and A2 = −0.4 so

i ( t ) = 0.25 e−10 t − 0.4 e−25 t + 0.9 A for t > 0

(checked using LNAPTR 7/21/04)

P9.8-14
First, we find the initial conditions;

For t < 0, the switch is open and the circuit

is at steady state. At steady state, the
capacitor acts like an open circuit and the
inductor acts like a short circuit.

v ( 0 − ) = 0 V and i ( 0 − ) = 0 A
also
d i (0)
v ( 0) = =0
dt 0.025

Next, represent the circuit after the switch closes by a differential equation. To do so, we find the
Thevenin equivalent circuit for the part of the circuit to the left of the inductor.

v s − v oc ⎫
ia = ⎪
R1 ⎪ v s R 2 (1 + b )
⎬ ⇒ v oc =
v oc ⎪ R1 + R 2 (1 + b )
ia + bia =
R 2 ⎪⎭

vs
i sc = i a (1 + b ) = (1 + b )
R1

v s R 2 (1 + b )
v oc R1 + R 2 (1 + b ) R1 R 2
Rt = = =
i sc vs R1 + R 2 (1 + b )
(1 + b )
R1

With the given values, v oc = 16 V and R t = 2 Ω .

After the switch closes, apply KVL to get

d
R t i (t ) + L i ( t ) + v ( t ) = voc
dt

Apply KCL to get

d
i (t ) = C v (t )
dt

Substituting i ( t ) into the first equation gives

d2 ⎛R⎞ d ⎛ 1 ⎞ voc
v (t ) + ⎜ ⎟ v (t ) + ⎜ ⎟ v (t ) =
dt 2
⎝ L ⎠ dt ⎝CL⎠ CL
Compare to
d2 d
2
v ( t ) + 2α v ( t ) + ω 0 2 v ( t ) = f (t )
dt dt
to get
 Rt 1 voc
2α = , ω 02 = and f (t ) =
L CL CL

With the given element values, we have α = 2.5 and ω 0 2 = 100 . Consequently, the roots of the

characteristic equation are s 1,2 = −α ± α 2 − ω 02 = −2.5 ± j 9.682 and the circuit is

underdamped. The damped resonant frequency is ω d = ω 0 2 − α 2 = 9.682 rad/s . The natural

response is
(
v n ( t ) = e−2.5 t A1 cos 9.682 t + A 2 sin 9.682 t )
Next, determine the forced response.

The steady state response after the switch closes will be

used as the forced response. At steady state, the
capacitor acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts
like a short circuit.

v f = v oc = 16 V
So

(
v ( t ) = 16 + e−2.5 t A1 cos 9.682 t + A 2 sin 9.682 t )
It remains to evaluate A1 and A2 using the initial conditions. At t = 0 we have

0 = v ( 0 ) = 16 + A1 ⇒ A1 = −16
and
d 2.5 × 16
0= v ( 0 ) = −2.5 A1 + 9.682 A 2 ⇒ A2 = − = −4.131
dt 9.682
Finally,

v ( t ) = 16 + e−2.5 t ( −16 cos 9.682 t − 4.131sin 9.682 t )

= 16 + 16.525 e−2.5 t cos ( 9.682 t + 165.5° ) V for t ≥ 0

(checked using LNAPTR 7/22/04)

P9.8-15
First, we find the initial conditions;
For t < 0, the switch is open and the circuit is
at steady state. At steady state, the capacitor
acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts
like a short circuit.

v ( 0 − ) = 0 V and i ( 0 − ) = 0 A
also
d i ( 0) v ( 0)
v (0) = − =0
dt 0.005 50 × 0.005

Next, represent the circuit after the switch closes by a differential equation.

