ျမန္မာျပည္ႏိုင္ငံေရးပါတီ အဖြဲ႕အစည္း အသင္းအပင္းမ်ားအညႊန္း..

ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ‹tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm; t!
¸ef;
ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;
toif;tyif;rsm; t!¸ef;
0if;wifhxGef;
1
0if;wifhxGef;
p m tk yf rS wf w rf ;
Armjynf EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm; t!¸ef;

0if;wifhxGef;
xk wf a 0 ES pf
2010 ckESpf/ =o*kwf
a p m if a &
1000
yxrt}udrf
rl ykd if
0if;wifhxGef;
rs uf ES m zkH ; t jy if t q if
'DZkdif; - PKH
uG ef jyL w m p m pD
Eight Group
w ef zkd ;
200 bwf (pmyd@k cryg)
xk wf a 0 / jz ef@ csd
ae@opftiftm;pk
*s y ef xdk if;
yamounnar@gmail.com
shinjuku-ku, Takadanobaba,
0843808831
1-25-29,Sancall building, (501),
Tokyo, Japan, Tel 81(03)3205-4878,
email - bhamonaing@gmail.com
2
ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ‹tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm; t!¸ef;
pma&;ol&ŒJ ud,
k af &;aemufct
H usO;f
1954 ckEpS -f Zefe0g&v D zGm;?

1973 ckEpS rf mS rd;k a0pmayr*~Zif;uae uAsmjzifh pmayavmu
od@k pwifa&muf&?dS
1973 rS 1988 ckEpS t f wGi;f rd;k a0/ aomif;ajymif;axGvm/
jrwfav; r*~Zif;wd@k rmS æ uAsm/ 0wˆKwdek @J oa&mfpmawG a&;om;cJ?h
1980 jynfEh pS -f =o*kwv f rSm yxrqk;H aom vk;H csi;f uAsm
&Snpf mtkyf ‘Ed;k aeaom vuFmonf’ udk ‘jirf;pmay’ rSxw k af 0cJ?h
1982 rS 1986 txd tif;pdeaf xmif/ om,m0wDaxmifw@kd rmS yk'rf (5§n) jzifh Edik if aH &;tusO;f
om; tjzpf zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f axmifcsjcif;cHc&hJ ?
1988 &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f ppftpd;k &udq k ef@usiu f ef@uu G cf =hJ uwJh pmaytEk
ynm&Sirf sm;&JŒ vufrw S af &;xd;k uef@uu G v f m$ wif&mrSm yg0ifvufrw S af &;xd;k cJ?h q&marmifaomfu/
q&mOD;0if;wif wd@k OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;cJw h hJ ‘pme,fZif; or*~’ rSm omreftzG@J 0iftjzpf yg0ifc?hJ
1988 Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG ay:ayguv f mwJt h csed rf mS ‘jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw’D rSm yg0ifc?hJ A[dk
aumfrwD twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J 0if (1) tjzpf wm0ef,cl ?hJ
ppftpd;k &u tOD;qk;H zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd w
f hJ Edik if aH &;ygwD (3) ckrmS jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygwD
yg0ifc&hJ +yD; 0&rf;ajy;cJ&h &if; æ æ æ
rEœav;rSm a&;om;xkwaf 0jzpfcw hJ phJ mtkyaf wGuawmh æ ‘1350 jynfh ta&;awmfy’Hk vk;H csi;f
uAsm&Snpf mtkyef @J ‘e0w ppftpd;k &. vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm; (1990)’ wd@k jzpf?
jynfyudk xGuv f mcJ&h +yD;wJah emufyikd ;f a&;om;xkwaf 0jzpfcw hJ hJ pmtkyaf wGuawmh æ æ æ
(1) cGyaf 'gi;f wd@k &ŒJ wGeuf sL;oH (uAsmpmtky/f wuUov kd pf ed &f wktxdr;f trSw/f 1995/ Auo xkw)f
(2) a&$vrD mS odumQ ESpx f yfe@J vl (uAsmpmtky/f 1996)
(3) axmifpak [mif;udk E_wq f uf-axmifpo k pftwGut f óud (uAsmpmtky/f Ed0k ifbm 2000 jynfEh pS )f
(4) oHwikd =f um; aºuGomG ;&wJh =u,fpifawG (±kyyf v Hk m$ pum;ajy/ =o*kwv f 2001)
(5) 6 wdu k rf mS avmufuu kd wf mcHz;l ovm; (ud, k af wG@ axmif0wˆKwdrk sm;-0wWKwdak ygi;f csKyf/ 2006)
(6) tarSmif=um;u Armjynf (‘teD;acwfArmjynf Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f tusO;f 1948-2000’
arv2007)
(7) Armjynf Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;t!¸e;f (2010 jynf)h
rd;k óud;/ acwfòydi/f a'gi;f td;k a0/ opPm/ ae@opf/ tvif;tdr/f bm;rm;wla'; æ pwJh pmapmifr*~Zif;
*sme,f tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS awGrmS vJ uAsm/ 0wˆK/ aqmif;yg;av;awG a&;om;cJh a&;om;ae?
3
0if;wifhxGef;
rmwdum
1900 jynfh rwkid rf aD cwf
(1) a'guvl (ac: ) KNA
1900 jynfah emufyidk ;f 0HomEkvy_ &f mS ;r_acwf

(2) 0kid t
f rfbaD t
(3) jrefrmukrmR &Dtoif;
(4) 'geokc toif; (0HomEkurk mR &Dtoif;)
(5) oHCmhomr*~t D zG@J
(6) jrefrm toif;csKyf}uD; (*spD b D aD t)
(7) avbm,le, D H
(8) 21 OD; tzG@J (21 OD; *spD b D aD t)
(9) bl;toif;rsm;
(10) qGm&yf (*s)f ygwD (o&mZ tzG@J )
(11) [kr±R ;l ygwD
(12) jynfojl ynfom; tzG@J
(13) a&$awmif=um;ygwD (tif'yD if;'ifyh gw)D
(14) jrefrmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f m u&iftrsK;d om; tzG@J csKyf (BKNA)
ocifvy_ &f mS ;r_acwf
(15) wk@d Arm tpnf;t±k;H

(16) jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qkid &f m vli,frsm;toif;
(17) wuo
(18) csi;f trsK;d om;rsm; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;tzG@J (crnz)
(19) ig;yGiq hf idk f tzG@J
(20) &[ef;ysKd tzG@J
(21) qif;&Jom; tzG@J (qif;&Jom; 0HomEk tzG@J )
(22) uk, d rhf if;uk, d cf si;f tzG@J
(23) qif;&Jom; tusK;d aqmif tzG@J (az bD,ef tzG@J )
(24) Auo
(25) rsK;d cspyf gwD (*VKefO;D apm tzG@J )
4
(26) ArmEdik if vH ;Hk qkid &f m awmifov l ,form; tpnf;t±k;H (Awvp)
(27) ArmEdik if v
H ;Hk qkid &f m tvkyo f rm;rsm; tpnf;t±k;H
(28) jrefrmjynf vGwv f yfa&; trsK;d orD;tzG@J
(29) Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwD (Auy)
(30) jynfo@l ta&;awmfyHk ygwD
(31) Armhxu G &f yf*% dk ;f
(32) y,uz
(33) ucsit f rsK;d om;rsm; uGe*f &uf (KNC)
(34) &ckid t
f rsK;d om; uGe*f &uf
(35) &Jabmf ok;H usyd f
(36) Armhwyfrawmf
(37) wk@d Arm qif;&Jom; tpnf;t±k;H
(38) tm&Svil ,f tpnf;t±k;H
(39) csi;f vGwaf jrmufa&; wyfz@JG
zufqpfqef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_acwf
(40) zwyv (zqyv)

(41) &ckid f ajymufusm;rsm;
(42) jcaohyF gwD (jcaohaF tmif ajymufusm;wyfz@JG )
(43) OD;pdEmœ -OD;ynmoD[ tzG@J
(44) csi;f rsK;d cspf awmfveS af &;wyfrawmf
(45) avxD;qif; tzG@J (tdE, dN a&muf avxD;&Jabmfrsm;)
vGwv
f yfa&; tóuv_y&f mS ;r_acwf
(46) tvkyo f rm; tpnf;t±k;H rsm; tzG@J csKyf (jrefrmEdik if )H ( wD,pl b

D )D
(47) tvkyo f rm; or*~ (ABTUC)
(48) Armjynf qk&d , S v f pfygwD
(49) u&ifA[kd tpnf;t±k;H (KCO)
(50) jrefrmEdik if v
H ;Hk qkid &f m trsK;d orD;vGwv f yfa&; tzG@J csKyf
(51) &ckid jf ynf jynfo@l vw G v
f yfa&; tzG@J csKyf
(52) u&ifvil ,frsm; tpnf;t±k;H
(53) jynfo@l &aJ bmf (jynfo@l &aJ bmf tzG@J csKyf)
5
0if;wifhxGef;
(54) tvHeD uGejf rLepfygwD
(55) &efuek cf ±kid f ausmif;om;rsm; or*~ (&uo)
(56) &Sr;f jynf vGwv f yfa&;tzG@J (&yv)
(57) wyfeD
(58) u&iftrsK;d om; tpnf;t±k;H (autJe, f )l (KNU)
(59) u&iftrsK;d om; umuG,af &;tzG@J (autJe'f t D )dk
(60) rGew f idk ;f &if;om; tpnf;t±k;H
(61) rGet
f rsK;d om; umuG,af &;tzG@J (trfteJ 'f t D )dk
(62) rGenf ! D w G af &; wyfO;D
(63) ytk0d hf nD!w G af &; wyfO;D (ytk0d v
hf id_ Af )l
(64) awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &; OD;pD;tzG@J (SCOUHP)
(65) &ckid wf idk ;f vk;H qkid &f m vuf0J nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk
vGwv
f yfa&;a=unm+yD; ygvDref'rD u
dk a&pDacwf
(66) vuf0J nD!w G af &; aumifpD

(67) Armjynf 'Dru dk &ufwpf ygwD
(68) rGejf ynfo@l wyfaygi;f pk
(69) rGejf ynfo@l wyfO;D
(70) aygiaf ,miftrsK;d om; 'Dru dk &ufwpf wyfO;D (PNDF)
(71) ytk0d t hf rsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J
(72) jynfo@l +idr;f csr;f a&; tzG@J aygi;f pk
(73) urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&; uGe*f &uf (jrefrmEkid if )H
(74) Armjynf tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;ygwD (qk&d , S ef )D
(75) Armjynf tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±k;H rsm; tzG@J csKyf (bDw,
D pl )D
(76) Armjynfawmifov l ,form; nD!w G af &; tpnf;t±k;H (wvnp)
(77) jynfo@l vil ,f tzG@J csKyf
(78) 'Dru dk a&pD tcGit hf a&;umuG,rf _ aumfrwD
(79) wk;d wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk (wk;d wuf)
(80) Auo rsm; tzG@J csKyf (ABFSU)
(81) jynfo@l n! D w G af &; ygwD
(82) w&m;r#wr_ ygwD
(83) &Sr;f jynfv;Hk qkid &f m tzG@J csKyf (&yvz)
(84) 'Drudk &ufwpf ausmif;om;tiftm;pk (DSO)
6
(85) ausmif;om;nD!w G af &; wyfO;D (wyfO;D )
(86) jyLapmxD; tzG@J
(87) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk (yrnw)
(88) vli,fw h yfO;D (jrefrmEkid if )H
(89) ArmEdik if v H ;Hk qkid &f m yoDtrsK;d om; uGe*f &uf (Ayu)
(90) &Jacgif (ausmif;om;&Jacgif tzG@J )
(91) jynfo@l 'rD u dk a&pD ygwD
(92) jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; tzG@J
(93) u&ifeD trsK;d om;wk;d wufa&; ygwD (KNPP)
(94) csi;f trsK;d om;OD;pD; tzG@J (csi;f OD;pD; tzG@J )
(95) &ckid jf ynf uGejf rLepfygwD (ausmZf &H ;D$ tzG@J )
(96) oef@&iS ;f zqyv
(97) wnf+rJ zqyv
(98) jynfaxmifpk tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±k;H tzG@J csKyf (,lt,fvt f )dk
(99) EGpH pf[ef
(100) rGejf ynfopf ygwD
(101) jynfo@l w;dk wufa&; ygwD
(102) trsK;d om; 'Dru dk a&pDn! D wG af &; wyfaygi;f pk (r'nw)
(103) =uHch idk af &;toif;
(104) jynfaxmifpk tzG@J csKyf (yxp)
(105) ucsiv f w G v f yfa&; tzG@J (autkid t f )dk
(106) &efuek w f uUov dk f vlrsK;d pkausmif;om;rsm; tzG@J csKyf
(107) w±kwjf zLusK;ausmrf E_ iS hf e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; aumfrwD
(108) jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &; tzG@J
awmfveS af &;aumifpeD @J rqvacwf
(109) awmfveS af &; aumifpD

(110) jrefrmEdik if H tvkyof rm;nD!w G af &; ygwD (rvny)
(111) jynfo@l aumfrwD
(112) jrefrmhq&dk , S vf pfvrf;pOf ygwD
(113) &Sr;f jynf wyfrawmf (SSA)
(114) u,ef;jynfopf ygwD
(115) ytk0d v hf w
G af jrmufa&; tzG@J (ytvz)
7
0if;wifhxGef;
(116) awmckv d ,G af rmftzG@J (cGeq f mtzG@J )
(117) A[kd jynfo@l awmifov l ,form; aumifpD
(118) A[kd jynfo@l tvkyo f rm; aumifpD
(119) &Sr;f jynfvrl sK;d aygi;f pkH vGwaf jrmufa&; tzG@J (&vvz)
(120) jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &; t=uHay; tzG@J ( 33 OD; - t=uHay; tzG@J )
(121) &Sr;f jynfawmfveS af &; wyfaygi;f pk wyfrawmf (SURA)
(122) ygvrD ef 'Dru dk a&pD ygwD (yD'yD )D
(123) &Sr;f jynf wk;d wufa&;ygwD (SSPP)
(124) uk;d uef@umuG,af &; tzG@J (avmfppf[ef tzG@J )
(125) &ckid vf w G af jrmufa&; ygwD (ALP)
(126) ‘0’trsK;d om; tzG@J csKyf (WNO)
(127) yavmifjynfvw G af jrmufa&; tzG@J (PSLO)
(128) trsK;d om; 'Dru dk a&pD wyfaygi;f pk (r'w)
(129) ytk0d t hf rsK;d om; tzG@J csKyf (PNO)
(130) u&ifejD ynfvrl sK;d aygi;f pkH jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&; wyfO;D (uvvw)
(131) csi;f trsK;d om; wyfO;D (CNF)
1988-&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyu

Hk mveJ@ ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;aemufyidk ;f
(132) &[ef;ysKd or*~

(133) 'Dru kd a&pD ygwD
(134) 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf +idr;f csr;f a&;tzGJ h ('D +idr;f )
(135) wyfrawmfwyfrLS ;a[mif;rsm;ESihf &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzG@J
(136) e0w-etz
(137) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyf
(138) rsK;d cspf &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzG@J
(139) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD ygwD
(140) wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;ygwD (wpn)
(141) jynfaxmifpk trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyf (OD;atmif}uD; tzG@J )
(142) trsK;d om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; 'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (0d"&l ocifcspaf rmiftzG@J )
(143) &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(144) &cdik f 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(145) rGet f rsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDygwD
(146) Zdrk ;D trsK;d om;uGe*f &uf
8
(147) jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(148) vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD
(149) trsK;d om; Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk (rew)
(150) t+rJprd ;f vli,ftzG@J
(151) aoG;opf vli,frsm;tzG@J csKyf
(152) 'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdwf tzG@J csKyf ('rz)
(153) jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D (atbDtufp'f t D ufz)f
(154) atbDtufp'f t D ufzf (ajrmufyikd ;f )
(155) 'Dru kd a&pD jynfcspw f yfrawmf ('DyaD t)
(156) jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd &ufwpfr[mrdwf tzG@J csKyf (r'rc)
(157) jrefrmEdik if v H rl sK;d pkrsm; 'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdwf wyfaygi;f pk (ud;k uef@-zkeu
f sm;&Si;f tzG@J )
(158) ‘0’ jynf aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ygwD (,l'AvsL tufpyf D ‘0’tzG@J )
(159) trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdwf wyfz@JG (rdik ;f vm;tzG@J )
(160) 'Dru kd a&pDopf wyfrawmf-ucsif (tJe'f aD t-au)
(161) +idr;f csr;f a&;ESi'hf rD u kd a&pD wyfO;D (PDF)
(162) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k & (NCGUB)
(163) ucsif umuG,af &;wyfrawmf (KDA - rxkaemftzG@J )
(164) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf-vGwaf jrmufe,fajr (NLD-LA)
(165) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;aumifpD (NCUB)
(166) jrefrmEdik if H tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf (tufzw f ,
D bl )D
(167) yavmifjynfe,f vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D (yDtufpt f ,fvt f ufz)f
(168) ytd0k jhf ynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;tzG@J (yDyt D ,fvt f )kd
(169) jynfaxmifp=k uHch ikd af &;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;toif; (=uHzh @HG )
(170) jrefrmEdik if H a&SŒaersm;aumifpD (bDt,fvpf )D
(171) jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J csKyf (atbDtufpt f ,fv)f
(172) wd;k wufaom Ak'b < mom u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t±k;H ('DaubDat)
(173) +rdwf xm;0,f nD!w G af &;wyfO;D
(174) jrefrmhtrsK;d orD;or*~ (bD'AvsL,l)
(175) 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm;}uD;rsm; tzG@J
(176) jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm; tzG@J (trfy,
D )l
(177) jrefrmEdik if H ausmif;om;vli,frsm; uGe*f &uf
(178) jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;ðy aumfrwD (CRPP)
(179) trsK;d orD;rsm; tzG@J csKyf (jrefrmEdik if )H
(180) Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; ulnaD pmifah &Smufa&;toif; (AAPP)
9
0if;wifhxGef;
(181) jrefrmowif; or*~ (bDtrfat)
(182) 'Drukd a&pDEiS hf zG@H òzd;wd;k wufa&;tiftm;pk (NDD)
(183) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; aumifpD (ENC)
(184) &Spq f ,f&h pS f rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J
(185) jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m oHCmhwyfaygi;f pk
(186) omoemh Oao#mif tjynfjynfqikd &f m jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm;tzG@J csKyf
(187) ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; tzG@J csKyf (PNLO)
aemufqufwJG
2010 jynfEh pS -f taxGaxGa&G;aumufyrJG mS yg0if,OS òf yif=uzd@k zG@J pnf;ay:aygufvmcJ=h uwJh

Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;rsm;
ygwDa[mif;rsm; æ
(1) wkid ;f &if;om; pnf;vH;k nD!w

G af &;ygwD (wpn) National Unity Party (NUP)
(2) jynfaxmifpk u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;tzG@J csKyf Union Karen League (UKL)
(3) òrd (ac: ) crDtrsK;d om; nD!w G af &;tzG@J (rcrnz) Mro or Khami National Solidarity
Organization (MKNSO)
(4) vm;[l trsK;d om;zG@H òzd;wd;k wufa&;ygwD Lahu National Development Party (LNDP)
(5) ud;k uef@'rD u
kd a&pDEiS fh nD!w
G af &;ygwD Kokang Democracy and Unity Party (KDUP)
ygwDopfrsm; æ
(1) 88 rsKd ;qufausmif;om;vli,frsm; (jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if )H 88 Generation student Youths

(Union of Myanmar)
(2) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsKd ;om;Edik if aH &;tzG@J csKyf Union of Myanmar Federation of
National Politics
(3) 'Dru
kd &ufwpfygwD (jrefrm) Democratic Party (Myanmar)
10
(4) u&if jynfol yh gwD Karen People’s Party
(5) trsKd ;om;Edik if aH &; r[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J csKyf National Political Alliances (NPA)
(6) ytd0k t hf rsKd ;om;tzG@J csKyf Pa-O National Organization (PNO)
(7) ucsijf ynfe,f wd;k wufa&;ygwD Kachin State Progressive Party (KSPP)
(8) jrefrmhvl ah bmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD Myanmar New Society Democratic Party
(9) rwlujJG ym;jcif; ESihf +idr;f csr;f a&;ygwD Peace and Diversity Party
(10) acwfopfjynfol yh gwD Modern People Party
(11) csi;f trsKd ;om;ygwD Chin National Party
(12) jynfaxmifpk 'Dru kd a&pDygwD Union Democracy Party
(13) &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD Shan National Democratic Party
(14) watmif; (yavmif) trsKd ;om;ygwD Ta aung (Palaung) National Party
(15) 0Homek NLD (jrefrmEdik if )H Wunthanu NLD ( Union of Myanmar )
(16) ‘0’ 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD Wa Democratic Party
(17) zvk-H pa0: 'Dru kd &ufwpf ygwD PhaLon - Sawaw Democratic Party
(18) &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f wd;k wufa&;ygwD Northern Shan State Progressive Party
(19) csi;f wd;k wufa&;ygwD Chin Progressive Party
(20) u,ef;trsKd ;om; ygwD Kayan National Party
(21) trsKd ;om;zGH òh zd;wd;k wufa&; 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD National Democratic Party for Development
(22) jrefrmEdik if H &cdik jf ynfe,ftrsKd ;om;tiftm;pk Rakhine State National Force
(23) jynfaxmifp=k uHch ikd af &; ESihf zGH òh zd;a&;ygwD Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP)
(24) 0 trsKd ;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;ygwD Wa National Unity Party
(25) tif; trsKd ;om;zGH òh zd;wd;k wufa&;ygwD Inn National Development Party
(26) rGeaf 'ovk;H qdik &f m 'Dru kd a&pDygwD All Mon Region Democracy Party
(27) nD!w G af om 'Dru kd a&pDygwD (ucsijf ynfe,f) United Democracy Party (Kachin State)
(28) nD!w G af om 'Dru kd &ufwpf ygwD United Democratic Party (UDP)
(29) &cdik w f ikd ;f &if;om;rsm; wd;k wufa&;ygwD Rakhine Nationalities Development Party
(30) 'Dru kd a&pD ESihf +idr;f csr;f a&;ygwD Peace and Democracy Party
(31) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm; zGH òh z;d wd;k wufa&;ygwD Ethnic National Development Party (ENDP)
(32) jrefrm 'Dru kd a&pD uGe*f &uf Myanmar Democracy Congress (MDC)
(33) crDtrsKd ;om; zGH òh zd;wd;k wufa&;ygwD
(34) òrd wdik ;f &if;om;ygwD
(35) trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pk National Democratic Force (NDF)
(36) ureftrsK;d om;wk;d wufa&;ygwD
11
0if;wifhxGef;
pma&;ol&ŒJ trSm
tpuawmh 'Dpmtkyt f wGuf trSmpma&;bd@k r&nf&, G cf yhJ gb;l ?

acwftqufquf ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f a=umif;rSm ay:aygucf =hJ uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwD
tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;awG&ŒJ ta=umif;udk ud, k pf rG ;f ^m%fprG ;f &So d avmuf ajc&maumuf=unfh
vdu k rf +d yD; ‘ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ordik ;f a=umif;tusO;f ’eJ@ ed'ge;f oG,u f m “Armjynf
Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm; t!¸e;f ” twGuf rdwq f ufziG q hf pkd um;OD; qdx k m;+yD;+yDjzpf
ovdk ed*;Hk ydik ;f rSmvJ twdck sKyftm;jzifh ed*;Hk csKyfay;xm;+yD;+yD jzpfygw,f? 2009 ckEpS u f ek u
f mvtxdrmS yJ
tqk;H owfxm;cJyh gw,f? (31-12-2009) ae@rmS yJ 'Dpmtkyu f kd a&;om;ðypk+y;D pD;oGm;cJ&h mrSm ‘trSmpm’
oD;oef@a&;bd@k rvdt k yfawmhb;l vd@k vJ ,lqxm;cJyh gw,f?
'gayrJh pmtky}f uD;uvJ vG,v f , G u f ul jl refjrefqefqef pufwifyEHk ydS x f w k af 0Edik jf cif;r&Sad o;bJ
2010 jynfEh pS x f J a&mufvmwJt h cgrmS 2010 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS tajctaetcsut f vuf tjzpftysuf
opfawGwcsKŒd xyfraH y:ayguv f mwm awG@&ygw,f? etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ enf;rsK;d pkeH @J zdtm;ay;r_awG
atmufrmS typf&yf vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;wcsKŒd ‘e,fjcm;apmifw h yf’ eJ@ ‘jynfo@l ppf’ tjzpf
ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;jzpfay: ysuòf yd oGm;&wmawG &So d vd/k wcsKŒd vJyJ ppftpd;k &eJ@ t}urd }f urd af wG@qaHk qG;aEG;r_
12
awG vky=f u&&if;wif;rmr_awG ra=uvnfra_ wGjzpfc=hJ u&&if; aemufq;Hk uae@tcsed t f xd ud, k hf
&yfwnfcsuu f ,kd qf yk uf ikd uf m =uH=h uHch ikd cf ikd f qufvuf&yfwnf azmfjyae=uwmrsK;d awGvJ &Scd yhJ gw,f?
(Oyrmtm;jzifh (NDA-K)/ ud;k uef@tzG@J e@J uvvw tzG@J awG e,fjcm;apmifw h yfawGtjzpf ajymif;vJ
av#musomG ;&+y;D UWSA/ NDAA (rdik ;f vm;tzG@J )/ KIO eJ@ rGejf ynfopfygww D @kd awG[m tcuftcJrsK;d pkH
tajctaersKd ;pk=H um;uae tckcsed t f xd =uH=h uHch H &yfwnf&iS o f efae=uqJ jzpfygw,f)? 'ga=umifh
'Dpmtkyx f u J tajctae ta=umif;tcsuaf wGukd =unf=h uwJt h cg 2009 ckEpS u f ek uf txdqw kd hJ
umv owfrw S cf suu f kd xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;+yD; *±kro l wdxm;=unf=h uzd@k arwWm&yfcyH ef=um;vdyk gw,f?
aemufwcsuu f awmh 2010 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS ‘2010 jynfEh pS f taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD;’ udk
usi;f yðyvkyaf y;rSmjzpfw,fq+kd y;D etz ppftpd;k &uae (8-3-2010) ae@&ufpeJG J h xkwjf yefa=unmvdu k f
wJh ‘Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w Hk ifjcif;Oya'’ qdw k mt& Edik if aH &;ygwaD [mif;awGukd topfxyfrH jyef
vnf rSwyf t Hk wifcikd ;f wm tygt0if/ Edik if aH &;ygwo D pfawGz@JG pnf;cGiu hf kd cGiðhf yvduk w f ma=umifh jzpfay:vm
cJ&h wJh Edik if aH &; ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awG&ŒJ ta=umif;awGuv kd J xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyay;Edik zf @kd vdt k yfvmcJyh gw,f?
'gah =umifh 'Dpmtkyrf mS ‘aemufqufw’JG tjzpf aemufxyfxnfo h iG ;f azmfjyay;vdu k yf gw,f? wwfEikd f
or# jynfph +Hk y;D ðcrH id rHk &d adS pcsiw f hJ &nf&, G cf suef @J yg? 'DrmS vJ xyfrt H oday;vdw k mu ‘aemufqufwt JG jzpf
xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyay; vdu k &f wJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;opfawG&ŒJ t!¸e;f [m ody+f yD;jynfph v Hk aHk vmuf
rSmr[kwb f J umvowfrw S cf sut f m;jzifh 2010 jynf/h arv-21 &ufae@txd tajctaeyJjzpfw,fqkd
wmudv k J em;vnfoabmayguf owdcsyaf y;apcsiyf gw,f? 21-5-2010 ae@aemufyikd ;f zG@J pnf;ay:
ayguv f mwJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awGta=umif;eJ@ tckrS zG@J pnf;jzpfwnfay:ayguv f mcgp Edik if aH &;
ygwt D opfawG&ŒJ v_y&f mS ;r_tajctaeawG udak wmh b,fvrkd S vkaH vmufatmif !¸e;f qdak zmfjyay;Edik rf mS
r[kwb f ;l qdw k mudv k J óudwiftoday;xm;ESihf csiyf gw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf 'D ‘ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;t!¸e;f ’ [m Armjynf
Edik if aH &;ordik ;f udk pdw0f ifpm;=uolrsm;twGuf txl;ojzifh Edik if aH &;udpk w d 0f ifpm;=u/ Edik if aH &;eJ@ruif;
Edik =f u/ Edik if u H kd cspjf rwfE;kd =uwJh rsK;d qufopfvil ,frsm;twGu/f wpkw H &m taxmuftyHjh zpf/ aus;Zl;
ðyEdik w f ,fv@kd q&kd ify/J ðypk&usK;d eyf+yDtjzpf 0rf;om*k%, f v l u kd yf gr,f?
'Dpmtkyjf zpfajrmufa&;twGuf pGr;f pGr;f wrH tm;xkwv f ;Hk yrf;ay;cJ=h uwJh ae@opf0ikd ;f awmfom;
rsm;udk txl;aus;Zl;wifa=umif; azmfjyvdyk gw,f? 'Dpmtkyf ðypka&;om; ay:ayguaf pa&;twGuf ul
nDtm;ay;cJ=h uwJh rdwaf qG&if;udak tmifx;l (BLC twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;atmif xl;) tygt0if/ &Jabmf
rdwaf qGtaygi;f toif; a&mif;&if;rsm;udv k J aus;Zl;wifa=umif; rarhravsmh azmfjyrSww f rf;wifvu kd yf g
w,f?
av;pm;pGmjzifh æ æ æ
0if;wifx
h eG ;f
23-5-2010
13
0if;wifhxGef;
‘ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;rsm; ordik ;f a=umif;tusO;f ’

eJ@
‘Armjynf Edik if aH &;ygwDtzG@J tpnf;rsm; t!¸e;f ’
(ed'ge;f )
Edik if aH &;ordik ;f wdik ;f rSm Edik if aH &;qdik &f m vly*k Kd~ vrf sm;/ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm;eJ@
Edik if aH &;qdik &f mtjzpftysuf v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;yg0ifavh&ydS gw,f?
Edik if t
H vdu k f vly*k Kd~ vf/ ygwt D zG@J tpnf;eJ@ tjzpfoepfvy_ &f mS ;r_}uD;awG yg0ifqufpyfjzpfwnf
ay:ayguf p&e,fxm;wJh odomxif&mS ;ay:vGiw f /hJ tqifq h ifah omjzpfpOfjzpfa=umif; rSww f rf;&Snf
}uD;udk oufqikd &f m Edik if &H ŒJ Edik if aH &;ordik ;f vd@k ac:wGi=f uwmjzpfygw,f?
xif&mS ;ay:vGiw f /hJ OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifjzpfw/hJ yk*Kd~ vf}uD;i,f &G,v f wfawGta=umif; a&;om;zGiq hf kd
rSww f rf;wif azmfusL;=uwm[m ‘twWKy`w’dW jzpfygw,f?
&nf&G,fcsuf/ &nfrSef;csufwckudk taumiftxnfazmfzdk@ vlyk*~dKvfawG&Edkifoavmuf
tajrmuftrsm;udk pkaygi;f pkpnf;xm;wm[m ‘ygwt D zG@J tpnf;’ jzpf+yD;/ tJ'D ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awG&ŒJ
jzpfay:v_y&f mS ;±ke;f uef tm;xkwpf rG ;f aqmifyg0ifcrhJ a_ wGe@J aumif;usK;d qd;k jypftaxGaxGukd rSww f rf;wif
azmfusL;xm;wmudak wmh oufqikd &f m ‘ygwt D zG@J tpnf;&JŒordik ;f ’ vd@k ac: =uygw,f?
tifrwef}u;D us,x f if&mS ;wJ/h txifu& ay:aygucf w hJ /hJ tjzpftysut f a=umif;jcif;&m v_y&f mS ;
r_}u;D awGukd pkpnf;azmfjy rSww f rf;wifxm;wmawGuv kd J ‘ordik ;f ’ vd@k ac:ygw,f? wEdik if v H ;Hk eJ@ywfouf
aewJh Edik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m vly*k Kd~ vftzG@J tpnf; tjzpftysuf v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;awGtm;vk;H / yg0ifaygi;f quf
pkpnf;azmfusL;xm;wJ/h {&mrtxifu& armfueG ;f rSww f rf;}uD;wckv;Hk udak wmh ‘Edik if o hH rdik ;f ’ vd@k
ac:wGi=f uygw,f?
ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ordik ;f rSmvJ ordik ;f Zmwfaumif ordik ;f Zmwfaqmif Edik if aH &;yk*Kd~ vf }uD;/ i,f/
&G,v f wf rsK;d pkH ay:aygucf +hJ yD; Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsK;d pkH zGm;jrifcu hJ m ordik ;f 0iftjzpftysurf sK;d pkeH @J
Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ }uD;aygi;f rsm;pGm ay:xGe;f cJw h mawG@&ygr,f?
‘twWKy`w’dW eJ@ ‘ordik ;f ’ &JŒt=um;/ uwWm;jcm;csuw f ckuawmh twWKy`wq dW w kd m vly*k Kd~ vfwOD;
OD;&JŒ wOD;csi;f qdik &f m ta=umif;udpjP zpf+yD; ordik ;f uawmh trsm;qdik &f mudp/P Edik if v H ;Hk qdik &f mudpaP wG
ta=umif; rSww f rf;wifxm;wm jzpfygw,f?
ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ordik ;f udk avhvmwJt h cg/ ordik ;f 0ifvyl *k Kd~ vfawG&ŒJ ‘ta=umif;xkyw ` f jzpf&yf
axGaxG’ udk awG@jrif&rSmjzpfovd/k Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnfawG&ŒJ jzpfyyHk suyf t Hk vk;H pkeH @J a&csed ef rd jhf rifh
tqifah e&m tjzmjzmudv k J ±_jrif&rSmjzpfygw,f? ordik ;f wifxm;&wJh ta&;tcif;/ tjzpftysu/f
14
ta&;awmfyHk pwJh pwJh v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;aygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGm&JŒ armfueG ;f pOfawGuv kd /J awG@jrif&rSm jzpfyg
w,f?
ArmjynfrmS xif&mS ;wJh ordik ;f 0ify*k Kd~ vftzkzH t Hk a=umif; a&;zG@J ðypkxm;=uwJh ‘twWKy`w’dW awG
(tjynft h pkrH [kwaf yrJ)h xdu k of ifoh avmuf&o dS vd/k Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ }u;D i,fawGta=umif; armfueG ;f
wifxm;=uwJ/h ‘ordik ;f ’ awG/ ‘rSww f rf;’ awG[mvJ tweftoifah wmh&ydS gw,f? awmfawmfukd
enf;yg;vGe;f pGm awG@&wmuawmh (usaemfw h OD;csi;f tjrifrmS ) ‘Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm; ordik ;f ’
awGyJ jzpfygw,f? ‘ArmjynfygwaD wGu rsm;’ vd@k qd&k avmufatmif/ Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;
toif;tyif;awG tajrmuftrsm; ay:aygucf yhJ gvsu/f Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;awGordik ;f qdw k m
r&So d avmuf enf;yg;cJ&h wmuawmh/ ta=umif;rsK;d pkH &Syd gvrd rhf ,f?
um,uH&iS f tzG@J tpnf;awGu, kd Ef u d_ u f ud, k [ hf mud, k f ordik ;f rwifEikd =f uwm/ ordik ;f rwif=u
ao; wmawG &So d vd/k tzG@J tpnf; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m ordik ;f wifEikd af vmufatmif oufwrf;&Snf
=umcJw h m r&Sjd cif;/ &Sn=f umEdik cf iG rhf &jcif;/ ta&;ygwhJ pGr;f aqmifEikd rf r_ &Scd jhJ cif; pwmpwmawG[mvJ
ta=umif;&if;cH tcsut f vufawG jzpfaumif;jzpfEikd yf gw,f? bmha=umifyh J jzpfjzpf/ ‘Edik if aH &;ygwD
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ta=umif; ordik ;f ’ &Sm;yg;csKŒd iJv h w S muawmh trSeyf jJ zpfygw,f? ordik ;f rSm ay:aygucf zhJ ;l
wJh tcsKŒd aom Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;awG[mqd&k if b,fvakd y:ayguf &yfwnfu, G af ysmufomG ;=u&
ovJqw kd mawmif rSww f rf;wif Edik jf cif;/ wifcjhJ cif;r&Sad wmhyg? ordik ;f rSm ay:aygucf w hJ hJ Edik if aH &;ygwD
tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif; wckcsi;f ta=umif;/ aphaphiik k avhvmrSww f rf;wif=uEdik zf @kd rqdx k m;eJ@ ay:
aygucf w hJ hJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awG&ŒJ trnfemr awGavmufuakd wmif/ pkaH phatmif pm&if;wif
Edik jf cif;r&Sad wmhwhJ taetxm;jzpfygw,f? =umav ajc&maumufEikd zf @kd cufcaJ v jzpf&zG,&f ydS gawmh
w,f?
'ga=umifh tJ'v D pf[mcsKŒd ,Gi;f ae&r_uu G v f yfav;udk wwfEikd o f r# jznfq h nf;ay;wJt h aeeJ@a&m/
ordik ;f udk avhvmae=uolawGtwGuf wpkw H &mtaxmuftul&Edik af pa&;twGuyf g &nfp;l +yD;/ 'D
“Armjynf Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm;t!¸e;f ” udk tm;xkwðf ypktyfygw,f?
ordik ;f udk avhvmwJt h cgrmS Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;awG&ŒJ trnfemrawGe@J
ta=umif;jcif;&mawGuv kd J rkcsawG@ñuH&j_ rif&rSmjzpfwt hJ wGuf 'DEikd if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awG&ŒJ t
a=umif;udk wwfEikd o f r# jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk odEikd af vav/ ordik ;f eJ@ywfoufwhJ tjrift,ltqaumufcsuf
awG[m ydrk jkd ynfph Hk rSeu f efEikd f avav jzpfEikd yf gvrd rhf ,f?
tck ðypkazmfjyvdu k w f hJ “ Armjynf Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm;t!¸e;f ” [m
‘t!¸e;f ’ r#yJ jzpfygw,f?
‘t!¸e;f ’ r# tusO;f r#omjzpfwt hJ wGuf ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ordik ;f wavsmufrmS ay:aygucf w hJ hJ
Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rSeo f r#ukd wwfEikd o f avmuf pkaH phatmif xnfo h iG ;f azmfjycsiaf y
rJh tifrwefrS arS;rSed v f eG ;f vS ta&;ygrr_ &Sv d w S hJ ae@jrifnaysmufvv kd kd umv&ufwmwdak wmif;vGe;f vS
rxif&mS ;vSwhJ ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif; tyif;awGta=umif;udak wmh !¸e;f qdak zmfjyxnfo h iG ;f a&wGuf
jcif; rðyawmhyg? Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;oabm raqmifaom tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;tpkt±k;H rsm;
15
0if;wifhxGef;
udv
k J xnfo
h iG ;f a&wGuf azmfjyjcif;rðyawmhyg?
Ù Ù Ù Ù Ù
1886 ckEpS rf mS Armjynfwjynfv;Hk +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ orm;awG&ŒJ vufatmuf usa&mufc&hJ +yD;wJh

aemufyikd ;f / ol@u|erf cHvw kd hJ wdik ;f cspjf ynfcspf rsK;d cspyf *k Kd~ vftaygi;f [m e,fcsŒJ +Adwo d # t*Fvyd af wGukd
&&mvufeufawGe@J jyefvnfweG ;f vSef wke@f jyefwu kd yf q
JG ifc=hJ uygw,f? ajrjyef@ jynfrae&ma'otES@H rmS
vufeufuikd af wmfveS f ykeu f eftºHk urG }_ u;D awG qufwu kd af y:cJo
h vdk jynfe,fe@J awmifwef;a'oae&m
aygi;f pkrH mS vJ vufeufuikd f ckcH awmfveS yf ek u f eftHkºuG=uwmawG awmufavsmufay:aygucf yhJ gw,f?
ArmvlrsK;d awGtygt0if wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pkt H oD;oD;wd@k &ŒJ +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ orm;tay:
qef@usif wGe;f vSecf =hJ uwJ/h 'Dvufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_aygi;f pk[ H m q,fpEk pS w f ckausm=f um
atmif &Gy&f yG cf |cH |H wdu k yf q JG ifEikd cf =hJ uayrJh atmifyrJG &bJ ta&;edrchf =hJ u&ygw,f? 19 &mpkuek cf sed f
(1900) jynfEh pS af vmuf a&mufwhJ tcsed rf mS awmh vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;awG[m tajccHtm;jzifh
wpwp tm;aysmah rS;rSed f vk;H yg;yg;oGm;&+yDv@kd t=urf;zsi;f tm;jzifh qd&k ygvrd rhf ,f?
20 &mpkxJ pwif0ifa&mufvmcsed rf mS awmh 0HomEkvy_ &f mS ;r_}u;D uvva&=unf oaE<wnfpðy
vmcJ+h y;D ArmjynfrmS tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;awG wpwp tv#Kv d #Kad y:ayguv f mzd@k tm;,lv;l vGe@f p
ðyvmygawmhw,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd 1900 jynfEh pS u f kd ‘wdik ’f xm;+yD; t=urf;zsi;f =unfrh ,fq&kd if u&ifh
tzG@J tpnf;jzpfwhJ ‘a'guvl’ uvGv J @kd ArmjynfrmS Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;oabmudk
aqmifwhJ tzG@J tpnf; wckrS r&Sad o;bl;vd@k yJ ajym&ygvrd rhf ,f? 1900 jynfEh pS rf wdik cf if 1864 ckEpS u f
ykord òf rdŒrSm rsuEf mS jzL&[ef;awmf bduKQ tmaomuudk ta=umif;ðy+yD; ‘taomu tzG@J ’/ 1897
ckEpS u f rEœav;rSm ‘Ak'o < moeEk*[ ~ toif;’/ jrif;jcHòrdŒrSm ‘Ak'u < vsm% rdwt W oif;’/ 1899 ckEpS f
u armfvòrdirf mS ‘omoe"& toif;’ pwJh toif;tzG@J rsK;d awGawmh ArmjynfrmS txift&Sm;ay:
ayguaf e+yDjzpfayrJh tJ't D oif;tzG@J awG[m wEdik if v H ;Hk oabmtxd raqmifco hJ vd/k bmoma&;rSmyJ
vrf;qk;H oGm;cJ=h uwJh bmoma&;tzG@J tpnf;oufouf oabmrsK;d awGcsn;f jzpfwt hJ wGuf xnfo h iG ;f
azmfjyjcif;rðyawmhyg? 'ga=umifh ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm;ordik ;f udk jyef+yD;
ajc&maumuf=unf&h r,fq&kd if yxrqk;H awG@&wmuawmh u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;tpnf;t±k;H jzpfwhJ
‘a'guvl’ ygy?J ‘a'guvl’ [m 1881 ckEpS u f wnf;u pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJw h m jzpfwt hJ wGuf
tOD;qk;H pwifay:aygucf w hJ hJ tzG@J tpnf;vd@k rSww f rf;wif&rSmjzpfygw,f? ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ygwt D zG@J t
pnf; toif;tyif;rsm; ay:ayguv f mr_ordik ;f a=umif;udk ajc&mcH=unfw h thJ cgrmS 1900 jynfEh pS rf wdik cf if
wEdik if v H ;Hk +Adwod #e,fcsŒJ orm;wd@k vufatmuf usa&muf&jcif;r&Sad o;cifuwnf;u tzG@J tpnf;t
jzpf&cdS w hJ m[m ‘a'guvl’ wckwnf;yJ &Scd +hJ yD; uset f zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rSeo f r#[m +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ
orm;wd@k vufatmuf wEdik if v H ;Hk usa&mufc&hJ +yD;wJah emuf 1900 jynfEh pS &f ŒJ aemufyikd ;f rS tv#Kt d v#Kd
ay:ayguv f m=uwmawG jzpfygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifah jym&&if 20 &mpk}uD;xJrmS rS ArmjynfrmS
Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;awG tkeH @J usi;f eJ@ xlaxmifay:xGe;f vmcJ=h uwm jzpfygw,f?
20 &mpktwGi;f ay:xGe;f vmcJ=h uwJh ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;awGukd
16
xyfr+H yD; cGjJ cm;pdwjf zm=unfv h u kd rf ,fq&kd if (1) bmoma&; vlra_ &;tzG@J tpnf;/ (2) vlxv k wl ef;pm;
tzG@J tpnf;/ (3) Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;eJ@ (4) vlrsK;d pktzG@J tpnf;awGq+kd yD; t=urf;zsi;f tm;jzifh (4) rsK;d
(4) pm; awG@Eikd yf gw,f?
20 &mpk&ŒJ yxrq,fpEk pS f (3) ckausmaf vmuftxd (ArmjynfrmS axmifo h ;Hk &mjynfth a&;awmfyHk
}u;D ay:xGe;f cJw h hJ 1938 ckEpS af vmuftxd) umvtwGi;f ay:xGe;f vmcJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;
awG trsm;pk}uD;&JŒ a,bk,saºuG;a=umfo[ H m ‘trsK;d -bmom-omoem’ jzpfygw,f? wenf;tm;
jzifah jym&&if ‘trsK;d bmom omoem’ qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfo}H uD;atmufrmS Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;
toif;tyif;awG tv#Kt d v#Kd arG;zGm;ay:ayguv f mcJ=h uw,fv@kd qdck siyf gw,f?
tJ'D 1300 jynfu h mv 1938 ckEpS 0f ef;usiu f ae wdik ;f jynf vGwv f yfa&;ausnmEdik rf ,fh
1948 ckEpS f twGi;f rSmawmh ‘trsK;d bmom omoem’ qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfoeH @J wqufwnf; a&SŒwef;
a&mufvmcJw h hJ aemufxyfaºuG;a=umfou H awmh ‘vGwv f yfa&; vk;H 0vGwv f yfa&;’ qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umf
oHygy?J ppfreS w f hJ Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;trsm;pk}uD;[m e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;eJ@twl
vGwv f yfa&;qD OD;wnf a&S;&_vmcJ=h uwm awG@&ygw,f? 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy}Hk uD;aemufyikd ;f rSm
‘qd&k , S af &;’ qdw k t hJ oHawGyg wqifw h uf =um;vm&+yD; qd&k , S vf pfa&;qDtxd a&S;±_=uwJh Edik if aH &;
ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awGyg xGuaf y:vmwm awG@&ygw,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh æ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D
Armjynfq&kd , S v f pfygwD pojzif)h 1942 ckEpS f aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh vGwv f yfa&;aºuG;a=umfot H jyif
‘e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ zufqpfqef@usiaf &;/ trsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;’ qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfoaH wGyg
t&Sed t f [kejf yif;jyif; xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f?
1948 ckEpS f vGwv f yfa&;eJ@ (83) &uft=umrSm ArmjynfjynfwiG ;f ppf}u;D vJ pwifay:ayguv f mcJh
&wmjzpfwt hJ wGuf 1948 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f rSmawmh Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;awGtrsm;
pk}uD;=um;rSm ‘'Dru kd a&pDa&; +idr;f csr;f a&; trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;’ qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfoaH wGvJ
pnfpnfnv H mcJ&h ygw,f? Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;wcsKŒd awmcdv k ufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;awG jzpfomG ;
&ovd/k awmcdv k ufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;opfawGvJ ay:ayguv f mwm awG@&ygw,f? ajray:rSmvJ
Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;opfawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDacwf
jzpfwt hJ wGuf ygwrD sK;d pkH xlaxmifay:ayguf vmwmawG@&ygw,f?
1962 ckEpS rf mS Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u ppfwyfe@J tm%modr;f wufvmum 1964 ckEpS rf mS ‘trsK;d
om; pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf u _ kd umuG,o f nfOh ya'’ qdw k m xkwjf yef+yD; Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;
tyif;rSeo f r#ukd rw&m;ojzifh zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd wf t hJ csed rf mS awmh ajray:rSm Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;
toif;tyif;awG aysmufu, G o f mG ;cJ&h jyefygw,f? Adv k af e0if;&JŒ ppftm%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS Adv k af e0if;
trSL;ðywJh ‘jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygw’D (rqvygw)D eJ@ rqvygw&D ŒJ vufcv JG ufatmufcH tzG@J
tpnf; toif;tyif;awGom ay:ayguv f mcJ&h +yD; rqvwygwt D m%m&Sipf epf }uD;pd;k rif;rlvmcJyh g
w,f? b,fEikd if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rS ajray:rSm w&m;0ifz@JG pnf;&yfwnfciG hf r&Sw d hJ
twGuf 1962 ckEpS rf S 1988 ckEpS t f xd Adv k af e0if;ppftm%m&Siaf cwf (26) ESpw f mtwGi;f rqv
wygwpD pftm%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS ajratmuf vufeufuikd f Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awGcsn;f yJ
17
0if;wifhxGef;
ay:xGe;f ayguzf mG ;vmcJ&h ygawmhw,f? trsm;pk}uD;[m vlrsK;d pk vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;awGjzpf+yD;/
vlrsK;d pkwikd ;f vdv k kd vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;/ awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;awG ay:ayguv f mcJ&h ygawmh
w,f? 'DumvtwGi;f rSm ppfwyfuae pwifvufeufwyfqif arG;jrLzG@J pnf;ay;xm;cJw h hJ ‘umuG,f
a&;’ eJ@ ‘jynfo@l ppf’ qdw k mrsm;uae awmcdk vufeufuikd t f zG@J awGtjzpf ajymif;vJ jzpfay:vmwmawG
vJ &Syd gw,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh avmfppf[eftzG@J / cGeq f mtzG@J pwmawG)? rqv ppftm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ
(26) ESpw f m acwfumvtwGi;f rSmawmh ‘ppftm%m&Sipf epf qef@usiaf &;/ wygwD tm%m&Sipf epf
wdu k zf suaf &;’ qdw k ahJ ºu;G a=umfo[ H m Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;awGtm;vk;H &JŒ aºu;G a=umf
oHjzpfc&hJ ygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh ppftm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &;/ rqv wygwt D m%m&Sipf epf
wdu k zf suaf &; aºuG;a=umfo}H uD;atmufrmS vufeufuikd Ef ikd if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awG ae&mtES@H
ay:ayguv f mcJw h ,fv@kd qdck siyf gw,f?
1988 ckEpS rf mS wEdik if v H ;Hk vuQ%maqmifwhJ *k%af jymifwhJ &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D ay:xGe;f
vmcJyh gw,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd qef@usiw f hJ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;udk awmif;qdw k /hJ 'D (&Spaf v;vk;H
ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D &JŒ atmifo;D atmifEw HS cktjzpf) ta&;awmfyu Hk mvtwGi;f up+y;D ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D
aemufyikd ;f / qufwu kd v
f vkd kd Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;rsK;d pkH tkeH @J usi;f eJ@ t&Sed t f [kejf yif;jyif; xGuaf y:
vmcJyh gw,f? (26) ESpef ;D yg;r# ajray:rSm Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awG wnf&cdS iG rhf &/ ydwyf ifcx H m;cHc&hJ
or#/ twd;k cs+yD; zG@J pnf;jyvdu k o f vm; xif&avmufatmif Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awG tpkvu kd f
tðyv H u kd f ay:xGe;f vmcJyh gw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D t+y;D rSm w&m;0ifrw S yf w Hk if+y;D zG@J pnf;ay:
ayguv f mcJw h hJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;ta&twGuw f if (235) ckawmif &Scd yhJ gw,f?
ArmjynfrmS b,fwek ;f urSr&Scd zhJ ;l / ray:aygucf zhJ ;l wJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsK;d awGawmif
ay:ayguv f mwm awG@&ygw,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh æ ±ky&f iS rf if;om;§rif;orD;awG&ŒJ ygwrD sK;d / r&m
jynfo@l ygw/D òrd (ac: ) crD;trsK;d om; aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;tzG@J csKyf qdwk mrsK;d )?
ausmif;om;vli,fawG&ŒJ ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awGvJ tajrmuftrsm; xGuaf y:vmwmawG@&o
vd/k vlrsK;d pk ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awGvJ ae&mtES@H uae xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? w&m;0ifrw S yf w Hk ifz@JG pnf;wJh
Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG csn;f omru/ ,l*st D jzpf ,l*sw D ydik ;f tjzpf Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;opfawGvJ ay:
ayguv f mwmawG@&ygw,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh æ tuo/ Auo (txufArmjynf)/ ruo-pojzif)h ?
'DumvrSm/ vlord sm;wJh xif&mS ;wJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;opf}u;D rsm; ay:ayguv f mcJo h vd/k t&ifu
wnf;u a&S;uwnf;u&Scd zhJ ;l wJh Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;wcsKŒd [m t&ifwek ;f uemrnfawGtwdik ;f
cH,+l yD;/ topfwzef wausmjh yef xGuaf y:vm =uwmawGvJ &Syd gw,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh jynfo@l &aJ bmf/
jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw/D jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pDygw/D zqyv pwJt h zG@J tpnf;rsK;d )? zqyv qd&k if zqyv/
zqyv (A[d)k / zqyv (rlv) qd+k y;D ok;H rsK;d ok;H zG@J awmif rwljcm;em;pGm xGuaf y:vmwJt h xd jzpfygw,f?
vlrsK;d pkEikd if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awGvJ xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rsm;jym;vmwmawG@&+yD;/ wcsKŒd Edik if aH &;
ygwD tzG@J tpnf;awGq&kd if t&ifur=um;zl;ao;wJh tac:ta0:tok;H tE_e;f awGe@J awmif jzpfygw,f?
vlrsK;d pk Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;awGuykd J oD;oef@aZmif;ay;=unfrh ,fq&kd ifawmh Armjynf
rSm Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;awG pwifay:xGe;f pumvavmufu ay:aygucf =hJ uwJh
18
vlrsK;d pkEikd if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;[m oufqikd &f mrdrw d @kd vrl sK;d pkawG&ŒJ wpnf;wvk;H
wnf;&Sad &;/ rdrw d @kd oufqikd &f m vlrsK;d pkawG&ŒJ tusK;d pD;yGm;udk xde;f odr;f umuG,af pmifah &Smufa&;eJ@
rdrwd @kd vrl sK;d pkawG&ŒJ vlrb _ 0 wd;k wufjrifrh m; jri‡ w hf ifa&;awGtwGuf t"du&nfreS ;f +y;D zG@J pnf;xlaxmifchJ
=uwmjzpfygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD;t+yD; 1945 ckEpS &f ŒJ aemufyikd ;f / txl;ojzifh vGwv f yfa&;
a=unm+yD;csed f 1948 ckEpS &f ŒJ aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh zG@J pnf;xlaxmifay:ayguv f mcJ=h uwJh vlrsK;d pkEikd if aH &;
ygwD tzG@J tpnf;trsm;pk}uD;&JŒ&nfreS ;f csuaf wG[m rdrw d @kd vlrsK;d pkawG&@J tusK;d pD;yGm;udk umuG,x f ed ;f
odr;f apmifah &Smufa&;eJ@vrl _ b0wd;k wufjrifrh m;vmapa&;awG twGuo f mru Edik if aH &;t& rdrw d @kd
vlrsK;d pktrsK;d om;awG&ŒJ ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfciG &hf jynfe,f/ ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfciG &hf a'o jzpfay:vmapa&;
txd &nfreS ;f csux f m;vmcJ=h uygw,f? 1988 ckEpS /f &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyHk rwdik cf if txd/ 1945
ckEpS af emufyikd ;f ay:xGe;f vmcJ=h uwJh vlrsK;d pkvufeufuikd yf gwt D zG@J tpnf;awGwcsKŒd qd&k if wef;wl
a&;eJ@ ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGit hf xd ar#mrf eS ;f cJ=h uwm&So d vdk oD;jcm;vGwv f yfwhJ Edik if /H oD;jcm;vGwv f yfwhJ
orRwEdik if H xlaxmifa&;txd &nfreS ;f csux f m;vm=uwJh tzG@J tpnf;awGvJ umvwcktxd&cdS yhJ g
w,f?
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒaemufyikd ;f rSmawmh &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;udk t=urf;zuf
òzdciG ;f +yD; wufvmcJw h hJ e0w-etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ &uf&ufpufpuf zdEydS f ESyd u f yG rf a_ wGa=umifh jynfyEdik if H
awGqu D kd a&muf&o dS mG ;&wJh 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGv&J cdS &hJ +y;D / jynfya&muf ta0;a&muf Edik if aH &;ygwD
tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;opfawGvJ xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ay:ayguv f mcJ&h jyefygw,f? ppftpd;k &&JŒ ,kwf
,kwrf mrmzdEydS rf a_ wG atmufrmS / w&m;0ifEikd if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awG zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf iG &hf cJah yrJh
umvodyrf =umrDrmS yJ qufvuf v_y&f mS ;Edik cf iG rhf &awmhbJ tzsuo f rd ;f cHvu kd =f u&wJt h wGuf (235)
cktxdawmif ay:ayguv f mcJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;rsK;d pk[ H mvJ 1990 jynfEh pS af &G;aumufy}JG u;D
aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh w&m;0if&yfwnfEikd w f yhJ gwD (10) ckawmif ruse&f awmhwt hJ ajctaexd jzpfc&hJ
jyefygw,f? ordik ;f 0if &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;aemufyikd ;f ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm
xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ay:ayguv f mr_wckawmh ‘typf&yf +idr;f tzG@J awG’ vd@k twdak umuf ac:a0:uifyeG ;f wyf
ay;jcif;cH&wJh ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lxm;=uwJh typf&yfvufeufuikd f Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J
tpnf;trsK;d tpm;opfawG ay:ayguv f mcJjh cif;yJ jzpfygw,f? wcsKŒd u t&ifuwnf;uwnf&v dS mcJw h hJ
rlvEdik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;}uD;awG&ŒJ trnfemrtwdik ;f jzpfay:wnf&adS ewmjzpf +yD; wcsKŒd uawmh
rlvtzG@J tpnf;}uD;awGqu D ae ykeu f efjcm;em;qef@usicf x JG u G v f m=u&muae trnfemr opfawGe@J
ay:ayguw f nf&v dS m=uwmjzpfygw,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh ‘0’ jynf aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &; ygw/D au'Dat
tzG@J / 'DaubDat/ tJe'f aD t-autzG@J pojzifh æ pojzifh æ æ æ)?
rsuaf rSmufumvtxd toGit f rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ay:ayguw f nf&adS e=uwJh ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ygwt D zG@J
tpnf; toif;tyif;awGtm;vk;H udk csKyf=unfv h ukd rf ,fq&kd ifawmh yxrqk;H awG@&rSmu vufeuf
udik rf [kww f hJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;eJ@ vufeufuikd Ef ikd if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;
toif;tyif;rsm;qd+k yD; t=urf;zsi;f (2) rsK;d awG@&ygr,f?
vufeufuikd rf [kww f hJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;udrk S xyfrcH jJG cm;pdwjf zm=unfh
19
0if;wifhxGef;
vdu k &f if (1) w&m;0if ajray:Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;/ (2) w&m;0ifwnf&cdS iG rhf &wJh
Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm;eJ@ (3) jynfya&muf Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;
rsm;qd+k yD; t=urf;zsi;f (3) rsK;d awG@&ygr,f?
vufeufuikd f Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;udv k J xyfrcH jJG cm;pdwjf zm=unfv h u kd rf ,f
qd&k ifawmh (1) ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lxm;=uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;
rsm;eJ@/ (2) ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &; r,l/ qufvufwu kd yf qJG ifae=uqJ Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J
tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm;qd+k yD; ESprf sK;d ESppf m; uGjJ ym;wnf&adS ewmawG@&ygr,f?
Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;awG b,favmufyJ uGjJ ym;jcm;em;+yD;/ b,favmufyJ
rsm;jym; rsK;d pkaH eygap/ xl;xl;jcm;jcm;jzpfay:aewmuawmh ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;
tyif;rsK;d pkaH wG&ŒJ rsuaf rSmuf Edik if aH &;aºuG;a=umfou H awmh ‘'Dru kd a&pDa&; vl@tcGit hf a&;’ qdw k myJ
jzpfygw,f?
vlrsK;d pk Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;awGtm;vk;H avmuf&ŒJ aºuG;a=umfou H awmh
‘wef;wla&;’/ ‘ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi&hf a&;’ eJ@ ‘zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;’ qd+k y;D t=urf;zsi;f
awG@jrif ae&ygw,f?
rsuaf rSmufumv[m ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f wavsmufrmS b,facwfumveJ@rS
rwlatmif Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif; trsm;qk;H umvvd@k vJ owfrw S , f q l csiyf gw,f?
ArmjynfrmS ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f wavsmufrmS acwfumvawGtvdu k f ta=umif;
trsK;d rsK;d udk tajcðy+yD; Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;awG ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? (1881 ckEpS u f
ay: aygucf w hJ hJ ‘a'guvl’ vdk u&iftrsK;d om;tzG@J tpnf;wckavmufuvG&J if) 1900 jynfEh pS t f vGef
(20) &mpk xJukd 0ifa&mufvmwJt h csed af vmufusrS ArmjynfrmS Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;ttyif;awG
pwifarG;zGm; ay:ayguv f mwmjzpfw,fv@kd t=urf;zsi;f tm;jzifq h &kd rSmjzpfayrJh rsuaf rSmufacwfumv
txdtwGi;f arG;zGm;ay:aygucf =hJ uzl;wJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;awG[m renf;vS
awmhyg? &mpkEpS w f ckausmt f wGi;f ArmjynfrmS Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;awG ray:aygucf hJ
zl;wJh acwfumv&,fv@kd vJ vk;H 0r&Scd zhJ ;l yg? rqv wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfacwfvkd rqv ygwu D vGv J @kd
wjcm;b,fEikd if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;udrk S w&m;0ifwnf&cdS iG rhf ðywJah cwfumvrsK;d
twGi;f rSmawmif vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;rsK;d awGawmh tqufrjywfarG;zGm;
ay:ayguEf ikd cf yhJ gw,f? rsuaf rSmufacwfumvtxd ESpaf ygi;f (120) 0ef;usiaf vmuftawmtwGi;f
ArmjynfrmS ay:aygucf =hJ uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;awGukd t=urf;zsi;f ðcHi=Hk unfv h u kd f
r,fq&kd ifawmh wcsKŒd Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;[m acwfumv&JŒ awmif;qdck sut f & ordik ;f a&;
vdt k yfcsut f & arG;zGm;ay:xGe;f zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJ=h uwmjzpf+yD; acwfumv&JŒ awmif;qdck suef @J
ordik ;f ay;qdik &f mwm0efawGukd wwfEikd o f r# jznfq h nf;xrf;aqmifo,fy;kd cJ=h uygw,f? wdik ;f jynfe@J
vlrsK;d twGuf trsm;jynfoal wG&ŒJ tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf a&SŒwef;tcef;uae acwfumvtavsmuf
wufwufºuGºuG a&SŒaqmifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f? acwfumvtavsmuf us,jf yef@vw S hJ trsm;jynfol
vlx}k u;D w&yfv;Hk &JŒ tusK;d pD;yGm;udak &S;¶_+y;D wrsK;d om;vk;H udk ud, k pf m;ðyaqmif&u G cf =hJ uygw,f? wcsKŒd
20
tzG@J tpnf;awGuawmh wckv;Hk oabmt&us,jf yef@whJ jynfov l x l wk &yfv;Hk twGuf raqmif&u G Ef ikd f
ayrJh wpdww f ydik ;f oabmt& oufqikd &f mtpktpnf; twef;tpm; tEG,t f yk pf ak wGuykd J ud, k pf m;ðy
Edik cf +hJ y;D acwfumvtavsmuf Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGxrJ mS yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f? wcsKŒd tzG@J tpnf;
awGuawmh wdik ;f jynfe@J vrl sK;d twGuw f @kd trsK;d om; tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuw f @kd qdw k mawGukd xnfah wmifr
pOf;pm;/ oufqikd &f m acwfumvtavsmuf oufqikd &f m *d% k ;f *%tkypf ak wG&ŒJ tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf
yk*v ~ u d ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;awGtwGuyf &J nfp;l +y;D zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f m=uwmawGvJ &Syd gw,f? rwljcm;em;
wJh ordik ;f a&;acwfumvawGtavsmuf/ rwljcm;em;wJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;awG
[m wcsKŒd ordik ;f wm0efausc=hJ u+yD;/ wcsKŒd ordik ;f wm0efraus¹yGecf =hJ uyg? wcsKŒd a&SŒwef;tcef;u OD;
aqmifvy_ &f mS ;Edik cf =hJ u+y;D / wcsKŒd aemufwef;u/ wcsKŒd omrefr#yJ v_y&f mS ;Edik cf hJ =uygw,f? jynfov l x l &k ŒJ
tusK;d pD;yGm;eJ@xyfwu l sc/hJ udu k n f cD w hJ t hJ zG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;awG&cdS o hJ vd/k jynfov l xl &k @J tusK;d pD;
yGm;eJ@qef@usiu f v
JG cJG w hJ hJ rudu k n f cD whJ hJ tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;awGvJ &Scd yhJ gw,f? ordik ;f a&;acwfum
vtavsmuf/ wcsKŒd Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;tyif;awG[m oufwrf;&Sn=f umpGm &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;
&Sio f efEikd cf =hJ u+yD;/ wcsKŒd uawmh umvwdw k t kd wGi;f rSmyJ uG,af ysmuf csKyf+idr;f oGm;cJ&h wmawGvJ &Sd
cJyh gw,f? ta[mif;ta[mif;awG csKyf+idr;f oGm;&+yD;/ topftopfawG ay:xGe;f vmcJ=h uwmawG &Sd
ovd/k ordik ;f a&;acwfumvwavsmufukd ausmjf zwf+y;D / oHr%dom;us oufwrf;&um/ acwfe@J tnD
&Sio f efvy_ &f mS ;aeEdik w f hJ 0g&ifh obm&ifh Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;}u;D awGvJ &Sad ewmawG@
jrif&ygw,f? topfwzefòydurJG a_ wGjzpf=u/ topfwzef aygi;f pnf;r_awGjzpf=ueJ@ tqufrjywfjzpf
wnf ajymif;vJ ay:ayguaf ewmawGuv kd J ordik ;f umvwavsmuf awG@jrifae&ygw,f? aemifvJ t
qufrjywf qufvufay:ayguaf eOD;rSm jzpfygw,f?
txufrmS azmfjycJo h vdk ArmjynfrmS Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;awG ay:ayguv f mcJh
wmudk t=urf;zsi;f ajc&maumuf =unf+h yD;wJah emuf/ ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f wavsmufrmS
ay:ayguv f mcJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;awGukd rwljcm;em;wJh acwfumvawG
tvdu k f t=urf;zsi;f cGjJ cm;=unfv h u kd rf ,fq&kd ifawmh æ æ æ
(u) 1900 jynfEh pS rf wdik cf if (20 &mpkrwdik cf if) ay:aygucf w hJ hJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;
(c) 0HomEk v_y&f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f ay:aygucf w hJ hJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;
(*) ocifvy_ &f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f ay:aygucf w hJ hJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;
(C) zufqpfqef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f ay:aygucf w hJ hJ Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;
rsm;
(i) vGwv f yfa&; tóuv d y_ &f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f ay:aygucf w hJ hJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;
(p) vGwv f yfa&;ausnmt+yD; ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDacwftwGi;f ay:aygucf w hJ hJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;
toif; tyif;rsm;
(q) rqv ppftm%m&Sipf epfacwftwGi;f ay:aygucf w hJ hJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;
(Z ) &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;eJ@ ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;aemufyikd ;f acwf (0g) rsuaf rSmufacwftwGi;f
ay:aygucf w hJ hJ Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;qd+k yD; wef;pDawG@jrifEikd yf gw,f? tJ'D
21
0if;wifhxGef;
vdk rwljcm;em;wJh acwfumvawGtvdu k f ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ordik ;f wavsmufrmS ay:aygucf =hJ uwJh
Edik if aH &; ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;awG toD;oD;ta=umif;udk txufygtwdik ;f cGu J ef@yikd ;f jcm;+yD;
wwfEikd f or# azmfjy!¸e;f qdo k mG ;rSmjzpfygw,f? ‘ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;
t!¸ e f ; ’ qd k w J h t wd k i f ; t!¸ e f ; r#yJ j zpf v d r f h r ,f q d k w mud k v J xyf q if h ajymqd k c sif y gw,f ?
ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f udk avhvm=unf&h =_ uwJt h cg óuduo f nfjzpfap róuduo f nfjzpfap/
rygrjzpfrodrjzpf Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;awGe@J odoifo h x
d u
kd w
f hJ Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J
tpnf;rsm;ta=umif;awGuo kd m t"duxm; azmfjy!¸e;f qdo k mG ;rSmjzpfwt
hJ wGuf wcsKŒd aomygwD tzG@J
tpnf;toif;tyif;awG ºuGi;f use&f pfwmryg0ifbJ csev f yS x f m;cJ&h wmawGv&J EdS ikd yf gw,f? t!¸e;f r#
omjzpfwt hJ wGuf aumufa=umif;cJjcpfavmufom yk=H urf;azmfay;Edik yf gvrd rhf ,f? wqifw h uf+yD; t
yDtjyif ¶kyfvkH;azmf=unfh=u/ ykHazmfaq;om;wif=unfh=uzdk@uawmh oufqdkif&myk*~dKvfwdk@&JŒ
tvdq k ENtwdik ;f ygy?J
Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô
22
1900 jynfh rwkid cf ifumv
1900 jynfh rwkid cf ifumvtwGi;f ay:aygufcw

hJ hJ Ekid if aH &;ygwD
tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;
23
0if;wifhxGef;
1900 jynfh rwkid cf ifumv
1900 jynfh rwkid cf ifumvtwGi;f ay:aygufcw

hJ hJ Ekid if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;
(1) a'guvl (ac: ) KNA

Karen National Association
24
(1) a'guvl (ac: ) autJeaf t

Karen National Association (KNA)
u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;[m ‘u&iftrsK;d om;toif;’ }uD;jzpfwhJ (KNA) udk (1881) ckEpS rf mS p

wif zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? Karen National Association (KNA) udk u&iftrsK;d om;awGuawmh
‘a'guvl’ vd@k ac:a0: =u+y;D / yxrqk;H aom OuUÏ[m ‘a'guw f m wdojH ym’ jzpfygw,f? u&ifrsK;d EG,pf k
tm;vk;H wvk;H wpnf;&Sad &;udk OD;wnf+yD;/ u&ifvrl sK;d rsm;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;wd;k wufrr_ sm;udk
ynmay;aqmif&u G &f ef/ ud,
k t
hf m;ud,
k u
f ;kd pepfjzifh aqmif&u G +f yD; u&ifvrl sK;d rsm;tm; jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;
&JŒ v$r;f rd;k jcif;wd@k rS umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&efqw kd hJ &nf&, G cf suaf wGe@J zG@J pnf;cJwh mqdyk gw,f?
a'guvl[m u&iftrsK;d om;awG&ŒJ yxrqk;H aom trsK;d om;tzG@J tpnf;/ Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;
jzpf¶rHk u/ ArmjynfrmS tOD;qk;H tapmqk;H ay:aygucf w hJ hJ Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;vJ jzpfw,fv@kd
rSww f rf;wif&rSm jzpfygw,f?
25
0if;wifhxGef;
1900 jynfEh pS f aemufyikd ;f 0HomEkvy_ &f mS ;r_acwf
1900 jynfEh pS af emufyikd ;f 0HomEkvy_ &f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f

ay:aygufcw
hJ hJ Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm;
26
1900 jynfEh pS f aemufyikd ;f 0HomEkvy_ &f mS ;r_acwf
1900 jynfEh pS f aemufyikd ;f 0HomEkvy_ &f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f ay:aygufcw

hJ hJ
Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm;
(1) 0dik t
f rfbaD ttoif; (YMBA)
(2) jrefrmukrmR &Dtoif;
(3) 'geokctoif; (0HomEkurk mR &Dtoif;)
(4) oHCmhomr*~D
(5) jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD; (GCBA)
(6) avbm,le, D H
(7) 21 OD;tzG@J
(8) bl; toif;rsm;
(9 ) qGm&yf*syf gwD (o&mZtzG@J )
(10) [kr±R ;l ygwD
(11) jynfol jynfom;tzG@J
(12) a&$awmif=um;ygwD (tif'yD if;'ifyh gw)D
H ;Hk qdik &f m u&iftrsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf (BKNA)
27
0if;wifhxGef;
(1) 0dik t
f rfbaD t toif; (YMBA)
Armvdk ‘Ak'b < mom uvsm%,k0 toif;’/ t*Fvyd v f kd ‘Young Men's Buddhist
Association’? twdak umuftm;jzifh YMBA? Ak'b < mom uvsm%,k0toif; (YMBA) udk
1906 ckEpS /f arv 10 &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;ygw,f? toif;wnfae&mudk trSwf (86)/ 28 vrf;/
&efuek òf rdŒ/ OD;armif}uD;aetdrrf mS pwiftajcpdu k yf gw,f? YMBA udk &efuek af umvdyf ausmif;om;
rsK;d cspvf il ,fwpkuae pwifwnfaxmifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpf+y;D / pwifwnfaxmif pu tzG@J 0iftoif;om;
OD;a& (20) awmifrjynfo h vdk OuUÏeJ@ tr_aqmiftzG@J qw kd mvJr&S/d tusK;d aqmif twGi;f a&;rSL;qdw k m
om &Scd yhJ gw,f?
OD;bab/ OD;armif}uD;/ a'guw f mb&ifw@kd uae pwifpnf;¶k;H aqmf=ov_y&f mS ;cJw h mjzpf+yD; pwif
wnfaxmifoal wGxrJ mS OD;aratmif/ OD;cif/ OD;b'Ge;f / OD;pHb/ OD;pHviG f / OD;vSaz/ OD;ode;f armif/ OD;pdef
vSatmif pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGvJ yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? 1908 ckEpS rf mS &efuek òf rdŒvk;H qdik &f m YMBA toif; t
pnf;ta0;udk usi;f yEdik cf +hJ yD;/ OuUÏeJ@tr_aqmifv}l uD;pm&if;vJyJ &Sv d mygw,f? toif;&JŒpnf;rsO;f
Oya'udk a&;qG=J u+yD;/ toif;udk òrdŒwdik ;f e,fwikd ;f rSmzG@J pnf;zd@k qk;H jzwfc=hJ uygw,f? òrdŒ}uD;wcsKŒd rSm
toif;cGaJ wG ay:ayguv f mcJ+h y;D pwifpOfu ausmif;om;vli,fawGe@J yJ pwifcw hJ mjzpfayrJh wjznf;jznf;
eJ@ v,form;/ tvkyo f rm;/ 0efxrf;eJ@ ynmwwfawGyg yg0ifvmcJyh gw,f? 1910 ckEpS rf mS toif;cGw J ikd ;f
u ud, k pf m;vS,af wGyg yg0ifwufa&mufwhJ tpnf;ta0;}uD;wck ac:qdEk ikd cf +hJ yD; toif;csKyf}uD;tjzpf
zG@J pnf;vdu k yf gw,f? OuUÏtjzpf ‘OD;bd;k ajyh’ u aqmif&u G yf gw,f? 1911 ckEpS /f arv-7 &ufae@rmS
YMBA toif;csKyf}uD;&JŒ Edi k if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m yxruGezf &ifu h kd &efuek òf rdŒrSmusi;f y&m OD;aratmifu
obmywdtjzpfaqmif&u G +f yD; OD;bd;k ajyhtm; OuUÏtjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufygw,f?
YMBA &JŒ rlv&nf&, G cf suu f awmh ‘trsK;d / bmom/ omoemESiyhf nm’ udk jr‡iw hf ifz@kd jzpf+yD;
aºuG;a=umfoaH wGuawmh ‘trsK;d udk cspyf g’/ ‘bmomudk av;pm;yg’/ ‘omoemudk cs;D jr‡iyhf g’/ ‘ynm
a&;udk tm;ay;yg’ wd@k jzpfygw,f?
‘Ak'b < mom jrefrm’ qdw k hJ vpOfpmapmifukd xkwaf 0cJ=h u+yD; 1911 ckEpS rf mS OD;bab/ OD;vSazwd@k
OD;pD; xkwaf 0vdu k w f hJ ‘ol&, d owif;pm’ xGuaf y:vmwJt h cgrmS awmh YMBA v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;udk
wGe;f wifvu kd o
f vdk us,jf yef@}uD;xGm;vmapcJ+h yD; ‘ol&, d ’ [mvJ YMBA toif;}uD;&JŒ owif;pm
ozG,f jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
YMBA toif;}u;D [m yxrydi k ;f rSm omoema&;ynma&;eJ@ vlra_ &;vkyif ef;awGukd aZmif;ay;
vkyaf qmifc&hJ mrS wjznf;jznf;eJ@ +Adwo d # e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; vkyif ef;awG
qDuykd gO;D wnf a&S;&_vyk af qmifEikd v f mcJyh gw,f? jynfou l kd ud, k pf m;ðy+y;D +Aw
d od #e,fcsŒJ tpd;k &&JŒvkyif ef;
awGukd uef@uu G jf cif;/ tkycf sKyfa&;rSm ðyjyifajymif;vJra_ wGðyvkyaf y;&ef awmif;qdjk cif;awGuykd g vkyf
aqmifEikd v f mcJyh gw,f? YMBA toif;}uD;u wifjyawmif;qdk csrw S vf yk af qmifEikd cf whJ hJ Edik if t
hH usK;d ðy
vkyif ef;}uD;awGukd wef;pD+yD; =unfrh ,fq&kd if æ æ æ
Ò tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;rSm rsuEf mS jzLq&mrsm;udo k mcef@xm;&ef pDpOfcsuu f kd 1917 ckEpS /f
28
ysO;f rem; uGezf &ifrh S uef@uu G cf ?hJ
Ò touf (6) ESprf S (12) ESp=f um; uav;wdik ;f roifrae& ynma&;jyXmef;ay;zd@k e@J jrefrm
Oa&myom; rcGjJ cm;bJ ynma&;Oya' wrsK;d wnf;&Sad &;udk 1918 ckEpS /f armfvòrdiu f eG zf &ifrh aS e+yD;
awmif;qdck ?hJ
Ò Armausmif;om;rsm; Armzdeyfp;D +yD; ausmif;cef;twGi;f 0ifciG ðhf ya&;/ Armjynf ,leAD mpDwD
wuUov kd f oD;jcm;&&Sad &;?
Ò rD;&xm;wGrJ sm;rSm rsuEf mS jzLwGJ oD;oef@ay;jcif;udk uef@uu G af &;/ oHCmwGrJ sm; xm;ay;a&;/
Ak'b < momrsm; aowrf;pma&;cGiOhf ya'ðyvkyaf y;a&;/ Armv,f,mrsm;tm;/ v,f,mrvkyo f l
Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;tm; ydik q f ikd cf iG rhf ay;a&;?
Ò qefpyg;rS&wJt h jrwfukd jynfwiG ;f twGuyf J tok;H ðya&;/ qifq h pkd mrsm;wGif ‘ijzL irJ’ pwJh
&ifo h ;D aom tok;H tE_;H rsm; rok;H E_;H apa&;/ pwJh æ pwJh bmoma&;/ vlra_ &;/ ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m
udp&P yfaygi;f pkH udk 0HomEkpw d "f mwftjynfeh @J awmif;qdck srw S v f y_ &f mS ; vkyaf qmifc=hJ uygw,f? Ù1
Edik if jH cm;om;awG bk&m;ykx;kd apwD&ifjyifawGay: zdeyfp;D eif;wufa&mufwhJ udpaP wGe@J ywfouf+y;D
1917 ckEpS rf mS zdeyfjy\emay:ayguv f mwJt h cg jynfoal wGe@J twl jynfo@l u, kd pf m; OD;aqmifwu kd yf 0JG if
h mvJ YMBA jzpfcyhJ gw,f? YMBA &JŒ yxrqk;H Edik if aH &;aqmif&u
cJw G rf u
_ awmh tdE, dN udk ud, k f
pm;vS,t f zG@J vw $ +f yD; tkycf sKyfa&;wd;k jr‡iahf y;zd@k awmif;qdrk _ jzpfygw,f? 1917 ckEpS rf mS +Adwo d #u tdE, dN
udk tkycf sKyaf &;wd;k ay;zd@k ppD OfvmwJt h cg YMBA u (OD;pk/ OD;az/ OD;babeJ@O;D aratmif) wd@k ukd tdE, dN
v$w+f yD; ta&;qdak pcJyh gw,f? rGeaf w*lcsr;f pzd@k pDru H ed ;f xGuaf y:vmwJt h cg OD;baz/ OD;yk/ OD;xGe;f &Sed f
(azyk&edS )f ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J ukd Advwftxdvw $ +f yD; ta&;qdak pcJyh gw,f? u&ufa'gupf rD u H ed ;f eJ@
ESpo f rd v hf mwmudk YMBA uyJ OD;pD;uef@uu G cf +hJ y;D (1920) rSm ‘azykarmif’ (OD;baz/ OD;yk/ OD;odr;f armif)
wd@k yg0ifwhJ ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J ukd 'kw, d t}urd f Advwfuv kd w $ +f y;D tkycf sKyfa&;wd;k jri‡ ahf y;zd@k awmif;qdak pcJh
ygw,f? &efuek , f el AD mpDwD tufOya'=urf; xGuaf y:vmwJt h cgrmS vJ Oya' rjyXmef;rDuwnf;u
wuUov kd Of ya'=urf;udk YMBA uae uef@uu G cf yhJ gw,f? YMBA [m ArmjynfrmS wEdik if v H ;Hk
vuQ%maqmifwhJ yxrqk;H trsK;d om; tpnf;t¶k;H }u;D jzpfc+hJ y;D ( 1910 rS 1920 twGi;f ) t}u;D rm;qk;H
aom toif;tzG@J }uD;vJjzpfcyhJ gw,f? tEkenf;eJ@ +Adwo d #qef@usiaf &;vkyif ef;udk wqif+h yD;wqifh
aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf +hJ yD; rD;cJjymzk;H jzpfaewJh rsK;d csppf w d "f mwfe@J ZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmefukd jyefvnfweG ;f wif
v_@H aqmfEikd cf yhJ gw,f? 1919-1920 ckEpS af wG[m YMBA eJ@ Armwdik ;f &if;om;awG&ŒJ Edik if aH &; w&Sed f
xd;k jrifrh m;vmwJEh pS af wGjzpfc+hJ yD; txufatmuf ArmEdik if w H 0Se;f vk;H rSm YMBA toif;cGaJ ygi;f (2000)
ausmt f xd &Scd yhJ gw,f? toif;0ifaygi;f vJ/ ode;f eJ@csD &Sd aecJ+h yDjzpfygw,f?
1906 ckEpS u f pwifay:ayguv h hJ YMBA toif;}u;D [m oufwrf;&ifrh mvmwmeJ@tr#
f mcJw
Edik if aH &;zufukd aZmif;ay;r_vJ wpwpjrifrh m;vmcJo h vdk tzG@J }uD;twGi;f vl}uD;eJ@vil ,f Edik if aH &;eJ@
bmoma&; wd;k wufaomtpke@J azmufjyefaomtpkawGvJ ydyk +kd yD; odoo d momuGjJ ym;vmum rwl
nDra_ wG euf¶id_ ;f vmcJyh gawmhw,f? 1920 jynfEh pS /f atmufwb kd mvrSm jynfòrdŒrSmusi;f ywJh YMBA
toif;}uD;&JŒ ESpyf wfvnf uGezf &ifrh mS awmh toif;}uD;&JŒtrnfukd (YMBA) uae (GCBA) vd@k
29
0if;wifhxGef;
ajymif;vJz@kd qk;H jzwfvu kd =f uwJt h wGuf YMBA toif;}uD;[m ‘YMBA’ emrnfe@J awmh tqk;H owf
oGm;&ygawmhw,f? YMBA qdw k m Ak'b
< mom0ifawGtwGuo f mvd@k t"dym` ,f ayguaf &mufaeapEdik f
wJt h wGuf wEdik if v
H ;Hk &JŒtoif;csKyf}uD;oabm/ Ak'b < mom0ifr[kwo f al wGyg yg0ifEikd w f hJ tzG@J csKyf}uD;
oabm/ us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ ouf0ifvy_ &f mS ; Edik af p&eftwGuq f +kd yD; (GCBA) tjzpf trnfajymif;vJ
zG@J pnf;vduk =f uwmjzpfygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf YMBA toif;}uD;[m 1906 ckEpS rf S 1920txd (14)
ESpw f mtwGi;f ArmjynfrmS tus,jf yef@q;Hk t}u;D rm;qk;H aom tzG@J tpnf;}u;D jzpfcyhJ gw,f? ArmjynfrmS
yxrqk;H aom trsK;d om;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;vd@k rSww f rf;wif *k%ðf y&rSmjzpfovdk trsK;d om;0HomEk
ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒtpudk y%mra&SŒaqmifcw hJ m[mvJ YMBA jzpfw,fv@kd yJ armfueG ;f xd;k &rSm
jzpfygw,f?
YMBA toif;}uD;[m toif;}uD;&JŒoufwrf;umvtwGi;f Edi k if v
H ;Hk qdik &f muGezf &if}h uD;
awGukd tXrt}udraf jrmuftxd ðyvkyEf ikd cf yhJ gw,f? usi;f yðyvkyEf ikd cf w hJ hJ YMBA Edik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m
uGezf &if}h uD;awGuawmh æ æ æ
(1) yxrt}udrf ar-7/ 1911 &efuek òf rdŒ
(2) 'kw, d t}udrf ar-10/ 1914 &efuek òf rdŒ
(3) wwd,t}udrf atmufwb kd m 26 rS 28txd/ 1915 rEœav;
(4) pwkwt W }udrf atmufwb kd m 14 rS 16 txd/ 1916 [oFmw
(5) yÌrt}udrf atmufwb kd m 2 rS 4 txd/ 1917 ysO;f rem;
(6) qXrt}udrf atmufwb kd m 22 rS 23 txd/ 1918 armfvòrdif
(7) owWrt}udrf atmufwb kd m 11 rS 13 txd/ 1919 ykord f
(8) tXrt}udrf atmufwb kd m 29 rS 31 txd/ 1920 jynf wd@k jzpfygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf YMBA
toif;}uD;[m Armjynfordik ;f rSm armfueG ;f xd;k rSww f rf;wifxm;&r,fh yxrqk;H aom Edik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m
trsK;d om;a&; Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;jzpfygw,f?
(2) jrefrmukrmR &D toif;

