Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HE ART
is a squared
shape, muscular
organ responsible
for pumping blood
through the blood
vessels by
repeated, rhythmic
contractions, or a
similar structure in
annelids,
mollusks, and
arthropods
The Hear t is di vided into t wo
Ri ght h eart
Lef t heart
Rig ht he art
is a term used to refer collectively to the right atrium and
right ventricle of the heart; occasionally, this term is intended to
reference the right atrium, right ventricle, and the pulmonary trunk
collectively.
The right atrium receives deoxygenated systemic blood from the
superior and inferior vena cavae. The blood is then pumped through
the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, which in turn pumps the
blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery.
Vena cavae, Cor onary si nus
→ Right at ri um (auricle, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa
ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of the inferior vena cava,
valve of the coronary sinus)
Tri cuspi d val ve
→ Right ventr icle (conus arteriosus, moderator
band/septomarginal trabecula)
Pul monar y val ve
→ Pul monary A rter y
→ Pul monary C ircul ati on
The super ior and infer ior
Venae cavae vena cava are collectively
called the venae cavae. They are
the veins that return de-
oxygenated blood from the body
into the heart. They both empty
into the right atrium.
• Right Inferior
• Right Superior
• Left Inferior
• Left Superior
Lef t Atri um
Left a tr iu m
is a conical muscular
pouch connected to the left
atrium of the heart. It is
somewhat constricted at its
junction with the principal
cavity; it is longer, narrower,
and more curved than the right
auricular appendix, and its
margins are more deeply
indented.
It is directed forward and
toward the right and overlaps
the root of the pulmonary artery.
Mitr al Valv e
Mi tral valve (al so
known as the
bi cus pi d val ve or
lef t atri oventri cul ar
val ve)
Morphology
The aortic valve has three
cusps. These cusps are half
moon shaped hence also called
aortic semilunar valve. Each
cusp has a small swelling in the
center called the nodule.
Dilatation of the wall of the aorta
behind these cusps is called
aortic sinus. When the aortic
valve is open, the normal size of
the orifice is 3-4 cm² in adults.
Aor ti c Sinus
There are generally three aortic sinuses, the left, the right and the
posterior.
• The left aortic sinus gives rise to the left coronary artery.
• The right aortic sinus gives rise to the right coronary artery.
• Usually, no vessels arise from the posterior aortic sinus, which
is therefore known as the non-coronary sinus.
Aorta
The aorta (generally
pronounced [eɪˈɔːtə] or
"ay-orta") is the largest
artery in the human body,
originating from the left
ventricle of the heart and
bringing oxygenated blood
to all parts of the body in
the systemic circulation.
The course of the
Aor ta
The aorta is usually divided
into five
segments/sections:
• Ascending aorta
• Arch of aorta
• Descending aorta
• Thoracic aorta
• Abdominal aorta
Ascending aor ta, Arch of aorta, Descendi ng
aorta
• Ascending Aort a
— the section between the
heart and the arch of aorta
• Arch o f Ao rt a — the
peak part that looks
somewhat like an inverted
"U"
• Descendin g Aorta
— the section from the
arch of aorta to the point
where it divides into the
common iliac arteries
Th or acic aort a
Thoracic a ort a
is contained in the
posterior mediastinal cavity.
It begins at the lower
border of the fourth thoracic
vertebra where it is
continuous with the aortic
arch, and ends in front of the
lower border of the twelfth at
the aortic hiatus in the
diaphragm.
At its commencement, it
is situated on the left of the
vertebral column; it
approaches the median line
as it descends; and, at its
termination, lies directly in
front of the column.
Abdomi nal Aort a
Abdomin al A ort a
is a large artery in
the abdominal cavity.
As part of the aorta, it
is a direct continuation
of descending aorta
(of the thorax).
Syst emi c Ci rcul ati on
Syst emic C irc ulatio n
is the portion of the cardiovascular
system which carries oxygenated
blood away from the heart, to the body,
and returns deoxygenated blood back
to the heart. The term is contrasted
with pulmonary circulation.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs
leaves the left heart through the aorta,
from where it is distributed to the
body's organs and tissues, which
absorb the oxygen, through a complex
network of arteries, arterioles, and
capillaries. The deoxygenated blood is
then collected by venules, from where
it flows first into veins, and then into
the inferior and superior venae cavae,
which return it to the right heart,
completing the systemic cycle. The
blood is then re-oxygenated through
the pulmonary circulation before
returning again to the systemic
circulation.