After the switch closes, use KCL to get

v (t ) d
i (t ) = + C v (t )
R2 dt
Use KVL to get

d
v s = R1 i ( t ) + L i (t ) + v (t )
dt

Substitute to get
R1 d L d d2
vs = v ( t ) + R1C v (t ) + v ( t ) + CL 2 v ( t ) + v ( t )
R2 dt R 2 dt dt

d2 ⎛ L ⎞d R1 + R 2
2 ( ) ⎜
= CL v t + R1C + ⎟ v (t ) + v (t )
dt ⎜ R ⎟ dt R
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

Finally,
vs d2 ⎛ R1 1 ⎞d R1 + R 2
2 ( ) ⎜
= v t + + ⎟ v (t ) + v (t )
CL dt ⎜ L R 2C ⎟ dt R CL
⎝ ⎠ 2

Compare to
d2 d
2
i ( t ) + 2α i ( t ) + ω 02 i ( t ) = f (t )
dt dt
to get
R1 1 R1 + R 2 vs
2α = + , ω 02 = and f (t ) =
L R 2C R 2CL CL

With the given element values, we have α = 14.5 and ω 0 2 = 200 . Consequently, the roots of the
characteristic equation are s 1 = −11.3 and s 2 = −17.7 so the circuit is overdamped. The natural
response is
 v n ( t ) = A1 e−11.3t + A 2 e−17.7 t

Next, determine the forced response.

The steady state response after the switch opens will be

used as the forced response. At steady state, the
capacitor acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts
like a short circuit.

1
vf = v s = 10 V
2
So

v n ( t ) = 10 + A1 e−11.3t + A 2 e−17.7 t

It remains to evaluate A1 and A2 using the initial conditions. At t = 0 we have

0 = v ( 0 ) = 10 + A1 + A 2
and
d
0= v ( 0 ) = −11.3 A1 − 17.7 A 2
dt
Solving these equations gives
A1 = −27.6 and A 2 = 17.6
Finally,

v ( t ) = 10 − 27.6 e −11.3 t + 17.6 e −17.7 t

(checked using LNAPTR 7/26/04)

P9.8-16
First, we find the initial conditions;

For t < 0, the switch is closed and the circuit is at

steady state. At steady state, the capacitor acts like an
open circuit and the inductor acts like a short circuit.

v ( 0 − ) = 0 V and i ( 0 − ) = 0 A
Also
d d
9 i ( 0 ) + 0.4 i (0) = v (0) ⇒ i (0) = 0
dt dt
Next, represent the circuit by a differential equation.

After the switch closes use KVL to get

d
R 2 i (t ) + L i (t ) = v (t )
dt

Use KCL and KVL to get

⎛ d ⎞
v s = R1 ⎜ i ( t ) + C v ( t ) ⎟ + v ( t )
⎝ dt ⎠
Substitute to get
d d2 d
v s = R1i ( t ) + R1CR 2 i ( t ) + R1C L 2 i ( t ) + R 2i ( t ) + L i ( t )
dt dt dt
2
d
(
= R1CL 2 i ( t ) + R1 R 2C + L
dt
)
d
dt
( )
i ( t ) + R1 + R 2 i ( t )
then
vs d2 ⎛ R2 1 ⎞d R1 + R 2
= 2 i (t ) + ⎜ + ⎟ i (t ) + i (t )
R1CL dt ⎜ L R1C ⎟ dt R1CL
⎝ ⎠
Compare to
d2 d
2 ( )
i t + 2α i ( t ) + ω 02 i ( t ) = f (t )
dt dt
to get
R2 1 R1 + R 2 Vs
2α = + , ω 02 = and f (t ) =
L R1C R1 C L R1 C L
With the given element values, we have α = 12.5 and ω 02 = 156.25 . Consequently, the roots of

the characteristic equation are s 1,2 = −α ± α 2 − ω 02 = −12.5, − 12.5 so the circuit is critically
damped. The natural response is
( )
i n ( t ) = A1 + A 2 t e −12.5 t

Next, determine the forced response.

The steady state response after the switch opens will be

used as the forced response. At steady state, the
capacitor acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts
like a short circuit.
20
if = = 0.8 A
16 + 9
So
 ( )
i ( t ) = i n ( t ) + i f ( t ) = A1 + A 2 t e−12.5 t + 0.8
It remains to evaluate A1 and A2 using the initial conditions. At t = 0 we have

0 = i ( 0 ) = A1 + 0.8 ⇒ A1 = −0.8
d
And 0= i ( 0 ) = −12.5 A1 − A 2 ⇒ A 2 = 10
dt
Thus
i ( t ) = ( −0.8 + 10 t ) e−12.5 t + 0.8 for t > 0

(checked using LNAPTR 7/27/04)

P9.8-17
First, we find the initial conditions;

For t < 0, the switch is closed and the

circuit is at steady state. At steady state, the
inductors act like short circuits.