Burmese Women's Union
‘ukrm&D’ qdw k hJ ygVb

d momu qif;oufvmwJh ‘ukrmR &D’ qdw k hJ jrefrmpum;[m wdu k ±f u
dk f
t"dym` ,ftm;jzifh tysKu d nmrde;f uav;udyk J qdv
k w
kd mjzpfayrJh Armjynf 0HomEkvy_ &f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f
ay:ayguv f mcJw
h hJ ‘ukrmR &Dtoif;’ qdw k mawGuawmh trsK;d orD;awGtm;vk;H eJ@oufqikd w f hJ ‘trsK;d
orD;toif;’ awG rSeo f r#ukd ac:qdw
k mjzpfygw,f? 0HomEkvy_ &f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f rSm trsK;d orD;
toif;awGjzpfwhJ ukrmR &Dtoif;awG txdu k t f avsmuf ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? tJ't D xJrmS tOD;qk;H ay:
aygucf w
hJ muawmh ‘jrefrmukrmR &D toif;’ jzpfygw,f?
30
‘jrefrmukrmR &D toif;’ (Burmese Women's Union) udk 1919 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbm-16
&ufae@rmS &efuek òf rdŒrSm zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
(1) a':pk (ta&;ydik f OD;bd;k aomif; ZeD;) - OuUÏ
(2) a':zGm;opf (opfuek o f nf) - tusK;d aqmif
(3) a':cifapm ( OD;=uL;&JŒ ZeD;) - wGzJ uf tusK;d aqmif
(4) a':vSar ('D;'kwf OD;bcsKd ZeD;) - wGzJ uf tusK;d aqmif
(5) a':apmwif (0wfvOHk ;D ode;f armif ZeD;) - tr_aqmif
(6) a':wif (OD;oif;armif ZeD;) - tr_aqmif
(7) a':aX;aX; (OD;bode;f ZeD;) - tr_aqmif
(8) a':aiG&if (opfuek o f nf) - tr_aqmif
(9) a':aiG&iS f (opfuek o f nf) - tr_aqmif
(10) a': jrar (opfuek o f nf) - tr_aqmif
wd@k e@J toif;udk zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
bmoma&;eJ@ vlra_ &;vkyif ef;awGrmS trsK;d orD;awGvJ yg0ifaqmif&u G Ef ikd zf @kd zG@J pnf;cJw
h mjzpfayrJh
Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_awGjyif;xefvmwJt h cg Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;awGuykd g wufwufºuGºuG vkyaf qmifvmcJh
=uygw,f? YMBA eJ@wzJG uf+yD; 0HomEkvyk if ef;awGtwGi;f wufwufºuGºuGyg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uum
e,fqef@usiaf &;wdu k yf aJG wGtwGi;f wwyfwtm; yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f? ukrmR &Dtoif;olawG[m yifeaD csm
tuseô @J a,mxrDukd 0wfqif=u+yD; wdik ;f &if;jzpfxnfrsm; 0wfqifa&;/ Edik if jH cm;t0wftxnfrsm;
oydwaf rSmufa&;awGrmS rsK;d csppf w d "f mwf t&if;cHjzifh yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;aqmif&u G cf =hJ uygw,f? xif&mS ;wJh
Edik if aH &;aqmif&u G cf suw f ckuawmh yavmyDe&H dS aq;vdycf rHk mS 'kuaQ &mufae=uwJh jrefrmtrsK;d orD;awG
udk jyefvnfac:,lay;zd@k awmif;qdk wdu k yf 0JG ifc=hJ uwma=umifh tpd;k &u tpd;k &p&dwef @J wm0ef,jl yefac:
ay;cJ&h ygw,f? 0HomEkvy_ &f mS ;r_ 'Da&[ket f wGi;f / YMBA uae GCBA tjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;vdu k f
awmhvJ GCBA }uD;eJ@twl GCBA }uD;xJrmS wcef;wu¾uae qufvufyg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
GCBA tzG@J csKyf}uD; tpdyp f yd tf r$mr$muGo J mG ;&csed rf mS awmh jrefrmukrmR &D toif;[mvJ wpwp
tm;enf;arS;rSed f aysmufu, G o f mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm yxrqk;H aom trsK;d orD;toif;}uD;tjzpf
‘jrefrmukrmR &Dtoif;’}uD;udk rSww f rf;wif *k%ðf y&rSmjzpfygw,f?
(3) 'geokc toif; (0HomEkurk mR &D toif;)
‘jrefrmukrmR &D toif;’eJ@ acwfòydiaf y:ayguv f mcJw h hJ trsK;d orD;toif;tzG@J wckjzpfygw,f?

rlv pwifpOfu bmoma&;/ vlra_ &;&nf&, G cf suaf wGe@J yJ ay:aygucf whJ mjzpfayrJh wpwp Edik if aH &;
31
0if;wifhxGef;
vkyif ef;awGxt J xd yg0ifvmcJyh gw,f? toif;&JŒOuUÏu (a': =uiftrd )f jzpf+yD;/ tusK;d aqmifu
(a':vScif) jzpfcu hJ m &efuek òf rdŒrSm zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? GCBA tzG@J }uD;ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD;
0HomEkvy_ &f mS ;r_awG wpxufwp tm;aumif;vmwJt h cg (0HomEkurk mR &D toif;) tjzpf trnf
ajymif;vJvmum wjcm;0HomEktoif;awGe@J vufwaJG qmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? GCBA uae ‘21
OD;tzG@J ’ cGxJ uG o h cgrmS vJ 0HomEkurk mR &Dtoif;awG[m oydwaf rSmuf GCBA toif;}uD;eJ@
f mG ;wJt
wG+J y;D / jywfjywfom;om; &yfwnfcyhJ gw,f? t*Fvyd u f kd rke;f wD;a=umif; azmfjywJt h aeeJ@ vdycf b
HG ;D awGukd
¶du
k cf sK;d jyowmrsK;d uae wdik ;f &if;om;qdik af wGrmS yJ tm;ay;+yD; Edik if jH cm;om; qdik af wGrS 0,f,o l ;Hk pGjJ cif;
rðyvkyaf &; v_@H aqmf=uwmrsK;d awGtxd 0HomEkpw d "f mwf azmfjywJv h yk if ef;awGukd enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@
vkyaf qmifc=hJ uwJt h jyif tpd;k &trde@f ukd tm%mzDqef&mawGrmS vJ wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifc=hJ uyg
w,f? GCBA tzG@J csKyf}uD;ud, k wf ikd f òyduo JG mG ;&wJth cgrmS awmh 0HomEkurk mR &Dtoif; awG[mvJ
wpxufwp ,kwaf vsmah ysmufu, G o f mG ;&ygawmhw,f? Ù2
(4) oHCmhomr*~D tzG@J }uD;
0HomEkvy_ &f mS ;r_}uD; t&Sed &f pðyvmwJt h csed rf mS trsK;d / bmom/ omoemtwGuf &[ef;
oHCmawmfawGvJ wwyfwtm; yg0ifEikd =f uzd@k &nf&, G +f y;D ‘oHCmhomr*~’D tzG@J }u;D pwifay:ayguv f m
cJyh gw,f? 1921 ckEpS /f Zlvikd f (4) &ufae@rmS &efuek òf rdŒtv,fawm& q&mawmf}uD;eJ@ a0VK0ef q&m
awmf/ om"kq&mawmf/ Am;u&mq&mawmf/ tvkaH Zmwem&mr q&mawmf/ o&ufawmausmif;
wdu k f rSeu
f if;q&mawmf/ jynfòrdŒ yGiv hf o S rd u f ek ;f q&mawmfw@kd uae/ OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;cJw h m jzpfygw,f?
&efuek rf mS A[dx k m;wJh oHCmhomr*~D tzG@J }uD;tjyif rEœav;rSmA[dðk ywJh oHCmhomr*~D tzG@J }uD;vJ
ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm tJ'o D C H mhomr*~t D zG@J }u;D (2) ckw@kd aygi;f pnf;rd=u+y;D Edik if vH ;Hk qdik f
&m r[moHCmhomr*~t D zG@J csKyf}u;D zG@J Eikd w
f t hJ xd wd;k wuf}u;D xGm; vmcJyh gw,f? oHCmhomr*~t D zG@J }u;D
ray:xGe;f rDuwnf;u trsK;d bmom omoem v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f wyg;csi;f tvdu k f xif&mS ;ausm=f um;cJh
wJh q&mawmf}uD;awGuawmh OD;OwWr/ OD;0dpm&/ OD;em*dE/N om,m0wD OD;an,s/ pdeaf &mifjcnf OD;
tmp&/ tmvHO;D vmb/ tkwzf rkd eS af usmif;q&mawmf OD;t&d,0Ho pwJ&h [ef;awmf }uD;awGjzpf=u+yD;
oHCmhomr*~t D zG@J csKyf}u;D ay:xGe;f vmwJt h cgrmS vJ a&SŒwef;uae wufwufºuºG uyG g0if v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uyg
w,f? 0HomEkvy_ &f mS ;r_}uD;twGi;f 0HomEktoif;/ 0HomEkurk mR &Dtoif;awGe@J twl 0HomEk oHCmh
toif;}uD;jzpfwhJ ‘oHCmhomr*~’D toif;}uD;[mvJ &Gy&f yG cf |cH |yH g0if cJyh gw,f? oHCmhomr*~t D oif;
awG[m aus;&Gm0HomEktoif;awGtay:vJ =oZm}uD;rm;cJo h vdk GCBA tzG@J csKyf}uD;xJrmS vJ
oHCmhomr*~0D if q&mawmf}uD;awG[m av;av;jrwfjrwfae&may;cHc&hJ ygw,f? ‘oHCmh =oZmcH’
GCBA acgi;f aqmif}u;D awGawmif tv#Kt d v#Kd ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? GCBA nDvmcH}u;D awGrmS vJ
32
oHCmhomr*~t D zG@J csKyf0if oHCmawmf}uD;awG yg0ifwufa&muftm;ay;cJ=h uygw,f? 1924 ckEpS /f
arv-10 &ufae@rS 13 &ufae@txd aygi;f wnfrmS usi;f ycJw h hJ GCBA uGezf &if}h uD;rSm Edik if H vk;H qdik &f m
oHCmhomr*~t D zG@J csKyf OuUÏoufawmf (82) ESp&f , G f ab;rJq h &mawmf}uD;eJ@ t&SiOf ;D OwWr ud, k af wmf
tygt0ifoC H mawmf (7000) ausmf wufa&mufcw hJ t hJ wGuf pkpak ygi;f &Siv
f yl &dowf (2) ode;f ausmf
wufa&mufwhJ uGezf &if}h uD;tjzpf pnfpnfum;um;usi;f y tm;jyEdik cf yhJ gw,f? Ù3
oHCmhomr*~[ D m trsK;d om;ynma&;udk tm;ay;cJw h thJ jyif jynfwiG ;f jzpftm;ay;a&;rSmvJ
xdyfu yg0ifcJh=uygw,f? oHCmhomr*~D0if &[ef;awmfawGudk,fwdkif jynfwGif;jzpfzsifouFef;yJ
0wf¶cHk =hJ uygw,f? omoedu taqmuftODawGtwGi;f Edik if jH cm;om;awG zdeyfp;D wJu h pd u
P ef@uu G v f y_ f
&Sm;cJ&h mrSm a&SŒqk;H uyg0ifc+hJ y;D 'dik t
f mcDvufco H ifrh oifjh y\emawG ay:ayguv f mwJt h cgrmS vJ oHCmh
omr*~0D if oHCmawmftrsm;pk}uD;u vufrcHa&;zufuae jywfjywfom;om; yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uyg
w,f? GCBA tzG@J }uD; tpdypf yd f tr$mr$m uG+J yJra_ wGay:ayguv f mwJth cgrmS awmh oHCmhomr*~0D if
oHCmawmf}uD;rsm;vJ wEG,if ifwpifyg jzpfc=hJ u+yD; GCBA }uD;usq;Hk oGm;&r_e@J twl oHCmhomr*~D
tzG@J }uD;vJ=oZmusqif; arS;rSed o f mG ;cJ&h ygw,f? 1925 ckEpS af vmufuqd&k if oHCmhomr*~[ D m tvGef
xif&mS ;cJ+h yD; toif;0iftiftm; (1) ode;f avmuf&cdS w hJ hJ oHCmhtzG@J tpnf;}uD;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 1927
u ‘0HomEk’ pmapmifukd xkwaf 0cJ+h yD; oHCmhomr*~[ D m ‘OD;pd;k odr;f GCBA’ eJ@ yl;aygi;f v_y&f mS ;cJ+h yD;
e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;udk jywfjywfom;om; &yfwnfazmfjycJyh gw,f? Ù4
(5) jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD; (*spD b

D aD t)
General Council of Burmese Associations udk GCBA vd@k twdak umufac: jcif;jzpfygw,f?
YMBA [m jrefrmAk'b
< mom0ifrsm;twGuo f m t"dym` ,fxuG af ewma=umifh wEdik if v
H ;kH us,jf yef@whJ
jrefrmwrsK;d om;vk;H vuQ%maqmifatmif 1920 jynfah tmufwb kd mrSm jynfòrŒd rSmusi;f ywJh YMBA
ESpyf wfvnfnv D mcHrmS trnfajymif;vJ zG@J pnf;vdu k w f mjzpfygw,f? 1920 jynfh atmufwb kd mrSm
GCBA pwifay:ayguv f mygw,f? GCBA [m YMBA &JŒtquf YMBA uae wqifw h ;kd jrifwh uf
xGuaf y:vmcsuf jzpfygw,f? GCBA udk jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD;tjzpf ac:a0:
=u+yD; 0HomEktzG@J csKyf}uD;tjzpfvJ ac:a0: =uygw,f?
0HomEk Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_acwf}uD;twGi;f rSm GCBA [m wpfrsK;d om;vH;k &JŒ trsK;d om;nD!w G f
a&; wyfaygi;f pk}uD;ozG,f OD;aqmiftcef;uae yg0ifa&SŒaqmifcyhJ gw,f? Edik if w H ckv;kH tay:vJ =oZm
ysŒH ES@H Eikd cf yhJ g w,f? GCBA &JŒyxrqH;k OuUÏ[m “OD;cspv f i_d ”f jzpfc+hJ yD; orRw OD;cspv f i_d v f @kd ac: =uyg
w,f?
“GCBA” [m Edik if aH &;oabm ydak qmifvmygw,f? +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG
wd;k wufazmfaqmif Edik v f mcJyh gw,f? GCBA &JŒEdik if aH &;&nf&, G cf suu f ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; tqifh
twef; &&Sad &;/ &mxl;}uD;rsm;rSm jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;awGcef@xm;cGi&hf a&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awGrmS
33
0if;wifhxGef;
jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;awG vkyu f ikd Ef ikd cf iG hf tcGit hf a&; &a&;jzpfygw,f?
GCBA [m 1920 jynfh yxrqH;k wuUov kd af usmif;om;oydw}f uD;udk tm;ay;ulncD +hJ yD;
trsK;d om;ausmif;awGay:xGe;f a&;udk ulncD &hJ if; +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ orm;udk qef@usicf yhJ gw,f? jrefrmEdik if H
udk 'kid tf mcD tkycf sKyfa&;tqifh wd;k jri‡ ahf y;zd@k / pHpk rf;ppfaq;r_awGvyk zf @kd / 1921 Ed0k ifbmvrSmvma&mufwhJ
“0du _ af umfrwD” udk GCBA u oydwaf rSmufcyhJ gw,f? 1922 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&rD mS vmwJh “a0vrif;om;”
&JŒc&D;udv k J oydwaf rSmufcyhJ gw,f? 1922 ZGev f -17 &ufae@rmS usi;f ywJh GCBA txl;tpnf;
ta0;}uD;u wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm; oydwaf rSmufwhJ “wefaqmifrek ;f vjynfah usmf (10) &uf”
ae@ukd “trsKd ;om;ae@” tjzpf owfrw S Ef idk cf yhJ gw,f? 1921 rSmusi;f ywJh rEœav;òrdŒ e0rajrmuf
GCBA uGez f &if}h uD;uae Edik if aH &;qH;k jzwfcsut f jzpf “[kr±R ;l tjrefq;kH ay;&rnf” qdw k mudk wqifh
wuf aºuG;a=umfEikd cf yhJ gw,f? GCBA }uD;eJ@ yl;aygi;f yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ+h yD; GCBA eJ@twl &yfwnfc=hJ uwJh
tzG@J tpnf;awGuawmh Edik if t H ES@H 0HomEktoif;rsm;/ 0HomEkurk mR &Drsm;eJ@ 0HomEkoC H mhor*D~ tzG@J
tpnf;rsm;yJjzpfygw,f?
+Aw d o d #e,fcsŒJ orm;udk wufwufºuºG uG wqifw h ;kd qef@usiw f u kd yf qJG if&if; vlx=k um; =oZm}u;D
rm;vmcJw h hJ GCBA }uD;[m 1922 ckEpS /f ESpOf ;D ydik ;f rSmyJ pwiftufo0H ifvmcJyh gw,f? ta=umif;&if;
uawmh “1923 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 2 &ufae@rpS I ArmEdik if u H dk 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;pepf” ay;tyfrnfjzpf
a=umif;qdw k hJ t*Fvyd t f pd;k &&JŒ a=ujimcsux f u G af y:vmr_e@J 1922 ck/ Ed0k ifbmrSm 'dik t f mcD a&G;aumufyJG
usi;f yay;r,fqw kd hJ rufv;kH ay;&mxl;jy aoG;aqmifaoG;cGrJ a_ =umifh jzpfygw,f?
“'dik t f mcD tkycf sKyfa&;” ay;r,fqw kd hJ a=ujimcsuaf wGxu G af y:vmt+yD;rSmyJ 'dik t f mcDukd
vufco H ifh vufrcHoif/h a&G;aumufyJG 0ifoifrh 0ifoifq h w kd hJ jy\emay:xGuv f m+yD; vufcv H o kd El iS hf
vufrcHvo kd al wG odoo d momuGjJ ym;jcm;em;vm=u&if; GCBA }uD;&JŒaoG;pnf;nD!w G rf _ yxrqH;k
t}udrf ,dik ef @J vmcJyh gw,f?
GCBA toif;csKyf *sie f &,faumifpt D pnf;ta0;}uD; 1922/ arv/ 27-28 &ufae@awGrmS
o&ufòrdŒrSm usi;f yygw,f? o&ufta&;ydik f ar*smba&mif;u yk'rf (144) xkw+f yD; uGezf &ifu h kd
wm;jrpfvu kd w f t
hJ wGuf &efuek òf rdŒ *sLAvD±rHk mS ZGef 17 &ufae@rmS GCBA txl;tpnf;ta0;ac:,l+yD;
'dik t
f mcDukd vufco H ifh vufrcHoifh tjyif;txef tjiif;tckejf zpfaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? a&G;aumufy0JG if
&mxl;vufc&H ,lvw kd hJ 'dik t f mcDtwGi;f 0if twGi;f uaeyl;owfum twGi;f tjyif 'dik t f mcDukd wdu k f
zsu+f yD; [kr±R ;l ud&k ,l&r,fqw kd hJ (21) OD; tzG@J xu G af y:vmcJyh gw,f? GCBA }uD; pwifòyduv JG m&yg
w,f? a&G;aumufy0JG ifvw kd hJ (21) OD;tzG@J ukd (21) OD; GCBA vd@k ac:a0: =u+yD; OD;baz/ OD;armif}uD;eJ@
0wfvOHk ;D ykw@kd u acgi;f aqmifygw,f? 'dik t f mcDukd vufrcHbJ a&G;aumufyu JG kd oydwaf rSmuf=ur,fh
GCBA udak wmh “oydwaf rSmufGCBA” vd@k ac:a0: =u+y;D OD;cspv f id_ /f om,m0wDO;D yke@J OD;xGe;f atmif
ausmw f @kd u acgi;f aqmifwt hJ wGuf vdi_ yf ak usmf GCBA vd@k vJ ac: =uygw,f? 21 OD; GCBA eJ@
oydwaf rSmuf GCBA (vdi_ yf ak usm)f qd+k yD; *d% k ;f }uD; (2) *d% k ;f ay: ayguv f m&ygw,f? trsm;pk}uD;u
oydwaf rSmuf GCBA udk tm;ay;axmufc=H u+yD; 21 OD;[mtenf;pk jzpfomG ;&ygw,f?
21 OD;u 'dik t f mcDtwGi;f 0ifjzpfomG ;=u+yD; oydwaf rSmuf GCBA u 1924 ckepS /f arv/ 10-
34
11/ 12/ 13 &ufawGrmS aygi;f wnfrmS uGezf &if}h uD;usi;f yygw,f? oHComr*Dt ~ zG@J csKyf OuUÏ ab;rJh
q&mawmf rEœav;eJ@ q&mawmfO;D OwWr ud, k af wmf}uD;tygt0if &[ef;&Siv f yl &dowf (2) ode;f ausmf
wufwhJ uGezf &if}h uD;usi;f ycJ+h yD; tcGeaf iGw;kd wufaumufcv H mv#if ray;a&;/ Edik if jH cm;jzpf t*Fvyd f
jzpfypPn;f rsm; roH;k pGaJ &;tqdak wG wifoiG ;f qH;k jzwfEikd cf =hJ uygw,f? e,fcsŒJ udk qufvufqef@usiEf idk cf hJ
=uygw,f? GCBA &JŒ e,fcsŒJ qef@usif a&;v_y&f mS ;r_awGatmufrmS “bl; toif;” awG ay:ayguv f mcJyh g
w,f?
1925 ckEpS rf mS oydwaf rSmuf GCBA }uD;twGi;f uae 'kw, d t}udraf jrmuf tuG}J uD;xyfraH y:
ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? aiGa=u;oH;k pGrJ q _ ikd &f m rauseyfre_ @J yk*Kd~ vfa&;qdik &f mawGtay:uae tuGjJ y\em
ay:ayguf cJ&h wmjzpfygw,f? ZGev f -16 &uf a&$bòdk rdŒrSmusi;f ywJh txl;tpnf;ta0;t+yD; “OD;pd;k odr;f
GCBA” ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? “vdi_ yf ak usm”f GCBA acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ OD;yku “[kr±R ;l ygw”D
qdwk maxmif+yD; cGx J u G o f mG ;ovdk OD;xGe;f atmifausmu f Edik if aH &;uae xGucf mG oGm;ygw,f? GCBA
}uD;[m OD;cspv f i_d f GCBA/ 21 OD;tzG@J e@J OD;pd;k odr;f GCBA qd+k yD; (3) zG@J jzpfomG ;&ygw,f? oHCmhom
r*~D rsm;pk}uD;u OD;pd;k odr;f GCBA udk axmufct H m;ay;=uwJt h wGuf OD;pd;k odr;f GCBA [m tif
tm; t}uD;qH;k jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 21 OD;uvG+J yD; GCBA *d% k ;f uGJ (2) ckv;kH u 'dik t f mcDuq kd ef@usi=f uyg
w,f? (aemifv,form;olyek af cgi;f aqmif}u;D jzpfvmr,fq h &mpH[m OD;pd;k odr;f GCBA ujzpfygw,f)?
1929 ckEpS rf mS GCBA &JŒ wwd,tuG}J uD; xyfraH y:ayguv f mjyefygw,f? rwfv-24 &uf
uae 27 &uftxd awmifiòl rŒd rSmusi;f ywJh OD;pd;k odr;f GCBA &JŒ (16) }urd af jrmuf uGezf &ifrh mS csrw S cf whJ hJ
qH;k jzwfcsut f ay: rauseyf=uwJo h C H mawmfwcsKŒd eJ@ vly*k K~d vfwcsKŒd uae oD;jcm;tpnf;ta0;wck
ðyvky+f yD; cGx
J u G o f mG ;=uwmjzpfygw,f? awmifiu l eG zf &if&h ŒJ qH;k jzwfcsuu f “ArmEdik if ”H udk jynfow l @kd
qENtrsm;pkrygbJ tdE, dN eJ@twif;cGv J #if tcGerf ay;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u G &f eftwGuf óuw d ifppD Of
xm;&efq;kH jzwf+y;D abmfvw H ,
D m Edik if aH wmftusK;d awmfaqmifa&;tzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;xm;&efqw kd mjzpfyg
w,f? &v'ftjzpf xGuaf y:vmwmu OD;pd;k odr;f GCBA twGi;f uae “OD;pk GCBA” qdw k m xGuf
ay:vmcJyh gw,f?
tuG}J uD; (3) }udrt f wGi;f rSm (21) OD;tzG@J / OD;cspv f i_d f GCBA/ OD;pd;k odr;f GCBA/ OD;pk GCBA
qd+k yD; av;pdwu f o JG mG ;cJo
h vdk OD;cspv f id_ tf wGi;f u OD;yku [kr±R ;l ygwcD aJG xmifovd/k (21) OD;xJu
OD;wkw}f u;D wd@k u “o&mZ” tzG@J / rEœav;OD;bOD;eJ@O;D b&ifw@kd u “'d@k b&k iftzG@J ” qdw k mawG cGaJ xmif=u
&if; e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f a&SŒwef;tcef;u&Scd w hJ hJ GCBA tzG@J }uD;[m 1930 jynfh
aemufyikd ;f wpwp arS;rSed v f mcJ&h ygw,f? GCBA }u;D uGo J mG ;&wmeJ@tr# oHCmhomr*~t D zG@J csKyf}u;D vJ
oef&moef&mvdv k m;&mudk axmufcH tm;ay;=u&if; aAm"d±u k &Q mr*d% k ;f / oufyef;*d% k ;f / a&OD;*d% k ;f /
r*~veG ;f *d%k ;f qd+k yD av;zG@J av;*d% k ;f uGo J mG ; &ygw,f?
1920 jynfu h ae 1930 jynft h xd 10 ESpw f mausmf a&SŒwef;tcef;uOD;aqmifEikd cf w hJ hJ GCBA
}uD;[m aemufq;kH rSm tpdwpf w d t f r$mr$muGo J mG ;&ayrJh 0HomEkEidk if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f rSm e,fcsŒJ qef@
usiaf &; pdw"f mwfudk tqufrjywf wGe;f wifv@H_ aqmfay;oGm;Ekid cf w hJ hJ Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mtzG@J tpnf;}u;D jzpf
w,fqw kd mudak wmh armfueG ;f wifrw S w f rf;wif*% k ðf y&r,f jzpfygw,f? 1930 jynf-h q&mpH v,form;
35
0if;wifhxGef;
olyek }f uD; ay:ayguv f m+yD;wJah emufyikd ;f rSm 1931 ckEpS rf mS OD;pd;k odr;f GCBA udk w&m;r0iftzG@J tpnf;
tjzpf t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u a=ujimzsuo f rd ;f ypfcyhJ gw,f? 1936 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f rSmawmh GCBA tzG@J }uD;
[m vH;k 0uG,af ysmuf oGm;&ygawmhw,f? 'dik t f mcD tkycf sKyfa&;twGi;f 0ifwyhJ *k Kd~ vfawG0ifomG ;=uovdk
r0ifwyhJ *k Kd~ vfrsm;[mvJ oabmxm; tzkzH u kH jJG ym;oGm;=u+yD; pkpnf;nD!w G w f hJ GCBA tjzpf &yf
wnfa&SŒaqmifEikd jf cif;r&Sad wmhbJ emrnfyg uG,af ysmufomG ;cJ&h wmjzpfygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf GCBA
[m ArmjynfEidk if aH &;ordik ;f rSm rSww f rf; wifxm;&r,fh txifu&tzG@J tpnf;}uD;wck jzpfygw,f?
(6) avbm,le,
D H
(Labour Union)
a&eHacsmif;a&eHajrrSm jrefrma&eHajrtvkyo f rm;rsm;&JŒ toif;csKyftjzpf avbm,le, D H

(Labour Union) udk 1921/ {+yD-3 &ufae@rm S pwifwnfaxmifcyhJ gw,f? “a&eHacsmif;tvkyo f rm;
rsm; toif;csKyf” (avbm,le, D )H [m Armjynf&ŒJ yxrqH;k tvkyo f rm;tzG@J tpnf;tjzpf rSww f rf;
wif&ygr,f? OuUÏtjzpf OD;rsK;d !Ge@f (aemif avbm,le, D H OD;rsK;d !Ge@f v@kd trnfwiG )f / tusK;d aqmif
twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf a&eHacsmif; trsK;d om;ausmif;tky}f uD; OD;at;armifw@kd u aqmif&u G yf gw,f?
a&eHacsmif;a&eHajr (bDtpkd )D wGi;f wl;q&mrsm; oydw/f a&eHajrpma&;rsm; oydw/f oHvsif bDtpkd D
a&eHcsupf uf±Hk vkyo f m;rsm;oydwq f w kd mawG jzpfay:cJah yr,fh tvkyo f rm;rsm;tzd@k pepfwuspnf;±k;H
zG@J pnf;xm;r_r&Sw d t
hJ wGuf epfemcJ&h wmawGukd oifcef;pm,l+y;D a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;xk&ŒJ pepfwusz@JG
pnf;xm;wJh tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf &nf&, G zf @JG pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f? 1923/rwfv-19 &ufrmS a&eHajr
tvkyo f rm;rsm; toif;csKyf[m a&eHacsmif; bDtpkd D tvkyo f rm;awGukd OD;aqmif+yD; bDtpkd D ukr% ` &D ŒJ
w&m;rr#wr_awGudk azmfxw k w f ukd yf q JG ifwhJ “Z'du k }f uD;” udk azmfaqmifEikd cf yhJ gw,f? (Z'du k qf w kd m
t*Fvyd pf um; strike (px±du k )f udk yDyo D or&Gwq f Ekd ikd w f hJ a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;xku ac:qdck =hJ uwm
jzpfygw,f? }uD;us,w f hJ strike jzpfwt hJ wGuf “Z'du k }f uD;” vd@k ac:ygw,f? (tJ'w D ek ;f u “oydw”f
5
qdw k hJ a0g[m&udk roH;k pG=J uao;vd@k qdyk gw,f)?
avbm,le, D [ H m 1923 ckEpS af vmuftxd tvkyo f rm;xktusK;d zufu &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;Edik cf hJ
+yD; wpwp arS;rSed o f mG ;cJyh gw,f? 1923 ckEpS /f GCBA uGx J u G o
f mG ;+yD 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;udk vufcH
oGm;wJh (21) OD; tzG@J &ŒJ =oZmcHtzG@J tjzpf &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;oGm;cJw h t hJ wGuf tvkyo f rm;avmurSm
wpwp =oZmusqif;oGm;&ygw,f? avbm,le, D &H ŒJ vrf;pOf[m 21 OD; tzG@J &ŒJ Edik if aH &;vrf;pOf
tusK;d ðya&;twGuo f m jzpfomG ;&ygawmhw,f? tvkyo f rm;awG&ŒJ ,m,DtcGit hf a&; tenf;tyg;
udk t&if;&Sib f tD pkd x D u H ae awmif;qdak y;a&; vkyif ef;av;awG qufvufvyk af qmifaeao;ayrJh
tvkyo f rm;xkbufu jywfjywfom;om; &yfwnf;ay;a&;xuf tvkyo f rm;eJ@ t&if;&Siu f rk % ` t D
=um; aphpyfjzefajzay;a&;qD OD;vSno hf mG ;cJ&h ygw,f? avbm,le, D OH uUÏ OD;rsK;d !Ge@f u, kd w
f ikd f aemufyikd ;f
rSm atmufvw $ af wmfavbmtrwftjzpf xrf;aqmif&if; 'dik t f mcDvw $ af wmftwGi;f tqdo k iG ;f r_
36
ar;cGe;f xkwrf q
_ w
kd mawGe@J yJ tcsed u f ek o
f mG ;cJyh gw,f? a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;xku pwifazmufcv JG ukd wf hJ
1938 ckEpS /f axmihof ;kH &mjynft
h a&;awmfy}kH u;D ay:ayguv f mcsed rf mS avbm,le, D [
H m aphpyfjzefajza&;
tcef;uae yg0ifujybk@d óu;d pm;ao;ayrJh avbm,le, D &H ŒJ tcef;[m tvkyo f rm;xktwGi;f evHrxl
Edik af vmufatmif avsmusomG ;cJ+h yjD zpfygw,f? tvkyo f rm;xkbufu &yfwnf&r,ft h pm; a'guw f m
barmftpd;k &eJ@ yl;aygi;f vkyu f ikd af &;qD awmif;cHtoem;cHovdk &yfwnfomG ;cJyh gw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf
yxrqH;k tvkyo f rm;tzG@J tpnf;tjzpf rSww f rf;wif&rSmawmh trSeyf jJ zpfygw,f?
(&) 21 OD;tzG@J (21 OD; GCBA)
e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u 1922 ckEpS /f ESpOf ;D ydik ;f rSmArmjynfukd 1923/ Zefe0g&-D 2 &ufae@up+yD;
'dik t
f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;udak y;r,f Ed0k ifbmrSm 'dik t f mcDa&G;aumufyaJG wG usi;f yay;r,fqw kd hJ xkwaf zmf
a=ujimcsuaf =umifh GCBA }uD;twGi;f 'dik t f mcDuv kd ufcvH o
kd el @J vufrcHvo kd q
l +kd yD; (2) *d% k ;f uGJ
oGm;&&mrSm vufcv H o kd l (21) OD;tzG@J xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? 1922/ ZGe-f (17) GCBA txl;tpnf;
ta0;t+yD; xGuaf y:vmjcif; jzpfygw,f? “21 OD;tzG@J ” &JŒ acgi;f aqmifawGuawmh OD;baz/ 0wfvkH
OD;yke@J OD;armif}uD;wd@k jzpfygw,f? 21 OD;tzG@J [m 'dik t f mcDtwGi;f 0if+yD; twGi;f uae yl;owfr,fv@kd
ta=umif;jy+yD; a&G;aumufy0JG if &mxl;,la&;buf OD;wnfv;kH yef;oGm;=uygw,f? 21 OD;tzG@J ukd “21
OD; ygw”D vd@k vJ ac:a0: =uovdk “'dik t f zG@J ” vd@k vJ vlxu k uifyeG ;f wyfay;cJyh gw,f?
1922 ck/ Ed0k ifbm 'dik t f mcDa&G;aumufyrJG mS OD;baz/ 0wfvOkH ;D yk (&rnf;oif; ) wd@k tygt0if
(21) OD;tzG@J 0ifa&mufta&G;cHygw,f? OD;baz/ OD;yk (&rnf;oif;)/ OD;armif}uD;wd@k tygt0if (21)
OD;tzG@J u (28) OD; ta&G;cH&ygw,f? bk&ifcH qm[mukwb f wWvm tpd;k &tzG@J twGi;f 0ef}u;D ae&mawG
tyg &mxl;}uD;}uD;ae&mawGukd vufc&H ,lomG ;=uygw,f? twGi;f uae yl;owfr,fqw kd hJ aºuG;a=umf
xm;csuef @J qef@usi+f yD; &mxl;ae&m aumif;aumif;&&Sad &;udyk J OD;wnfvyk af qmifomG ;=uygw,f?
vlxu k &mxl;ruforl sm;tjzpfyJ jrifcyhJ gw,f? aemifrmS (21) OD;tzG@J ukd “trsKd ;om;ygw”D vd@k
trnfajymif;vJ rSnahf c:ygw,f? trsK;d om;ygwt D jzpf ajymif;vJrn S ahf c: zG@J pnf;wJth cg OuUÏu OD;yk
(&rnf;oif;) jzpf+yD; 'kw, d acgi;f aqmiftjzpf OD;bazjzpfygw,f?
(8) bl;toif;rsm;
1924 ckEpS /f arv-10 &ufae@rS 13 &ufae@txd usi;f ywJh oydwaf rSmuf GCBA (v_id yf ak usmf
37
0if;wifhxGef;
GCBA) &JŒ aygi;f wnfue
G zf &ift
h +yD; t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;pdw"f mwf wzGm;zGm;jrifw
h ufvmr_
t& ay:ayguv f mcJwh hJ toif;tzG@J awGjzpfygw,f?
tpk;d &udk rqufqb H ;l / 'dik t
f mcDukd todtrSwrf ðybl;/ tcGerf ay;bl;qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfoaH wGe@J
zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mwm jzpfygw,f? 'dik t f mcDacwftwGi;f [oFmwe,fu pwifay:ayguv f mcJw h m
jzpf+yD; aygi;f wnf/ om,m0wD/ a&$b/kd rH&k mG / jynf/ awmifwiG ;f }uD;/ xm;0,fe@J Ekid if tH ES@H tjym;a'oawG
rSm ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? 0HomEkvy_ &f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f rSm e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd t f pd;k &udk tEkenf;eJ@qef@usi&f m
rSm rSww f rf;wif av;pm;tyfwt hJ oif;tzG@J awG jzpfygw,f? e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u tEkenf;eJ@
qef@usit f wH jk cm;em;=uwJh “bl;toif;” awGukd rw&m;oif;awGtjzpf a=unmzrf;qD; ESyd u f yG yf pfcyhJ gw,f?
(9) qGm&yf (*s)f ygwD (o&mZ tzG@J )
21 OD; GCBA xJu OD;wkw}f u;D acgi;f aqmif+y;D 1925 ckEpS x f rJ mS “o&mZtzG@J ” ukd wnfaxmifyg
w,f? 21 OD;ygwu D aecGx J u
G +f yD; xlaxmifwmjzpfygw,f? OD;wkw}f uD;&JŒtzG@J [m tdE, dN jynfrmS &Swd hJ
qGm&yf(*s)f ygwD ([kr±R ;l ygw)D yHpk rH sKd ;jzpfwt hJ wGuf OD;wkw}f uD; qGm&yf (*s)f ygwv D @kd vJ ac: =uygw,f?
qGm&yf (*s)f ygwD (o&mZ) tzG@J rmS acgi;f aqmifawGtjzpf OD;ay:xGe;f (aemif qmay:xGe;f qd+k yD; eef;
&if;0efjzpfvmol/ t*Fvyd &f ŒJ ppfajy;tpd;k & qif;rvmtpd;k & tzG@J acgi;f aqmif) eJ@ a'guw f mbarmfw@kd
yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f? 1925 xJrmS yJ OD;wkw}f uD; uG,v f eG o
f mG ;wJt h wGuf OD;ay:xGe;f [m ygwaD cgi;f aqmif
jzpfvmygw,f? Armjynfukd ud, k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfciG hf ([kr±R ;l ) ay;a&;ukd t"duxm; awmif;qdw k yhJ gwD
jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
(10) [kr±R ;l ygwD

(Home Rule Party)
t*Fvyd pf um; Home Rule [m ud, k yf ikd t

f yk cf sKyfa&;vd@k t"dym` ,f&ygw,f? GCBA acwf
ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG&ŒJ Edik if aH &;t&aºu;G a=umfawmif;qdo k [
H m t=urf;zsi;f ajym&r,fq&kd if
ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG ðhf ya&; [kr±R ;l ay; qdw
k myJjzpfygw,f?
e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd t f pd;k &[m Armjynfukd [kr±R ;l ray;bJ 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;pepfuo
kd m 1923
ckEpS rf mS pwifay;cJyh gw,f? 'dik t f mcDa=umifh 'dik tf mcDukd vufco H if/h roifqh w
kd thJ ay:rSm vufcv H o
kd al wG
eJ@ vufrcHvo kd al wG uGjJ ym;oGm;&+yD; GCBA toif;csKyf}uD; pwifucJG &hJ ygw,f? 21 OD;tzG@J u 'dik f
tmcD tkycf sKyfa&;twGi;f 0ifomG ;=u+yD; “v_id yf ak usm”f wd@k u oydwaf rSmuf GCBA tjzpf qufvuf
38
&yfwnf=uygw,f?
vdi_ yf ak usmf GCBA xJ u t"duacgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ OD;yk (om,m0wD) [m 1925 ckEpS f
rSm GCBA uae cGx J u
G +f y;D “[kr±R ;l ygw”D udk wnfaxmifz@JGpnf;ygw,f? 1929 ckEpS /f “qdik rf eG af umfr&Si”f
Armjynfuv kd ma&mufwt hJ cg [kr±R ;l ygwuD vJ qdik rf eG af umfr&Siu f kd oydwaf rSmufcyhJ gw,f? (qdik rf eG f
aumfr&Si[ f m 'dik tf mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;&JŒ csKŒd ,Gi;f csuf vdt
k yfcsuaf wGukd pHpk rf;ppfaq;+y;D tpD&ifcpH mwifb@kd
qd+k y;D zG@J pnf;ay;cJw h m jzpfygw,f? wu,ft&if;cHuawmh Armjynfukd tdE, dN rScx
JG w
k +f y;D tkycf sKyf&eft
wGuf y%mrpHpk rf;avhvmbd@k apv$ww f m0efay;cJwh m jzpfygw,f? qdik rf eG af umfr&Siu f Armjynf&ŒJ
“cGaJ &;-wGaJ &;” jy\emudk pwifr;D ar$;ay;cJyh gw,f)?
cGaJ &; wGaJ &;rSm [kr±R ;l ygw[ D m wGaJ &;udak xmufccH w hJ hJ ygwjD zpfygw,f? 1931/ Ed0k ifbm
vef'efrmS usi;f ywJh pm;yG0J ikd ;f uGezf &ifh (London Round Table Conference) rSm [kr±R ;l ygwaD cgi;f
aqmif om,m0wDOD;yk wufa&mufcJhygw,f? 1932 ckESpf/ cGJa&;-wGJa&;ukd ta=umif;ðy+yD;
'dik t
f mcDOya'ðy aumifpt D rwf a&G;aumufyrJG mS [kr±R ;l ygwv D J wGaJ &;bufuae yg0if,OS òf yid cf yhJ gw,f?
(11) jynfojl ynfom;tzG@J
1925 ckEpS /f rif;wdik yf iftrwfa&G;aumufyt JG +yD;rSm OD;ay:xGe;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ qGm&yf*syf gwD
om,m0wD OD;ykacgi;f aqmifwhJ [kr±R ;l ygweD @J 21 OD;tzG@J (trsK;d om;ygw)D wd@k ylaygi;f +y;D “jynfojl ynfom;
tzG@J ” udk zG@J pnf;ygw,f? tzG@J acgi;f aqmiftjzpf OD;baz jzpfygw,f? 1928 ckEpS /f a&G;aumufyrJG mS
“jynfojl ynfom;tzG@J ” u rJqENe,f (59) e,frmS e,f (40) rSm tEdik &f cJyh gw,f?
jynfojl ynfom;tzG@J qw kd m ygvrD eftwGi;f tpd;k &tðytrlurkd ESpo f ufwhJ trwfawGu &mxl;
vufrjhJ zpfwt hJ cg tpd;k &eJ@ w&m;0ifqef@usib f ufðyvkyzf @kd z@JG pnf;xm;wJh tzG@J tpnf;jzpfygw,f? 21
OD;u OD;baz/ 0wfvOkH ;D yk (&rnf;oif;)/ a'guw f mode;f armifw@kd yg0ifovdk [kr±R ;l u om,m0wDO;D ykw@kd
trsK;d om;ygvrD ef jzpfajrmufa&;tzG@J u 0wfvOkH ;D eD/ 0wfvOkH ;D bpd;k wd@k vykd *k Kd~ vfawGtjyif OD;xGe;f 0if;/
OD;jrOD; pwJw h oD;yk*v ~ awGyg yg0ifaeygw,f? cGaJ &;-wGaJ &;jy\emay:wJt h cg jynfojl ynfom;tzG@J
twGi;f rSmvJ oabmxm;uGo J mG ;cJyh gw,f? GCBA tzG@J csKy}f u;D twGi;f uae oabmxm;uGo J mG ;cJ=h u+y;D
ygwt D oD;oD; tzG@J toD;oD;jzpfomG ;cJ=h u olawGukd “jynfojl ynfom;tzG@J ” tjzpf tzG@J toD;oD;udk
ud, k pf m;ðy+yD; yg0ifaygi;f pnf;=u&mu cGaJ &;-wGaJ &; jy\em0ifvmwJt h cg xyfro H abmxm; uGjJ ym;
=u&jyefwmjzpfygw,f? om,m0wDO;D ykw@kd u wGaJ &; jzpfomG ;+yD;/ OD;bazwd@k u cGaJ &;jzpfomG ;ygw,f?
OD;ay:xGe;f wd@k uvJ wGaJ &;orm;awGjzpfomG ;=uygw,f? cGaJ &;bufuvdv k m;wJh jynfojl ynfom;tzG@J 0if
awG[m “jynfojl ynfom;” tzG@J trnfe@J yJ u&iftrsK;d om;tzG@J / +Adwo d # jrefrmtzG@J awGe@J y;l aygi;f +yD;
“cGaJ &;toif;” zG@J pnf;cJ=h uygw,f?
39
0if;wifhxGef;
(12) a&$awmif=um;ygwD (tif'yD if;'ifyh gwD)
0HomEkvy_ &f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f ay:ayguv f mcJw h yhJ gwjD zpfayrJh t*Fvyd t f pd;k &tvdu k s tvdk
awmf&yd gwt D jzpf ay:xGuv f mwmjzpfygw,f? t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u olaumif;ðyxm;wJh qmbG@J &yk*Kd~ vf
}uD;awGyg 0if=uovdk t*Fvyd u f jym;/ w±kwef @J tEd , dN ukeo f nf}uD;rsm;/ tpd;k &t&m&Sd AsL±du k &uf
a[mif;}uD;rsm; yifpifpm;}uD;rsm;eJ@ 0wfv/kH a&SŒae pwJt h xufwef;v$mqdo k t l csKŒd yg0if=uygw,f?
c±dik òf rdŒe,f aus;&GmawGrmS toif;cGx J m;&SEd ikd jf cif;r&Sbd J t*Fvyd t f pd;k &tvdu k s &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJw h hJ
ygwjD zpfygw,f? qma*satarmif}uD;u OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG wG0if+yD;
trwfvyk jf cif;/ e,fcsŒJ tpd;k &ay;or#&mxl;}uD;awGukd vufc&H ,l+yD; v$waf wmftwGi;f t*Fvyd f
tóuduv f yk if ef;awG taumiftxnfazmfajymqdk v_y&f mS ;jcif;avmufyJ vkyu f ikd cf yhJ gw,f? 'gayrJh
ygw&D ŒJ emrnfuakd wmh “jrefrmjynfvw G v
f yfa&;tzG@J ”/ “tif'yD if;'ifyh gw”D vd@k trnfwyfrn S ahf c:cJyh g
w,f? vufawG@uawmh vGwv f yfa&;tqifrh ajymeJ@ [kr±R ;l tqifu h akd wmif yDyo D o awmif;qdck jhJ cif;
r&Syd g? vlx=k um;rSmESmacgi;f ±_ŒH jcif;cH&+yD; ygw0D iftrsm;pk vl@rvdik cf }J uD;rsm;[m a&$awmif=um;&yfuu G f
rSm aexdik =f uolawGjzpfwt hJ wGuf a&$awmif=um;ygwv D @kd yaJ c:a0: =uygw,f? qma*satarmif}uD;&JŒ
a&$awmif=um;ygw[ D m cGaJ &;-wGaJ &;rSm cGaJ &;bufu&yfwnfygw,f? 1931 ckEpS /f vef'efpm;yG0J ikd ;f
uGezf &ifrh S t*Fvyd t f pd;k &&JŒzdw=f um;csut f & wufa&mufciG &hf yk*Kd~ vf (24) OD;teuf (23) OD;wuf
a&muf&mrSm a&$awmif=um;ygwu D OD;atmifoif;/ OD;=uifoed ;f / qm'D*vifAw D @kd (3) OD; wufa&mufc=hJ u
ygw,f? 1930 jynfh Armjynfb&k ifcH qmcsm;vfpt f if;epf t*FvefacwWjyefomG ;csed rf mS ,m,Db&k ifcH
tjzpf a&$awmif=um;ygwaD cgi;f aqmif qma*satarmif}uD;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? qma*satarmif}uD; ,m,D
bk&ifcu H mvrSm q&mpH v,form; ykeu f efawmfveS rf }_ uD;ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f?
H ;kH qdik &f m u&iftrsK;d om; tzG@J csKyf
Burma Karen National Association (BKNA)
jrefrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m u&iftrsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf (BKNA) udk 1929 ckEpS rf mS zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
OuUÏtjzpf OD;yÀm0Ho/ twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf apmjrode;f jzpf+yD;/ apmboef;a&$ apmazomwd@k u
OD;aqmifc=hJ uygw,f?
ArmjynfOya'ðytzG@J xrJ mS yg0ifaqmif&u G cf =hJ u+yD; tzG@J 0iftrsm;pk[m Ak'b< momu&ifrsm;
jzpf=uygw,f? BKNA u u&iftrsK;d om;acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ OD;apmazom[m 0wfvakH wmf&
wOD;jzpf+yD; 1932 rif;wdik yf if trwfa&G;aumufyjJG zifh zG@J pnf;wJh Oya'ðyaumifprD mS 'kw, d OuUÏ
jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 1937 ckEpS /f a'guw f mbarmf tpd;k &tzG@J rmS w&m;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
40
ocifvy_ &f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f ay:aygufvmcJ=h uwJEh ikd if aH &;ygwD

tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;
41
0if;wifhxGef;

ocifvy_ &f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f ay:aygufvmcJ=h uwJEh ikd if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;
(1) wd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k

(2) jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qkid &f m vli,frsm; toif;
(3) wuo
(4) csi;f trsK;d om;rsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w G fa&;tzG@J (crnz)
(5) ig;yGiq hf ikd tf zG@J
(6) &[ef;ysKt d zG@J
(7) qif;&Jom; tzG@J (qif;&Jom; 0HomEk tzG@J )
(8) ud, k rhf if;ud, k chf si;f tzG@J
(9) qif;&Jom; tusK;d aqmiftzG@J (azbD,ef tzG@J )
(10) Auo
(11) rsK;d cspyf gwD (*VKefO;D apmtzG@J )
(12) ArmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f m awmifov l ,form; tpnf;t±H;k (Awvp)
(13) ArmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f m tvkyo f rm; tpnf;t±H;k
(14) jrefrmjynfvw G v f yfa&; trsK;d orD;tzG@J
(15) ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (Auy)
(16) jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gwD
(17) Armh xGu&f yf*% kd ;f
(18) y,uz
(19) ucsit f rsK;d om;uGe*f &uf (KNC)
(20) &ckid t f rsK;d om;uGe*f &uf
(21) &Jabmfo;kH usyd f
(22) Armhwyfrawmf
(23) wd@k Arm qif;&Jom; tpnf;t±H;k
(24) tm&Svil ,f tpnf;t±H;k
(25) csi;f vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfz@JG
42
(1) wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H
“wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H ” }uD;udk 1930 jynfEh pS /f arv-30 &ufae@rmS e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; pdwf
"mwfEiS hf rsK;d csppf w d "f mwfjyif;xefwufºuGwhJ vli,fwpku OD;aqmif+yD; pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
Armjynfonf-wd@k jynf/ Armpmonf-wd@k pm/ Armpum;onf-wd@k pum;/ wd@k pmud-k cs;D jr‡iyhf g/
wd@k pum;udk av;pm;ygqw kd hJ aºuG;a=umfoaH wGe@J ZmwdaoG;Zmwdrmefukd v_@H aqmf+yD;xGuaf y: vmcJw h hJ
tzG@J tpnf;}u;D jzpfygw,f? Armjynf&ŒJ ociftppf[m Armjynfom;awGomjzpf&r,fqw kd hJ ñu;H 0g;csu/f
Armjynfom;awG[m u|erf sK;d r[kw/f ocifrsK;d a[h æ wd@k Armqdw k hJ rmefwif;csuaf wGe@J wd@k Armtpnf;
t±k;H 0ifwikd ;f &JŒ a&SŒrSm “ocif” xnf+h yD;ac:ap/ wGiaf pcJ=h uwJt h wGuf “ocif tpnf;t±k;H ” }uD;vd@k vJ
xif&mS ;cJyh gw,f?
“ociftp æ baomif;u” vd@k trSwt f om;ðy=uwJt h wdik ;f wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;udk p
wif xlaxmifo[ l m “ocifbaomif;” eJ@ udo k ed ;f armif (ocifoed ;f armif)/ udv k aS bmf (ocifvaS bmf)/
udt k ek ;f az (ociftek ;f az-0g;c,fr)/ udt k ek ;f cif (ociftek ;f cif) wd@k wawGjzpf=u+yD; YMB-ocifwif/
ocifom'd;k / ocifwifped /f ocifarmifarmifw;kd / ocifb&D/ ocifausmx f eG ;f pde/f ocifb;kd eDw@kd [mvJ
ueOD;pwifxal xmif&mrSm yg0ifco hJ al wGjzpf=uygw,f? zG@J pnf;prSmyJ xyfr0H ifa&mufvmolawGu
awmh ocifApde/f ocifxeG ;f a&$/ ocifwifarmif/ ocifxeG ;f tky/f ocifuw H if/h ocifAv kd /f ocifcsex f eG ;f /
ocifatmifoef;/ ocifxeG ;f OD;pwJh yk*Kd~ vfawGjzpf=uygw,f? wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;&JŒ yxrwnf&m
vdypf mtjzpfu ocifbaomif;&JŒ tdr/f jcHtrSwf 33/ a&wm&Snv f rf;/ A[ef;/ &efuek jf zpfygw,f? Ù6
1930 jynf/h arv-30 &ufae@rmS xkwaf 0wJh wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H &JŒa=ujimpmwrf; “Edik if ðH ypmpk”
trSwf (1) [m yxrqH;k a=ujimpmwrf;jzpfc+hJ yD; “Edik if ðH ypmpk” qdw k t
hJ rnfe@J trSwf (1) uae (8)
txd xGucf yhJ gw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm “wd@k Armowif;pOf” udk xkwaf 0Edik v f mcJyh gw,f?
wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;&JŒ Edik if aH &;aºuG;a=umfou H &SEd iS ahf e+yD; Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@
jcm;em;pGm xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;udk vufcaH e=uwJh “'dik o f rm;” rsm;eJ@ ud, k f
ydik tf yk cf sKyfa&;udk awmif;qdak ºu;G a=umfae=uwJh “[kr;f orm;” rsm;t=um; twdu k tf cHtjiif;tcHak wG
qlnaH e=upOfrmS “'dik ”f uvJ u|e/f “[kr;f ” uvJ u|e/f u|et f jzpfurkd vdck sif “vGwv f yfa&;” udk
om vdck siw f ,fqw kd hJ “vGwv f yfa&;” aºuG;a=umfoeH @J wqifjh rifo h pf xGuaf y:vmcJw h mjzpfygw,f?
umvwdw k cktwGi;f rSmudk vlxpk w d 0f ifpm;r_ &&Scd o hJ vdk GCBA Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;awGtwGi;f
E_id ;f ,SOcf sut f m;jzifh tjywfom;qH;k jzpfwhJ OD;pd;k odr;f GCBA &JŒ axmufcu H n l t D m;ay;r_awGuv dk J
&&Scd yhJ gw,f? wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H &JŒa=unmcsuaf wGu pl;&Sxrd cd o hJ vdk “wd@k Arm” oDcsi;f }uD;&JŒysŒH ES@H r_
uvJ tm;aumif;cJ+h y;D ocifvy_ &f mS ;r_}u;D t&Sed jf refqefvmcJyh gw,f? ocifb@JG cu H m wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H
twGi;f 0ifa&mufvmolawGvJ wd;k yGm;vmygw,f?
1934 ckEpS rf mS wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H &efyakH iG&mS azGa&;eJ@ywfouf+y;D oabmxm; tjrifujJG ym;um
pwifwnfaxmifol ocif baomif; ab;xGux f ikd o
f mG ;cJyh gw,f? ocifoed ;f armif/ ocifav;armif/
ocifApde/f ocifvaS bmf/ ocifxeG ;f a&$w@kd uae qufvufO;D aqmifc=hJ uygw,f? ocifjr/ ocifxeG ;f
43
0if;wifhxGef;
tky/f ocifcifatmif/ ocifnw D @kd ocifjzpfvmygw,f? wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }u;D &JŒtvHu oH;k a&mifjc,f
pdr;f / eD/ 0g jzpf+yD; tv,frmS wlwpH Ofe@J jzpfygw,f?
yxrqH;k nDvmcHukd a&eHacsmif;òrdŒrSm 1935 ckEpS /f rwfv-30 &ufae@rmS usi;f yEdik cf +hJ yD;/ rsK;d cspf
Zmwdrmefpmqd}k uD; rpPwmarmifrid_ ;f [m tJ'n D vD mcHrmS yJ ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f trnfc, H +l yD; wd@k Arm
tpnf;t±k;H 0if ociftjzpf cH,cl yhJ gw,f?
wuUov kd af umvdyu f ynmwwfvil ,frsm;vJ wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H xJ wpxufwp wd;k wuf
a&muf&v dS mcJ=h u+yD; 1936 ckEpS /f ausmif;om;oydw}f uD;+yD;wJah emufrmS awmh wuUov kd af umvdyf
ausmif;om;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ocifb@JG caH wG jzpfvm=uygw,f? 1938 (axmifo h ;kH &mjynfh t
a&;awmfy}Hk uD;) rwdik rf t D wGi;f ocif atmifqef;/ ocif Ek/ ocif A[de;f / ocif vSaz/ ocif ode;f az/
ocifoef;xGe;f / ocif pd;k /ocif baqG pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawG[m xif&mS ;wJh vli,focifacgi;f aqmifawG
jzpfae=u+yDjzpfygw,f? wEdik if v H ;kH te,fe,f t&yf&yfrmS vJ wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H tzG@J caJG wG ay:ayguf
um ocifvy_ &f mS ;r_}uD; 'Da&wufcsed jf zpfcyhJ gw,f?
1936 ckEpS rf mS ay:aygucf w hJ hJ 'kw, d t}udrf wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm; oydw}f uD;udk wd@k Arm
tpnf;t±k;H }uD;u tm;ay;axmufccH o hJ vdk 1935 ck/ jrefrmjynftufOya't& ay:xGuv f mwJh
(91) Xmetkycf sKyfa&;udv k J tjyif;txefqef@usif uef@uu G cf yhJ gw,f?
wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;&JŒ 'kw, d t}udraf jrmuf Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHukd jrif;jcHòrdŒrSm usi;f y
Ekid cf yhJ gw,f? (91) Xmetkycf sKyfa&;udk wdu k zf su&f efq;kH jzwfc+hJ y;D twGi;f uae wdu k zf suEf ikd &f eftwGuv f J
wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H &JŒ ud, k yf mG ;tjzpf “ud, k rhf if;ud, k chf si;f ” tzG@J uzkd @JG pnf;ay;cJyh gw,f? 1936 ZGev f rSm
jzpfygw,f?
wwd,t}udraf jrmuf Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHukd 1938 ckEpS /f rwfv jynfòrdŒrSm usi;f ycJyh gw,f?
1938 ckEpS /f {+yD-1 &ufae@[m t*Fvyd t f pd;k &&JŒ Armjynf (91) Xmetkycf sKyfa&; w&m;0ifEpS yf wfvnf
ae@ jzpfygw,f? wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;u jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uu G yf }JG uD;awGusi;f y+yD; uef@uu G yf g
w,f? t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;udk tjyif;txefzEd ydS zf @kd wqif+h yD;wqifh jyifygw,f?
1938 ckEpS /f wwd,t}udrn f v D mcHt+yD;rSmyJ wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;&JŒ aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf v _ J tuf
oH0ifvmcJyh gw,f? wwd,nDvmcH}u;D rSm OuUÏae&mtwGuf ocifoed ;f armife@J ocifnD tòyid t f qdik f
rJcq JG ;kH jzwf&wJt h aetxm; a&mufc+hJ yD; acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f twGi;f rnDr!Gwjf zpfvmcJ=h u&mu 1938
ckEpS /f ZGev f rSm jy\empwif ay:cJyh gw,f? OuUÏocifoed ;f armifu ocifApdeef @J ocifausm&f ifw@kd ukd
wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H uae xkwyf ,fypfvu kd jf cif;tm;jzifh jy\empwifay:cJyh gw,f?
tJ't D csed rf mS ordik ;f 0if 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy}kH uD;[m pwifayguu f aJG y:xGuaf ecJ+h yD jzpfyg
w,f? a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;oydw}f uD;eJ@ pwifayguu f aJG y:xGuv f mcJw h hJ 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy}kH uD;
[m wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;&JŒOD;aqmifre_ @J ay:xGuv f mcJw h mjzpfygw,f? 1938 ckEpS /f ESpu f ek cf ge;D rSmyJ
wd@k Arm tpnf;t±k;H }uD;[m (2) jcrf;uGo J mG ;cJah yrJh ESpjf crf;vH;k u wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H 0ifrsm;[m
1300 jynfh ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk jywfjywfom;om; 0dik ;f &Hun l t D m;ay;cJ=h uygw,f?
wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;[m 1930 jynfEh pS u f ay:xGe;f vmcJw h mjzpf+yD; 1938 ckEpS rf mS ESpjf crf;uGJ
44
oGm; &wmjzpfwt hJ wGuf (8) ESpaf usmrf #om wpnf;wvH;k wnf;aom wckwnf;aomtpnf;t±k;H }u;D
jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 1938 ckEpS /f ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f avmufup+yD; “ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f ” wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H eJ@
“ocifApde-f ocif xGe;f tky”f wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H qd+k yD; *d% k ;f }uD;ESp*f % kd ;f jzpfay:vmcJyh gw,f? ocif
atmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifE/k ocifp;kd / ocifvaS z/ ocifxyd w f if ud, k af wmf}uD;/ ocifav;
armif/ ocifjr/ ocifcspf pwJo h cifrsm;[m ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H *d% k ;f ujzpf+yD;/
ocifn/D ocifausm&f if/ ocifatmifoef;/ ocifcifarmif/ ocifvx S eG ;f / ocifat; polrsm;[m
ocifApde/f ocifxeG ;f tkyf wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H *k% d ;f ujzpfygw,f?
ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f }u;D rSL;wJh wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }u;D &JŒ pwkwt ˆ }urd af jrmufnv D mcHukd armfv
òrdiòf rdŒrSm 1939 ckEpS /f {+yDv-7 &ufuae 10 &ufae@txd usi;f yEdik cf yhJ gw,f?
ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f }uD;rSL;wJh wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;&JŒ yÌrt}udraf jrmufnv D mcHuv kd J om
,m0wDe@J oH;k q,f=um;&Sd trsK;d om;ausmif;0if;}uD;twGi;f rSm 1940 jynf/h arv-11 &ufu 13
&ufae@txd usi;f y Edik cf yhJ gw,f? wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H &JŒ aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf rhJ a_ wGuawmh trsK;d om;pdw/f
trsK;d om;rmefukd v_@H aqmfay;Edik cf jhJ cif;/ e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd t f pd;k &&JŒ azmufjyefzEd ydS rf a_ wGukd azmfxw k q f ef@
usiw f u kd yf 0JG ifEikd cf jhJ cif;/ “vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;” qdw k hJ Edik if aH &;awmif;qdck suu f kd jrifjh rifrh m;rm; v$ix hf El ikd cf hJ
jcif;eJ@ 1937-38 avmufup+yD; qd&k , S vf pfa&;toHukd vrf;cif;ay;Edik cf jhJ cif;awGjzpfygw,f?
tcdik t f rm a&SŒaqmifEikd cf w hJ muawmh (91) Xmetkycf sKyaf &;udk twGi;f tjyif jywfjywfom;om;
wdu k zf suq f ef@usiEf ikd cf jhJ cif;eJ@ ordik ;f 0if (1300 jynfh ta&;awmfy}kH uD; ) udk OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifEikd cf jhJ cif;yJ
jzpfygw,f? tpnf;t±k;H 0if ocifaygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGm zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;cHc&hJ ygw,f?
wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H uae tpnf;t±k;H &JŒ vufatmufct H zG@J tpnf;/ ud, k yf mG ;tzJ@G tpnf;awG
tjzpf ud, k rhf if;ud, k chf si;f tzG@J / Armhvuf±;Hk wyfz@JG / ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m awmifov l ,form;tpnf;t±k;H
ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±k;H wd@k ukd arG;zGm;ay;Edik cf o hJ vdk Armjynfvw G v f yfa&; trsK;d
orD;tzG@J }uD;ukv d nf; ay:ayguaf pcJyh gw,f?
“ocif” trnfc+H yD; ay:xGuv f mcJw h hJ wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;[m ocifvy_ &f mS ;r_acwf}uD;udk
arG;zGm;ay;cJo h vdk Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;twGuf a&SŒwef;uaeOD;pD;acgi;f aqmif=ur,fh ocifEikd if aH &;
orm;aygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGmudv k J arG;xkwaf y;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? e,fcsŒJ orm;udk vufeufpu JG ikd wf ukd cf u
kd Ef ikd b f @kd
twGuf tpDtpOf &S&d jdS yifqif&if; Armhordik ;f rSmxGuaf y:vmcJw h hJ “&Jabmfo;kH usyd ”f qdw k mudk jzpfay:ap
cJw
h m[mvJ wd@k Armtpnf; t±k;H }u;D yJjzpfygw,f? (&Jabmfo;kH usyd rf mS ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f *d% k ;f ua&m/
ocifApde-f ocifxeG ;f tky*f % kd ;f uyg yg0ifygw,f? trsm;pk}uD;uawmh ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f wd@k Arm
tpnf;t±k;H bufjcrf;ujzpfygw,f)?
'kw, d urBmppf}u;D t&Sed w f +i;D +i;D awmufavmifaepOfumv 1941 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm-9 &ufae@rmS
wk@d Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;ukd t*Fvyd t f pk;d &u rw&m;oif;a=unmcJyh gw,f?
'kw, d urBmppf}uD; +yD;wJah emufyikd ;f rSmawmh wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;&JŒ t&Sed =f oZm[m wp
xufwp avsmyh g;oGm;cJyh gw,f? 1962 ckEpS t f xd wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;[m wnf&adS ecJah o;ayrJh
aemufq;kH rSmawmh vH;k 0arS;rSed f uG,af ysmufomG ;&ygawmhw,f?
45
0if;wifhxGef;
csKyf+y;D ajym&r,fq&kd if wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }u;D [m ocifvy_ &f mS ;r_acwf}u;D udk pwifarG;zGm;cJ+h y;D
ocifvy_ &f mS ;r_}u;D udOk ;D aqmifum Armjynf vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;&&Sad &;twGuf pGr;f pGr;f wrH wdu k yf 0JG ifcw hJ hJ
*k%af &mifajymifcw hJ hJ Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;jzpfygw,f? udv k ekd eD ,fcsŒJ orm;&JŒ u|eðf yzdEydS tf yk pf ;kd r_
atmufrmS trsK;d om;a&;pdw"f mwfe@J pwiftajcwnfay:xGe;f cJ&h &muae qk&d , S vf pfa&;ar#mrf eS ;f csuf
awGqt D xd wqif+h y;D wqifv h rS ;f ar#m=f unfu
h m wd;k wufwt hJ zG@J tpnf;}u;D wpfct k jzpf OD;wnfomG ;&if;
ordik ;f wm0ef awGukd twdik ;f twmwcktxd xrf;aqmifomG ;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? 'kw, d urBmppfrwdik rf t D xd
ArmjynfrmS ay:aygucf =hJ uwJh Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;awGtwGi;f rSm twd;k wufq;kH / tus,f
jyef@q;kH eJ@ txufjrufq;kH tzG@J tpnf;}uD;tjzpf rSww f rf;wif&rSmjzpfovdk Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;
v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm ta&;ygq;kH Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;}uD;wcktjzpfvJ armfueG ;f wif todtrSwðf y
&rSm jzpfygw,f?
(2) jrefrmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m vli,frsm;toif;
wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H ay:+y;D prSmyJ wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H 0if ocifwpk&ŒJ óu;d yrf;r_e@J ay:xGe;f vmwm
jzpfygw,f? wuUov kd u
f wd;k wufwv
hJ il ,fausmif;om;rsm;/ txufwef;ausmif;u vli,f ausmif;
om;rsm;/ (vli,frsm;}u;D yGm;a&; toif;/ pmzwftoif;/ rD;owftoif;/ qGr;f avmif;oif;u Edik if aH &;eJ@
rygwo f ufw)hJ vli,frsm;yg yg0ifEikd af tmif enf;vrf;&Sm+yD; trsK;d om;a&;udk OD;wnfvy_ &f mS ;Edik rf ,fh
“vli,ftoif;” wck wnfaxmifjzpfay:vmwmjzpfygw,f?
1930 jynfh pufwifbmvrSm pwifz@JG pnf;ygw,f? a&$w*d t kH v,fypP,&H dS Edik if aH &;q&mawmf
OD;em*dE&N ŒJ r¾yfrmS vli,faygi;f pHak usmif;aygi;f pHk tpnf;ta0;}uD;wckac:qd+k yD; vli,f (5000) cef@
wuftpnf;ta0;}uD;uae trsK;d om;a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;awGaqmif&u G &f efq+kd yD; “jrefrm
Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m vli,frsm;toif;” udk zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J rmS æ æ æ
(1) OuUÏ - q&mwifh (òrdŒrausmif;)
(2) twGi;f a&;rSL; - udEk k (wuUov kd )f
(3) wGb J uftwGi;f a&;rSL; - udck ef@ (yef;waemf) jrefrmjynfpmtkyo f if;
(4) aiGxed ;f - udpk oH rd ;f (wuUov kd af usmif;)
(5) jyef=um;a&;rSL; - òrdŒrq&m[def
(6) tr_aqmifrsm; - ocifbaomif;/ ocifav;armif/ ocifApde/f udb k wif/
udv k x l eG ;f / udt k ;kH polawGjzpfygw,f?
òrdŒe,frsm;pGmtxd toif;cGaJ wG xlaxmifEikd v f mcJ+h yD; jynfwiG ;f jzpftm;ay;a&;/ Edik if jH cm;ypPn;f
oydwaf rSmufa&;awGukd wufwufºuºG uaG qmif&u G &f if; e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;vkyif ef;awGxJ wd;k jri‡ yhf g0if
Ù7
aqmif&u G cf =hJ uygw,f?
46
(3) wuo (wuUov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~)
yxrqH;k “ausmif;om;rsm;or*~” [m &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~jzpfygw,f?