Layers of t he Hear t
1.) Pericardium
1.1.)Sinus
a.) Oblique Sinus
b.) Transverse Sinus
2.) Epicardium
3.) Myocardium
4.) Endocardium
5.) Cardiac skeleton
5.1.) Fibrous trigone
5.2.) Fibrous rings
Peri cardi um
is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great
vessels.
The right and left fibrous rings of heart (anulus fibrosus cordis)
surround the atrioventricular and arterial orifices, and are stronger upon the
left than on the right side of the heart. The right fibrous ring is known as the
anulus fibrosus dexter cordis, and the left is known as the anulus fibrosus
sinister cordis
Heart Structures
A.) Atr ia B.) Ventricle
*Interventricular Septum
*Interatrial septum
*Trabeculae Carneae
*Musculi pectinati
*Chordae Tendinae
*Papillary Muscle
C.) Valv e
2.) Others are fixed at their extremities but free in the middle,
3.) While a third set (musculi papillares) are continuous by their bases with
the wall of the ventricle, while their apices give origin to the chordæ
tendineæ which pass to be attached to the segments of the tricuspid valve.
Chordae Tendi nae
The chordae
tendineae, or heart
strings, are cord-like
tendons that connect the
papillary muscles to the
tricuspid valve and the
mitral valve in the heart.
Papillary muscles of
the heart serve to limit
the movements of the
mitral and tricuspid
valves. These muscles
contract to tighten the
chordae tendineae,
which in turn prevent
inversion. This occurs
in response to
pressure gradients.
Instead they brace the
valves against the high
pressure, preventing
regurgitation of
ventricular blood back
into the atrial cavities.
Heart Val ves
External Anatomy
It lies behind the fifth left
intercostal space, 8 to 9 cm. from the
mid-sternal line, slightly medial to the
midclavicular line.
Alternately, it can be found about
4 cm. below and 2 mm. to the medial
side of the left mammary papilla.
It's function is to pump blood to
left atruim
Gro oves
Inte ratri al
St ernocost al
Diaphragmat ic
Sternoco stal Surf ace of
Heart
The sternocostal surface of the heart (anterior
surface of the heart) is directed forward, upward,
and to the left.
Its lower part is convex, formed chiefly by the
right ventricle, and traversed near its left margin
by the anterior longitudinal sulcus.
Its upper part is separated from the lower by
the coronary sulcus, and is formed by the atria; it
presents a deep concavity, occupied by the
ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery.
Diaphragmati c Surface of
Heart
The diaphragmatic surface of the heart,
directed downward and slightly backward,
is formed by the ventricles, and rests upon
the central tendon and a small part of the
left muscular portion of the diaphragm.
It is separated from the base by the
posterior part of the coronary sulcus, and is
traversed obliquely by the posterior
longitudinal sulcus.
Borders
Bundle o f His
is a collection of heart
muscle cells specialized for
electrical conduction that
transmits the electrical impulses
from the AV node (located
between the atria and the
ventricles) to the point of the
apex of the fascicular branches.
The fascicular branches then
lead to the Purkinje fibers which
innervate the ventricles, causing
the cardiac muscle of the
ventricles to contract at a paced
interval. These specialized
muscle fibres in the heart were
named after the Swiss
cardiologist Wilhelm His, Jr.,
who discovered them in 1893.
Purki nje Fi bers
Purkinje fibers (or Purkyne tissue) are located in the
inner ventricular walls of the heart, just beneath the
endocardium. These fibers are specialized myocardial
fibers that conduct an electrical stimulus or impulse that
enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion.
Functi on
Purkinje fibers work with the sinoatrial node (SA node)
and the atrioventricular node (AV node) to control the heart
rate.
During the ventricular contraction portion of the
cardiac cycle, the Purkinje fibers carry the contraction
impulse from the left and right bundle branches to the
myocardium of the ventricles. This causes the muscle
tissue of the ventricles to contract and force blood out of
the heart — either to the pulmonary circulation (from the
right ventricle) or to the systemic circulation (from the left
ventricle).