20
i1 ( 0 − ) = = 1.333 A
15
and
i 2 (0 −) = 0 A

Next, represent the circuit by a differential equation.

After the switch opens, KVL gives

d d
L1 i1 ( t ) = R 2 i 2 ( t ) + L 2 i 2 ( t )
dt dt

KVL and KCL give

i 1 ( t ) + R1 ( i 1 ( t ) + i 2 ( t ) ) = 0
d
L1
dt

Use the operator method to get

L1s i1 = R 2 i 2 + L 2 s i 2
L1s i1 + R1 ( i1 + i 2 ) = 0
 L1s 2i1 + R1s i1 + R1s i 2 = 0

s ( R 2i 2 + L 2 s i 2 ) + (R i + L 2 s i 2 ) + R1s i 2 = 0
R1
2 2
L1
⎛ L2 ⎞ R1 R 2
L 2 s 2 i 2 + ⎜ R 2 + R1 + R1 ⎟ s i 2 + i2 = 0
⎜ L ⎟ L
⎝ 1 ⎠ 1

⎛ R 2 R 1 R1 ⎞ R1 R 2
s 2i 2 + ⎜ + + ⎟ s i2 + i2 = 0
⎜ L 2 L 2 L1 ⎟ L1 L 2
⎝ ⎠
so
d2 ⎛ R 2 R1 R1 ⎞ d R1 R 2
2 2( ) ⎜
i t + + + ⎟ i 2 (t ) + i 2 (t ) = 0
dt ⎜ L 2 L 2 L1 ⎟ dt L L
⎝ ⎠ 1 2

Compare to
d2 d
2
i ( t ) + 2α i ( t ) + ω 02 i ( t ) = f (t )
dt dt
to get
R2 R1 R1 R1R 2
2α = + + , ω 02 = and f (t ) = 0
L2 L2 L1 L1L 2

With the given element values, we have α = 33.9 and ω 02 = 281.25 . Consequently, the roots of

the characteristic equation are s 1,2 = −α ± α 2 − ω 02 = −4.4, − 63.4 so the circuit is

overdamped. The natural response is

i n ( t ) = A1 e−4.4 t + A 2 e−63.4 t

Next, determine the forced response.

The steady state response after the switch

opens will be used as the forced response.
At steady state the inductors act like short
circuits.
if = 0 A

So
i 2 ( t ) = i n ( t ) + i f ( t ) = A1 e−4.4 t + A2 e−63.4 t

It remains to evaluate A1 and A2 using the initial conditions. At t = 0 we have

 0 = i 2 ( 0 ) = A1 + A 2
d d
L2 i 2 ( 0 ) + R 2 i 2 ( 0 ) + R1 i 1 ( 0 ) + R 1 i 2 ( 0 ) ⇒ i 2 ( 0 ) = −20
dt dt
and
d
−20 = i ( 0 ) = −4.4 A1 − 63.4 A 2
dt

Solving these equations gives A1 = −0.339 and A2 = 0.339 so

i 2 ( t ) = −0.339 e−4.4 t + 0.339 e−63.4 t for t ≥ 0

(checked using LNAPTR 7/27/04)

P9.8-18
First, we find the initial conditions;

For t < 0, the switch is open and the circuit is at steady

state. At steady state, the capacitor acts like an open
circuit and the inductor acts like a short circuit.

v ( 0 − ) = 0 V and i ( 0 − ) = 0 A
also
d i (0)
v ( 0) = =0
dt 0.005

Next, represent the circuit after the switch closes by a differential equation.