1931 ckEpS rf mS pwifay:xGe;f ygw,f? zG@J pnf;pu wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;&JŒ vlra_ &;/ ynma&;
qufqaH ygi;f oif; a&;qdik &f m toif;tzG@J oabmrsK;d avmufom toGiaf qmifae&mu udv k ekd yD nm
a&;pepf&ŒJ aysmu h u G [
f muGuf vdt k yfcsuaf wGuykd g axmufjya0zefqef;ppf+y;D ynma&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_
awGukd awmif;qdv k mcJyh gw,f? tJ'u D ae aemufwqifh wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ vGwv f yfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_awGtxd
yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;vmcJyh gw,f?
&efuek wf uUov kd f wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ taqmuftOD}uD;ukd olaX;OD;ndKu 1931
ckEpS rf mS yJ aqmufvyk v f LS 'ge;f cJyh gw,f? 1931 ckEpS rf mS yJ yxrqk;H ausmif;om; “wuo” &JŒOuUÏ[m
ukx d eG ;f pdef jzpf+yD; twGi;f a&;rSL;[m armifApdef (aemif-ocifApde)f jzpfygw,f?
“wuo” &JŒemrnf ay:vGix f if&mS ;vmwmu 1936 ckEpS /f 'kw, d wuUov dk af usmif;om;
oydw}f uD; t+yD;rSmjzpfygw,f? ukEd /k ukad tmifqef;/ uk&d m&Spw f @dk emrnfawG wuo eJ@,OS w f +JG yD; ay:
vGiv f mcJyh gw,f?
1938 ckEpS /f axmifo h ;Hk &mjynft h a&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f rSmvJ wuo &JŒtcef;[m ‘Auo’
eJ@twl *k%af jymifpmG yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
e,fcsŒJ vufatmufuae trsK;d om;vGwv f yfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_wu dk yf t JG wGi;f “wuo” &JŒtcef;
u¾[m ta&;ygco hJ vkd wuo or*~taqmuftOD}uD;twGi;f ta&;}uD;tpnf;ta0;}uD;rsm;
orkid ;f 0if awG@qaHk qG;aEG;r_}uD;rsm; usi;f yEkid cf yhJ gw,f? ArmjynfEidk if aH &;orkid ;f rSm xif&mS ;vm=ur,fh
acgi;f aqmif trsm;pk}uD;[m ‘wuo’ 0if ‘wuo’ xGurf sm; jzpf=uygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemufyidk ;f xif&mS ;cJ=h uwJh ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif/ wuo acgi;f aqmifrsm;
uawmh ukpd ;dk ode;f / ukb d aumif;/ uk, d /k ukAd aqGav;/ ukn d Kd 0if;/ ukv d aS &$ (bku d av;)/ ukv d =S unf
(bku d av;) pwJo h al wGjzpfygw,f?
rEœav;wuUov dk af cgi;f aqmifrsm;xJrmS awmh ukw d ifa&$/ ukad pmvGi/f uk=d unfatmif/ ukrd ;dk ol/
ukad Zmf0if;/ ukpd ;dk 0if;armif/ ukad tmifol (jrif;jcH) pwJo h al wG emrnfxif&mS ;=uygw,f?
&efuek w f uUov dk f wuo &JŒaemufq;Hk w&m;0if OuUÏuawmh ukAd aqGav;jzpfygw,f?
Armjynf vGwv f yfa&;a=unmEkid +f yD;aemufyidk ;f zqyv/ tdraf pmif/h yxptpk;d &awG&ŒJ tkypf ;dk r_
umvwav#mufv;Hk rSmvJ jynfoal wGe@J twl&yfwnfum awmfveS w f ahJ usmif;om;xk&ŒJ orkid ;f ukd
*k%af &mifajymifpmG qufvufo,faqmifEidk cf =hJ uygw,f? ArmjynfrmS ‘wuo’ a&G;aumufyrJG sm;[m
toef@&iS ;f qk;H tvGwv f yfq;Hk jzpfcyhJ gw,f? tkypf ;dk oltpk;d &tqufqufu ‘wuo’ twGi;f rSm
tpk;d & tvkad wmf&ad usmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; ay:xGuaf e&m,lEidk af tmif enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@óu;d yrf;cJ=h u
ayrJh a,bk,stm;jzifh atmifjrifrr_ &cJb h J jynfovl x
k bk ufu&yfwnfwhJ ppfreS w f hJ ausmif;om;acgi;f
aqmifrsm;om “wuo” &JŒtvHukd *k%af &mifajymifajymif v$ix hf El ikd cf =hJ uygw,f?
1962/ rwfv-2 &ufae@rmS rw&m;tm%modr;f ,lwufvmcJw h hJ Advk cf sLyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ
47
0if;wifhxGef;
awmfveS af &; aumifpt D pd;k &udk “wuo” u jywfjywfom;om; qef@usicf yhJ gw,f? 1962/ Zlvidk -f
7 &ufae@rmS ordik ;f 0if (7) &ufZv l ikd f ta&;awmfy}kH uD;ay:xGuv f mcJ+h yD; ppftpd;k &u aoG;acsmif;pD;
atmifowfjzwfum “wuo” udk zsuo f rd ;f ypfco
hJ vdk (8) &ufae@rmS ordik ;f 0if wuo or*~
taqmuftOD}uD;udv k J AH;k cGzJ suq
f ;D ypfcyhJ gw,f?
“wuo” [m enf;vrf;aygi;f pHek @J qufvuf&yfwnfc+hJ yD; ausmif;om;xk&ŒJ &ifxJ tquf
rjywf &Sio f efaecJyh gw,f? rqv acwfwavsmufv;kH rSm ay:xGe;f vmcJw h hJ vlxwk ukd yf JG ausmif;om;xk
wduk yf aJG wG twGi;f rSm yHo k ¾eftrsK;d rsK;d eJ@ qufvufay:ayguaf ecJyh gw,f? ausmif;om;rsK;d qufawG
b,favmufajymif;ajymif; “wuo” qdw k hJ *k%af &mifajymifwt hJ rnfemr[m vufqifu h rf; ay:
xGe;f vmcJh wmcsn;f jzpfygw,f? 88 ckEpS /f &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;twGi;f rSm tjrifo h pfq;kH jyef
vnfay:xGe;f vmcJo h vdk qufwu kd f ay:xGe;f aeOD;rSmvJ jzpfygw,f?
“wuo” [m ausmif;om;xk&ŒJ *k%af &mifajymifwt hJ zG@J tpnf;jzpf+yD; jynfov l xl bk ufu
xm0pOf &yfwnfcw hJ hJ ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f twGi;f ta&;}uD; tcef;u¾uyg0ifcw hJ hJ
ordik ;f 0iftzG@J tpnf; }u;D wckjzpfygw,f? w&m;0iftjzpf&yfwnfco hJ vdk ajratmuftjzpfvJ vufqifh
urf;wnf&EdS ikd pf rG ;f &Sw d hJ tzG@J tpnf;}uD;wcktjzpfe@J vJ rSww f rf;wif&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(4) csi;f trsK;d om;rsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w

G af &;tzG@J (crnz)
1933 ckEpS -f rwfvtwGi;f rif;wyfe,f/ aESmaf csmif;wdu k ef ,f/ roHEk ;l &GmrSm pwifz@JG pnf;ygw,f?
+Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ udk csi;f trsK;d om;rsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w
G pf mG eJ@ Edik if aH &;t&jyefvnfw@kH jyefwu kd cf u
kd Ef ikd b
f @kd
&nf&, G f zG@J pnf;cJw
h mjzpfygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf OD;0rf;ol;armifjzpf+yD; OD;azvde;f / OD;tGref ed ;f / OD;uD,rkd ef;wd@k
OD;aqmifcyhJ gw,f? wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;eJ@ qufo, G af qmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? wcsKŒd ud, k w f ikd f ocif
trnfc, H v l m=u+yD; ocif0rf;ol;armif/ ocifatmifrif; (OD;azvde;f )/ ocifatmif!eG @f (OD;tGref ed ;f )
wd@k jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ u “crnz” tay:vJ zdEydS f ESyd u f yG rf a_ wGvyk cf yhJ gw,f?
(5) ig;yGiq
hf ikd f tzG@J
e,fcsŒJ +Adwo
d #tpd;k &[m 1937 ckEpS /f {+yD-1 &ufae@rmS Armjynfukd (91) Xmetkycf sKyfa&;opf
w&m;0ifpwifay;tyfrmS jzpfygw,f? (91) Xmetkycf sKyfa&;opftwGuf 1936 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmrSm
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG ðyvkyaf y;rSmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'D (91) Xme a&G;aumufyrJG mS yg0if,OS òf ydi&f eftwGuf tiftm;pkpnf;jyifqif=u&mrSm “ig;
yGiqhf ikd t
f zG@J ” ay:xGuv f mygw,f? 1936 ckEpS -f arvrSm pwifzpJG nf;ygw,f? OD;baz/ om,m0wD
OD;ykw@kd acgi;f aqmif zG@J pnf;cJzh ;l wJh jynfojl ynfom;tzG@J qwkd m òyduo
JG mG ;+yDjzpfwthJ wGuf ºuGi;f useu f sef
&pfwhJ “jynfojl ynfom;” vufusef (21) OD;tpkukd tzG@J wzG@J tjzpf owfrw S zf @JG pnf;+yD; wjcm;tzG@J
(4) zG@J e@J aygi;f um “ig;yGiq hf ikd t
f zG@J ” tjzpf ay:xGuv f mwmjzpfygw,f? tm;vH;k [m wjcrf;yJh
48
tzG@J awGcsn;f jzpfygw,f? “ig;yGiq hf ikd ”f rSm æ æ æ
(1) OD;baz&JŒ jynfojl ynfom;tzG@J vufuseef @J 21 OD;EG,rf sm;
(2) 0wfvkH OD;armif}uD;&JŒ jrefrmjynfvw G v f yfa&;tzG@J
(3) a&OD;q&mawmf}uD;rSL;wJh A[dk GCBA (OD;pk OuUÏr[kwaf wmhbJ OD;jrwfom'Ge;f OuUÏjzpfvmwJh
GCBA)
(4) 0wfvkH OD;bpDacgi;f aqmifwhJ GCBA (,cif 21 OD;rS/ aemufA[dk GCBA rSmyg? aemuf A[dk
GCBA rS cGx J uG +f yD; oydwaf rSmuf GCBA qdw k hJ trnfe@J ygvm)?
(5) rEœav; (21) OD;tzG@J (,cif 21 OD;EG,rf sm;) jzpfygw,f? ig;yGiq hf ikd t
f zG@J ukd OD;bazu OD;pD; óud;yrf;
zG@J pnf;wmjzpfayrJh ig;yGiq hf ikd Of uUÏtjzpf rEœav; (21) OD;tzG@J u rif;om;}uD; “xdyw f if0” udk
wifajr‡mufxm;ygw,f?
(91) Xmea&G;aumufyJG (1936) rSm trwfO;D a&trsm;qH;k tEdik &f ygw,f? “ig;yGiq hf ikd ”f t
rwf (45) ae&m&ygw,f? 'gayrJh tpuwnf;u &mxl;rufoal wG pkaygi;f pyfaygi;f zG@J pnf;xm;wJh t
zG@J jzpfwma=umifh &mxl;ae&mta0rwnfyh J tpd;k &zG@J pnf;Edik jf cif;r&Scd yhJ g? trwfae&m (16) ae&mom&
wJh a'guw f mbarmfu OD;yk (&rnf;oif;)/ OD;ay:xGe;f wd@k e@J aygi;f um “!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &” zG@J omG ;cJyh gw,f?
a&G;aumufy+JG y;D wmeJ@ ig;yGiq hf ikd t
f zG@J vJ tòyòd yt
d uGu J jJG zpfum a'guw f mbarmf !Ge@f aygi;f tpk;d &
tzG@J twGi;f 0ifomG ;ol/ &mxl;&ol/ r&olawG trsK;d rsK;d jzpfay:vmcJyh gw,f?
(6) &[ef;ysKd tzG@J
ocifvy_ &f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f 1936 ckEpS 0f ef;usirf mS “&[ef;ysKt d zG@J ” awG us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@
ay:xGe;f vmcJyh gw,f? txl;ojzifh 1938-39 (1300 jynft h a&;awmfy)kH umvtwGi;f rSmawmh
“&[ef;ysKt d zG@J ” toD;oD;&JŒv_y&f mS ;r_awG[m ydrk akd y:vGix f if&mS ;vmcJyh gw,f? &efuek òf rŒd rSm “&[ef;ysKd
tzG@J ” awG &Scd w hJ t
hJ jyif e,fòrdŒwcsKŒd rSmvJ (Oyrmtm;jzifh “ZvGef &[ef;ysK”d tzG@J / “a&$bkd &[ef;ysK”d
tzG@J ) wd@k vkd &[ef;ysKt d zG@J awG ay:xGe;f cJyh gw,f? &efuek òf rdŒrSm “&efuek t f aemufyikd ;f omoemhrmru
&[ef;ysKt d zG@J csKyf” xif&mS ;cJo h vdk rEœav;òrdŒrSm ‘rEœav; &[ef;ysKt d zG@J csKyf’ [mvJ xif&mS ;cJyh gw,f?
a&eHajr tvkyo f rm;oydw}f uD; pwifay:ayguv f mwJt h csed rf mS “&efuek t f aemufyikd ;f qdik &f m
omoemh rmru &[ef;ysKt d zG@J csKyf” uae e,fcsŒJ t&if;&Siq f ef@usiaf &;/ a&eHajroydwaf tmifjrifa&;
twGuq f +kd y;D a&eHajrud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tjzpf &[ef;ysK&d ŒJ q&mawmf OD;ygarmuQ/ OD;auo&eJ@ OD;tmp&
wd@k ukd a&eHajrudak pv$wcf yhJ gw,f? OD;ygarmuQe@J OD;tmp&wd@k [m tvkyo f rm;awGzufu jywfjywfom;
om;&yfwnfv@_H aqmf w&m;a[mcJ=h uwJt h wGuf q&mawmfO;D tmp&udk e,fcsŒJ tpd;k &u yk'rf (107)
eJ@ zrf;qD;ta&;,lcyhJ gw,f?
rEœav;rSm “&[ef;ysKt d zG@J ” &JŒOuUÏuawmh “OD;uvsm%” jzpfc+hJ y;D 10-2/ 1939 ae@rmS rEœav;
òrŒd rSm oHCm/ ausmif;om;/ vlxpk w D ef;vSnv hf nfy}JG u;D udk OD;aqmifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? rEœav;ta&;ydik ef @J
&mZ0wf0ef}uD;wd@k acgi;f aqmifwhJ ppfwyfyv k yd w
f yfawGu aoewfe@J ypfcwfòzdciG ;f wJt h wGuf “tmZm
49
0if;wifhxGef;
enf (17) OD; aoG;ajrus&r_}uD;” jzpfymG ;cJyh gw,f? (17) OD; usq;kH &r_rmS oHCmawmf (7) yg; yg0ifcyhJ g
w,f? (17-2 /39) ae@rmS tmZmenf (17) OD; o+*dKvfpsmyerSm omoemha0ykv&† [ef;ysKt d zG@J /
r[mor*~&[ef;ysKt d zG@J / 0Ho[dwum&D&[ef;ysKt d zG@J / A[do k moemrmru &[ef;ysKt d zG@J / ZvGef
&[ef;ysKt d zG@J / omoemh0o d 'k d< &[ef;ysKd tzG@J / a&$b&kd [ef;ysKt d zG@J e@J rEœav;&[ef;ysKt d zG@J rtS yk cf sKyfwhJ
tzG@J (13) zG@J w@kd wufa&mufvu kd yf g yd@k aqmifc=hJ uygw,f? rEœav;&[ef;ysKt d zG@J OuUÏ OD;uvsm%eJ@twl
xif&mS ;cJw h hJ &[ef;ysKad cgi;f aqmif q&mawmfawGuawmh a&$rsurf eS Of ;D =obmo/ tmZmenfO;D okre
pwJ&h [ef;awmfawG jzpfygw,f? Ù8
vGwv f yfa&;&+yaD cwf/ zqyv acwfawGtwGi;f rSmvJ “&[ef;ysKt d zG@J ” awGqufvufwnf&+dS y;D
v_y&f mS ;r_ awG&adS ecJw
h m awG@&ygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpD ppftpd;k &wufvm+y;D 1964 aemufyikd ;f rSm
awmh &[ef;ysKt d zG@J }uD;awGvJ wpp arS;rSed af ysmufu, G o f mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
(7) qif;&Jom;tzG@J (qif;&Jom;0HomEktzG@J )
1936 ckEpS rf mS a'guw f mbarmfO;D aqmifz@JG pnf;cJw h hJ ygwjD zpfygw,f? a'guw f mbarmf[m
Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;xJu a&yef;pm;cJw h hJ “0HomEk” qdw k phJ um;vH;k udk ArmjynfrmS tus,jf yef@q;kH
trsm;jym;qH;k jzpfwhJ “qif;&Jom;” rsm;eJ@ wGpJ yfay;um “qif;&Jom;0HomEktzG@J ” vd@k trnfay;cJyh g
w,f? trsm;qk;H trnfwiG cf w hJ muawmh “qif;&Jom; tzG@J ” jzpfygw,f?
1936 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbma&G;aumufyrJG mS v,form;qif;&Jom;xk&ŒJ rJay;axmufcrH _ &,lEikd af &;udk
&nfp;l +yD; zG@J pnf;cJwh mjzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyt JG Edik &f a&;twGuf zGpJ nf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? v,form;
xkóuduf “aus;&Gm” ðyjyifa&;/ tcGeaf v#mch sa&;/ &Gmol}uD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufa&;/ ajriSm;c
av#mch sa&;/ trawmfa=u;ay;a&;/ tcrJyh nmoif=um;a&;qdw k mawGudk ygwv D yk if ef;pOftjzpf a=u
nm+yD; zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? 'gayrJh vlxu k / v,form;rsm;u a'guw f mbarmftay: t,Ht k =unfoyd f
r&Scd =hJ uyg? a&G;aumufyrJG mS v,form;rsm;&JŒaxmufcrH u _ v kd J r&&Scd b
hJ J trwfae&m (16) ae&mom
&cJyh gw,f? trsm;qH;k (45) ae&m tEdik &f “ig;yGiq hf ikd ”f tzG@J }uD; &mxl;ta0rwnfv h @kd tpk;d &rzG@J Eikd v
f @dk
a'guw f mbarmfu tpd;k &zG@J Eikd af &;twGuf Edik if aH &;oif;uGrJ sm; ukeo f nf}u;D rsm;toif;eJ@ +Aw d o
d #tyk pf k
&JŒ axmufcv H ufcrH &_ Edik af pa&;twGuf qif;&Jom;ygw&D ŒJ vkyif ef;pOf qdw k mawGukd csucf si;f pGe@f vw $ yf pf
vdu k yf gw,f? (a'guw f mbarmfu Edik if aH &;tm%mudk Edik if aH &;&eforl sm;vuf usa&mufroGm;ap&efv@kd
ta=umif;jycJyh gw,f)? a'guw f mbarmf !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k & zG@J pnf;Edik v f mcJyh gw,f? 1939 ckEpS /f a'guw f m
barmftpd;k & ðywfus+yD;wJh tcgrmS awmh qif;&Jom;vkyif ef;pOfukd jyefvnfcsrw S jf yefygw,f?
(8) ud,
k rhf if;ud,
k chf si;f tzG@J
wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }u;D &JŒ ud,

k yf mG ;tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfygw,f? 1936 ckEpS /f jrif;jcòH rŒd rSmusi;f ywJh
'kw,
d t}udraf jrmuf wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H nDvmcHq;kH jzwfcsut f & ay;tyfvmr,fh (91) Xme tkycf sKyf
50
a&;topfukd twGi;f tjyifqef@usiaf &;twGuf a&G;aumufyt JG wGi;f yg0if,OS òf ydit f aumiftxnf
azmfEikd b f @kd &nf&, G zf @JG pnf;cJw
h mjzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufy0JG if&r,ft h zG@J ukd “ud, k rhf if;ud, k chf si;f tzG@J ”
vd@k trnfay;cJyh gw,f? 1936 ckEpS rf mS yJ zG@J pnf;xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? yxrqH;k zG@J pnf;cJw h hJ ud,k rf if;ud, k hf
csi;f tzG@J ukd OuUÏtjzpf ocif[ef/ twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf ocifuw H ifu h aqmif&u G yf gw,f? ud, k rhf if;
ud, k chf si;f tzG@J u trwfrsm;udk (91) Xmetkycf sKyfa&;twGi;f &mxl;0ifa&mufr,l& trwfvpmr,l&
vd@k owfrw S w
f t hJ jyif wd@k Armtpnf; t±k;H }uD;&JŒ !¸e=f um;csut f wdik ;f waoGrwdr;f vdu k ef m&r,fv@kd
pnf;urf;owfrw S xf m;ygw,f?
1936 ck/ Ed0k ifbma&G;aumufy}JG uD;rSm ud, k rhf if;ud,
k chf si;f tzG@J u trwfae&m (28) ae&m 0if
a&muf,OS òf ydif ta&G;cs,cf yH gw,f? (3) ae&m tEdik &f &Syd gw,f? ocifjr/ ocifvw S if ([oFmw) eJ@
ocift}Hh u;D (yckuLU ) wd@k trwfjzpfvmygw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm ud, k rhf if;ud, k chf si;f tzG@J acgi;f aqmiftjzpf
ocifjru wm0ef,l OD;aqmifcyhJ gw,f?
(9) qif;&Jom; tusK;d aqmif (azbD,ef) tzG@J
qif;&Jom;rsm;tusK;d udak qmif&u G cf w

hJ hJ tDwvDEikd if H a&mròrdŒu “azbD,ef” trnf&dS ppfAv kd f
}uD;&JŒ emrnfu, kd +l yD;zG@J pnf;cJw h hJ azbD,eftzG@J qw kd m&Scd hJ ay:aygucf zhJ ;l ygw,f?
ArmjynfrmS vJ “qif;&Jom;tusK;d aqmif (azbD,ef) tzG@J ” qdw k m 1936 ckEpS /f a&G;aumufyrJG
wdik cf if ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? OuUÏtjzpf 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsK/d 'k-OuUÏtjzpf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udEk k
(aemif-ocifE)k / twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;bcdik f (aemif-azbD,efO;D bcdik v f @kd vlord sm;) wd@k u OD;aqmifz@JG
pnf;cJyh gw,f? 1936 taxGaxGa&G;aumufyrJG mS yg0if,OS òf ydicf +hJ yD; trwfwOD; a&G;aumufccH &hJ ygw,f?
1938 ckEpS /f axmifo h ;kH &mjynfth a&;awmfy}kH u;D rSm azbD,efygwu D acgi;f aqmifrsm;vJ yg0iftm;
ay; axmufccH =hJ uygw,f?
(10) Auo (ArmEdik if v

H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~)
1936 ckEpS rf mS jzpfymG ;cJw

h hJ 'kw, d wuUov kd f ausmif;om;oydw}f uD;t+yD; ay:aygucf w hJ mjzpfyg
w,f? wuo[m &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒor*~tjzpfomjzpfaewJt h wGuf wEdik if v
H ;kH &JŒ
ausmif;om; rsm;&JŒtzG@J tpnf;}u;D wck jzpfay:wnf&v dS ma&;vdt k yfcsut f & “Auo” ay:ayguv f m
&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
1936 ck-arv &efuek rf mS usi;f ywJh yxrt}udrf Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm; uGezf &ifq h ;kH
jzwfcsut f & “Auo” udk zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifvu kd w
f m jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif
udak tmifqef;tygt0if wuo acgi;f aqmifrsm;uOD;pD;+yD; wnfaxmifay:xGe;f cJw h mjzpfygw,f?
51
0if;wifhxGef;
yxrqH;k Auo OuUÏtjzpf udak tmifqef; (aemif-ocifatmifqef;/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;) jzpfcyhJ g
w,f? udak tmifqef;aemuf ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ Auo OuUÏuawmh ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udAk [de;f
(aemif-ocifA[de;f ) jzpfygw,f?
“wuo” }uD;*k%af &mifajymifco hJ vdk “Auo” }uD;[mvJ ay:xGe;f vmcsed u f p+yD; *k%af &mif
ajymifcyhJ gw,f?
1300 jynfh ta&;awmfy}kH u;D twGi;f txifu&tcef;u wufwufºuºG uyG g0ifcyhJ gw,f? a&eHajr
oydww f yf}uD; &efuek t f a&mufcsw D uf&mrSm ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udAk [de;f / udAk aqGw@kd rauG;
ta&mufomG ;+yD; yg0iftm;jznfch =hJ uygw,f? Auo OuUÏudAk [de;f &JŒ “jrif;cGmwcsuaf ygu&f if rD;[ke;f
[ke;f awmufaprnf” qdw k hJ &J&aJ wmufred @f ceG ;f wjynfv;kH yJw h if±ukd af pcJyh gw,f? ausmif;om;acgi;f
aqmif udAk [de;f eJ@ udAk aqGw@kd ukd e,fcsŒJ tpd;k &u zrf;qD;cJyh gw,f? 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfy}kH uD;twGi;f
Auo/ wuo OD;pD;wJh ausmif;om;oydw}f u;D [m tvkyo f rm;oydw}f u;D eJ@ [efcsun f n D aD ygi;f pyf+y;D
e,fcsŒJ orm;udk jywfjywfom;om; wdu k yf q JG ifcyhJ gw,f? ta&;awmfy}kH uD;twGi;f ausmif;om;acgi;f
aqmif Adv k af tmifausmf aoG;ajrusc&hJ ovdk rEœav;rSm tmZmenf (17) OD;usq;kH &wJt h xJ ausmif;
om;awGyg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
1938 Auo &JŒOD;aqmifra_ tmufrmS Armjynf te,fe,ft&yf&yfausmif;rsm;rSm ausmif;om;
“oHr%dwyf” rsm; ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? aemifay:ayguv f mr,fh Armhvw G vf yfa&;wyfrawmf/ Armhum
uG,af &; wyfrawmfawGrmS ausmif;om;oHr%dwyfz@JG 0ifawG yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f? “Auo” u OD;aqmif
+yD; wEdik if v H ;kH &JŒ ausmif;awGrmS ausmif;om;or*~awG ay:ayguv f mapcJyh gw,f? e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;eJ@
Armjynfvw G v f yfa&; óud;yrf;r_vy_ &f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f xif&mS ;cJ=h uwJh Auo acgi;f aqmifawGuawmh
udak tmifqef;/ udAk [de;f / udAk aqG/ tm%m&Sif vSa&$w@kd jzpfygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;acwfrmS vnf; Auo }uD;[m wuo }uD;eJ@twl *k%af jymifwhJ
ausmif;om;xkwdkufyGJ}uD;aygif;rsm;pGmudk qifE$JcJhygw,f? jynfolvlxkeJ@wom;wnf;&yfwnf+yD;
jynfov l xl &k ŒJ tusK;d pD;yGm; bufu pOfqufrjywf&yfwnfcw hJ thJ wGuf tkypf ;kd oltpd;k &tqufquf&ŒJ
rke;f wD;zdEydS rf u _ v dk nf; cHc&hJ ygw,f? udu k ;kd u|e;f txd tyd@k ccH &hJ wJah usmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG ay:aygucf hJ
&ygw,f? ra&wGuEf ikd af vmufatmif tzrf;tqD;cHc=hJ u&ygw,f? wcsKŒd ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif/
Auo acgi;f aqmifawG awmwGi;f a&muf=u&ygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;acwfaemufyikd ;f xif&mS ;cJ=h uwJh Auo acgi;f aqmifawGuawmh
udv k 0S if;/ udak Zmf0if;/ udpk ed 0f if; (oH;k cG)/ udck ifarmiftek ;f / udw k ifxeG ;f (zsmyH)k / udo k uf (a';'&J)/
udpk ;kd 0if; (rEœav;) pwJh olawGjzpfygw,f?
1958 ckEpS /f tdraf pmift h pd;k &wufvmwmudk Auo }uD;u qef@usiu f ef@uu G cf ohJ vd/k 62 ck
ESpf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; awmfveS af &;aumifpD tm%modr;f ppftpd;k &udv k nf; a&SŒqH;k wef;uae jywf
jywfom;om; qef@usiu f ef@uu G cf yhJ gw,f? Adv k cf sKyfae0if;ppftpd;k &u Auo/ wuo tay: ra=u
Edik rf csr;f Edik f rke;f wD;&efòid;od&k if; tjywfEydS u f yG yf pfEikd b
f @kd tuGucf sjyifqifcyhJ gw,f? &v'ftjzpf (7)
&uf Zlvikd t f a&;awmfy}kH uD; ay:xGuv f m&+yD; &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfòzdciG ;f ypfcyhJ gw,f? Auo 0if
52
ausmif;om;awG aoG;ajrus=u&ovdk Auo acgi;f aqmifawGvnf; tzrf;tqDccH =hJ u&ygw,f?
wcsKŒd awmwGi;f qif;oGm;&ygawmhw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;ppftpd;k &[m Auo/ wuo wd@k &ŒJ
w&m;0ifwnf&cdS iG t hf aetxm;udk vH;k 0zsuo f rd ;f ypfcyhJ gw,f? Adv
k cf sKyfae0if;OD;pD;wJh awmfveS af &;
aumifpD ppftpd;k &vufxuftwGi;f udu k ;kd u|e;f txdy@kd +yD; ESyd pf ufccH &hJ wJh Edik if aH &;orm;awGxrJ mS
te,fe,ft&yf&yfu Auo 0ifausmif;om;awG/ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG tajrmuftrsm;
yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
Auo }uD;[m trdArmjynf}uD;vGwv f yfa&;r&cifu vGwv f yfa&;óud;yrf;r_vy_ &f mS ;r_awGxJ
a&SŒwef; wae&muyg0ifco hJ vdk vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D aemufyikd ;f wav#mufv;kH rSmvnf; trdArmjynf}u;D &JŒ
jynfwiG ;f ppf &yfpaJ &;/ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&;/ e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;eJ@ w±kwjf zLusL;ausmf
r_ qef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f ta&;}uD;tcef;u¾uae wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh g
w,f?
rqv ppftm%m&Sif tkypf ;kd r_umvwav#muf tcgtcGi&hf wdik ;f “Auo” qdw k hJ *k%af &mif
ajymifwhJ trnfemr r=umr=umxd;k xGu&f iS o f efaecJo h vdk &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD; ay:xGe;f vm
a&;rSmawmh ta&;}u;D tcef;u¾uae jrifjh rifrh m;rm; xyfraH y:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? acwftqufquf
rsK;d qufcyG af 'gi;f rsm;u ordik ;f tarGukd qufc&H ,lo,faqmif=ujcif;enf;eJ@ qufvuf&iS o f efaecJw h m
jzpfygw,f?
&Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;umvtwGi;f 1988/ =o*kwv f -28 &ufae@rmS ausmif;om;
or*~}uD; wnf&cdS zhJ ;l &m &efuek w f uUov kd f jrufcif;jyifuu G v
f yfae&mrSm “Auo” (,m,D) udk
*k%af jymifajymif jyefvnfz@JG pnf;cJ=h uygw,f? ta&;awmfy}kH uD;twGi;f ausmif;om;xkaxmifaygi;f
rsm;pGm&JŒ a&SŒarSmufrmS w&m;0if jyefvnfz@JG pnf;cJ=h uwJh “Auo” (,m,D) &JŒ OuUÏtjzpfuawmh
“rif;udEk ikd ”f jzpf+yD;/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; tjzpf “rd;k oD;ZGe”f jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 'k-OuUÏawGuawmh
uku d }dk uD;eJ@ atmif'ifw@dk jzpf=uygw,f?
w&m;0if&yfwnfz@JG pnf;cGirhf &ao;wJh “Auo” tzG@J }uD;[m ,cktcsed x f d ajratmufwydik ;f
tzG@J tpnf;tjzpf vufqifu h rf;o,faqmif=u&if; qufvuf&iS o f efwnf&adS ecJyh gw,f? ta=umif;
trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ jynfytxda&muf&o dS mG ;=u&wJh ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ óud;yrf;tm;xkwrf a_ =umifh jynfytxd
“Auo” tzG@J csKyf qdw k hJ ordik ;f 0iftrnfemr[m qufvuf&iS o f efwnf&adS eEdik cf yhJ gw,f?
ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (Auo) tjzpf xif&mS ;cJw h t hJ zG@J tpnf;}uD;udk
1951 aemufyikd ;f rSm “ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf” vd@k vnf; ac:a0: =uygw,f?
1936 ckEpS u f wnf;u pwifay:xGe;f cJw h hJ Auo tzG@J csKyf}uD;[m ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_
ordik ;f rSm tpOfwpdu k f ta&;ygcw hJ thJ zG@J tpnf;}u;D jzpfovdk vufqifu h rf;o,faqmif v_y&f mS ;cJ=h ujcif;
tm;jzifh tqufrjywf qufvuf&iS o f efae&if; xl;jcm;pGm&yfwnf wnf&adS eEdik cf w hJ hJ oHr%dt&Snq f ;kH
tzG@J tpnf;}uD;wcktjzpf rSww f rf;wif&rSm jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;xkwnf&adS eor# ArmjynfrmS
b,fawmhrS ruG,rf aysmufEikd rf ,fh tzG@J tpnf;}u;D tjzpf ordik ;f 0iftzG@J csKyf}u;D tjzpf ur`n;f wif&vdrhf
r,fjzpfygw,f?
53
0if;wifhxGef;
(11) rsK;d cspyf gwD (*VKefO;D apmtzG@J )
&mxl;tm%m rufarmvSol OD;apm[m “21 OD;” OD;bazeJ@q,fo, G rf +d yD; OD;bazOD;aqmifwhJ

jynfol jynfom;tzG@J xyJ g0ifc+hJ yD; 1936 ckEpS /f a&G;aumufyrJG mS “ig;yGiq hf ikd ”f tjzpf ta&G;cHcyhJ gw,f?
trwftjzpf a&G;aumufc&H ygw,f? 1938 ckEpS rf mS “jynfojl ynfom;” wjzpfvJ “ig;yGiq hf ikd ”f u cGJ
xGu+f y;D “rsK;d cspyf gw”D udw k nfaxmifygw,f? wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }u;D u “Armhvuf±;Hk wyf/” a'guw f m
barmf&ŒJ qif;&Jom;ygwu D “"m;rwyf” zG@J pnf;xm;+y;D &So d vdk OD;apm&JŒrsK;d cspyf gwu D vnf; (v,form;
olyek }f uD; q&mpH&ŒJ ay:xGe;f cJzh ;l +yD; “*VKefwyf” emrnfuw kd yk ,l+yD;) “*VKefwyf” qdw k mudk zG@J pnf;cJyh g
w,f? v,form;olyek }f uD; q&mpHz@JG pnf; cJzh ;l wJh “*VKefwyf” rsK;d eJ@ tESpo f m&a&myko H ¾efyg vk;H 0
rwlnb D J vufuidk w f w k w f yftjzpf zG@J pnf;cJw
h mjzpfygw,f? “*VKefwyf” zG@J pnf;cJw h t hJ wGuf rsK;d cspyf gwD
acgi;f aqmif “*VKefapm” vk@d vnf; ac:a0:cJ=h uygw,f?
1300 jynfh ta&;awmfy}kH uD;&JŒ tusK;d qufa=umifh 1939 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&rD mS a'guw f mbarmf
tpd;k &ðywfus+yD; OD;yktpd;k &wufvmwJt h cg rsK;d cspyf gwaD cgi;f aqmif OD;apm[m v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a&;ESihf
opfawm0ef}uD; jzpfvmygw,f? 7-9/ 1940 rSm OD;bazacgi;f aqmif+yD; OD;yktpd;k &udk t,Ht k =unfr&Sd
tqdw k ifwt hJ cg OD;apm&JŒrsK;d cspyf gw[
D m twdu k t
f cHrsm;eJ@aygi;f vdu k wf t hJ wGuf OD;yktpd;k & ðywfusyg
w,f? bk&ifcu H 9-9/ 40 rSm OD;apmudk tpd;k &tzG@J cikd ;f wJt h wGuf rsK;d cspyf gwaD cgi;f aqmif OD;apmu
vlenf;pk tzG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒaxmufcrH e_ @J “OD;apmtpd;k &” qdw k mukd zG@J pnf;Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
OD;apm&JŒrsK;d cspyf gw[ D m &mxl;tm%mtwGuf &nfp;l zG@J pnf;xm;wJyh gwyD yD D vlxak xmufcrH r_ &
cJo
h vdk vlxt k usK;d udv k nf; bmwckrS vkyaf qmifay;Edik cf jhJ cif;r&Syd g?
(12) ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m awmifov
l ,form;tpnf;t±k;H (Awvp)
1939 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 8 &ufae@rmS acsmufa&eHajruae ajcvsicf sw D ufvmcJ=h uwJh oydwaf rSmuf
a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;wyf}uD;eJ@ oxH/k yJc;l e,fwa=umuae csw D ufvm=uwJh tiftm;axmifausm&f dS
v,form;oydww f yf}uD;[m twlq=kH u+yD; &efuek òf rdŒwGi;f 0ifa&mufvm=uygw,f? Zefe0g&-D 8
&ufae@nae (5) em&DrmS a&$w*d t kH aemufbufrck f uGuv f yf}uD;twGi;f oydwaf ygi;f pHn k v D mcH}uD;
tjzpf 1300 jynft h a&;awmfykH tpnf;ta0;}u;D ukd zGiv hf pS uf si;f ycJyh gw,f? Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m vlxv k wl ef;
pm;tzG@J tpnf;}u;D rsm; xlaxmifz@JG pnf;&ef qH;k jzwfcsut f & 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy}kH u;D &JŒ tusK;d quf
wcktjzpf 1939 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 9 &ufae@reufrmS a&$w*d t kH v,fypP,u H u G v f yf}u;D rSm Edik if vH ;kH qdik &f m
awmifov l ,form;tpnf;ta0;}uD; ac:,lusi;f y+yD; “ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m awmifov l ,form;
tpnf;t±k;H ” }u;D udk zG@J pnf;vdu k yf gw,f? OuUÏtjzpf ocifjrjzpf+y;D tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0ifawGtjzpf
ocif cifatmif (om,m0wD)/ ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifatmifqef;/ ocifvaS bmf/ ocifwif (oH;k q,f)/
ocifoed ;f az (0g;c,fr)/ ocifp;kd rif; (óudŒyifaumuf)/ ocifAaomf (u!¸wu f iG ;f )/ ocifausmv f u l
av; (oHvsi)f / ocifvx S eG ;f (yJc;l )/ ocifA+ird ;f (rtlyif) wd@k e@J yxrqk;H zG@J pnf; ay:aygucf w hJ mjzpfygw,f?
54
1941-rwfvrSm 'kw, d t}udrf ArmEdik if vH ;kH qdik &f mawmifov l ,form;nDvmcH}uD;udk yJc;l òrdŒ
rSm usi;f yEdik cf +hJ y;D wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }u;D wckv;kH &JŒ OuUÏtjzpf “ocifjr” wm0ef,&l rSmjzpfwt hJ wGuf
ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m awmifov l ,form;tpnf;t±k;H }uD;&JŒ OuUÏtjzpf ocifwif (oH;k q,f) udk
wm0efvaJ$ jymif;ay;ygw,f?
ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m awmifov l ,form;tpnf;t±k;H (Awvp) [m wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }u;D &JŒ
awmifyw H zuftjzpf vGwv f yfa&;óu;d yrf;r_ umvwavsmufrmS *k%af jymifwt hJ cef;uyg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
1948 ckEpS /f vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh (vGwv f yfa&; a=unmcge;D tcsed u f p+yD;)
tkypf ;kd ol zqyv tpd;k &&JŒ (Awvp) }uD;tjzpf yHak jymif;oGm;cJyh gw,f?
tm%m& zqyv tpk;d &vufxuftwGi;f tm%m& zqyv }uD;&JŒ vufuikd w f w k t
f zG@J
tpnf; }uD;wcktjzpf “Awvp” tzG@J }uD; emrnfq;kd eJ@ausmaf pmcJyh gw,f? tm%m& “Awvp”
acgi;f aqmif}uD; “ocifwif” [m “rD;cGurf w _ ”f vd@k emrnfausmcf o hJ vdk tm%m& “Awvp” }uD;
i,f&, G v f wf acgi;f aqmifrsK;d pH[ k mvnf; trawmfa=u;bH;k ol/ jcpm;ol/ v,form;xktay: zdEydS Af v kd f
usoal wGtjzpf emrnfq;kd eJ@ ausm=f um;cJ&h ygw,f? “Awvp” ud=k unfrh ,fq&kd if awmfveS *f % k af jymif
wJth cef;umvu “Awvp” uwydik ;f / azmufjyefq;kd 0g;wJh “Awvp” uwydik ;f tjzpf cGjJ cm;±_jrif&rSm
jzpfygw,f? 1962 aemufyidk ;f Awvp tzG@J }uD; rwnf&adS wmhyg?
(13) ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m tvkyo
f rm;tpnf;t±k;H
1300 jynft h a&;awmfy}kH u;D &JŒtusK;d quf ArmEkid if v H ;kH qdik &f m awmifov l ,forl m;tpnf;t±k;H
}uD;eJ@ wae@wnf; zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mwmjzpfygw,f? v,form;tpnf;t±H;k }uD;u reufyikd ;f rSmzG@J
pnf;cJw h mjzpf+yD; tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±k;H }uD;u naeydik ;f rSm ay:xGe;f cJyh gw,f? 1939 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&D
(9) &uf a&$w*d kH tv,fypP,H uGuv f yf}u;D rSmyJ oydwt f vkyo f rm;aygi;f pHk (5000) ausmf wufa&muf
wJh tvkyo f rm;xktpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H OuUÏ ocifxyd w f ifu,kd af wmf}uD;eJ@
ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;=u+y;D tvkyo f rm;ud, k pf m;vS,af ygi;f pHk tpnf;ta0;qH;k jzwfcsuf
t& ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±k;H }uD;udk zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? tvkyo f rm;tpnf;
t±k;H }uD;&JŒ yxrqH;k OuUÏuawmh ocifav;armifjzpfygw,f? Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m tr_aqmiftzG@J 0ifawG
uawmh ocifoif/ ocifz;kd vS}uD;/ ocifAarmif/ ocifvid_ /f ocifA/ ocifvòS rdi/f ocifvaS omif;/
ocifoed ;f armif (&efuek af rmfawmf,mOf)/ ocifa&$&if/ odik ;f ocif AoGi/f ocifwif (oDv0g)/ ocif
cspaf rmif (oDv0g)/ ocifqifo h ed ;f / '*Hq
k &mwif/ ocifóudi/f ocifoed ;f armif (jrif;vSn;f toif;)/
ocifav;/ ocifaiG&eS /f ocifoef;az (o&uf)/ ocifviG /f ocifAat;/ ocifpaH usm/f ocifped /f OD;bcdik f
(azbD,ef)/ ocifoed ;f armif}uD; (wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H )/ ocifvaS z (wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H )/ ocifp;kd
(wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H ) wd@k jzpfygw,f? t*Fvyd v f kd (ABTUC) [All Burma Trade Union Con-
gress) vd@k ac:a0:ygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;óu;d yrf;r_wu kd yf rJG sm;twGi;f wufwufºuºG uG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;Edik cf yhJ g
w,f?
55
0if;wifhxGef;
(14) jrefrmjynfvw
G v
f yfa&; trsK;d orD;tzG@J
“Armjynfvw G v f yfa&; trsK;d orD;tzG@J ” vd@k vnf; ac:a0:ygw,f? 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfy}kH u;D
&JŒ tusK;d quftjzpf ay:xGe;f vmwmjzpfygw,f? 1939 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 29 &ufae@rmS a&$w*d t kH v,f
ypP,u H u G v
f yfrmS usi;f ywJh &efuek òf rŒd vH;k qdik &f m òrŒd vH;k u|wf tpnf;ta0;}u;D w&yfuae zG@J pnf;cJw h m
jzpfygw,f?
91 Xmetkycf sKyfa&;opf qef@usiaf &;/ azmufjyefw! hJ eG @f aygi;f tpd;k &opf ðzwfcsa&;/ e,fcsŒJ qef@
usiaf &;/ Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;wd@k twGuf trsK;d orD;xkw&yfv;kH yg0ifaqmif&u G Ef ikd af &;awG&nfp;l +yD;
zG@J pnf;cJwh m jzpfygw,f?
OuUÏtjzpf a':vSar ('D;'kwf OD;bcsK&d ŒJ ZeD;) uaqmif&u G +f yD; twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf rcifjr (cif
Ù9
rsK;d csp)f u aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f?
'kw, d urBmppf}uD;+yD;wJah emufrmS awmh tzG@J &ŒJ trnfukd “Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;trsK;d orD;
tpnf;t±k;H ” vd@k ajymif;vJac:a0:zG@J pnf;ygw,f? OuUÏ a':cifv/S 'kw, d OuUÏ a':oJ!eG @f / twGi;f a&;
rSL; a': jrwifw@kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ trsK;d orD;tzG@J tpnf;}uD; jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
(15) Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwD (Auy)
Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwu D kd 1939 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (15) &ufae@rmS pwifwnfaxmifcyhJ gw,f?
wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;&JŒ a&SŒwef;acgi;f aqmifawGjzpf=uwJh ocifatmifqef;/ ocifp;kd / ocifvaS z
(aemif-Adv k v
f ufsm)/ ocifA[de;f / ocifAwif (rpPwm*d&k , S )f / &Jabmfewf (rpPwmemwf)h pwJh yk*Kd~ vf
awGu pwifO;D pD; zG@J pnf;cJ=h uwm jzpfygw,f?
pwifz@JG pnf;&mae&meJ@ygwo f uf+y;D &efuek òf rŒd a&ausm&f yfv@kd tqd&k o dS vdk (48) vrf; tdrw f tdrf
vd@k vnf; qd=k uygw,f?
yxrqH;k taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;uawmh ocifatmifqef; jzpfygw,f? zG@J pnf;+y;D ra&S;raESmif;
rSmyJ yg0ifvm=uolawGuawmh ocifoed ;f az (ode;f azjrif)h / ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifAode;f wif pwJo h al wG
jzpfygw,f?
1300 jynfh ta&;awmfy}kH uD;tm;jzifh Armjynftvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;[m ordik ;f ZmwfcakH y:
xifxif &Sm;&Sm; wufvmcJ+h yDjzpfwt hJ jyif ta&;awmfy}kH uD;twGi;f qd&k , S v f pfa&;&nfreS ;f csuaf wG
qDtxd wqifjh rifw h uf awmif;qdv k mcJ+h yjD zpfwt hJ wGuf wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }u;D &JŒ OD;aqmifra_ vmufe@J
wif rvHak vmufawmhwt hJ wGuf ordik ;f a&;vdt k yfcsuu f jkd znfq h nf;zd@k ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD zG@J pnf;
ay:xGe;f vmwmjzpfw,f vd@k qdyk gw,f?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;&JŒ wyfO;D ygwt D jzpfay:ayguv f mwm jzpfyg
w,f? rmhupf 0f g'/ vDeif0g'udk vrf;!¸et f bd"rRmtjzpfuikd pf +JG yD; ay:ayguv f mwmjzpfygw,f? (wd@k Arm
tpnf;t±k;H }u;D [m vlwef;pm;ygwrD [kwyf g? wdik ;f cspf jynfcspyf *k Kd~ vfawGtm;vH;k vlwef;pm;pHk pk±;Hk aygi;f
56
pnf;yg0ifaewJh tzG@J tpnf;}uD;omjzpfygw,f)? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m ajratmufygwt D jzpf
pwifay:ayguv f mwmjzpfovdk wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;twGi;f rSmyJðryfEx HS m;+yD; v#KŒd 0Suyf gww D &yf
tjzpf &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
urBmu h eG jf rLepftzG@J csKyf (wwd,tifwmae&Sief ,f) eJ@qufpyf+yD; tdE, dN uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ quf
oG,rf e_ @J zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf w hJ m jzpfygw,f?
Auy[m ajratmufv#KŒd 0Suyf gwjD zpfwt hJ wGuzf @JG pnf;prSm ay:ay:xifxif wufwufºuGºuG
rvkyaf qmifEikd b f J ygwaD u'garG;xkwaf &;awGuo kd m óud;yrf;vkyaf qmifc&hJ ygw,f?
wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H acgi;f aqmifawGukd +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ orm;u odr;f usK;H zrf;qD;csed rf mS ocif
atmifqef; xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smif&+yD; w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J tquftoG,&f zd@k óud;yrf;&SmazG
oGm;a&muf&mu *syefjynfa&mufomG ;&ovdk ocifp;kd / ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifAwif (&Jabmf*&kd , S )f /
&Jabmf ewf(of)/ ocifjroGif wd@k wawGvnf; axmifxaJ &mufomG ;&ygw,f? ocifA[de;f / ocifvaS z
(Adv k v f usmf )/ ocifoed ;f azwd@k avmufom tjyifrmS xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifuse&f pfc+hJ yD; v#KŒd 0Suv f y_ &f mS ;
Ekid rf a_ wGtm;enf;oGm;&ygw,f? axmifxrJ mS awmh ocifp;kd / ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k awGu OD;pD;+y;D uGejf rLepf
oifwef;awGay;Edik cf w hJ t hJ wGuf uGejf rLepf0g'vufco H al wG wjznf;jznf;rsm;vmcJyh g w,f?
t*Fvyd af wGatmifjrifpmG qkwcf mG jcif;vky&f +y;D *syef0ifvmcsed rf mS awmh axmifxaJ &muf Edik if aH &;
acgi;f aqmifawG enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvm=u+yD; jyefvnfppk nf;rdvm=uygw,f?
*syefukd jyefvnfwu kd x f w k Ef ikd af &;/ zufqpf0g'qef@usiaf wmfveS Ef ikd af &;twGuf ocifoef;xGe;f &JŒt=uH
ay;ulnrD e_ @J ocifoed ;f az (ode;f azjrif)h tdE, dN a&mufomG ;ovd/k ocifp;kd u uGejf rLepfygwu D Okd ;D aqmif
+yD; ygww D nfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;awG aZmufcsvyk zf @kd zufqpfqef@usiaf &; ajratmufvyk if ef;awG
taumiftxnfazmfEikd zf @kd ajratmufco kd mG ;ygw,f? ocifatmifqef;u Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;tjzpf
*syefacwf ppf0ef}uD;jzpfvmovdk ocifoef;xGe;f u v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf ±kyjf yvkyaf qmif
&if; 0ef}uD;qdw k t hJ umtuG,af tmufrmS zufqpfqef@usiaf &; ajratmufvyk if ef;awGukd ocifp;kd eJ@
v#KŒd 0Suq f ufo, G +f yD; taumiftxnfazmfc=hJ uygw,f? *syefacwfrmS Auy taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
tjzpf wm0efccH o hJ u l ocifp;kd jzpfygw,f?
zufqpfwu kd zf suaf &;twGuf tqifoifjh zpfvmcsed f ocifoed ;f azwd@k jynfya&mufrsm;uvnf;
zd@k 136 eJ@qufo, G rf +d yD; r[mrdwrf sm;eJ@ tcdik t f rmqufo, G rf &_ vmcsed rf mS ordik ;f 0if “zwyv”
tzG@J }uD;udk zG@J pnf;=uwJt h cg ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m t"duOD;aqmiftcef;u yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
Edik if aH &;wm0efc[ H m ocifp;kd / ppfa&;wm0efc[ H m Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ r[mrdwrf sm;eJ@ q,fo, G af &;
tyg “zwyv” &JŒ taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;[m ocifoef;xGe;f jzpfcyhJ gw,f? yxrqH;k “zwyv”
}uD;u ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gw/D Armhwyfrawmfqw kd hJ tiftm;pk}uD; (3)
cke@J zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? “vlx=k um;rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ tcef; a&SŒwef;a&mufcyhJ gw,f?
zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD;twGi;f ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygw[ D m *k%af jymifwt hJ cef;uae yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD; atmifjrifpmG +yD;qH;k cge;D 1945 ckEpS /f arv-3 &ufae@rmS Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygwq D w kd hJ qdik ;f bkw}f u;D &efuek /f prf;acsmif;/ Am;u&mvrf;rSm w&m;0ifay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f?
57
0if;wifhxGef;
ajratmuf v#KŒd 0Suyf gwt D jzpfuae w&m;0if ajAmifay:vmjcif;jzpfygw,f?
1945 Zlvikd v f rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ 'kw, d uGe*f &uf}uD; &efuek òf rdŒrSm usi;f yygw,f?
'kw, d t}udrf ygwu D eG *f &ufuae A[dak umfrwD0if (22) OD;eJ@ A[dak umfrwDpnf;±k;H a&;rSL; (9) OD;
a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufcyhJ gw,f? taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; ocifp;kd udk tdraf xmifa&;jypfre_ @J ,m,Dta&;
,lxm;wJt h wGuf A[dak umfrwDpm&if;rSm ryg0ifcyhJ g? ygwt D axGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf ocifoed ;f az
(ode;f azjrif)h jzpfvmcJh ygw,f? A[dak umfrwD0ifawGtjzpf ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifA[de;f / ocifoef;az
(awmifi)l / ocifwifxeG ;f / ocifoef;òrdi/f ocifjroGi/f ocifZif/ Adv k af usmaf Zm (Adv k rf LS ;csKyfausmaf Zm)
Adv
k o f ed ;f wef/ ocifAode;f wif/ &JabmfaX;/ udak usm&f if (ygarmuQO;D ausm&f if)/ udv k aS omif; (zsmyH)k /
Adv
k tf ;kH armif (avxD;)/ udv k i_d /f udak tmifo/l udx k eG ;f &if/ udx k eG ;f oef;/ udw k ifa&$/ a':cif=unf=unf/
a':apmcspf (a';'&J) pwJo h al wG yg0if ygw,f?
csrw S cf whJ yhJ gwv D rf;pOfrmS “ba&muf'g0g'” 0ifaecJyh gw,f? ba&muf'g0g'[m ArmjynfueG jf rL
epf ygwt D wGi;f (6) vcef@yJ 0ifc+hJ yD; ba&muf'g0g't,ltqrSm;a=umif; jyefvnfo;kH oyfq;kH jzwf+yD;
ðyjyif=uygw,f?
1946 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&rD mS ocifp;kd [mol@uakd xmufco H l A[dak umfrwD0if (7) OD;eJ@twl Auy
uaecGx J u G +f yD; tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygwu D kd xlaxmifvu kd yf gw,f? 'ga=umifh rlvtrnftwdik ;f use&f pfwhJ
Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwu D kd “tvHjzLuGejf rLepfygw”D vd@k vnf; wcsKŒd uac:a0: uifyeG ;f wyf=uygw,f?
twdak umuftm;jzifh tvHeu D kd “epfe”D vd@k ac:+yD;/ Auy udk “epfjzL” vd@k vnf; uifyeG ;f wyf ac:a0:
=uwm&Syd gw,f?
tvHeu D 1946 ck-Zlvikd rf mS awmcd+k yD; “Auy” [m ud, k w f ikd yf g0ifpwifwnfaxmifcw hJ hJ
“zqyv” tzG@J csKyf0ifygwt D jzpf qufvuf&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? 1946 taxGaxGoydw}f uD;
twGi;f Auy [m wufºuw G t hJ cef;uae yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? 46 ckEpS /f Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;OD;pD;wJh zqyv
=um;jzwf tpd;k &tzG@J twGi;f Auy ud, k pf m;vS,f ocifoed ;f az (ode;f azjrif)h [m wOD;wnf;aom
uGejf rLepf0ef}uD;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm ygwq D ;kH jzwfcsut f & E_wx f u G cf &hJ ygw,f?
“zqyv” twGi;f t,ltquGjJ ym;r_awG wd;k wufjzpfay:vmcJ+h yD; “Auy” u ol@&ŒJ oD;jcm;
vGwv f yfwhJ ygww D &yf&ŒJ vGwv f yfciG u
hf kd qkyuf ikd +f yD; “zqyv”tay:/ a0zefra_ wGjyKvkyw f t hJ ay:
1946 ckEpS -f atmufwkd bm (10) &ufae@rmS “Auy” udk “zqyv” tzG@J csKyf}uD;twGi;f uae xkwf
y,fypfcyhJ gw,f? xkwyf ,fa&; tqdak xmufco H al wGuawmh OD;baz/ 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKed @J [oFwOD;jrwd@k
jzpf+y;D OD;ausm+f ird ;f / OD;AaqG qd&k , S v f pfrsm;&JŒ óu;d yrf;tm;xkwrf e_ @J xkwyf ,fjcif;cHvu kd &f wmjzpfygw,f?
1947/ Zefe0g&-D 27 &ufae@rmS atmifqef;/ tufwvD pmcsKyfcsKyfqw kd t hJ cg “Auy” u “rdwaf qG
atmifqef;b,fv”J vd@k a0zefcyhJ gw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJ@ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k
awG@qakH qG;aEG;zd@k csed ;f qdx k m;=u+y;D zqyv uGejf rLepfn! D wG af &;/ vuf0n J ! D wG af &;ðyvkyEf ikd zf @kd vH;k yrf;
tm;xkwaf eqJumvrSmyJ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k vky=f uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&+yD; zqyv uGejf rLepf nD
!Gwaf &;vnf; oJxaJ &oGejf zpfomG ;cJ&h ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k usq;kH +y;D aemuf zqyv uGejf rL
epfn! D w G af &; tjyeftvSeaf y;pmrsm;omxGuaf y:cJ+h y;D nD!w G af &;óu;d yrf;csurf sm;[m vH;k 0ysuo f Ok ;f
58
oGm;&ygw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;rusq;kH rD ðyvkyu f si;f ywJh 1947 ckEpS /f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;
wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfa&G;aumufyrJG mS ygwo D abmxm;eJ@ toHxw k af zmfEikd af &;twGuf “Auy”
u ae&mtenf;i,frmS 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydicf +hJ yD; uGejf rLepftrwf (7) ae&m tEdik &f cJyh gw,f? 1947-
atmufwb kd mrSm ay:ayguv f mwJh “Ek-tufwvD” pmcsKyfuakd wmh “Auy” u jyif;jyif;xefxef
a0zefo;kH oyfc+hJ yD; “Edik if aH &; t&omvGwv f yf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;t& rvGwv f yf/ umuG,af &;t& rvGwf
vyf/ Armjynfbufu wzufowf epfemcJ&h wJh pmcsKyftjzpf±j_ rifcyhJ gw,f?
1948/ Zefe0g&-D 4 &ufae@ vGwv f yfa&;ae@tcrf;tem;udk Auy taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpf
ae+yDjzpfwhJ ocifoef;xGe;f eJ@ uGejf rLepftrwfrsm;wufa&mufcyhJ gw,f?
1948 ESpq f ef;ydik ;f rSm uGejf rLepfq&kd , S vf pf yËdyuQyrkd jkd yif;xefvmcJyh gw,f? rwfv-12 &ufrmS
tm%m&qd&k , S vf pfrsm;u owif;pmwdu k af wGukd tpDtpOf&&dS dS ±du k cf sK;d zsuq
f ;D ygw,f? Auy rsm;u
uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ owif;pmwdu k af wGukd vma&muf±u kd cf sK;d &if jyefcsz@kd jyifqifxm;ygw,f? rwfv-
13 &ufae@rmS Auy OD;pDusi;f ywJh awmifov l ,form;uGe*f &uf (v,fa0;uGe*f &uf) }uD; pwifyg
w,f? rwfv-25 &ufrmS uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ tmabmf jynfo@l tm%m*sme,fwu kd f csyd yf w
d cf cH &hJ ygw,f?
rwfv-27 &ufae@nrSm uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmifawGpakH ewke;f uGejf rLepfygwXD mecsKyfu0kd ikd ;f um
Auy acgif;aqmifawGtm;vHk;udk zrf;qD;axmifoGif;ESdrfeif;ypfzdk@ qdk&S,fvpfjynfxJa&;0ef}uD;
OD;ausm+f ird ;f u vufO;D r_&&dS dS tuGucf sjyifqifygw,f? óuw d ifo&d v dS ukd &f wJh XmecsKyfacgi;f aqmifawG[m
nwGi;f csi;f a&SmifcmG oGm;=u+y;D aemufwae@ rwfv-28 &ufae@rmS ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ vufeuf
udik af wmfveS af &;}uD; pwifay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? 1948/ rwfv-28 &ufae@[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygwaD wmcd&k +yD; vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; pwif&wJah e@jzpfcyhJ gw,f? awmufavsmuf jynfwiG ;f ppf
rD;}uD; [ke;f [ke;f awmufvmcJ&h ygw,f? tm%m& zq-qd&k , S v f pfrsm;eJ@ Auy wd@k &ŒJ vufeufuikd f
tm;prf;yG[ J m bwjyefusm;wjyef jzpfcyhJ gw,f? Auy }uD;udk ocifoef;xGe;f u OD;aqmifcyhJ gw,f?
1962 ckEpS /f Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; awmfveS af &;aumifpD tm%modr;f ,lwufvm+yD;aemuf
1963 rSm jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG ac:,lusi;f yygw,f? awmwGi;f a&muf Auy [m
wufa&mufaqG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG ysujf ym;+yD;&wJah emuf jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D yd}k uD;
vmcJ&h ygw,f?
1964 rSm Auy twGi;f rSm ppfEikd af &;/ tm%modr;f a&; “64 vrf;pOf” ay:ygw,f? ðzwf/ xkw/f
owf ygww D nfaqmufa&;vrf;pOfrmS ;atmufrmS &JabmfAwif (*d&k , S )f / &JabmfaX;/ Akv d &f efatmif/
Adv
k xf eG ;f +idr;f / Adv
k xf eG ;f &Sed w
f @kd tygt0if awmcdak usmif;om;tcsKŒd towfcaH oqH;k &ygw,f? ppftpd;k &
&JŒ tjyif;txef xd;k ppfqifwu kd cf u
kd rf a_ wGe@J &ifqikd &f &if; 1967 pufwifbm (24) &ufrmS Auy
OuUÏ ocifoef;xGe;f vky=f uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&+yD; usq;kH oGm;ygw,f?
±d;k rA[drk mS ppfa&;t=uyftwnf;aygi;f pHk ñuHae&csed rf mS 1968/ Zefe0g&-D 1 &ufae@rmS ta0;
a&muf A[dak umfrwDacgi;f aqmif ocifAode;f wifO;D pD;r_e@J Auy ta&SŒajrmufa'o pwifay:ayguv f m
ygw,f? ocifoef;xGe;f usq;kH &+yD;wJah emuf ocifZif OuUÏ/ ocifcspt f wGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpfe@J qufvuf
59
0if;wifhxGef;
acgi;f aqmif ygw,f? 1975/ rwfv-15 &ufae@rmS ocifZif/ ocifcspw f @kd ygusq;kH oGm;&+yD; yJc;l ±d;k r
A[dòk ydysuo f mG ;&ygw,f?
ocifAode;f wifu OuUÏtjzpfqufc+H yD; Auy A[dak umfrwDopf 1975/ arv-31 &ufae@rmS
xGuaf y:vmygw,f? A[dak umfrwD0ifawGtjzpf ocifazwif/h &Jabmfcifarmif}uD;/ &Jabmfwif&/D
&Jabmf usiaf rmif (&JabmfxeG ;f )/ Adv k rf sK;d jrif/h &Jabmfausmjf r/ &Jabmf&x J eG ;f / Adv k w f u
kd af tmif/ Adv k o
f ef;a&$/
&Jabmf aZmfrikd /f &Jabmfz&ef*rf';D / &Jabmfazaomif;/ &Jabmfp;kd =unf/ &Jabmfapm[ef/ &Jabmfp;kd vGi/f
Adv
k o f ufxeG ;f eJ@ jrpf0u|e;f ay:rSwpfO;D / weoFm&Drw S OD;wd@k jzpfygw,f? 75 vrf;pOftopf xGucf yhJ gw,f?
1981 rSm ppftpd;k &eJ@ Auy wd@k +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ v#KŒd 0Suðf yvkyyf gw,f? ysujf ym;oGm;yg
w,f? 1985 rS Auy A[dyk efqef;rSm wwd,t}udrf ygwu D eG *f &uf usi;f yEdik cf yhJ gw,f? 85 wwd,
uGe*f &ufvrf;pOftopf xGuaf y:cJyh gw,f?
1988 &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m ta&;}uD;wJh tcef;uyg0if
cJyh gw,f?
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk e0w ppftpd;k &u t=urf;zufòzdciG ;f r_a=umifh ausmif;om;
vli,fawG e,fpyfvw G af jrmufa'otoD;oD;qD enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@a&muf&o dS mG ;=u&mrSm ta&SŒajrmuf
a'oa&muf&v dS molawGukd ‘Auy’ u DPA wyftjzpf azmfaqmifz@JG pnf;ay;cJyh gw,f? “DPA
ausmif;om;vli,fwyfukd vufeufawG tjynft h 0wyfqifay;bd@k qH;k jzwfjyifqif+yD;csed /f 1989/
{+yDv-17 &ufae@rmS Auy vufatmufcv H rl sK;d pk vufeufuikd w f yfrsm;&JŒcGx J uG yf ek u
f efjcm;em;
tm%modr;f r_uckd &H +yD; Auy tzG@J }uD; òyducJG &hJ ygw,f? 101 ppfa'orSm qufvuf&yfwnf+yD;
pkpnf;bd@k óud;pm;ao;ayr,fh ratmifjrifawmhyg?
tajccHa'oawGe@J yefqef;A[du k kd vufvw $ v f u kd &f +yD;wJah emufyikd ;f Auy [m ajratmufygwD
}u;D tjzpf ajymif;vJomG ;&+y;D v#KŒd 0Suaf jratmufygww D &yftoGif qufvuf&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
ppftpd;k &u Auy ESihf autJe, f ul kd OD;wnfwu kd +f y;D wd;k wufwhJ Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmife@J Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_
awGreS o f r#udk “Auy” vd@k pGypf +JG y;D tjyif;txefx;kd ESuw f u kd cf ukd cf hJ wdu
k cf u kd af ewdu k cf u
kd qf jJ zpfygw,f?
1997/ 'DZifbm-23 rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ aemufq;Hk OuUÏ}uD; ocifAode;f wif/ w±kwjf ynf
wae&mrSm uG,v f eG of mG ; cJyh gw,f?
A[dak umfrwD0ifa[mif;}uD;rsm; trsm;pk tem;,lomG ;=u+yD;wJah emuf &JabmfxeG ;f (Adv k u
f sif
armif) u OD;aqmif+yD;/ 1994 rSm Auy A[dpk nf;±k;H a&;aumfrwD (COC) zG@J pnf;+yD; Auy tvHukd
qufvufvi$ x hf cl yhJ gw,f? ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f qufvufvy_ &f mS ;aecJ+h yD;? Armjynf
ppftm%m&Sipf epf òzcd swu kd zf suaf &; ta&;awmf}u;D twGi;f enf;vrf;aygi;f pHek @J yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;aeqJjzpfyg
w,f?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m 1939 ckEpS u f pwifay:aygucf +hJ yD; “ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw”D qdk
wJh emrnfe@J yJ uae@tcsed t f xd qufvuf&yfwnf&iS o f efaeqJjzpfwt hJ wGuf ArmjynfEikd if aH &;
orkid ;f rSm Edik if aH &;0gt&ifq h ;kH oufwrf;t&Snq f ;Hk ygw}D uD;wckv@kd rSww f rf;wif&rSmjzpfygw,f?
pwifay:aygucf sed u f p+y;D awmufavsmuf ta&;}u;D tcef;u yg0ifc+hJ y;D tkypf ;kd oltpd;k & tqufqufu
60
acsre_ ;f &efóud;pm;jcif;cHc&hJ wJh tkypf ;kd ol tpd;k &tqufqufe@J Edik if aH &;t& t"duOD;wnfbufòydif
wduk cf u kd cf &hJ wJh Edik if aH &;t&Sed =f oZm}uD;cJw
h hJ Edik if aH &;ygw}D uD; wckv@kd vJ 0daooðyrSww
f rf;wif&rSm
jzpfygw,f?
(16) jynfo
h @l ta&;awmfyykH gwD (yDtm&fy)D
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD v#KŒd 0Suaf y:ayguv f m+yD;wJah emuf r=umrD qufvufay:xGuv f mcJw h hJ
tzG@J tpnf;wckuawmh jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gwD (Poeples Rerolutionary Party) jzpfygw,f?
Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;twGuf vufeufuikd w f ukd yf q JG ifEikd b
f @kd t"du&nf&, G zf @JG pnf;cJw
h mjzpfygw,f?
ygwv D @kd trnfwyfxm;ayrJh ygww D &yfqw kd mxuf vGwv f yfa&;&a&;qdw k hJ ta&;awmfy}kH u;D udk
t"du OD;wnfrsuaf rSmufðy+yD; twlwuG yl;wGt J aumiftxnfazmf=ubd@k &nf&, G pf pk nf;xm;wJh
v#KŒd 0Suaf umfrwD v#KŒd 0Sut f iftm;pkwckoabmrsK;d ydt k oGiaf qmifygw,f? Edik if aH &;ygwpD pfppf w&yf
r[kww f t hJ wGuf ygw&D ŒJ Edik if aH &;vrf;pOfay:vpDr0l g'r&So d vdk cH,q l yk u f ikd x
f m;wJh vrf;!¸et f bd"rRm/
vrf;!¸eo f abmw&m;vJ r&Syd g?
(ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; ocifatmifqef;eJ@ uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmif
ocifA[de;f / ocifp;kd wd@k u, kd w f ikd f jynfot l a&;awmfyykH gw&D ŒJ ta&;}uD;acgi;f aqmifawGtjzpf t"du
ae&mawGu yg0ifae=uwmud=k unfjh cif;tm;jzifh odomxif&mS ;ygw,f)?
jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gw[ D m wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;uaejzmxGuv f mcJw h hJ tzG@J tpnf;wck
jzpf+yD; wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;twGi;f rSmyJ v#KŒd 0Sujf r‡KyfE&HS if; vufeufuikd af wmfveS Ef ikd af &;udk OD;wnf
óud;yrf;jyifqifcyhJ gw,f?
t"duacgi;f aqmifawGtjzpf wm0ef,cl =hJ uwmu ocifjr (tJ't D csed rf mS wd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k
}uD;&JŒ OuUÏvJjzpf)/ ocifatmifqef;/ ocifp;kd / ocifvaS z/ ocifcspf (aemif-Auy twGi;f a&;rSL;)
OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f wd@k jzpf+yD; ocifoed ;f azvJ yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? ajratmufawmfveS af &;tpk
tpnf;w&yftjzpf v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f?
jynfo@l ta&;awmfyt kH zG@J }uD;twGi;f yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uolawG[m trsm;tm;jzifh vuf00J g'
,H=k unfoel @J vuf0EJ , G Ef ikd if aH &;t,ltq&So d al wG jzpf=uygw,f? ajratmufvyk if ef;jzpfwt hJ wGuf
Under Ground vd@k ac:&mu twdak umuf (UG) qdw k thJ oH;k tE_e;f tJ't D csed u f ae pwifus,jf yef@chJ
ygw,f?
tzG@J &ŒJ jynfwiG ;f acgi;f aqmiftjzpf “ocifjr” u wm0ef,+l yD; jynfyq,fo, G af &;acgi;f aqmif
tjzpf “ocifatmifqef;” u wm0ef,cl yhJ gw,f? UG vkyif ef;awGe@J ygwo f uf+yD; ocifA[de;f eJ@ocif
cspw f @kd u vufawG@ ydy&d &d t d aumiftxnfazmf pDpOfvyk u f ikd cf =hJ uygw,f?
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;twGuf *syefEikd if u H kd &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f iftrsm;pk v#KŒd 0Suyf @kd vw $ Ef ikd af &;
twGuf t"duwm0ef,al qmif&u G cf w
hJ m jynfo@l ta&;awmfyt kH zG@J }uD; jzpfygw,f?
1942 avmufup+y;D ocifp;kd [m zufqpfqef@usiaf &; ajratmufvy_ &f mS ;r_awGukd ajratmuf
61
0if;wifhxGef;
cd+k y;D pdu
k vf u
kd rf wfwwfjyifqifygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygwu D kd ud, k pf m;ðy+yD; jyifqifwmjzpfygw,f? ocifA[de;f uvJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D kd
ud, k pf m;ðy+y;D uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmifwa,muftjzpf zufqpfqef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D twGuf tpDt
pOf&&dS jdS yifqifygw,f?
ocifatmifqef;uvJ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;jzpfvm+yD; ay:ayguaf e+yDjzpfwhJ Armhwyfrawmf&ŒJ
acgi;f aqmifjzpfae+yjD zpfwt hJ wGuf jynfo@l ta&;awmfyt kH pk0ifrsm;[m ocifjr/ ocifcsp/f OD;ausm+f ird ;f /
OD;AaqGw@kd &ŒJ OD;pD;r_atmufrmS qufvufwnf&adS e&if; tiftm;pkwpfpo k zG,jf zpfaeygw,f?
zufqpfwu kd zf suaf &;twGuf Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk}u;D wck atmifjrifpmG zG@J pnf;=ubd@k tajctae
tcsuf tvufawGjynfph akH ecsed rf mS t"duEdik if aH &;tiftm;pk}u;D [m (3) pk jzpfae&Sad ecJyh gw,f? Arm
jynfueG jf rLepfygw/D Armhwyfrawmfe@J jynfo@l ta&;awmfykH tiftm;pkw@kd jzpfygw,f? tJ'D (3) pkv;kH
[m yifrwd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H }uD;uae jzmqif;vmcJw h mawGcsn;f jzpfygw,f?
zufqpf*syefawGukd wdu k x f wk yf pfa&;twGuf 1944 ckEpS -f =o*kwv f twGi;f “zufqpfwu kd f
zsuaf &; jynfo@l vw G v f yfa&;tzG@J csKyf” }uD;udk yxrqH;k v#KŒd 0Suzf @JG pnf;wJt
h cg ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D
Armhwyfrawmfw@kd e@J twl jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gw[ D m tiftm;pkwpktjzpf yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? yxrqH;k
“zwyv” }uD;udk tzG@J tpnf; tiftm;pk}uD; (3) cku ud, k pf m;vS,f (3) OD;pDe@J pwifz@JG pnf;cJw
h m
jzpfygw,f? jynfo@l ta&;awmfykH ygwb D ufu (3) OD;uawmh ocifcspf (aemif- Auy twGi;f a&;rSL;)/
OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f wd@k jzpfygw,f?
jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gw[ D m 1945 ckEpS -f =o*kwv f uket f xdyJ oufwrf;&Sn=f umcJyh gw,f?
jynfo@l ta&;awmfykH tpk0ifrsm;[m “Armjynf qk&d , S v f pfygw”D tjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
(17) Armhxu
G &f yf*%
kd ;f
Armhvw G vf yfa&;*d% k ;f ( Freedom Bloc ) vd@k vJ ac:ygw,f? 1939-{+yDvrSmusi;f ycJw h hJ wd@k

Armtpnf;t±k;H armfvòrdin f v D mcH}uD;&JŒqH;k jzwfcsuyf g “trsK;d om;wyfaygi;f pk}uD;w&yf” zG@J pnf;&ef
qdw
k mudk vufawGtaumiftxnfazmfwt hJ aeeJ@ wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H uae OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpf
ygw,f? 'kw, d urBmppf}uD; pwifjzpfay:ae+yDjzpfwt hJ wGuf “t*Fvyd f tcuf-Arm tcsu”f ,l+yD;
wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ vGwv f yfa&;udt k &,lEikd b f @kd vGwv f yfa&;udt k vd&k =dS uwJh tzG@J tpnf;tm;vH;k pnf;vH;k
nD!w G pf mG yg0ifaqmif&u G Ef ikd =f ubd@k / trsK;d om; wyfaygi;f pk}uD;w&yfoabm zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f?
r=umao;wJh 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy}kH uD;twGi;f urS &mxl;ðywfusc&hJ wJh tpd;k &tzG@J acgi;f aqmif
a[mif;awGe@J olw@kd &@J tzG@J tpnf;awGuakd wmif oabmxm; }uD;}uD;xm;+yD; zG@J pnf;ay:ayguaf pcJw h m
jzpfygw,f?
1939/ atmufwb kd m-1 &ufae@rmS “jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;*d% k ;f ” qdw
k t
hJ rnfe@J pwifz@JG pnf;+yD;
r=umrDrmS yJ “Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f ” vd@k trnfajymif;vJcyhJ gw,f?
wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H / qif;&Jom;0HomEktzG@J / ig;yGiq hf ikd t
f zG@J e@J aejynfawmfrEœav;tzG@J w@kd yg0if cJyh g
62
w,f? wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H bufu ocifjr/ ocifvaS bmf/ ocifE/k ocifatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f /
qif;&Jom;0HomEktzG@J bufu a'guw f mbarmf/ OD;vSrif;/ AE<KvOD;pde/f ig;yGiq hf ikd u
f a'guw f mode;f armif/
OD;xGe;f armif/ aejynfawmfrEœav;bufu OD;bOD; (rEœav;)/ OD;ba&$ wd@k yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? Armhxu G &f yf
*d%k ;f &JŒOuUÏtjzpf a'guw f mbarmf/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf ocifatmifqef;wd@k u aqmif
&Gucf yhJ gw,f?
yxrqH;k Armhxu G &f yf*%
kd ;f a=unmcsuu f kd ocifvaS bmf/ a'gub f mbarmf/ OD;ba&$w@kd u
vufrw S af &;xd;k xkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f?
1940 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f tiftm;jyyGrJ sm;/ òrdŒvH;k u|wt f pnf;ta0;yG}J uD;rsm;
usi;f yEdik cf +hJ yD; t*Fvyd x f u H vGwv f yfa&;udk &wJeh nf;eJ@óud;pm;,l=ua&;udk v_@H aqmfEikd cf =hJ uygw,f?
tJ'v D v kd y_ &f mS ;r_awG vkyaf qmifEikd +f y;D r=umrDrmS yJ e,fcsŒJ tpd;k &u Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f acgi;f aqmifawGukd
umuG,af &;yk'rf trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ vdu k vf zH rf;qD; axmifcsypfcyhJ gw,f?
a'guw f mbarmf/ ocifE/k ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifp;kd / ocifausmpf ed /f ocifazaX;/ ocifvaS bmf/
ocif jroGiw f @kd vykd *k Kd~ vfawGtjyif/ AE<KvOD;pde/f "m;rOD;ode;f wd@k vykd *k Kd~ vfawGyg axmifx0J if=u&ygw,f?
ocifatmifqef;uawmh jynfyudak &muf&o dS mG ;+y;D umvtenf;i,ftwGi;f Armhxu G &f yf*%
kd ;f }u;D vJ
arS;rSed f aysmufu, G f oGm;&ygawmhw,f?
rwlnw D Jh Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;awG/ Edik if aH &;&efbufòydib f ufjzpfco hJ al wGyg twlwuG jyefvnf
yl;wG=J u+yD; wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ ta&;t}uD;qH;k “vGwv f yfa&;” qdwk hJ acgi;f pnf;atmufrmS “Armhxu G &f yf
*d%
k ;f ” tjzpf trsK;d om; wyfaygi;f pk}u;D ozG,f jzpfcahJ y:aygucf &hJ wmudak wmh rSww f rf;wif&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(18) y,uz
“jynfo@l ,Ofaus;r_EiS hf wd;k wuf}uD;yGm;a&;tzG@J ” udk twdak umuftm;jzifh “y,uz” vd@k

ac:ygw,f?
1939 ckepS rf mS ay:aygucf w
hJ hJ ucsit
f rsK;d om;tzG@J tpnf;wck jzpfygw,f? t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ qef@
usiaf &;eJ@ vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf &nfp;l zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? ucsit f rsK;d om;rsm;vJ Armrsm;eJ@twl
vGwv f yfa&;t&,la&;twGuf wwyfwtm;yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJw h hJ tzG@J tpnf;jzpfygw,f? ucsiaf cgi;f
aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ “qrm;'l0g; qif0g;aemif” u OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;cJw h m jzpfygw,f?
(19) ucsit
f rsK;d om;uGe*f &uf
Kachin National Congress (KNC)
ucsifjynfe,frSm qrm;'l0g;qif0g;aemifacgif;aqmifwJh “jynfol@,Ofaus;r_ESifh wdk;wuf

}uD;yGm;a&;tzG@J ” (y,uz) }uD; 1939 ckEpS rf mS zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv
f m+yD; ra&S;raESmif; ay:ayguv
f mcJw
h hJ
ucsit f zG@J tpnf;wckuawmh “ucsit f rsK;d om; uGe*f &uf” KNC yJ jzpfygw,f?
63
0if;wifhxGef;
'l;0g;aZmfveG ;f eJ@ OD;Zefxm;qifw@kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ KNC [m zqyv tuGrJ mS wnf+rJ “aqG
+idr;f ” wd@k zufu &yfwnfcyhJ gw,f?
1951-52 ckEpS f a&G;aumufyrJG mS ucsijf ynfe,frmS KNC [m trwftrsm;qH;k ta&G;cs,cf cH &hJ
ayr,fh ucsijf ynfe,fOuUÏtjzpf KNC acgi;f aqmif 'l;0g;aZmfveG ;f udk OD;Ekurcef@tyfbJ trwfae&m
wwd,omvdu k w
f hJ “y,uz” tzG@J u qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemifuo kd m cef@tyfcyhJ gw,f?
1961 rSm awmif}uD;òrdŒrSmusi;f ywJh wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; ES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG ae xGuaf y:vmwJh
“jynfe,frsm; nD!w G af &;tzG@J ” rSm KNC rS 'l;0g;aZmfveG ;f vJyg0ifc+hJ yD; zuf'&,frl (&Sr;f rl) udk
KNC u vdv k m;axmuf cHcyhJ gw,f?
(20) &cdik t
f rsK;d om; uGe*f &uf
1940 jynfEh pS 0f ef;usirf mS ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H eJ@qufo, G +f y;D 1941 ckEpS xf rJ mS
ayguaf wmrSm nDvmcHvyk cf yhJ gw,f? nDvmcHrmS vGwv f yfa&;udpaP wG aqG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f cJ=h uygw,f?
+Adwod #tpd;k &u “&cdik u f eG *f &uf” aemuf aemufa,mifcv H ukd rf v
_ yk cf +hJ yD; acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f awG wOD;+yD;
wOD;udzk rf;qD;um tdE, N axmifxJ yd@k ypfcyhJ gw,f? acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfol OD;ausmOf ;D ukzd rf;qD;+yD;
tdE,N axmifxyJ @dk ypfovkd wjcm;acgi;f aqmifwOD;ukv d J tdE, N axmifxyJ @dk ypfcyhJ gw,f? &cdik u f eG *f &uf
[m *syefzufqpfqef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_acwfrwdik rf t D xdyJ v_y&f mS ;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? &cdik rf mS apmapmpD;pD;
ay:xGe;f cJw
h hJ Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpfawmh rSww f rf;wifxm;&rSm jzpfygw,f?
(21) &Jabmf oH;k usyd f
Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;wckr[kwaf yrJh “&Jabmfo;kH usyd ”f vd@k xifxif&mS ;&Sm; trSwo f nmðy&
azmf!e¸ ;f &wJh tpktpnf;wckjzpfygw,f? “Armhwyfrawmf” qdw k m yDyo D oay:ayguaf &;twGuf
ta&;}u;D wJu h eOD; “traw” tpkjzpfygw,f? yk*Kd~ vaf ygi;f (30) OD;&Sw d t
hJ wGuf “&Jabmfo;kH usyd ”f vd@k
trnfwyfwmjzpfygw,f? &Jabmfo;kH usyd t f pk&ŒJ OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifuawmh ocifatmifqef; (Adv k af wZ
(ac: ) Adv k af tmifqef;) jzpfygw,f?
e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd u f kd vufeufuikd w
f ukd cf u
kd Ef ikd af &;twGuf wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H 0if ocifvil ,f
rsm;eJ@ ausmif;om;vli,fawG[m tokwf (4) okwcf +JG yD; *syefuakd &muf&o dS mG ;=u+yD; “&Jabmfo;kH usyd ”f
64
tjzpf pka0;rdum/ *syef&ŒJ tultnDe@J ppfynmudo k if,cl =hJ uygw,f? 1941 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSmjzpfygw,f?
“&Jabmfo;kH usyd ”f rSm q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H *d% k ;f ua&m/ ocifApdef
-ocifxeG ;f tky*f % kd ;f uyg ESp*f % kd ;f pvH;k &JŒtzG@J 0ifawG yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? trsm;pk}uD;uawmh ocif
ud, k af wmfrid_ ;f wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H bufjcrf;u jzpfygw,f? ocifApde/f ocifxeG ;f tky*f % kd ;f u Adv k af e0if;/
Advk jf rifah qG/ Adv k af pmatmif/ Adv k af pmaemif/ Adv k rf ;kd ndK/ Adv
k pf }uømeJ@ ocifxeG ;f tkyw f @kd avmufom yg
0ifcyhJ gw,f? Adv k b f @JG awGc=H uawmh ocifxeG ;f tkyu f Adv k b f @JG rcHcyhJ g?
“&Jabmfo;kH usyd ”f [m *syefawGord ;f ydu k x f m;wJh w±kwjf ynf[ikd ef efu|e;f eJ@ xdik 0f rfu|e;f wd@k rmS
ppfynmoif=um;cJ=h u+yD; 1941 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm-26 &ufae@rmS ,d;k ',m;Edik if H befaumufòrdŒrSm
yxrqH;k aom Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bDtikd af t) udk pwifz@JG pnf;Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
&Jabmfo;kH usyd [ f m ArmjynftwGi;f jynfvnf0ifa&mufEikd cf =hJ u+yD; ta&;}uD;wJh ppfa&;acgi;f
aqmif Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawG jzpfvmcJ=h uygw,f? Armjynfvw G v
f yfa&;wdu k yf w JG av#mufrmS
ta&;}u;D wJt h cef;u¾u yg0ifc=hJ uovdk vGwv f yfa&;a=unmEdik +f y;D aemuf Armjynf Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;
r_ordik ;f wavsmufrmS vJ xif&mS ;wJt h cef;/ ta&;ygwhJ tcef;awGuae yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;Edik cf =hJ uygw,f?
aemufyikd ;f rSm rwlnw D EhJ ikd if aH &; ,H=k unfrt _ rsK;d rsK;d / &yfwnfcsut f rsK;d rsK;d / ud, k pf m;ðyr_trsK;d rsK;d eJ@
ArmjynfEikd if aH &;vrf;a=umif;ay:rSm trsK;d rsK;d tzHzk kH uGjJ ym;oGm;=uygw,f? tkypf ;kd ol zdEydS o f jl zpfomG ;=u
wmawG&o dS vd/k awmfveS o f /l olyek /f oluefjzpfoal wGvJ jzpfomG ;=uygw,f?
ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ordik ;f rSm &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifawGxu J ae xyfraH y:vGix f if&mS ;vmcJ=h u olawG
uawmh Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;/ Adv k v f usmf / Adv k af e0if;/ Adv k af Z,s/ Adv k &f efatmif/ Adv k &f efEikd /f Advk af usmaf Zm/
Adv
k pf }uøm/ Adv k rf LS ;atmif/ Adv k &f x J ËG /f Adv
k w f m&m/ Adv k rf if;acgi/f Adv k v f a&mif pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGjzpfygw,f?
(22) Armhwyfrawmf
Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;twGuq f w kd hJ rGejf rwfw&hJ nf&, G cf suef @J wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H 0if ocifrsm;/
ausmif;om;or*~0ifrsm;/ wdik ;f cspjf ynfcsprf sm;eJ@ pwiftajcwnfc+hJ y;D “&Jabmfo;kH usyd ”f qdw k hJ traw
uae ayguzf mG ;vmcJw h hJ Armhwyfrawmf[m ta&;ygwhJ ArmhEikd if aH &;tiftm;pk}uD;wck jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
*syeftultnDe@J ,d;k ',m;Edik if H befaumufòrdŒrSm 1941 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm-26 &ufae@rmS pwif
ay:ayguv f mcJw h mjzpfayrJh Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;twGuq f w kd hJ &nf&, G cf suef @J *k%af jymifwt hJ cef;
uae pwifcw hJ mvd@k awmh ajym&ygvrd rhf ,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f?
Armhwyfrawmf&ŒJ yxrqH;k zcif&if;[m Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;yJ jzpfygw,f?
Armhvw G vf yfa&;wyfrawmf (bDtikd af t) tjzpf pwifcyhJ gw,f? t*Fvyd w f yfawG qkwcf mG oGm;&
+yD;/ bDtikd af t[m *syefwyfrawmfe@J twl wjynfv;kH udo k rd ;f yduk Ef ikd +f yD;csed rf mS “ArmhumuG,af &;wyfr
65
0if;wifhxGef;
awmf” (bD'aD t) tjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;&ygw,f? 1942/ Zlvikd -f 27 &ufae@rmS (bD'aD t) jzpfvm&yg
w,f? 1943 ck/ =o*kwv f -1 &ufrmS *syefu a&$&nfprd v f wG v f yfa&;twk ay;+yD;wJah emufrmS Armh
trsK;d om;wyfrawmf (bDteJ af t - Burma National Army) vd@k ajymif;vJac:a0:cJyh gw,f? zufqpf
*syefawmfveS af &;}uD; qifEw $J thJ csed rf mS awmh rsK;d cspAf rmhwyfrawmf (yDbt D uf (zf) Patriotic Bur-
mese Forces) vd@k ac:cJy h gw,f?
'kw,d urBmppf}uD;t+yD; t*Fvyd af wGjyefvnf0ifa&mufvmcsed rf mS awmh uENpD mcsKyft& Armh
rsK;d cspw f yfrawmfukd jyefvnfz@JG pnf;&jyefygw,f? “rsK;d cspAf rmhwyfrawmf” udt k ajccH+yD; jyefvnf zG@J
pnf;&wm jzpfygw,f? wav#mufv;kH wyfrawmfuOkd ;D aqmifcw hJ hJ Adv k cf sLyfatmifqef;[m “zqyv”
OuUÏtjzpf Edik if aH &; udOk ;D aqmifEikd b f @kd wyfrawmfuxGuzf @kd vv kd mcsed rf mS awmh wyfrawmfuOkd ;D pD;bd@k
yxrqH;k ocifA[de;f / aemuf ocifoef;az (awmifi)l wd@k ukd v$t J yfcsicf yhJ gw,f? ocifA[de;f / ocif
oef;azwd@k u vufrcHEikd w f t hJ wGuf Adv k vf usmf udk tyfEcHS &hJ ygw,f? wyfrawmf&ŒJ t}uD;tuJ Adv k f
vusmf jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? Adv k af e0if; rauseyfcyhJ g?
1947/ Zlvikd -f 19 Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;vky=f ucH &H +y;D aemuf 1948 ck/ Zefe0g&-D 4 &uf vGwv f yfa&;
ra=unmEdik af o;ciftxd wyfrawmf}uD;&JŒtcef;[m e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ zufqpfqef@usiaf &;
vuQ%mtjynft h 0&Scd +hJ yD; jynfov l x l t k usK;d pD;yGm;bufu&Scd w hJ ,fvkd t=urf;zsi;f owfrw S Ef ikd yf g
w,f? (¹cGi;f csut f m;jzifh *syefacwftwGi;f bDtikd af tumvrSm bDtikd af tu a'owcsKŒd rSm&rf;um;
cJw
h m vlrsK;d a&;jy\em ay:&wmawGawmh &Syd gw,f)? t=urf;zsi;f tm;jzifh awmfveS w f ;kd wufwt hJ cef;
u yg0ifwnf&cdS w hJ ,fv@kd awmh aumufa=umif;qGEJ ikd yf gw,f?
48 vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;csed u f p+yD; tm%m& zqyv &JŒwyfrawmfjzpfc&hJ +yD;/ zqyv t
vdu k s jynfwiG ;f ppfuw kd u kd w f hJ wyfrawmf/ awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGtay: zdEydS òf zdciG ;f wJw h yfrawmf
tjzpf toGiaf jymif;vmcJyh gw,f? 49 u&iftrsK;d om;v_y&f mS ;tHºk uGr}_ uD; ay:ayguv f mwJt h cg um
uG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f udk z,f&mS ;vdu k +f yD;/ Adv
k cf sKyfae0if; umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf jzpfvm
csed u f p+y;D ydrk =kd urf;&rf;wJh wyfrawmftjzpf wqifw h ufvmcJ&h ygw,f? &efuek t f pd;k &b0a&mufaecsed f
rSm 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Eku Adv k cf sKyfae0if;udk tpd;k &tzG@J twGi;f xnfo h iG ;f ae&may;csed u f p+yD; wyfrawmfukd
Advk cf sKyfae0if;u ol@&ŒJ wvufuikd f wyfjzpfatmif bufaygi;f pHyk akH vmif;r_ pwifcyhJ gw,f? qd&k , S v f pf-
OD;ausm+f ird ;f / OD;AaqGw@kd uvJ Adv k cf sKyf ae0if;udk ud, k vhf jl zpfatmif tpGr;f ukeaf csmjh rL arG;jrLcJ=h uygw,f?
'gayr,fh wyfrawmftwGi;f rSm tpOftvm&Sd wdik ;f cspjf ynfcspf rsK;d cspw f yfrLS ;wcsKŒd &Sad eygao;w,f?
1956-57 rSm Adv k rf LS ;csKyfausmaf Zmvdk tpOftvm&Sd wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmifwa,mufukd z,f&mS ;+yD;
csed u f p+y;D wyfrawmf[m Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if;&JŒ wvufuikd w f yfv;kH vH;k tjynft h 0yHak y:vmcJ&h ygw,f?
qd&k , S vf pfE, G w f yfrLS ;}uD;awG ae&m,lta&;ygc=hJ u±krH u 1959 rSm wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ Edik if aH &;tm%mudyk g
&,lord ;f ydu k cf siw f hJ wyfrawmf/ azmufjyefww hJ yfrawmftoGif tjynft h 0 ±kyv f ;kH ay:vmcJ&h ygw,f?
1960 jynfah &G;aumufyrJG mS wnf+rJbufu wzufowfyif;cJ+h yD; azmufjyefwhJ vlxq k ef@usiaf &;
vkyif ef;awG vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? 'D=um;xJuyJ wnf+rJawGcu G cf u G vf ef ±_;H yG0J ifomG ;&csed rf mS Adv k cf sKyf
ae0if;[m ol@ukd cGm&mcsi;f wdik ;f vmEdik w f hJ qd&k , S v
f pfE, G wf yfrLS ;xdyo f ;D }u;D awGwokwu f kd a&G;aumuf
66
yGbJ ufvu kd rf t _ a=umif;jycsuef @J z,f&mS ;ypfvu kd +f yD;aemuf wyfrawmf&ŒJ acgi;f ukid f zcif}uD;toGif
òydib f ufr&Sjd zpfvmcJyh gw,f?
1962/ rwfv-2 &ufae@rmS Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;OD;aqmifwhJ wyfrawmfuae Edik if aH wmftm%m
udk odr;f ,lc+hJ yD; ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd taumiftxnfazmfcyhJ gw,f? ae&mwumppfwyfu OD;pD;cJh
ygw,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd qef@usiw f ahJ usmif;om;xkukd &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfww hJ yfrawmf/
'Dru kd a&pD tcGit hf a&;rSeo f r# tarSmifcsww hJ yfrawmf/ ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDuzkd suo f rd ;f +yD; wygwD
tm%m&Sipf epfukd vufawG@usio hf ;kH taumiftxnfazmf&wJh wyfrawmfjzpfvmcJyh gw,f? 1963
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG ysujf ym;+yD;&wJah emuf jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;udk t&Sed w f nD;nD;jr‡iw hf u
kd f
wJh wyfrawmf jzpfvm&ygw,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS Adv k cf sKyfae0if;&JŒ azmufjyefwt hJ yk pf ;kd
yHak zmfra_ tmufrmS wyfrawmf[m &[ef;oHCm/ ausmif;om;/ tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;awGuzkd Ed ydS f
owfjzwfwhJ wyfrawmfjzpfvm&+yD; vGwv f yfa&;rwdik cf ifu&Scd w hJ hJ *k%af &mifreS o f r# wprSrusef
awmhwhJ wyfrawmfjzpfvm&ygw,f? ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh vlxt k ay: zdEydS w f whJ yfrawmf/ vlrsK;d pkawG
tay: rawmfrw&m;ðywJw h yfrawmf/ a=u;pm;vlowfwyf/ azmufjyefa&;wyf/ aoG;tvdr;f vdr;f xyf
aewJw h yf jzpfvm&+yD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wnfaxmifcw hJ hJ wyfrawmf}uD;&JŒtpOftvm =ueftif
vuQ%mtm;vH;k qH;k ±_;H uG,af ysmufomG ;&ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; wyfrawmftqifu h ae Adv k cf sKyf
ae0if;wyfrawmftqifh ul;ajymif;oGm;&+yD; rlvwyfrawmf}uD;&JŒ&nf&, G cf suef @J tESpo f m&tm;vH;k
ajymif;jyefvefomG ;cJ&h ygw,f” tm%mudk irf;irf;wufvckd sirf ufarmwJh azmufjyefwhJ ppftyk pf Ek , G 0f if
}uD;i,frsK;d pHu k kd arG;zGm;ay;cJyh gw,f?
1988 &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk t=urf;zufòzdciG ;f ypf+yD; e0w/ etz qdw k hJ ppftyk pf rk sK;d
qufopfawG ay:ayguv f mapcJ+h yD; ordik ;f rSm tqd;k 0g;qH;k wyfrawmftqifu h kd usa&mufapcJ&h ygw,f?
ppftyk pf /k ppfAsL±du k &uf,Eœ&m;eJ@ppftpd;k &qdw k m qufvuf&iS o f efaeoa&GŒ “wyfrawmf” [m
azmufjyefwt hJ cef;uae jynfo@l csOyf wf}uD;tjzpf qufvufyakH y:ae&OD;rSmyJ jzpfygw,f?
Advk cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ ppftm%m&Sipf epftarGuq kd ufc+H yD; jynfoq l ef@usiaf &;vky&f yfawGukd
taumif txnfazmfc&hJ wJh wyfrawmftpd;k &-e0w acgi;f aqmifqo kd l Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;apmarmifvJ
ordik ;f tr_u d jf cif;xJ a&mufomG ;cJ&h +yD jzpfygw,f?
Adv
k af pmarmifuzkd ,f&mS ;+y;D wJah emuf ppftyk pf t k jzpfqufvuf taumiftxnfazmfaecJ=h uwJh
Adv
k cf sKyf rSL;}u;D oef;a&$/ 'k-Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}u;D armifat;/ Adv k cf sKyf}u;D cif!eG @f qw kd hJ “oef;at;!Ge@f oH;k acsmif;
axmuf” ppftyk pf }k uD;&JŒvufatmufu Armhwyfrawmf&ŒJ tcef;[mvJ rJarSmif+rJ rJarSmifcyhJ gw,f?
2004 ckEpS -f atmufwb kd mvxJrmS awmh Adv k cf sKyfcif!eG @f z,f&mS ;ta&;,lcv H u kd &f +yD;aemuf
ArmhwyfrawmftwGi;f Adv k cf sKyfa&$ref; wwd,ae&ma&mufvm+yD; “oef;at;ref;” tkypf t k jzpf
ay:vGif jzpfwnfvmcJyh gw,f? wyfrawmftpd;k &tjzpf tm%mt&yf&yfukd csKyfuikd t f yk pf ;D xm;Edik cf yhJ g
w,f?
jynfov l x
l }k u;D w&yfv;Hk =um;rSmawmh wyfrawmf[m emrnftysu&f qk;H / *k%o f u d mQ trJ&h qk;H
umv jzpfaecJ&h ygw,f?
67
0if;wifhxGef;
(23) wd@k Arm qif;&Jom; tpnf;t±k;H
*syefacwftwGi;f 1942/ Zlvikd -f 27 &ufae@rmS wd@k Armqif;&Jom; tpnf;t±k;H udk zG@J pnf;cJyh g
w,f?
ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H / ocifxeG ;f tky/f ocifApdef wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H eJ@
a'guw f mbarmf&ŒJ qif;&Jom;ygww D @kd yl;aygi;f vku d =f u+y;D (waoG;xJ-woHx-J wrde@f x)J waoG;woH
wrde@f qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfoeH @J twl wd@k Armqif;&Jom;tpnf;t±k;H ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
wd@k Armqif;&Jom;tpnf;t±k;H &JŒ acgi;f aqmif (tm%m&Si)f tjzpf a'guw f mbarmfudk a&G;cs,f
wifajr‡mufygw,f?
tpnf;t±k;H &JŒem,utjzpf ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f jzpfygw,f?
tm%m&Si&f ŒJ twdik yf ifct H zG@J 0ifrsm;jzpf ocifjr/ OD;b0if;/ AE<KvOD;pde/f ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifApde/f
ocifxeG ;f tkyw f @kd jzpfygw,f? tpnf;t±k;H &JŒwm0efct H jzpf ocifEjk zpfygw,f? tpnf;t±k;H udk tzG@J
(3) zG@J uyk*K~d vfawG yg0ifz@JG pnf;OD;aqmifcyhJ gw,f? zG@J pnf;ykrH mS æ æ æ
(1) ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f em,u
(2) a'guw f mbarmf acgi;f aqmif (qif;&Jom; 0HomEk)
(3) ocifEk XmecsKyfrLS ; (r_id ;f wk@d Arm)
(4) ocifnD 'k-XmecsKyfrLS ; (ocifxeG ;f tky-f Apdef wk@d Arm)
(5) ocifcspf 'k-XmecsKyfrLS ; (ocifu, dk af wmfrid_ ;f wk@d Arm)
(6) OD;oef@Zif b¾ma&;rSL; (qif;&Jom; 0HomEk)
(7) ocifoif pD;yGm;a&;rSL; (ocifxeG ;f tky-f Apdef wk@d Arm)
(8) ocifwif 0g'jzef@csad &;rSL; (r_id ;f -wk@d Arm)
(9) ocifwifxeG ;f vli,fXmerSL; (r_id ;f -wk@d Arm)
(10) ocifpaH 0 pkpH rf;a&;rSL; (r_id ;f -wk@d Arm)
(11) ocif0wif pnf;±k;H a&;rSL; (ocifxeG ;f tky-f Apdef wk@d Arm) wk@d jzpf=uygw,f?
*syefw@kd e@J qufq&H mrSm jrefrmrsm;pnf;pnf;vk;H vk;H &Srd S *syefuav;pm;r,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrmrsm;
wpnf;wvk;H wnf;&Sad =umif;jyowJt h aeeJ@ wd@k Armqif;&Jom;tpnf;t±k;H udk zG@J pnf;cJjh cif; jzpfygw,f?
1-8-1943 ae@ *syefuay;wJv h w
G v f yfa&;udk a=unm+yD;aemufyikd ;f wd@k Armqif;&Jom;
tpnf;t±k;H udk r[mArmtpnf;t±k;H vd@k trnfajymif;vJ rSnahf c:ygw,f?
ppftwGi;f umvjzpfwt hJ jyif *syefw@kd &ŒJ "m;rd;k tkycf sKyfra_ tmufrmS r,fr,f&& Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;
r_rsm; rvkyaf qmifEikd yf J *syefwyfrawmftwGuf tvkyo f rm;eJ@ &dumQ pkaqmif;ay;&wJt h vkyaf wG
avmufyJ vky&f wJt h zG@J tpnf; jzpfygw,f?
a'guw f mbarmfu, kd w
f ikd u f *syefacwftwGi;f tpd;k &tzG@J &ŒJ t"dywd}uD;jzpfaewJt h wGuf
a'guw f m barmfO;D aqmifz@JG pnf;xm;wJh tpnf;t±k;H }uD;[m tm%m& Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;wcko
68
zG,af wmh jzpfcyhJ gw,f? a'guwf mbarmf±yk af o;tpd;k &eJ@ t&yfbuftyk cf sKyfa&;awGtwGi;f rSm tpnf;
t±k;H 0ifrsm; yg0ifae&m&cJ=h uwmawmh &Syd gw,f?
(24) tm&Svil ,f tpnf;t±k;H
tm&Svil ,ftpnf;t±k;H udk 1942/ ZGe-f 28 &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? pwifz@JG pnf;pOfu
trnftjynft h pku H awmh ta&SŒtm&Swu dk f vli,frsm;tpnf;t±k;H (ArmEdik if )H jzpfygw,f?
vli,frsm; Avig;wefjynf0h a&;/ apwemh0efxrf;vlra_ &;vkyif ef;rsm;rSm yg0iftok;H csa&;eJ@
ta&SŒawmif tm&SEikd if rH sm;&JŒ tusK;d wlvyk if ef;rsm;rSm yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af xmufct H m;ay;a&;qdw
k hJ
&nf&, G cf suaf wGe@J xkwaf zmfz@JG pnf;cJw h m jzpfygw,f?
“tm&Swu kd f omwlnrD # aumif;pm;a&;0g'” udk aºuG;a=umfaewJh *syefu tm&Svil ,ftpnf;
t±k;H udk yGOJ ;D xGurf mS tm;ay;cJyh gw,f? a'guw f mbarmftpd;k &uvnf; tm;ay;cJyh gw,f? *syefu
olw@kd &ŒJ ppfatmifEikd af &;twGuf tok;H csciG &fh vdrrhf ,fxif+yD; tm;ay;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
ppftwGi;f umvrSmyJ wjynfv;Hk tES@H tpnf;t±k;H cGaJ ygi;f (600) ausmef @J toif;om;aygi;f (7)
aomif;ausmf pkpnf;zG@J pnf;Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;bufuvnf; *syeftóuduf vdu k pf nf;±k;H &if;/ wpfzufwpfvrf;u
*syeftóuduf 0g'jzef@csad y;&if;/ awmfveS af &;twGuf v#KŒd 0Sujf yifqifra_ wGvyk Ef ikd zf @kd tm&Svil ,f t
pnf;t±k;H }uD;twGi;f vli,fawGtajrmuftjrm;udk tpDtpOf&&dS dS xnfo h iG ;f jr‡KyfEcHS yhJ gw,f? awmfveS f
a&;tiftm;pkrsm;bufu tm&Svil ,ftpnf;t±k;H tumtuG,ef @J zufqpfqef@usiaf &; v#KŒd 0Suf
vkyif ef;awGukd trsm;tjym; vkyaf qmifEikd cf yhJ gw,f? 'ga=umifh 1944 ckEpS rf mS zufqpfawmfveS af &;wyf
aygi;f pk ay:xGe;f vmwJt h cg tm&Svil ,ftzG@J tpnf;[m ta&;ygwhJ vli,ftiftm;pkw&yftjzpf
yl;aygi;f yg0ifun l aD qmif&u
G Ef ikd cf yhJ gw,f?
tm&Svil ,ftpnf;t±k;H &JŒ OuUÏ[m yk*OH ;D b*sr;f jzpfygw,f? OD;b*sr;f acgi;f aqmif+yD; OD;ausmf
jrifu
h av;/ rpPwmwDaubGe;f / OD;aZmf0w d /f ocifcifatmif/ ocifnaD v; pwJyh *k K~d vfawGe@J pwifz@JG pnf;cJh
wm jzpfygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGi;f ‘tm&Svil ,f’ [m wwyfwtm;tjzpf yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
(25) csi;f vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfz@JG
1942 ck/ Ed0k ifbm-28 &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f?

t*Fvyd t
f yk cf sKyfru
_ rkd auseyf=uwJh csi;f vli,fawGukd ‘Adv k x f mG vfurf;’ u OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;
ay;+yD; ppfoifwef;rsm; ay;cJyh gw,f? yg0iforl sm;uawmh Akv d x f efZma[muf/ Akv d x f mvk;H / Akv
d af igu
h sihf
aygi/f Akv
d x
f efusiaf [muf/ Adv k if ikd cf v
kd si/f Adv
k Zf myufe@J Avdk &f iS chf Zkd rfw@kd yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
69
0if;wifhxGef;
zufqpfqef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f ay:aygufc=hJ uwJh

Ekid if aH &;ygwDtzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm;
70
zufqpfqef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f ay:aygufc=hJ uwJh

Ekid if aH &;ygwDtzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm;
(1) zwyv (zqyv)

(2) &ckid af jymufusm;rsm;
(3) jcaoFyh gwD (jcaohF ajymufusm;wyfz@JG )
(4) ODpEd mœ -OD;ynmoD[ tzG@J
(5) csi;f rsK;d cspaf wmfveS af &;wyfrawmf
(6) avxD;qif;tzG@J (tdE, dN a&muf avxD;&Jabmfrsm;)
71
0if;wifhxGef;
(1) zwyv (zqyv)

Anti-Fascist Organization (AFO)
zufqpfwu kd zf suaf &; jynfo@l vw

G v f yfa&;tzG@J csKyf (zwyv) udk 1944-=o*kwv f qef; (7)
&ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? zufqpf*syefrsm;udk armif;xkwaf &;/ zufqpfqef@usiaf &;/ zufqpf
awmfveS af &;}uD;twGuf Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk}uD;wpf&yftjzpf vsKŒd 0Suzf @JG pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f?
yxrqk;H zwyv wyfaygi;f pktzG@J csKyf}uD;udk ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gw/D
Armhwyfrawmfqw kd hJ t"dutiftm;pk}uD; (3) pkrS ud, k pf m;vS,f (3) OD;pDjzifh pwifz@JG pnf;cJw
h mjzpfyg
w,f? yxrqk;H zwyv v#KŒd 0Suw f yfaygi;f pk tzG@J csKyf}uD;&JŒacgi;f aqmif (9) OD;uawmh æ wenf;tm;
jzifh zwyv A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J 0if (9) OD;uawmh æ æ æ
(1) ocifp;kd
(2) Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;
(3) ocifoef;xGe;f
(4) ocifA[de;f
72
(5) Akv d v f ufsm
(6) Adv k af e0if;
(7) ocifcspf
(8) udAk aqG
(9) udak usm+f idr;f - wd@k jzpf=uygw,f?
zwyv tzG@J }uD;uae vufeufuikd zf ufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD;udk atmifjrifpmG qifEEJ$ ikd af &;
twGuf vdt k yfwjhJ yifqifra_ ygi;f pkuH kd vsKŒd 0Sujf yifqifvyk u
f ikd cf yhJ gw,f? Edik if aH &;t& ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygwu D acgi;f aqmif+yD; ppfa&;t& Armhwyfrawmfu acgi;f aqmifcyhJ gw,f?
Edik if aH &;oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ 0g'jzef@csad &;ESiyhf nmay;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; vkyaf qmifjcif;/ r[mrdwf
rsm;eJ@ qufo, G rf &_ ,ljcif;eJ@ ajymufusm;v_y&f mS ;r_twGuf jyifqifazmfaqmifjcif;awGukd Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygwu D wm0efcOH ;D pD;vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? ppfa&;qdik &f mtwGuf ppfwikd ;f rsm;cGjJ cif;/ ppfa&;qdik f
&mae&mcsxm;jyifqifjcif;/ wyfwiG ;f vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;udk pepfwusazmfaqmifjcif;awGukd Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;OD;pD;wJh Armhwyfrawmfu wm0ef,Ol ;D pD;vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f?
(9) OD;jzifh pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h hJ yxrqk;H zwyv A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J ukd 'kw, d t}udrf (16) OD;tjzpf
wd;k csŒJ zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? wd;k csŒJ zG@J pnf;&mrSm yg0ifvmol aemufxyfA[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J 0if (7) OD;uawmh
'D;'kwOf ;D bcsK/d OD;jr ([oFmw)/ OD;atmifZaH 0/ apmbOD;}uD;/ OD;cspaf rmif/ OD;&J!eG @f / ocifoed ;f az
(ode;f azjrif)h wd@k jzpf=uygw,f?
(aemufyikd ;f rSm zwyv tzG@J csKyf}uD;udk A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J 0if (36) OD;txd wd;k csŒJ zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f)?
1945 ck-rwfvqef;rSmawmh ‘zwyv’ wyfaygi;f pk}u;D [m wjynfv;Hk wcsed w f nf; wòyid w f nf;/
zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD;udk qifEEJ$ ikd &f ef/ vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;}uD;udk qifEt J$ aumiftxnf
azmf&eftwGuf ‘zwyv’ A[dpk pfaumifpu D kd atmufygtwdik ;f xyfqifzh @JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
(1) Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; (ppfa&;acgi;f aqmif)
(2) ocifp;kd (Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif)
(3) ocifoef;xGe;f (ajymufusm; ESihf Edik if jH cm;a&;)
(4) Akv d v f usmf
(5) Adv k af e0if;
(6) OD;ausm+f idr;f
(7) ocifcspw f @kd jzpf=uygw,f?
‘zwyv’ wyfaygi;f pktzG@J csKyf}uD;u OD;aqmif+yD; 1945/ rwfv-27 &ufae@pwif+yD; wjynfv;Hk
rSm wòydief uf zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD;udk tk;H tk;H u|wu f |wf taumiftxnfazmfqifEcJ$ =hJ uygw,f?
zufqpfawmfveS af &;}u;D udk atmifjrifpmG taumiftxnfazmfqifE+J$ y;D csed /f 'kw, d urBmppf}u;D
+yD;qk;H oGm;csed rf mS ‘zwyv’ udk ‘zqyv’ (zufqpfqef@usiaf &; jynfo@l vw G v
f yfa&;tzG@J csKyf) vd@k
ajymif;vJac:a0: jyifqifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;u zqyv OuUÏ/ ocifoef;xGe;f u
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfvmcJ+h yD; tJ'aD cwfukd (zqyv }uD; vlx=k um; *k%&f edS w f +iD;+iD; jzpfvmwJh
73
0if;wifhxGef;
acwfu)kd ‘qef;eJ@oef;’ acwfv@kd rSww f rf;wifac:a0:cJ=h uygw,f?
zqyv &JŒOD;aqmifre_ @J puULjzLtkycf sKyfa&;uef@uu G yf rJG sm;/ e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd f qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;
r_rsm;/ vGwv f yfa&;csucf si;f ay;a&; awmif;qdv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;/ 1946 ckEpS /f taxGaxGoydww f u kd yf }JG uD;
rsm; tqufrjywf azmfaqmifEikd cf yhJ gw,f? zqyv tzG@J csKyf}uD;twGi;f rSm wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;eJ@ vlxk
vlwef;pm;toD;oD;wd@k vnf; yg0ifvmcJ=h uygw,f?
zqyv OD;pD;usi;f ywJh vlxt k pnf;ta0;yG}J uD;rsm;xJrmS “aeol&ed f vlxt k pnf;ta0;yG}J uD;eJ@
a&$w*d Hk tv,fypP,n H v
D mcH}uD;” [m }uD;us,x f if&mS ;cJyh gw,f?
vlx=k um; trsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf}uD;ozG,f xif&mS ;ta&;ygcw hJ hJ ‘zqyv’ }uD;[m 1946/
atmufwb kd m -10 &ufae@rmS ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D kd tzG@J csKyfuae xkwyf ,fjcif;jzifh yxrqk;H òyu d JG
r_}uD; pwifcyhJ gw,f?
1947/ Zlvikd -f 19 &uf Akvd cf sKyfatmifqef;vky=f uHc&H +yD; uG,v f eG o f mG ;&+yD;aemufyikd ;f zqyv
OuUÏ tjzpf OD;Ek (ocifE)k jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
1948 ckEpS /f Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;udk t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u zqyv eJ@ OD;Ektpd;k &vufxJ v$t J yfay;cJh
ygw,f? 'ga=umifh zqyv}u;D [m ArmjynfrmS tm%m& Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;}u;D jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemufyikd ;f tm%m&Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;}uD;jzpfvmcJ&h wJh zqyv
}uD;twGi;f tm%mae&mjy\emrsm;a=umifh tqufrjywf òydurJG r_ sK;d pkH ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD; 1957-
58 oef@&iS ;f -wnf+rJ zqyv aemufq;Hk tuGeJ @J e*d ;Hk csKyfomG ;cJ&h ygw,f?
1988-&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;aemufyikd ;f Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; w&m;0ifz@JG pnf;wnf&cdS iG fh
ay:ayguv f mcsed rf mS zqyv qdw k hJ Edik if aH &;ygw&D ŒJ trnf wausmjh yef ay:xGuv f mwmawG@&ygw,f?
zqyv [m wygwaD wmifr[kwb f J (3) ygww D w d d ay:xGuv f mwmawG@&ygw,f? zqyv qdw k hJ
,cifemrnftwdik ;f ay:xGuv f mwJh zqyv/ OD;ausm+f idr;f orD; a':csKcd sKad usm+f idr;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ
zqyv eJ@ OD;AaqGom;orD;awG acgi;f aqmifwhJ zqyv (zqyv A[dq k w kd meJ@ zqyv rlv) qd+k yD;
(3) zG@J ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? ,cktcsed rf mS awmh wzG@J rrS useaf wmhyg?
(2) &cdik f ajymufusm;rsm;
&cdik f zufqpfawmfveS af &;tp (1944) ckEpS u f ek af vmuftwGi;f &cdik af 'otoD;oD;rSm zufqpf

awmfveS af &;qifEzJ$ @kd ay:ayguv f mcJ=h uwJh ajymufusm;tzG@J awGukd ‘&cdik af jymufusm;rsm;’ vd@k ðcHiaHk c:
a0: vlord sm;cJyh gw,f?
ppfawG ayguaf wmbufrmS Akv d =f umeDatmifacgi;f aqmifwhJ ajymufusm;rsm;/ yvuf0teD;w0du k f
rSm Adv
k vf pS ed /f Adv
k cf spv
f jS zL/ Adv
k af &$,wd@k acgi;f aqmifwhJ ajymufusm;rsm;/ r[mrkerd S ajryktH xdrmS
74
AkaH yguo f mausm/f Adv k x f eG ;f vdi_ Of ;D aqmifwhJ ajymufusm;rsm;/ OD;pdEmœ / OD;ynmoD[wd@k O;D aqmifwhJ
ajymufusm;rsm;ay:aygucf o hJ vdk zufqpfawmfveS af &;tprSm Akv d of mausmOf ;D aqmifwhJ a&SŒajy;
ajymufusm;rsm;/ &cdik Of ;D ndKxGe;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ajymufusm;rsm;&Scd +hJ yD; zufqpfawmfveS af &;umv
twGi;f xif&mS ;wJh wjcm;&cdik af jymufusm; awmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;uawmh OD;ausmjf r/ Adv k vf S
xGe;f ausm/f Akv d ef x D eG ;f / Adv
k o f mxGe;f atmif/ Akv d af &$om/ OD;atmife/D Adv k af pmOD;/ Akvd =f umvSatmif
pwJyh *k K~d vfawGjzpfygw,f?
zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD; atmifjrifpmG qifEt J$ +yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh wcsKŒd u zqyveJ@ quf
vuf yl;aygi;f aygi;f pnf;oGm;=u+y;D wcsKŒd u zqyv uae cGx J uG of mG ;=uygw,f? wcsKŒd u Edik if aH &;ygwD
tzG@J tpnf;trnfopfe@J &cdik jf ynfawmfveS af &;udk rwljcm;em;wJ, h =Hk unfcsut f vdu k f qufvuf
taumiftxnfazmf v_y&f mS ;=uygw,f? (Oyrmtm;jzihf OD;ynmoD[/ OD;ndKxGe;f / OD;=umvSatmif
wd@k awGu zqyv eJ@ yl;aygi;f oGm;+yD; OD;pdEmœ / AkaH yguo f mausmw f @kd awGu zqyv rS cGx J u G of mG ;=uum
Adv k pf o H mausmw f @kd u jynfo@l &aJ bmf/ OD;ausmjf rwd@k u Auy tjzpf/ &yfwnfrt _ vdu k f ,k=H unfcsuf
tvku d f rwlujJG ym;pGmay:xGuf vmcJyh gw,f)?
bmyJjzpfjzpf ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm/ zufqpfawmfveS af &;ordik ;f rSm/ &cdik jf ynf
Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm &cdik af jymufusm;rsm;udv k nf; av;av;eufeuf rSww f rf;wif&rSmjzpfyg
w,f? ta&;ygwhJ tcef;u¾u yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
1948 Armjynf vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh &cdik jf ynfe,frmS AkaH yguo f mausmf
acgi;f aqmifwhJ &cdik af jymufusm;rsm;[m r[mrkeu d aeajrykt H xd vufeufuikd v f y_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f?
AkaH yguo f mausm[ f m &cdik jf ynfajymufusm;ppfaumifpD OuUÏtjzpfvy_ &f mS ;cJ+h y;D AkaH yguo f mausmv f uf
atmufrmS acgi;f aqmif (14) OD;&Scd yhJ gw,f? AkaH yguo f mausmef @J twl ausmZf &H ;D$ wd@k vnf; yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
&rf;+AJu|e;f rSmawmh udak &$atmif/ udb k [efw@kd O;D aqmifwhJ ajymufusm;tzG@J rsm; v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f?
1955 rSm AkaH yguo f mausmef @J tzG@J vufeufcsomG ;cJ+h yD; 1958 rSm OD;pdEmœ tzG@J / Adv k pf o
H mausmf
(jynfo@l &aJ bmf) tzG@J / OD;omausmaf tmiftzG@J awG vufeufpeG @f omG ;cJ=h uygw,f?
(3) jcaoFyh gwD (jcaoFah tmif ajymufusm;wyfz@JG )
zufqpfqef@usiaf &;twGuf zG@J pnf;ay:xGuv f mwJt h zG@J jzpfygw,f? &ckid wf ikd ;f rSm ay:xGuv f mcJh
wJh &cdik t
f zG@J tpnf;wckjzpf+yD; 1944 ckEpS cf ef@rmS ‘jcaoFyh gw’D qdw k t hJ rnfut kd ok;H ðy+yD; zufqpfawmf
vSeaf &;udk tapmqk;H qifEcJ$ yhJ gw,f? &ckid w f idk ;f [m zufqpfawmfveS af &;ukd tapmqk;H qifEcJ$ w hJ ahJ 'o
jzpf+yD; jcaoFyh gw[
D m zufqpfawmfveS af &;rSm tapmqk;H qifEcJ$ w hJ hJ ajymufusm;tzJ@G wcktjzpf rSwf
wrf;wif&ygr,f? AkaH yguo f mausm/f Akv d x f eG ;f vdi_ w
f @kd u OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifcyhJ gw,f? udo k mausm/f
udak usmaf Zm/ udo k mxGe;f OD; pwJo
h al wGvnf; yg0ifygw,f?
75
0if;wifhxGef;
(4) OD;pdEmœ -OD;ynmoD[ tzG@J
OD;pdEmœ / OD;ynmoD[wd@k [m bke;f awmf}u;D rsm;jzpfygw,f? 1944-'DZifbmavmufrmS &cdik w f ikd ;f

rSm zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD; pwifwt hJ csed rf mS OD;pdEmœ -OD;ynmoD[wd@k [m ajymufusm;tzG@J rsm; zG@J
pnf;+yD; zufqpfukd wdu k cf u
kd cf =hJ uygw,f?
zqyv tzG@J }uD;ay:ayguv f mwJt h cg OD;pdEmœ -OD;ynmoD[wd@k [m zqyv eJ@vufw+JG yD;
zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD;udk [efcsun f D taumiftxnfazmfc=hJ ujcif;jzpfygw,f?
zufqpfawmfveS af &;t+yD;rSm ‘OD;ynmoD[’ u zqyv eJ@ qufvufaygipf nf;+yD;/ OD;pdEmœ u
raygi;f bJ zqyv uae 1946 rSm cGx J u G of mG ;cJyh gw,f? zqyv tpd;k &udk vufeufpu JG ikd f wdu
k cf u
kd f
cJyh gw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vufeufvv J ,S af &; rdi_ ;f vk;H atmufrmS (25-1-58) rSm rif;jym;rSm OD;pdEmœ
vufeufcscyhJ gw,f?
(5) csi;f rsK;d cspf awmfveS af &;wyfrawmf
1944/ rwfv-15 &ufae@rmS ‘csi;f vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfz@JG ’ udk ‘csi;f trsK;d om; umuG,af &;
wyfrawmf’ tjzpf toGiaf jymif;vJz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
Adv
k x
f efZma[muf/ Akv d v f siu
f six
hf ef/ Adv
k x
f efusiaf [muf/ Adv k x f mvk;H / Advk v f seu f if;wd@k
tygt0if (18) OD;ESihf zG@J pnf;cJw
h mjzpfygw,f?
1944/ pufwifbm-13 &ufrmS csi;f trsK;d om; umuG,af &;wyfrawmfukd ‘csi;f rsK;d cspf awmfveS f
a&; wyfrawmf’ qdw k hJ trnfopfajymif;vJac:a0:+yD; zufqpf*syefrsm;udk pwifwu kd cf ukd yf gw,f?
13/ 9-44 ae@rmS yJ zufqpf*syefrsm;udk pwifweG ;f vSew f u
kd cf u
kd cf whJ m jzpfygw,f? wjynfv;Hk
zufqpf awmfveS af &;}uD; rpwifEikd af o;cifrmS yJ csi;f awmifrsm;ay: awmfveS af &;aoewfoaH wG nH
apcJyh gw,f? wD;wde/f zvrf;/ [m;cg;e,frsm;rSm zufqpf*syefrsm;udk wGe;f vSew f u kd cf ukd wf u
kd yf JG
qifcyhJ gw,f?
(6) avxD;qif;tzG@J (tdE,

Nd a&muf &Jabmfrsm;)
*syeft0if-t*Fvyd t
f qkwrf mS axmifuvGwaf jrmufvm=uwJh Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawG jyef
vnf awG@q=Hk u tquftoG,&f =u+yD; *syefzufqpfrsm;udv
k nf; jyefvnfweG ;f vSeq f ef@usi=f ua&;
twGuf tajccHoabmxm; wnDw!Gwfwnf;eD;yg; tajctaea&muf&SdvmcJhygw,f? ocif
76
oef;xGe;f u ocifoed ;f azudk tdE, Nd udo k mG ;zd@k wdu k w f eG ;f cJyh gw,f?
1942-ZGev f rSm ocifoed ;f az (ode;f azjrif)h eJ@ ocifwifa&$w@kd tdE, Nd udpk wifa&muf&o dS mG ;yg
w,f? ocifoed ;f azu tdE, Nd uae r[mrdwrf sm;eJ@tquftoG,&f a&; óu;d yrf;ygw,f? ocifoed ;f az
eJ@ ocif wifa&$w@kd [m t*Fvyd w f yfz@JG (zd@k 136) (Force 136) eJ@ tquftoG,&f &Sv d mcJyh gw,f?
ocifoed ;f azuwqifh ocifoef;xGe;f tyg (zwyv) tzG@J }uD;eJ@ tquftoG,&f &Sv d mcJ+h yD;
‘zwyv’ tzG@J }uD;eJ@ zd@k 136 tquftoG,f &&Sv d mcJyh gw,f? zwyv eJ@ zd@k 136 [m wywfEpS }f udrf
0kid ,f mvuf qufo, G rf _ vkyEf ikd vf mcJyh gw,f?
zufqpfwu kd zf suaf &;/ zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuf ta&;}u;D wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifEikd &f ef/
ppfynmrsm;udk oif=um;Edik &f ef/ cdik rf mpdwcf s&wJh rsK;d cspv f il ,fawmfveS af &;orm;awGukd a&G;cs,+f yD;
‘zwyv’ uae tdE, Nd &Sd ocifoed ;f azeJ@ r[mrdwt f *Fvyd w f yfz@JG qD vsKŒd 0Suyf @kd aqmifapv$wcf yhJ gw,f?
1944-pufwifbmvrSm ocifAv dk ef @J ref;0if;armifw@kd O;D aqmifwhJ &JabmfawmfveS af &;orm;
wodu k u f kd yxrqk;H tokwt f jzpf apv$wcf yhJ gw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSmvnf; wokw+f yD;wokwf apv$wf
yd@k aqmifcyhJ gw,f? (&cdik af wmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmif udn k Kd xGe;f wdt k zG@J ryg) tm;vk;H &Jabmf (30) wdwd
&Syd gw,f? tdE, Nd a&muf ocifoed ;f az/ ocifwifa&$-ocifwifa&$ZeD;wd@k yg pkaygi;f a&wGurf ,fq&kd if
(33) OD; &Syd gw,f?
'D&aJ bmfrsm;udk yd@k aqmifa&;twGuf Armhwyfrawmfuae wm0ef,yl @kd aqmifay;cJyh gw,f?
ref;0if;armifw@kd vkd wd;k wufwhJ u&ifvil ,fwOD;yg0ifco hJ vd/k bD'aD ttwGi;f wd@k Arm qif;&Jom;tpnf;
t±k;H twGi;f tm&Svil ,ftpnf;t±k;H twGi;f u wkid ;f cspjf ynfcspf rsK;d cspyf *k K~d vfrsm;yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? trsm;
pkuawmh ajratuf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw0D ifawG jzpf=uygw,f?
tdE, Nd a&muf&aJ bmfrsm;[m tdE, Nd / oD[kd (oD&v d uFm) wd@k rmS Edik if aH &;oifwef;rsm; wufjcif;/
ppfynmoifwef;rsm;wufjcif;awGtjyif avxD;oifwef;rsm;yg wufc=hJ uygw,f?
zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD; qifE=J$ uwJt h csed rf mS r[mrdwrf sm;tultnDe@J r[mrdwrf sm;eJ@twl
awmfvSefa&;wm0efus&m e,fajrawGtwGif; avxD;eJ@ckefqif;vmcJh=uwJhtwGuf ‘avxD;’
&JabmfawGtjzpf vlord sm;cJ=h uygw,f?
Armjynfvw G v f yfa&; wdu k yf pJG OftwGi;f *syefjynfa&muf ppfynmoif=um;cJ=h uwh &Jabmf
ok;H usyd f tzG@J }uD; ta&;ygco hJ vdk &Jabmfo;Hk usyd +f yD;&if tdE, Nd a&muf avxD;&Jabmfrsm;tzG@J [mvnf;
ta&;ygwhJ tpktzG@J jzpfygw,f? Edik if aH &;ygww D &yfr[kwaf yrJh ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm
ta&;ygwhJ tpktzG@J w&yftjzpf rSww f rf;wif&rSmjzpfygw,f?
tdE, Nd a&muf 'DavxD;&Jabmfrsm;twGi;f yg0ifc+hJ y;D Armjynf Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm xif&mS ;
ay:vGicf =hJ uolawGuawmh ocifAv dk /f ref;0if;armif (aemif-ArmjynforRw}uD;)/ Adv k rf LS ;cspaf umif;/
Akv d tf ;Hk armif (avxD;)/ OD;ausm&f if (ygarmuQ-OD;ausm&f if) pwJh yk*K~d vfawGjzpfygw,f?
Ó Ó Ó
77
0if;wifhxGef;
vGwv
f yfa&;tóuv_y&f mS ;r_acwf
vGwv
f yfa&;tóuv_y&f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f ay:aygufc=hJ uwJh
Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm;
78
vGwv
f yfa&;tóuv_y&f mS ;r_acwf
vGwv
f yfa&;tóuv_y&f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f ay:aygufc=hJ uwJh Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;
toif;tyif;rsm;
(1) tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±H;k rsm; tzG@J csKyf (jrefrmEkid if )H (TUCB)

(2) tvkyo f rm; or*~ (ABTUC)
(3) Armjynf qd&k , S v f pfygwD
(4) u&ifA[dk tpnf;t±H;k (KCO)
(5) jrefrmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f m trsK;d orD;vGwv f yfa&;tzG@J csKyf
(6) &ckid jf ynf jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;tzG@J csKyf
(7) u&ifvil ,f tpnf;t±H;k
(8) jynfo@l &aJ bmf (jynfo@l &aJ bmf tzG@J csKyf)
(10) &efuek cf ±dik f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (&uo)
(11) &Sr;f jynf vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J (&yv)
(12) wyfeD
(13) u&iftrsK;d om; tpnf;t±H;k (KNU)
(14) u&iftrsK;d om; umuG,af &;tzG@J (KNDO)
(15) rGew f idk ;f &if;om; tpnf;t±H;k
(16) rGet f rsK;d om; umuG,af &;tzG@J (MNDO)
(17) rGen f ! D w G af &; wyfO;D
(18) ytd0k n hf !D wG af &; wyfO;D (ytd0k hf v_id Af )l
(19) awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &; OD;pD;tzG@J (SCOUHP)
(20) &ckid w f ikd ;f vH;k qkid &f m vuf0J nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk
79
0if;wifhxGef;
(1) tvkyo
f rm; tpnf;t±k;H rsm; tzG@J csKyf (jrefrmEdik if )H
Trade Union Congress (Burma) (TUCB)
&efuek òf rŒd / a&$awmifwef;/ trSwf (61) rSm ‘tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±k;H rsm; tzG@J csKyf (jrefrmEdik if )H ’
t*Fvyd v f tkd m;jzifh Trade Union Congress (Burma)/ twdak umuftm;jzifh TUCB udk zufqpfawmf
vSeaf &;+yD;cge;D 1945 ckEpS /f arv-24 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
zG@J pnf;pu æ æ æ
OuUÏ - ocifausmpf ed f
'k-OuUÏ - ocifp&H
twGi;f a&;rSL; - ocifvaS u|
wGb J uf twGi;f a&;rSL; - ocifat;armif pwJyh *k K~d vfrsm;eJ@ zJ@G pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? qd&k , S vf pfygwD
w&m;0if zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f m+y;D wJt h cgrmS tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±k;H (TUCB) udk jyefvnfz@JG pnf;cJ+h y;D /
TUCB &JŒOuUÏ[m OD;baqGjzpfvmcJy h gw,f? TUCB [m qd&k , S v f pfygwD (jrefrmjynf) &JŒ vuf
atmufcH tvkyo f rm;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;jzpfvmcJ+h yD; jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;&ump/ zq-qd&k , S f
tpd;k &&JŒtm%mrd;k aumif;aepOf umvwav#mufv;Hk tpd;k &&JŒ w&m;0iftm%m& tzG@J tpnf;}uD;
wckozG,t f a&;ygcyhJ gw,f? 1950 ckEpS rf mS qd&k , S v f pfygwu D w JG t hJ cg ocifcspaf rmif (0d"&l )/ ocifviG f
wd@k &ŒJ ‘qd&k , S ef yD gw’D ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD; qd&k ,
S ef u D BURMA TRADE UNION CONGRESS
(BTUC) udk cGaJ xmifom G ;cJyh gw,f? TUCB [m qd&k , S vf pfygw&D ŒJ =oZmcHtjzpf qufvufwefc;kd xGm;
cJ+h yD; BTUC eJ@tòydif tvkyo f rm;awG=um;rSm wGiu f s,Ef ikd cf yhJ gw,f? 1964 rSm Akv d af e0if;&JŒ wkid ;f
&if;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf u _ kd umuG,o f nfOh ya'qdw k mxkwjf yef+yD; ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;
rSeo f r#ukd zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd w f t
hJ cgrmS awmh vk;H 0csKyf+idr;f oGm;&ygawmhw,f?
(2) tvkyo
f rm; or*~
All Burma Trade Union Congress (ABTUC)
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D OD;aqmifwhJ “tvkyo f rm; or*~” udk ppf+yD;acwfrmS zG@J pnf;wnf
axmifcyhJ gw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD; +yD;qk;H cge;D 1945 ckEpS /f ZGev f -30 &ufae@rmS &efuek òf rdŒ/
prf;acsmif;/ wduk t
f rSwf (138) rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm; jyefvnfxal xmif
a&;tpnf;ta0;usi;f y+yD; tvkyo f rm;or*~ (,m,D tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J ) udk pzG@J cyhJ gw,f?
OuUÏ ocifA[de;f / 'k-OuUÏ OD;atmiford ;f / taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; ocifAwif (oHw)JG / wGJ
zuf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; ocifAom/ b¾ma&;rSL; ocifoef; (Armhp;D yGm;a&;) eJ@ tzG@J 0if (6)
OD;yg tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J ukd a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
ppf+y;D acwf/ vGwvf yfa&;óu;d yrf;r_vy_ &f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f yg0ifco
hJ vdk 1946/ taxGaxGoydw}f u;D
twGi;f rSmvnf; wufwufºuGºuGyg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
80
1948/ rwfv-28 &uf rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD vufeufuikd af wmcdo k mG ;&+yD;aemufyikd ;f rSm/
tvkyo
f rm;or*~}u;D vnf; ajray:rSm w&m;0if&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;Edik cf iG rfh &awmhyJ aysmufu, G o
f mG ;&yg
awmhw,f?
(3) Armjynf qd&k ,

S v
f pfygwD
3-5-1945 ae@/ &efuek /f prf;acsmif;/ Am;u&mvrf;rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwXD mecsKyf qdik ;f bkwf
}uD; w&m;0ifay:xGuv f mcsed rf mS Auy eJ@tòydif qdik ;f bkwx f El ikd af &;twGuf OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f OD;
aqmifwhJ yk*K~d vfwpku tm;xkwóf ud;yrf;cJyh gw,f? &v'ftjzpf ‘Armjynf qd&k , S vf pfygw’D ay:xGuf
vmygw,f? Armjynf qd&k , S v f pf[m tajccHtm;jzifh jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gwt D iftm;pkukd rwnf+y;D
xGuaf y:vmwmjzpfygw,f? jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gw&D ŒJ t"duacgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ ‘ocifcsp’f
udk OD;ausm+f ird ;f u Armjynfq&kd , S vf pfygwrD mS acgi;f aqmifz@kdenf;rsK;d pkeH @J csO;f uyfpnf;±k;H ao;ayrJh ocif
cspu f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwb D ufuo kd m w&m;0ifvu kd yf gomG ;cJw h t
hJ wGuf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD
bufygroGm;ol jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gwt D pk0ifrsm;/ Auy eJ@ tap;ruyforl sm;/ ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d
a=umifh Auy u vufrcHorl sm;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf;vdu k w f o hJ abm aqmifygw,f? jynfo@l ta&;awmfyHk
ygweD @J acgi;f aqmif ocifjrudak wmh &&Sv d u kd w f t
hJ wGuf ocifjrudk OuUÏtjzpfwifajr‡muf+yD; zG@J pnf;cJh
wmjzpfygw,f?
1945/ pufwifbm-1 &ufae@rmS ‘jynfo@l vw G v f yfa&;ygw’D ac: ‘Armjynf qd&k , S v f pfygw’D
w&m;0if ay:xGuv f mygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfygw&D ŒJ acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;uawmh ocifjr/ OD;AaqG/
OD;ausm+f idr;f / Adv k af e0if; (aemif-Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;)/ Akv d af rmifarmif (aemif-Adv k cf sKyf}uD;armifarmif)/
Adv
k af tmif}u;D (aemif Adv k rf LS ;csKyfatmif}u;D )/ OD;udu k }kd u;D (aemif-ode;f av;q,fuu kd }kd u;D )/ OD;vSarmif/
bkaH yguo f mausmf pwJh yk*K~d vf}uD;awGjzpfygw,f?
pwifz@JG pnf;pu ‘rmhupf 0f g'’ udk vufco H vdv k kd yk[H efaqmifcyhJ gw,f? qd&k , S vf pfygww D iG ;f
Edik if aH &; oifwef;rsm;rSm qdAk , D ufueG jf rLepfygwo D rdik ;f -abmf&ADS pf &mZ0iftusO;f csKyfukd yd@k csoifwef;
ay;wmawG vkycf yhJ gw,f? Armjynfq&kd , S v f pfygw&D ŒJ rluawmh qd&k , S vf pf0g'udk urBmt h ajctae/
Armhtajctaewd@k e@J avsmn f pD mG usio hf ;Hk taumiftxnf azmfomG ;a&;vd@k qykd gw,f? qd&k , S v f pfygwD
twGi;f rSm rmhupf /f vDeif0g'udk ,k=H unfvufcaH =umif; twdtvif;ajymqdk xkwaf zmfoal wGvJ &Scd hJ
ygw,f? rmhupf /f vDeif 0g'oifwef;ay;olawGvnf; &Scd yhJ gw,f? (Oyrm æ OD;udu k }kd uD;/ ocifviG /f
ocifcspaf rmif (0d"&l )/ ocifvaS u|)?
Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k e@J twl ‘ocifjr’ usq;Hk oGm;+y;D aemuf qd&k , S vf pfygwD OuUÏjzpfvmolu
OD;udu k }kd uD; (ode;f av;q,f) jzpfygw,f? taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;u OD;AaqGjzpfygw,f? 1948-
Zlvikd rf mS OD;udu k }kd uD; z,f&mS ;cH&+yD;aemufyikd ;f qd&k , S v f pfygw&D ŒJ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf jzpfvm
olu OD;AaqG jzpfygw,f?
zufqpfawmfveS af &;t+yD; ‘zqyv’ tzG@J csKyf}uD; ajray:w&m;0ifEikd if aH &; wyfaygi;f pktzG@J csKyf
81
0if;wifhxGef;
}uD;tjzpf a&SŒwef;a&mufvmcsed rf mS zqyv }uD;twGi;f Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkwcktjzpf qd&k , S v f pfygwD
vnf; ae&m&vmcJyh gw,f? zqyv twGi;f rSm Armjynf uGejf rLepfygw/D Armjynfq&kd , S v f pfygweD @J
jynfo@l &aJ bmfw@kd[m t"dutiftm;pk}u;D awG jzpfc=hJ uygw,f? zqyv OuUÏtjzpf Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;/
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf ocifoef;xGe;f jzpfc&hJ mu ocifoef;xGe;f taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
tjzpfrS E_wx f u G o f mG ;wJt h cg qd&k , S v f pfygwrD S OD;ausm+f idr;f taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
wpnf;wvk;H wnf;aom ‘zqyv’ wyfaygi;f pk tzG@J csKyf}uD;xJuae Auy udk z,fxw k yf pfa&;
twGuf t"duóu;d yrf;v_y&f mS ;cJw h m qd&k , S v f pfygwjD zpfygw,f? Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;a=unmwJt h cg
tm%m& zqyv tzG@J csKy}f u;D twGi;f =oZmtm%mt&Sq d ;Hk yk*K~d vrf sm;[m qd&k , S v f pfawGjzpfygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&; ra=unmEdik af o;cifuwnf;u zqyv twGi;f uGejf rLepf-qd&k , S v f pf tm;òydirf _
uGejf rLepf-qd&k , S v f pf yËdyuQ}u;D [m awmufav#mufwnf&cdS +hJ y;D wkid ;f jynfvw G v f yfa&;a=unm+y;D csed f
rSm ydrk jkd yif;xef onf;oefvmcJyh gw,f? tm%m&qd&k , S vf pfrsm;eJ@ tm%mrJu h eG jf rLepfrsm;&JŒwdu k yf [JG m
txGwt f xdyaf &mufvmcJyh gw,f? Auy u zquGejf rLepfn! D w G af &; t}urd }f urd u f rf;vSr;f ao;ayrJh
qd&k , S v f pfrsm;&JŒ t}udr}f udryf ,fcsjcif;udck &H +yD; uGejf rLepfu rSm;,Gi;f a=umif;0efcsawmif;yef+yD; jyef
vnf0ifa&mufciG afh wmif;cHwifoiG ;f rS jyefvnfpOf;pm;Edik rf ,fqw kd hJ txufp;D u ae&m,larmufrmr_
awGa=umifh ysujf ym;cJ&h ygw,f? aemufq;Hk rSm qd&k , S vf pfygw&D ŒJ (t"dutm;jzifh qd&k , S v f pf OD;ausm+f ird ;f
&JŒ) uGejf rLepfawGukd tvpftidu k zf rf;qD;+yD; acsre_ ;f okwo f ifa&; óud;yrf;r_a=umifh Auyrsm; awm
wGi;f vufeufuikd b f 0 a&mufomG ;&+y;D Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf}u;D pwifay:ayguv f mcJ&h ygw,f? Armjynf
jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;pwif&jcif;&JŒ t"duwm0ef&o dS [l m Armjynfq&kd , S v f pfygwjD zpfcyhJ gw,f? ajray:
Edik if aH &;yËdyuQtqifu h ae vufeufuikd yf ËdyuQtqift h xd wd;k jr‡iahf jymif;vJomG ;& jcif; jzpfygw,f?
Armjynfq&kd , S v f pfygw[ D m ‘Auy’ udk awmxJarmif;yd@k ovdk vkyaf qmifc+hJ yD;wJah emuf/
zqyv wGi;f &Sd ‘jynfo@l &aJ bmf’ udv k nf; qufvufarmif;yd@k cyhJ gw,f? zqyv wGi;f &Sd wjcm;Edik if aH &;
tiftm;pkrsm;udv k nf; ‘zqyv’ wGi;f raeEdik af tmifvyk cf yhJ gw,f? (Oyrm æ Avp) vlrsK;d pkEikd if aH &;
tiftm;pkrsm;tay:vnf; azmufjyefwhJ ay:vpDrsK;d pkH csrw S v f yk af qmifcw hJ t hJ wGuf vlrsK;d pkvufeufuikd f
awmfveS af &;awGvnf; qufwu kd f ay:ayguv f mcJ&h +yD; Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD; w&Sed x f ;kd awmuf
avmifvmcJ&h ygw,f?
zqyv tpd;k &vd@k emrnfc, H x l m;ayrJh t"dutm;jzifh qd&k , S v f pfygwu D tm%mvuf0g;
}uD;tkyf csKyfuikd x f m;wJt h wGuf ‘zq-qd&k , S ’f tpd;k &vd@k ac:a0:cJ=h uygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfrsm; tm%m
apmif;xufc=hJ uygw,f? 1950 jynfEh pS /f ukecf ge;D txd Armjynfq&kd , S v f pfygwt D wGi;f rmhupf /f vD
eif0g' vufcv H v kd m;olawGa&m/ qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd &ufawGyg twl&adS eygao;w,f? 'gayrJh qd&k , S v f pfygwD
wcktwGi;f rSmudk yËdyuQawGra=uvnfra_ wGvnf; odoo d mom ay:xGuv f mcJ+h yDjzpfygw,f? uGejf rL
epfqef@usiaf &; acgi;f rm*k% d ;f om; tm%m&qd&k , S vf pf}u;D rsm;a=umifh qd&k , S v f pfygw}D u;D twGi;f rSmudk
òydurJG }_ uD; qufvufay:ayguu f m 1950 jynf/h 'DZifbm-8 &ufae@rmS qk&d , S v f pfcx JG u G rf sm;&JŒ
‘qd&k , S ef ’D ygwD ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? ocifviG /f ocifcspaf rmif (0d"&l )/ ocifvaS u|w@kd acgi;f aqmif+y;D
‘qd&k , S ef ’D ygwu D kd wnfaxmifvu kd =f uwm jzpfygw,f?
82
tm%m& qd&k , S v f pfygw}D uD;twGi;f vusmf qd&k , S v f pfrsm;csn;f om useaf wmhwt hJ wGuf
‘zq-qd&k , S ’f tpd;k &uae ‘vusmf -zq-qd&k , S ’f tpd;k &vd@k xyfqifu h ifyeG ;f wyfjcif;cHc&hJ ygw,f?
tm%m& qd&k , S v f pfrsm;[m wjcm;aom Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;tay: zdEydS f ESyd u f yG rf a_ wG vkyaf qmifchJ
ovdk ‘qd&k , S ef ’D ygwt D ay:vnf; enf;rsK;d pkH zdEydS f ESyd u f yG n f pfywfra_ wG vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f?
qd&k , S ef cD xJG u G o f mG ;+yD;aeuf tm%m& qd&k , S v f pfygwt D wGi;f -OD;ausm+f idr;f / OD;AaqGw@kd wefc;kd
xGm;cJ=h uovdk ocifwif/ ocifausmx f eG ;f / ocifomcif/ Adv k cf ifarmifav; pwJh qd&k , S v f pfacgi;f aqmif
}u;D rsm;vnf; tm%mapmif;xuf emrnf}u;D cJ=h uygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfacgi;f aqmif}u;D OD;ausm+f ird ;f [m
qd&k , S v f pfygwu D kd qd&k , S 'f rD u kd &ufygw}D uD;tjzpf OD;wnfwnfaqmufco hJ vdk uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;
ygw}D uD;tjzpfvnf; wufwufºuGºuG ykaH zmfc=hJ uyg w,f?
wyfrawmftwGi;f &Sd qd&k , S v f pf ppfAv kd }f u;D rsm;uvnf; a&SŒwef;a&mufvmcJ=h uovdk wyfrawmf
wckv;Hk udv k nf; qd&k , S v f pfrsm;u v$r;f xm;Edik af &; tuGucf sprD zH efw;D cJ=h uygw,f?
Adv
k af e0if; (aemif-Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if;) udk umuG,af &;0ef}u;D jzpfapa&;twGuf enf;vrf;aygi;f
pkeH @J óu;d yrf;cJ=h uwm qd&k , S v f pfacgi;f aqmif}u;D OD;ausm+f ird ;f eJ@tzG@J jzpfygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfygwt D m%m
rd;k aumif;cJw h thJ wGuf ppfwyfu (wyfrawmf) twGi;f &Sd qd&k , S v f pfppfAv dk }f uD;awGjzpfwhJ Akv d rf LS ;csKyf
armifarmif/ Adv k rf LS ;csKyf atmif}uD;/ Akv d rf LS ;csKyf atmifa&$/ Adv k rf LS ;}uD; cspcf ikd /f Adv k rf LS ;}uD; =unf0if;
pwJyh *k K~d vfrsm;vnf; ta&;yg a&SŒwef;a&mufc=hJ uygw,f? qd&k , S v f pf ppfAv kd rf [kwo f al wGukd enf;rsK;d
pkeH @J uefxw k yf pfc=hJ uygw,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh æ Adv k rf LS ;csKyf ausmaf Zmudp)P
Armjynfq&kd , S v f pfygw&D ŒJ t}u;D rm;qk;H trSm;}u;D (2) &yfuawmh Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf}u;D udk
ay:ayguaf tmif pwifazmfaqmifzefw;D cJjh cif;eJ@ Akv d af e0if; (aemif-Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;) acgi;f aqmifwhJ
Armjynf ppftyk pf u k kd pwifarG;jrLay:ayguaf pcJjh cif;yJ jzpfygw,f? Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;udk
wd;k jr‡iahf wmufavmifapcJo h vdk Armjynfppftyk pf u k v kd nf; wd;k jr‡i}hf uD;xGm; oefprG ;f apcJyh gw,f?
Armjynfvw G v f yfa&; a=unmEdik cf chJ sed u f p+yD; (zqyv emrnfukd a&SŒwef;wif ok;H pGx J m;ayrJ)h
zqyv twGi;f =oZmtm%mudk &,lcsKyfuikd t f xm;Edik q f ;Hk tzG@J tpnf;jzpfcw hJ hJ Armjynfq&kd , S vf pf
ygw}D uD;[m jynfov l x l t k wGi;f wae@wjcm;odumQ usqif;vmcJ+h yD; 1956-57 ckEpS /f (Ekwif/ aqG+idr;f )
tkypf k 2 pk ruGrJ D umvavmufrmS uwnf;u qd&k , S v f pfygwq D w kd hJ trnfaysmufu, G af e+yjD zpfygw,f?
EkwifzqyveJ@ aqG+idr;f zqyvtjzpf tòydijf zpfay:vmcsed rf mS tm%m&emrnf}uD; qd&k , S v f pfacgi;f
aqmifqo kd rl sm;[mvnf; Ekwif*% kd ;f buf ygoyl g/ aqG+idr;f *d% k ;f buf a&mufoal &mufe@J ‘qd&k , S vf pf
ygw’D trnf aysmufomG ;cJyh gw,f? 1958 ckEpS /f yxrqk;H t}urd f ppfwyftm%modr;f r_ujkd zpfay:atmif
ppfwyfukd rsupf ypfacsmjh rLcJ=h uolawG[m qd&k , S v f pfacgi;f aqmif}uD;awGjzpfc=hJ uovd/k um,uH
ajrmuf ppfwyfe@J ppftm%mudk xlaxmiford ;f ydu k &f ,lchJ =uolawG[mvnf;wyfwiG ;f qd&k , S v f pfppf
Adv k f ppfacgi;f aqmifwodu k yf J jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
ed*;Hk csKyf=unfrh ,fq&kd if Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf}u;D jzpfay:&jcif;&JŒ t"duwm0ef&o dS l pwifo[ l m
qd&k , S v f pfygwjD zpfco hJ vdk zqyv q,fEpS q f ,fr;kd (1948-58) twGi;f tm%mudk qkyu f ikd +f yD; npf
ywfpw k yf rhJ a_ ygi;f pkH &ufpuf,w k rf mr_rsK;d pku
H kd usL;vGeaf qmif&u G cf o hJ al wG[mvnf; qd&k , S v f pfawGt"du
83
0if;wifhxGef;
jzpfcyhJ gw,f? Armjynfppftyk pf u
k kd arG;zGm;acsmjh rLay;cJwh hJ t"duw&m;cH[m Armjynfq&kd , S v
f pfygwyD J
jzpfovdk Armjynf ppftm%m&Sipf epf pwifay:aygut f ouf0ifvmapa&;twGuf wm0eft&Sq d ;Hk [m
vnf; Armjynfq&kd , S vf pfygwyD J jzpfygw,f? Armjynfppftm%m&Sipf epfukd arG;zGm;zefw;D cJ=h uwJh
yxrqk;H aom Armjynfppftyk pf 0k if xdyo f ;D }u;D rsm;[mvnf; qd&k ,
S v
f pfygw0D if qd&k ,
S v
f pfppfAv
kd }f u;D
rsm;yJ jzpfygw,f?
(4) u&ifA[dk tpnf;t±k;H

Karen Central Organization (KCO)
u&ifq&kd , S q
f m;Apfuvyf (Karen Social Services Club) u uruxðy+yD; &efuek òf rdŒrSm
ac:,lusi;f ywJh u&ifvx l k tpnf;ta0;}u;D uae ‘u&ifA[dt k pnf;t±k;H ’ udk zG@J pnf;cJwh mjzpfygw,f?
1945/ ZGe-f 30 &ufrS Zlvikd -f 5 &ufae@txdusi;f ycJw h hJ u&ifvx l t
k pnf;ta0;yG}J uD;uae zG@J pnf;ay:
ayguv f mjcif; jzpfygw,f? &nf&, G cf suu f awmh u&ifvrl sK;d rsm; Edik if aH &;tm;jzifh wpnf;w±k;H wnf;jzpf
ap&efe@J oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,f &&Sad pa&;jzpfygw,f? rpPwm qpf'eDvel /D apmbd;k csp/f apmom'if/
apmbOD;}uD;/ apmbarmif/ ref;bcif/ q&momxdk pwJh u&iftrsK;d om;acgi;f aqmifawGe@J zG@J pnf;ay:
ayguv f mcJjh cif; jzpfygw,f?
1946/ azazmf0g&-D 4 &ufrS 6-&ufae@txd &efuek òf rŒd rSm jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m u&ifnvD mcH}u;D
usi;f yEdik cf +hJ yD;/ ‘u&ifA[dt k pnf;t±k;H ’ u oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,f wnfaxmifa&;tqdk wifoiG ;f cJyh g
w,f? u&ifA[dt k pnf;t±k;H uae rpPwmqpf'eDvel /D apmom'if/ apmbd;k csp/f apmbOD;}uD;wd@k yg0ifwhJ
u&if ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J wzG@J uzkd @JG pnf;+yD; +Adwo
d #tpd;k &&JŒoabmxm;udk pkpH rf;apzd@k t*Fvefukd ap
v$wcf yhJ gw,f?
u&ifA[dt k pnf;t±k;H [m u&ifjynfe,f zG@J pnf;Edik af &;/ oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,fwnfaxmifEikd f
a&;twGuf pwifóud;yrf;v_y&f mS ;cJw h hJ u&iftrsK;d om; Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;wcktjzpf rSww f rf;wif
&rSm jzpfygw,f?
(5) jrefrmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m trsK;d orD; vGwv
f yfa&;tzG@J csKyf
jrefrmEkid if vH ;Hk qdik &f m trsK;d orD;tzG@J csKyf zG@J pnf;a&;y%mr tpnf;ta0;usi;f y+yD;/ &efuek òf rdŒ
y'krmR vrf; (bmh'v f rf;) trSwf (81) rSm 1945 ckEpS /f pufwifbm-3 &ufae@rmS ‘jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m
trsK;d orD; vGwv f yfa&;tzG@J csKyf’ udk zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
(1) trsK;d orD;rsm;tm;pnf±;Hk I vlrsK;d wrsK;d vk;H vGwv f yfa&;/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;ESihf wd;k wufa&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk
0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd &f ef?
(2) trsK;d orD;rsm; w&m;0iftcGit fh a&;rsm; &,l&ef?
(3) trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; pnf;±k;H aqmif&u G f avhusiahf y;&ef?
84
(4) trsK;d orD;rsm; vlrv _ yk if ef;aqmif&u
G v
f pkd w
d f &ifo
h efap&efqw kd &hJ nf&,
G cf suaf wGe@J zG@J pnf;cJw
h mjzpf
ygw,f?
a':cifcif}uD; OuUÏ
a':cif}uD; (ocifoef;xGe;f ZeD;) 'k-OuUÏ
a':cif=unf (Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef; ZeD;) 'k-OuUÏ
a':cif=unf=unf twGi;f a&;rSL; eJ@ tzG@J 0if (18) OD;yg tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J ukd
zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? vGwv f yfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f zqyv }uD;eJ@qufpyf+yD; wufwufºuGºuG yg0if
v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f?
(6) &cdik jf ynf jynfo@l vw

G v
f yfa&;tzG@J csKyf
1945/ Ed0k ifbmvukerf mS pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? r[mòrdif awmpcef;twGi;f rSm
pwif zG@J pnf;cJ+h y;D em,u q&mawmf OD;pdEmœ / OuUÏ OD;bd;k OD;/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; bkaH yguo f mausm/f
wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; udak pmvSO;D wd@k jzifh A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
ajrykòH rdŒe,f/ =umtif;awmif&mG rSm XmecsKyfxm;+yD; +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ udk vufeufuikd w f u kd yf JG
qifomG ;a&; &nfreS ;f csujf zifh ajray:ajratmuf Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef
&cdik jf ynf vli,f tpnf;t±k;H (ajray: ) eJ@ v#KŒd 0Suw f yfrsm;zG@J pnf;a&; (ajratmuf) vkyif ef;wd@k uv kd nf;
taumiftxnfazmf&ef zG@J pnf;jcif; jzpfygw,f?
1946/ azazmf0g&rD mS ‘&cdik jf ynf vli,frsm;tpnf;t±k;H ’ pepfwus zG@J pnf;a&;twGuf &cdik jf ynf
vli,frsm;nDvmcHudk ‘ajrmifabG&mG ’ rSm (3) &uf=um nDvmcHusi;f ycJ+h yD; ‘ajrmifabG nDvmcH’ u
ae (tJ'w D ek ;f u 0&rf;xkwx f m;jcif;cH&qJ) q&mawmf OD;pdEmœ eJ@ Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;tm; 0&rf;xkwx f m;
jcif;rS tºuGi;f rJ±h w k o f rd ;f ay;&efe@J +Adwo d #ppfwyf/ ykvyd w f yfrsm;u &Gmvk;H u|wf rD;±_Œd / vk,uf/ rk'rd ;f
usi/hf zrf;qD;n‡O;f yef;aer_rsm;udk ±_wcf sa=umif; qk;H jzwfcsucf srw S f xkwaf zmfc=hJ uygw,f?
&cdik jf ynf Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm ta&;ygwhJ ‘ajrykw H yfaygi;f pk nDvmcH}uD;’ ay:xGe;f a&;
twGuf &cdik jf ynf jynfo@l vw G v f yfa&;tzG@J csKyf[m t"dutcef;u yg0ifóud;yrf;cJ+h yD; ‘ajrykn H v D mcH’
udk 1947/ {+yDv -1 &ufae@r-S 3 &ufae@txd usi;f ycJyh gw,f? ajrykn H vD mcHukd obmywdtjzpf
OD;pdEmœ uaqmif&u G +f yD; tusK;d aqmif (tcrf;tem;rSL;) tjzpf bkaH yguo f mausmu f aqmif&u G cf yhJ g
w,f? ajrykw H yfaygi;f pknv D mcHrmS &cdik w f ikd ;f zqyv/ &cdik w f ikd ;f jynfo@l &aJ bmf/ &ckid jf ynf jynfo@l vw G f
vyfa&;tzG@J csKyf/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (&cdik w f ikd ;f ) eJ@ tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygww D @kd uvnf; yg0ifwuf
a&mufc=hJ uwJt h jyif pwifziG v fh pS w f hJ {+yD-1 &ufae@rmS jynfrrS Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;/ OD;AaqG/ OD;atmifZH
a0eJ@ Adv k rf LS ;rif;vGiw f @kd yg a&muf&v dS mcJ=h uygw,f? Akv d cf sKyf atmifqef;/ OD;AaqGe@J tvHeD &JeaD tmifvif;
wd@k ukd tOD;qk;H w&m;a[mcGiafh y;cJyh gw,f? OD;pdEmœ u “Adv k cf sKyfw@kd zqyv [m tacsmiform;tzG@J v@kd
pGypf aJG 0zefc+hJ yD; ‘a&G;aumufyeJG @J vw G vf yfa&;&r,fqw kd m tacsmiform;jzpfw,f? vGwv f yfa&;udk
a&G;aumufyeJG @J r&/ olyek x f wdu k , f rl S &r,f’ vd@k ajymqdak 0zefco hJ vdk tvHeD &JeD atmifvif;uvnf;
85
0if;wifhxGef;
xef;wyif aoewfypfrt _ a&;tcif;rSm OD;atmifqef;ue,fcsŒJ orm;udk 'l;axmuft±_;H ay;wm jzpf
w,fq+kd yD; a0zefajymqdw k t hJ wGuf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; pdwq f ;kd xjyefomG ;cJw h ,fv@kd qdyk gw,f?
zqyv =um;jzwftpk;d & vufxuftwGi;f &ckid w f idk ;f rif;}uD; OD;ausmu f &ckid w f idk ;f +idr0f yfyjd ym;
a&;twGuf (11-5-1947) ae@rmS ppfom; (1000) awmif;qkcd &hJ mrS tpk;d &uppfom; (2000) ,l&ef cGiðhf y
cJ+h yD; &ckid jf ynf jynfo@l vw G vf yfa&;tzG@J csKyfe@J tzG@J csKyfacgi;f aqmifra_ tmuf&dS &ckid v f il ,ftpnf;t±k;H
tygt0if &ckid w f yfaygi;f pk olyek af wGtay: 1947 ckEpS x f rJ mS vku d vf zH rf;qD;wku d cf u dk rf a_ wG vkycf yhJ gw,f?
1949 ckEpS x f J rSm bkaH yguo f mausmef @J OD;pdEmœ wk@d tzG@J awG awmfawmfxcd u dk q f ;Hk ±H;_ r_awG &Scd yhJ gw,f?
1955 ckEpS x f rJ mS awmh bkaH yguo f mausmOf ;D aqmifwhJ “&ckid v f il ,f tpnf;t±k;H ” 0ifawG rif;
jym;rSm vufeufcscyhJ gw,f? bkaH yguo f mausmef @J twl OD;xGe;f jr/ OD;atmifjrom/ OD;cspo f ed ;f / OD;xGe;f vif;/
OD;uH}uD;/ OD;omausmaf tmif/ OD;xGe;f jzLwk@d tygt0if tiftm; (700) vufeufcscw hJ m jzpfygw,f?
1958 Zefe0g&rD mS awmh t"duacgi;f aqmifjzpfwhJ OD;pdEmœ eJ@ &ckid jf ynfo@l vw G v f yfa&;ygwu D , dk f
wkid v f J 'Dru dk a&pDe@J vufeufvv J ,
S af &;r_id ;f vk;H atmufrmS tpkvu dk tf ðyHvu dk f vufeufcsomG ;=uyg
awmhw,f?
(7) u&ifvil ,frsm; tpnf;t±k;H