After the switch closes

d
i (t ) = C v (t )
dt
KCL and KVL give

⎛ 1 ⎛ d ⎞⎞ d
v s = R2 ⎜ i (t ) + ⎜ L i (t ) + v (t ) ⎟ ⎟ + L i (t ) + v (t )
⎜ R1 ⎝ dt ⎠ ⎟⎠ dt
⎝

Substituting gives
 R2 d2 d ⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ R2 ⎞ d2 d ⎛ R2 ⎞
vs = LC 2 v ( t ) + R 2C v ( t ) + ⎜1 + ⎟ v ( t ) = ⎜1 + ⎟ LC 2 v ( t ) + R 2C v ( t ) + ⎜1 + ⎟ v (t )
R1 dt dt ⎜ R1 ⎟⎠ ⎜ R1 ⎟⎠ dt dt ⎜ R1 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎝ ⎝

So the differential equation is

R1v s d2 R1 R 2 d 1
= v (t ) + v (t ) + v (t )
LC ( R1 + R 2 ) dt L ( R1 + R 2 ) dt LC

Compare to
d2 d
2
i ( t ) + 2α i ( t ) + ω 02 i ( t ) = f (t )
dt dt
to get
R1 R 2 1 R1v s
2α = , ω 02 = and f (t ) =
(
L R1 + R 2 ) CL (
LC R1 + R 2 )
With the given element values, we have α = 6.25 and ω 0 2 = 100 . Consequently, the roots of the

characteristic equation are s 1,2 = −α ± α 2 − ω 02 = −6.25 ± j 7.806 and the circuit is

underdamped. The damped resonant frequency is ω d = ω 02 − α 2 = 7.806 rad/s . The natural

response is
(
v n ( t ) = e−6.25 t A1 cos 7.806 t + A 2 sin 7.806 t )
Next, determine the forced response.

The steady state response after the switch opens will be

used as the forced response. At steady state, the
capacitor acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts
like a short circuit.

50
vf = × 20 = 10 V
50 + 50
So

(
v ( t ) = 10 + e−6.25 t A1 cos 7.806 t + A 2 sin 7.806 t )
It remains to evaluate A1 and A2 using the initial conditions. At t = 0 we have

0 = v ( 0 ) = 10 + A1 ⇒ A1 = −10
and
 d 6.25 × 10
0= v ( 0 ) = −6.25 A1 + 7.806 A 2 ⇒ A2 = − = −8.006
dt 7.806
Finally,

v ( t ) = 10 + e−6.25 t ( −10 cos 7.806 t − 8.006sin 7.806 t )

= 10 + 12.81 e−6.25 t cos ( 7.806 t + 141.3° ) V for t ≥ 0

(checked using LNAPTR 7/26/04)

P9.8-19

When the circuit reaches steady state after t = 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the
inductor acts like a short circuit. Under these conditions

R2
vC ( ∞ ) = 1
R1 + R 2

Next, represent the circuit by a 2nd order differential equation:

vC ( t ) d
KCL at the top node of R2 gives: +C vC ( t ) = iL ( t )
R2 dt
d
KVL around the outside loop gives: vs ( t ) = L iL ( t ) + R1 iL ( t ) + vC ( t )
dt
Use the substitution method to get

d ⎛ vC ( t ) d ⎞ ⎛ v (t ) d ⎞
vs ( t ) = L ⎜⎜ + C vC ( t ) ⎟ + R1 ⎜ C + C vC ( t ) ⎟ + vC ( t )
dt ⎝ R 2 dt ⎟ ⎜ R2 dt ⎟
⎠ ⎝ ⎠
d2 ⎛ L ⎞d ⎛ R1 ⎞
2 C ( ) ⎜
+ R1 C ⎟ vC ( t ) + ⎜1 +
⎜ R 2 ⎟⎟ C ( )
= LC v t + v t
dt ⎜ R2 ⎟ dt
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

(a) C = 1 F, L = 0.25 H, R1 = R2 = 1.309 Ω

Use the steady state response as the forced response:
 R2 1
v f = vC ( ∞ ) = 1=
R1 + R 2 2
The characteristic equation is
⎛ R ⎞
⎜ 1+ 1 ⎟
⎛ 1 R1 ⎞ R2 ⎟ 2
s2 + ⎜ + ⎟s+⎜ = s + 6 s + 8 = ( s + 2 )( s + 4 )
⎜ R 2 C L ⎟ ⎜ LC ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ ⎠
so the natural response is
vn = A1 e−2 t + A2 e−4 t V
The complete response is
1
vc ( t ) = + A1 e −2 t + A2 e −4 t V
2

vC ( t ) d
iL ( t ) = + vC ( t ) = −1.236 A1 e−2 t − 3.236 A2 e−4 t + 0.3819
1.309 dt
At t = 0+
0 = vc ( 0 + ) = A1 + A2 + 0.5
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = −1.236 A1 − 3.236 A2 + 0.3819