Karen Youths Organization (KYO)
1945/ 'DZifbm-15 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? òrdŒe,fc±dik t f oD;oD;u u&ifvil ,frsm;udk
zdw=f um;+yD; oifwef;ay; zG@J pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f? Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGe@J vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf rJG mS
yg0ifaqmif&u G Ef ikd &f ef &nf&,G zf @JG pnf;cJw
h m jzpfygw,f? apmxGe;f pde/f apmjrifo h ed ;f / ref;0if;armif/
apmpHb;dk oif/ ref;bckid f pwJh yk*Kd~ vfrsm;u acgi;f aqmifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f?
1947/ azazmf0g&-D 5 &ufae@rmS autJe, f l (KNU) zG@J pnf;wJt h cg u&ifvil ,frsm;tpnf;t±k;H
(KYO) [m tiftm;pkwcktjzpf yg0ifc+hJ y;D 1947 wdi k ;f ðyjynfðy v$waf wmfa&G;aumufyu JG kd yg0if,OS òf yid f
oifrh oifh udpt P ay: oabmxm;uGjJ ym;&mu autJe, f t
l zG@J }uD;uae jyefvnf cGx J u G cf yhJ gw,f?
1947 ckEpS -f rwfv rSm u&ifvil ,frsm;tpnf;t±k;H (KYO) tjzpff oD;jcm; jyefvnfcaJG xmifygw,f?
1947 wdik ;f ðyjynfðy v$waf wmfa&G;aumufyrJG mS yg0if,OS òf ydif ta&G;cHcyhJ gw,f? apmpHb;kd oif/ ref;bcdik /f
ref;0if;armif (aemif-orRw}uD;) wd@k [m wkid ;f ðyjynfðy v$waf wmftrwfrsm;jzpfvmcJ=h u+yD; 1947
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya' a&;qGaJ &;aumfrwDrmS yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f? ref;bcdik [ f m Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;wd@k e@J twl vky=f uo H wfjzwfjcif;cHc&hJ wJh tmZmenfwOD;jzpfc+hJ y;D ref;0if;armife@J apmpHb;kd oif
wd@k [mvnf; vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+y;D p vGwv f yfaom jrefrmEdik if aH wmf&ŒJ yxrqk;H aomtpd;k &tzG@J rmS
0ef}uD;awGjzpfc=hJ uygw,f?
86
(8) jynfo@l &aJ bmftzG@J (jynfo@l &aJ bmfwyfz@JG )
People's Volunteer Organization (PVO)
1945/ 'DZifbm-1 &ufae@rmS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;acgi;f aqmifre_ @J pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mjcif;

jzpfygw,f?
7-9-1945 ae@ *END pmcsKyft& Armhwyfrawmfukd jyefvnfz@JG pnf;&wJt h cg ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d
a=umifh ArmhwyfrawmfrmS yg0ifciG rfh &awmhwhJ &Jabmfrsm;[m (25000) ausmf jzpfygw,f?
tJ'&D aJ bmfawGukd qufvufppk nf;xm;Edik af &;eJ@ Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;wdu k yf rJG mS qufvuf
yg0if v_y&f mS ;Edik af &;twGuf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ud, k w f ikd f uruxðyyg0ifz@JG pnf;cJw h m jzpfygw,f?
pwifz@JG pnf;p zG@J pnf;ykrH mS æ æ æ
wyfz@JG aoemywd - Akvd cf sKyfatmifqef;
'k-wyfz@JG aoemywd - Akv d rf LS ;atmif
taxGaxGXme}uD;rSL; - Akv d x f eG ;f vif;
aumfrwD0ifrsm; - Akv d v f a&mif
- Akv d zf ;dk uGe;f
- Akv d Af wif
- Akv d v f aS t;
- Akv d w f iftek ;f
- Akv d o f ed ;f wef
- Akv d af tmifrif;
- Akv
d yf k wd@k jzpf=uygw,f? w&m;0if xkwjf yefa=unmcJw h hJ &nf&,
G cf suf
rsm;uawmh æ æ æ
(1) ArmhwyfrawmfrS &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tm; xdu k o f ifo h vdk taxmufyahH y;&ef?
(2) Edik if uH muG,af &;twGuf ppfwyfuw kd ;kd csŒJ onfh tcgYvnf;aumif;/ t&efwyfz@JG rsm;zG@J onfh tcg
Yvnf;aumif; use;f rmoefprG ;f +yD; ppfynm0goemygonfh &Jabmfa[mif;rsm; yg0ifciG &hf ap&ef?
(3) &&S+d y;D ppfynmrsm;rarhaysmufapyJ xyfraH vhusiahf pI jynforl sm;udk wwfEikd o f r# ppfynmoifay;&ef?
(4) t&yfuif;rsm;zG@J tpd;k &tzG@J tpnf; jynfow l @kd EiS yhf ;l aygi;f I olc;kd "m;jy&efErdS Ef iS ;f jcif; ponfh
jynfo@l tusK;d ðy vkyif ef;rsm;vky&f efv@kd azmfjycJyh gw,f?
jynfo@l &aJ bmfwyfz@JG ukd ppfwyfz@JG pnf;ykt H wdik ;f zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD; ppf0wfprHk sm;0wfqifapum ppfa&;
avhusirhf r_ sm; ðyvkycf =hJ uygw,f? (e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd f vufatmuf (18-5-1946 xef;wyif ta&;tcif;)
jzpfay:cJ&h wm[m xef;wyif jynfo@l &aJ bmfrsm; ppf0wfp0Hk wf ppfa&;jyr_ukd wm;qD;ydwyf ifzrf;qD;&mu
jynfo@l &aJ bmfrsm;eJ@v,form;rsm;yg pDwef;vSnv hf nfqENjy=ujcif;udk t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u aoewfe@J
ypfcwf òzdccJG w hJ ma=umifh ay:aygucf &hJ jcif;jzpfygw,f)?
‘jynfo@l &aJ bmf’ [m ‘zqyv’ wyfaygi;f pk tzG@J csKyf}uD;twGi;f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D
87
0if;wifhxGef;
Armjynf qd&k , S v f pfygww D @kd enf;wl trmcHtiftm;pkwcktjzpf yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ tpd;k &
uawmh ‘jynfo@l &aJ bmf’ udk ‘zqyv’ &JŒ cg;ydu k af qmifwyfz@JG tjzpf ±_jrifcyhJ gw,f?
jynfo@l &aJ bmftzG@J twGi;f rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D kd vdv k m;axmufco H al wGa&m qd&k , S v f pf
ygwu D kd vdv k m;axmufco H al wGyg yg0ifco hJ vdk &Jabmfa[mif;awGa&m aemufr0S ifa&mufyg0ifvmol
awGyg&adS ecJ+h yD; ta&;ygwt hJ zG@J tpnf;}uD;w&yf jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? tzG@J 0iftiftm;vnf; tifrwefrsm;
jym;cJyh gw,f? Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef;OD;aqmifra_ tmufrmS ‘jynfo@l &aJ bmf’ rsm;[m e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;
vGwv f yfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_ vlxk wdu k yf aJG wGtwGi;f yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f?
1946/ pufwifbm-27 &ufrmS Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;[m bk&ifct H r_aqmifaumifprD mS 'k-OuUÏ
jzpfvm+yD;wJah emuf jynfo@l &aJ bmftzG@J }uD; =oZmydw k ufvmovdk zqyv twGi;f &Sd jynfo@l &aJ bmfe@J
qd&k ,S v f pfrsm;&JŒyËdyuQ[mvnf; ydrk }kd uD;rm;vmcJyh gw,f?
1946/ atmufwb kd m-10 &ufae@rmS zqyv tzG@J csKyf}u;D twGi;f uae ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD
udk xkwyf ,fypfvu kd w f u hJ pd eP @J pufwifbmtwGi;f uxkwjf yefcw hJ hJ jynfo@l &aJ bmfwyfz@JG &ŒJ taxGaxG
!¸e=f um; csut f rSwf (4) eJ@ trSwf (6) tay: rausvnf vufrcHEikd rf r_ sm;a=umifh yxrqk;H t}udrf
jynfo@l &aJ bmftwGi;f òydurJG }_ uD; jzpfay:vmcJyh gw,f? (!¸e=f um;csuf trSwf 4 eJ@ trSwf 6 uawmh
‘jynfo@l &aJ bmfwyfz@JG [m Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;u oD;jcm;aqmif&u G af omvkyif ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif
&Gujf cif;r&Sad p&’ qdw k hJ wm;jrpfcsujf zpfygw,f?)
1946/ atmufwb kd m-10 &ufae@aemufyikd ;f Adv k o f ed ;f wef/ Adv k af tmifrif;wd@k OD;pD;+yD; jynfo@l
&Jabmfu aecGx J u G +f yD; ‘wyfe’D tjzpf axmifygw,f? Akv d o f ed ;f wef/ Akv d af tmifrif;wd@k e@J twl Akv d yf /k
Akv
d rf sK;d jrif/h Advk t f ;Hk ausm/f Adv k af tmif}uD; ([oFmw) wd@k yg0if=uygw,f?
1947/ {+yv D wkid ;f ðyjynfðy v$waf wmfa&G;aumufyrJG mS ‘jynfo@l &aJ bmf’ rsm;vnf; 0ifa&mufa&G;
cs,cf cH =hJ u+yD; wkid ;f ðyjynfðy v$waf wmftrwfjzpfvm=uolawG trsm;tjym;&Scd ±hJ rHk u ,m,Dtpd;k &
tzG@J rmS 0ef}uD; jzpfco hJ al wGvnf; &Scd yhJ gw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; usq;Hk &+yD;aemuf Armjynf vGwv f yfa&;a=unmEdik +f yD;aemuf ‘zqyv’
wGi;f rSm qd&k , S v f pf jynfo@l &aJ bmftm;òydirf _ txGwt f xdyaf &mufvmcJyh gw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD; p
wifc&hJ +yD;aemuf 1948/ arvrSm vuf0n J ! D w G af &;rl ±kyv f ;Hk azmf=uwJt h cg ‘Ekr’l eJ@ ‘&Jabmfr’l qd+k yD;
rl (2) rl xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? tJ'rD l (2) rltay: &yfwnfqyk u f ikd rf r_ wl=u&mu jynfo@l &aJ bmfwyfz@JG
twGi;f &JabmfjzL-&Jabmf0g ESpjf crf;uGyJ gw,f? &JabmfjzLqdw k mu vufarmif;rSm OD;xkyrf mS tjzLywf
xm;wJt h wGuf &JabmfjzLvd@k ac:wmjzpf+yD;/ &Jabmf0guawmh vufarmif;rSm OD;xkyrf mS t0gywfxm;
ygw,f? &JabmfjzLudk Adv k zf ;kd uGe;f / Adv k xf ed 0f if;/ Adv k xf eG ;f vif;wd@k acgi;f aqmif+yD;/ &Jabmf0gukd Akv d rf LS ;
atmif/ Akv d pf ed rf eS w f @kd u acgi;f aqmifcyhJ gw,f? wjynfv;Hk jynfo@l &aJ bmf (6) aomif;ausmrf mS (65
&mcdik Ef e_ ;f ) [m &JabmfjzLawGjzpfcyhJ gw,f? &JabmfjzLawG&ŒJ ‘&Jabmfr’l [m vuf0n J ! D wG af &;vkyzf @kd
qd&k if tpd;k &udk vufeufuikd w f ukd cf u
kd af ewJh uGejf rLepfawGyg yg0if&r,f? uGejf rLepfawGrygyJ vuf0n J D
!Gwaf &;ratmifjrifEikd q f w kd myJ jzpfygw,f? ‘Ekr’l u tJ't D csuu f kd jiif;y,fygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfe@J
&Jabmf0grsm;u ‘Ekr’l bufu &yfwnfc=hJ uygw,f? &JabmfjzLu tpd;k &tzJ@G twGi;f u E_wx f u G w f hJ
88
tcsed rf mS &Jabmf0grsm;om tpd;k &tzG@J e@J twl &yfwnfuse&f pfygw,f?
jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; qd&k , S v f pf OD;ausm+f idr;f u 1948/ Zlvikd -f 29 &ufae@rmS &JabmfjzLawGukd
0ifa&muf zrf;qD;ygw,f? Adv k zf ;kd uGe;f vGwaf jrmufomG ;ovdk 'k-OuUÏAkv d v f a&mife@J acgi;f aqmifwpfcsKŒd
vnf; wdr;f a&Smif yke;f cd=k u&wJb h 0a&mufc=hJ u&+yD; Zlvikd v f xJrmS yJ &JabmfjzLawG tpkvu kd tf ðyHvu kd f
awmcd=k u&ygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD awmcdv k ufeufuikd &f r_e@J pwifc&hJ wJh Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf
}u;D [m ‘jynfo@l &aJ bmf’ awmcdv k ufeufuikd &f r_e@J aygi;f pyfvu kd wf thJ cg ydrk kd t&Sed &f vm&ygawmhw,f?
1949 ckEpS -f ESpq f ef;rSm u&ifvufeufuikd v f y_ &f mS ;r_}uD; ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD; ‘&efuek t f pd;k &’
vd@k ac:a0:&wJt h xd zqyv tpd;k &rsujf zLqdu k &f csed rf mS ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD KNU/ KNDO wd@k
vdk awmcd&k aJ bmfjzLrsm;[mvnf; =oZmtm%mjzef@=uufxm;Edik w f hJ e,fajra'oeJ@ òrdŒaygi;f rsm;pGm
odr;f ydu
k x f m; Edik cf w hJ hJ tajctae&Scd yhJ gw,f? tJ'u D mvrSm a'owcsKŒd u &JabmfjzL (jynfo@l &aJ bmf)
rsm;[m tpd;k &eJ@ jyefvnfy;l aygi;f +yD; u&ifukd wdu k cf u kd cf =hJ uygw,f? &JabmfjzLtrsm;pk}uD;uawmh
zq-qd&k , S t f pd;k &udyk J OD;wnfqef@usiw f u
kd cf ukd cf =hJ u+yD; vuf00J g'rD sm;tjzpf cH,al ºuG;a=umfc=hJ uyg
w,f? tpd;k udq k ef@usiw f u kd cf u kd +f yD; vufeufuikd v f y_ &f mS ;cJ=h upOf umvwavsmuftwGi;f emrnf
xif&mS ;vlord sm;cJw h hJ &JabmfjzL (jynfo@l &aJ bmf) acgi;f aqmifrsm;uawmh Adv k zf ;kd uGe;f / Adv
k x f eG ;f vif;/
Adv k x
f ed 0f if;/ Advk ! f eG @f armif/ Adv k af tmifEikd /f Adv k t f ;Hk wif/ Adv k af tmif!eG @f pwJyh *k K~d vfrsm;jzpf=uygw,f?
1958 ckEpS rf mS oef@&iS ;f zqyv tpd;k &&JŒ (1) vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGiafh y;rnf/ (2) ygwu D kd w&m;
0if &yfwnfciG afh y;rnfqw kd hJ a=unmcsuaf tmuf/ OD;Ek&ŒJ tmCmwrxm;a&; oifyek ;f acsa&;rde@f ceG ;f
atmuf/ 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vufeufvv J ,S af &;t,ltq rdi_ ;f vk;H rsm;atmufrmS jynfo@l &aJ bmf (&JabmfjzL)
rsm; tpktvdu k t f ðyv H u kd f vufeufpeG @f c=hJ uygw,f? Oya'wGi;f tzG@J tpnf;tjzpf &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;vm
cJ=h uygw,f?
1962 ckEpS /f Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;ppftpd;k & tm%modr;f wufa&mufvmcJ+h yD;aemuf 1964 ck
ESp/f trsK;d om; pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf u _ kd umuG,o f nfOh ya'qdw k meJ@ ajray:&Sd Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rSef
or#ukd zsuo f rd ;f ypfwt hJ cg jynfo@l &aJ bmftzG@J }uD;vnf; edXw d oH mG ;cJ&h ygw,f?
1988-&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ tusK;d qufEikd if aH &;ygwaD wG jyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnf&cdS iG fh
&vmwJh tcsed rf mS awmh ‘jynfo@l &aJ bmftzG@J ’ vnf; wausmjh yef zG@J pnf;ay:xGuv f mwmawG@&ygw,f?
jynfo@l &aJ bmf acgi;f aqmifa[mif; Akv d af tmifEikd u f OD;pD;+yD; zG@J pnf;ay:xGucf w hJ mjzpfygw,f?
1946-azazmf0g&v D xJrmS uGejf rLepfygwD (Armjynf) qd+k y;D ay:ayguv

f mcJyh gw,f? 'gayrJh tvHeD
uGejf rLepfygwv
D @kd yJ ac:a0:cJ=h uygw,f? tkypf ;kd oltqufqufuawmh tvHe/D epfev D @kd uifyeG ;f wyf
ac:a0:cJh =uygw,f?
tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuaecGJxGuf+yD; xlaxmifvdkufwJh
ygwjD zpfygw,f?
89
0if;wifhxGef;
1945/ Zlvikd rf mS usi;f ywJh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD 'kw, d uGe*f &ufrwdik rf t D xd ocifp;kd [m
Armjynf uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; jzpfcyhJ gw,f? uGe*f &ufusi;f yaeqJumvrSm
ocifp;kd &JŒtdraf xmif a&;jy\emay:aygucf +hJ yD; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D ta&;,lcyhJ gw,f? taxG
axGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpfuae ,m,D z,f&mS ;xm;cJyh gw,f?
tJ''D w k ,d uGe*f &uft+yD;rSm ocifp;kd &JŒ tdraf xmifa&;udpt P ygt0if 0g'a&;&moabmxm;
uGvJ rJG a_ wG ygwx D yd yf ikd ;f twGi;f ay:ayguv f mcJ+h y;D ocifp;kd eJ@ocifp;kd &JŒ vrf;pOft,ltq acgi;f aqmifr_
udk ,k=H unfouf0if vufc=H uwJh ocifwifjrtygt0if A[dak umfrwD0if (7) OD;[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygwt D wGi;f uae cGx J u G v f u kd =f uum tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygwt D jzpf xlaxmifEikd =f ujcif;jzpfygw,f?
tacsmiform;rsm;eJ@vrf;cGv J u kd &f jcif;[m }uD;pGmaomatmifyjJG zpfw,f awmfveS af &;twGuf
tmrcHcsujf zpfw,fqw kd hJ aºuG;a=umfoaH wGe@J ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D v kd nf; qef@usiw f u kd cf u
kd yf g
w,f? e,fcsŒJ orm;udk jywfjywfom;om;wdu k cf ukd &f r,f? t=urf;zuf tkºH uGwu kd cf u kd &f r,fv@kd vnf;
xkwaf zmf aºuG;a=umf+yD; qefvyk rJG sm;/ pyg;vkyrJG sm;/ tiwfwyf}uD; csw D ufqENjyyGrJ sm;udv k nf; azmf
xkwv f yk af qmifcyhJ gw,f? t=urf;zufvyk af qmifra_ wGukd a&SŒwef;wif taumiftxnfazmfc=hJ uyg
w,f?
zqyv tzG@J csKyfu tzG@J csKyftwGi;f rSm ocifp;kd &JŒtvHeu D kd vufcjH cif;rðycJyh g? acwWb&k ifcH
qm[ife&DEu kd uf vnf; tvHeu D kd 1946 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ rw&m;oif;a=unmcJw h t hJ wGuf ajratmufygwD
tjzpf usa&mufcyhJ gw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; =um;jzwftpd;k &vufxufrmS tvHeyD gwu D kd rw&m;
oif; a=unmxm;jcif;uae jyefvnf±w k o f rd ;f ay;cJah o;ayrJh 1947-Zefe0g&v D xJrmS rw&m;oif;
tjzpf xyfraH =unmjcif;cH&jyefygw,f?
‘ao&Jwm tvHe/D owf&w J m tvHe’D qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfopH um;vk;H ajymifajymife@J vuf0t J
vGef tu|v H rf;pOfukd azmfaqmif&if; t=urf;zufvyk af qmifra_ wGukd qufwu kd vf yk u f ikd cf yhJ gw,f?
Edik if aH &;=oZmt&/ tiftm;t& ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwaD vmuf }uD;rm;us,jf yef@rr_ &Sad yrJh
zsmyk/H yckuLU eJ@ &cdik b f ufrmS tiftm;toift h wif&h cdS +hJ yD; vGwv f yfa&;ra=unmEdik af o;cif 1946-
Zlvikd v f uwnf;u awmcdv k ufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf; jzpfcyhJ gw,f? atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyf/
Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyfw@kd ukd tjyif;txefuef@uu G ±f w
_ cf sc+hJ yD; vuf0t J vGet f u|v H rf;pOftwdik ;f yJ
awmufavsmuf oGm;cJyh gw,f?
Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;a=unm+y;D aemuf r=umrD jynfwiG ;f ppf}u;D ay:ayguv f mwJt h cgrmS vnf;
awmwGi;f a&muftzG@J tpnf;awGtwGi;f tvHe/D ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D jynfo@l &aJ bmf (3) ygwD
nD!w G af &; wnfaqmufvyk u f ikd cf =hJ uao;ayrJh tajccHtm;jzifh tm%m&tpd;k &udk OD;wnfwu kd cf u kd f
v_y&f mS ;wmxuf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D kd OD;wnfwu kd cf u
kd cf whJ mu rsm;ygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemufyikd ;f ausmif;om;vli,ftzG@J tpnf;wcsKŒd twGi;f ‘tvHe’D vdv k m;ol
awG&cdS +hJ yD; ocifp;kd }uD;&JŒ pum;vk;H ajymifajymif oabmw&m;wnfwnf}uD;rsm;&JŒ zrf;pm;r_ukd cH,o l
abmusoal wGvnf; &Scd yhJ gw,f?
Advk cf sKyfae0if; ppftpd;k &wufvm+yD;aemuf 1963 ckEpS rf mS ðyvkycf w hJ hJ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;
90
awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGrJ mS tvHeu D eG jf rLeDygwD apmapmpD;pD;wufvm+y;D aqG;aEG;cJo h vdk ppftpd;k &&JŒ apmapm
pD;pD; awmwGi;f jyefy@kd jcif;cH&wJt h zG@J }uD;vnf; jzpfygw,f? ocifp;kd }uD;u olaqG;aEG;ajymqdv k wkd hJ o
abmw&m;}uD;awGawmif +yD;pD;atmif rajym&ao;/ qufvufaqG;aEG;yg&apvk@d awmif;qdak o;ayrJh
ppftpd;k &u vufcaH qG;aEG;vd@k tusK;d r&SEd ikd q f +kd yD; jyefy@kd cyhJ gw,f?
1972 rSm tvHeyD gwD taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf ocifp;kd }uD;ud, k w f ikd f ajray:wufvmcJyh g
w,f? ocifp;kd u ud, k w
f ikd af jray:wuf tzrf;cHaqG;aEG;&efvmwmvd@k ajymqdak yrJh ppftpd;k &u zrf;
qD;&rdwmvd@k ajymqd+k y;D ±k;H wifw&m;pGq J ykd gw,f? ocifp;kd u jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygw0D ifvakd =umif;
ajymao;w,fqkd ygw,f? rqv ppftpd;k &u axmif'%fwpfoufwpfu|e;f csvu kd +f yD; 1980 jynfrh mS
vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGifh trde@f trSwf 2§80 eJ@ ocifp;kd udk v$waf y;vdu k yf gw,f? bmEdik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_rS
vkyu f ikd Ef idk jf cif;r&Sad wmhyg? ocifp;kd ud, k w f ikd f ajray:wufvmcJw h hJ 1972 avmufup+yD; tvHeD uGef
jrLepfygwD Zmwford ;f oGm;cJ+h yv D @kd a,bk,s aumufcsucf s&vdrrhf ,fjzpfygw,f? vuf0t J vGet f u|v H rf;
a=umif;/ vuf0pJ eG ;f uae vuf,m pGe;f od@k wikd f ul;ajymif;a&muf&o dS mG ;cJ+h y;D ed*;Hk csKyof mG ;&wmjzpfygw,f?
tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygwD ouf0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJph OftwGi;f xif&mS ;cJ=h uwJh tvHeaD cgi;f aqmifrsm;u
awmh ocifp;kd / ocifazaÏ;/ &JeaD usm0f if;/ &JeaD omfwm/ &JerD ,fa':aiGpH pwJyh *k K~d vfawGjzpfygw,f?
(10) &efuek cf ±kid f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (&uo)
ppf+y;D acwfrmS 1946 rSm &efuek cf ±kid f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (&uo) udk OuUÏtjzpf udo k ef;xGe;f
(aemif-a'guw f moef;xGe;f ) eJ@ udn k n D D (aemif-pma&;q&m vif;,keef )D wd@k OD;aqmif+yD; jyefvnf
zG@J pnf;v_y&f mS ; cJyh gw,f?
1946 ZGev f rSm &uo OuUÏ udo k ef;xGe;f u t,f'w D mtjzpfaqmif&u G +f y;D / udnk nD D (vif;,keef )D
u wm0efcx H w d hJ ‘ausmif;om;[pfwikd ’f owif;pm xkwaf 0xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? Ù10
k af 0jzef@csw
1947 rSm udo k ef;xGe;f ‘Auo’ OuUÏtjzpf a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufc&H +y;D wJah emuf &uo OuUÏ
tjzpf udn k n D D (vif;,keef )D u qufvufO;D aqmifcyhJ gw,f? 1947-48 ynmoifEpS rf mS &efuek cf ±dik f
ausmif;om;or*~ (&uo) uae ‘qd&k , S v f pf0g'’ qdw k m bmvJqw kd mudk a[majymay;zd@k Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygwu D akd &m qk&d , S v f pfygwu D ydk g zdw=f um;+yD; a[majymapcJyh gw,f? Auyu vufc+H yD;
ocifoef;òrdi/f ocifwifxeG ;f eJ@ &Jabmfatmif}uD;wd@k wufa&mufa[majymay;cJ=h uayrJh qd&k , S v
f pfyg
wDuawmh jiif;y,fcyhJ gw,f?
1948-49 &JŒ &uo OuUÏ udn k n D D (vif;,keef )D u OD;pD;+yD; ukeaf ps;E_e;f usqif;a&;twGuf
a&$w*d b Hk &k m; paeaxmifh wefaqmif;rSm &uou OD;aqmifwhJ qENjytpnf;ta0;udk usi;f ycJyh gw,f?
1949 ESpOf ;D ydik ;f rSmjzpfymG ;cJw h hJ tif;pdew f u
kd yf rJG sm;a=umifh ydwx
f m;&wJw h uUov kd ef @J txufwef;
ausmif;rsm; jyefziG cfh sed rf mS (wcsKŒd aom Auo/ wuo/ &uo acgi;f aqmifrsm; tzrf;cH&ol&dS awm
xJ a&mufomG ;ol&dS jzpfae&&mrSm) 1949 xJrmS yJ ‘&uo pnf;±k;H a&; aumfrwD’ udk (1) udpk ;kd ode;f /
(2) udw k ifxw G /f (3) udpk ;kd Edik /f (4) udck ifarmif!eG @f / (5) ud^k m%fxeG ;f / (6) udt k ;Hk armif/ (7) udw k if
91
0if;wifhxGef;
armif/ (8) roef;oef;jr/ (9) rarar&Dw@kd e@J zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
wuo taqmuftODrmS ausmif;om;or*~rsm;udzk w d =f um;+y;D ‘&uo’udk w&m;0if jyefvnf
zG@J pnf;wJt h cgrmS awmh æ æ æ
(1) udpk ;kd ode;f - OuUÏ
(2) udw k ifxw G f - twGi;f a&;rSL; (aemif-armfueG ;f xde;f -aq; 1)
(3) udt k ;Hk armif - pnf;±k;H a&;rSL;
(4) udx k eG ;f ºuG,f - jyef=um;a&;rSL;
(5) udjk rifo h ed ;f
(6) roef;oef;/
(7) rarar&D wd@k e@J w&m;0if ‘&uo’ jyefvnfz@JG pnf; ay:ayguv f mcJh ygawmhw,f?
&uo [m ay:ayguv f mcsed u
f p+yD; Auo/ wuo eJ@twl ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;eJ@
Edik if t
H a&;v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;i,f taxGaxG=um;xJrmS tcsed ef @J wajy;nD wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;
&yfwnfcyhJ gw,f?
1962 Akv d cf sKyfae0if;acgi;f aqmifwhJ ppftpd;k &wufvmcsed rf mS vnf; ppftpd;k &JŒ tm%m
odr;f wuf vmr_ukd ‘&uo’ u uef@uu G ±f w
_ cf sc+hJ yD; (7) &uf-Zlvikd f ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;jzpfcge;D Zlvikd f
(3) &ufae@rmS vnf; &efuek cf ±dik w f ef;jrifh ausmif;xGupf mar;yGzJ suo f rd ;f r_ukd uef@uuG w f q
hJ ENjyyGJ
w&yfukd ‘&uo’ u }uD;rSL;um wuo taqmuftOD}uD;twGi;f usi;f yðyvkycf yhJ gw,f? &uo
OuUÏ udzk ;kd xifu obmywdðyvky+f yD; Auo OuUÏ udo k uf/ wuo OuUÏ udAk aqGav;wd@k pum;
ajymcJ=h uygw,f?
(7) &ufZv l ikd af e@rmS vnf; tm%mydik rf sm;zufuae wuUov kd f e,fajrxJtxd0if+yD; ausmif;
om; acgi;f aqmifawGukd twif;ywif;vdu k v f zH rf;qD;&mrSm &uo twGi;f a&;rSL; ud^k m%f0if; t
zrf;cHc&hJ ygw,f? Ù11
1988 &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD; ay:xGe;f vmwJt h csed rf mS vnf; ‘&uo’ qdw k hJ &efuek cf ±dik f
ausmif;om;or*~&ŒJ toHwausmjh yef xGuaf y:zG@J pnf;ay:ayguw f m=um;&ygw,f?
(11) &Sr;f jynf vGwv

f yfa&;tzG@J (&yv)
&Sr;f jynfvw
G v
f yfa&;tzG@J (&yv) udk 1946/ pufwifbm-20 &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
&Sr;f jynfya'o&mZfpepfukd qef@usi&f rHG ek ;f wJh ya'o&mZfqef@usiaf &;tjrife@J wd;k wufwhJ Edik if aH &;tjrif
t,ltq&Sd &Sr;f trsK;d om;vli,frsm;u OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? ya'o&mZfpepf wdu k zf suf
a&;/ ArmjynfreJ@twly;l aygi;f +yD; vGwv f yfa&;t&,la&;wd@k ukd t"du&nf&, G cf sux
f m;+yD; zG@J pnf;ay:
aygucf w hJ m jzpfygw,f?
‘&yv’ udk OuUÏ a'guw f mcGeo f mat;/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; awmif}uD; OD;xGe;f jrif/h
b¾ma&;rSL; OD;bat;wd@k e@J pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpf+yD; tzG@J 0ifawGuawmh OD;pHaz/ OD;xGe;f az/ OD;tk;H az
92
(vG,v f if)/ Adv k b f &D/ OD;pHwifh (pHwif-h &Sr;f jynf)/ OD;vSrif; (rd;k eJ)/ OD;at;armif (rd;k rdw)f / OD;oef;az
(rd;k rdw)f / OD;xGe;f OD; (oDayg) wd@k jzpfygw,f? zG@J pnf;+yD; (2) veD;yg;t=umrSm &yv udk &Sr;f jynf jynfo@l
vGwv f yfa&;tzG@J v@dk vJ ajymif;vJac:a0: cJ+h yD; tr_aqmifaumfrwDuv kd nf; jyifqifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
tr_aqmif aumfrwDopfuawmh æ æ æ
1/ OD;cGeaf pm (yif;w,) - OuUÏ
2/ OD;bZH - 'k - OuUÏ
3/ OD;xGe;f jrifh (awmif}uD;) - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
4/ OD;xGe;f tHh (anmifa&$) - wGb J uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
5/ OD;wif{ - ynma&;rSL;
6/ OD;xGe;f az - jyef=um;a&;rSL;
7/ OD;a&$t;Hk - b¾ma&;rSL;
8/ OD;cGex f ;D (yifv)Hk - pnf;±k;H a&;rSL; wd@k jzpfygw,f?
1947-Zefe0g&rD mS Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;acgi;f aqmifwt hJ zG@J t*FvefomG ;+y;D Armhvw G vf yfa&;udpP
awG@qakH qG;aEG;&if; Armjynfvw G vf yfa&;ay;r,fq&kd if &Sr;f jynftygt0if awmifwef;a'otm;vH;k yg
waygi;f wpnf;wnf; vGwv f yfa&;ay;zd@k awmif;qdpk Of &Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm;u Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m
&Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm;&JŒ ud, k pf m;vS,rf [kwaf =umif; t*Fvef0ef}uD;csKyfqD oHóud;±du k t f a=umif;=um;
uef@uu G f cJyh gw,f? tJ't D cg ‘&yv’ acgi;f aqmifawGjzpfwhJ OD;cGeaf pm/ OD;cGex f ;D / OD;bZH/ OD;wif{/ OD;
xGe;f jrifw h @kd O;D pD;+yD; awmif}uD;eJ@oaD ygòrdŒrsm;rSm vlxt k pnf;ta0;yG}J uD;usi;f yum Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;
[m &Sr;f vlx&k ŒJ ud, k pf m; vS,jf zpf±rHk u Adv k cf sKyf&ŒJ wifjyawmif;qdrk a_ wGuykd g vlx}k uD;uaxmufcH
a=umif; t*Fvef0ef}u;D csKyfqD jyefveS f oHóu;d ±du k jf ycJ=h uygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk axmufc0H ef;&HchJ
=uygw,f?
1947/ azazmf0g&-D 12 yifvn kH vD mcH}uD;rSmvnf; ‘&yv’ &JŒacgi;f aqmifawGjzpfwhJ OD;cGeaf pm/
OD;xGe;f jrifh (awmif}u;D )/ OD;cGex f ;D (yifv)kH / OD;wif{wd@k wufa&mufaqG;aEG;cJ=h uygw,f? ordik ;f 0ifyifvpkH m
csKyfrmS &Sr;f jynf vlxu k , kd pf m;vS,af wGtjzpf yg0ifvufrw S x f ;kd cJ=h uygw,f?
‘&yv’ [m &Sr;f jynfEikd if aH &;ordik ;f rSm ta&;ygwhJ Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;/ ya'o&mZfqef@usif
a&;eJ@ wd;k wufwt hJ jrif&w dS hJ Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;}u;D jzpfco hJ vdk ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ordik ;f rSmvnf; ta&;yg
wJah qmif&u G rf a_ wG&cdS w hJ hJ tzG@J tpnf;}uD;vd@k rSww f rf;wif&ygvrd rhf ,f? 1961 ckEpS w f 0du k rf mS Edik if aH &;
ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;=um; xif&mS ;v_ycf wfcw hJ hJ “&Sr;f rl” qdw k hJ “zuf'&,fr”l [m awmif}uD; OD;xGe;f
jrifh wm0efcH azmfjycJw h rhJ jl zpfygw,f? 1962 ppftpd;k & wufvmvmcsi;f pwifzrf;qD;xde;f odr;f cH&olawG
txJrmS &yv acgi;f aqmifawGjzpfwhJ OD;xGe;f jrifh (awmif}uD;) eJ@ OD;cGex f ;D wd@k yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
(12) wyfeD
1946/ atmufwb
kd mvtwGi;f rSm ay:ayguv
f mcJyh gw,f? “zqyv’ tzG@J csKyftwGi;f uae
93
0if;wifhxGef;
Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwu D kd xkwyf ,fypfvu kd cf sed rf mS zqyvtwGi;f &Sd jynfo@l &aJ bmfrsm;xJu Armjynf
uGejf rLepf ygwv D v kd m;olrsm; zqyv xkwyf ,fypfjcif;udk vufrcHEikd o f rl sm;uae “wyfe”D udk cGJ
axmifvu kd =f uwm jzpfygw,f? wyfeaD oemywdtjzpf Adv k o
f ed ;f wef/ wyfeAD v kd cf sKyftjzpf Adv k af tmif
rif;jzpf+yD;/ Adv
k yf /k Advk rf sK;d jrif/h Adv
k t f ;kH ausm/f Adv
k af tmif}uD; ([oFmw) pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawG[m wyfeaD cgi;f
aqmifawG jzpfvm=uygw,f?
&rnf;oif;c±dik rf mS Adv k w f m&m[m xif&mS ;wJh wyfeaD cgi;f aqmifwa,mufjzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
Adv
k wf m&m&JŒvufatmufrmS Adv k af usmv f S OD;pD;wyf&if;/ Adv k wf ift;kH OD;pD;wyf&if;/ Adv k 0f if;a&$ OD;pD;
wyf&if;/ Adv k &f x
J eG ;f OD;pD;wyf&if;awG&cdS +hJ yD; e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;wdu k yf aJG wG azmfc=hJ uygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;ra=unmEdik cf if e,fcsŒJ orm;udOk ;D wnfwu kd cf u
kd wf hJ v,fa0;v,form; olyek f
v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;udk wyferD sm;u 0dik ;f &Hyg0ifun l cD =hJ uygw,f? 1948 Auy awmcd&k csed rf mS awmh a,bk,s
tm;jzifh wyfeD trsm;pk}uD;[m Auy &JŒ jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;wyfrawmf azmfxw k zf @JG pnf;&mrSm
yg0ifomG ;=uygw,f?
&cdkifwyfeD? ? &ckid jf ynf oHwcJG ±kid rf mS vJ &ckid wf yfeD &Scd +hJ yD;/ jynfo@l &aJ bmfawG tusiphf m&dwW
azmufjyefae=uwJt h wGuf ‘wyfe’D tjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;ay:ayguf vmcJyh g
w,f? 1947 rSm rw&m;oif;tjzpf a=unmcHc&hJ wJt h wGuf vufeufuidk af wmck=d u&+yD; &ckid w f yfeD
tjzpf vlord sm;cJyh gw,f? &ckid w f yfeuD adk cgi;f aqmifc=hJ uolawGuawmh OD;cspo f ed ;f / OD;bwif/ OD;xGe;f ESp?f
OD;pHxeG ;f / OD;pH0if;/ OD;ausmv f S pwJyh *k K~ v
d af wGjzpf=uygw,f?
(13) u&iftrsK;d om; tpnf;t±k;H

Karen National Union (KNU)
u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t±k;H udk 1947/ azazmf0g&-D 5 &ufae@rmS &efuek òf rdŒrSm pwifz@JG pnf;ay:
xGe;f cJyh gw,f? wcsKŒd u u&iftrsKd ;om;tzG@J csKyfv@kd vnf; ac: =uwm&Syd gw,f? &efuek òf rdŒ Aifwef t
xdr;f trSwcf ef;r rSm 1947/ azazmf0g&-D 5 &ufrS 7 &ufae@txd u&iftrsK;d om;uGe*f &ufusi;f ycJ+h yD;
zG@J pnf;cJw
h mjzpfygw,f? u&ifA[dt k zG@J csKyf (od@k ) u&ifA[kt d pnf;t±k;H (KCO)/ u&ifvil ,frsm;tpnf;
t±k;H (KYO) eJ@ wjcm;u&if tzG@J tpnf; u&ifacgi;f aqmifrsm;ygpak ygi;f +yD; wpnf;wvH;k wnf;aom
u&iftrsK;d om;tzG@J tpnf;tjzpf (KNU) udk zG@J pnf;cJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f? zG@J pnf;pu OuUÏtjzpf
apmpHb;kd oif/ 'kw, d OuUÏtjzpf apmbOD;}uD;/ twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf q&momxdw k @kd jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
u&ifueG *f &ufrmS KNU u ‘atmifqef; - tufwvD’ pmcsKyfukd qef;ppfa0zefc+hJ yD; azazmf
0g&-D 8 &ufae@rmS pmcsKyfukd qef@usiuf ef@uu G af =umif; +Awd od #eef;&if;0efqD oHóu;d ±du
k tf a=umif;=um;
cJyh gw,f?
1947-azazmf0g&rD mS usi;f ywJh “yifvn kH v
D mcH” udk KNU u u&iftrsK;d om;ud, k pf m;vS,f
tzG@J rapv$wcf yhJ J avhvmoltjzpf z'd0k &D aD usm/f oxHOk ;D vSaz/ apmpHau;eJ@ OD;cspw f ;D wd@k (4) OD;udk ap
94
v$wf wufa&mufavhvmapcJyh gw,f? yifvpkH mcsKyfcsKyfq&kd mrSm ryg0ifcyhJ g?
KNU tzG@J }uD; zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f m&jcif;&JŒ t"du&nf&, G cf suaf wGuawmh u&iftrsK;d om;
tm;vH;k &JŒ wpkwpnf;wnf;aom tzG@J tpnf;}uD;tjzpf&yfwnf+yD; u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;&JŒ trsK;d om;
vGwaf jrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;r_ukd pnf;±k;H a&SŒaqmifomG ;zd@k e@J oD;jcm;vGwv f yfwhJ u&ifjynf&&Sad &;jzpfyg
w,f?
KNU zG@J +yD; r=umcifrm S yJ 1947 wdik ;f ðyjynfðy v$waf wmfa&G;aumufyJG 0ifa&;r0ifa&; o
abmxm; uGv J rJG a_ y:ygw,f? apmpHb;kd oif/ ref;bcdik /f ref;0if;armifw@kd u a&G;aumufy0JG ifa&;vrf;
a=umif;udk a&G;cs,o f mG ;+yD; KNU rS xGuu f m 47-rwfvrSm (KYO) tjzpf jyefaxmifygw,f?
KNU OuUÏtjzpf apmbOD;}uD;jzpfvmcJy h gw,f? KNU u a&G;aumufyu JG kd oydwaf rSmufcyhJ g
w,f? 1948/ azazmf0g&-D 11 &ufae@rmS u&iftrsK;d om;xk&&dS m t&yfwikd ;f rSm KNU &JŒOD;aqmifre_ @J
Edik if aH &;aºuG;a=umfoH (4) &yfukd aºuG;a=umf+yD; qENazmfxw k vf y_ &f mS ;r_awG ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? aºuG;
a=umfoH (4) &yfuawmh
(1) u&ifjynfe,f csucf si;f ay;
(2) u&ifwusyf Armwusyf csucf si;f jy
(3) vlrsK;d a&;t"du±k%;f tvdrk &Sd
(4) jynfwiG ;f ppf tvdrk &Sq d w kd m jzpfygw,f? 1948 twGi;f rSm u&ifArmvlrsK;d a&;t"du±k%;f awG
ay:aygucf o hJ vdk tpd;k &eJ@ KNDO t=um; vufeufuikd yf ËdyuQawG ay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? 1949/
Zefe0g&-D 31 &ufae@rmS zqyv tpd;k &u KNDO udk rw&m;oif;tjzpfa=unm+yD; ppfa&;t&zd+yD;
wdu k cf u kd cf yhJ gw,f? 1949/ {+yD-6 &ufae@rmS KNU OuUÏ}uD; apmbOD;}uD;eJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ekw@kd +idr;f
csr;f a&;twGuf yxrqH;k t}udrf awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJ=h uygw,f? OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ zqyv tpd;k &u
KNU apmbOD;}uD;udk vufeufcsa&;jzpfatmif vSny hf wfaqG;aEG;+yD; {+yD-8 &ufrmS ordik ;f &SOd ;D aomf
yef;uefpufrmS vufeufcsyv JG yk zf @kd oabmwlncD suf vufrw S xf ;kd apcJyh gw,f? KNU uwifjyxm;wJh
u&ifjynf&a&;r[kwb f J wzufvn S ehf @J vSnyhf wfxm;wJh vufeufcsa&;}uD;jzpfaewmudk rauseyfwhJ
KNDO u rysuy f suaf tmifjyefzsucf +hJ yD; u&ifawmfveS af &;}uD; qufvufjzpfay: }uD;xGm;cJyh gw,f?
aemufyikd ;f rSm KNU tzG@J }uD;a&m KNU OuUÏ apmbOD;}u;D yg vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif;
udk av#mufvrS ;f cJ&h ygw,f? KNU-KNDO tzG@J 0ifrsm;[m ArmjynftES@H tjym; a'otajrmuf
tjrm;udk xde;f csKyford ;f ydu k Ef ikd cf =hJ u±krH u zqyv tpd;k &udk &efuek t f pd;k & tac:cH&wJt h xd/ &efuek f
tif;pde/f ordik ;f wd@k txd/ ppfa&;t& tompD;& odr;f ydu k af tmifjrifc=hJ uygw,f? 1949 - 50 ckEpS u f p
+yD; wpwpjyefvnf ta&;edrchf &hJ +yD; 1950 jynfh =o*kw-f 12 &ufrmS KNU OuUÏ apmbOD;}uD; usq;kH
oGm;cJ&h ygw,f?
apmbOD;}uD; usq;kH oGm;&+yD;wJah emuf KNU OuUÏtjzpf apm[efwmomar$; jzpfvmygw,f?
apm[efwmomar$;acgi;f aqmifpOftwGi;f awmfveS ;f a&; 'Da&usqif;vmcJyh gw,f? a&SŒwef;a&muf
u&ifacgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd &JŒ OD;aqmifre_ @J KNU wyfO;D zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f m+yD; tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;
acgi;f aqmifr_ oabmw&m;udu k ikd pf +JG yD; awmfveS af &;'Da&udk jrifw
h ufvmEdik af tmif óud;yrf;tm;xkwf
95
0if;wifhxGef;
=ur_awGvyk cf =hJ uygw,f? KNU wyfO;D u 1952 rSm jrpf0u|e;f ay: ‘0dwaf xmifueG zf &if’h / 1953 ckEpS /f
zmyGef uGe*f &ufw@kd rmS tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;acgi;f aqmifr_ oabmw&m;vrf;pOf tompD;&a&;
óud;yrf;wifoiG ;f cJyh gw,f? 'gayrJh ud, k pf m;vS,t f rsm;pk&ŒJ oabmwlnrD u _ rkd &cJyh g? 1956 ckEpS /f zm
yGecf ±dik f armudu k eG *f &ufrmS awmh KNU wyfO;D acgi;f aqmifre_ @J vw l ef;pm; (4) &yfukd xdxad &muf
a&muf tusK;d ðy&r,fqw kd v
hJ rf;pOfukd w&m;0if twnfðyEdik cf =hJ uygw,f? 'gayrJh tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f
oabmw&m;a&;wdu k yf aJG wG ay:xGuv f mcJ&h +yD; xda&mufwhJ atmifjrifr}_ uD;awG&&Sad tmif rpGr;f
aqmifEikd cf =hJ uyg? tm%m&tpd;k &&JŒppfa&;t& wqif+h y;D wqifh xd;k ESuw f u kd cf u kd wf mudyk J cHc&hJ ygw,f?
1963 ckepS /f zmyGecf ±dik f ‘uaqm0g;uGe*f &uf’ t+yD;rSmawmh ref;bZH OD;aqmifwt hJ yk pf ek @J apm[ef
wmomar$; OD;aqmifwt hJ yk pf q
k +kd yD; tkypf }k uD; (2) ck uGo J mG ;cJ&h ygw,f?
1963 jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGay:ayguv f mwJt h cg tkypf k (2) ckv;kH u awmfveS af &;
aumifpt D pd;k &eJ@ awG@qakH qG;aEG;r_awG oD;jcm;pDðyvkycf =hJ uygw,f? apm[efwmomar$;tkypf u k ppftpd;k &
eJ@oabmwlnrD , _ +l yD; vufeufcsomG ;cJyh gw,f? ref;bZH OD;aqmifwt hJ yk pf u k ppftpd;k &eJ@ +idr;f csr;f a&;
aqG;aEG;yGJ ysujf ym;cJ+h yD; awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif;twdik ;f qufvufcsw D ufcyhJ gw,f? KNU &JŒOuUÏ
tjzpf ref;bZH jzpfvmygw,f?
1965 rSm OuUÏref;bZH acgi;f aqmifwt hJ zG@J e@J Adv
k cf sKyfjracgi;f aqmifwt hJ zG@J q+kd yD; xyfuyJG gw,f?
{&m0wDwikd ;f a&m yJc;l ±d;k rwdik ;f ygusq;kH cJ&h +yD;aemufyikd ;f 1975 rSmawmh Adv k cf sKyfjrarmifacgi;f aqmifwhJ
KNU ygw0 D if&aJ bmfawG[mvJ Adv k cf sKyjf rwd@k e@J tºuiG ;f rJah ygi;f vdu k =f uygw,f? wckwnf;aom KNU
tjzpf jyefvnfyakH y:vmcJyh gw,f?
Armjynftyk pf ;kd ol tpd;k &tqufquf[m Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGxrJ mS t"dutm;jzifh Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygw/D vlrsK;d pkEikd if aH &;ygwaD wGxrJ mS t"dutm;jzifh KNU udyk J OD;wnfx;kd ESuf wdu k yf q JG ifcw hJ m
rsm;wJt h wGuf KNU [m tpd;k &tqufqufe@J wdu k yf }JG uD;aygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGm òydiq f ikd w f u kd cf u
kd &f wJh
wu,fv h ufeufuikd f 0g&ifah wmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;}u;D w&yf jzpfcyhJ gw,f? &Snv f sm;wJh ordik ;f a=umif;
&Sd tpOftvm&Sd Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;w&yf jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
1988 &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD; ay:xGe;f cJ&h +yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh KNU &JŒ XmecsKyf “rm
e,fyavm” [m Armjynf'rD u kd a&pDtiftm;pkaygi;f rsm;pGm&JŒ ajccsppk nf;aygi;f pH&k m awmfveS af &;
pcef;}uD;wck jzpfcyhJ gw,f? Armjynfppftpd;k &&JŒ ypfrw S xf m;OD;wnfajcr_e;f zd@k óud;pm;&m XmecsKyf
A[dck surf ae&m}uD;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? “rme,fyavm” [m Edik if w H umod XmecsKyfjzpfvmwJt h jyif KNU
OuUÏ apmbdjk r&JŒemrnf[mvJ ydrk x kd if&mS ;vmcJyh gw,f? KNU OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;apmbdjk r[m jref
rmjynf'rD u kd &ufwpf r[mrdwt f zG@J csKyf (r'rc) &JŒ OuUÏtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H
trsK;d om;aumifpD (NCUB) &JŒ OuUÏtjzpf vnf;aumif; yg0ifxrf;aqmifcyhJ gw,f?
1995 rSmawmh KNU tzG@J }uD;twGi;f uae DKBA cGx J u G t f zG@J ay:aygucf &hJ +yD; “rme,fy
avm” XmecsKyf}u;D vnf; usq;kH cJ&h um u&ifawmfveS af &;}u;D vnf; t}u;D tus,f xdcu kd ef pfemcJ&h yg
w,f? awmfawmfrsm;rsm; e,fpyfxikd ;f Edik if eH ,fajrxJ a&Smifwrd ;f qkwcf mG 0ifa&mufc&hJ ygw,f? KNU
&JŒ OD;aqmifre_ @J Edik if aH &;t& =uH=h uHch &H yfwnf&if; awmfveS af &;udk qufvufqifEcJ$ yhJ gw,f? vlrsK;d pk
96
vufeufuikd f Edik if aH &; tzG@J tpnf;aygi;f rsm;pGm ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vkyu f m “+ird ;f tzG@J awG
vkycf =hJ uayrJ/h KNU uawmh ppftpd;k &udk jywfjywfom;om; qef@usiw f u kd yf 0JG ifqjJ zpfygw,f?
KNU [m jynfwi G ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;/ jynfwiG ;f ppf &yfpaJ &;/ Edik if aH &;jy\emudk Edik if aH &;enf;t&
tajz&Sm ajz&Si;f a&;awGtwGuf zqyv tpd;k &vufxuf 1949 rSm w}udr/f tdraf pmift h pk;d &vuf
xuf 1960 rSmw}udr/f awmfveS af &;aumifpD Adv k af e0if;ppftpd;k &vufxuf 1963 rSm w}udr/f
e0w ppftpd;k &vufxuf (1995-'DZifbmrS 1996-Ed0k ifbmtwGi;f w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;r_ (4) yGt J yg
tvGwo f abm (3) yG/J aygi;f (7) yG&J )dS awG@qakH qG;aEG;r_w}urd f pkpak ygi;f (4) }urd w f w d d tpd;k &tqufquf
eJ@ðyvkycf ahJ yrJh awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGrJ eS o f r# ysujf ym;cJyh gw,f? tm%m&tpd;k &tqufquf&ŒJ rrSeu f ef
aomoabmxm; rw&m;ojzifh vufeufcstnHch aH pa&; óu;d yrf;aqmif&u G rf a_ wGa=umifh ysujf ym;cJ&h
wmjzpfygw,f?
Akv d cf sKyf}uD;apmbkjd r OuUÏuae em,utjzpf ajymif;a&GŒoGm;+yD;aemuf (26-1-2000) ae@
up+yD; KNU tzG@J }uD;&JŒ OuUÏjzpfvmoluawmh y'kad pmboifjzpfygw,f? taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
uawmh y'krd ef;&Smjzpfygw,f? apmboifu, G vf eG +f yD;aemuf OuUÏtjzpf Akv d cf sKyf}uD; wmrvmabm
jzpfvmygw,f? taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;uawmh aemfpzD ;dk &mpdef jzpfvmygw,f?
ArmjynfEidk if aH &;orkid ;f rSm vGwv f yfa&;ra=unmEkid af o;cif ukv d edk aD cwfrmS uwnf;u ay:
xGe;f vmcJ+h yD; uae@txdawmufavsmuf rysurf okef qufvuf&yfwnfEidk f &yfwnfvm&yfwnfchJ
&yfwnfqJ Ekid if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;}u;D tenf;i,fxrJ mS KNU [m wcktygt0ifjzpfygw,f? quf
vuf&iS o f efqJ Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wGxrJ mS 1939 ckEpS u f pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h hJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw+D yD;&if/
1947 ckEpS u f wnf;u zG@J pnf;ay:xGe;f vmcJw h hJ KNU [m 'kw, d oufwrf;t&Snq f ;Hk 0g&ifEh idk if aH &;
ygw}D u;D vk@d rSww f rf;wif&r,f jzpfygw,f? tkypf ;dk ol tpk;d &tqufqufudk uae@txd vufeufpu JG idk f
,SOòf ydiw f u dk cf u
dk af eqJ tawG@tñuH&ifh vufeufuidk af wmf vSeaf &;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;wckv@dk vJ ur`n;f
wif&rSmjzpfygw,f?
KNU tzG@J }u;D &JŒ rsuaf rSmufEi dk if aH &;&nfreS ;f csuu f awmh ArmjynfrmS ppfreS w f 'hJ rD u
dk a&pDtpk;d &
ay:xGe;f vm+yD;/ ppfreS w f hJ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifp}k uD;twGi;f rSm vlrsK;d wkid ;f wef;wlrt _ ajccHwhJ uk, d yf idk f
jyXmef;cGi&hf dS u&ifjynfay:xGe;f vma&;jzpfw,fv@dk qk&d ygr,f?
(14) u&iftrsK;d om; umuG,af &;tzG@J

Karen National Defense Organization (KNDO)
yxrqk;H KNUDO trnfe@J 1947 ckEpS -f arvrSm pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? KNU tzG@J }uD;
ay:xGe;f vm+y;D aemufyikd ;f ay:xGuvf mwmjzpfygw,f? u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;&JŒ tusK;d pD;yGm;udu k muG,f
zd@k vufeufuikd wf yftjzpf zG@J pnf;cJw
h mjzpfygw,f? 16-7-1947 ae@rmS KNUDO uae KNDO
tjzpf trnfajymif;vJ ac:a0:cJyh gw,f?
KNDO [m w&m;0if vufeufui kd af qmifciG &hf tzG@J }uD;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? KNDO udk yxrqH;k
97
0if;wifhxGef;
wm0efcaH cgi;f aqmifco hJ [ l m ref;bZHjzpfygw,f? KNDO OuUÏ[m ref;bZHjzpfygw,f?
Armjynfvw G v
f yfa&; a=unm+yD;aemufyikd ;f 1948-=o*kwv f xJrmS tpd;k &wyfrsm;eJ@ KNDO
vufeuf udik w f yfrsm;t=um; yËdyuQawG wpwp}uD;xGm;vmcJyh gw,f? tjyeftvSef r,H=k unfEikd f
p&mtajctaeawGvJ &Scd yhJ gw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD; ayguu f aJG y:xGuaf e+yDjzpfwt hJ wGuf (Auy/
jynfo@l &aJ bmf/ awmcdw k yfrawmf pwJv h ufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;rsm;uvnf; ud, k =f oZm}uD;&ma'o
awGrmS tajccHord ;f ydu k f v_y&f mS ;ae=u+yD jzpfwt hJ wGu)f oxH&k dS KNDO rsm;[m oxHu k kd odr;f ydu k f
cJ=h uygw,f? KNU u tpd;k &eJ@ KNDO vufeufuikd yf ËdyuQukd +idr;f csr;f pGmajz&Si;f ay;Edik af &; tm;
xkwaf =unmcJah o;ayr,fh yËdyuQ[m wpwp}uD;xGm;+rJ }uD;xGm;vmcJyh gw,f? yËdyuQ&ŒJ tajccH
uawmh tjyeftvSef r,H=k unfEikd pf &mtajctae awGjzpfay:aewmeJ@ u&iftrsK;d om;awGvv dk m;wJh
u&ifjynf&&Sad &;jy\em jzpfygw,f?
1949 ckEpS -f ESpq f ef;rSmawmh tpd;k &JŒ KNDO =um; vufeufuikd yf ËdyuQ[m tjrifq h ;kH qD
a&muf&v dS mygw,f? zqyv tpd;k &u KNDO udk vufeufðzwfa&;/ KNDO vufeufcsa&;udk
OD;wnf óud;yrf;ygw,f? KNDO u u&ifrsm;vufcEH ikd w f hJ u&ifjynf&a&;udk OD;wnfygw,f? (zq
yv tpd;k &&JŒ v$waf wmfu jyXmef;owfrw S af y;r,fh u&ifjynfe,frsK;d udak wmh vufrcHEikd =f uyg)?
zqyv tpd;k &eJ@ KNU OuUÏ apmbOD;}uD;wd@k aqG;aEG;&mu &&Sv d mcJwh o
hJ abmwlncD su}f uD;
[m KNDO udk vufeufcsapa&;oufouf}uD;om jzpfaewJt h wGuf KNDO OuUÏ ref;bZHe@J
KNDO acgi;f aqmifrsm;u vufrcHEi kd =f uyJ ref;bZHu, kd w f ikd f zqyv eJ@omG ;awG@+yD; oabmrwlEikd f
a=umif; ajymqdck yhJ gw,f? tJ'aD emuf KNDO &JŒ ta=umif;jyefcsut f jzpf vufrcHEikd af =umif; jyef
=um;pmudk apm[efwmomar$;eJ@ tif;pdepf pfajrjyifppfqifa&;rSL; Adv k rf LS ;atmifped w f @kd EpS Of ;D vufrw S f
a&;xd;k ap+y;D zqyv tpd;k &qD ay;tyfcyhJ gw,f? tJ't D csed u
f p+y;D u&ifvufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;}u;D
awmufav#mufjzpfay:vmcJ&h wJt h wGuf ArmjynfjynfwiG ;f ppfrmS u&ifah wmfveS af &;rSm KNDO
[m tcsut f csmtusq;kH tcef;u peufwH jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
1949/ Zefe0g&-D 31 &ufae@rmS zqyv tpd;k &u KNDO udk rw&m;oif; a=unmcJyh gw,f?
KNDO [m awmwGi;f a&muf vufeufui kd tf zG@J tpnf; jzpfomG ;&ygawmhw,f? KNU tzG@J }uD;yg
vufeufuikd t f zG@J }uD; jzpfomG ;&+yD;wJah emufyikd ;f 1955-56 aemufyikd ;f KNDO qdw k hJ emrnftpm;
KNU tjzpfe@J yJ wom;wnf;aygi;f pyfaysm0 f if vlord sm;vm&ygawmhw,f? KNDO qdw k ehJ mrnf
wjznf;jznf; aysmufu, G of mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
(15) rGew
f ikd ;f &if;om; tpnf;t±k;H
1947 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSm ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? 1946/ 'DZifbm-2 &ufe@J 3 &ufae@rsm;rSm usKu d rU eD ,f
yi&GmrSm rGew f ikd ;f &if;om;uGezf &ifh usi;f y+yD; qH;k jzwfcsuf (15) csuf csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? tJ'aD emufyikd ;f rSm
rGef wdik ;f &if;om;tpnf;t±k;H }uD; ay:ayguv f mcJw h mjzpfygw,f?
rGev f ufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;}uD; ay:xGuv f mwJt h cg rGew
f ikd ;f &if;om; tpnf;t±k;H 0ifwcsKŒd
98
vufeufuikd o f mG ;=uayr,fh wcsKŒd usawmh “rGew f ikd ;f &if;om; tpnf;t±k;H ” qdw k t hJ rnfe@J yJ ajray:Edik if H
a&;v_y&f mS ;r_awG twGi;f qufvufvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f?
rGexf eG ;f &if/ rGecf ifarmif/ rGezf ;kd csKd pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawG[m xif&mS ;wJh rGew f ikd ;f &if;om;tpnf;t±k;H
acgi;f aqmifawG jzpfc=hJ uygw,f?
1955 ckEpS rf mS twdu k t
f cH Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk}uD;jzpfwhJ “yrnw” udk zG@J pnf;wJt h cg rGef
wdik ;f &if;om; tpnf;t±k;H }uD;vJ yrnw0if jzpfcyhJ gw,f? rGezf ;kd csKd OuUÏtjzpfaqmif&u G af ewJh rGef
wdik ;f &if;om; tpnf;t±k;H [m 19-2-1962 rSm yrnw rS E_wx f uG o
f mG ;cJyh gw,f? 1964 rSmawmh
rGewf ikd ;f &if;om; tpnf;t±k;H vnf; zsuo f rd ;f cHvu kd &f ygawmhw,f?
(16) rGet
f rsK;d om; umuG,af &;tzG@J
Mon National Defense Organization (MNDO)
1947 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ rGew f ikd ;f &if;om;tpnf;t±k;H eJ@ ra&S;raESmif;ay:ayguv f mwJh tzG@J tpnf;
jzpfygw,f? rGet f rsK;d om;rsm;tusK;d pD;yGm;udk umuG,zf @kd &eftwGuf vufeufuikd w f yftjzpf zG@J pnf;cJh
jcif;jzpfygw,f?
1948 ckEpS -f =o*kwv f rSm KNDO rsm; oxHck ±dik u f kd odr;f ydu
k cf sed rf mS MNDO rsm;vJ yl;aygi;f yg0if
cJ=h uygw,f? rGeef @J u&if[m e,ferdwcf si;f qufpyfaewJt h wGuf tjyeftvSeyf ;l aygi;f taxmuft
ulðycJ=h u+y;D jynfe,ftoD;oD;&&Sad &;udk oabmwlncD =hJ uygw,f? armfvòrid cf ±dik t f wGi;f rk'akH wmifyikd ;f /
usKu d rU òD rŒd e,f/ oxHck ±dik /f acsmif;qHòk rŒd e,f/ usKu
d rf a&mòrŒd e,f/ aumhu&dwòf rŒd e,fa'orsm;[m MNDO
rsm; tiftm;aumif;aumif;eJ@ v_y&f mS ;Edik cf &hJ ma'orsm; jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 1952 rGejf ynfo@l wyfaygi;f pk
zG@J pnf;wJt h cg MNDO rsm; yg0ifaygi;f pnf;oGm;cJyh gw,f?
(17) rGen
f !
D w
G af &; wyfO;D
rGetf rsK;d om; umuG,af &;tzG@J MNDO rsm;eJ@ ra&S;raESmif;ay:aygucf w hJ m jzpfygw,f? rGef
vlrsKd ;awG trsm;qH;k aexdik &f ma'oawGjzpfwhJ armfvòrdief @J oxHck ±dik t f wGi;f rSm OD;OD;zsm;zsm; pwifay:
aygucf w hJ mjzpf+y;D rGejf ynfe,fwnfaxmifay;a&;twGuf v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G cf =hJ uygw,f? rGev f ufeuf
udik t
f zG@J tpnf;awG pkpnf;+yD; 1952 ckEpS rf mS “rGejf ynfo@l wyfaygi;f pk” udk zG@J pnf;wJt h cg rGen
f ! D w
G af &;
wyfO;D 0ifrsm;vnf; rGejf ynfo@l wyf aygi;f pktwGi;f yg0ifa&muf&o dS mG ;=uygawmhw,f?
(18) ytd0k hf nD!w

G af &;tzG@J
'kw,d urBmppft+yD; Edik if aH &;Ed;k =um;vmr_e@J twl Edik if aH &;ygwt

D zG@J tpnf;rsm; tòydit
f qdik f
ay:ayguvf mcsed rf mS ytd0k n
hf !
D w
G af &;tzG@J ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
99
0if;wifhxGef;
oxHak 'ow0du k &f dS ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;rsm;yg0ifwhJ ytd0k n hf !D w
G af &;tzG@J &ŒJ OD;aqmifre_ @J &Sr;f jynf&dS
ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;rsm;yg aygi;f pnf;rd=u+yD; &Sr;f jynfe,frmS &Sr;f ya'o&mZfqef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG
azmfaqmifEikd cf yhJ gw,f? ytd0k n hf ! D w
G af &;tzG@J &ŒJ acgi;f aqmifre_ @J &Sr;f ya'o&mZfrsm;udk tcGeaf wmf
ray;a&; wdu k yf rJG sm;qifEcJ$ +hJ yD; &Sr;f jynf&dS wd;k wufwhJ Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@vnf; yl;aygi;f v_y&f mS ;cJh
=uygw,f? &Sr;f ya'o&mZfrsm;u ytd0k n hf ! D w G af &;tzG@J ukd tjywftowf ESrd ef if;cJyh gw,f?
ytd0k n hf !D w G af &;tzG@J &ŒJ xif&mS ;cJw h hJ acgi;f aqmifawGu OD;atmifomeJ@ OD;eEN,ed w f @kd jzpf+yD;
[dyk ek ;f òrdŒe,f ausmufwef;&GmrSm pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? zG@J pu “ytd0k v hf id_ Af ”l trnfe@J 1947 rSm zG@J chJ
wmjzpfygw,f? 2-8-1950 rSm “ytd0k v hf i_d Af ”l udk zsuof rd ;f +yD; jynfaxmifpyk tk0d t hf rsK;d om; tzG@J csKyf
(ytrz) udk zG@J pnf;vdu k yf gw,f? Ù12
(19) awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w

G af &;OD;pD;tzG@J
Supreme Council Of United Hill Peoples (SCOUHP)
1947/ azazmf0g&-D 7 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mygw,f? &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;
pka0; wdik yf ifnE‡d i_d ;f =u+yD; zG@J pnf;vdu
k w f mjzpfygw,f? yifvn kH v
D mcHusi;f ycge;D zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f?
awmifwef;om;rsm;ta&;udk awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w G pf mG yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G &f ef/
awmifwef;e,fupd 0P g'[lor#ukd ArmjynfEiS q hf ufqaH omtcgaqmif&u G &f efEiS hf vGwv f yfa&;udpP
aqmif&u G &f efq+kd yD; zG@J pnf;cJwh mjzpfygw,f?
&Sr;f ud, k pf m;vS,f (6) OD;/ ucsif ud, k pf m;vS,f (6) OD;/ csi;f ud,
k pf m;vS,f (6) OD;/ aygi;f (18)
OD;eJ@ zG@J pnf;cJwh mjzpf+yD; OuUÏtjzpf anmifa&$ apmfbmG ;}uD; “p0fa&$ou kd ”f udk wifajrmufcyhJ gw,f?
SCOUHP OD;pD;tzG@J ukd atmufygtwdi k ;f zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
(1) p0fa&$ou kd f - OuUÏ
(2) qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif - 'k-OuUÏ
(3) p0f[ek zf - &Sr;f ud, k pf m;vS,f
(4) p0fpx H eG ;f - &Sr;f ud, k pf m;vS,f
(5) p0fbeG 0f yS f - &Sr;f ud, k pf m;vS,f
(6) OD;xGe;f jrifh - &Sr;f ud, k pf m;vS,f
(7) OD;=umyk - &Sr;f ud, k pf m;vS,f
(8) 'l0gaZmf&pf - ucsiu f , kd pf m;vS,f
(9) 'l0gaZmfveG ;f - ucsiu f , kd pf m;vS,f
(10) 'l0gaZmfv - ucsiu f , kd pf m;vS,f
(11) OD;'de&f wef - ucsiu f , kd pf m;vS,f
(12) OD;y'pfvaS wmif - ucsiu f , kd pf m;vS,f
(13) OD;yGeZf ref; - csi;f ud, k pf m;vS,f
100
(14) OD;axmifusix f ef; - csi;f ud,k pf m;vS,f
(15) OD;uD,rdk ef; - csi;f ud, k pf m;vS,f
(16) OD;pdev
f #H - csi;f ud, k pf m;vS,f
(17) OD;v$mr_e;f - csi;f ud, k pf m;vS,f
(18) OD;ref;vif; - csi;f ud,
k pf m;vS,f wd@k jzpfygw,f?
(20) &cdik w
f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m vuf0n
J !
D w
G af &;wyfaygif;pk
1947/ {+yDv-1 &ufrS 3 &ufae@txdusi;f ycJw h hJ &cdik wf ikd ;f “ajryHw k yfaygi;f pknv D mcH}uD;” t
wGi;f “&cdik w f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m vuf0n J ! D w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk” udk zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? “ajryHw k yfaygi;f pk
nDvmcH” udk &cdik w f ikd ;f zqyv/ &cdik w f ikd ;f jynfo@l &aJ bmf/ Auy (&cdik w f ikd ;f )/ &cdik jf ynfo@l vGwv f yfa&;t
zG@J csKyf/ &cdik jf ynf vli,frsm;tpnf;t±k;H / &cdik jf ynfawmifov l ,form;rsm;tzG@J csKyf/ ykvyd o f r*~/ pm
a&;pmcso D r*~w@kd e@J nE‡d i_d ;f +yD; Auy rS udak usmjf r/ udak rmifw/l &cdik w f idk ;f jynfo@l &aJ bmfemrnfjzifh udk
=umvSatmif/ udn k Kd xGe;f / udb k apm/ udb k [ef/ jynfo@l vw G v f yfa&;tzG@J csKyfrS OD;bd;k OD;/ bHak yguo f m
ausmw f @kd aqG;aEG;ndE‡ id_ ;f cJ=h u+yD; wyfaygi;f pknv D mcH}uD;tjzpf ajryHòk rdŒrSm usi;f ycJw h mjzpfygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;r&ao;cif (ra=unmEdik af o;cif) rSmusi;f ycJw h hJ nDvmcH}uD;jzpf+yD; &cdik jf ynfwiG ;f
&Syd gwt D oD;oD;ESihf tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ jrefrmjynfrS ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf rw&m;oif; a=unmxm;jcif;
cHxm;&wJh “tvHeyD gw”D tyg Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;pGmudk zdwaf c:cJ+h y;D (zdwpf mrSm OD;ynmoD[/
OD;pdEmœ / bHak yguo f mausmw f @kd o;kH OD;u vufrw S af &;xk;d um) wyfaygi;f pk nDvmcH}uD;tjzpf usi;f ycJw h m
jzpfygw,f? ud, k pf m; vS,af ygi;f (700)/ jynfov l xl ak ygi;f (6) aomif;ausmw f ufa&mufc=hJ uwJh 'DnD
vmcH}u;D rSm qH;k jzwfcsuf (13) ck csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? oD;pm;cray;&ef/ ajrcGef vH;k 0ray;&ef/ e,fcsŒJ ppfwyfukd
vufw@kH jyef&ef/ &cdik v f rl sK;d wd@k uH=urRm &cdik v f rl sK;d rsm;om zefw;D &ef/ +Adwo d #wyfrsm; tjref±yk o f rd ;f &ef/
&cdik w f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m vuf0J nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk}u;D zG@J pnf;wnfaxmif&ef pwJt h csuaf wGtygt0if
qH;k jzwfcsuf (13) csuf csrw S cf =hJ uygw,f? tJ'x D u J qH;k jzwfcsuw f pf&yftjzpf (&v'fwcktjzpf) “&
cdik wf ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m vuf0n J ! D w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk” udk zG@J pnf;vdu k =f uwm jzpfygw,f?
aiGxed ;f ESi=hf o0g'p&d,q&mawmftjzpf OD;pdEmœ / =o0g'p&d,q&mawmf OD;ynm0Ho/ OuUÏ
tjzpf OD;ausmjf r (Auy)/ 'k-OuUÏ OD;ndKxGe;f / twGi;f a&;rSL; bHak yguo f mausm/f tzG@J 0iftr_aqmifrsm;
tjzpf OD;xGe;f atmif (ppfawG)/ udb k [ef (ausmufjzL)/ udo k ed ;f rGef (oHw)JG wd@k e@J zG@J pnf;wmjzpfygw,f?
“&cdik w f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m vuf0n J ! D w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk” udk e,fcsŒJ awmfveS af &;wyfaygi;f pktjzpf zG@J pnf;cJh
wmjzpfygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;ukd vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;jzifh t&,lz@kd jzpfygw,f? Ù13
'Dwyfaygi;f pk}uD;udk 1947 ckEpS w f iG ;f rSma&m 1948 vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;acwf aemufyikd ;f rSmyg
tm%m& zqyv u tjywfacsre_ ;f Edik af &; &nf&, G cf suef @J wdu k cf u kd cf yhJ gw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm wyf
aygi;f pk}uD; òyducJG &hJ ygw,f?
101
0if;wifhxGef;
ud;k um;rSwpf k
vGwv
f yfa&; ra=unmcif txdtwGi;f
Ù 1 - wd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k ordik ;f / rxrwG/J pmrsuEf mS –69

Ù 2 - ESpf 200 jrefrmEdik if oH rdik ;f tbd"mef (OD;pdejf rif)h pmrsuEf mS –49
Ù 3 - wd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k rxrwGJ pmrsuEf mS –99
Ù 4 - ESpf 200 jrefrmEdik if o
H rdik ;f tbd"mef (OD;pdejf rif)h pmrsuEf mS –524
Ù 5 - wd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k ordik ;f yxrwG/J pmrsuEf mS –91
Ù 8 - wd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k ordik ;f 'kw, d wG/J pmrsuEf mS –399
Ù 9 - wd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k ordik ;f 'kw, d wG/J pmrsuEf mS –393
Ù 10 - atmifxeG ;f &JŒ ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f / pmrsuEf mS -304
Ù 11 - atmifapmOD; vGwv f yfa&; a&$&wk pmrsuEf mS –131
Ù 12 - wyfrawmforkid ;f (owWrwG)J pmrsuEf mS -224–225
Ù 13 - bHak yguof mausmf &JŒ ‘awmfveS af &;c&D;vrf;0,f’
102
vGwv
dk a&pDacwf
Armjynfvw
G v
f yfa&;a=unm+yD;aemuf
ygvDref'rD u
kd a&pD Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f
ay:aygufvmcJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwDtzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm;
103
0if;wifhxGef;
vGwv
dk a&pDacwf
Armjynfvw
G vf yfa&;a=unm+yD;aemuf ygvDref 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_acwftwGi;f
ay:aygufvmcJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwDtzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;
(1) vuf0J nD!w G af &;aumifpD

(2) Armjynf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD
(3) rGejf ynfo@l wyfaygi;f pk
(5) aygiaf ,miftrsK;d om; 'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D (PNDF)
(6) ytd0k thf rsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J
(7) jynfo@l +idr;f csr;f a&; tzG@J aygi;f pk
(8) urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&; uGe*f &uf (jrefrmEdik if )H
(9) Armjynf tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;ygwD (qd&k ,S ef )D
104
(10) Armjynf tvkyo f rm; tpnf;t±H;k rsm; tzG@J csKyf (bDw, D pl )D
(11) Armjynf awmifov l ,form; nD!w G af &; tpnf;t±H;k (wvnp)
(12) jynfo@l vil ,ftzG@J csKyf
(13) 'Dru kd a&pD tcGit hf a&;umuG,rf _ aumfrwD
(14) wd;k wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk (wd;k wuf)
(15) Auorsm;tzG@J csKyf (ABFSU)
(16) jynfo@l n! D w G af &;ygwD
(17) w&m;r#wr_ygwD
(18) &Sr;f jynfe,fv;kH qkid &f m tzG@J csKyf (&yvz)
(19) 'Dru kd &ufwpfausmif;om;tiftm;pk (DSO)
(20) ausmif;om; nD!w G af &;wyfO;D (wyfO;D )
(22) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk (yrnw)
(23) vli,fw h yfO;D (jrefrmEdik if )H
(24) ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m yoDtrsK;d om; uGe*f &uf (Ayu)
(25) &Jacgif (ausmif;om;&Jacgit f zG@J )
(26) jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pD ygwD
(27) jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J
(28) u&ifet D rsK;d om; wd;k wufa&;ygwD (KNPP)
(29) csi;f trsK;d om; OD;pD;tzG@J (csi;f OD;pD;tzG@J )
(30) &cdik jf ynf uGejf rLepfygwD (ausmZf &H ;D$ tzG@J )
(32) wnf+rJ zqyv
(33) EGpH pf[ef
(34) jynfaxmifpk tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±H;k tzJ@G csKyf (,lt,fvt f )kd
(35) rGejf ynfopfygwD
(36) jynfo@l w;kd wufa&; ygwD
(37) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDn! D w
G af &; wyfaygi;f pk (r'nw)
(38) =uHch idk af &;toif;
(40) ucsif vGwv f yfa&;tzG@J (autkid t f )kd
(41) &efuek w f uUov kd f vlrsK;d pk ausmif;om;rsm; tzG@J csKyf
(42) w±kwjf zLusL;ausmrf E_ iS hf e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; aumfrwD
(43) jynfe,frsm; nD!w G af &;tzG@J
105
0if;wifhxGef;
(1) vuf0n
J !
D w
G af &; aumifpD
“vuf0n J ! D w G af &; aumifp”D udk 1948/ Zlvikd -f 16 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? zG@J pnf;ay:ayguf
vm&wJh aemufct H a=umif;tcsurf sm;uawmh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwv D ufeufuikd f awmcd&k +yD;
jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD; pwifjzpfymG ;vm&csed rf mS uGejf rLepfq&kd , S v f pf jynfo@l &aJ bmf vuf0t J iftm;pkrsm;
nD!w G af &;jyefvnf wnfaqmufz@kd e@J tJ't D csed uf &Sad ewJh “Edik if aH wmf vHðk caH &;aumifp”D u qd&k , S vf pf
jynfo@l &aJ bmfrsm;ryg0ifwhJ Edik if aH wmfapmift h pk;d &w&yf zG@J pnf;ay;&efawmif;qdck sut f ay: wH@k jyef
aqmif&u G Ef ikd zf @kd &nf&, G zf @JG pnf;cJ=h uwm jzpfygw,f?
1948 ckEpS /f {+yD-12 &ufae@ 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEak etdrrf mS Adv k v f ufsm/ Adv k pf ed rf eS /f OD;ausm+f idr;f /
OD;AaqG/ OD;tke;f / OD;ode;f azjrifw h @kd awG@qakH qG;aEG;=u+yD; “vuf0n J !D w G af &;” vkyaf qmif&ef qH;k jzwfchJ
=u&mu wqifw h ;kd ay:xGuv f mcsujf zpfygw,f? vuf0n J ! D w G af &;aumifprD ay:rD “rmhupf 0f g'avh
vma&;tzG@J zG@J &ef” qdw k thJ csut f ygt0if “Ekr”l (15) csuf arvrSm xGuaf y:cJyh g w,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm
“Ekr”l “&Jabmfrq l +kd yD;” rl (2) rl uGjJ ym;xGuaf y:vmcJ+h yD; &JabmfjzL/ &Jabmf0gucJG &hJ ovdk zqyv
tpd;k &twGi;f oabmxm;rwdu k f qdik rf a_ wG qufwu dk af y:ayguv f m&csed rf mS Edik if aH &;t=uyftwnf;
udk ,m,Dxu G af ygu&f mS Edik zf @kd “vuf0n J ! D w G af &;” udk aºu;G a=umf&if; &v'ftjzpf “vuf0n J ! D w G af &;
aumifp”D udk Zlvikd -f 16 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;cJ=h ujcif; jzpfygw,f? “Auy” u awmwGi;f a&mufae&+yjD zpf
wJt h wGuf “Auy” udk pwifzrf;qD;pOfu zrf;qD;&rdxm;cJw h hJ Adv
k &f efatmif/ Adv k o f ed ;f wef/ Adv k af tmif
rif;wd@k ukd tif;pdeaf xmifrx S w k af y;+yD; vuf0J nD!w G af &;aumifpt D wGi;f xnfo h iG ;f zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
(Adv
k &f efatmif/ Adv k o f ed ;f wef/ Adv k af tmifrif;wd@k ukd wu,faxmifu v$waf y;cJw h muawmh Zlvikd -f
18 &ufae@rmS jzpfygw,f)?
“vuf0n J ! D w G &f ;aumifpD ” udk wyfrawmf/ jynfo@l &aJ bmf/ qd&k , S v f pf/ uGejf rLepfw@kd e@J zG@J
pnf;cJw h mtjzpf yHak zmfcyhJ gw,f? “vuf0n J ! D w G af &;aumifp”D udk atmufygtwdik ;f zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
(1) Adv k af e0if; OuUÏ - wyfrawmf
(2) Adv k Af pdef - wyfrawmf
(3) Adv k &f x J ËG f - wyfrawmf
(4) Adv k af pmxGe;f pdef - wyfrawmf
(5) Adv k af Z,s - wyfrawmf
(6) Adv k rf LS ;atmif - jynfo@l &aJ bmf
(7) Adv k pf ed rf eS f - jynfo@l &aJ bmf
(8) Adv k rf if;acgif - jynfo@l &aJ bmf
(9) Adv k v f a&mif - jynfo@l &aJ bmf
(10) Adv k ! f eG @f armif - jynfo@l &aJ bmf
(11) Adv k af tmif!eG @f - jynfo@l &aJ bmf
(12) Adv k b f ek ;f atmif - jynfo@l &aJ bmf
106
(13) OD;vSarmif - qd&k , S v f pfygwD
(14) OD;AaqG - qd&k ,S v f pfygwD
(15) OD;ausm+f idr;f - qd&k , S v f pfygwD
(16) ocifwif - qd&k , S v f pfygwD
(17) Adv k af tmif}uD; - qd&k ,S v f pfygwD
(18) Adv k o f ed ;f wef - uGejf rLepf
(19) Akv d af tmifrif; - uGejf rLepf
(20) Adv k &f efatmif - uGejf rLepf
(21) OD;ode;f az (ode;f azjrif)h twGi;f a&;rSL; qd+k yD; zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
“vuf0n J !D wG af &;aumifp”D [m zG@J pnf;+yD; vydik ;f twGi;f rSmyJ tm%m&tpd;k &tzG@J wiG ;f u
zq-qd&k , S rf sm;&JŒ oabmxm;rrSeu f efra_ =umifh tpdwpf w d tf r$mr$mòyu
d oJG mG ;&±krH u wcsKŒd yk*Kd~ vfrsm;
awmcdo k yl ek f b0a&mufomG ;&+yD; “ vuf0n J !D w G af &;aumifp”D ed*;kH csKyfomG ;&ygw,f? (Oyrm æ
Advk v f a&mif/ Adv k !f eG @f armif/ Adv
k af tmif!eG @f pwJjh ynfo@l &aJ bmfrsm; awmcdo k mG ;&ovdk Adv k af Z,s/
Adv
k &f x J ÉG /f Advk &f efatmifw@kd vnf; awmcdo k mG ;&ygw,f? bmvuf0n J !D wG af &;v_y&f mS ;r_rS rvkyaf qmif
Edik cf yhJ g)?
(2) Armjynf 'Dru

kd &ufwpfygwD
“Armjynf 'Dru
kd &ufwpfygw”D udk 1948/ 'DZifbm-10 ae@rmS zG@J pnf;ygw,f? ordik ;f 0if “wd@k
Armtpnf;t±k;H ” }u;D ESpjf crf;uGcJ +hJ y;D “ocifxeG ;f tky-f ocifApdew f @kd Armtpnf;t±k;H ” vd@k uifyeG ;f wyf
ac:a0: jcif;cHc&hJ wJh wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H wjcrf;&JŒacgi;f aqmif ocifApde[ f m 1947/ Zlvikd -f 19 Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;wd@k vky=f ucH &H +y;D aemufyikd ;f zqyv tpd;k &&JŒ zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f xm;jcif;cH&&mu wESpcf ef@t
=umrSm vGwaf jrmufvmcJyh gw,f? axmifrv S wG af jrmufvm+y;D vtenf;i,ft=um 1948/ 'DZifbm-
10 &ufae@rmS ocifApdef OD;aqmifwnfaxmifvu kd wf hJ Armjynf'rD u kd &ufwpfygwD ay:xGuv f mwmjzpf
Ù1
ygw,f?
OuUÏ ocifApde/f taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; ocifcspf (a';'&J) jzpf+yD; OD;*k%rf mef (jrifueG ;f rif;
om;}uD;&JŒom;)/ OD;vSjrwfpf ;kd / ocifausm&f if/ ocifusi/f OD;jrifh pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawG yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? ocifApdef
acgi;f aqmif wnfaxmifcw hJ hJ Armjynf'rD u
kd &ufwpfygw[ D m ‘'Dru kd a&pDa&;aºu;G a=umfo’H awGay;+y;D
v_y&f mS ;cJah yrJh vlxak xmufcrH r_ &&Scd yhJ g? vufsmpGe;f ygwt D jzpfvo l rd sm;cJ+h yD; a&G;aumufyrJG sm;rSmvnf;
±_;H edrchf yhJ gw,f? vuf00J g'qef@usiaf &;/ rmhupf 0f g' qef@usiaf &;/ uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;awGukd wufwuf
ºuGºuGvyk af qmifc+hJ yD; ocifApde[ f m 1952 rSm tm&Swu kd &f dS uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@
tquftoG,ðf ycJyh gw,f? 1956 ckEpS rf mS tm&Swu kd f uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;tzG@J csKyf/ Oa&mywdu k f
uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &; tzG@J csKyfawGe@J qufo, G +f y;D ArmjynfueG jf rLepf qef@usiaf &;tzG@J csKyfqw kd mudyk g
twdtvif;xlaxmifum uGejf rLepf qef@usiaf &;wHceG u f dk xlcyhJ gw,f? xdik ;f / *syef/ xdik 0f rfEikd if rH sm;od@k
107
0if;wifhxGef;
ocifApdeu f ,kd wf ikd o f mG ;a&muf+yD; uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@ awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJo h vdk
1957 ckEpS /f awmifA, D uferf qdik *f òHk rdŒrSmusi;f ycJw h hJ wwd,t}udrf uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;uGe*f &ufe@J
taemuf*smr%D z&efzw G òf rdŒrSmusi;f ywJh Oa&my uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;uGe*f &ufw@kd uv kd nf; oGm;
a&mufyg0ifwufa&mufcyhJ gw,f? Armjynfukd qD;wd;k ppfpmcsKy0f if Edik if jH zpfapa&;udk ocifApdeu f vdvk m;
cJ+h yD; Armjynf'rD u kd &ufwpfygw[ D m ArmjynfrmS Ak'b < momudk Edik if aH wmfbmomtjzpf ðyvkyaf y;&ef/
udv k b H kd pDru
H ed ;f od@k 0if&efawGukd t}udr}f udrf t=uHay;awmif;qdck yhJ gw,f? 1957 ckEpS /f 58 zqyv
tzG@J }uD; ESpjf crf;uGw J t hJ cg Edik if aH wmfukd Adv k cf sKyfae0if;acgi;f aqmifwhJ wyfrawmfu 0ifa&muftm%m
odr;f oifah =umifv h nf; t=uHay;wdu k w f eG ;f cJyh gw,f?
1956 taxGaxGa&G;aumufy/JG 1960 jynfh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyaJG wGrmS vnf; ocifApdeu f ,kd f
wdik f 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydicf +hJ yD;óud;yrf;cJah o;ayr,fh 'Dru kd &ufwpfygw[ D m vH;k 0evHrxlEikd af wmhyg? (ygwpD
wifxl axmifpu taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfwhJ ocifcspf (a';'&J) ud, k wf ikd f 1960 jynfah &G;aumufyJG
rSm oef@&iS ;f bufuae 0ifa&mufta&G;cs,cf aH jymif;vJomG ;cJ+h yD; jzpfygw,f)?
1963 ZGev f rSm ocifApdeu f ,G v f eG +f y;D aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh Armjynf'rD u kd &ufwpfygw[ D mvnf;
wjznf;jznf; arS;rSed af ysmufu, G o f mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
(3) rGejf ynfo@l wyfaygif;pk
Armjynfvw G vf yfa&; a=unmEkid cf ge;D eJ@ a=unm+yD;prSm wnf&cdS =hJ uwJh rGetf oif;tzG@J tpnf;
}u;D (9) ckxu J rGet f zG@J tpnf;wcsKŒd [m 1948-49 ckEpS f u&iftrsK;d om;v_y&f mS ;r_e@J u&ifawmfveS af &;
ay:xGuv f mr_e@J wqufwnf; rGet f rsK;d om;xkta&;twGuf vufeufuikd f awmcdv k y_ &f mS ;cJ=h uyg
w,f? txl;ojzifh MNDO tzG@J 0ifrsm;eJ@ “ rGew f ikd ;f &if;om;tpnf;t±k;H ” 0ifrsm; “rGev f w G v
f yfa&;
tzG@J ” 0ifrsm;[m vufeufuikd af wmf vSeaf &;udk pwifqifEcJ$ =hJ uygw,f?
1952 ckEpS rf mS rGev f ufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm;vH;k pkaygi;f +y;D “rGejf ynfo@l wyf
aygi;f pk” udk zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? “rGejf ynfo@l wyfaygi;f pk” [m “rGejf ynfo@l wyfO;D ” ray:aygurf D yxr
qH;k zG@J pnf;cJw h hJ rGevf ufeufuikd w f yfaygi;f pk tzG@J tpnf;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? Edik af tmifxeG ;f / Edik af iGoed ;f / Edik f
csr;f rGe/f Edik q
f w d Ef @kd / Edik b
f vGiw
f @kd acgi;f aqmifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
1954 ckEpS rf mS rGejf ynfo@l wyfaygi;f pkuae rGejf ynfo@l wyfO;D udk ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? Edik f
atmifxeG ;f / Edik af iGoed ;f / Edik cf sr;f rGe/f Edik q
f w
d Ef @kd / Edik b
f vGiw
f @kd OD;aqmifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f? vGwvf yfwhJ
rGejf ynfe,f ay:xGe;f vma&;udk OD;wnfóud;yrf;&if; tm%m& zqyv tpd;k &udk vufeufuikd w f ukd yf JG
qifEcJ$ =hJ uygw,f?
“rGejf ynfo@l wyfO;D ”[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfe@J yal ygi;f v_y&f mS ;cJo h vdk KNU-KNPP wd@k e@J yl;wG+J yD;
108
'Drukd &ufwpf vlrsK;d pkrsm; nD!w G af &;wyfO;D ('vnw) rSmvJ yl;aygi;f yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
1957 ckEpS rf mS csr;f at;ppfwrf; (ac: ) vufeufEiS hf 'Dru kd a&pDvv J ,S af &;rl us,u f s,af vmif
avmif xGuaf y:vm+yD;aemufyikd ;f “rGejf ynfo@l wyfO;D ” twGi;f ygww D iG ;f nD!w G af &; òydurJG a_ wGw;kd jr‡ihf
ay:xGuv f mcJo h vdk oabmw&m;a&;t,ltqqdik &f m uGv J rJG a_ wGvnf; tqufrjywfjzpfay:vmcJyh g
w,f?
1958/ ZGe-f 24 &ufae@rmS ajym=um;wJh 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek&ŒJ tmCmwrxm;a&;/ oifyek ;f acsa&;/
olromud, k rf em +ird ;f csr;f a&;rde@f ceG ;f xGuaf y:vm+y;D aemufyikd ;f “rGejf ynfo@l wyfO;D ” acgi;f aqmifrsm;t
=um; &yfwnfrq _ ikd &f m tjrift,ltq oabmw&m;a&;qdik &f muGv J rJG }_ uD;[m tjrifq h ;kH tqifo
h @kd
a&muf&v dS mcJyh gw,f? acgi;f aqmifawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u OD;Ek&ŒJ rde@f ceG ;f udv k ufcq H yk u
f ikd u f m vufeuf
udik wf u
kd yf u JG kd pGe@f vw $ +f yD; Oya'wGi;f wdu k yf qJG uD ;l ajymif;zd@k qH;k jzwfcf =hJ uygw,f?
tusK;d quf&v'fjzpf ay:xGuv f mcJw h muawmh rGejf ynfo@l wyfO;D [m 1958/ Zlvikd -f 23 &uf
ae@rmS w&m;0ifa=unmcsuw f apmifxw k jf yef+y;D vufeufuikd v f rf;pOfupkd eG @f vw$ u f m Oya'abmift
wGi;f 0ifa&mufomG ;jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f?
1958/ Zlvikd -f 24 &ufae@rmS Edik af tmifxeG ;f / Edik af iGoed ;f / Edik cf sr;f rGe/f Edik q f wd Ef @kd w@kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ
rGejf ynfo@l wyfO;D 0if (1111) a,mufw@kd [m armfvòrdiòf rdŒrSm vufeufcsomG ;cJ=h uygw,f?
“rGejf ynfo@l wyfO;D ”[m Oya'wGi;f ygwt D jzpf&yfwnfomG ;+yD; 1960 jynfEh pS f a&G;aumufyrJG mS
vnf; yg0if,OS òf ydif ta&G;cs,cf cH yhJ gw,f? rGejf ynfe,frmS acgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd ta&G;cs,cf cH &hJ ygw,f?
1962 awmfveS af &;aumifppD pftpd;k & tm%modr;f wufvm+yD;aemufyikd ;f 1964 ckEpS rf mS awmh rGejf ynf
ol@wyfO;D ygw[ D mvJ edÏw d oH mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
(5) aygifa,miftrsK;d om; 'Dru

kd &ufwpfwyfO;D
Pong Yong National Democratic Front (PNDF)
Armjynfvw G v f yfa&; a=unm+yD;aemufyikd ;f KIO tzG@J }uD;ray:aygurf D Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf

}u;D [ke;f [ke;f awmufaeqJumvrSm ucsit f rsK;d om;xk vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf ucsit f rsK;d om;tm;
vH;k udk pkpnf;Edik bf @kd zqyv tpd;k &udk qef@usiw f u kd cf ukd &f if;u ay:ayguv f mcJwh hJ vufeufuikd f Edik f
iHa&; tiftm;pkwckjzpfygw,f? ucsiv f ufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfygw,f? “aygiaf ,mif” qdk
wm *si;f azmpum;jzpf+yD; *si;f azmtygt0if “ucsi”f trsK;d om;tm;vH;k udk &nf!e¸ ;f wmjzpfygw,f?
“aygiaf ,mif”f trsK;d om; 'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D qdw k m ucsit f rsK;d om;rsm; 'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D vd@k
t"dym` ,f&ygw,f?
1949 ckEpS /f u&ifvufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; ay:ayguv f m+yD;r=umrDrmS yJ zqyv tpd;k &&JŒ
ucsiaf oewfuikd f wyf&if; (1) rS ucsit f rsK;d om; Adv k }f uD;aemfqikd ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ucsiw f yfcrJG sm;&JŒ
tpd;k &qef@usiaf &; vufeufuikd yf ek u f efvy_ &f mS ;r_}uD; ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? Adv
k }f uD;aemfqikd ;f acgi;f
aqmifwhJ ucsiv f ufeufuikd pf pfwyf[m KNDO eJ@y;l aygi;f +yD; zqyv tpd;k &udk vufeufuikd w f u
kd f
109
0if;wifhxGef;
cdu
k cf yhJ gw,f? awmifiu l kd odr;f ydu k x f m;wJh trSwf (1) u&ifwyf&if;eJ@y;l aygi;f +yD; rdwv ˆD mudk cswD uf
odr;f ydu k &f mrSm yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? rdwv ˆD mudo k rd ;f ydu k t f +yD; rdwv ˆD mav,mOfuiG ;f udq k if;oufvmwJh
av,mOfEpS pf ;D udo k rd ;f ,l+yD; Adv k af emfqikd ;f acgi;f aqmifww hJ yfz@JG [m aròrdŒudyk g oGm;a&muford ;f ,lEikd cf hJ
ygw,f? rdwv ˆD muae ompnfukd odr;f +yD; &efuek t f xd csw D uford ;f ydu k Ef ikd af &;óud;yrf;r_awGrmS awmh
atmifjrifrr_ &awmhbJ tpd;k &ppfwyfrsm;&JŒ jyefveS w f u kd cf ukd af csre_ ;f wmawGuo kd m tqufrjywf
jyefvnfc&H +yD;aemufq;kH rSm &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f txd qkwcf mG ay;&ygawmhw,f?
1949 ckEpS -f pufwifbmrSm uGwcf ikd t f xdqw k af y;&+yD; v_y&f mS ;aepOfrmS yJ tpd;k &wyfrsm;&JŒ
n‡yyf ;l n‡yyf w d f vdu k v f w H u kd cf ukd af er_rsm;a=umifh yl;aygi;f ppfqifoabmwlnrD &_ ,lxm;cJw h hJ KNDO
aumfo;l avwyfrsm;eJ@yg 0dik , f mvufpuftquftoG,f vH;k 0 jywfawmufomG ;&ygawmhw,f?
odEDM/ oDayg/ rd;k rdw/f uGwcf ikd af 'ow0du k &f dS ucsit f rsK;d om;awGuv kd nf; pnf;±k;H Edik o f r# pnf;
±k;H pkpnf;cJ+h y;D zqyv tpd;k &udk qufvufwu kd yf q JG ifEikd &f ef&nf&, G +f y;D Adv
k }f u;D aemfqikd ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ
ucsiv f ufeufuikd w f yfz@JG [m 1949 ckEpS -f Ed0k ifbmvxJrmS &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f [dzk su-f rSeaf umif;
&Gmuav;rSm aygiaf ,mif trsK;d om;'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D (PNDF) zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? PNDF udk Adv k f
}uD;aemfqikd ;f acgi;f aqmif+yD; zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpf+yD; *ef'/D aZmf'ef/ v&S;D aemf/ &Sa':*rf pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGvnf;
acgi;f aqmifawGtjzpf yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f?
PNDF [m KNDO eJ@ jyefvnftquftoG,& f zd@k óud;pm;cJo h vdk ucsit f rsK;d om;rsm;udk
pnf;±k;H &if; zqyv tpd;k &udk qef@usiw f u kd cf u kd w f hJ wdu k yf rJG sm;udv k nf; a&muf&mae&muae azmfxw k f
ppfqifcyhJ gw,f? vm;±_;d / rd;k rdw/f oDayg/ odEDM/ uGucf ikd af 'ow0du k rf mS ppfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_awGvyk Ef ikd cf +hJ yD;
zqyv tpd;k &&JŒtqufrjywf wdu k cf u kd af csre_ ;f r_awGa=umifh wpxufwp qkwcf mG ta&;edrchf &hJ &if;
1950 jynf-h {+yDvxJrmS w±kwjf ynf xJ0ifa&mufomG ;cJ&h ygw,f? (1965 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f rSmawmh
Adv k af emfqikd ;f acgi;f aqmif;zG@J pnf;cJw h hJ PNDF [m PNDF tjzpf rwnf&adS wmhyg)?
Adv
k af emfqikd ;f acgi;f aqmifz@JG pnf;+yD; zqyv tpd;k &udk qef@usiw f u kd cf u hJ hJ PNDF [m
kd cf w
umvtm;jzifh r&Sn=f umvSayrJh vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;aemufyikd ;f tkypf ;kd ol zqyv tpd;k &udk
qef@usiw f ukd cf u
kd cf w
hJ hJ vlrsK;d pkvufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf ucsit f rsK;d om;rsm;&JŒ OD;OD;zsm;zsm;
trsK;d om;a&;/ vGwaf jrmufa&;v_y&f mS ;r_ tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf rSww f rf;wifxm;&rSmjzpfygw,f?
(6) ytd0k t
hf rsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J
1949 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm-11 &ufae@rmS ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J ay:ayguv f mcJyh g
w,f? 1949 ckEpS q f ef;ydik ;f rSmyJ ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ u&ifv h ufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;eJ@ ra&S;raESmif;
qufwu kd v
f v
kd kd ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD;? zqyv tpd;k &udk vufeufuikd w f u kd cf u
kd cf w
hJ hJ ytd0k v hf ufeufuikd f
tzG@J tpnf; jzpfygw,f? yifvòHk rdŒe,f a[G[mG ;rSmpwifc+hJ yD; vG,yf w G &f mG ta&SŒbuf-xDwaumif;&Gm
rSm pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? ytd0k Ohf ;D vSaz (oxk)H u t"duacgi;f aqmifjzpfc+hJ yD; Adv k cf sepf /Hk Adv
k pf y,f&,
S f
(Adv
k wf muv,f&ŒJ tud)k eJ@ Adv k pf oH ed ;f wd@k [m xif&mS ;wJah cgi;f aqmifawG jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 1950 ckEpS f
110
w0du k rf mS ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J wyfaygi;f pkz@JG &mrSm yg0ifczhJ ;l ygw,f? ytd0k v hf ufeufuikd af wmfveS f
a&;[m KNDO eJ@wq JG uf+yD; &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f rSm t&Sed jf r‡iv hf y_ &f mS ;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? &Sr;f ya'o&mZf
qef@usiaf &;awGðyvky&f if; apmfbmG ;ydik ef ,fajrawG wcsKŒd twGi;f 0ifa&mufwu kd cf ukd rf a_ wG ðyvkycf =hJ uwJh
twGuf &Sr;f apmfbmG ;/ òrdŒpm;wcsKŒd [m olw@kd yikd f a[mfeef;awGrmS awmif rae0Hb h J xGuaf jy;a&Smifyek ;f
=u&wJt h ajctaexdawmif qdu k af &mufc=hJ u&zl;ygw,f? 1949 ckEpS rf mS ay:aygucf w hJ hJ 'Dytd0k vhf ufeuf
udik f awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_[m Armjynf vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;p acwfrmS ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;wd@k &ŒJ
Ù2
yxrqk;H vufeufuidk v f y_ &f mS ;r_v@kd owfrw S &f rSmjzpfygw,f?
'Drukd a&pDe@J vufeufvv J , S af &; aºu;G a=umfoaH tmufrmS ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J
acgi;f aqmif ytd0k Ohf ;D vSazeJ@ Adv k cf sepf t
Hk yg vufeufuikd w f yfz@JG 0if (1200) ausm[ f m 1958 ckEpS /f
arv-5 &ufae@rmS &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f awmif}u;D òrŒd rSm vufeufcsomG ;jcif;tm;jzifh wcef;&yfomG ;cJ&h yg
awmhw,f?
(7) jynfo@l +idr;f csr;f a&; tzG@J aygif;pk
1951 ckEpS -f {+yv D rSm zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mchygw,f? (Adv k cf sKyftud)k OD;atmifoef;u OuUÏtjzpf
aqmif&u G +f yD; Advk v
f a&mife@J ocifxeG ;f tkyw f @kd u 'k-OuUÏrsm;tjzpfaqmif&u G =f uum awmif}uD;
OD;xGe;f jrifu h taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; jzpfygw,f?
tzG@J tpnf;rSm ‘0g'r&Sd æ vkyif ef;pOfom&S’d [k qdyk gw,f? vkyif ef;pOfuawmh jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f
a&; wnfaqmuf&ef/ oifyek ;f acspepfjzifh wdik ;f jynftwGuaf qmif&u G =f u&efv@kd qdyk gw,f? vGwv f yf+y;D p
ArmEdik if rH mS yxrqk;H aom ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD;jzpfwhJ 1951 ckEpS -f ZGev f
a&G;aumufy}JG u;D rSm tm%m& zqyv eJ@tòyid f ‘jynfo@l +ird ;f csr;f a&;tzG@J aygi;f pk’ yg0if,OS òf yid yf gw,f?
tzG@J wq H yd u f ‘yef;oajy anmifa&td;k yk’H jzpfwt hJ wGuf ‘anmifa&td;k ygw’D vd@k wcsKŒd u aemufajymif
uifyeG ;f wyfac:a0:cJ=h uygw,f?
1955 ckEpS -f Ed0k ifbmvrSm ‘yrnw’ wyfaygi;f pktzG@J }uD; zG@J pnf;wJt h cg wyfaygi;f pk (2) ck r&Sd
tyf r&Sad umif;[kqu kd m ‘jynfo@l +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J aygi;f pk’ udk w&m;0if zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu
kd w
f t
hJ wGuf
aysmufu, G o f mG ;&ygw,f?
(8) urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&; uGe*f &uf (jrefrmEdik if )H
urBmppf wm;qD;a&;/ urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&; xde;f odr;f a&;wd@k twGuf yxrqH;k aom urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&;
uGe*f &ufnvD mcH}uD;udk 1949 ckEpS rf mS jyifopfEikd if H yg&òD rdŒrSmusi;f ycJ+h yD; urBmah umfrwDw&yf a&G;
aumufz@JG pnf;um 1950 jynf/h rwfv-19 &ufae@rmS pawmh[rk ;f òrdŒrSm tpnf;ta0;ðyvky&f if;
urBmausmf pawmh[rk ;f yef=um;v$m xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? 1950 jynf-h Ed0k ifbmrSm 'kw, d t}udrf
ajrmuf urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&; uGe*f &ufnv
D mcH}u;D udk 0gaqmòrŒd rSmusi;f ycJ+h y;D t+rw
J rf; ‘urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&;
111
0if;wifhxGef;
aumifp’D udk zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
tJ'u D rBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;uGe*f &ufe@J qufE, G +f yD; jrefrmEdik if rH mS urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;uGe*f &uf (jrefrm
Edik if )H udk (1951) ckEpS x f rJ mS zG@J pnf;xlaxmifc=hJ uygw,f? q&m}uD; ocifu, dk af wmfri_d ;f ukd OuUÏtjzpf
xm;+yD; zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf w hJ m jzpfygw,f? ocifviG /f '*kew f m&m/ OD;ode;f azjrif/h OD;atmifoef;wd@k vkd
yk*K~ vd af wGyg yg0ifc=hJ u+yD; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;u OD;armifarmifausmf (a'guw f marmifarmifausm)f
jzpfygw,f? 1952 ckEpS -f arv *sLAvDa[mrSmusi;f ywJh Edik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m +idr;f csr;f a&;nDvmcH}uD;uae
a&G;cs,v f u kd w f hJ tr_aqmif aumfrwDrmS awmh OuUÏtjzpf q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f / 'k-OuUÏ
rsm;tjzpf ocifviG /f OD;xGe;f atmifausm/f '*kew f m&m pwJyh *k K~ v d af wGjzpfcyhJ gw,f? 1963 ckEpS rf mS awmh
urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&;uGe*f &uf (jrefrmEdik if )H rSm tvkyt f r_aqmifaumfrwD0if (55) OD;txd&cdS +hJ y;D OuUÏ q&m
}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f / twGi;f a&;rSL; ocifviG f jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;uGe*f &ufu }uD;rSL;usi;f ywJh tjynfjynfqikd &f m +idr;f csr;f a&;tpnf;ta0;
rsm;udk urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;uGe*f &uf (jrefrmEdik if )H rS ud, k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;vnf; yg0ifwufa&mufc=hJ u
+y;D urBmppfwm;qD;qef@usiaf &;/ +ird ;f csr;f a&; xde;f odr;f umuG,af &;/ tpkvu kd t
f ðyv H ukd f vlowfvuf
euf ydwyf ifzsuo f rd ;f a&; v_y&f mS ;r_awGxrJ mS yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f?
1964 ckEpS x f rJ mS awmh Adv k cf sKyfae0if;ppftpd;k &&JŒ trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf u
_ kd umuG,w f m;
qD;onfh Oya'qdw k m&JŒ rw&m;ojzifh ydwyf ifuef@owfvu kd rf a_ tmufrmS urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;uGe*f &uf
(jrefrmEdik if )H vnf; aysmufu, G of mG ;ygawmhw,f?
(9) Armjynf tvkyo

f rm;/ v,form; ygwD (qd&k ,
S ef D ygwD)
Armjynf tvkyo f rm;/ v,form; ygwu D kd 1950 jynfEh pS /f 'DZifbm-8 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;xl
axmifcyhJ gw,f? ocifcspaf rmif (om,m0wD)/ ocifviG /f ocifvaS u|/ ocifval t;eJ@ qd&k , S vf pfygwD
0if (43) OD;wd@k [m tm%m& qd&k , S vf pfygwu D ae 1950 jynf/h 'DZifbm-7 &ufae@rmS t+yD;tydik Ef w _ f
xGuv f u kd +f yD; aemufw&ufrmS yJ “Armjynf tvkyo f rm;/ v,form; ygw”D udk zG@J pnf;xlaxmif
a=unmvdu k w f mjzpfygw,f? Armjynfvw G vf yfa&; a=unmt+yD; tm%m&qd&k , S v f pfygw}D uD;t
wGi;f tm%mukvm;xdik af y: twlarS;xdik af ecJ=h u&mrS vuf,m*d% k ;f eJ@vuf0*J % kd ;f tjzpf uGx J uG f
vmcJ&h mrS &v'fwcktjzpf ‘tvkyo f rm; v,form;ygw’D ay:ayguv f mcJjh cif; jzpfygw,f? wenf;tm;
jzifah jym&&if OD;AaqG-OD;ausm+f idr;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ vuf,mqd&k , S v f pfrsm;eJ@ rmhupf /f vDeif0g'udk
ouf0if,=Hk unfygw,fv@kd aºu;G a=umfxm;=uwJh ocifcspaf rmif/ ocifviG /f ocifvaS u|w@kd acgi;f aqmif
wJh vuf0, J rd ;f qd&k ,
S v
f pfrsm;t=um; tJ'u D mvuay:ayguaf ewJh urBmEh ikd if aH &;tajctaeawGtay:
±_jrifo;Hk oyf&yfwnf oabmxm;=uykcH si;f rwln&D muae uGx J uG f ay:ayguv f mcJwh m jzpfygw,f?
urBmt h vkyo f rm;tpnf;t±k;H rsm; tzG@J csKyf (WFTU) 0ifa&;r0ifa&;udp/P ud&k ;D ,m;ppfyeJG @J ywfouf+y;D
tjrifoabmxm;rwlnjD cif;udpaP wG ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD; vuf,mqd&k , S v f pfawG tompD;&xm;wJh
zqyv tzG@J csKyftvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J rS ocifviG ef @J ocifvaS u|w@kd ukd ta&;,lc&hJ muae ocifcspf
112
armif/ ocifviG /f ocifvaS u|e@J taygi;f ygtm;vk;H 'DZifbm-7 &ufae@rmS qd&k , S v f pfygwrD S E_wx f u G f
a=umif;a=unmum 'DZifbm-8 &ufae@rmS tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;ygwu D kd xlaxmifc=hJ uwm
jzpfygw,f?
uGejf rLepfygwD ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;&wke;f u ‘tvHjzL-tvHe’D (epfjzL-epfe)D vd@k uifyeG ;f wyfac:a0:
cJ=h uwJh qd&k , S vf pfawGukd qd&k , S vf pfygwu D ,kd w f ikd f ESpjf crf;uGo
J mG ;wJt h cgrmS vnf; ‘qd&k , S ef -D qd&k , S jf zL’
vd@k vlxu k uifyeG ;f wyfay;vdu k w f t hJ wGuf ocifcspaf rmif/ ocifviG /f ocifvaS u|w@kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ
‘tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;ygw’D udk ‘qd&k , S ef yD gw’D vd@k vnf; vlord sm;cJyh gw,f? Armjynfq&kd , S v f pf
ygw[ D m tm%m&ygwD jzpfwt hJ wdik ;f uGx J u G jf zpfay:vmcJw h hJ qd&k ,S ef yD gwt D ay:udv k nf; ajAmif
ususzd ESdyf &rf;um;jycJhygw,f? qdk&S,feDygwDopfzGJ@pnf;ay:ayguf+yD; r=umcifrSmyJ qdk&S,feD
(tvkyform;/ v,form;ygwD) &JŒ OD;pD;tzGJ@0ifawGjzpf=uwJh ysOf;rem;c±kdifu &JabmfAcsKdeJ@
&JabmfvS'if}uD;wdk@[m vuf,mqdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;om;awG&JŒ vlykHtv,frSm armfawmfum;eJ@
&uf&ufpufpuf wdu k o f wfypf wm cHc&hJ ygw,f?
‘Armjynf tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;ygw’D [m ‘rmhupf /f vDeif0g'’ udck , H w l hJ ygww D cktjzpf
a=unmcJ+h yD; w&m;0if ajray:Ekid if aH &;ygww D cktjzpf &yfwnfum tm%m&zqyv tpd;k &&JŒOya'
abmiftwGi;f rSm twdu k t f cHygww D cktjzpf v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? ygw&D ŒJ acgi;f aqmifra_ tmufrmS ‘Arm
jynf tvkyo f rm;t pnf;t±k;H (BTUC)/ ‘awmifov l ,form; nD!w G af &;tpnf;t±k;H ’ (wvnp) eJ@
‘jynfo@l vil ,f’ pwJh tzG@J tpnf;awG zG@J pnf;xm;&Scd yhJ gw,f? 1951-52 ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pD taxGaxG
a&G;aumufyeJG @J 1956 ygvrD ef 'Dru kd a&pDa&G;aumufy}JG uD;awGrmS vnf; yg0if,OS òf ydicf yhJ gw,f? 1957
ckEpS rf mS ‘Armjynf tvkyo f rm;ygw’D (BWP) tjzpf trnfajymif;cJyh gw,f?Ù3
1962 ckEpS rf mS awmfveS af &; aumifpw D ufvm+yD;wJah emufyikd ;f OD;b+idr;f / ocifval t;pwJah cgi;f
aqmifwcsKŒd tygt0if ygw0D if 200 ausmf ygwrD S E_wx f u G o
f mG ;cJ=h uygw,f? Armjynf tvkyo f rm;ygwD
[m ‘yrnw’ wyfaygi;f pktwGi;f ta&;ygwt hJ zG@J tpnf;wckjzpfc+hJ yD; ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDacwftwGi;f
ajray:Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGxrJ mS tweftoifh emrnf&cdS yhJ gw,f? 1962 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm-1 &ufae@rmS /
Armjynftvkyo f rm;ygweD @J jynfo@l &aJ bmfygwD (PCP) wd@k yl;aygi;f vdu k =f u+yD; ‘tvkyo f rm;
nD!w G af &;ygw’D tjzpf emrnfopfe@J v_y&f mS ;cJ=h ujyefygw,f? 'ga=umifh Armjynftvkyo f rm;/
v,form;ygwD (qd&k , S ef )D ac: Armjynftvkyo f rm;ygw[ D m 1962 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f Armjynf
tvkyo f rm;ygwq D w kd ehJ mrnfe@J awmh vk;H 0rwnf&adS wmhbJ aysmufu, G o f mG ;cJ&h ygw,f?
(10) Armjynf tvkyo

f rm;tpnf;t±k;H rsm; tzG@J csKyf
Burma Trade Union Congress - BTUC
tm%m& Armjynfq&kd , S v
f pfygwtD wGi;f rS ocifcspaf rmif (om,m0wD)/ ocifviG /f ocif
vSau| pwJh vuf0, J rd ;f acgi;f aqmifwpk cGx J uG v
f m+y;D 1950 jynf/h 'DZifbm-8 &ufae@rmS qd&k ,S ef yD gwD
udk pwifz@JG pnf; xlaxmifvu kd =f uwmeJ@ wqufwnf;/ qd&k , S ef yD gw&D ŒJ OD;aqmifra_ tmufu vlxv k l
113
0if;wifhxGef;
wef;pm;tzG@J tpnf; wcktjzpf Armjynftvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±k;H rsm;tzG@J csKyf (BTUC) ay:ayguv f m
Ù4
cJjh cif; jzpfygw,f? BTUC &JŒ OuUÏtjzpf ocifviG f wm0efcOH ;D aqmifcyhJ gw,f?
“BTUC” [m tm%m& qd& k ,
S v
f pfygw&D ŒJ tvkyo f rm;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;jzpfwhJ tvkyo f rm;
tpnf;t±k;H rsm;tzG@J csKyf -jrefrmEdik if H (TUCB) eJ@tòyid f jzpfygw,f? rlv qd&k ,S v f pfygw&D ŒJ ygwt
D uGu J
ae tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±k;H }uD;vnf; vdu k +f yD;uGv
J mum &v'ftjzpfArmjynf tvkyo f rm;tpnf;
t±k;H rsm;tzG@J csKyf BTUC ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wm jzpfygw,f? 1955 ckEpS -f Ed0k ifbmrSm ‘yrnw’ tzG@J
}uD; ay:ayguv f mwJt h cg BTUC [mvnf; yrnw &JŒwyfaygi;f pk0if tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf yg0ifchJ
ygw,f? 1964 ckEpS rf mS ‘yrnw’ tzG@J }uD;ed*;Hk csKyf&csed rf mS BTUC vnf; ed*;Hk csKyfomG ;&ygawmhw,f?
(11) ArmEdik if H awmifov

l ,form;nD!w
G af &; tpnf;t±k;H (wvnp)
tm%m& qd&k , S vf pfygwt D uGrJ mS tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±k;H }uD;vnf; uGx J u

G v
f mcJ&h ovdk
awmifol v,form;tpnf;t±k;H }uD;vnf; uGx J u G vf mcJ+h yD; qd&k ,
S ef yD gw&D ŒJ vufatmufcH tzG@J t
pnf;wcktjzpf 1950 ckEpS u f ek rf mS ArmEdik if H awmifov l ,form;nD!w G af &;tpnf;t±k;H (wvnp)
ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wm jzpfygw,f? tm%m& qd&k , S vf pfygw&D ŒJ ArmEdik if vH ;Hk qdik &f m awmifovl ,form;
tpnf;t±k;H (Awvp) eJ@ tòydif ‘wvnp’ [m &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? ‘wvnp’ udk Arm
jynf tvkyo f rm;v,form;ygwD (qd&k , S ef )D &JŒ acgi;f aqmif}u;D ocifcspaf rmif (om,m0wD) ud, k w
f ikd f
OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,al qmif&u G f zG@J pnf;v_y&f mS ;cJyh g w,f? 1955 ckEpS rf mS ‘yrnw’ wyfaygi;f pk}uD;
zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mwJth cg/ ‘wvnp’ [mvnf; ‘yrnw’ 0if tzG@J tpnf;wck jzpfvmcJ&h ygw,f?
yrnw tzG@J }uD; uG,af ysmufomG ;&csed rf mS ‘wvnp’ vJ uG,af ysmufomG ;cJ&h ygw,f?
(12) jynfo@l vil ,f tzG@J csKyf
Armjynftvkyo f rm;/ v,form;ygwD (qd&k , S ef )D &JŒ vufatmufcH tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpf

Ù5
w,f? tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk xlaxmifay:ayguaf pcJo h vdk vli,fuv kd nf;
oyfoyfz@JG pnf; xlaxmifwnf&adS pcJ&h mrSm ‘jynfo@l vil ,f tzG@J csKyf’ ay:ayguv
f mcJwh mjzpf ygw,f?
‘yrnw’ tzGJ@}uD; ay:aygufvmwJhtcg jynfol@vli,ftzGJ@csKyf[mvnf; yrnw0if tzGJ@
tpnf;wcktjzpf yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
(13) 'Dru
kd a&pDtcGit
hf a&; umuG,rf a_ umfrwD
'Drukd a&pDtcGit fh a&;umuG,rf _ aumfrwDukd 1951 ckEpS /f Zlvikd -f 24 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
jynfov l x
l w k &yfv;Hk &JŒ qk;H ±_;H ae&wJh 'Dru
kd a&pDtcGit
fh a&;awGukd umuG,o f mG ;&efqw
kd hJ &nf&,
G cf suf
eJ@ zG@J pnf;cJwh mjzpf+yD; txl;ojzifh tkycf sKyfo/l tm%m&So d t
l pd;k &&JŒ rrSerf uefvyk af qmifaer_awGukd
114
rSwwf rf;wif rD;armif;xd;k jyEdik af &;twGuf tzG@J aygi;f pku H yk*Kd~ vaf wGe@J 'DaumfrwDukd zG@J pnf;cJw
h mjzpfygw,f?
(Adv
k cf sKyftud)k OD;atmifoef; (jynfo@l +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J aygi;f pk) u OuUÏ/ ocifAarmif (wd@k Arm
tpnf;t±k;H ) u 'k-OuUÏ/ ocifvaS u| (Armjynf tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;ygw)D u taxGaxGtwGi;f
a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u G u
f m ocifoef;/ rGezf ;kd csK/d rGex f eG ;f &if/ ocif&edS af Zmf/ ocifatmif&if/ ocifA[ef/
OD;t&d,0Ho/ OD;a&$jzL/ OD;xGe;f atmifausmf (tr_xrf;or*~)/ OD;b*sr;f / OD;vSwif/ &JabmfrsK;d !Ge@f / &J
abmfoef;aiG pwJyh *k Kd~ vf awGtygt0if tr_aqmifaumfrwD0ifaygi;f (21) OD; yg0ifygw,f?
tzG@J tpnf;&JŒ (3) ESpaf jrmufjzpfwhJ (24-7-1954) ae@rmS “'Dru kd a&pD rSww
f rf;}uD;” qdw k hJ
pmtky}f u;D wtkyu f kd xkwaf 0jzef@csEd ikd cf yhJ gw,f? 1960 ckEpS &f ŒJ aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh 'DaumfrwD&ŒJ v_y&f mS ;r_
udk rawG@&awmhyg?
(14) wd;k wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk (wd;k wuf)
1951 ckEpS x f rJ mS wuo ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f rSm uGejf rLepfrsm;/ qk&d , S ef ED ,

G rf sm;eJ@
wOD;csi;f wd;k wufwEhJ ikd if aH &;tawG;tac:udk vufcpH w d 0f ifpm;olrsm; pkpnf;vufw=JG u+yD; ‘wd;k wuf
aom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk’trnfe@J zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJwh m jzpfygw,f? udw k ifnKd / ud=k unfvif
(pma&;q&m armif=unfvif)/ udjk roef; (pma&;q&m jroef;wif)h / udak rmifarmifausmf (a'guw f m
armifarmifausm)f / udx k eG ;f vdi_ /f udek ef;a0 (yef;cseD ef;a0)/ udck ifv/S ud! k eG @f a0/ udnk n D D (a'guw f m
nDn)D wd@k yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm qufvufO;D aqmifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uwJh wd;k wuf ausmif;om;
acgi;f aqmifawGuawmh udv k 0S if;/ udb k aumif;/ udak tmifbef;/ udo k ed ;f atmif/ ud, k k (armifu, kd )k /
udak usm+f idr;f pwJo h al wGjzpf=uygw,f? ‘wd;k wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk’ &JŒ OD;aqmifr[ _ m
wpwp wd;k wuf}uD;xGm;vmcJ+h yD; ausmif;om;xk&ŒJ tm;ay;axmufcrH u _ v kd nf; &&Scd yhJ gw,f? vGwf
vyfa&; a=unm+yD;pacwf/ ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f ta&;ygcw hJ hJ tiftm;pkwcktjzpf
Ù6
xif&mS ;cJyh gw,f?
(15) ArmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm; tzG@J csKyf (Auorsm; tzG@J csKyf) (ABFSU)
‘ArmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf’ twdak umuftm;jzifh ‘Auo rsm;
tzG@J csKyf’ udk 1951 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f -15 &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
(1951-52) pmoifEpS t f pydik ;f umvrSm ausmif;om;avmurSm t"du tòydit f iftm;pk}uD;
(2) ck wnf&adS ecJyh gw,f? tJ'guawmh tpd;k &vdv k m;wJh ‘oef@&iS ;f ausmif;om;tiftm;pk’ qdw
k meJ@
ausmif;om;xkt=um;rSm a&SŒwef;a&mufaewJh ‘wd;k wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk’ wenf;
tm;jzifh ‘oef@&iS ;f ’ eJ@ ‘wd;k wuf’ qdw k myJ jzpfygw,f? rlvu&Scd w hJ hJ ‘Auo’ u (Auo ausmif;
115
0if;wifhxGef;
om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u) awmxJ a&muf&o dS mG ;=uwJt h wGuf vpfvyfae&mtwGuf jyefz@JG pnf;=uzd@k
tiftm;pk (2) cktòyid f jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? a&$w*d t Hk v,fypP,H OD;at;armifZ&yfrmS ausmif;om;nDvmcH
usi;f yzd@k wd;k wufaomausmif;om;awGu pdik ;f jyif;csed rf mS oef@&iS ;f tiftm;pkuvnf; ‘wuo’
taqmuftODwiG ;f rSm pifòydiaf usmif;om;nDvmcH ðyvkyzf @kd jyifqifygw,f? wckwnf;aom ausmif;
om;nDvmcH/ wckwnf;aom ‘Auo’ jzpfa&; ndr‡ &tajctae jzpfae=uygw,f? wd;k wufausmif;
om;tiftm;pkuusi;f ywJh nDvmcHuae ‘Auo’ rsm; tzG@J csKyf (ABFSU) udk zG@J pnf;vdu k yf gw,f)?
tJ'D ‘1951-52 Auo rsm;tzG@J csKyf’ &JŒ tr_aqmifrsm;uawmh udv k 0S if; (OuUÏ)/ udak usm+f idr;f
('k-OuUÏ)/ udw k ift;Hk ('k-OuUÏ)/ udak tmifbef; (taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;)/ udb k aumif; (wGzJ uf
twGi;f a&;rSL;) eJ@ tzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf udpk ;kd ode;f / udo k ed ;f atmif/ udak t;oef;/ udrk if;vGi/f udw k ifv h iG wf @kd
jzpfc=hJ uygw,f?
oef@&iS ;f tiftm;pkuvnf; Auo tr_aqmiftzG@J tjzpf tòydizf @JG pnf;vdu k &f rSm 1951-52
ABSU Auo tr_aqmifawGtjzpf udp k ed b f ef; (OuUÏ)/ udpk ed v f iG f ('k-OuUÏ)/ ud0k if;az (taxGaxG
twGi;f a&;rSL;)/ udu k }kd uD; (wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;)/ udck ifarmif!eG @f / ud&k x J w G /f udv k pS ;kd vGief @J
udpk ed 0f if;wd@k jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
‘oef@&iS ;f ’ wd@k &ŒJ ABSU u ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ukd jywfom;pGmOD;aqmifEikd rf r_ &Sw d ma=umifh
wjznf;jznf;vk;H yg;yg; aysmufu, G of mG ;cJ&h +yD; ‘wd;k wuf’ wd@k &ŒJ ‘Auorsm; tzG@J csKyf’ ABFSU }uD;
uom e,fausmif;om;or*~uykd g us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@pnf;±k;H Edik cf &hJ if; ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;Hk &JŒ OD;
aqmiftzG@J }uD; w&yfjzpfvmcJyh gw,f? ABFSU [m e,fcsŒJ +Adwo d #acwf ‘Auo’ acgi;f aqmifr&_ ŒJ
tqufjzpfc+hJ y;D ausmif;om; xk&ŒJ tppftrSeu f , kd pf m;ðy&mtzG@J }u;D tjzpf rSww f rf;wif&rSmjzpfygw,f?
ABFSU [m urBmah usmif;om; or*~tzG@J csKyf (IUS) eJ@ urBm' h rD u
kd a&pD vli,frsm;tzG@J csKyf
(WFDY) wd@k &ŒJ tzG@J 0ifvnf;jzpfcy hJ gw,f? Ù7
(16) jynfo@l n!
D w
G af &;ygwD
jynfo@l n! D w G af &;ygw[D m 1952 ckEpS rf mS zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? ocifoed ;f az (ode;f azjrif)h
eJ@ Adv
k x
f eG ;f pdew
f @kd OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;cJw
h hJ Ekid if aH &;ygwjD zpf+y;D / taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;uawmh ocifoed ;f az
(OD;ode;f azjrif)h jzpfygw,f?
1955 ckEpS rf mS zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf w hJ hJ yrnw tzG@J }uD;twGi;f / tzG@J 0ifygww D ck jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
1956 ckEpS f taxGaxGa&G;aumufyrJG mS (yrnw tjzpf) yg0if,OS òf ydicf +hJ yD;/ bkwvifrq J ENe,f&ŒJ
trwftjzpf OD;ode;f azjrifh ta&G;cHc&hJ ygw,f? vufeufe@J 'Dru dk a&pDvvJ ,S af &; r_id ;f vH;k atmufrmS
‘jynfo@l &aJ bmfygwD (PCP)’ Oya'abmiftwGi;f jyefvnfa&muf&v dS mwJt
h cg/ OD;ode;f azjrifeh @J Adv
k f
xGe;f pdewf @kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ jynfo@l n! D w G af &;ygw[ D m jynfo@l &aJ bmftzG@J twGi;f 0ifa&mufomG ;cJ=h u
ygw,f? 'ga=umihf 1958 ckEpS &f ŒJ aemufyidk ;f rSm ‘jynfo@l n! D w
G af &;ygw’D wcef;&yfomG ;cJ&h ygawmhw,f?
116
(17) w&m;r#wr_ ygwD
a'guw f mat;armif OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;cJw

h mjzpfygw,f? 1949 ckEpS t f wGi;f u 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek&ŒJ
qGcJ ef@0ef}uD;tjzpf w&m;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfc&hJ zl;wJh a'guw f mat;armif[m (8) vausm=f umatmif
w&m;a&;0ef}uD; vkycf &hJ &mu w&m;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpfrS E_wx f u G cf &hJ +yD;aemufyikd ;f r=umcifrmS yJ
‘w&m;r#wr_ygw’D udk xlaxmifz@JG pnf;cJw h m jzpfygw,f? zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya't& a&G;cs,w f if
ajr‡mufcH jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;vS,rf [kwyf gu (6) vxufy+kd yD; 0ef}uD;vkycf iG rhf &Sw d thJ wGuf
E_wx f uG of mG ;&wm jzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;tjzpfu E_wx f u G &f +yD;r=umcifrmS yJ w&m;r#wr_ygwu D kd xl
axmifum Edik if aH &;e,fx0J ifvmjcif; jzpfygw,f? 1955 ckEpS rf mS ‘yrnw’ tzG@J }uD; ay:ayguv f mwJh
tcg a'guw f mat;armif&ŒJ ‘w&m;r#wr_ygw’D vnf; yrnw0if jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? 1956 ckEpS /f t
axGaxGa&G;aumufyrJG mS yg0if,OS òf ydicf yhJ gw,f? 1957 ckEpS rf mS ‘zqyv’ tzG@J tpnf; xufjcrf;uGJ
wJt h cg 1957 ckEpS rf mS ‘yrnw’ [m OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ oef@&iS ;f zqyv zufu &yfwnfcyhJ gw,f?
yrnwxJujzpfwhJ ‘w&m;r#wr_ygw’D uawmh ‘yrnw’ xJuygxu G +f yD; 1958 ckEpS x
f J rSm oef@
&Si;f zqyveJ@y;l aygi;f oGm;cJyh gw,f? a'guw f mat;armif[m 1960 jynfEh pS /f taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG
}u;D rSmawmh ‘oef@&iS ;f zqy’ tjzpfe@J yJ 0ifa&muf,OS òf yid &f if; tEdik &f oef@&iS ;f u ‘yxp’ tzG@J }u;D udx k l
axmifwt hJ cg yxptzG@J csKyf acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfomG ;cJyh gw,f? w&m;r#wr_ygw[ D m 1960 jynfEh pS f
aemufyikd ;f vk;H 0rwnf&adS wmhyg?
(18) &Sr;f jynfv;Hk qdik &f m tzG@J csKyf (&yvz)

All Shan State Organization (ASSO)
1950 jynfEh pS 0f ef;usirf mS zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f / erfch rf;OD;xGe;f at;u
OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpf+yD; OuUÏ erfch rf;OD;xGe;f at;/ 'k-OuUÏ OD;xGe;f jreJ@ OD;cef;/ OD;atmifoef; pwJh
yk*Kd~ vfawGu t"duOD;aqmifc=hJ uygw,f? &Sr;f ya'o&mZfqef@usiaf &; tajccHe@J pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h m
jzpf+yD; &Sr;f jynfukd Armjynf jynfr}uD;eJ@ rcGaJ &;tjrifoabmxm;&Scd yhJ gw,f?
1957 ckEpS /f zqyv ruGrJ u D mvrSmyJ &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f ygvrD eftrwf erfch rf;OD;xGe;f at;[m
apmfbmG ;rsm;tm; tm%mpGe@f vw $ &f efe@J yifvpHk mcsKyft& (10) ESpjf ynfah omfvnf; &Sr;f jynfe,f cGJ
xGujf cif; rðy&efw@kd ukd v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;rSm t}urd }f urd w f ifjycJyh gw,f? OD;xGe;f at;acgi;f aqmif
wJh ‘&yvz’ [m cGx J uG af &;udq k ef@usiw f hJ tzG@J tpnf;jzpfc+hJ yD; cGxJ u
G af &;udvk v kd m;wJh &Sr;f tzG@J
tpnf;awGe@J rajyrvnf taetxm; &Scd yhJ gw,f? Ù8
1958 ckEpS /f ‘Ekwif’ (oef@&iS ;f )/ ‘aqG+idr;f ’ (wnf+rJ) qd+k yD; tm%m& zqyv tzG@J }uD; (2)
jcrf; uGw J t
hJ cgrmS awmh erfch rf;trwf OD;xGe;f at;acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘&yvz’ [m aqG+idr;f (wnf+rJ) udk
axmufcrH J ay;cJyh gw,f? erfch rf;OD;xGe;f at;[m OD;AaqGe@J yk*Kd~ vfa&;&if;ES;D wJt h wGuf aqG+idr;f (wnf+rJ
ud)k axmufcrH J ay;cJw h mjzpf+yD; &Sr;f jynfOuUÏ p0fceG cf sKd acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘&Sr;f jynfawmifwef;om;rsm;
117
0if;wifhxGef;
pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;tzG@J (&wnz) uawmh ‘Ekwif’ (oef@&iS ;f ) zufu &yfwnfcyhJ gw,f?
p0fceG cf sKad cgi;f aqmifwthJ zG@J e@J erfch rf;OD;xGe;f at;acgi;f aqmifwt hJ zG@J [m tajccHtm;jzifh qef@
usizf uftjzpf uGv J &JG yfwnfc=hJ uayrJh ‘1947 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'’ jyefvnfjyifqifa&;eJ@
ygwo f wf+yD; 1961/ azazmf0g&-D 22 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJw
h hJ ‘zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'
jyifqifa&;qGaJ &; (&Sr;f jynfe,fqikd &f m) óud;udik af umfrwD’ tzG@J xrJ mS awmh ‘&yvz’ rS erfch rf;OD;xGe;f
at;/ OD;cef;eJ@ OD;atmifoef;wd@k (3) OD;vnf; aumfrwDtzG@J 0ifawGtjzpf yg0ifcw hJ mawG@&ygw,f?
tajccHOya' jyefvnfjyifqifvy_ &f mS ;r_rmS ‘&yvz’ vnf; ta&;ygwt hJ cef;u pwifyg0ifvy_ f
&Sm;cJw h m trSeaf yrJh 1961/ ZGev f -8 &ufrS 16 &ufae@txd awmif}uD;òrdŒrSmusi;f ycJw h hJ ‘awmif}uD;
jynfe,faygi;f pkH nDvmcH}uD;’ ay:ayguv f mcsed rf mS awmh ‘Armud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J ’ eJ@ ‘&yvz’ udk
w&m;0ifzw d =f um;jcif; rðywmawG@&ygw,f? 'k-OuUÏ OD;xGe;f jr/ OD;cef;eJ@ OD;atmifoef;wd@k uykd J
yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& zdw=f um;w,fqw kd m vkycf =hJ uwJt h wGuf tJ'D (3) OD;[mvnf; nDvmcHurkd wuf
a&mufbJ ‘awmif}uD;nDvmcH’ udk ‘&yvz’ u oydwaf rSmufcyhJ gw,f?
1962/ rwfv-2 &ufae@ ppfwyfu tm%modr;f ,l+yD;r=umrSrD mS yJ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;uae
erfch rf;OD;xGe;f at;udk ac:,l+yD; ‘&Sr;f jynfe,f OD;pD;OuUÏ’ tjzpf cef@tyfcyhJ gw,f? 1964 up+yD;
‘&yvz’ tzG@J }uD;vnf; aysmufu, G o f mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
(19) 'Dtuf(pf)tdk
Democratic Student Organization (DSO)
1953 ckEpS /f aEG&moD ausmif;ydw&f uft+yD;rSm 'Dru

kd &ufwpfausmif;om; tiftm;pk (ac: )
DSO tzG@J ukd tm%m&qd&k , S v
f pfygwu
D ae ausmaxmufaemufcðH y zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf w
hJ mjzpfyg
w,f?
1953 ckEpS /f aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f ufrmS tpd;k &udv k vkd m;wJh &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;
tzG@J awG jzpf=uwJh ‘udu k }kd uD;-udu
k akd v;tzG@J ’/ ‘jynfaxmifpk ausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J ’/ ‘wuUov kd f
vli,ftzG@J ’/ ‘oef@&iS ;f ausmif;om;tzG@J ’ eJ@ ‘ausmif;om;aygi;f oif;qufqaH &;ESihf oufomacsmif
csad &;tzG@J ’pwJh tzG@J (5) zG@J u ausmif;om; (100) udk tm%m& qd&k , S v f pf ygwaD cgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm;jzpf
=uwJh OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f pwJh qd&k , S vf pfacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;uae qd&k , S v f pfEikd if aH &;oifwef;
(1) vwdwd yd@k csay;vdu k +f yD;aemuf qd&k , S vf pfausmif;om; Edik if aH &;tzG@J wzG@J tjzpf DSO udk arG;zGm;
ay;cJw h m jzpfygw,f? tJ'ED ikd if aH &;oifwef;t+yD;rSmyJ ‘udu k }kd uD;-udu k adk v;tzG@J ’ eJ@ ‘jynfaxmifpk
ausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J ’ awG[m olw@kd &ŒJ rlvtzG@J awGuykd g zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd +f yD;? DSO tzG@J ukd wnf
Ù9
axmifvu kd =f uygawmhw,f?
&nf&, G cf suu
f awmh 1952-53 ynmoifEpS rf mS ‘wd;k wufausmif;om;tiftm;pk’ u Auo
rsm;tzJ@G csKyf/ wuo/ &uo pwJh t"du ausmif;om;tzG@J tpnf;awGrmS OD;aqmifr&_ xm;wm
tay: tpOftvm}uD;vSwhJ ‘wd;k wuf’ wd@k &ŒJ OD;aqmifrt _ cef;udk z,f&mS ;ypf&eftwGuf tm%m&
118
ygwu D wuUov kd ef ,fajrtwGi;f DSO udk arG;zGm;ay:ayguaf pcJw h m jzpfygw,f? DSO eJ@ wd;k wuf[m
tòydijf zpfvmcJyh gw,f? 1953-54 ynmoifEpS t f wGuf wuo a&G;aumufyrJG mS tòydit f qdik }f uJ=u
ygawmhw,f? (28-8-1953) ae@rmS usi;f ywJh wuo a&G;aumufyrJG mS zq qd&k , S t
f rwfrsm; zq
yv vl}u;D rsm;eJ@ 0ef}u;D uawmfawGyg wufa&muftm;ay;=uygw,f? acsmjh rLwm/ +crd ;f ajcmufwmawG
vky±f rHk uyJ rJc;kd wmawGygvyk =f uygw,f? ppfuikd ;f aqmifrS udpk ;kd oef;ud/k OuUÏtjzpf 0ifta&G;cHol
udt f ae/ rJc;kd wm vufy;l vuf=uyfzrf;rdr_ jzpfymG ;cJyh gw,f? DSO rJocl ;kd qd+k yD; ausmif;om;xku
k ;Hk cdik u
&efuek òf rdŒxJ vSnv hf nfaºuG;a=umfatmf[pf qENjywJt h xd tkwaf tmfaomif;wif;jzpfc&hJ +yD; 1953-
54 wuo a&G;aumufyv JG nf; ysujf ym;cJ&h ygw,f? Ù10
Armwjynfv;Hk rSm DSO awGvu kd zf @JG +yD; qd&k ,
S vf pfygwuD kd usm;ueftaxmuftulðy&ef
&nf&, G zf @JG pnf;cJw
h mjzpfayrJh ausmif;om;xkt=um; a&yef;rpm;wJt h zG@J om jzpfvmcJ&h ygw,f? 1955
aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh DSO qdw k thJ oH[m tajccHtm;jzifh aysmufu, G o f mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
(20) ausmif;om;nD!w
G af &; wyfO;D
Student United Front
1953-54 wESpv f ;Hk wuo a&G;aumufyrJG sm; ysujf cif;/ atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwf t
a&;awmfyHk ay:aygucf jhJ cif;wd@k a=umifh ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd tzrf;tqD;cH&/ ausmif;xkwcf &H +y;D
tm%mydik af wGe@J ausmif;om;rsm;t=um; wif;rmr_awGjzpfymG ;aepOf wESpv f ;Hk ausmif;om;or*~r&So d
vdjk zpfae&&if; ausmif;om;xku, kd pf m;ðyEdik w
f hJ w&m;0if ausmif;om;tzG@J tpnf;r&So d vdk jzpfae&wJh
twGuf &efuek w f uUov kd &f dS toif;tzG@J aygi;f pkpH ak 0;=uum ‘or*~jzpfajrmufa&; aumfrwD’ udk zG@J
pnf;cJ=h uygw,f? tJ'o D r*~jzpfajrmufa&; aumfrwDrmS yg0ifc=hJ uolrsm;eJ@ &efuek w f uUov kd &f dS ucsi/f
u&if/ csi;f / &Sr;f / &cdik f pwJw h idk ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pk ausmif;om;rsm;pkaygi;f um ‘ausmif;om;nD!w G af &;
wyfO;D ’ (Student United Front) ukd atmifjrifpmG zG@J pnf;cJ=h uojzifh ay:ayguv f mcJ&h jcif;jzpfygw,f?
yxrqk;H pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h hJ ‘ausmif;om;nD!w G af &; wyfO;D ’ rSm aumifp0D if (46) OD;eJ@ tr_
aqmiftzG@J ukd zG@J cyhJ gw,f?
(1) udck ifarmif - OuUÏ
(2) udck ifarmiftek ;f - taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;
(3) udpk ed 0f if; (xm;0,f) - wGzJ uf twGi;f a&;rSL;
(4) udv k xS eG ;f OD; - aiGxed ;f eJ@ tr_aqmifawGtjzpf eefZifvm (ucsi)f / udv k aS z (&cdik )f /
udak rmufZif (&Sr;f )/ udak pmode;f a&$ (u&if)/ udak Zmf0if;/ udb k ek ;f vdi_ /f udak Ï;rif;wd@k e@J zG@J pnf;cJwh m
Ù11
jzpfygw,f?
wyfO;D [m æ æ æ
(1) ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&; umuG,af &;/ tqifjh rifh ynmoif=um;a&;ESihf ausmif;om;b0 om,m
ajzmifjh zL;a&;?
119
0if;wifhxGef;
(2) ausmif;om;nD!w G af &;ESihf ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;/ ausmif;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf yl;wGJ
aqmif&u G af &;?
(3) +idr;f csr;f pGm ynmoif=um;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ jr‡iw hf ifa&;/ ausmif;omtcsi;f csi;f &if;ES;D pGm aygi;f oif;
qufqaH &;qdw k hJ 0g' (3) &yfukd csrw S cf +hJ yD; wuo a&G;aumufyt JG wGuv f nf; pnf;±k;H jyifqifcyhJ g
w,f?
1955-56 wuo a&G;aumufyrJG mS vnf; ‘wyfO;D ’ tEdik &f cJo h vdk 56-57/ 57-58/ 58-59
a&G;aumufyrJG sm;rSmvnf; wyfO;D uyJ tEdik &f cJyh gw,f?
‘ausmif;om;nD!w G af &;wyfO;D ’ v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm yg0ifc/hJ xif&mS ;cJwh hJ ausmif;om;acgi;f
aqmifawGuawmh udak rmifarmif!eG @f (rif;vS-!Ge@f =uL;)/ udpk ed 0f if; (ok;H cG)/ udn k Kd 0if;/ udw k ifa&$ (rkH
&Gmwifa&$)/ udpk ;kd ode;f / udx k eG ;f =unf/ udv k aS qmif/ udt k ;Hk armif/ udak Zmf0if;/ udck spo
f ed ;f OD;/ udak usmf
vdi_ f (&cdik )f / udAk aqGav; pwJo h al wGyjJ zpfygw,f?
1955 ckEpS /f pufwifbm-14 &ufae@rmS usi;f ywJh ppfwyf&ŒJ wyfrawmfnv D mcH (wyfrLS ;rsm;
nDvmcH) rSm ‘jyLapmxD;pDru H ed ;f ’ udk pwif wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD; 1955 ckEpS -f atmufwb kd mrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek
OuUÏtjzpf aqmif&u G w
f hJ ‘trsK;d om;umuG,af &; aumifpq D ;Hk jzwfcsu’f t& tpd;k &uae w&m;0ifz@JG
pnf;ay;cJw h m jzpfyg w,f? wEdik if v H ;Hk tòrdŒòrdŒte,fe,f/ aus;vufawm&Gm ae&mtES@H ‘jyLapmxD;
vufeufuikd t f zG@J ’ awG rdv _ akd ygucf &hJ ygw,f? Edik if aH wmf +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;/ aomif;use;f ol ESrd Ef iS ;f a&;
awGtwGuf tpd;k &&JŒ txl;ojzifh ppfwyfe@J &&J ŒJ vufatmufct H &efwyfawGtjzpf tok;H csz@kd ykaH zmf
zefw;D zG@J pnf;ay;cJw h m jzpfygw,f? tpd;k &u jyLapmxD;wyfawGz@JG pnf;ay;awmhr,fv@kd a=unmpOfu
wnf;u twdu k t
f cH Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awG tm;vk;H vdv k kd tjyif;txef uef@uu G cf =hJ uygw,f?
tpd;k &&JŒtodtrSwðf y vufrw S &f wyfwckozG,f jzpfvm±ko H mru zG@J pnf;ay;wJh tm%m&ygwt D yk pf k
awG&ŒJ cg;ydu k af qmif wyfz@JG ozG,v f nf; jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? jyLapmxD;tzG@J awG[m ay:ayguv f mcsed f
up+yD; a'otoD;oD;rSm emrnfq;kd eJ@ausm=f um;vmcJyh gw,f? jynfov l xl u k kd umuG,af pmifah &Smuf
&rJt h pm;/ vufeuftm;ud;k enf;rsK;d pkeH @J jynfov l x l t k ay: ESyd pf ufnO‡ ;f yef; Adv k u f sc=hJ uygw,f? rk
'dr;f usi/hf vlowf/ "m;jywdu k /f jyefay;qGjJ cif;awGtjyif twdu k t f cHEikd if aH &;orm;eJ@ Edik if aH &; tzG@J tpnf;
awGtay: ajAmifususzEd ydS af pmfum; &rf;um;=u&if; enf;aygi;f pkeH @J aumufusp, f w k rf mjcif;awGukd
vnf; ðyvkycf =hJ uygw,f? tm%m& zq-qd&k , S x f yd o f ;D }uD;awGu, kd wf ikd f arG;jrLay;xm;jcif;cH&wJh
‘jyLapmxD;’ awG[m &rf;um;csio f vdk &rf;um; rdu k ±f idk ;f cGi&fh cJyh gw,f? aomif;use;f olv@kd emrnfwyf
ay;xm;wJh olyek ef @J vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; tiftm;pkawGtay:om qef@usijf y/ usew f m vkycf sif
wmvkyq f w kd hJ oabmrsK;d eJ@ ppfwyfuvnf; jyLapmxD;awGukd ypm;ay;xm;cJyh gw,f?
yrnw u jyLapmxD;zsuaf y;a&;udk tpk;d &xH w&m;0ifawmif;qdck yhJ gw,f? tm%m&tpd;k &
uawmh 'Dtwkid ;f yJ vufyu dk =f unfah ecJyh gw,f? a&G;aumufy}JG uD; vkycf ge;D av/ jyLapmxD;awGu t
120
wdu k t f cHtrwfavmif;awGe@J trwfavmif;awG&ŒJ au'gawG/ axmufcv H y_ &f mS ;olawGukd wdww f wd f
yke;f a&m ajAmifenf;awGe@J yg +cdr;f ajcmuf aESmif, h u S jf cif;/ zrf;qD;±du k Ef u S jf cif;eJ@ owfjzwfjcif;awGyg
vuf&ZJ uf&J ðyvkycf =hJ uygw,f? om,m0wDc±kid /f rif;vS a&G;aumufyJG ‘av;avmif;òyid f vlowfr}_ u;D ’
[m xif&mS ;wJh om"uwckjzpf+yD; 1957 ckEpS /f +rdwcf ±kid f ‘qDawmiftikd &f mG vlowfr’_ [mvnf; jyL
apmxD;wd@k &ŒJ &rf;um; &ufpufry_ jJ zpfygw,f?
1958 ckEpS -f ZGev f rSm tm%m& zqyv tzG@J }uD; xufjcrf;uGw J t hJ cgrmS awmh jyLapmxD;awG
vnf; ‘aqG+idr;f ’ vl/ ‘Ekwif’ vltjzpf vdu k u f v JG mwm awG@&ygw,f? 'DtcgusrS 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Eku
Advk cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;/ Adv k rf LS ;}uD; armifarmif/ Akv d rf LS ;}uD; atmif}uD;wd@k ukd ae&mwdik ;f rSm jyLapmxD;awGukd
(50µ) av#myh pfz@kd Edik if aH &;orm;awG tvsO;f rygwhJ e,fvðHk cHa&;tzG@J awGu, kd wf ikd f }uD;=uyfa&G;cs,w f hJ
jyLapmxD;awGcef@xm;zd@k ajymqdck +hJ y;D umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Adv k rf LS ;atmife@J jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D Akv d rf if;acgif
wd@k uv kd nf; Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;eJ@ ndE‡ i_d ;f aqmif&u G &f ef vkyaf qmifc&hJ ygw,f? yrnw tzG@J }uD;u
1958 ckEpS /f =o*kw-f 8 &ufae@rmS jyLapmxD;rsm; zsuo f rd ;f &efukd 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ektm; xyfrw H u kd wf eG ;f cJyh g
w,f? tJ'aD e@rmS yJ umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Adv k rf LS ;atmif/ jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D Adv k rf if;acgi/f umuG,af &;OD;pD;
csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;/ twGi;f 0efcsKyf OD;cifarmifjzLeJ@ &JcsKyfw@kd yg wufa&mufwt hJ pnf;ta0;}uD;rSm
jyLapmxD;eJ@ywfowf+yD; wyfz@JG tm;vk;H rzsuo f rd ;f bJ roef@&iS ;f aomwyfreS o f r#ukd zsuo f rd ;f a&;/ jyL
apmxD;xJu ‘Ekwifval &m aqG+idr;f vlyg’ xkwyf pfa&; aqG;aEG;cJ=h uygw,f? ppfwyft&m&Srd sm;eJ@ &J
zuft&m&St d rsm;pku jyLapmxD;rsm;[m wkid ;f jynf +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;twGuf rsm;pGmtultnD&wJh
twGuf rzsuo f rd ;f oifah =umif; aqG;aEG;=uw,fv@kd qykd gw,f? pufwifbm-1 &ufae@rmS awmh
wyfrawmfuyG±J rHk mS usi;f ywJh tpnf;ta0;}uD;uae jyLapmxD;wyfz@JG awGukd zsuo f rd ;f +yD; &JtzG@J vuf
atmufrmS t&ef&t J jzpf ajymif;vJ&ef jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;/ umuG,af &;0ef}uD;tyg wyfrawmft&m&Sd
}uD;rsm;eJ@ c±kid &f 0J efrsm;u oabmwlq;Hk jzwfc=hJ uygw,f?
1958 ckEpS -f pufwifbm aemufq;Hk ywftwGi;f yxrqk;H t}urd f ppfwyfxyd o f ;D wpku tm%m
odr;f zd@k jyifqifpikd ;f jyif;vmcsed rf mS awmh jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; Akv d rf if;acgiu f , dk w f ikd f tif;pde/f om,m0wD/
jynfc±kid rf sm;twGi;f &Sd oef@&iS ;f zqyvzufom; vufa&G;pifjyLapmxD; waomif;ausmu f dk &efuek t f eD;
ac:,lcsxm;Ekid zf @dk vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f?
OD;Ek[m tajctaet&yf&yfukd wGuq f +yD; w&m;r#wwJah &G;aumufyu JG kd (6) v=um&if ðy
vkyaf y;zd@k uykd J awmif;qd+k yD; umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;vufxo J @kd tm%mudk xd;k tyfay;
vdu k yf gw,f? tm%modr;f a&;t=uHtpnfe@J twl tm%mvmawmif;ol Akv d rf LS ;}uD; armifarmif/
Adv
k rf LS ;}u;D atmif}u;D wd@k tóuu d f ‘tm%modr;f cH&wmudk tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;tyfwyhJ pHk ’H eJ@ Edik if aH &;
ukvm;zefx;kd +yD; Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;udk tdraf pmift h pd;k &zG@J z@kd tm%mudv k t J$ yfay;vdu k &f ygawmhw,f?
Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ tdraf pmift h pd;k &zG@J z@kd tm%mudv k aJ$ jymif;ay;vdu k &f ygawmhw,f? Akv d cf sKyf}uD;
ae0if;&JŒ tdraf pmift h pd;k & (wyfrawmftpd;k &) ay:ayguv f m+yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh emrnfq;kd eJ@ausmf
=um;vmwJh jyLapmxD; vufeufuikd w f yfz@JG }uD;vnf; ‘zqyv’ vufxufu emrnftrsK;d rsK;d eJ@
wnf&v dS mcJw h hJ ‘cg;ydu k af qmifwyfz@JG rsm; zsuo f rd ;f a&;’ qdw k hJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &&JŒ acgi;f pOfatmufrmS
121
0if;wifhxGef;
aysmufu,
G f csKyf+idr;f oGm;&ygawmhw,f?
(22) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;nD!w

G af &; wyfaygif;pk (yrnw)
National United Front (NUF)
‘yrnw’tzG@J }uD;udk 1955 ckEpS -f Ed0k ifbm-18 &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
+idr;f csr;f a&;/ trsK;d om;vGwv f yfa&; jr‡iw hf ifa&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDa&; pwJ&h nf&, G cf suaf wGe@J zG@J pnf;
cJw
h mjzpf+yD; ay:ayguv f mawmhr,hf 1956 ckEpS /f taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD;rSm tm%m& zq-qdk
&S,rf sm;eJ@ vlx=k um; ,SOòf ydit f a&G;cs,cf zH @kd twdu k tf cHEikd if aH &; wyfaygi;f pk}uD;wcktjzpf zG@J pnf;cJw h m
jzpfygw,f? pwif zG@J pnf;xlaxmifpu (1) ocifcspaf rmif-ocifviG w f @kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ tvkyo f rm;/
v,form;ygw/D (2) ocifoif-ocifAarmifw@kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H (aemif-jynfo@l
'Dru kd a&pDygw)D / (3) Adv k cf sKyf tud-k OD;atmifoef;acgi;f aqmifwhJ jynfo@l +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J / (4) OD;ode;f
azjrif-h Adv k x f eG ;f pdew f @kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ jynfo@l n! D wG af &;ygw/D (5) a'guw f mat;armifacgi;f aqmifwhJ
w&m;r#wr_ygw/D (6) Armjynftvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±k;H rsm; tzG@J csKyf/ (7) awmifov l ,form;nD
!Gwaf &; tpnf;t±k;H (wvnp)/ (8) jynfo@l vli,ftzG@J csKyf/ (9) rGew f ikd ;f &if;om; tpnf;t±k;H /
(10) ref;xGe;f &ifw@kd &ŒJ u&iftrsK;d om;tzG@J pwJEh ikd if aH &;ygweD @J vlxv k wl ef;pm;tzG@J tpnf;awG yg
0ifcyhJ gw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm ‘jynfo@l vil ,ftzG@J csKy’f / ‘ArmrGwpf vifueG *f &uf’ wd@k vnf; yrnw twGi;f
yg0ifvm=uovdk 1958 ckEpS rf mS jynfo@l &aJ bmfygwv D nf; ajray: jyefa&mufvm+yD; yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
jynfo@l n! D w G af &;ygwu D jynfo@l &aJ bmftwGi;f yg0ifaygi;f pnf;oGm;cJyh gw,f? 1959 ckEpS rf mS awmh
(Adv k cf sKyftudk OD;atmifoef;zG@J pnf;wJh ‘trsK;d om; wd;k wufa&;ygw’D / ocifoif&ŒJ ‘jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pD
ygw’D eJ@ &JabmfcifarmifO;D wd@k &ŒJ ‘&Jabmfaygi;f pkH xde;f odr;f a&;tzG@J ’ wd@k yl;aygi;f zG@J pnf;&mrS ay:ayguv f m
wJ)h ‘jynfo@l wd;k wufa&;ygw’D vnf; yrnw 0if jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
yrnw tzG@J }uD;[m tm%m& zqyv tzG@J }uD;&JŒ zqyv tpd;k &&JŒ rl0g'ay:vpDawGukd
a0zef±w _ cf s zGicfh sEikd cf +hJ yD; jynfov l x l w k &yfv;Hk ñuHawG@&ifqikd af e&wJh vlrb _ 0taxGaxGukd xufxuf
jrufjruf rD;armif;xd;k jyEdik cf yhJ gw,f? vlx=k um;rSm wd;k wufwhJ Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk}u;D ozG,f v_y&f mS ;cJyh g
w,f? yrnw udk zqyv tpd;k &u ‘ajray:uGejf rLepf’ awGv@kd ac:a0:uifyeG ;f wyfcyhJ gw,f? 1956
ckEpS /f ygvrD ef 'Dru kd a&pDa&G;aumufy}JG u;D ay:ayguv f mcsed rf mS awmh yrnw tzG@J }u;D [m ‘jynfwiG ;f ppf’
rkcs &yfp&J r,fqw kd hJ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; aºuG;a=umfou H ukd ikd pf +JG yD; +idr;f csr;f a&; 'Dru kd a&pDa&; tvHukd
axmifum/ tm%m& zqyveJ@ t}udwt f e,f,OS òf ydicf yhJ gw,f? ppfwyfe@J cg;ydu k af qmifjyLapmxD;
vufeufuikd t f zG@J awG tygt0if tm%m& zq-qd&k , S af wGu yrnw tzG@J tay: bufaygi;f pku H ae
enf;vrf;aygi;f pko H ;Hk +y;D trsK;d rsK;d zdEydS f &efr+l crd ;f ajcmuf &ufpufc=hJ uyg w,f? ajAmifusus n‡O;f yef;ESyd pf uf
owfjzwfc=hJ ur_awGawmif ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;ydwyf if[ef@wm;cJw h mawGvnf;
&Syd gw,f? 'D=um;xJuyJ twdu k tf cH Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk}u;D jzpfwhJ yrnw[m 1956 ckEpS /f a&G;aumuf
yG}J uD;rSm trwfae&m 46 ae&m tEdik &f &Scd yhJ gw,f? rJay;olaygi;f (3) oef; (6) ode;f ausm&f &dS mrSm
122
tm%m& zqyv u (1) oef; (7) ode;f / twdu k t f cH yrnw }uD;u (1) oef; (1) ode;f ausm&f &Scd +hJ yD;
pkpak ygi;f rJta&twGut f m;jzifh odyrf uGmvSawmhwt hJ xd atmifjrifr&_ cJah yrJ/h a&G;aumufyu JG si;f yykH
pepft&/ trwfae&muawmh (46) ae&myJ &&Scd w hJ mjzpfygw,f? yrnw [m v$waf wmftwGi;f
rSm vnf; xif&mS ;wJt h wdu k t
f cH Edik if aH &;tiftm;pk}u;D wckjzpfvmcJ+h y;D yrnw &JŒtoHudk trsm;xku
em;pGi*hf ±kr=l u&wJt h xd =oZm&Sv d mcJyh gw,f? ocifcspaf rmif (om,m0wD)/ ocifviG /f ocifvaS u|/
OD;ode;f azjrif/h Adv k cf sKyftudk OD;atmifoef;/ OD;b+idr;f / w&m;0ef}uD;a[mif; a'guw f mat;armif/ OD;
bxGe;f eJ@ Adv k jf raoG; pwJyh *k K~d vfawG[m yrnw&JŒxif&mS ;wJh ta[maumif; tajymaumif; Edik if H
a&;acgi;f aqmifawGjzpfc=hJ uygw,f?
1957 ckEpS -f rwfv-12 &ufae@ jynfo@l vw $ af wmftpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm yrnw twdu k t f cH
trwfawGu zqyv tpd;k &tay: t,kt H =unfr&Sad =umif; tqdw k ifoiG ;f cJ=h uygw,f? tpd;k &&JŒ
w&m;0ifxw k jf yefcsuaf wGt&rSmyJ Edik if t H wGi;f w&m;cHazmfxw k Ef ikd jf cif;r&Scd whJ hJ vlowfr/_ "m;jyr_/
jyefay;r_/ rk'rd ;f r_awG axmife@J &meJ@cs&D adS ecJw h mawGukd axmufjy&if;/ jyLapmxD;tygt0if vufeufuikd f
wyfawG&ŒJ tEkid u f siAhf v dk uf sra_ wGukd ajz&Si;f ray;Edik w f m/ jynfwiG ;f aomif;use;f r_jy\emudk rajz&Si;f
ay;Edik wf mawG[m tpd;k &rSm vk;H 0wm0ef&adS =umif;/ 'ga=umifh tpd;k &tay:t,kt H =unfr&Sd tqdw k if
oGi;f &wmjzpfa=umif;/ tcsut f vuf ude;f *%ef;awGe@J wuG azmfxw k pf cJG suwf ifcyhJ gw,f? yrnw
&JŒ tqdu k dk a'guw f mat;armifu wifoiG ;f cJ+h y;D ocifcspaf rmiftyg trwf (10) OD;u axmufcaH qG;aEG;
wif oGi;f cJw h mjzpfygw,f? tcsut f vufawGt& cdik rf mrSeu f efvaS yrJh zqyv u tiftm;}uD;wJt h
wGuf tqd[ k m ±_;H edrchf &hJ ygw,f? 'gayrJh yrnw &JŒ 'Dtqd[ k m v$waf wmftwGi;f rSm tm%m&tpd;k &udk
r,k=H unfa=umif; wifoiG ;f cJw h hJ ‘yxrqH;k aom tpd;k &tay: t,kt H =unfr&St d qd’k tjzpf ordik ;f
rSww f rf;0ifomG ;cJ&h ygw,f?
1958 ckEpS rf mS tm%m& zqyv tzG@J }uD; ‘oef@&iS ;f ’ eJ@ ‘wnfjrJ’ tjzpf ESpjf crf;uGw J t hJ cgrmS
awmh yrnw [m ‘Ek-wif’ oef@&iS ;f zqyv zufu &yfwnfcyhJ gw,f? ‘Ek-wif’ &JŒ oef@&iS ;f zqyv
[m ‘aqG +idr;f ’ &JŒ wnf+rJtay: (8) rJxeJ @J ESmwzsm;tomeJ@yJ uyf+yD;tEdik &f cJw h m[m yrnw
tzG@J }uD;&JŒ tifrwef ta&;ygvw S hJ tqk;H tjzwfaxmufcrH aJ =umifyh J jzpfygw,f? oef@&iS ;f zqyv}uD;
tEdik &f vdu k cf sed rf mS awmh a'guw f mat;armif&ŒJ w&m;r#wr_ygw[ D m yrnw }uD;uaexGuv f u kd +f yD;
oef@&iS ;f eJ@ aygi;f pnf;oGm;cJyh gw,f? 1958 ckEpS -f pufwifbmrSm yxrqk;H aomt}udrf ‘ppfwyf’
tm%modr;f v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D ay:ayguw f t hJ cg yrnw u jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uu G cf yhJ gw,f? ay:ayguf
vmwJh ‘1959 ckEpS /f wyfrawmftrd af pmift h pd;k &’ &JŒ vufxufrmS yrnw [m twdu k t f cHtiftm;pk
tjzpf &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; tdraf pmift h pd;k &&JŒ aAGaqmfO;D zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f ESyd f
uGyrf a_ wGatmufrmS yrnw 0if Edik if aH &;orm;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f cH&±krH u
u|e;f yd@k wmtxd ñuHawG@&ifqikd cf &hJ ygw,f? Adv k jf raoG;/ ocifAarmif/ Adv k t
f ;Hk wif/ Akv d !
f eG @f armif/
Akv
d af tmifEikd /f ref;xGe;f &if pwJyh *k K~d vfawGtyg yrnw awG tzrf;tqD; cHc&hJ ygw,f? tdraf pmift h pd;k &
u (6) vjynfw h t hJ csed rf mS a&G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;Edik rf mS r[kww f t hJ wGuf ygvrD ef trwfr[kwo f l
wa,mufukd (6) vxufausmv f eG +f yD; 0ef}uD; (od@k r[kw)f 0ef}uD;csKyfvyk cf iG rfh ðyqdw k hJ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk
123
0if;wifhxGef;
tajccHOya' yk'rf (116) udk jyifqifay;a&;awmif;qdv k mwJt h cgrmS vnf; ygvrD eftwGi;f rSm yrnw
[m jyif;jyif;xefxefuef@uu G cf yhJ gw,f? 1960 jynfh a&G;aumufy}JG uD;ay:ayguv f mcsed rf mS awmh
‘yrnw’ tzG@J }uD;[m 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydicf ahJ yrJh wOD;wa,mufrS a&G;cs,cf &H jcif;r&Sad wmhyg?
1962 ckEpS /f rwfv-2 &ufae@rmS awmfveS af &;aumifpD wufvmcsed rf mS ppfwyftm%modr;f
acgi;f aqmif awmfveS af &;aumifpD OuUÏAkv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u yrnw acgi;f aqmif (5) OD;udk (rwf
v-4 &ufae@rmS ) ac:,lawG@q+Hk yD; tm%modr;f &wJt h a=umif;udk &Si;f jy&if; ‘qd&k , S v f pfyef;wkid uf kd
csw
D ufomG ;rSmjzpfw,f’ qdw k hJ qd&k , S v
f pfteH@ukd ay;vdu k yf gw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;ay;vdu k wf hJ
‘qd&k , S v f pfteH@’/ ‘qd&k ,S vf pf rufv;Hk ’ atmufrmS yrnw }uD;twGi;f oabmxm;uGrJ a_ wGvnf;
twdtvif;ay:xGuv f m&ygawmhw,f? t"dutm;jzifah wmh Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ ppftm%modr;f
wufvmr_ukd vufcEH ikd o f al wGe@J vufrcHEikd o f al wG (yl;aygi;f vdo k al wGe@J ryl;aygi;f vdo k al wG) tjzpf
uGx J uG o f mG ;cJyh gw,f?
‘yrnw’ &JŒ zG@J pnf;yku H awmh yrnw rSm ygwt D oD;oD;u tvSnu hf swm0ef,&l wJh obm
ywdtzG@J &Syd gw,f? twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfuawmh ‘Adv k jf raoG;’ jzpfygw,f?
qd&k ,
S vf pfteH@ay;jcif;tay: b0ifacG@omG ;cJ=h uwJh ocifcspaf rmif (0d"&l ) acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘yr
nw’ tkypf u k awmh ‘awmfveS af &;aumifp. D aqmif&u G cf surf sm;wGif yl;aygi;f yg0ifrnfjzpfa=umif;
qdwk hJ a=unmcsu’f udk xkwjf yefc=hJ uygw,f?
1964 ckEpS rf mS awmh Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; ppftpd;k &&JŒ ‘trsK;d om; pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf u
_ kd umuG,f
onfOh ya'’ qdw k matmufrmS yrnw tzG@J }uD;vnf; zsuo f rd ;f cHvukd &f ygawmhw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf
‘yrnw’tzG@J }uD;[m 1955 eJ@ 1962 twGi;f rSm xif&mS ;wJt h wdu k tf cH Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk}uD;tjzpf
=oZm&Scd /hJ a&SŒwef;a&mufcw hJ hJ Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;wcktjzpf rSww f rf;wifay;&rSmjzpfygw,f?
(23) vli,fw
h yfO;D (ArmEdik if )H
1956 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 1 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? wufºuGwhJ vli,fEikd if aH &;tzG@J
tpnf;wckjzpf+yD; ‘yrnw’ wyfaygi;f pk}uD;twGi;f yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? udpk ed v f /S ud0k if;xGË/f udk
ausmpf ;kd / udpk /D udjk rarmif pwJyh *k K~d vfawG[m vli,fw h yfO;D (ArmEdik if )H &JŒ xif&mS ;wJh vli,facgi;f aqmif
awGjzpfc=hJ uygw,f? 1958 ckEpS x f rJ mS vli,fwh yfO;D (ArmEdik if )H [m ‘yrnw’ rS xkwyf ,fjcif;cH&+yD;
‘yrnw’ &JŒtjyifbuf a&mufomG ;&ygw,f? yxrqk;H t}udrf ppfwyftm%modr;f r_}uD; (1958-
pufwifbm tm%modr;f r_}uD;ud)k qef@usiu f ef@uu G cf =hJ uwJh Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;awGxrJ mS vli,fh
wyfO;D vnf;yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? 1959 ckEpS /f tdraf pmift h pd;k &vufxufrmS vli,fw h yfO;D acgi;f aqmif awG
jzpfwhJ udpk ed v f /S ud0k if;xGË/f udjk rarmifw@kd wawG zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f jcif;cH&ygw,f?
1962 ckEpS rf mS Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;acgi;f aqmifwhJ ppfwyfuae vufeuftm;ud;k tm%modr;f
wufvmwJt h cgrmS vnf; ppftm%modr;f wufvmr_tay: Auo/ wuo pwJah usmif;om;tzG@J t
pnf;awGe@J twl aAGaqmfO;D qef@usiu f ef@uu
G f ±_wcf sa=unmcsux f wk cf =hJ uwJh Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;
124
tenf;pk=um;xJrmS ‘vli,fw h yfO;D ’ vnf; yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? 1963 ckEpS /f jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; awG@qaHk qG;
aEG;yGu
J mvrSmvnf; ‘jynfo@l aumfrwD’ zG@J pnf;&mrSm jynfo@l aumfrwDu }u;D rSL;usi;f ywJh +ird ;f csr;f a&;
qENazmfxw k jf yoyGaJ wGrmS ‘vli,fw h yfO;D ’ 0ifawG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f? 1964 ckEpS rf mS awmh
‘vli,fw h yfO;D ’ tzG@J tpnf;vnf; uG,af ysmufomG ;&ygawmhw,f?
(24) ArmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f myoD trsK;d om;uGe*f &uf (Ayu)
Burmese Pathe Congress
rlvu ‘Arm-rGwpf vifueG *f &uf’jzpfygw,f? 1956 ckEpS x f rJ mS ‘ArmEdik if v