Solving these equations gives A1 = -1 and A2 = 0.5, so

1 1
vc ( t ) = − e −2 t + e −4 t V
2 2
(b) C = 1 F, L = 1 H, R1 = 3 Ω, R2 = 1 Ω
Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2 1
v f = vC ( ∞ ) = 1=
R1 + R 2 4
The characteristic equation is
⎛ R ⎞
⎜ 1+ 1 ⎟
⎛ 1 R1 ⎞ R2 ⎟ 2
+ ⎟s+⎜ = s + 4s + 4 = ( s + 2 )
2
s2 + ⎜
⎜ R 2 C L ⎟ ⎜ LC ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ ⎠
so the natural response is
v f = ( A1 + A2 t ) e −2 t V
The complete response is
+ ( A1 + A2 t ) e −2 t V
1
vc ( t ) =
4
 iL ( t ) = vC ( t ) +
d
dt
1
vC ( t ) = +
4
(( A 2 )
− A1 ) − A2 t e −2 t
At t = 0+
1
0 = vc ( 0 + ) = A1 +
4
1
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = + A2 − A1
4

Solving these equations gives A1 = -0.25 and A2 = -0.5, so

1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ −2 t
vc ( t ) =
− ⎜ + t ⎟e V
4 ⎝4 2 ⎠
(c) C = 0.125 F, L = 0.5 H, R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 4 Ω
Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2 4
v f = vC ( ∞ ) = 1=
R1 + R 2 5
The characteristic equation is
⎛ R ⎞
⎜ 1+ 1 ⎟
⎛ 1 R1 ⎞ R2 ⎟ 2
s2 + ⎜ + ⎟s+⎜ = s + 4s + 20 = ( s + 2 − j 4 )( s + 2 + j 4 )
⎜ R 2 C L ⎟ ⎜ LC ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ ⎠
so the natural response is
v f = e −2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V
The complete response is
vc ( t ) = 0.8 + e −2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V

vC ( t ) 1d A2 −2 t A1
iL ( t ) = + vC ( t ) = 0.2 + e cos 4 t − e−2 t sin 4 t
4 8 dt 2 2
At t = 0+
0 = vc ( 0 + ) = 0.8 + A1
A2
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = 0.2 +
2

Solving these equations gives A1 = -0.8 and A2 = -0.4, so

vc ( t ) = 0.8 − e−2 t ( 0.8cos 4 t + 0.4sin 4 t ) V

P9.8-20

When the circuit reaches steady state after t = 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the
inductor acts like a short circuit. Under these conditions

R2 1 R2
vC ( ∞ ) = 1, iL ( ∞ ) = and vo ( ∞ ) = 1
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2

Next, represent the circuit by a 2nd order differential equation:

d
KVL around the right-hand mesh gives: vC ( t ) = L iL ( t ) + R 2 iL ( t )
dt
vs ( t ) − vC ( t ) d
KCL at the top node of the capacitor gives: − C vC ( t ) = iL ( t )
R1 dt
Use the substitution method to get

d ⎛ d ⎞ ⎛ d ⎞
vs ( t ) = R1 C ⎜ L iL ( t ) + R 2 iL ( t ) ⎟ + ⎜ L iL ( t ) + R 2 iL ( t ) ⎟ + R1 iL ( t )
dt ⎝ dt ⎠ ⎝ dt ⎠
d2
= R1 LC 2 iL ( t ) + ( L + R1 R 2 C ) iL ( t ) + ( R1 + R 2 ) iL ( t )
d
dt dt
v (t )
Using iL ( t ) = o gives
R2
R1 d2 ⎛ L ⎞d ⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞
vs (t ) = 2 o( ) ⎜
+ R1 C ⎟ v o ( t ) + ⎜
⎜ R 2 ⎟⎟ o ( )
LC v t + v t
R2 dt ⎜ R2 ⎟ dt
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