H ;Hk qdik &f m yoDtrsK;d
om; uGe*f &uf (Ayu)’ tjzpf trnfajymif;vJ zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf OD;oef;jrif/h t
wGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;udak v;eJ@ tr_aqmif (16) OD; yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
(ArmjynfrmS ‘zqyv’ }uD; ay:aygu+f yD;ptcsed /f ‘aeol&ed af cwfumv’ avmufuwnf;u
aeol&ed af cwf zqyv }u;D xJrmS ‘ArmrGwpf vifueG *f &uf’ yg0ifaecJyh gw,f? 1948 ckEpS /f vGwv f yfa&;
a=unm+yD;wJah emuf ‘zqyv’tpd;k & wufvmwJt h cgrmS vnf; zqyv tzG@J }uD;xJrmS ‘ArmrGwpf
vifueG *f &uf’ [m qufvufyg&adS ecJyh gw,f? vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;aemuf zqyv tpd;k &vuf
xufrmS ‘Edik if aH &;’ eJ@ bmoma&; a&m,Sujf cif;rðy&ef woD;wjcm;pD wnf&adS e=u&efrcl sxm;wm&Sd
ayrJh ArmrGwpf vifueG *f &uf (Aru) udk owdrrlyJ vufcx H m;cJ=h uw,fqykd gw,f? umvawmfawmf
=umrS zqyvxJrmS bmoma&; tzG@J wckyg0ifaewmudk owdrrl =d u+yD; ArmrlpvifueG *f &uf (Aru)
udk zsuo f rd ;f apzd@k (29-12-1955 ae@rmS ) !¸e=f um;cJ&h w,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? 'ga=umifh 1956 ckEpS x f rJ mS /
‘ArmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m yoDtrsK;d om; uGe*f &uf’ tjzpf trnfajymif;vJ zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
‘Ayu’ [m ‘yrnw’ wyfaygi;f pk}uD;twGi;f yg0ifc+hJ yD;aemuf 1958 ckEpS rf mS ‘oef@&iS ;f zqyv’
tpd;k & ay:ayguv f m+yD;aemufrmS awmh yrnw wyfaygi;f pk}uD;&JŒtjyifzufukd a&muf&o dS mG ;ygw,f?
‘yoDtrsK;d om;uGe*f &uf’ [m ‘yoDtrsK;d om;rsm;tm; wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pktjzpf Oya'jyXmef;ay;
&ef’ awmif;qdv k y_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? 1960 jynfEh pS /f azazmf0g&-D 27 &ufae@rmS ‘w±kwjf zLusL;ausmrf E_ iS hf
e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; trsK;d om;aumfrwD’ ay:ayguv f mcsed rf mS awmh yoDtrsK;d om;uGe*f &ufrS acgi;f
aqmifawGvnf; yg0ifcw hJ mawG@&ygw,f? 1962 ckEpS rf mS ‘awmfveS af &; aumifp’D ppftpd;k &wufvm+y;D
‘1963 ckEpS rf mS jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGaJ wGðyvkyzf @kd urf;vSr;f r_awG ppftpd;k &u
xkwjf yefa=unmvdu k cf sed rf mS awmh ArmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m yoDtrsK;d om;uGe*f &uf[m awmfveS af &;
aumifp&D ŒJ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;zdwaf c:csuu f kd ‘óudqakd xmufcaH =umif;’ tOD;qk;H a=unmcsuf
xkwjf yef axmufccH w hJ hJ tzG@J tpnf;jzpfygw,f)?
1964 ckEpS rf mS awmh awmfveS af &;aumifppD pftpd;k &&JŒ trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf u _ kd umuG,f
onfh Oya'qdw k matmufrmS ArmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m yoDtrsK;d om;uGe*f &uf (Ayu) vnf; zsuo f rd ;f cH
vdu
k &f +yD; aysmufu, G o f mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
125
0if;wifhxGef;
(25) &Jacgif (ausmif;om; &JacgiftzJ@JG )
1955-56 ckEpS /f wuo a&G;aumufyrJG sm;rSm ‘wyfO;D ’ tzG@J u tjywftowftEdik &f &Su d m
jyefvnf ta&G;cH&+yD;aemuf tm%m&qd&k , S v
f pfygwu D ausmif;om;xkuv kd nS phf m;+yD; qd&k ,S vf pf
ygwrD S ppf+yD;acwf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifjzpfczhJ ;l ol ud! k eG @f oed ;f / vufeufcs (tvif;0if) jzpfwhJ
ppf+yD;acwf ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmifa[mif; udck spo f ef;xGe;f / udzk ek ;f jrifh pwJo
h al wGuOkd ;D aqmifap+yD;
‘&Jacgi’f tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;ay:ayguaf pcJw h m jzpfygw,f?
1956 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSm zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJwh mjzpfwhJ ausmif;om;&Jacgit f zG@J [m 1956-
57 wuo 'kw, d okwaf &G;aumufyrJG mS yg0if,OS òf ydicf yhJ gw,f? tm%m& qd&k , S vf pfygwaD cgi;f aqmif
}uD;rsm; ud, k w
f ikd qf if;+yD; tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðycJ=h uygw,f?
DSO wjzpfvr J sm;/ qd&k ,
S v
f pfE, G f ausmif;om;rsm;/ ‘wyfO;D ’ tzG@J xrJ mS ryg0ifwo hJ rl sm;eJ@pk
aygi;f +yD; ‘&Jacgi’f trnfe@J ‘wyfO;D ’ udk ,SOòf ydiu f m 1957-58 wuo a&G;aumufyrJG mS vnf; 0if
a&mufta&G;cH òydiq f ikd cf yhJ gw,f? tm%m&qd&k , S vf pfrsm;u enf;rsK;d pkeH @J ‘&Jacgi’f udk ausmaxmuf
aemufcðH yay;cJ=h uayrJh wuo a&G;aumufyrJG mS ‘wyfO;D ’ uyJ tEdik &f &Scd yhJ gw,f? Ù12
1958-59 wuo a&G;aumufyrJG mS vnf; wyfO;D uyJ tEdik &f &Scd yhJ gw,f? ausmif;om;xkt=um;
rSm DSO awG rsuEf mS yef;rvSawmhwt hJ wGuf DSO tpm; ‘&Jacgi’f ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wmjzpf+yD;
tm%m&qd&k , S v f pfrsm;&JŒ ausmaxmufaemufcðH yay;jcif;cH&wJh tzG@J reS ;f odae=uwJt h wGuf ausmif;
om;&Jacgit f zG@J [m ausmif;om;xk=um; a&yef;rpm;/ rsuEf mS rvS tzG@J tpnf;wckyJ jzpfc&hJ ygw,f?
(26) jynfo@l 'Dru

kd a&pDygwD
People’s Democracy Party
jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pDygwt D a=umif; (2) ydik ;f cG+J yD; azmfjy&ygvrd rhf ,f? yxqH;k uawmh æ æ æ
1956 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm-12 &ufae@rmS ocifoife@J ocifAarmifw@kd O;D aqmif+y;D olw@kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ
wd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k udk “jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pDygw”D tjzpf ajymif;vJxal xmifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? (1959
ckEpS rf mS awmh Adv k cf sKyftudk OD;atmifoef;acgi;f aqmifwhJ trsK;d om;wd;k wuf a&;ygweD @J &Jabmfcifarmif
OD;wk@d acgi;f aqmifwhJ &Jabmfaygi;f pHk xde;f odr;f a&;tzG@J w@kd e@J ygy;l aygi;f +yD; “jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw”D
tjzpf xyfraH jymif;vJ zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f)? 1955 ckEpS rf mS ‘yrnw’ ukd pwifz@JG pnf;wJt h cg “wd@k Armt
pnf;t±H;k ” emrnfe@J pwifyg0ifc+hJ yD; “jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw”D tjzpf ajymif;vJxal xmifwt hJ cgrmS
vnf; yrnw 0if tzG@J tpnf;tjzpf &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? 1960 jynfEh pS rf mS awmh ocifoife@J ocif
Aarmifw@kd [m jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygwrD mS ryg0if=uawmhbJ ocifAarmifu jynfo@l 'rD u dk a&pDygwu D dk
jyefvnfxal xmifygw,f? ocifoifu “trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDygw”D qdw k ehJ mrnfe@J oD;jcm;ygww D ck
tjzpf cGaJ xmifvu kd yf gw,f? 1964 ckEpS rf mS awmh awmfveS af &; aumifpD ppftpd;k &&JŒtkycf sKyfra_ tmufrmS
zsuo f rd ;f jcif;cHvu kd =f u&ygawmhw,f?
126
'kw, d ydik ;f uawmh æ æ æ
1988 ckEpS /f &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;&JŒ&v'ftjzpf Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG ay:aygucf iG &hf vmwJh
tcsed rf mS ocifviG f (ocifoife@J n)D / Akv d cf sKyftudk OD;atmifoef;wd@k u, kd w f ikd f acgi;f aqmif+yD; “jynfo@l
'Drukd a&pDygw”D wausmjh yef jyefvnfz@JGpnf; ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? ocifviG ef @J O;D atmifoef; wd@k O;D aqmif
wJh jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pDygw[ D m trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) &JŒ r[mrdwyf gww D ck tjzpf &yf
wnfvy_ &f mS ;cJo h vdk vl@abmifopf/ jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;/ trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk (rew)/ t+rJ
pdr;f vli,f/ aoG;opfvil ,f pwJyh gwt D zG@J tpnf;awGe@J pak ygi;f +yD; ‘'Dru kd a&pD r[mrdwt f zG@J ('rz)’
}uD;ay:ayguv f mwJt h cgrmS vnf; “'rz” 0if Edik if aH &;ygww D cktjzpf &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;aqmif &Gucf yhJ g
w,f? jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pDygw[ D m (1956-59) umvawGwek ;f uvnf; wd;k wufwt hJ iftm;pk awGzuf
uyJ twdu k t f cHEikd if aH &;ygww D cktjzpf &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJo h vdk (1988 rS 1991 txd) twGi;f rSmvnf;
wd;k wufwt hJ wdu k t f cH Edik if aH &;ygww D cktjzpfe@J yJ wwfEikd o f r#vy_ &f mS ; yg0ifomG ;cJ&h if; 1992 ckEpS f
aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh ppftpd;k &&JŒzsuo f rd ;f jcif;udk cHomG ;&ygawmhw,f?
(27) jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J
1948 ckEpS /f rwfv-28 ae@rpS +yD; ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wJh Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;udk tqk;H owf
oGm;apa&;/ jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;twGuf q&m}uD; ocifu, dk af wmfri_d ;f u OD;pD;OD;&Guðf y+yD; 1957 ck
ESp/f Zefe0g&v D twGi;f rSm ‘jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J ’ }uD;udk pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? aumfrwDtjzpf
yxrqk;H t}urd f pwifz@JG pnf;pu yk*K~d vf (8) OD;yg0ifcw hJ thJ wGuf ‘&SpOf ;D aumfrwD’ vd@k vnf; ac:a0:cJ=h u
ygw,f? tJ'yD xrqk;H aom jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J (8) OD; aumfrwDrmS yg0ifc=hJ uolawGuawmh
(1) q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f /(2) q&m}uD; OD;a&$jzL/ (3) OD;xGe;f wif (v$waf wmf a&Sae}uD;)/ (4)
OD;baomf/ (5) ocifbjzL/ (6) wd;k wufa&;OD;pde/f (7) ocifcspf (a&SŒae}uD;) eJ@ OD;ndKxGe;f (t+idrpf m;
ICS) wd@k jzpfygw,f?
q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f OD;aqmifwhJ 'DaumfrwD[m vSnv hf nfpnf;±k;H a[majymr_awG
vkyaf qmifEikd cf =hJ uwma=umifh 1957-58 ckEpS rf mS wwdik ;f jynfv;Hk ae&ma'otoD;oD;rSm jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f
csr;f a&;v_y&f mS ;r_e@J óud;yrf;r_awGvnf; tkºH uG}uD;xGm;vmcJyh gw,f? txl;jcm;qk;H uawmh 1958
ckEpS /f rwfv-28 &ufae@rmS jynfwiG ;f ppf (10) ESpaf jrmufae@rmS wae@wnf;/ w&ufwnf;/ wcsed w f nf;/
wjynfv;Hk &Sd c±dik òf rdŒe,fae&ma'otES@H rmS +idr;f csr;f a&;qENjyyG}J uD;awG ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? vlaygi;f
(4) aomif;ausmw f ufa&mufwhJ uefawmfrifyef;jcrH mS usi;f ywJh &efuek cf ±dik f jynfwiG ;f ppfq,fEpS af jrmuf
ae@ +idr;f csr;f a&;qENjyyG}J uD;rSm q&m}uD; ocifu, dk af wmfri_d ;f wufa&muf rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;cJyh gw,f?
rwfv-28 &ufae@up+yD; typftcwf&yfp=J uzd@k olromud, k rf emoifyek ;f acsenf;eJ@ jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;
&yfp=J uzd@k arwWm&yfcyH ef=um;cJyh gw,f? tm%m& zq-qd&k , S rf sm;eJ@ zq-qd&k , S rf sm;&JŒ ppfwyfvuf
eufuikd w f yfawGu +ird ;f csr;f a&;qENjyyGaJ wGu+kd crd ;f ajcmufwm [ef@wm;aESmif, h u
S wf mawG enf;rsK;d pkeH @J ðy
vky+f yD; +idr;f csr;f a&;qENurkd suu f ,
G ðf y &efrw l ek @f jyefc=hJ uygw,f? rwfv-28 &uf w&ufwnf;jzpfjzpf
127
0if;wifhxGef;
typftcwf&yfpx J m;=uzd@k arwœm&yfcw H mudk umuG,af &;0ef}uD; OD;AaqGu ‘rwfv-28 &ufae@rmS
twdu k t f cdu k f r&yfpEJ ikd /f qufwu dk rf ,f’ vd@k wif;wif;rmrma=unmcJo h vdk ppfwyfu ppfom;
(4000) ausmo f ;Hk +yD; ql;avbk&m;vrf;ay: ppftiftm;jycsw D ufra_ wGvyk &f if; òrdŒolòrdŒom;awGukd
+cdr;f ajcmufjycJyh gw,f? ppfrmefwufaeolawGu ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;’ qdw k t
hJ oHukd rvdv k m;Edik /f r±_prd Ehf ikd f
jzpfc=hJ uygw,f? 1958 ckEpS -f atmufwb kd mrSm Adv k cf sKyfae0if;OD;aqmifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k & (ppftpd;k &)
wufvm+yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J }uD;&JŒv_y&f mS ;r_awG tcuftcJñuHawG@vm&+yD; 1959
ckEpS x f rJ mS jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; &SpOf ;D aumfrwDtzG@J ukd zsuo f rd ;f ypfc&hJ ygw,f? tdraf pmift h pd;k &+yD;qk;H
oGm;+y;D aemuf 1960 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS yxp tpd;k & ay:xGuv f mcsed rf mS awmh ysuo f mG ;cJ&h wJh yxrjynfwiG ;f
+idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J tpm; 'kw, d t}udrf jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J }uD; ay:xGuv f ma&;twGuf xyfrpH ikd ;f
jyif;cJ=h uygw,f? ndE‡ i_d ;f wdik yf if aqG;aEG;cJ=h uygw,f?
'kw, d t}urd f jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;tzG@J }u;D zG@J pnf;&eftwGuf (22-5-1960 ae@rmS ) ‘jynfwiG ;f
+ird ;f csr;f a&; Ed;_ aqmfa&;tzG@J ’udk q&m}u;D rdi_ ;f OD;aqmif+y;D zG@J pnf;cJjh yefygw,f? (6) OD;yg Ed;_ aqmfa&;tzG@J ukd
pwifz@JG cyhJ gw,f? tJ'D (6) OD;uawmh (1) q&m}uD; ocifu, dk af wmfri_d ;f / (2) Adv k rf LS ;csKyfa[mif; ausmf
aZm/ (3) OD;baomf (,cif&pS Of ;D aumfrwD0if)/ (4) OD;ausm/f (5) OD;xGe;f wif (,cif &SpOf ;D aumfrwD0if)
eJ@ (6) awmfb&k m;av; OD;oef@Zifw@kd jzpfygw,f? tJ'D (6) OD; Ed;_ aqmfa&;tzG@J uae (9-3-1961) ae@
rSm 'kw, d t}udrf jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J }uD;udk zG@J pnf;vdu k w f t hJ cgrmS awmh OuUÏtjzpf q&m}uD;
ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f / 'k-OuUÏtjzpf Akv d rf LS ;csKyfa[mif; ausmaf Zm/ taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf
OD;xGe;f wif (v$waf wmfa&SŒae}uD;)/ tzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf OD;baomf/ OD;ausm/f awmfb&k m;av;/ a':tdrpf ;kd
(q&mawmf OD;OwWrESr)/ ref;ausmt f ;Hk / OD;bausmf (v$waf wmf a&SŒae}uD;)/ OD;vSausmf (v$waf wmf
a&SŒae}uD;) wd@k jzpf=uygw,f? 'D'w k , d t}udrf jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; tzG@J }uD;rSm ‘twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J ’
udv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f zG@J pnf;xm;+yD; twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J rmS yg0ifoal wGu awmh pma&;q&m}uD; Aef;armf
OD;wifatmif/ OD;vSwif (pma&;q&m armifarmifwif)/ OD;wifa&$ (rk&H mG wifa&$)/ OD;pd;k rif; (,cifAvp)/
apmausmpf ;kd (u&if) pwJyh *k K~d vfawGjzpf=uygw,f? (16-8-1961) ae@rmS wdu k ef ,faygi;f pkH ud, k pf m;vS,f
awGyg0ifwhJ &efuek cf ±dik f jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;tzG@J }u;D udyk g atmif jrifpmG qufvufz@JG pnf;Edik cf +hJ y;D usecf ±dik ef @J
òrdŒe,ftoD;oD;zG@J pnf;a&;awGuykd g qufvufazmfaqmif Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J }uD;[m vlxt k iftm;jzifh jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;udk rkcswnfaqmuf
Edik &f rnf[k cH,x l m;+yD; jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J [m yGpJ m;r[kw/f ESpzf uf=um;u aqmif&u G w f t hJ zG@J
vnf;r[kwb f /J jynfol vlx&k ŒJ tusK;d qENe@J uu kd n f aD om +ird ;f csr;f a&;ud&k &Sad p&ef jynfov l x l u k t kd ajc
cH+yD; jynfov l x l t k wGuf aqmif&u G o f mG ;r,ft h zG@J tpnf;tjzpf &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
1961 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f xJrmS yJ ‘jynfwiG +f idr;f csr;f a&;oabmxm;’ trnf&dS pmtkyw f tkyf
udv k nf; xkwaf 0jzef@csEd ikd cf o hJ vdk wdu k ef ,fau'gaygi;f pkt H pnf;ta0;yGeJ @J e,fzufa[majymyGaJ wGukd
vnf; vSnv hf nf ðyvkyEf ikd cf yhJ gw,f?
+idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf +idr;f csr;f a&;v_y&f mS ;r_awG t&Sed t f [ke&f vmcgprSmyJ 1962 ckEpS /f rwfv-
2 &uf ae@rmS Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;acgi;f aqmifwphJ pfwyfu tm%modr;f ,lwufvmjyefwt hJ wGuf
128
+idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J }uD;&JŒ ajcvSr;f awG wke@f qikd ;f oGm;&ygawmhw,f? 1963 ckEpS rf mS Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ
awmfveS af &;aumifpD ppftpd;k &uae ac:,lusi;f ywJh +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG zsuo f rd ;f vdu k +f y;D aemuf
rSmawmh +ird ;f csr;f a&;v_y&f mS ;Edik rf _ tajctae tcGit fh a&;awGvnf; wae@wjcm; usO;f ajrmif;usyw f nf;
vm&+yD; jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J }uD;vnf; wpwparS;rSed v f m&ygw,f? 1964 ckEpS rf mS awmh awmf
vSeaf &;aumifpt D pd;k &&JŒ Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rSeo f r#ukd zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd rf a_ tmuf
rSm jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J }uD;vnf; aysmufu, G o
f mG ;& ygawmhw,f? 1964 ckEpS /f Zlvikd -f 23
&ufae@rmS q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f vnf; uG,v f eG t
f edpaP &mufomG ;cJyh gw,f?
jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;tzG@J }u;D [m umvESpw f mtm;jzifh ody+f y;D =um=umv_y&f mS ;Edik cf iG rfh &&Scd ahJ yrJh
ArmjynfrmS jynfwiG ;f ppf}u;D &yfpaJ &;twGu/f jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk t"du aZmif;ay;+y;D v_y&f mS ;óu;d
yrf;cJw h hJ tzG@J }uD;tjzpf/ +idr;f csr;f a&;zcif}uD; q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f ud,
k w f ikd f t"duOD;pD;OD;
aqmifðyzG@J pnf; v_y&f mS ;cJw h t hJ zG@J }uD;tjzpf Armjynfordik ;f rSm rSww f rf;wifxm;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(28) u&ifeD trsK;d om;wd;k wufa&; ygwD

Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP)
u&ifev D ufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;[m 1948 ckEpS -f =o*kwv f qef;uwnf;u pwifay:ayguf

vmcJyh gw,f? u&ifeD vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;uae/ u&ifeD trsK;d om;wd;k wufa&; ygwD KNPP
ayguzf mG ;vmcJyh gw,f? KNPP udk 1957 ckEpS -f {+yDxrJ mS w&m;0ifpwifxal xmifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpf+yD;
vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &; tzG@J tpnf;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? yxrqk;H OuUÏrSm &pfprkid ;f (ac: ) apmaxmyvkd
jzpfcyhJ gw,f? apmaxmyvkd vky=f uHc&H +yD;aeufyidk ;f apmADt;D u acwWOuUÏtjzpfaqmif&u G u f m
1958 ckEpS u f p+yD; ‘apmarmf&m,f’ u awmufavsmuf OD;aqmifcyhJ gw,f?
(1) ArmjynfrmS 'Dru kd a&pDxeG ;f um;a&; tm;ay;&rnf?
(2) 'Dru kd a&pDrusaom tpd;k &tqufqufukd wdu k cf u kd af e=uaom vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf
r[mrdwf zG@J &rnf?
(3) u&ifejD y\emudk 'Dru kd a&pDusus ajz&Si;f &rnfqw kd hJ vrf;!¸ecf suf (3) &yfukd csrw S +f yD; udik pf JG
v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? tJ'v D rf;!¸ecf suf (3) &yfe@J tnD tjcm;aom vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;awGe@J
twl acwfumvtvdu k f wyfaygi;f pke@J r[mrdwt f zG@J tpnf;awGxrJ mS yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
KNPP [m wjcm;aom vlrsK;d pkvufeufui kd af wmfveS af &; tzG@J tpnf;awGe@J rwlyJ xl;jcm;wJh
0daoo vuQ%mawGvnf; &Sad ecJyh gw,f? tJ'guawmh jrefrmbk&iftpd;k &eJ@ +Adwo d #tpd;k &wd@k &ŒJ
‘1875 ckEpS /f ZGev f -21 &ufrmS csKyfqx kd m;&Scd =hJ uwJh ESpb f ufoabmwlpmcsKyf’ t& (‘oD;jcm;vGwv f yf
aom u&ifejD ynf’ jzpfw,f) qdw k mudk udik pf x JG m;+yD; “u&ifejD ynfonf ordik ;f 0if oD;jcm;vGwv f yf
aom jynfwjynfjzpf+y;D usL;ausmpf pfukd ckcaH wmfveS af ejcif;jzpfonf?” ‘rdr. d aemufco H rdik ;f udt
k ajccH
I rdr. d vGwv f yfrj_ yefvnf &&Sad &;twGuf vufeufuikd cf ck aH wmfveS w f u
dk yf 0JG ifae&jcif; jzpfonf?’
qdw
k hJ Edik if aH &;oabmxm;tjriftajccHjzifh awmfveS af &;udk qifEaJ$ ewJv h ufeufuikd t f zG@J
129
0if;wifhxGef;
tpnf;wck jzpfcyhJ gw,f? wcsKŒd aom vlrsK;d pk vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;vdk jynfe,f&&Sd
a&;twGuf (od@k r[kw)f ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiEfh iS hf ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG &fh a'o ay:ayguaf &;twGuf (od@k r
[kw)f oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom orRwEdik if w H nfaqmufa&;twGuf vufeufuikd w f u kd yf JG qifae&wmjzpf
w,fqw kd mrsK;d awGe@J rwlbJ rwlujJG ym;wJh xl;jcm;csuaf wG&adS ecJyh gw,f?
vrf;!¸ecf suf (3) &yfuu kd ikd pf +JG yD; KNPP [m 1959 ckEpS rf mS ay:aygucf w hJ hJ ‘r'nw’ tzG@J xrJ mS
tzG@J 0iftjzpf yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? 1963 ckEpS /f jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGu J mvrSmvJ/ KNU
ygw/D rGejf ynfopf ygww D @kd e@J w+JG yD;/ ‘ok;H ygwD ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J ’ tjzpf yg0ifaqG;aEG;cJo h vdk ‘r'nw’
tzG@J taeeJ@vnf; yg0ifwufa&muf aqG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf ‘apmarmf&m,f’
eJ@ ‘y'dpk v H if;’ wd@k u, kd w f ikd f +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGu J dk wufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? KNPP &JŒ Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;
r_ordik ;f a=umif;rSm xif&mS ;wJw h jcm; KNPP acgi;f aqmifawGuawmh apmausmEf ikd /f Adv k cf sKyfatmif
oef;av;/ Adv k rf LS ;}u;D czd;k / Adv k rf LS ;}u;D yvsm;&,f/ xJz;l zJ/ a&rGex f ;l / cl;OD;&,f pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGyjJ zpfygw,f?
1963 ckEpS /f +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ ysucf &hJ +yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmvnf; KNPP [m vufeufuikd f
wdu k yf uJG kd qufvufqifE&J$ if; 1976 ckEpS -f {+yDvrSm trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (r'w) }uD; zG@J
pnf;ay:ayguv f mwJh tcsed rf mS vnf; r'w 0if Edik if aH &;ygww D &yftjzpf yg0ifvy_ &f mS ; &yfwnfaqmif
&Gucf yhJ gw,f?
1988 ckEpS rf mS e0w ppftpd;k &wufvm+yD;aemufyikd ;f vufeufuikd +f idr;f tzG@J awG tv#Kt d v#Kd
ay:ayguf vmwJt h cgrmS tajctaet&yf&yft& KNPP [m 1995 ckEpS /f rwfv-21 &ufae@rmS
e0w ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;oabmwlncD suu f kd vufrw S af &;xd;k cJyh gw,f? 'gayrJh 3
vawmifrjynfrh D typf&yf oabmwlncD suf ysujf ym;cJ&h +y;D u&ifeaD 'otwGi;f rSm wdu k yf aJG wGjyefjzpfchJ
&ygw,f? KNPP eJ@ e0w t=um; oabmwlnx D m;cJch suf (16 ) csuu f kd (KNPP eJ@ e0w wd@k [m
KNPP e,fajrtwGi;f rlvwyfpx JG m;r_ taetxm;twdik ;f &Sad p&ef/ KNPP e,fajrtwGi;f ay:
wma=u;aumuf,jl cif; ay:wmac:aqmifjcif;rsm; rðyvky&f ef pwJt h csuaf wGtygt0if tcsuf
(16) csuyf gu)kd e0w tpd;k &zufu pwifcsK;d azmufc+hJ yD; ZGev f (14) &ufae@rmS KNPP xde;f csKyfe,fajr
twGi;f ‘wkid ;f vk;H [de;f ppfqifa&;’ trnfe@J ppfwyftiftm;tvk;H t&if;eJ@ 0ifa&mufvmwJt h wGuf
typftcwf&yfpaJ &;oabmwlncD suf ysujf ym;oGm;cJ&h jcif;jzpfygw,f?
KNU a'o ‘r,foa&mxm’rSm (7-1-1997 rS 14-1-1997 txd) ðyvkyw f hJ wkid ;f &if;om;vl
rsK;d rsm; ES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG kd KNPP vnf; yg0ifwufa&mufc+hJ yD; ‘r,foa&mxm a=unmcsu’f rSm
yg0ifvufrw S f a&;xd;k cJyh gw,f? ‘ok;H yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;a&;’ jzifh Edik if aH &;t&tajz&Sma&;udk awmif;qdck =hJ u
&mrSm wjcm;aom awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESit hf wl KNPP vnf; wufºuGwt hJ cef;uae yg0if
v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;udk qufvufqifEcJ$ yhJ gw,f?
2003 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&-D 16 &ufae@rmS awmh KNPP [m ESpaf ygi;f 40 ausmf &yfcv H mcJwh hJ
‘jrefrmjynfrS cGx J u G +f y;D oD;jcm;Edik if x H al xmifa&;’oabmxm;tjrifukd w&m;0ifpeG @f vw $ vf u kd yf gw,f?
tpGef;a&muf trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;/ ppf0g'Drsm;tokH;rcsEdkifatmif cGJxGufcGihfudktajccHOya'xJ
xnfo h iG ;f jyXmef;rxm;yJ ‘ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiv hf @kd om jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'xJrmS jyXmef;
130
xm;&Szd @kd w&m;0ifoabmxm; azmfjyvdu k yf gw,f? 'g[m KNPP ygw&D ŒJ tifrwef}uD;rm;av;eufwhJ
tvSnt hf ajymif;oabmxm;tjrif vd@k yJ owfrw S &f rSmjzpfygw,f?
2005 ckEpS /f arv-27 rS ZGe-f 2 &ufae@txd usi;f ycJw h hJ KNPP &JŒ (10) }udraf jrmufnv D mcHrmS
‘u&ifejD ynfonf oD;jcm;Ekid if jH zpfonf[al om ,cifuikd pf x GJ m;onfrh 0l g'udpk eG @f vw
$ +f y;D jynfe,faygi;f pkH
jynfaxmifprk l (zuf'&ufr)l udk vufc&H efq;Hk jzwfvu kd yf gonf’ [k twdtvif;azmfjycJyh gw,f?
ud,k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi&fh adS om zuf'&,fru
l v kd ufcaH =umif; qk;H jzwfa=unmcJyh gw,f? nDvmcHuae ygwD
OuUÏESihf 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf cl;xJb;l zJ/ 'k-OuUÏtjzpf atb,fvw f 'dG /f taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf
cl;a&rGex f ;l / wGzJ uftaxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf cl;OD;&,fe@J A[dak umfrwDopfukd a&G;cs,w f if
ajr‡mufcyhJ gw,f?
KNPP ygw[ D m etz ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcuf&yfpaJ &;r,lyJ qufvufvufeufuikd w f u
kd yf JG
qifae=uwJh awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;awGxrJ mS wcktygt0ifqufvufjzpfae+yD; cdik rf mwJh vufeuf
udik af wmfveS af &; tzG@J }uD;wcktjzpf rSww f rf;wifay;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(29) csi;f trsK;d om; OD;pD;tzG@J
csi;f trsK;d om; OD;pD;tzG@J (ac: ) csi;f OD;pD; tzG@J [m 1957 ckEpS 0f ef;usirf mS zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f?
t"dutm;jzifh ajrjyef@csi;f trsK;d om;awGukd pkpnf;+yD; ay:ayguv f mcJw
h mjzpfygw,f? qvdik ;f pHatmif/
qvdik ;f omOD;wd@k OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifc=hJ uwJh ‘csi;f OD;pD;tzG@J ’ [m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J yl;aygi;f v_y&f mS ;
cJ+h yD; tm%m& zqyv udk vufeufpu JG ikd w
f u kd cf u
kd cf w hJ hJ vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf; w
cktjzpf &yfwnfcyhJ gw,f?
1959 ckEpS -f arvrSm zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf w hJ hJ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDn! D w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk (r'nw)
tzG@J }uD;rSm KNU ygw/D u&ifeD trsK;d om;wd;k wufa&;ygw/D rGejf ynfopfygw/D ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD
wd@k e@J twlw+JG yD; ‘r'nw’ 0if ygwt D zG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? 1963 ckEpS /f jynf
wGi;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGrJ mS csi;f OD;pD;tzG@J [m ‘r'nw’ 0iftzG@J tpnf;w&yftjzpf yg0ifwuf
a&mufc&hJ mrSm qvdik ;f pHatmife@J qvdik ;f omOD;wd@k u, kd w f ikd f wufa&mufcyhJ gw,f?
1969 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f rSmawmh r'nw tzJ@JG }u;D &JŒtajctae wajz;ajz;ndK‡ ;rSed f ysujf y,fusqif;
vm&ovdk csi;f OD;pD;tzG@J &ŒJ tajctae[mvnf; arS;rSed af ysmufu, G of mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
(30) &cdik jf ynf uGejf rLepfygwD (ausmZf &H ;D$ tzG@J )
1958 ckEpS /f OD;pdEmœ eJ@ jynfo@l vw G v

f yfa&;tzG@J vufeufcscge;D vydik ;f avmuftvdrk mS yJ OD;pdEmœ
&JŒtzG@J rS cGx
J u
G +f yD; ausmZf &H ;D$ acgi;f aqmifwhJ &cdik jf ynfueG jf rLepfygwD ay:ayguv f mwmjzpfygw,f?
(zufqpfawmfveS af &;t+yD; &cdik rf mS OD;ynmoD[/ OD;ndKxGe;f / OD;=umvSatmif pwJah cgi;f aqmif
wcsKŒd [m zqyv eJ@y;l aygi;f +yD; OD;pdEmœ / bkaH yguo f mausmw f @kd tpkuryl;aygi;f yJ oD;jcm;&yfwnfygw,f?
131
0if;wifhxGef;
OD;pdEmœ em,uðy+yD; bkaH yguo f mausmu f twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf ‘&cdik jf ynfo@l vw G v f yfa&;tzG@J ’ zG@J
pnf;ay:ayguv f mcsed f OD;pdEmœ &JŒ OD;aqmifra_ tmufrmS ausmZf &H ;$D vnf; yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f)?
&cdik jf ynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m Edik if aH &;t& ocifp;kd &JŒ tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygweD @J y;l aygi;f cJ+h yD; &cdik u f eG f
jrLepf ygwD (tvHe)D tjzpf cH,cl yhJ gw,f? tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygwD vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;vkycf o hJ vdk
&cdik uf eG jf rLepf ygwD (tvHe)D [mvnf; &cdik jf ynfajrykeH ,fukd tajccH+yD;/ vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;
qifEcJ$ yhJ gw,f?
1962 ckEpS x f rJ mS tvHeAD [dak cgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd eJ@ oabmuGv J jJG y\em ay:aygucf &hJ +yD;aemuf
tvHeyD gwrD S oD;jcm;cGx J u G v f u kd +f yD; &cdik jf ynfueG jf rLepfygwt D jzpf cGaJ xmif&yfwnfcyhJ gw,f? &cdik jf ynf
uGejf rLepfygwD acgi;f aqmifawGtjzpf (1) ausmZf &H ;$D / (2) OD;ausmo f m/ (3) armif[ef/ (4) OD;omZHe@J /
(5) rcifyk (ausmZf &H ;$D &JŒZeD;) wd@k jzpfcyhJ gw,f? tvHeyD gweD @J 0g'oabmxm;twlwv l ykd jJ zpfcahJ yrJh trsK;d
om;a&;awmif;qdck sut f jzpf (1) ud, k yf ikd t
f rsK;d om; wyfrawmfw&yf/ (2) ud, k yf ikd tf rsK;d om; tpd;k
&w&yf/ (3) ud, k yf ikd t
f rsK;d om; jynfe,fw&yf &&Sad y:ayguaf &;udk awmif;qdv k y_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? Ù13
1963 ckEpS /f jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGu J mvrSm &JeaD usmZf &H ;$D acgi;f aqmifwhJ &cdik u f eG jf rLepf
ygwv D nf; awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &eJ@ awG@qaHk qG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? oabmwlncD suf wpkw H &mr&&Sb d J
ysujf ym;cJ&h ygw,f? &ckid u f eG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ xif&mS ;wJw h jcm;acgi;f aqmifawGuawmh &JepD v H i_d /f &Jeo D ed ;f az/
&JexD eG ;f ausmf pwJo h al wGjzpfygw,f? 1980 jynfrh mS rqv ppftpd;k &&JŒ 2§80 taxGaxGvw G +f idr;f csr;f
omcGifh a=unmcsuaf tmufrmS &JeaD usmZf &H ;$D eJ@tzG@J vufeufcsc=hJ uygw,f?
1958 ckEpS -f {+yDvukeyf ikd ;f rSm OD;Eku OD;ausm+f idr;f tkypf ek @J vrf;cGzJ @kd qH;k jzwfvu kd +f yD;aemufyidk ;f
tm%m& zqyv tzG@J }u;D xufjcrf;ESpyf ikd ;f uGo J mG ;&ygw,f? OD;Eku ocifwif/ ocifausmx f eG ;f wd@k tyk f
pke@J yl;aygi;f vduk wf t hJ wGuf “Ek–wif” tkypf t k jzpf trnfwiG cf &hJ +yD; (1956 ckEpS /f a&G;aumufy}JG uD;
t+yD;rSm “zqyv tzG@J }uD; oef@&iS ;f a&;vkyzf @kd ” aqmf=ov_y&f mS ;vmr_a=umifh OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ
“Ek-wif” tkypf k zqyv wjcrf;ud)k “oef@&iS ;f zqyv” vd@k vlord sm;cJyh gw,f?
zqyv tzG@J csKyf}uD; (2) jcrf;uGw J thJ cg b,ftyk pf u k tm%mudq k ufvuf&,lrvJ qdw k meJ@
ywfouf+yD; txl;ta&;ay: jynfo@l vw $ af wmfac:,l+yD;/ v$waf wmfwifrcJ q JG ;kH jzwf/ Edik wf zhJ ufu
qufvuftm%m,la&; ðyvkycf yhJ gw,f? 1958 ckEpS /f ZGev f -9 &ufae@rmS v$waf wmfwif+yD; tòydif
tqdik pf nf;±k;H v_y&f mS ; rJcq
JG ;kH jzwfy}JG uD; ðyvkyw f t hJ cg “Ek-wif” tkypf k “oef@&iS ;f zqyv” u “aqG
-+idr;f ” tkypf t k ay: (8) rJtom ESmwzsm;eJ@yJ uyf+yD;tEdik &f cJyh gw,f? twdu k t f cHEikd if aH &;tiftm;pk
}uD;jzpfwhJ “yrnw” &JŒaxmufcrH u _ kd &&Sv d u
kd +f yD; yrnw rJ (44) rJa=umifh “oef@&iS ;f ” tkypf k tEdik f
&cJw
h mjzpfygw,f? “oef@&iS ;f zqyvtpd;k &” tjzpf zG@J pnf;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? 'gayr,fh =um=umav;awmif
tkypf ;kd cGirhf &vdu
k yf J ppfwyf&ŒJ tm%modr;f vmr_atmufrmS OD;Eku “ppfwyftm%modr;f r_” udk
“ppfwyfo@kd tm%mvJa$ jymif;ay;r_” tjzpf Edik if aH &;ukvm;zefx;kd r_jzifyh akH zmfum 1958 ckEpS /f puf
132
wifbm-26 &ufae@rmS ppfwyf&ŒJ vufxJ tm%mudk xd;k +y;D tyfvu kd &f ygawmhw,f? oef@&iS ;f zqyv
tpd;k &&JŒtkypf ;kd Edik rf [
_ m (3) veJ@ (17) &ufy&J w dS t
hJ wGuf tJ'wD ek ;f uumvudk “(3) veJ@ (17) &uf
oef@&iS ;f zqyv tpd;k &vufxuf” vd@k awmif trSwo f nmðyac:a0: =uygw,f?
1960 jynfEh pS f a&G;aumufy}JG u;D rSmawmh “oef@&iS ;f zqyv” uyJ rJtjywftowfe@J tEdik &f &Scd hJ
jyefygw,f? 1960 ckEpS -f a&G;aumufyJG tEdik &f +yD;aemufrmS awmh OD;Eku “zqyv” &JŒemrnfukd
“aqG-+idr;f ” tkypf o k @kd t+yD;tydik af y;vdu
k +f yD; “yxp” qdw k ehJ mrnfopfukd cH,v l u
kd w f t hJ wGuf
“oef@&iS ;f zqyv tzG@J ” qdw k mvJ edXw d oH mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
(32) wnf+rJ zqyv
1958 ckEpS rf mS zqyv tzG@J csKyf}uD; twdtvif;ESpjf crf;uG+J yD;aemuf “oef@&iS ;f zqyv” eJ@
tòydijf zpfay:vmwJh usew f jcrf;uawmh “wnf+rJ zqyv” jzpfygw,f? OD;AaqGe@J OD;ausm+f idr;f wd@k O;D
aqmifwt hJ wGuf “aqG-+idr;f ” tkypf v k @kd vnf; uifyeG ;f wyfc&H +yD; “aqG-+idr;f / wnf+rJzqyv” vd@k
vnf; ac:a0: =uygw,f? “zqyv}uD;wnf+rJa&;” qdw k mudk t+rJaºuG;a=umfavh&w dS hJ tkypf jk zpfwhJ
twGuf “wnf+rJ zqyv” vd@k ac: =uwmjzpfygw,f? “oef@&iS ;f zqyv” u tm%m&vmwJt h cg
“wnf+rJ zqyv” [m twdu k t
f cH tkypf tk jzpf &yfwnfcyhJ gw,f? ppfwyfukd vdv k m;wJt h yk pf jk zpf+yD;
“wnf+rJ zqyv” &JŒaemufrmS “ppfwyf” wnf&adS ew,fqw kd yhJ pkH rH sK;d udv
k nf; toGit f rsK;d rsK;d eJ@
azmfjyaºuG;a=umfcyhJ gw,f? 1960 jynfEh pS /f a&G;aumufyrJG mS “wnf+rJ”[m “oef@&iS ;f ”eJ@tòydif t
}udwt f e,f,OS òf ydicf ahJ yr,fh wnf+rJtrwfae&m (42) ae&myJ&&Scd +hJ yD; oef@&iS ;f udk t}uD;tus,±f ;H_ cJyh g
w,f? OD;ausm+f idr;f qd&k if ocifwife@J ,OS òf ydi&f if; trwfawmifjzpfrvmawmhwt hJ xd ta&;edro hf mG ;cJh
&ygw,f? v$waf wmfxrJ mS “wnf+rJ zqyv” [m twdu k tf cHjzpfvmcJ+h y;D wnf+rt J rwf ocifomcif
[m twdu k t f cHtrwfacgi;f aqmif jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? oef@&iS ;f u “yxp” tjzpf emrnfopfe@J xl
axmifvu kd w f thJ cg “wnf+rJ zqyv” [m “zqyv” qdw k ehJ mrnfe@J yJ qufvuf&yfwnfomG ;ygw,f?
1962 ckEpS /f rwfv-2 &ufae@rmS Adv k cf sKyfae0if;acgi;f aqmif+yD; ppfwyfutm%modr;f ,l
vdu
k wf t hJ cg “wnf+rJ zqyv” acgi;f aqmifawG wOD;wa,mufrS zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f jcif;rcH&yg?
1964 ckEpS rf mS awmh wnf+rJ zqyv tzG@J }uD;vnf; awmfveS af &;aumifppD pftpd;k &&JŒ zsuo f rd ;f
ypfjcif;udk cHvu kd &f +yD; Edik if aH &;avmuuae uG,af ysmufomG ;&ygawmhw,f?
f rm;tpnf;t±k;H tzG@J csKyf

(33) jynfaxmifpk tvkyo
The Union Labour Organisation (ULO)
1958 ckEpS rf mS zqyv }uD; “oef@&iS ;f -wnf+rJ” uGt

J +yD;rSm “oef@&iS ;f zqyv” uae “jynf
axmifpk tvkyo f rm; tpnf;t±H;k rsm;tzG@J csKyf (ULO)” udk zG@J pnf;ay:ayguaf pcJw h m jzpfygw,f?
OuUÏ OD;&m&Sp/f 'k-OuUÏ ocifwifarmif/ twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;oGief @J z@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
133
0if;wifhxGef;
oef@&iS ;f zqyv &JŒtvkyo f rm;tzG@J }u;D tjzpf &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? qd&k ,
S v
f pfygwu D OD;pD;
wJh tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±H;k (TUCB) eJ@tòydif jzpfcyhJ gw,f? TUCB eJ@ ULO t=um;/ tvkyo f rm;
tcsi;f csi;f t=um;/ uG=J u+yJ=u/ ±du k =f uESu=f uwmawGawmif ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f?
1962/ arv-172 ESpaf jrmuf ara';ae@rmS (TUCB)/ (BTUC) eJ@ ULO wd@k tvkyo f rm;tzG@J
}uD; (3) zG@J yl;wGtJ pnf;ta0;usi;f y+yD; “wckwnf;aom ara';rS tvkyo f rm;nD!w G af &;od@k ” qdk
wJh tqdw k ifoiG ;f qH;k jzwfcyhJ gw,f? 1962/ Zlvikd -f 21 &ufae@rmS awmh ULO tzG@J }uD;[m ud, k zhf m
Ù14
omud, k f zsuo f rd ;f oGm;cJyh gw,f?
(34) EGpH pf[ef (Noom Suk Harn)
“&J&ifah om &Sr;f vli,frsm;tzG@J ” vd@k t"dym` ,f&wJh “EGpH pf[ef” (Noom Suk Harn) tzG@J ukd
1958 ckEpS /f arv-21 &ufae@rmS xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyf a[GyakH [mrSm pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? “EGpH pf[ef”
udk pwifO;D qmif zG@J pnf;cJw h o hJ ul awmh “pdik ;f EG@J ” jzpfygw,f?
EGpH pf[eftzG@J ukd odEaDN pmfbmG ;/ oDaygapmfbmG ;/ rdik ;f ±SL;apmfbmG ;/ vJcsm;apmfbmG ;/ aus;oDapmfbmG ;/
rdik ;f &,fapmfbmG ;/ rdik ;f vif;apmfbmG ;/ anmifa&$apmfbmG ;eJ@ r[ma'0Deef;[decf rf;wd@k u ajray:uae
tm;ay; axmufcu H n l cD =hJ uygw,f? 1959 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&-D 13 &ufae@rmS “&Sr;f awmfveS af &; p+yD”
qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfoeH @J twl pdik ;f EG@J acgi;f aqmifwhJ EGpH pf[eftzG@J [m ppftpd;k &&JŒ “yHyk gusi”f pcef;udk
0ifa&mufp;D eif; wdu k cf ukd cf +hJ yD; &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f rSm &Sr;f vlrsK;d awG&ŒJ yxrqH;k aom vufeufuikd f
awmfveS af &;aoewfou H kd pwifypfazmuf zGiahf zmfcyhJ gw,f?
ppftpd;k &udqk ef@usi+f yD; vufeufpu JG ikd w
f ukd yf q
JG ifv=kd uwJh wuUov kd af &muf &Sr;f ausmif;om;
}u;D awG tygt0if &Sr;f ausmif;om; vli,fawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m “EGpH pf[ef” eJ@ qufo, G v f y_ &f mS ;vm
cJ=h uygw,f? 1961 ckEpS rf mS SSIA/ 1964 ckEpS rf mS SSA pojzifh &Sr;f vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;}uD;awG
qufvufz@JG pnf; ay:ayguv f mcsed rf mS awmh “EGpH pf[ef” tzG@J }uD;&JŒtrnf[mvnf; wpwp arS;rSed f
oGm;cJyh gw,f?
“EGpH pf[ef” tzG@J [m wdak wmif;vSwt hJ csed uf mvtwGi;f rSmyJ ay:ayguv f y_ &f mS ;Edik cf whJ mjzpfay
r,fh &Sr;f jynfe,frmS yxrqH;k aom vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;aoewfou H kd pwifziG ahf zmufay;cJw h hJ
tzG@J tpnf; tjzpf &Sr;f rsK;d cspjf ynfcspv f il ,fawGukd Ed;_ qGE;kd =um;apcJw h hJ &Sr;f vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;
tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm rSww f rf;wifay;xm;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(35) rGejf ynfopfygwD

(New Mon State Party - NMSP)
“rGejf ynfopfygw”D udk “Edik af &$usi”f u acgi;f aqmif+yD; 1958 ckEpS -f Zlvikd v f xJrmS pwif zG@J
pnf;cJyh gw,f? Edik af tmifxeG ;f / Edik af iGoed ;f wd@k acgi;f aqmifwhJ “rGejf ynfo@l wyfO;D ” tzG@J 0if (1000)
134
ausm/f armfvòrid rf mS 1958 ckEpS -f Zlvikd v f xJrmS vufeufcsomG ;+y;D aemufyikd ;f use&f pfol vufeufrcsol
awGupkd pk nf;+yD; Edik af &$usiu f ae “rGejf ynfopfygw”D qdw k ehJ mrnfopfe@J zG@J pnf;xlaxmifcw hJ m jzpfyg
w,f?
1959 ckEpS rf mS trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDn! D w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk (r'nw) zG@J pnf;&mrSm Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygwD (Auy)/ KNU ygww D @kd e@J w+JG yD; rGejf ynfopfygwD yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
1963 ckEpS rf mS awmfveS af &;aumifpu D jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGðyvkyzf @kd +idr;f csr;f a&;
urf;vSr;f csuf xkwjf yefwt hJ cg rGejf ynfopfygw[ D m KNU ygw/D u&ifet D rsK;d om; wd;k wufa&;ygwD
(KNPP) wd@k e@J w+JG yD;/ oH;k ygwD A[du k , dk pf m;vS,t f zG@J z@JG +yD; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J “csi;f OD;pD;” tzG@J
wd@k yg yg0ifwhJ “r'nw” taeeJ@yg yg0ifwufa&mufvufcaH qG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? tJ'u D mvu “rGejf ynf
opfygw”D &JŒ t"duacgi;f aqmifawGuawmh Edik af &$usif (Edik b f vGi)f / Edik x f ife@J Edik w f ufxeG ;f wd@k jzpf
=uygw,f? awmfveS ;f a&;aumifpD ppftpd;k &&JŒ oabmxm;rrSeu f efra_ =umifh +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG
ysucf &hJ +yD;aemuf rGejf ynfopfygw[ D m rGev f x l &k &dS m ae&mwdik ;f rSmtajccH+yD; ppftm%m&Sipf epf
qef@usiaf &;/ ppfreS w f hJ rGejf ynfe,fxal xmifa&; &nfreS ;f csuaf wGe@J twl vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk
qufvufqifEaJ$ zmfaqmifcyhJ gw,f? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pk vufeufuikd af wmfveS ;f a&; tzG@J tpnf;
(13) ck wufa&mufwhJ rme,fyavmES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG ae 1976 ckEpS /f arv-10 &ufae@rmS trsK;d om;
'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (r'w) udk zG@J pnf;vdu k w f thJ cgrmS vnf; rGejf ynfopfygw[ D m yg0ifwufa&mufcyhJ g
w,f? 1988 &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyu kH mvrwdik rf t D wGi;f txd rGejf ynfopfygw&D ŒJ xif&mS ;cJw h hJ
rGeaf cgi;f aqmifawGuawmh Edik b f vGif (Edik af &$usi)f / Edik x f if/ Edik w f ufxeG ;f / Edik qf rH w d /f Edik Ef eG v
f m/ Edik f
wvrGe/f Edik cf sr;f wGpJ wJh yk*Kd~ vfawGjzpfygw,f? rGejf ynfopfygw&D ŒJ OuUÏtjzpfuawmh “rGejf ynfopf
ygw”D udk pwifz@JG pnf;OD;aqmifco hJ l “Edik af &$usi”f yJjzpfygw,f?
1988 ckEpS -f &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk ppfwyfuae t=urf;zufòzdciG ;f ypfvu kd +f yD;p um
vawGrmS vnf; rGejf ynfopfygw&D ŒJ tajccHa'oawGxJ a&muf&v dS m=uwJh 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0ifawG
tay: rGejf ynfopfygw[ D m vufcw H m tm;ay;ulnw D mawGvyk af qmifcyhJ gw,f? 1988 ckepS /f Ed0k if
bmv-18 &ufae@rmS jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd &ufwpfr[mrdwt f zG@J csKyf (r'rc) DAB udk zG@J pnf;=uwJt h cg
rSmvnf; rGejf ynfopfygw[ D m ta&;ygwt hJ cef;u yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? 1992 ckEpS /f Zlvikd -f 31
&ufae@rmS zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmfwnfaqmufa&; oabmwlncD suf (rme,fyavm
pmcsKyf) ay:xGuv f m&mrSmvnf; rGejf ynfopfygwD OuUÏ Edik af &$usi[ f m ta&;ygwt hJ cef;u yg0ifvy_ f
&Sm;cJyh gw,f? rGejf ynfopfygw[ D m (29-5-1995) ae@rmS e0w ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;aqG;
aEG;yGJ pwifðyvkycf +hJ yD; 1995 ckEpS /f ZGev f -29 &ufae@rmS typftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabmwlncD suu f kd
vufc&H ,lum typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J wck jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
e0w ppftpd;k &uðyvkyw f hJ trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd rGejf ynfopfygwrD S nDvmcHu, kd pf m;vS,af wG
tjzpf Edik cf sr;f wG@J / Edik af tmifEikd /f Edik w
f vnD/ Edik v f 0Datmif/ Edik w f ifvw S @kd pwifwufa&mufcyhJ gw,f?
1995 Zlvikd v f rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf yxrqH;k t}udrt f xde;f todr;f cHb0rS jyefvnfvw G f
ajrmufvmprSm rGejf ynfopfygwrD S 0rf;ajrmufóudqakd =umif; xkwjf yefa=unmcsuw f apmif w&m;0if
135
0if;wifhxGef;
xkwjf yefc+hJ y;D oH;k yGiq hf ikd f aqG;aEG;r_ay:ayguaf &;udk wdu k wf eG ;f cJyh gw,f? 1996-rwfvrSm rGejf ynfopfygwD
&JŒ wwd,t}udrf ygwn D v D mcHusi;f yt+yD;rSm “rGejf ynfopfygwo D nf aoewfow H wd v f #if +yD;a&m/
+ird ;f csr;f a&;&+y[ D k rcH,x l m;yg/ jynfow l &yfv;kH cg;pnf;cHae&aom typftcwf&yfpjJ cif;rsK;d udk vH;k 0rvdk
vm;yg/ tnHch t H ±_;H ay;a&;tjrifjzifh ppftm%m&Sipf epfatmufo@kd rdru d =H urRmudk yHt k yfrnft h zG@J tpnf;
r[kwaf y” vd@k ta&;}uD;tcsuf tvufawGukd twdtvif;azmfjyxm;wJh xkwjf yefcsuu f v kd nf;
xkwjf yefa=unmcJyh gw,f?
rGejf ynfopfygw[ D m ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,l+yD;wJah emuf ppftpd;k &u pdwóf uduOf ;D
aqmif ðyvkyaf ewJh “trsK;d om;nDvmcH” udk wufa&mufcahJ yrJ/h tcsed t f cgtvdu k af jymoifh ajym
xdu k w f mawGuakd wmh azmfjyajymqdck yhJ gw,f? jynfe,fawG&ŒJ tcGit hf a&;/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkawG&ŒJ
tcGit hf a&;awGe@J ywfouf+y;D typf&yftzG@J (13) zG@J u pkaygi;f +y;D pmwef;wapmif trsK;d om;nDvmcHo@kd
w&m;0ifwifoiG ;f cJ&h mrSm rGejf ynfopfygwv D nf; yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? etz ppftpd;k &u rw&m;ojzifh
xkwaf zmf&,lxm;wJh (ppfwyfu25 µ &,lxm;wJ)h ppfAv kd w f rwfay:vpDuv kd nf; vufco H abmwlnD
cJjh cif;r&Syd g? 13-2-2005 ae@&ufpeJG @J typf&yftzG@J (6) zG@J uae trsK;d om;nDvmcHusi;f ya&;aumfr&Sif
od@k xyfrw H ifjypmwapmif wifoiG ;f cJ&h mrSmvnf; rGejf ynfopfygwyD g0ifc+hJ yD; “Edik if aH wmf. trsK;d om;
Edik if aH &;OD;aqmifru _ ¾rSm wyfrawmf yg0ifxrf;aqmifa&;” qdw k t hJ csuu f kd aqG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f cGi&hf zdS @kd
vdt k yfw,fv@kd wifjyawmif;qdck yhJ gw,f? etz ppftpk;d &u ppfwyftóuduf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccH
Oya'udk xifovdk qufvufa&;qGo J mG ;cJ+h yD; jynfoal wG ode;f eJ@csD toufaoqH;k cJ&h wJh em*pfrek w f ikd ;f
umv arvtwGi;f rSmwif “zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'-2008 qdw k m}uD;udk twkta,mif
qENc, H yl }JG uD;ðyvky+f yD; wzufowftwnfðya=unmoGm;cJyh gw,f? rGejf ynfopfygwu D etz &JŒ
“zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'-2008” ukd vufrcHEikd af =umif; azmfjycJ+h yD; “2008 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH
tajccHOya'” t& ðyvkyu f si;f yr,fh “2010 a&G;aumufy”JG udv k nf; yg0ifrmS r[kwaf =umif; twd
tvif;oabmxm; xkwaf zmfajymqdck yhJ gw,f? rGejf ynfopfygw&D ŒJ &yfwnfcsuu f kd jyocJyh gw,f?
rGejf ynfopfygw&D ŒJ Ekid if aH &;&nfreS ;f csuu f awmh ppfreS w f hJ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk ay:xGe;f wnfaqmuf
a&;yJ jzpfygw,f?
“rGejf ynfopfygw”D udk OuUÏtjzpf “Edik af &$usi”f u OD;aqmifc+hJ y;D 2003 ckEpS -f rwfvrSm OuUÏ
Edik af &$usif uG,v f eG w f t hJ cg “Edik xf if” u OuUÏtjzpf qufvufO;D aqmifcyhJ gw,f? 2005 ckEpS -f
rwfvrSm OuUÏEdik x f if uG,v f eG q
f ;kH yg;oGm;&jyefwt hJ cg “Edik x f eG ;f rGe”f u OuUÏtjzpf qufvufqufcH
wm0ef,cl yhJ gw,f? rGejf ynfopfygw&D ŒJ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;uawmh “Edik [ f oH m” jzpfygw,f?
rGejf ynfopfygw[ D m Armjynfvrl sK;d pk vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; tiftm;pkawGtwGi;f rSm
0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;}uD;wcktjzpf vlord sm;cJyh gw,f?
(36) jynfo@l w;kd wufa&; ygwD People’s Progressive Party (PPP)
1959 ckEpS /f {+yDv-12 &ufae@rmS Adv

k cf sKyftudk OD;atmifoef;acgi;f aqmifwhJ “trsK;d om; wd;k
136
wufa&;ygw”D / ocifoif/ ocifAarmifw@kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ “jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pDygw”D eJ@ “&Jabmfaygi;f pHk
xde;f odr;f a&;tzG@J ” pwJt h zG@J (3) ckw@kd yl;aygi;f zG@J pnf;vdu k &f mrS “jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw”D ay:xGe;f vm
cJw
h m jzpfygw,f? yxrqH;k aomOuUÏ[m OD;atmifoef;jzpf+yD; twGi;f a&;rSL;u OD;atmifjrifh (zsmyH)k
jzpfcyhJ gw,f? yrnw wyfaygi;f pktwGi;f rSm ta&;ygwhJ Edik if aH &;ygww D ckjzpfcyhJ gw,f?
(yxrt}udrf OD;atmifoef;acgi;f aqmifwt hJ rsm;pke@J OD;cifarmifO;D acgi;f aqmifwhJ tenf;pkw@kd
uGo J mG ;cJ&h +y;D OD;cifarmifO;D wd@k tpk cGx J u G o
f mG ;cJyh gw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm ocifAarmifw@kd vnf; jynfo@l w;kd
wufa&;ygwrD mS ryg0ifawmhyJ ocifAarmif “jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pDygw”D udk jyefvnfxal xmifomG ;cJo h vdk
ocifoifvnf; “trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDygw”D qdw k mudk xlaxmifomG ;cJyh gw,f)?
1959 ckEpS -f arvxJrmS jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygwD OuUÏOD;atmifoef;udk tdraf pmifph pftpd;k &u
zrf;qD;+yD; udu k ;kd u|e;f txdy@kd vu dk +f yD;aemufyikd ;f rSm ygwu D kd jyefvnfz@JG pnf;r_vyk cf yhJ gw,f? jynfo@l w;kd
wufa&;ygw[ D m rmhupf 0f g'/ vDeif0g'udk cH,w l yhJ gwt D jzpf &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? pma&;q&m}uD;
awGjzpf=uwJh q&mocifjroef;eJ@ jroef;wifw h @kd awGvnf; jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygwrD mS yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h u
ygw,f?
1962 ckEpS rf mS Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; acgi;f aqmifwphJ pfwyfu Edik if aH wmftm%mudk odr;f ,lvu kd w
f hJ
tcg xkwjf yefvu kd wf hJ “awmfveS af &;aumifpD a=unmcsu”f tay: “yrnw” tiftm;pkrsm;t=um;
0d0g'uG=J u/ oabmxm;tjrif uGjJ ym;=ur_awG jzpfay:vmovdk “jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw”D twGi;f rSm
vnf; uG+J yJra_ wG jzpfay:vmcJyh gw,f? A[dak umfrwDrt J & OD;atmifoef;E_wx f u G af y;&ygw,f? OD;
atmifoef;eJ@ &JabmfwcsKŒd E_wx f u G o f mG ;+y;D aemuf jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw&D ŒJ OuUÏ jzpfvmoluawmh
“ocifcifatmif” jzpfc+hJ yD; twGi;f a&;rSL; jzpfvmcJo h u l awmh “OD;cifarmifjrif”h jzpfygw,f?
1962 ckEpS /f 7 &uf-Zlvikd t f a&;awmfy}kH uD; jzpfay:vm&wJt h cg “yrnw” tzG@J }uD;twGi;f
rwlnw D hJ tjrifoabmxm; xGuaf y:vmwJt h cg jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw[ D m Auo-wuoeJ@
ausmif;om;xkzufuae &yfwnfcyhJ gw,f? 1963 ckEpS rf mS awmfveS af &;aumifpu D ae jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f
a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG urf;vSr;f ac:,lwt hJ cg ppfreS w f hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;r_awG jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf
“jynfo@l aumfrwD” udk zG@J pnf;=uwJh tcsed rf mS vnf; jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw[ D m wufºuGwhJ tcef;
uae yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? jynfo@l aumfrwDu OD;pD;usi;f ywJh jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;qENjyyGaJ wG
us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD; “ (6) c±dik f +idr;f csr;f a&; qENjycsw D ufy}JG uD;&JŒ ppfa=umif;rSL;csKyf”
tjzpf jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw&D ŒJ twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;cifarmifjrifu h aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? 1963 ckEpS /f
+idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yG}J uD; ysujf ym;cJ&h +yD;wJah emufyikd ;f rSm ppftpd;k &u vlzrf;yG}J uD;ðyvkycf yhJ gw,f?
jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygwD OuUÏocifcifatmife@J twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;cifarmifjrifw h @kd vnf; tzrf;cH&wJh
tjyif aemufyikd ;f rSm udu k ;kd u|e;f txdtyd@k ccH &hJ ygw,f? 1964 ckEpS rf mS Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG rSeo f r#ukd ppf
tpd;k &uzsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd wf t hJ csed rf mS jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygwv D nf; wcef;&yfomG ;&ygawmhw,f?
tJ'guawmh jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw&D ŒJ yxrydik ;f yg? jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw&D ŒJ 'kw, d ydik ;f tae
eJ@uawmh æ
&Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;&JŒ&v'fwcktjzpf Edik if aH &ygwaD wG w&m;0ifz@JG pnf;cGi&hf vmwJh
137
0if;wifhxGef;
tay:rSm 1988 ckEpS -f Ed0k ifbmvxJrmS “jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw”D wausmjh yef zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh g
w,f? jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw&D ŒJ aemufq;kH OuUÏjzpfcw hJ hJ ocifcifatmifudk today;ndE‡ ikd ;f cJ+h yD;
aemufq;kH twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfcw hJ hJ “OD;cifarmifjrif”h uae OD;aqmifz@JGpnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf
OD;cifarmifjrifh acgi;f aqmifum taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;vSa&$ (Auo-wuo acgi;f aqmif
a[mif; bku d av;vSa&$) uaqmif&u G +f yD;/ wGzJ uftaxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;tjzpf - OD;ndK0if;
(ausmif;om;nD!w G af &;wyfO;D OuUÏa[mif;)/ OD;atmifol (ref;wuUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~acgi;f
aqmifa[mif;)/ OD;av;jrifh (pma&;q&m vSueG @f ) tygt0if pkpak ygi;f A[dpk nf;±H;k a&;aumfrwD0if
(17) OD;jzifh zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? yg0ifc=hJ uwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGuawmh OD;jrpdef (u|e;f jyef)/ OD;vS=unf (u|e;f
jyef)/ OD;jrifOh ;D opf (u|e;f jyef)/ OD;!Ge@f acgif (u|e;f jyef)/ OD;0if;wifx h eG ;f (uAsmq&m0if;wifx h eG ;f )/ OD;rk;d
jrif/h OD;jratmif/ OD;[efwif/ OD;ausmv f id_ /f OD;aomif;xku d /f OD;cifarmifat; (jrif;jcH)/ OD;wif0if;
wk@d jzpfygw,f?
jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw[ D m trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) &JŒ r[mrdwf (46) ygwt D
wGi;f rSm yg0if&yfwnfc+hJ yD; 'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdwt f zG@J csKyf ('rz) ay:ayguv f mwJt h cgrmS vnf; “'rz”
OuUÏtjzpf rd;k oD;ZGef (vl@abmifopf) u wm0ef,cl +hJ yD; jynfo@l w;kd wufa&ygwrD S OD;ndK0if;u taxG
axGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? “'rz” 0ifEikd if aH &;ygww D cktjzpf wufwuf ºuGºuG
v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDa&;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;/ trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;qdw k hJ tvH (3) vuf
eJ@twl ppftm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfy}kH u;D &JŒ tqH;k owfatmify&JG &Sad &;awG
twGuf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygww D &yftjzpf wufwufºuGºuGvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
1989 ckEpS -f ZGev f aemufq;kH tygwx f rJ mS yJ jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygwOD uUÏ OD;cifarmifjrifeh @J
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;vSa&$w@kd ukd e0w ppftpd;k &u zrf;qD;vdu k yf gw,f? Zlvikd v f xJrmS ygwD
wGzJ uftaxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;ndK0if;udk xyfrzH rf;qD;jyefygw,f? 1989 ckEpS -f =o*kwv f xJrmS awmh
A[dak umfrwDwckv;kH udk e0w ppftpd;k &u vdu k v f zH rf;qD;&mrSm a&Smifwrd ;f vGwaf jrmufomG ;ol (2)
OD;rSv+JG y;D A[dak umfrwD0iftm;vH;k tzrf;tqD;cHc&hJ ygw,f? A[dak umfrwD0iftm;vH;k vdu k v f zH rf;qD;+y;D
r=umrDrmS yJ jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygwu D kd w&m;r0ifEikd if aH &;ygwt D jzpf e0w ppftpd;k &uae a=unm
zsuo f rd ;f ypfcyhJ gw,f? jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygweD @J twl wòydief ufwnf; tzsuo f rd ;f cHvu kd &f wJh usef
Edik if aH &;ygwD (2) ckuawmh “trsK;d om;Edik if aH &; wyfaygi;f pk” (rew) eJ@ “t+rJprd ;f vli,ftzG@J ” wd@k
jzpfygw,f?
jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygwOD uUÏ OD;cifarmifjrifeh @J ygww D zJG uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;ndK0if;
wd@k uawmh zrf;qD;tusO;f csxm;cHae&pOf tif;pdet f usO;f axmifxrJ mS yJ usq;kH oGm;cJ&h ygw,f?
e0w ppftpd;k &vufxufrmS Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG w&m;0ifz@JG pnf;&yfwnfEikd cf iG hf ay;+yD;+yD;csi;f r
=umrDrmS yJ wESprf jynfrh t D wGi;f zsuo f rd ;f ypfjcif;cHvu kd &f wJh Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGxrJ mS jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;
ygw[ D m aAGaqmfO;D zsuo f rd ;f ydwyf if wm;qD;jcif;cHvu kd &f wJh Edik if aH &;ygwD (3) ckteufu (1) ckaom
Edik if H a&;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;}uD;jzpf±rHk u ygwAD [dak umfrwD0iftm;vH;k (a&Smifwrd ;f vGwaf jrmufomG ;ol
ESpf OD;rSty) e0w ppftpd;k &&JŒ zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f ta&;,ljcif;udck v H u kd &f wJh Edik if aH &;ygww D cktjzpf
138
rSww
f rf; wifay;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
1959 ckEpS u f pwifcw hJ hJ “jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw”D &JŒ yxrydik ;f acwfumvwke;f uvnf;
OuUÏ/ twGi;f a&;rSL;tygt0if ygw0D ifxyd o f ;D acgi;f aqmifawG tm;vH;k axmifxo J iG ;f xm;jcif; cH&aeqJ
umvrSm rqv ppftm%m&Sit f pd;k &u “jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw”D udk olw@kd [m olw@kd vma&muf
zsuof rd ;f oGm;cJ&h ovd/k jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygwD wausmjh yef jyefvnfay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ 'kw, d ydik ;f
umv 1989 ckEpS x f rJ mS usawmhvnf; e0w ppftm%m&Sit f pd;k &uygwu D kd zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd af =umif;
a=unmcsux f w
k +f yD; olw@kd [molw@kd wzufowf zsuo f rd ;f z,f&mS ;ypfc&hJ wJh Edik if aH &;ygw}D uD;w&yfjzpf
aewm[mvJ xl;jcm;wJ0h ad oowcktjzpf rSww f rf;wifxm;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(37) trsK;d om'Dru

dk a&pD nD!w
G af &;wyfaygif;pk (r'nw)
National Democratic United Front (NDUF)
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDn! D w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk (r'nw) udk 1959 ckEpS -f arvrSm pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh g
w,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D KNU ygw/D rGejf ynfopfygww D @kd twlwuGaqG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f +yD; wyfaygi;f pk
udk pwif zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? zG@J +yD;+yD;csi;f r=umrDrmS yJ u&ifet D rsK;d om; wd;k wufa&ygwD (KNPP)
eJ@ “csi;f OD;pD;tzG@J ” wd@k vJ “r'nw” rSm yg0ifvmcJyh gw,f? zG@J pnf;pu ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (Au
y) rS ocifZif/ ocifwifxeG ;f / Adv k &f x J ËG /f KNU bufrS ref;bZH/ Adv k cf sKyfaumfx;l (apmausmjf roef;)
rGejf ynfopfygwrD S Edik af &$usi/f u&ifet D rsK;d om;wd;k wufa&;ygwrD S OD;bd;k ausm/f csi;f OD;pD;tzG@J rS qvdik ;f pH
atmifw@kd yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? tm%m&tpd;k &udk vufeufpu JG ikd f awmfveS w f u kd yf qJG ifae=uwJh awmwGi;f
vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;tzG@J }u;D (5) ck&ŒJ wyfaygi;f pk tjzpfay:ayguv f mcJ+h y;D tjyeftvSeef m;vnfr_
wnfaqmufum wyfaygi;f pkvyk if ef;awGukd vkyaf qmifEikd cf =hJ uygw,f? awmfveS af &;tzG@J }uD; (5) ck
&JŒ wyfaygi;f pktjzpfay:ayguv f mcJ+h y;D tjyeftvSef em;vnfrw _ nfaqmufum wyfaygi;f pkvyk if ef;awG
udk vkyaf qmifEikd cf =hJ uygw,f?
1963 ckEpS /f +ird ;f csr;f a&; awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGu J mvrSm “r'nw” [m r'nw ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J
taeeJ@vnf; awmfveS af &;aumifppD pftpd;k &eJ@ awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&; awG@qakH qG;aEG;
yGrJ mS “r'nw” obmywdtzG@J (A[d)k ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J ukd (1) ref;bZH/ (2) paumv,fawm/
(3) Adv k uf siaf z/ (4) Adv k of ef;atmif/ (5) Edik af &$usi/f (6) Edik x f if/ (7) Edik w f ufxeG ;f / (8) apmarmf&,f/
(9) Adv k pf v
H if;/ (10) qvdik ;f pHatmif/(11) qvdik ;f omOD;/ (12) &JabmfaX;/ (13) &JabmfZif (ocif
Zif)/ (14) &JabmfwifxeG ;f / (ocifwifxeG ;f )/ (15) &Jabmfatmif}uD;/ (16) &JabmfAv kd af Z,sw@kd e@J zG@J
pnf;cJ+h yD; tzG@J acgi;f aqmiftjzpf “ref;bZH” u aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f?
&efuek òf rdŒ tif,m;vrf;{nfah *[mrSm “r'nw” A[dt k zG@J e@J awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &[m
(8-10-1963 rS 14-11-1963 ae@txdtwGi;f ) (7) }udraf qG;aEG;cJ=h u+yD; awmfveS af &;aumifpzD uf
uae aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGukd zsuo f rd ;f vdu k yf gw,f? (15-11-1963) ae@rmS aqG;aEG;yGyJ sujf ym;oGm;cJ&h wm
eJ@ywfouf+yD; “r'nw A[du k , dk pf m;vS,t f zG@J rS jynfov l x l ok @kd wifjycsu”f qdw k hJ a=unmcsuu f kd
139
0if;wifhxGef;
xkwjf yefa=unmcJyh gw,f?
+idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG ysujf ym;oGm;cJ&h +yD;aemufyikd ;f rSm awmfveS af &;aumifppD pftpd;k &u
Auy eJ@ r'nw tay: ppfa&;t& tjyif;txefx;kd ppfqif wdu k cf ukd vf mwJt h cgrmS Auy eJ@
r'nw wd@k [m ylaygi;f zG@J pnf;xm;wJh “atmifEikd w f yf” awGe@J vnf; jyefvnfwek @f jyefwu dk cf u
dk cf =hJ uyg
w,f?
1975 ckEpS /f rwfv-15 &ufae@rmS Auy OuUÏ ocifZif/ twGi;f a&;rSL; ocifcspw f @kd usq;kH oGm;
&+yD;aemufyikd ;f rSm yJc;l ±d;k reJ@jrpf0u|e;f ay:a'oawGrmS “Auy” a&m “r'nw” &JŒ ppfa&;tiftm;
tajctaeyg wpwp,kwaf vsmv h m&+yD; “r'nw” tzG@J }uD;&JŒtcef;[mvnf; wpxufwp
ukeq f ;kH aysmufu, G o
f mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
tcsKyftm;jzifq h &kd &if “r'nw” wyfaygi;f pk}uD;[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (Auy) yg0ifz@JG
pnf;cJw h hJ wyfaygi;f pk}uD;jzpf+yD; Edik if aH &;t&/ nD!w G af &;t&omru ppfa&;t&yg yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G f
v_y&f mS ;Edik cf w
hJ hJ wyfaygi;f pk}uD;wck jzpfcyhJ gw,f? (1958 ckEpS rf S 1975 ckEpS t f wGi;f ) ay:aygucf w hJ hJ
awmwGi;f vufeufuikd f wyfaygi;f pktoD;oD;twGi;f rSm txif&mS ;qH;k eJ@ tv_y&f mS ;Edik q f ;kH wyfaygi;f pk}u;D
wckjzpfc±hJ rHk u ppftpd;k &uae ppfa&;t&yg OD;wnfypfrw S x
f m; wdu k cf u
kd cf &hJ wJt
h zG@J }uD;vnf; jzpfyg
w,f? tJ'aD cwfumv Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ ordik ;f t&ajym&&if ajray:Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pkrmS “yrnw”
awmwGi;f vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; wyfaygi;f pkrmS “r'nw” vd@k awmif tav;xm;rSww f rf;wif
xm;&wJh wyfaygi;f pktzG@J }uD;jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
(38) =uHch ikd af &;toif;
tdraf pmift h pd;k &vufxuf (Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; wyfrawmftpd;k &vufxuf) twGi;f 1959
ckEpS /f ESpq f ef;ykid ;f xJrmS wyfrawmfrt S &m&S}d uD;rsm;ud, k wf ikd f OD;pD;+yD; “=uHch ikd af &;toif;” rsm;udk w
Edik if vH ;kH ae&mtES@H zG@J pnf;xlaxmifcyhJ gw,f?
tdraf pmift h pd;k &tjzpf tm%mud&k ,l+y;D wmeJ@ wòyid ef uf “Edik if aH wmf +ird 0f yfyjd ym;a&; tkycf sKyfr_
pDru H ed ;f }uD;” qdw k mudk taumiftxnfazmfz@kd twGu/f umuG,af &;0ef}uD; (Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;)
u OuUÏtjzpf aqmif&u G w
f hJ “A[dv
k ðkH caH &;OD;pD;tzG@J ” udk zG@J pnf;+y;D / A[dvk ðkH caH &;OD;pD;tzG@J &ŒJ vkyif ef;awG
aqmif&u G &f mrSm toH;k ðyEdik af &;/ toH;k csEikd af &;twGuf “=uHch ikd af &;toif;” awGukd zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpf
ygw,f?
A[dv k ðkH cHa&;OD;pD;tzG@J [m vkyif ef;awGut kd aumiftxnfazmf&mrSm wdik ;f / c±dik /f òrdŒe,fvðkH cHa&;
aumifpaD wG&ŒJ tultnDawGr#e@J om vkyu f ikd af e&wJt
h wGuf vlx&k ŒJ tultnD&&Sad &;twGuf taoG;
ta&mifrygbJ vlra_ &;oufoufuo kd m aZmufcsaqmif&u G rf ,ft h oif;tzG@J rsK;d vdt k yfvmwJt h
av#muf te,fe,ft&yf&yfrmS “=uHch ikd af &;toif;awG” zG@J pnf;&jcif;jzpfw,fq+kd yD; ppftpd;k &&JŒ
a'guw f ikd t f zG@J tpnf; wcktjzpf zG@J pnf;ay:ayguaf pcJw h mjzpfygw,f?
=uHch ikd af &;toif;}uD;&JŒ aqmify'k u f awmh “owW”d qdw k mjzpf+yD; “uwdopPm (5) csuef @J usihf
140
0wf (8) yg;” qdw k mudv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f jyXmef;ay;xm;ygw,f?
tm%meJ@trde@f xw k +f yD; tcGit hf a&;rufv;kH ay;um zG@J pnf;vdu k w f hJ “toif;}uD;” jzpfwt hJ
wGuf umvwdak v;wcktwGi;f rSmwif tzG@J 0ifO;D a&tm;jzif/h ta&twGut f m;jzifh ode;f eJ@csD rsm;jym;cJyh g
w,f? ppfwyf&ŒJ OD;aqmifcikd ;f apwm0efcsrw S af y;wmawGreS o f r# vkyaf qmif&ygw,f? “jynfo@l t
axmufawmfpepf” qdw k hJ acgi;f pnf;vSvaS tmufrmS =uHch ikd af &;toif;0ifawG[m 'v#K'd vHtvkyaf wG
udyk g vkyaf y;&ygw,f? tpd;k &u od'w d< ifajr‡mufyifah y;xm;wJt h wGuf =uHch ikd af &;toif;}uD;[m
umvwdt k wGi;f vlord sm;cJyh gw,f?
yxrt}udraf jrmuf jynfv;kH u|wf =uHch ikd af &;toif;rsm;nDvmcH}uD;udk 1959 ckEpS -f atmufwkd
bm (29-30-31) ae@rsm;rSm r*Fvm'Ht k rSwf (1) avhusiahf &;cef;raqmif}u;D twGi;f wcrf;wem;usi;f
ycJyh gw,f? tJ'nD vD mcH}uD;uae Edik if aH wmf=uHch ikd af &;toif;&JŒ tajccHOya'udk jyXm;eftwnfðyay;cJh
wJth jyif “A[d=k uHch ikd af &;aumifp”D udyk g a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufc=hJ uygw,f?
ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh tdraf pmift h pd;k &[m 1960 jynf-h azazmf0g&v D rSm taxGaxG a&G;
aumufy}JG uD;udk usi;f yay;cJ&h +yD; {+yDv-4 &ufae@rmS a&G;aumufyt JG Edik &f “oef@&iS ;f zqyv tzG@J ”
od@k tm%mudk jyefvnfvaJ$ jymif;ay;tyfc&hJ ygw,f? tJ'v D kd tm%mjyefvnfvt J$ yfay;vdu k &f csed f
up+yD; tm%ma=umifh tm%mydik af wGtvdu k s zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wmjzpfwhJ “=uHch ikd af &;toif;
}uD;” [mvnf; a&pkeaf rsm uG,af ysmufomG ;&ygawmhw,f? wESpaf wmifr&Sw d thJ csed u
f mvtwGi;f
[ke;f ueJawmuf ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wJh toif;0iftiftm;trsm;qH;k &Sd =uchH ikd af &;toif;}u;D [m ppfreS w f hJ
vlxak xmufcrH &_ tzG@J }uD;r[kww f t
hJ wGuf 'Dumvwdt k wGi;f rSmyJ “[ke;f ueJawmuf” rS “bke;f ueJ
aysmuf” tajctaeqDa&muf&dS ysuo f Ok ;f oGm;&ygawmhw,f?