(a) C = 1 F, L = 0.25 H, R1 = R2 = 1.309 Ω

Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2 1
v f = vo ( ∞ ) = 1=
R1 + R 2 2
The characteristic equation is
 ⎛ R ⎞
⎜ 1+ 2 ⎟
⎛ 1 R2 ⎞ ⎜ R1 ⎟ 2
s2 + ⎜ + ⎟ s+ = s + 6 s + 8 = ( s + 2 )( s + 4 )
⎜ R1 C L ⎟ ⎜ LC ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ ⎠
so the natural response is
vn = A1 e−2 t + A2 e−4 t V
The complete response is
1
vo ( t ) =
+ A1 e −2 t + A2 e −4 t V
2
v (t ) 1 A1 −2 t A 2 −4 t
iL ( t ) = o = + e + e V
1.309 2.618 1.309 1.309

1 d 1
vC ( t ) = 1.309 iL ( t ) + iL ( t ) = + 0.6167 A1 e −2 t + 0.2361 A2 e −4 t
4 dt 2
At t = 0+
1 A1 A2
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = + +
2.618 1.309 1.309
1
0 = vC ( 0 + ) = + 0.6167 A1 + 0.2361 A2
2

Solving these equations gives A1 = -1 and A2 = 0.5, so

1 1
vo ( t ) = − e −2 t + e −4 t V
2 2

(b) C = 1 F, L = 1 H, R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 3 Ω
Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2 3
v f = vo ( ∞ ) = 1=
R1 + R 2 4
The characteristic equation is
⎛ R ⎞
⎜ 1+ 2 ⎟
⎛ 1 R2 ⎞ ⎜ R1 ⎟ 2
= s + 4s + 4 = ( s + 2 )
2
s2 + ⎜ + ⎟ s+
⎜ R1 C L ⎟ ⎜ LC ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ ⎠
so the natural response is
v f = ( A1 + A2 t ) e −2 t V
The complete response is
+ ( A1 + A2 t ) e −2 t V
3
vo ( t ) =
4
 vo ( t ) 1 ⎛ A1 A2 ⎞ −2 t
iL ( t ) = = +⎜ + t⎟ e V
3 4 ⎝ 3 3 ⎠

d 3 ⎛ ⎛ A1 A2 ⎞ A2 ⎞ −2 t
vC ( t ) = 3 iL ( t ) + iL ( t ) = + ⎜⎜ ⎜ + ⎟+ t ⎟e
dt 4 ⎝⎝ 3 3 ⎠ 3 ⎟⎠
At t = 0+
A1 1
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = +
3 4
3 A1 A2
0 = vC ( 0 + ) = + +
4 3 3

Solving these equations gives A1 = -0.75 and A2 = -1.5, so

3 ⎛ 3 3 ⎞ −2 t
vo ( t ) = − ⎜ + t ⎟e V
4 ⎝4 2 ⎠

(c) C = 0.125 F, L = 0.5 H, R1 = 4 Ω, R2 = 1 Ω

Use the steady state response as the forced response:
R2 1
v f = vo ( ∞ ) = 1=
R1 + R 2 5
The characteristic equation is
⎛ R ⎞
⎜ 1+ 2 ⎟
⎛ 1 R2 ⎞ ⎜ R1 ⎟ 2
s2 + ⎜ + ⎟ s+ = s + 4s + 20 = ( s + 2 − j 4 )( s + 2 + j 4 )
⎜ R1 C L ⎟ ⎜ LC ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ ⎠
so the natural response is
v f = e −2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V
The complete response is

vo ( t ) = 0.2 + e −2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V

vo ( t )
iL ( t ) = = 0.2 + e −2 t ( A1 cos 4 t + A2 sin 4 t ) V
1

1 d
vC ( t ) = iL ( t ) + iL ( t ) = 0.2 + 2 A2 e −2 t cos 4 t − 2 A1 e −2 t sin 4 t
2 dt
At t = 0+
0 = iL ( 0 + ) = 0.2 + A1
 0 = vC ( 0 + ) = 0.2 + 2 A2

Solving these equations gives A1 = -0.8 and A2 = -0.4, so

vc ( t ) = 0.2 − e−2 t ( 0.2 cos 4 t + 0.1sin 4 t ) V

Section 9-9: State Variable Approach to Circuit Analysis

P9.9-1
t = 0 − circuit is source free ∴ i L (0) = 0 & v(0) = 0

t>0

1 dv
KCL at top node: i L + dt = 4 (1)
5
di
KVL at right loop : v −1 L dt − 6i L = 0

d2v dv
Solving for i1 in (1) & plugging into (2) ⇒ 2
+ 6 + 5v = 120
dt dt
⇒ s2 + 6s + 5 = 0, s = −1, − 5 ∴ v n (t) = A 1 e − t + A 2 e −5t
Try v f = B & plug into D.E. ⇒ B = 24 = v f
dv(0)
From (1) = 20 − 5 i L (0) = 20 V s
dt
So v(0) = 0 = A 1 + A 2 + 24 U| A 1= − 25, A 2 = 1
dv(0)
= 20 = − A 1 − 5A 2
V|
∴ v (t) = − 25e − t + e −5t + 24 V
dt W

P9.9-2
t = 0− circuit is source free ∴ i L (0) = 0, & v(0) = 0
t >0

KCL at top node : i L = 4 − 110 dv dt (1)

di L
KVL at right node : v − dt −6i L = 0 (2)
d2v dv
(1) into (2) yields +6 + 10v = 240
dt 2 dt
 −3 t
⇒ s2 + 6 s + 10 = 0, s = − 3 ± j ∴ v n (t) = e A 1cos t + A 2 sint
Try v f = B & plug into D.E. ⇒ v f = B = 24
dv (0)
From (1) = 40 −10 i L (0) = 40 V s
dt

dv(0)
So v(0) = 0 = A 1 + 24 ⇒ A 1 = − 24 & = 40 = − 3A 1 + A 2
dt
⇒ A2 = − 32
−3 t
∴ v (t) = e −24 cost − 32 sint + 24 V

P9.9-3
i (0) = − 3, v(0) = 0 dv v
KCL: i + C + + 6=0
t > 0 dt R
di
KVL: v = L
dt
d 2i di
+ 100 + 250i = − 1500
dt 2 dt
s = − 2.57, − 97.4
−1500
i f (t) = = −6
250
i(t) = A 1e −2.57 t + A 2 e −97.4 t − 6
i (0) = A 1 + A 2 − 6 = − 3 U|
di (0)
= 0 = − 2.57A 1 − 97.4A 2
V| A 1 = 3 .081
A 2 =−.081
dt W
−2.57 t −97.4 t
i (t) = 3. 081 e −.081e −6 A
di −2.57 t
v (t) = .2 = −158
. e + 1.58e −97.4 t V
dt
P9.9-4

dv vx
KCL at 2 - 3: i x − 2i x −.01 + =0
dt 2
vx
KCL at 1: i − 2i x + =0
2
di
KVL : v x + v −.1 =0
dt
ix = − 2 vx − v

i 2 (0) = 0, v c (0) = 10
reduces to :
(−1.5−.01s) v + (.25s) i =0
(− 2.5)v + (1+.45s) i = 0

The characteristic equation is : s2 + 13.33s + 333.33 = 0 ⇒ s1, s 2 , = −6.67 ± j 17

* Note: no forced response

v(t) = [ A cos 17t + B sin 17t ] e−6.67t

dv(0)
v(0) = 10 = A and = −111 = −6.67A + 17 B ⇒ B = − 2.6
dt
v (t) = [10 cos 17t − 2.6sin17t] e−6.67t

i (t) = [ A cos 17 t + B sin 17 t ] e−6.67t

di (0)
i (0) = 0 =A and = 55.6 = −6.67A + 17B ⇒ B=3.27
dt
i (t) = [3.27 sin 17t] e−6.67t
P9.9-5 10
t<0 v(0) = 10V, i L (0) = A
3
0 < t < .5s
R 3
α = =
L 2
1
ω 0 = LC =
2
12
s = −α± α 2 − ω 20
s1 = −.028
s2 = −2.97

v(t) = Ae −.028 t + Be −2.97 t

v f =0
v(0) = 10 = A + B U|
dv(0) V|
A = + 16. 89
= 20 = −.028A − 2.97, B B = + − 6.89
dt W
v(t) = 16. 89 e −.028 t − 6.89e −2.97 t
i(t) = −.079e −.028 t + 3.41e −2.97 t
t = .5s
v(.5) = 15.1 V
i (.5) = .7 A

t > 0.55

v −30 1 dv
KCL: + iL + =
6 6 dt
di L
KVL: v = 3i L + 12
dt :
Characteristic equation
0 = s2 − 7s − 18 ⇒ s = −1,9

v f = 10 V
v(t) = Ae 9t + Be − t +10

v (.5) =151
. = 90A + .61B + 10 U| A = 17.6 × 10 −3
dv(.5)
= 10.7 = 810A −.61B
V|
dt W B = 5.77

t v(t)
0 16.89e-0.28t - 6.89e-2.97 t V
→ .5
.5 17.6 × 10-3e9t + 5.77e-t + 10 V
→2
Section 9-10: Roots in the Complex Plane

P9.10-1
s 2 + 3.5 ×106 s + 1.5 × 1012 = 0
s = −5 × 105
1

s2 = −3 ×106

P9.10-2

s 2 + 800s + 250000 = 0
s = 400 ± j 300

P9.10-3

1 dv v
KCL: i= × 10−6 +
4 dt 4000
di
KVL: vs = 4 + v
dt

Characteristic equation: s 2 + 1× 103 s + 1×106 = 0

s = −500 ± j 866
P9.10-4

at t = 0
v(0) = v b (0)= 0
dv v − v
i (0) = 0 and C b + b a + =0 (1)
dt 6

t=0
v a (0) − 36 v (0) − v b (0)
Node a: − i (0) + a =
12 6
then v a (0) + 2v a (0) = 36 so v a (0) =12V

t ≥ 0

Node a :
va − vs
+
1
z
(v a − v b ) dt + a − b = 0
v v

zI
12 L 6
dv b v −v 1
Node b : C + b a + (v a − v b )dt =0
dt 6 L
FG1 1 1IJ FG1 1
JK v
Using operators
H
12
+
6
+
s K H
va + − − v b = s
6 s 12
1 1 1 1 1
(− − ) va + ( s + + ) vb = 0
6 s 18 6 s

Cramers rule
(s2 +5s + 6) v b = (s+ 6)1 v s

Then v b = 36 + A 1 e −2 t + A 2 e −3t
v b (0) = 36 + A 1 + A 2 (2)
dv b
need (0) = − 2A 1 − 3A 2
dt

Use 1 above C
dv b (0)
=
1
( −2A 1 − 3A 2 ) = a
bg
v 0 − v b (0)
− i(0) =
12
=2 (3)
dt 18 6 6

Use (2) and (3) to get

−2 t
A 1 = − 72 A 2 = 36 so v b = 36 − 72e + 36e −3t , t ≥ 0
Section 9-11 How Can We Check…?

P9.11-1
This problem is similar to the verification example in this chapter. First, check the steady-state
inductor current
v 25
i (t ) = s = = 250 mA
100 100
This agrees with the value of 250.035 mA shown on the plot. Next, the plot shows an
underdamped response. That requires

12 ⋅10−3 = L < 4 R 2C = 4(100) 2 (2 ⋅10−6 ) = 8 ⋅10−2

This inequality is satisfied, which also agrees with the plot. The damped resonant frequency is
given by
2
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
2 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
ω = −⎜ − ⎜ ⎟ = 5.95 ⋅103
( )( )
⎟ = −
⎜ 2(100) (2 ⋅10 ) ⎟
LC ⎝ 2RC ⎠ 2 ⋅10−6 12 ⋅10−3
d 6
⎝ ⎠

The plot indicates a maxima at 550.6μs and a minima at 1078.7μs. The period of the damped
oscillation is
T = 2 (1078.7 μ s − 550.6μ s) = 1056.2μ s
d
2π 2π
Finally, check that 5.95 ⋅103 = ω = = = 5.949 ⋅103
d T 1056.2 ⋅10 −6
d
The value of ωd determined from the plot agrees with the value obtained from the circuit.
The plot is correct

P9.11-2
This problem is similar to the verification example in this chapter. First, check the steady-state
inductor current.
v 15
i (t ) = s = = 150 mA
100 100
This agrees with the value of 149.952 mA shown on the plot. Next, the plot shows an under
damped response. This requires

8 ⋅10−3 = L < 4 R 2C = 4 (100)2 (0.2 ⋅10−6 ) = 8 ⋅10−3

This inequality is not satisfied. The values in the circuit would produce a critically damped, not
underdamped, response. This plot is not correct.