Union Party
1960 jynfEh pS f azaz:0g&D a&G;aumufy}JG u;D rSm “oef@&iS ;f zqyv” tzG@J u tjywftowftEdik &f
+yD;aemuf 1960-rwfvxJrmS yJ oef@&iS ;f zqyv tzG@J u “OD;pD;nDvmcH” ac:,lusi;f y+yD; jynf
axmifpt k zG@J csKyfukd xlaxmifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? jynfaxmifpt k zG@J csKyf[m Edik if aH &;ygww
D &yfjzpfwt hJ
wGuf “jynfaxmifpyk gw”D vd@k vnf; ac:a0: =u+yD; twdak umuftm;jzifh “yxp”/ “yxpygw”D vd@k
vnf; ac:a0: =uygw,f? yxpygw[ D m “oef@&iS ;f zqyv” uae jzpfay:vmwmjzpf+yD; (a'guw f m
at;armif&ŒJ “w&m;r#wr_ygw”D [m “yrnw” tzG@J }uD;uaexGuu f m oef@&iS ;f tzG@J e@J y;l aygi;f +yD;
60 jynfah &G;aumufy}JG uD;rSm yg0ifcw hJ mjzpfwthJ wGu)f ,cifw&m;r#wr_ygw0D ifawGvnf; yg0ifaeyg
w,f? tEdik &f “oef@&iS ;f zqyv” [m jynfaxmifpt k zG@J csKyf (yxp) udk w&m;0ifxal xmif zG@J pnf;
vdu k cf sed uf p+yD; “zqyv” qdw k ehJ mrnfukd vH;k 0pGe@f vw$ yf pfvu kd yf gawmhw,f? jynfaxmifpt k zG@J csKyf
(od@k ) jynfaxmifpyk gw&D ŒJ OuUÏtjzpf “OD;Ek” uwm0ef,cl +hJ yD; twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyftjzpf “ocifausmf
xGe;f ” jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
141
0if;wifhxGef;
1960 jynfEh pS /f {+yDv-4 &ufae@rmS jynfaxmifpyk gwu D zG@J pnf;vdu k wf hJ “jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &
(yxp tpd;k &)” pwif ay:ayguv f mygw,f? jynfaxmifpyk gw&D ŒJ OuUÏvnf;jzpf 0ef}u;D csKyfvnf;jzpfol
OD;Eku yxp tpd;k &tzG@J ukd aiGuek af =u;usoufomap&efq+kd yD; 0ef}uD;OD;a& enf;Edik o f r# enf;enf;eJ@
zG@J pnf;vdu k cf sed u f p+y;D &mxl;ae&mcsxm; cGaJ 0r_awGtay:uae ygww D iG ;f rauseyfra_ wGxu G af y:vmcJh
ygw,f? “oef@&iS f zqyv” udk zsuo f rd ;f vdu k +f yD; yxp ygwt D jzpf pwifz@JG pnf;vdu k pf Ofuwnf;u
ygwt D wGi;f rSm tkypf k (3) pk yg0ifwnf&adS ewJt h wGuf rauseyfra_ wGjzpfay:vmwJt h cg tkypf w k u kd yf JG
o¾mef jzpfay:vmcJyh gw,f? wd@k Armtpnf;t±k;H acwf/ ocifacwfuwnf;u Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_
awGxyJ g0ifvmcJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;0g&ifo h cif}uD;awGu tkypf w k pk (ociftyk pf )k / e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/
zufqpfawmfveS af &; wdu k yf u
JG mvawG twGi;f usrS yg0ifwu kd cf u kd jf zpfay: vmcJ=h uwJh ppfAv kd }f u;D awGu
wtkypf k (Adv k t f yk pf )k eJ@ a&SŒuae “OD;wyfac:a0: jcif;cHc&hJ wJh wuUov kd b f @JG & t&m&St d &mcH ynmwwf
}uD;awGu wtkypf k (OD;tkypf )k qd+k yD; tkypf k (3) pk&adS ecJ&h m vlxu k yxp ygweD @J yxp tpd;k &udk “OD;
Adv k o
f cif yxp” vd@k uifyeG w f yfay;&wJt h xd odomay:vGiaf ecJyh gw,f?
ociftyk pf rk mS ocifwif/ ocifausmx f eG ;f / ocifyef;òrdi/f ocifwifarmif/ ociford ;f armif/
ocifcsex f eG ;f / a'guw f mat;armif/ Adv k w f ifarmif}uD;/ OD;apmvlv/l OD;tH;k jrif/h ocifxeG ;f tH/h ocif
xGe;f pde/f OD;wifO;D / OD;bZH/ OD;vGr;f yHk pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGyg0if=uygw,f?
Adv
k t f yk pf rk mS u &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifawGjzpf=uwJh Adv k rf LS ;atmif/ Adv k rf if;acgi/f Adv k w f m&m/ Adv k jf rifh
aqG/ Adv k Zf ifa,mfw@kd tygt0if Adv k Af wif/ Adv k rf LS ;aomif;xdu k /f Adv k rf LS ;xifay: pwJo h al wGyg0ifygw,f?
OD;tkypf rk mS uawmh OD;0if;/ OD;csr;f om (tdik pf t D uf)/ OD;cspaf z/ rd;k óud;OD;tH;k cif/ OD;ysK+d idr;f / OD;vSausmf
tp&Sw d yhJ *k Kd~ vf}uD;awG yg0if=uygw,f?
wtkypf ek @J wtkypf =k um; txifao;r_e@J &mxl;tm%m&vdrk t _ ay:uae jzpfay:vmcJw h hJ 'D
“OD;Adv k o f ciftuG”J [m jynfaxmifpyk gwD zG@J pnf;+yD;vd@k rS wESprf jynfrh t D wGi;f odoo d momay:xGuf
vmcJw h hJ yxpygwt D wGi;f tuG}J u;D jzpfygw,f? OD;-Adv k -f ociftyk pf [ k m tkypf w k ukd yf aJG wGqif=u&if;u
e,fwcsKŒd rSm “ociftyk ”f eJ@ “OD;tky”f 0ifawG[m ±du k yf EJG u
S yf aJG wGjzpfwt hJ xd yËdyuQ jyif;xefvmcJyh g
w,f? 'DZifbmvxJ a&mufwt hJ cgrmS awmh yxpygwt D wGi;f rSm “ociftyk pf ”k &JŒ v$r;f rd;k cs,v f , S f
vmr_ukd wm;qD;umuG,&f efq+kd y;D “OD;tky”f eJ@ “Adv k t f yk ”f [m em;vnfr, _ l yl;aygi;f oGm;=uwJt h wGuf
tkypf k (3) pk tm;òydirf /_ tkypf k (3) pk tuGt J qifu h ae “OD;Adv k t f yk pf ”k eJ@ “ociftyk pf ”k tuGt J jzpf
yHak y:vmcJyh gw,f? yxp }u;D twGi;f rSm “OD;Adv k f tkypf ”k eJ@ “ociftyk pf ”k wd@k &ŒJ qufvuftm;òyid yf }JG u;D
ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? “OD;Adv k -f ocif” tkypf k (2) pk&ŒJ tm;òydiyf JG tuG*J ,ufu qufvuf}uD;rm;ae
wma=umifh rlvu 'DZifbmvtwGi;f ðyvkyrf ,fv@kd pDpOfxm;cJw h hJ “yxp nDvmcH}uD;” udv k nf;
a&$Œqdik ;f ypfvu kd &f ygw,f? “OD;Ek” u OuUÏtjzpfrES w _ x f u G +f y;D omrmeftzG@J 0if tjzpfyaJ eawmhr,fv@kd
toHay;vm&+yD; 1961-rwfvxJrmS w&m;0ifEw _ x f u G pf m wifvmcJyh gw,f? OD;Ek&ŒJ E_wx f u G pf m
a=umifh tkypf k (2) ckv;kH [m ysmysmovJjzpfomG ;&+yD; yxp A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmif tpnf;ta0;xkid f
&um nDvmcH}uD;usi;f y+yD;pD;wJt h xd OuUÏtjzpfqufvyk af y;zd@k vuf&dS EC wzG@J v;kH E_wx f uG af y;+yD;
OuUÏ OD;Ek oabmusauseyfwhJ tvkyt f r_aqmifopfukd pdwóf uduzf @JG pnf;um yxptzG@J }uD;udk
142
qufvufo,f aqmifay;zdk qH;k jzwfvu kd &f ygawmhw,f? 'ga=umifh yxp tzG@J }uD;[m OD;Ekpw d óf uduf
oGev f o kd eG f arSmufvakd rSmuf taetxm;txd jzpfomG ;&+yD; OD;Eku “yxp tdraf pmifah umfrwD” udk
zG@J pnf;vdu k yf gw,f? yxp tdraf pmifah umfrwDrmS OD;Eku OuUÏ/ pnf;±k;H a&;wm0efct H jzpf OD;tke;f / aiG
xde;f tjzpf OD;Zm&Jv#w H @kd e@J zG@J pnf; vdu k yf gw,f? pnf;±k;H a&;udu k nl &D eftwGuq f +kd yD; 0ef}uD;ocifwif/
0ef}u;D Adv k rf LS ;atmif/ 0ef}u;D a'guw f m at;armif/ 0ef}u;D qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif wd@k yg0ifwhJ twdik yf ifcH
tzG@J wckuv kd nf; zG@J pnf;wGzJ ufay;cJyh gw,f?
1962/ Zefe0g&-D 27 &ufae@rmS urBmat;uke;f ajrrSm usi;f ywJh “yxp jynfv;kH u|wn f v D m
cH}uD;” xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? rJay;Edik o f l ud, k pf m;vS,pf pk ak ygi;f (722) OD; wufa&mufcw hJ hJ 'D yxp
nDvmcH}uD;[m “OD;Adv k -f ocif” tuG&J ŒJ “OD;-Adv k tf yk ”f eJ@ “ociftyk ”f wd@k &ŒJ aemufq;kH t}udwt f
e,f,OS òf ydiAf v kd v
f yk }JG uD; jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? yxp tdraf pmifOh uUÏ}uD; OD;Eku “b,fEh , S v hf J udak &$O;D Adv k w f @kd /
udak &$ocifw@kd / wa,mufe@J wa,muf tjyeftvSet f yk af e=uwm rarm=uao;bl;vm;” qdw k t hJ zGihf
rde@f ceG ;f eJ@ nDvmcH}uD;udzk iG v hf pS af y;cJ&h wJt h xd tuGyJ ËdyuQ[m tm;vH;k odjzpfcyhJ gw,f? nDvmcHrmS
tkypf k (2) pk,OS &f mrSm “ociftyk pf ”k u tEdik &f &So d mG ;cJyh gw,f? “yxp”acgi;f aqmifopftjzpf “o
cifwif”jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;uawmh “ocifausmx f eG ;f ” jzpfygw,f?
1962 ckEpS /f rwfv-1 &ufae@ oef;aumiftausmf rwfv-2 &ufae@xt J ul;rSmyJ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
ae0if; acgi;f aqmifwphJ pfwyfu yxp acgi;f aqmif/ yxp 0ef}uD;awGreS o f r#ukd (ta0;a&mufaeol
tenf;tyg;rSv+JG yD;) vdu k v f zH rf;qD;xde;f odr;f um tm%mudk t+yD;tydik o f rd ;f ,lvu kd w f t hJ wGuf
yxp xdyo f ;D acgi;f aqmiftm;vH;k axmifxaJ &mufomG ;&ygawmhw,f?
1964 ckEpS rf mS awmfveS af &;aumfppD pftpd;k &u “trsK;d om; pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf u _ kd umuG,o f nfh
Oya'” qdw k m xkwjf yef+yD; Edik if aH &;ygwrD eS o f r#ukd zsuo f rd ;f ydwyf ifvu kd w f thJ cgrmS awmh jynfaxmifpk
tzG@J csKyf (od@k ) yxp ygw}D uD;vJ edXw d oH mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
yxp ygw[ D m tm%m&ygw}D u;D wcktjzpf arG;zGm;vmcJ&h +y;D 1960-rwfvrS 1962-rwfvt
xd (2) ESpaf vmufyJ &Sio f efciG &hf cJw h yhJ gw}D uD;w&yfjzpfayr,fh ArmjynfrmS (ppftm%m&Sipf epfatmuf
usa&muf oGm;&jcif;r&Srd )D aemufq;kH tm%m&ygw}D uD;w&yfjzpfcw hJ t hJ wGuf xl;jcm;r_wcktaeeJ@
rSww f rf;wifxm;&rSm jzpfygw,f?
(40) ucsiv
f w
G v
f yfa&; tzG@J
Kachin Independence Organization (KIO)
ucsif v G w f v yf a &;tzG J @ (KIO) ud k 1960 jynf h / atmuf w d k b m-25 &uf a e@rS m

pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD;pacwf ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;
v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f rSm ucsif trsK;d om; Adv
k af emfqikd ;f &JŒ vufeufuikd wf yfe@J twl yg0ifvukd yf gczhJ ;l wJh
'l0gaZmfqikd ;f u OD;aqmif+yD; KIO udk pwifz@JG pnf;cJw
h mjzpfygw,f? pwifz@JG pnf;pu Edik if aH &;/ pnf;±k;H
143
0if;wifhxGef;
a&;eJ@ v_@H aqmfa&;awGukd pepfwusvyk af qmifEikd &f eftwGuf us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@vy_ &f mS ;Ekid zf @kd q+kd yD;
vkyif ef; aumfrwDrsm;udv k J e,fajra'otvdu k f pnf;±k;H a&; wm0efawGygc+JG yD; zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? KIO
&JŒ rlvpwifz@JG pnf;pOfu “aumfrwDz@JG pnf;yH”k uawmh
(1) 'l0gaZmfqikd ;f - OuUÏ
(2) 'l0gaZmfw;l - 'k-OuUÏ
(3) OD;vrmv&drf - twGi;f a&;rSL;
aumfrwDtzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf æ
(1) yHak &$aZmfqikd ;f
(2) vrkew f ;l *sKid f
(3) 'Graf zmfa*gif
(4) aZmf'ef (c) aZmfcif
(5) rvdaZmfrikd f
(6) r&efb&efqikd ;f
(7) cef;'g b&ef*rf
(8) erfql aZmfawmif
(9) cef;aqmifurG x f JG
(10) vkuwef*s;D
(11) rvefa&Smif
pnf;±k;H a&; wm0efcaJG 0r_uawmh æ
(1) r&efb&efqikd ;f / aZmfrikd /f vkuwef*s;D - jrpf}uD;em;
(2) uGrx f /JG rvefa&Smif - Aef;armf
(3) erfqal Zmfawmif/ b&ef*rf - uGwcf ikd f
(4) vrkew f ;l *sKid /f 'Graf zmfa*gif - odEDM
(5) aZmfw;l / vrmv&drf - vm;±_;d
(6) aZmf'ef/ aZmfw;l / yHak &$aZmfqikd ;f - rEœav;wuUov dk /f &efuek w f uUov kd f qd+k yD;
wm0ef cGaJ 0zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
1961 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&-D 5 &ufae@rmS aZmfw;l eJ@vrmv&drw f @kd acgi;f aqmif+yD; vm;±_;d aiGwu kd u
f kd
wduk cf u kd f odr;f ydu k vf u kd jf cif;eJ@ pwif+yD; KIO &JŒ vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk pwifcyhJ gw,f? 1961
ckEpS /f azazmf0g&D -5 &ufae@rmS yJ KIO &JŒ vufeufuikd w f yfjzpfwhJ ucsiv f wG v
f yfa&;wyfrawmf
(KIA) eJ@ ucsiv f wG v f yfa&;aumifpD (KIC) udv k nf; zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? ucsijf ynfe,ftwGi;f u r
[kwyf J &Sr;f jynfe,fvm;±_;d odE/DM uGwcf ikd f a'oawGtwGi;f uae pwifay:xGuv f mcJwh hJ ucsiv f ufeuf
udik af wmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_[m tJ'w D ek ;f u tm%m&tpd;k &jzpfwhJ (0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek) &JŒ yxp tpd;k &
&JŒAk'b < momudk Edik if aH wmfbmomtjzpf a=unmvdu k cf sed f (1961/ =o*kwv f -26) &ufae@aemufyikd ;f u
p+y;D ucsijf ynfe,fae&mtES@H rmS w[kex f ;kd wd;k wuf}u;D xGm;vmcJyh gw,f? 1963 ckEpS x f rJ mS 'l0gaZmfqikd ;f /
144
aZmfw;l wd@k &ŒJ nD aZmf'efvnf; tpd;k &&JŒ xde;f odr;f cHae&&mrS vGwaf jrmufvmcJ+h y;D awmcdv k mwJt h wGuf
KIO-KIA vufeufui kd v
f y_ &f mS ;r_twGi;f rSm aZmfqidk ;f / aZmfw;l / aZmf'ef/ aZmf (3) aZmfv;kH [m t
a&;ygwhJ OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifawG jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
1963 ckEpS rf mS Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;&JŒ awmfveS af &;aumifppD pftpd;k &u jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;
awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGaJ wG ðyvkyv f mwJt h cgrmS KIO/ KIA uvnf; yg0ifwufa&mufaqG;aEG;cJyh gw,f?
ucsiv f wG v f yfa&;aumifpD (KIC) ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J ukd 'l0gaZmf'ef/ 'l0gv&drw f @kd acgi;f aqmif+yD;
rEœav;òrdŒrSm taemufajrmufwikd ;f wdik ;f rSL;Adv k rf LS ;}uD; vGe;f wife@J =o*kwv f -30 &ufae@rS pufwif
bm-7 &ufae@txd y%mrawG@qakH qG;aEG;r_awG vkycf yhJ gw,f? 'l0gaZmf'efacgi;f aqmifwhJ KIC tm
%mydik f ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J [m awmfveS af &;aumifpD ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J e@J &efuek òf rdŒrSm Ed0k ifbm-
4 &ufae@rS 14 &ufae@twGi;f xyfraH wG@qakH qG;aEG;cJ=h u+yD; wpHw k &moabmwlnrD _ r&&Scd =hJ uyJ Ed0k if
bm-15 &ufae@rmS awmfveS af &;aumifpu D awG@qakH qG;aEG;r_ukd &yfpaJ =umif; a=unmcJyh gw,f?
KIO-KIA tzG@J }uD;&JŒ pwifay:ayguv f mpOfu Edik if aH &;&nfreS ;f csuu f awmh “vGwv f yfaom ucsif
orRwEdik if ”H xlaxmifz@JG pnf;Edik af &;jzpfygw,f?
1967 ckEpS x f rJ mS KIA acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ “aZmfw;l ” [m w±kwEf ikd if x H J oGm;a&muf+yD;
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D ta0;a&mufygwD aumfrwDacgi;f aqmif ocifAode;f wif/ ucsiaf wmfveS af &;
acgi;f aqmif “aemfqikd ;f ” wd@k e@J qufo, G af qG;aEG;r_awG vkycf zhJ ;l ygw,f/ 1968 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 1 &uf
ae@rmS w±kw-f jrefrm e,fpyfa'orSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o pwifay:ayguf
vmcsed rf mS awmh KIA &JŒtusK;d pD;yGm;xdcu kd vf mwJt h wGuf AuyeJ@ KIA =um;rSm jy\emawGay:ayguf
vmcJyh gw,f? 1972 ckEpS rf mS KIA [m wyfr[m (4) ckxd zG@J pnf;vmEdik cf +hJ yD; wyfr[m (1) udk vrkef
wl;*sKid /f wyfr[m (2) udk aZmfw;l / wyfr[m (3) udk aZmfrikd u f OD;pD;cJu
h m KIA ppfO;D pD;csKyftjzpf
“'l0g aZmfqikd ;f ” u acgi;f aqmifcyhJ gw,f?
1975 ckEpS -f ESpOf ;D ydik ;f rSm wdu k yf wJG cktwGi;f aZmf'efusq;kH oGm;cJ&h ovdk 1975 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f -
10 &ufae@rmS KIA xdyo f ;D acgi;f aqmifawGjzpf=uwJh aZmfqikd ;f / aZmfw;l eJ@ykH a&$aZmfqikd ;f wd@k vnf;
xdik ;f e,fpyfwae&mrSm vky=f uHowfjzwfjcif;cHc&hJ ygw,f? 1976 ckepS rf mS KIO &JŒ OuUÏtjzpf “r&ef
b&efqikd ;f ”u wm0efqufccH +hJ yD; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfvmcJo h u l awmh “aZmif;[&m;” jzpfyg
w,f? KIC rSmuawmh OuUÏ b&efqikd ;f / 'k-OuUÏ vrkew f ;l *sKid /f twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aZmfrikd jf zpfvmcJyh g
w,f? KIO tzG@J }uD;[m “r'w” 0if vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf &yfwnfyg0if
cJ+h yD; wjcm;vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; tzG@J tpnf;awGe@J vnf; ppfa&;/ Edik if aH &; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G f
v_y&f mS ;r_awG wufwufºuºG uv G yk af qmifcyhJ gw,f? OuUÏb&efqikd ;f [m Auy OuUÏ ocifAode;f wife@J
vnf; awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJ+h yD; 1980 jynf-h atmufwb kd m- 10 &ufae@rmS ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygweD @J
KIO oabmwlnc D suu f kd vufrw S af &;xd;k yl;wGx J w k jf yefa=unmEdik cf yhJ gw,f? Auy-KIA yl;wGpJ pf
qifa&;awGuv kd nf; taumiftxnfazmf vkyaf qmifEikd cf =hJ uygw,f?
1980 jynfEh pS /f atmufwb kd mv-18 &ufae@rmS yJ KIO tzG@J }uD;[m tpd;k &eJ@ +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;
aEG;wmudv k nf; vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? 18-10-1980 ae@ &efuek òf rdŒ orRwtdraf wmf0if;twGi;f
145
0if;wifhxGef;
usi;f yðyvkycf w hJ hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGu J kd KIO OuUÏ b&efqikd ;f ud, k wf idk af cgi;f aqmifum twGi;f a&;rSL;
OD;aZmif;[&m;/ a*:&DaZmfqidk ;f eJ@ a'guw f mwl;*smwk@d wufa&mufc=hJ u+yD; Ekid if aH wmfaumifpOD uUÏ
OD;ae0if;/ twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;pef;,kw@dk e@J awG@qaHk qG;aEG;cJ=h uygw,f?
atmufwb dk m-19 &ufae@rmS KIO tzG@J }uD;uae (u) oD;jcm; ucsijf ynfo@l orRwEkid if H xl
axmifEidk af &;[laomvrf;pOfudk pGe@f vw $ o f nfrh /l (c) qk&d , S v f pfpepfudk vufc, H =Hk unfonfrh el @J
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f ppfreS o f nfh uk, d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfa&; (0g) uk, d yf idk cf ef@caJG &;tm%m&&So d nfh
jynfe,ftjzpf owfrw S af y;yg&efq+dk yD; wifjyaqG;aEG;cJw h mawG@&ygw,f? KIO tzG@J }uD;[m vufeuf
ukid af wmfveS af &; pwifuwnf;u awmif;qkv d mcJw h hJ vGwv f yfwhJ ucsijf ynfo@l orRwEkid if H oD;jcm;Ekid if H
xlaxmifa&;&nfreS ;f csuu f dk “rlt&” pGe@f vw $ yf ,fzsuv f u dk +f y;D ppfreS w f hJ uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyfciG &hf jynfe,f
&&Sad &;qD twdtvif;ajymif;vJvu dk w f o hJ abm jzpfygw,f?
1980 jynfEh pS /f Ek0d ifbm-17 &ufae@rS 1981 ckEpS /f rwfv-3 &ufae@txdtwGi;f ucsijf ynfe,f
jrpf}uD;em;òrdŒrSm (3) }udrf qufvufaqG;aEG;cJ=h u+yD;wJah emuf oabmwlncD surf &&Syd J ZGev f -1
&ufae@rmS ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ &yfpaJ =umif;’ ukd tpk;d &zufuae w&m;0ifxw k jf yefa=unmcJyh g
w,f? +idr;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yG[ J m pkpak ygi;f (5) veD;yg;=umcJah yrJh tpk;d &eJ@ KIO tzG@J }uD;t=um; +idr;f
csr;f a&;wnfaqmuf Ekid jf cif;r&&Scd yhJ g? ucsijf ynfe,ftwGi;f rSm tpk;d &ppfwyfe@J KIO t=um; t}uD;
tus,f tjyeftvSew f u dk yf JG }uD;i,faygi;f rsm;pGm qufvufjzpfymG ;wku d cf u dk cf =hJ uygw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H
ta&;awmfy}Hk uD; òzdccJG &H +yD;csed rf mS awmh ppftpk;d &ukd qef@usijf cm;em;+yD;a&muf&v dS m=uwJh ausmif;om;
vli,fe@J 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkawGudk KIO u KIO e,fajra'oawGtwGi;f vufcu H n l cD yhJ gw,f?
KIO e,fajrtwGi;f ABSDF (ajrmufyi dk ;f ) eJ@ NLD-LA (ajrmufyidk ;f ) wk@d &yfwnfay:ayguv f y_ &f mS ;
Ekid cf yhJ gw,f?
1993 ckEpS t f wGi;f jrpf}uD;em;rSm e0w uk, d pf m;vS,t f zG@J e@J KIO uk, d pf m;vS,t f zG@J w@dk [m
(5) }udrw f idk f awG@qaHk qG;aEG;cJ=h u+yD;wJah emuf 1994 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&-D 24 &ufae@rmS KIO tzG@J [m
ppftpk;d &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lvu dk w f hJ typf&yf +idr;f tzG@J }uD;wckjzpfvmcJyh gw,f? w&m;0if
typftcwf&yfpaJ &;oabmwlncD suu f dk KIO zufrS OD;aZmfridk /f OD;vrkew f ;l *sKid ef @J OD;a*:&DaZmfqidk ;f wk@d u
vufrw S af &;xk;d cJ+h yD; e0w ppftpk;d &zufrS Akv d cf sKyfat;ausm/f Akv d cf sKyfapmvGief @J 'k-Akv d rf LS ;}uD;
ausmo f ed ;f wk@d u vufrw S af &;xk;d cJ=h uygw,f?
KIO OuUÏ OD;b&efqi dk ;f uG,v f eG +f yD;wJah emuf OD;aZmfridk u f OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,cl yhJ gw,f?
OD;aZmfridk u f dk (2002 ESpq f ef;ykid ;f ) rSm E_wx f u G af p+yD;aemuf OD;vrkew f ;l *sKid f OuUÏtjzpf qufvufO;D
aqmif cJyh gw,f? OD;vrkew f ;l *sKid f (2006/ ZGe-f 15 &uf) rSm uG,v f eG o f mG ;+yD;aemuf OD;aZmif;[&m;
OuUÏjzpfvm cJyh gw,f?
2009 ckEpS x f rJ mS awmh “2008 ckEpS -f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'eJ@tnD 2010 a&G;aumufyJG
}uD;” usi;f yawmhrmS jzpfw,f? tJ'rD wkid rf D typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J awG vufeuftyfa&;qkw d hJ ta=umif;jy
csuef @J etz &JŒ zdtm;ay;r_awG wk;d vmcJyh gw,f? KIO u vufeuftyfa&;ukd jiif;y,fcyhJ gw,f?
etz zufu vufeuftyfa&;tpm; “e,fjcm;apmifw h yftjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;a&;” tjzpf jyifqif
146
ajymif;vJ+yD;/ 2009-{+yDvup+yD; qufwu dk zf t
d m;ay; ajymqkv
d mwJth cg/ KIA bufuvJ ucsif
jynfe,ftwkid yf ifct H zG@J tygt0if vlxt k pnf;ta0;}uD; ac:,lusi;f y+yD;/ vlxo k abmxm;tjzpf
e,fjcm; apmifw h yfawmh vufrcH/ KIA csn;f oyfoyf zG@J pnf;r,fh ‘ucsijf ynfa'o umuG,af &;wyf”
tjzpfyJ ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;vkw d ,fqw hJ a=umif; jyefvnfw@Hk jyefcyhJ gw,f? etz eJ@ KIO =um;
dk t
oabmwlnrD r_ & vdycf w J nf;vnf;jzpfc&hJ ygw,f?
2009-=o*kwv f xJrmS yJ 'k-OuUÏ a'guw f mwl;*smtygt0if KIO acgi;f aqmif (5) OD;ukd
D pf zG@J pnf;v_y&f mS ;apa&;twGuf KIO rSae w&m;0ifEw
2010-a&G;aumufyrJG mS Ekid if aH &;ygwo _ x f u
G cf iG hf
ðycJ+h yD; KIO uawmh KIO &JŒ &yfwnfcsut f wkid ;f qufvuf&yfwnf &Sio f efvy_ &f mS ;aecJyh gw,f?
(41) &efuek w
f uUov
dk f vlrsK;d pkausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J csKyf
1960-1961ckEpS /f (ynmoifEpS )f twGi;f rSm &efuek w f uUov dk f vlrsK;d pkausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J

csKyfudk pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
vlrsK;d pkausmifom;tm;vk;H wnDw!Gww f nf;pkaygi;f +yD; vlrsK;d pkrsm;&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_/ ynma&;eJ@
trsK;d om; a&;ukd yl;wGaJ qmif&u G &f efq+dk yD; zG@J pnf;cJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f? obmywd tzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf
(1) pkid ;f cGet
f wHk idk f (&Sr;f )
(2) ukad pmarmif (&ckid )f
(3) rif;axG;vk;H ausmf (rGe)f
(4) pxGe;f vGif (u&if)
(5) *Ge*f sef (ucsi)f
(6) ukad z0if; (u,m;)
(7) pDcidk rf if; (csi;f ) wk@d jzpf=u+yD; æ æ æ
(1) rif;pk;d jrifh (rGe)f - OuUÏ

(2) apmatrk;d vkd (u&if) - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(3) *sK±d 0_ g; (ucsi)f - wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(4) ,l*si;f oku d f (&Sr;f ) - b¾ma&;rSL;
(5) ukad usm&f if (&ckid )f - pm&if;ppf
(6) ukAd sm;&,f (u,m;) - jyef=um;a&;
(7) ukad tmifausmf (u,m;) - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(8) tifwedk o D eG @f tw
k f h mjzpfygw,f? Ù15
(csi;f ) - wk@d e@J pwifz@JG pnf;cJw
(u) rnfonft h pnf;t±k;H / Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;.vufatmufcrH S rjzpf&?
147
0if;wifhxGef;
(c ) vkyif ef;pOftm;jzifh jzpfap/ &nf&, G cf sut f m;jzifh jzpfap/ wlnaD om rnfonft h oif;tzG@J EiS rhf qkd
yl;wGJ vkyaf qmifrnf?
(*) ynma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_EiS hf trsK;d om;a&;ukd vkyaf qmifrnf qkw d phJ nf;urf;csuef @J zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpf
ygw,f? aºuG;a=umf&nf&, G of eH @J tnD &efuek w f uUov dk vf rl sK;d pkH ausmifom;rsm;tzG@J csKyf[m
vlrsK;d pkawG&ŒJ ,Ofaus;r_e@J ynma&;udpaP wGudk wwfEidk o f r#vyk af qmifc=hJ uygw,f? vlrsK;d pktcsi;f csi;f
t=um; csp=f unf&if;ES;D r_&apzk@d uv dk J aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f?
1962 rwfvrSm awmfveS af &;aumifpD ppftpk;d &wufvm+yD; 1964 ckEpS x f rJ mS Ekid if aH &;ygwt D zG@J
tpnf; toif;tyif;rSeo f r# &Sio f efciG rhf &atmif zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu dk w f t hJ wGuf &efuek w f uUov dk f
vlrsK;d pkausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ oufwrf;[mvJ &Sn=f umcGirhf &yJ wkw d adk wmif;awmif;eJ@yJ arS;rSed f
aysmufu, G o f mG ;cJ&h ygw,f? umvwmtm;jzifh wkad wmif;vSayr,fh 'D ‘&efuek w f uUov dk f vlrsK;d pk
ausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J csKyf’ twGi;f yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uwJh vlrsK;d pkausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd [m
ArmjynfEidk if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_orkid ;f rSm rdrw d @dk &ŒJ oufqidk &f mvlrsK;d pkawGudk uk, d pf m;ðy+yD; xif&mS ;wJEh idk if H
a&;orm;/ awmfveS af &;orm;acgi;f aqmifawGtjzpf qufvufu;l ajymif; xGuaf y:vmEkid cf =hJ u wm
ukvd J awG@&ygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh OD;a&$at; (u,ef;) qk&d if 'D&efuek w f uUov dk f vlrsK;d pkausmif;om;
rsm; tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf 1962 ckEpS u f aqmif&u G yf g0ifc=hJ uzl;ovkd 1964 ckEpS rf mS ay:
ayguv f mcJwh hJ SSA tzG@J }u;D &JŒ pwifxal xmifow l OD;jzpfco hJ l ‘,l*si;f oku d ’f [m vnf; vlrsK;d pkausmif;
om;rsm;tzG@J csKyfrmS yg0ifxrf;aqmifczhJ ;l oljzpfygw,f? OD;vSaz (&ckid )f / OD;ombef; (&ckid )f wk@d [mvJ
'DtzG@J csKyfrmS yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJzh ;l olawG jzpfc=hJ uygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf &efuek w f uUov dk v f rl sK;d pkausmif;om;rsm; tzG@J csKyf[m ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_orkid ;f
rSm xnfo h iG ;f azmfjy&r,fh tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfco hJ vkd vlrsK;d pkvy_ &f mS ;r_orkid ;f rSmvnf; yxrqk;H aom
vlrsK;d pk ausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J csKyftjzpfe@J awmh rSww f rf;wifazmfjy&nf!e¸ ;f ay;&r,fh tzG@J tpnf;wck
jzpfygw,f?
(42) w±kwjf zLusL;ausmrf E_ iS hf e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;aumfrwD

Anti - Kuomintang Aggression Anti-Imperialist National Committee
1961/ azazmf0g&-D 27 &ufae@rmS &efuek òf rdŒ t&Sit f m'dp0P o

H ausmif;wku d rf mS ‘w±kwjf zL usL;
ausmrf E_ iS hf e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; trsK;d om;aumfrwD’ ukd pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? ArmjynftwGi;f usL;
ausm0f ifa&mufvmwJh w±kwjf zLwyfawGudk qef@usiaf &;/ e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;wk@d twGuf zG@J pnf;cJh
wmjzpfygw,f? Ekid if aH &;/ vlra_ &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ bmoma&;qkid &f m toif;tyif;tzG@J tpnf;aygi;f
(29) zG@J e@J a&SŒaea&SŒ&yf/ pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&m/ yef;cs-D *Dw tEkynm&Siaf wGtygt0if rsK;d cspf
jynfcsp/f &[ef;&Siv f yl *k Kd~ vfaygi;f pkyH g0ifwhJ aqG;aEG;yG}J uD;w&yf ac:,lusi;f ycJ+h yD;wJah emuf 'DtrsK;d om;
148
aumfrwDudk zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? trsK;d om;§trsK;d orD;/ &[ef;&Siv f l yk*Kd~ vf (88) OD;awmif yg0if
zG@J pnf;xm;wJh trsK;d om;aumfrwDjzpf+yD; OuUÏtjzpf Akv d rf LS ;csKyfa[mif; ausmaf Zm/ taxGaxGtwGi;f
a&;rSL;tjzpf Akv d af tmifEidk f (jynfo@l &aJ bmf) jzpfygw,f? 'k-OuUÏtjzpf (6) OD;&Syd gw,f? Akv d t f ;Hk
wif (jynfo@l &aJ bmf)/ OD;vSausmf (a&SŒae}uD;)/ Aef;armfwifatmif (pma&;q&m)/ ocifazoef;/ rGef
zk;d csKd (rGew f idk ;f &if;om; tpnf;t±k;H )/ OD;at;armif (a&SŒae}uD;) wk@d jzpf=uygw,f? wGzJ uftaxGaxG
twGi;f a&;rSL; (2) OD;uawmh ocifvaS u| (BTUC) eJ@ &Jabmfv0S if; (jynfow l ;dk wufa&;ygw)D wk@d
jzpf=uygw,f? t+rJwrf;aumfrwDrmS AuorS ukw d ifxeG ;f / wuorS ukw d ifat;wk@d yg0ifc=hJ uovkd
u&iftrsK;d om;tzG@J csKyfrS ref;atmif=unf/ yuztzG@J csKyfrS ref;!Ge@f armif/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;xJrS
t&Sio f 'k \e/ OD;0drv/ OD;"rRaoeeJ@ocifaxG;/ ocifA[ef/ ocifu! H eG @f / Akv d rf LS ;cspaf umif;wk@d tjyif
trsK;d orD;rsm;xJrv S J a':rrav;/ rcifopf/ a':aroef;/ a':ode;f jrwk@d awG yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f? aiGxed ;f t
jzpf awmfb&k m;av;u aqmif&u G +f yD; trsK;d om;aumfrwD}uD;rSm pma&;q&m '*kew f m&m/ jroef;wif/h
ocifjroef;/ *Dwe,frS jrwfav;/ cifarmifviG ef @J yef;csOD ;D tk;H vGi/f yef;csOD ;D pef;vGiw f @dk vydk *k Kd~ vfawGvJ
yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f? a&SŒae}uD;awGxrJ S OD;wDy0D rf;/ OD;vSwif/ OD;bausm/f OD;bwif/ OD;xGe;f wif/ a': jrifh
jrifch ifw@dk awG yg0ifc=hJ uovkd ocifcspaf rmif/ ocifav;armif/ ocifviG /f ocifAarmif/ ocifazaX;/
ocifcifaZmf/ ocifbapm/ auwDO;D ausmw f if/h wuo ukAd aqGav;wk@d awG yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f?
'DtrsK;d om;aumfrwD}u;D uae w±kwjf zLusL;ausmrf q _ ef@usiaf &;ESihf e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;twGuf
12-3-61 ae@pjJG zifh ‘wkid ;f jynfo@dk Ed;_ aqmfyef=um;v$m’ ukd xkwjf yefausnmEkid cf +hJ y;D w±kwjf zLukw d u dk =f u/
tar&duef e,fcsŒJ ukd qef@usi=f u/ trsK;d om;nD!w G af &; wnfaqmuf=uqkw d hJ aºu;G a=umfoaH wGuv dk J
azmfxw k cf =hJ uygw,f? 15-3-1961 ae@peJG @J ‘owif;pmrsm;ok@d xkwjf yefcsu’f ukd qufvufxw k jf yefc+hJ y;D
24-3-61 ae@rmS ‘tEkynm&Sirf sm;ok@d yef=um;csu’f ukv d J jzef@csEd ;_d aqmfcyhJ gw,f?
w±kwjf zLqef@usiaf &;ESihf e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ trsK;d om;aumfrwDqw dk hJ emrnfe@J tnD w±kwjf zL
usL;ausmo f rl sm;wku d x f wk af &;/ e,fcsŒJ orm;tay: azmfxw k ±f w
_ cf sqef@usiaf &;awGuv dk J wufwuf
ºuGºuG azmfaqmifvy_ &f mS ;Ekid cf ahJ yr,fh 1962 ckEpS /f rwfv-2 &uf awmfveS af &;aumifpD ppftpk;d &wuf
vmwmeJ@ ñuHawG@vu dk &f +yD;aemufyidk ;f rSmawmh v_y&f mS ;Ekid rf a_ wG wpwpavsmeh nf;vmcJ&h um wkd
awmif;wJh umvoufwrf;twGi;f rSmyJ arS;rSed v f mcJ&h ygawmhw,f? 1964 trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf _
ukd umuG,o f nfOh ya'qkw d m xGuaf y:vmcJ+h yD;aemufyidk ;f rSmawmh 'DaumfrwD}uD;&JŒ &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;
Ekid cf iG vhf J vk;H 0aysmufq;Hk oGm;&ygawmhw,f?
(43) jynfe,frsm; nD!w

G af &;tzG@J
State Unity Organisation
1961/ ZGev
f -8 &ufae@rS 16 &ufae@txdtwGi;f &Sr;f jynfe,f (awmif}u;D òrŒd ) rSm jynfe,faygi;f
149
0if;wifhxGef;
pkH nDvmcH}uD; usi;f ycJyh gw,f? &Sr;f / ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;/ csi;f / rGe/f &ckid f uk, d pf m;vS,af ygi;f (226)
OD; wufa&mufc=hJ uwJh ‘awmif}u;D nDvmcH}u;D ’ twGi;f rSm jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzG@J udk zG@J pnf;cJ=h u
ygw,f?
jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzG@J &ŒJ tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J udk tzG@J 0if(23) OD;eJ@ zG@J pnf;cJ&h mrSm
Ekid if jH cm;a&; 0ef}uD;vJjzpf/ rk;d rdwaf pmfbmG ;vJjzpfwhJ ‘p0fceG cf sK’d u acgi;f aqmifcyhJ gw,f?
tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J udk atmufygtwkid ;f zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f æ?
(1) p0fceG cf sKd (rk;d rdwaf pmfbmG ;}uD;) - OuUÏ

(2) p0f0À (u,m;jynfe,facgi;f aqmif) - 'k-OuUÏ
(3) 'l0gceG zf ;Hk (ucsijf ynfe,f) - 'k-OuUÏ
(4) p0fxeG ;f { (omrkid ;f cef;apmfbmG ;) - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(5) OD;vSaz (jynfo@l vw $ af wmftrwf) - wGzJ uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(6) OD;pk;d armif (tzny &Sr;f jynf) - wGzJ uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(7) p0fceG af tmif (uabmfapmfbmG ;}uD;) - jyef=um;a&;rSL;
(8) OD;vS+idr;f (u,m;uk, d pf m;vS,)f - b¾ma&;rSL;
(9) OD;omxGe;f (&ckid uf , dk pf m;vS,)f - pm&if;ppfrLS ;
(10) apmb&if (u&ifjynfe,fu, dk pf m;vS,)f - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(11) apmoif;pdef (u&ifjynfe,fu, kd pf m;vS,)f - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(12) 'l0gaZmfveG ;f (ucsi)f - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(13) 'l0geef@Zifvm (ucsi)f - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(14) OD;armifO;D ausmf (&ckid )f - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(15) uy`wed f ref;wk;H Ek;H (csi;f ) - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(16) OD;usi&f iS x f ef; (csi;f ) - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(17) Ekid af iGoed ;f (rGet f rsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif) - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(18) Ekid b f apm (rGet f rsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif) - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(19) p0fjynfh (rk;d eJ apmfbmG ;}uD;) - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(20) p0fEHG (vJcsm;) - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(21) p0fpidk ;f vkH (usKid ;f wk)H - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(22) OD;cspaf rmif (u,m; uk, d pf m;vS,)f - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(23) p0fa&$rH_ (aus;pD; apmfbmG ;) - tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if wk@d jzpfygw,f?
&Sr;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;u OD;pD;usi;f ycJw h hJ 'D ‘awmif}uD;nDvmcH}uD;rSm &Sr;f jynfrS uk, d pf m;vS,f
(130) OD;/ u,m;jynfe,frS uk, d pf m;vS,f (20) OD;/ u&ifjynfe,frS uk, d pf m;vS,f (27) OD;/ ucsif
jynfe,frS uk, d pf m;vS,f (26) OD;/ csi;f rS uk, d pf m;vS,f (5) OD;/ rGet
f rsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif (13) OD;/ &
ckid t
f rsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif (5) OD;/ pkpak ygi;f uk, d pf m;vS,f (226) OD;tjyif/ avhvmol (104) OD;/ tm;
150
vk;H aygi;f (330) OD; wufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? Ù16 xl;jcm;wmuawmh &Sr;f jynfe,fxu J &Sr;f tzG@J tpnf;
wckjzpfw/hJ erf;crf;OD;xGe;f at;acgi;f aqmifwhJ (&yvz) ukrd zdw=f um;wJt h wGuf (&yvz) u awmif
}uD;nDvmcHudk rwufa&mufcb hJ J “awmif}uD;nDvmcHonf rlrrSe/f apmfbmG ;rsm; tm%mpGe@f &r_udk
rauseyfjcif;rS jrpfzsm;cHonf” qkw d hJ a=unmcsuu f dk xkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f?
nDvmcHaemufq;Hk ae@rmS tqkd (5) ckudk wifoiG ;f twnfðycJ&h mrSm t"duuswhJ tqkw d cku
awmh/ ‘&Sr;f jynfe,fru l dk tajcðyIjynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H tajccHOya'ukd jyifqifa&;qGyJ g&ef Ekid if H
awmf tpk;d &tm; awmif;qkad =umif;’ qkw d m jzpfygw,f? 1962/ azazmf0g&-D 24 &ufae@rmS &efuek òf rdŒ-
jynfvrf;/ toHvi$ ±hf rHk mS jrefrmEkid if v H rl sK;d aygi;f pkH jynfaxmifprk El iS yhf wfoufaom ES;D aESmzvS,yf }JG u;D ukd
usi;f ywJt h cgrmS awmh jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzG@J OuUÏ owk;d r[mpnfo/l 0ef}uD; p0fceG cf sKu d
jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzG@J u, dk pf m; ‘zuf'&,fr’l ukd wifoiG ;f cJyh gw,f?
&Sr;f jynfe,fu pwifcw hJ t hJ wGuf 'D&rS ;f rlac: ‘zuf'&,fr’l ac: ‘jynfaxmifppk pfppfr’l tay:
ArmjynfEidk if aH &;avmurSm rwljcm;em;wJt h jrifoabmxm;awG &Scd =hJ uygw,f? yrnw 0d"&l o
cifcspaf rmifw@dk u “1961-*|ev f wGif awmif}uD;òrdŒY vlrsK;d pkn H D uGezf &if}h uD;ukd wcJeufusi;f yum
zuf'a&;&Si;f rlqo dk nfudk wifjyI tjyif;tjyawmif;qkv d m=uonf? ,if;wk@d .pmwrf;ukd avhvm
aomtcg trSerf mS zuf'a&;&Si;f rlr[kw/f uGezf 'D a&;&Si;f rljzpfaeonfudk awG@vm&ayonf? t"dym` ,f
rSm vGwv f yfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mykid jf ynfe,frsm; jrefrmjynfre,ftygt0if jynfe,faygi;f csKyfz@JG
&efjzpfaeavonf” vk@d jrifcyhJ gw,f?
wnf+rJ zqyv OD;baqGuawmh “xl;jcm;wJh orkid ;f a=umif;tajctaet& Armjynfrukd
jynfe,frvkycf w hJ mrSew f ,fv@dk ,lqygw,f” vk@d oabmxm;ukd xkwaf zmfaqG;aEG;cJ+h yD; &Sr;f rlyg
Armjynfrukv d nf; jynfe,fwckz@JG pnf;a&;ukd vufco H abmwlrr_ &Sad =umif; azmfjycJyh gw,f? wnf+rJ
OD;ausm+f ird ;f uawmh ‘&Sr;f zuf'&,frq l wdk m awmifwef;om;awGu Armukjd yefcs&atmifqw dk hJ t"dym` ,f
yJ &Swd ,f? 'Dta&;awGudk xde;f Ekid &f if xde;f Ekid /f rxde;f Ekid &f ifawmh wkid ;f jynfòyduzJG @dk y&J adS wmhw,f’ vk@d
1962/ azazmf0g&-D 18 &ufae@ &efuek f c±kid f zqyv vli,ftzG@J OD;pD;nDvmcHrmS xkwaf zmfajymqkcd +hJ yD;
zuf'&,frt l ay: cg;cg;onf;onf; qef@usio f abmxm;&Scd w hJ m awG@&ygw,f?
a'guw f m bOD;acgi;f aqmifwhJ Ekid if aH wmft=uaH y;aumfrwDuvnf; a,bkustm;jzifh qef@usif
uef@uu G cf +hJ yD; rvkv d m;wJo h abm tpD&ifcw H ifjycJyh gw,f?
1962/ rwfv-2 &ufae@rmS Akv d cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;acgi;f aqmifwhJ ppfwyfuae Ekid if aH wmftm%mukd
odr;f ykud v f u dk wf t hJ cgrmS awmh 'D&rS ;f zuf'&,fru l dk vufnKd‡ ;xk;d jycJ+h yD; Ekid if aH wmf tpdypf yd t f r$mr$m òyd
uGo J mG ;Ekid wf hJ tEœ&m,fa=umifv h @dk ta=umif;jycJyh gw,f? ppfwyftm%modr;f r_a=umifh usi;f yaeqJ
vlrsK;d aygi;f pkjH ynfaxmifpk ES;D aESmzvS,yf }JG uD;vJ edXw d oH mG ;cJ&h ovkd ‘zuf'&,fr’l ukd wifoiG ;f cJw h hJ
&Sr;f jynfe,f0ef}uD; p0fceG cf sKt d ygt0if ‘jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzG@J ’rSm yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uwJh &Sr;f jynf
e,ftwGi;f rS apmfbmG ;}uD;i,ftm;vk;H eJ@ &Sr;f jynf Ekid if aH &;orm;tm;vk;H eD;yg;[mvJ awmfveS af &;
aumifp&D ŒJ xde;f odr;f zrf;qD; axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csxm;jcif; cHvu dk =f u&ygawmhw,f? tJ't D csed uf p+yD;
“jynfe,frsm; nD!w G af &;tzG@J ” [mvJ aysmufu, G /f ysuo f Ok ;f oGm;&ygawmhw,f?
151
0if;wifhxGef;
ud;k um;rSwpf k
(vGwv
f yfa&;a=unm+yD;aemuf ygvDref'rD u
kd a&pD acwfuek u
f mvtxdtwGi;f )
Ù 1 - wuUov kd pf ed w f if a&; “ocifApde”f - pmrsuEf mS 336

Ù 2 - wyfrawmf ordik ;f (pwkww ˆ )JG - pmrsuEf mS 37
Ù 3 - Adv k rf LS ; cspaf umif;&JŒ Edik if aH &;tbd"mef - pmrsuEf mS 413
Ù 4 - Adv k rf LS ; cspaf umif;&JŒ Edik if aH &;tbd"mef - pmrsuEf mS 652
Ù 5 - Adv k rf LS ;cspaf umif;&JŒ Ekid if aH &;tbd"mef - pmrsuEf mS 413
Ù 6 - atmifxeG ;f &JŒ jrefrmEkid if H ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ ordik ;f - pmrsuEf mS 339
Ù 7 - atmifxeG ;f &JŒ jrefrmEkid if H ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ ordik ;f - pmrsuEf mS 348
Ù 8 - 1948–1988 twGi;f jzwfoef;vmaom jrefrmhorkid ;f
tusO;f ESihf wyfrawmfu¾ yxrwGJ - pmrsuEf mS - 54
Ù 9 - pnfoal tmifšarmifrw S w f @kd &ŒJ a&$jynfawmfar#mf ra0;+yDr@kd - pmrsuEf mS - 104
Ù 10 - atmifxeG ;f &JŒ jrefrmEdik if H ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ ordik ;f -
Ù 13 - jynfwiG ;f aomif;use;f r_ orkid ;f (tydik ;f -3) - pmrsuEf mS - 15
Ù 14 - Adv k rf LS ; cspaf umif;&JŒ Ekid if aH &;tbd"mef pmrsuEf mS - pmrsuEf mS - 653
Ù 15 - atmifxeG ;f &JŒ jrefrmEdik if H ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_orkid ;f -
Ù 16 - cGerf wf&u f b kd ef&ŒJ 'Drukd a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
Edik if aH wmfopfwnfaqmufa&;qDo@kd æ - pmrsuEf mS 216
152
awmfveS af &;aumifpeD @J rqv acwf
awmfveS af &;aumifpeD @J rqvacwftwGi;f ay:aygufvmcJw

h hJ
153
0if;wifhxGef;
awmfveS af &;aumifpeD @J rqv acwf
awmfveS af &;aumifpeD @J rqv acwftwGi;f ay:aygufvmcJw

h hJ
(1) awmfveS af &;aumifpD

(2) jrefrmEkid if H tvkyo f rm; nD!w G af &;ygwD (rvny)
(3) jynfo@l aumfrwD
(4) jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pf vrf;pOfygwD
(5) &Sr;f jynf wyfrawmf (SSA)
(6) u,ef;jynfopfygwD
(7) ytk0d hf vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J (ytvz)
(8) awmckd vG,af rmftzG@J (cGeq f mtzG@J )
(9) A[djk ynfo@l awmifov l ,form;aumifpD
(10) A[djk ynfo@l tvkyo f rm;aumifpD
(11) &Sr;f jynfvrl sK;d aygi;f pHk vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J (&vvz)
(12) jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &; t=uHay;tzG@J (33-OD; t=uHay;tzG@J )
(13) &Sr;f jynfawmfveS af &; wyfaygi;f pk wyfrawmf (SURA)
(14) ygvrD ef 'Dru kd a&pDygwD (yD'yD )D
(15) &Sr;f jynf wd;k wufa&;ygwD (SSPP)
(16) ud;k uef@ umuG,af &;tzG@J (avmfppf[eftzG@J )
(17) &ckid f vGwaf jrmufa&;ygwD (ALP)
(18) ‘0’trsK;d om; tzG@J csKyf (WNO)
(19) yavmifjynf vGwaf jrmufa&; tzG@J (PSLO)
(20) trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (r'w)
(21) ytk0d hf trsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf (PNO)
(22) csi;f trsK;d om; wyfO;D (CNF)
154
(1) awmfveS af &;aumifpD
Revolutionary Council
1962 ckEpS /f rwfv-2 &ufae@rmS Akv d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;OD;aqmifww hJ yfrawmfu yxp tpk;d &
ukd vufeufe@J ðzwfcsz,f&mS ;um Ekid if aH wmftm%mukd odr;f ,lvu dk +f y;D wJah emuf a=unmay:ayguv f m
cJw
h hJ tzG@J tpnf;jzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifprD mS æ æ æ
(1) Akv d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if; OuUÏ/ tzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf (2) Akv d rf LS ;csKyf atmif}uD;/ (3) Akv d rf LS ;csKyfoef;az/
(4) Akv d rf LS ;csKyf wDuvpf/ (5) Akv d rf LS ;csKyf wifaz/ (6) Akv d rf LS ;csKyf pef;,k/ (7) Akv d rf LS ;csKyf pde0f if;/ (8)
Akvd rf LS ;}uD; aomif;=unf/ (9) Akv d rf LS ;}uD; =unfarmif/ (10) Akv d rf LS ;}uD; armifa&$/ (11) Akv d rf LS ;}uD;
oef;pde/f (12) Akv d rf LS ;}uD; ausmpf ;dk / (13) Akv d rf LS ;}uD; apmjrif/h (14) Akv d rf LS ;}uD; cspòf rdi/f (15) Akv d rf LS ;}uD;
cifnKd / (16) Akv d rf LS ;}uD; vS[ef/ (17) Akv d rf LS ;}uD; wef,q k idk w
f @dk jzpf=uygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpu D
ae tkycf sKyfa&;twGuf tpk;d &tzG@J udk zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? ay:ayguv f mwJh awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pk;d &
tzG@J rmS uawmh æ
(1) Akv d cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; (awmfveS af &;aumifpD OuUÏ/ umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Xme/ b¾ma&;ESit hf cGe0f ef}u;D
Xme/ w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme wm0efc)H
(2) Akv d rf LS ;csKyf atmif}uD; (ukeo f ,G af &;ESihf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; 0ef}uD;Xme wm0efc)H
(3) Akv d rf LS ;csKyf wifaz (v,f,mpku d yf sK;d a&;ESihf opfawma&;0ef}uD;Xme/ or0g,rESihf ukepf nfjzef@jzL;
a&; 0ef}uD;Xme wm0efc)H
(4) Akv d rf LS ;csKyf oef;az (ynma&;0ef}uD;Xme/ use;f rma&;0ef}uD;Xme wm0efc)H
(5) OD;oD[ef (Ekid if jH cm;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme/ tvkyo f rm;0ef}uD;Xme/ tdr, f maqmufvyk af &; 0ef}uD;Xme/
owWKwGi;f 0ef}uD;Xme wm0efc)H
(6) Akv d rf LS ;}uD; ausmpf ;dk (jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;Xme/ vl0ifr}_ uD;=uyfa&; 0ef}uD;Xmewm0efc)H
(8) Akv d rf LS ;}uD; apmjrifh (jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme/ ,Ofaus;r_0ef}uD;Xme wm0efc)H
(*) Akv d rf LS ;}uD; beD (vrf;yef;qufo, G af &; 0ef}uD;Xmewm0efc)H wk@d jzpf=uygw,f?
awmfveS af &;aumifpq D +dk yD; Akv d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;OD;aqmifwphJ pfwyfu tm%modr;f ,lwufvm
wmukd aAGaqmfO;D uef@uu G cf =hJ uwJh tzG@J tpnf;awGuawmh Auo/ wuo/ &uo/ wuUov dk wf yfO;D
opf/ vli,fw h yfO;D / &ckid of C H mhwyfO;D / &ckid af omwkZetzG@J csKyfe@J Auy wk@d jzpfygw,f? tm%modr;f cH
vku d &f wJh um,uH&iS t f zG@J tpnf; yxpeJ@ OD;ausm+f idr;f / OD;baqGw@dk &ŒJ wnf+rJ zqyv uawmh
toHawmif rxGucf =hJ uovkd wk;d wufygw,fv@dk qw dk hJ yrnw }uD;uvJ ðrH+yD;+idr+f yD;aecJyh gw,f?
1962/ rwfv-3 &ufae@rmS yJ awmfveS af &;aumifpu D zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya't& w
&m;0if a&G;aumufz@JG pnf;xm;cJw h hJ jynfo@l vw $ af wmfe@J vrl sK;d pkvw $ af wmfudk zsuo f rd ;f a=umif;a=unmcJh
ygw,f? jynfe,faumifpaD wGuv dk J zsuo f rd ;f a=umif;a=unm+yD; jynfe,fO;D pD;tzG@J qw dk ehJ mrnfopfe@J
awmfveS af &; aumifppD w d óf uduf topfjyefvnfz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
rwfv-4 &ufae@ reufyidk ;f rSm awmfveS af &;aumifpD OuUÏ Akv d cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u rzrf;qD;yJxm;cJh
155
0if;wifhxGef;
wJh yxp/ zqyv/ yrnw tzG@J (3) zG@J u uk, d pf m;vS,af wGudk '*k&H yd o f mrSm ac:,lawG@qyHk gw,f?
wnf+rJ zqyv tzG@J csKyfrS acgi;f aqmifawG jzpf=uwJh OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f idr;f / Akv d cf ifarmifav;/ OD;cif
armifvwf/ OD;xGe;f wif/ yxp tzG@J csKyfrS ocifausmx f eG ;f / Akvd wf ifarmif}uD;/ OD;apmvl;vl/ Akv d af t;/
yrnw zufrS 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif/ Akv d zf ;dk uGe;f / Akv d jf raoG;/ Akv d af tmifEidk ef @J O;D atmifjrifw h @dk wawG
wufa&muf=uygw,f? acgi;f aqmifawGudk Akv d af e0if;u qk&d , S vf pfyef;wkid u f dk csw
D ufomG ;rSmjzpf
a=umif; vuf&t Sd ajccHOya'[m vko d vkd qG, J El idk w f OhJ ya'jzpfwt hJ wGuf topfjyefvnfa&;qGzJ @dk
vkw d t hJ a=umif;qkw d mawGudk ajymqkad qG;aEG; v$wv f u dk yf gw,f?
rwfv-30 &ufae@rmS w&m;v$waf wmfe@J w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyfw@dk uv dk nf; t+y;D tykid zf suo f rd ;f
ypfvu dk u f m “Ekid if aH wmf w&m;±k;H csKyf” qkw d mukd zG@J pnf;a=unmvku d yf gw,f?
qk&d ,
S v
f pfyef;wkid u f dk csw
D ufz@dk q+dk y;D 1962/ {+yv D -30 &ufae@rmS awmh ‘awmfveS af &;aumifp. D
0g'oabmxm;a=unmcsu’f ukd xkwjf yefa=unmcJyh gw,f? tJ'aD wmfveS f a&;aumifp. D 0g'oabm
xm;a=unmcsuu f awmh/ jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfqw dk mjzpf+yD; ‘u|Eykf w f @dk .,k=H unfcsu’f qkw d meJ@
pwifum ‘qk&d , S v f pfavmuok@d jrefrmhvrf;pOfjzifh csw D uf=upk@d ’ vk@d aºuG;ausmt f qk;H owfxm;wJh
tyk'd af ygi;f (21) yk'd yf g vrf;pOf oabmxm;a=unmcsuf jzpfygw,f? {+y-D 30 &ufae@rmS ac:,lusi;f ywJh
wyfrLS ;rsm;nDvmcH (wyfrawmfnv D mcH) rSm tJ'D awmfveS af &;aumifp. D 0g'oabmxm;a=unmcsuf
ukd yxrqk;H csjya=unmcJw h mjzpf+yD; wufa&mufvm=uwJh wyfrLS ;}uD;awGuae oabmwla=umif;
armfueG ;f wifvufrw S af &;xk;d ay;cJ&h &if; twnfðya=unmcJw h m jzpfygw,f?
tJ'aD emufrmS awmh acwfajymif;awmfveS af &;ukd qifErJ$ nf/ qk&d , S v f pfv@l abmifopfudk wnf
aqmufrnf/ qk&d , S v f pfavmuok@d ra&mufa&mufatmif jynfow l @dk EiS t hf wl vufwcJG sw D ufrnf/
pwJh pwJh aºuG; a=umfoaH wGrsK;d ukd aºuG;a=umf+yD; awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m Ekid if aH wmftm%mt00ukd
pdww f idk ;f us csKyuf idk o f rd ;f ykud &f ,lum/ Akv d cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;&JŒ tvkq d ENtwkid ;f xifovkd pDrcH ef@ct JG yk cf sKyyf g
awmhw,f?
awmfveS af &;aumifpw D ufvm+yD;+yD;csi;f yxrqk;H usL;vGecf w hJ hJ orkid ;f 0ifjypfr}_ uD;uawmh/
1962/ Zlvidk -f 7 &ufae@rmS &efuek w f uUov dk f ausmif;om;rsm;ukd aoG;acsmif;pD;atmif ypfcwfowfjzwf
cJw
h hJ (7-&ufZv l idk f ta&;tcif;) t=urf;zuf ESyd u f yG rf }_ u;D eJ@ Zlvidk f (8) &uforkid ;f 0if ausmif;om;or*~
taqmuftOD}uD;ukyd g Ak;H eJ@còJG zdcs zsuq f ;D ypfcrhJ y_ jJ zpfygw,f?
1963-azazmf0g&v D rSm awmfveS af &;aumifpt D wGi;f eHygwf (2) ae&mrSm&Scd w hJ hJ Akvd rf LS ;csKyf
atmif}uD; E_wx f u G o f mG ;&ygw,f?
1963/ ZGe-f 11 &ufae@rmS awmfveS af &;aumifprD S awmwGi;f vufeufuidk t f zG@J tpnf;rsm;ok@d
jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;awG@qaHk qG;aEG;&ef urf;vSr;f zdwaf c:csux f w k jf yef+y;D / jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;
yGaJ wG ðyvkycf yhJ gw,f? vufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;rsK;d pkH vma&mufawG@qaHk qG;aEG;cJ=h uayrJh
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ acgi;f pOfatmufrmS tESpo f m&tm;jzifh vufeufcsa&;yJjzpfaewJh
twGuf apm[efwmomar$;acgi;f aqmifwhJ u&ifah wmfveS af &;aumifpD (KRC) tzG@J wckwnf;rSty/
usev f ufeufuidk f tzG@J tpnf;tm;vk;H eJ@ bmoabmwlncD surf rS &bJ ysujf ym;oGm;cJ&h ygw,f?
156
1964 ckEpS rf mS yJ awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m 1964 ckEpS /f trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H !Gwaf &;ukd umuG,f
onfh Oya'qkw d m xkwjf yef+yD;/ jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwrD t S y wEkid if v H ;Hk &Sd Ekid if aH &;ygwD tzG@J t
pnf; toif;tyif;rSeo f r#udk zsuo f rd ;f zsuq f ;D ypfcyhJ gw,f?
1964/ {+yD-9 &ufae@rmS yJ &efuek òf rdŒtygt0if wEkid if v H ;Hk u vufvv D ufum;qkid }f uD; qkid f
i,faygi;f (12764) ckudk jynfoyl idk f odr;f ypfygw,f? qk&d , S vf pf qkid ;f bkwaf xmif+yD; qk&d , S v f pf vl@
abmifopfqD csw D ufz@dk qw dk hJ rk;d wvk;H avwvk;H aºu;G a=umfoaH tmufrmS avsmaf =u;wjym;wcsyrf rS ay;
bJ rku d rf u dk ±f idk ;f ±kid ;f odr;f ypfcw hJ mjzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ acwfajymif;awmfveS af &;}uD;
qifErJ$ a_ tmufrmS owif;pmwku d /f ausmif;/ aq;±k/H ±ky&f iS ±f /Hk tvky±f /Hk ykEH ydS w f u dk ef @J ukr% ` v D yk if ef;tm;vk;H
eD;yg; jynfoyl idk f odr;f cHvu dk &f ygw,f?
1964/ arv-17 &ufae@rmS awmfveS af &;aumifpu D ae wjynfv;Hk rSm vSnv hf nfo;Hk pGaJ ewJh
w&musyw f ef/ ig;q,f usyw f efaiGpuULawGudk w&m;r0ifaiGtjzpf a=unm+y;D / vlxv k ufxu J aiGawG
ukd &uf&ufpufpuf at;"m;jywku d , f cl yhJ gw,f?
1964/ pufwifbm-17 &ufae@rmS Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &uom 0,f,jl zef@cscd iG &hf w dS hJ ta&;}uD;
ukeyf pPn;f pm&if;qkw d mukd xkwjf yefa=unmvku d jf yef&mrSm qef/ pyg;/ yJ/ ESr;f / *kaH v#m/f =uHutp
tmvl;eJ@ eEGi;f wuftxd v,f,mxGuu f ek f t}uD;tao;trsK;d aygi;f (60) ausmf yg0ifcw hJ t hJ wGuf
tajccHjynfov l x l w k &yfv;Hk 'kuaQ &muf&jyefygw,f?
1966/ Zefe0g&-D 6 &ufrmS ukeo f , G af &;trde@f (5) eJ@ (6) xkwjf yef+yD; v,f,meJ@ a&xGuyf pPn;f
trsK;d aygi;f (460) ausmu f dk tpk;d &uom a&mif;0,fazmufum; wifoiG ;f jzef@cscd iG &hf w dS hJ uef@owfypPn;f
awGtjzpf owfrw S v f u dk jf yefwt hJ wGuf ukeo f , G rf v _ yk if ef;wckv;Hk tpk;d &&JŒcsKyfuidk rf a_ tmuf a&muf&dS
oGm;&ygawmhw,f?
1967 ckEpS x f rJ mS qefjy\emay:vm&csed rf mS w±kw-f Arm t"du±k%;f enf;eJ@ vrf;a=umif;v$J
z,fvu dk Ef idk af yrJh =o*kwv f -13 &ufae@rmS &ckid w f idk ;f ppfawGòrdŒrSm ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wJh “ppfawG qef
vky”JG }uD;udak wmh awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pk;d &[m &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfòzdciG ;f ypfc&hJ ygw,f?
aoa=u'%f&m&olaygi;f (200) ausmcf &hJ wJh tpkvu dk tf ðyHvu dk f vlowfy}JG uD;jzpfc&hJ ygw,f?
1968/ Ek0d ifbm-29 &ufae@rmS OD;Ektygt0if Ekid if aH &;orm;a[mif;}uD; (33) OD;ukd zdw=f um;+yD;
“33 OD; jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &; t=uHay;aumfrwD” qkw d mukd zG@J pnf;cJ&h if;/ awmfveS af &;aumifpu D
t=uH^m%f awmif;cHw,fqw dk mukd azmfaqmifcjhJ yefygw,f? tcsed f (6) vausmaf vmuf=umatmif
tkypf v k u dk f t=uH^m%fay;=u pmwrf;awGwif=uwmuk&d &Scd ahJ yrJh awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m b,f
tpktzG@J &ŒJ t=u^H m%furdk S vufc&H ,lvpdk w d f trSew f u,f&cdS w hJ mr[kww f t hJ wGuf bm&v'faumif;rS
xGuaf y:vmjcif;r&Syd g?
1971 ckEpS /f pufwifbm-25 &ufae@rmS Ekid if aH wmfaumifp[ D m Akv
d rf LS ;csKyf pef;,k OuUÏtjzpf
trSL;ðywJh “Ekid if aH wmfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'opf (rl=urf;) a&;qGaJ &; aumfr&Si”f qkw d mukd
zG@J pnf;ay;+yD; pdwóf uduf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'opfudk pwifa&;qGaJ pygw,f? yxr rl=urf;/
'kw, d rl=urf;/ wwd, rl=urf;qkw d mawG (3) }udrf a&;qG+J yD;wJah emuf 1973/ 'DZifbm-15 rS 31
157
0if;wifhxGef;
&ufae@txd zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccH Oya'opf jynfv;Hk u|wf qENc, H yl }JG uD;qkw d mukd wjynfv;Hk rSm
usi;f ycJyh gw,f? 1973/ Zefe0g&-D 3 &ufae@rmS jynfov l x l wk &yfv;Hk &JŒ (90.19%) u wcJeuf
axmufcq H ENðyvku d =f uw,fqw dk hJ tJ'zD @JG pnf; tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'opf}uD;ukd twnfðya=umif;
a=unmcJyh gw,f? tJ'D 1974 ckEpS /f tajccHz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya't& taxGaxGa&G;aumuf
yG}J uD; ðyvky+f yD; b,ftwku d t f cHygwrD rS &Sw d hJ a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufy}JG uD; +yD;pD;apcJyh gw,f? 1974 ckEpS /f
rwfv-2 &ufae@rmS yxrqk;H t}udrf jynfo@l vw $ af wmftpnf;ta0;}uD;ukd pwifziG v hf pS yf ðJG yvky+f yD;
awmfveS af &;aumifprD S 1962/ rwfv-2 &ufae@rpS +yD; odr;f yku d &f ,lvmcJw h hJ Ekid if aH wmf tm%mukd
rlvykid &f iS &f if;jzpfwhJ jynfov l x l v k uf0,f jyefvnftyfEyHS gw,fqw dk mðyvkyjf y&if; awmfveS af &;
aumifpOD uUÏ Akv d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;xHrS Ekid if aH wmfaumifpOD uUÏ}uD; OD;ae0if;xH tm%mukv d aJ$ jymif;
ay;tyfvu dk yf gawmhw,f?
'ga=umifh awmfveS af &;aumifpD tm%modr;f ,lwufvmcJw h hJ awmfveS af &;aumifpaD cwf[m
1962 ckEpS /f rwfv-2 &ufae@rS 1974 ckEpS /f rwfv-2 &ufae@txd (12) ESpw f mwdwd =umjrifch yhJ gw,f?
'D (12) ESpw f mumvtwGi;f [m Armjynfwjynfv;Hk tarSmifz;Hk cJ&h +yD; ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pD taiG@touf
rSeo f r# wprSruse&f atmif acszsuf zsuo f rd ;f ypfjcif;cHc&hJ ygw,f?
‘awmfveS af &;aumifp’D qkw d m wu,fuawmh ‘ppfaumifp’D yJjzpf+yD; ppftm%m&Si}f uD;
Akv
d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;&JŒ pdww f idk ;f usz@JG pnf;xm;wJh aumfrwDw&yfomjzpfygw,f? bmawmfveS af &;
vuQ%mrSr&Sb d J Armjynf ppftm%m&Sipf epf tjrpfw, G /f tajccs/ tawmiftvuf pkv H if}uD;xGm;
vmapa&;twGuf ppftm%m&Si}f u;D Akv d cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; zefw;D azmfaqmif tkwjf rpfcsay;cJw h hJ azmufjyef
qk;d 0g;vSwt hJ w
k jf rpfwv$mvk@d yJ rSww f rf;wifxm;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(2) jrefrmEkid if H tvkyo

f rm; nD!w
G af &;ygwD (rvny)
Armjynf tvkyo f rm;nD!w G af &;ygweD @J jynfo@l &aJ bmfygww D @dk (2) ygwyD ;l aygi;f vku d =f u+yD;
‘jrefrmEkid if H tvkyo f rm; nD!w G af &;ygw’D tjzpf 1962/ 'DZifbm-2 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;xlaxmif
vkud =f ujcif; jzpfygw,f? tzG@J tpnf;&JŒOuUÏwm0efudk yl;wGOJ uUÏykpH jH zifx h m;&S+d yD; yl;wGOJ uUÏtjzpf
ocifcspaf rmif (0d"&l ) eJ@ Akv d t f ;Hk wifu wm0ef,yl gw,f? yxrtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf Akv d jf raoG;/ 'kwd
,twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf Akv d af tmifEidk f jzpfygw,f? aemufyidk ;f rSm ‘rGejf ynfo@l wyfO;D ’ eJ@ ‘&ckid t f rsK;d om;’
nD!w G af &;ygwD wk@d vJ jrefrmEkid if t H vkyo f rm; nD!w G af &;ygwtD wGi;f yl;aygi;f yg0ifvmygw,f?
ygw&D ŒJ vkyif ef;pOftjzpf “awmfveS af &;” &nfreS ;f csurf mS t&if;&Sief ,fcsŒJ eJ@ ajr&Siyf a'o&mZf
tajccHpcef;rsm;ukd zsuo f rd ;f +y;D / jynfo@l 'rD udk a&pDEidk if x
H al xmif&ef/ awmfveS af &;aumifpeD @J ygwt D zG@J t
pnf;rsm;yg0ifaom trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDwyfaygi;f pkz@JG &efq+dk yD; azmfjyygw,f?
rvny ygw[ D m awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGJ urf;vSr;f ac:,l
csuaf wGtay: axmufcóH udqcdk yhJ gw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGtwGi;f ‘jynfo@l aumfrwD’ zG@J pnf;
v_y&f mS ;&mrSm ‘rvny’ 0ifawGvJ wufºuGwt hJ cef;u yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f?
158
“awmfveS af &;aumifp”D ESihf ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;yg0ifaom “trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pD wyfaygi;f pkz@JG
&ef” qkw d mukd ygw&D ŒJ vkyif ef;pOftjzpfazmfusL;xm;wJh jrefrmEkid if H tvkyo f rm;nD!w G af &;ygwv D J
1964 ckEpS /f rwfvxJrmS awmh Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;OD;aqmifwhJ awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ “1964 ckEpS /f
trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;ukd umuG,o f nfOh ya' qkw d m}u;D &JŒatmufrmS zsuo f rd ;f z,f&mS ;ypfjcif;
cHvudk &f +yD; aysmufu, G of mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
oufwrf;tm;jzifh wESpaf usmaf usmaf vmufav;yJ cHcyhJ gw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpD ppftpk;d &
wufvmpOftwGi;f vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;eJ@ ajratmuftzG@J tpnf;rsm;om ay:
ayguEf idk w
f hJ tajctaeawGtwGi;f ajray:rSm ay:ayguv f mcJwh hJ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; pkaygi;f pyfaygi;f tzG@J t
pnf;ygww D cktjzpf rSww f rf;wifay;&rSmjzpfygw,f?
(3) jynfo@l aumfrwD
1963 ckEpS /f ZGev f twGi;f zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJw

h mjzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpD ppftpk;d
&&JŒ 11-6-1963 ae@rmS “jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf awmfveS af &;aumifp. D urf;vSr;f csu”f
qkw d mukd xkwjf yefvu dk +f yD;aemuf r=umrDtwGi;f zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf w hJ mjzpfygw,f?
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGu J mvawGtwGi;f awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;/ +idr;f csr;f a&; jzpfajrmuf
atmif jrifapa&;twGuf &nfreS ;f csuef @J Oya'twGi;f Ekid if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;awGupkaygi;f +y;D tzG@J tpnf;
aygi;f pkH yg0ifwhJ “jynfo@l aumfrwD” ukd zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? jynfo@l aumfrwDrmS tzG@J tpnf;aygi;f
(50) ausmf yg0ifc+hJ y;D / t"dutm;jzifh yrnw 0ifawGu OD;pD;OD;aqmifðy taumiftxnfazmfc=hJ uwm
jzpfygw,f?
jynfo@l aumfrwDu 1963/ Zlvidk -f 2 &ufae@rmS ‘jynfov l x
l wk &yfv;Hk ok@d awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;
atmifjrifa&;twGuf 0kid ;f 0ef;óud;yrf;=uyg&ef Ek;d aqmfyef=um;a=umif;a=unmcsu’f ukd xkwjf yefa=u
nmcJyh gw,f? Zlvidk f -6 &ufae@rmS jynfo@l aumfrwDu}u;D rSL;+y;D +ird ;f csr;f a&;urf;vSr;f axmufcyH }JG u;D ukd
òrŒd awmfcef;rrSm usi;f ycJyh gw,f? tzG@J tpnf;aygi;f (50) ausmu f tk;d pnfAaHk rmif;awGe@J &efuek òf rŒd awmf
crf;r}uD;wckv;Hk jynfEh u S of mG ;atmif wufa&mufyg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h u+yD; obmywdtjzpf ytk0d hf OD;vSaz
uaqmif&u G cf o
hJ vkd tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf Akv d jf raoG;u aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? tqkd (4) &yfudk wif
oGi;f qk;H jzwfc=hJ uygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh æ
(1) jynfwiG ;f ppftqk;H owf+yD; +idr;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmuf&ef/ awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;urf;vSr;f csuu f dk óudqdk
(OD;wifarmif-vlxu k tqkw d ifoiG ;f )
(2) awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&; atmifjrif&ef/ tedrq hf ;Hk vkt
d yfcsurf sm;ukd wifjytqkd (vli,fw h yfO;D rS OD;pdev f u
S
wifoiG ;f )
(3) e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; tqkd (u&iftrsK;d om;tzG@J csKyfrS ref;wif!eG @f u wif
oGi;f )
(4) jynforl sm;twGuf 'Dru dk a&pD jynf0h a&;tqkd (jynfo@l w;dk wufa&;ygwrD S OD;cifarmifjrifu h wifoiG ;f )
159
0if;wifhxGef;
cJyh gw,f? aemufyidk ;f rSm tòrŒd òrŒd te,fe,frmS vnf; jynfo@l aumfrwDrsm;zG@J pnf;um awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;
atmifjrifa&;v_y&f mS ;r_awG ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? Ek0d ifbm-3 &ufrS 9 &uftxd 7 &uf=um &ef
uke/f tif;pde/f om,m0wD/ yJc;l / [Hom0wD/ rtlyif (6) c±kid f +idr;f csr;f a&;qENjyyG}J uD;ukd atmifjrifpmG
usi;f yjyocJyh gw,f? rif;vS-o&ufwyifwmqkrH S &efuek t f xd OD;cifarmifjrifu h ppfa=umif;rSL;csKyf
tjzpf wm0ef,+l yD; csw D ufqENjy azmfxw k cf w hJ mjzpfygw,f? useaf e&mtES@H tòrdŒòrdŒawGrmS vnf;
+idr;f csr;f a&;qENazmfxw k f v_y&f mS ;r_awG ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
jynfo@l aumfrwDuOD;aqmifcw hJ hJ 'D+idr;f csr;f a&;qENjyyGeJ @J +idr;f csr;f a&;v_y&f mS ;r_awGudk awmfveS f
a&; aumifpu D tpk;d &ukd Ekid if aH &;t=uyfuidk zf @dk twku d t
f cHawGu &nf&, G cf su&f &dS adS zmfxw k cf w hJ mvk@d
pGypf eJG m;vnf oabmxm;cJyh gw,f?
jynfo@l aumfrwDu OD;pD;ðyvkyw f hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;qENjyyGaJ wG[m +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGu J dk axmufcH
wJh oabmukad usmv f eG +f yD; tpk;d &tay: vlxt k iftm;awGe@J r'nw&JŒ awmif;qkcd suaf wGuv dk u dk ef m
apzk@d tusyu f idk w
f t hJ qifu h adk wmif a&muf&adS ew,fv@dk tpk;d &u xifjrif,q l cJyh gw,f? rvkrd ek ;f xm;
jzpfcyhJ gw,f? rEœav;rSmvnf; (7) c±kid q f ENjyyG}J uD; ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f?
'ga=umifh +idr;f csr;f a&;awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGaJ wGudk awmfveS af &;aumifpu D wzufowfzsuo f rd ;f +yD;
wJh aemufyidk ;f rSm jynfo@l aumfrwD0if xdyo f ;D acgi;f aqmiftrsm;pk}uD;rsm;ukd awmfveS af &;aumifpu D
odr;f usK;H zrf;qD;cJyh gw,f?
jynfo@l aumfrwDOuUX ytk0d hf OD;vSaz/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; Akv d jf raoG;/ Akv d t f ;Hk wif/ OD;
cifarmifjrifh (jynfo@l w;dk wufa&;ygw)D wk@d tygt0if jynfo@l aumfrwD0ifawG trsm;tjym; zrf;qD;
axmifcswmcH=u&ygw,f?
1963/ ZGev f uae Ek0d ifbmtwGi;f (5) v 0ef;usiaf vmufyJ +idr;f csr;f a&;awG@qyHk aJG wGusi;f yae
pOftwGi;f v_y&f mS ;Ekid cf iG &hf cJ&h wJjh ynfo@l aumfrwD[m +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG ysujf ym;oGm;&wmeJ@
wòydief ufwnf;vkv d rdk mS yJ ysujf ym;aysmufu, G o f mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
(4) jrefrmhq&dk ,
S v
f pf vrf;pOfygwD
Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP)
jrefrmhq&dk ,S vf pfvrf;pOfygwuD dk Akv

d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;OD;aqmifwhJ ppfwyftm%modr;f awmfveS f
a&; aumifpu D ae 1962/ Zlvidk -f 4 &ufae@rmS xlaxmifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? tm%m& awmfveS af &;aumif
pDuae zG@J pnf;vkud wf mjzpfwthJ wGuf tm%m&Ekid if aH &;ygwt D jzpf tay:pD;uaeay:ayguu f m xGuf
ay: jzpfwnfvmcJyh gw,f? jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvpfvrf;pOfygw&D ŒJ vrf;pOfuawmh ‘jrefrmhq&dk , S vf pf
vrf;pOf’ qkw d m jzpfygw,f?
tJ'v D rf;pOfudk 1962/ {+yD-30 &ufae@rmS &wemykaH &wyfpcef;rSm Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;uk,
d wf idk f
obmywdtjzpf}u;D rSL;usi;f ywJh wyfrLS ;rsm;nDvmcHrmS awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ 0g'oabmxm;tjzpf
owf rSwcf sjycJ+h yD; wufa&mufvm=uol wyfrLS ;}uD;i,ftm;vH;k u vufco H abmwlnaD =umif;
160
vufrw S af &;xk;d twnfðycJ=h uygw,f? tJ'v D rf;pOft&oGm;zk@d twGuf awmfveS af &;aumifpD ppftpk;d &
&JŒ Ekid if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;tjzpf/ jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwu D dk Zlvidk -f 4 &ufae@rmS pwiftaumift
xnfazmf zG@J pnf;a=unmcJjh cif; jzpfygw,f?
‘wyfrLS ;rsm;nDvmcH’ rSm yg0ifwufa&mufc=hJ u+yD; jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfudk vufco H abm
wlnaD =umif; armfueG ;f wifvufrw S af &;xk;d cJ=h uwJph pfwyfwiG ;f u wyfrLS ;}u;D i,f ppfE, G 0f iftaygi;f [m
jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygw}D uD;&JŒ yxrqk;H aom ygwaD cgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;/ ygw0D if}uD;rsm; jzpfvmcJh
=uygw,f? jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygw&D ŒJ OuUÏ}uD;tjzpfuawmh Akv d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;uk, d w f idk yf gy?J
awmfveS af &;aumifp[ D m ygww D nfaqmufa&;umv&JŒ tcsKyftjcmtm%mykid t f zG@J jzpf+yD;
vrf;pOfygwrD mS tqift h wef;csi;f wlnw D hJ xdyw f ef;aumfrwD (3) ck&ydS gw,f? (1) ygwpD nf;±k;H a&;
aumfrwD/ (2) ygwD pnf;urf;xdr;f odr;f a&;aumfrwD/ (3) qk&d , S v
f pf pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f aumfrwDw@dk
jzpf=uygw,f? ygwpD nf;±k;H a&; A[kad umfrwDe@J ygwpD nf;urf;xdr;f odr;f a&;aumfrwD (2) ckv;Hk &JŒ
OuUÏawG[mvJ Akv d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;uk, d w f idk yf J jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwu D kd yxrqk;H toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umv ygww D nfaqmufa&;
tqift h jzpf ‘tðrawygwt D qif’h jzifh pwifz@JG pnf; v_y&f mS ;r_awGvyk af qmifygw,f? jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pf
vrf;pOfygwu D dk vufc, H =Hk unfoal wG ygw0D iftjzpf av#mufxm;yg0if=u&efuadk wmh 1963/ rwfv
2 &ufae@rmS ygwpD nf;±k;H a&; aumfrwDuae wkid ;f jynfuadk =unmvku d +f yD; vkyif ef;ukd pwifygw,f?
ygwt D ajcpku d pf cef;awGjzpfwhJ ‘ygw, D el pf’ awGuv dk J 1963 ckEpS u f p+yD; òrdŒe,ftvku d zf pJG nf;&mrSm
1964 rSm ygw, D el pfaygi;f (113) ck &S&d mrS 1965 ckEpS rf mS (195) ck/ 1966 rSm (330)/ 1967 ckEpS rf mS
(343) cktxd wESpx f ufwESpf wk;d csŒJ zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
ppfwyftwGi;f rSm tajccHoaE<wnf+yD; pwifay:ayguv f mcJ&h wJh jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwD
&JŒ tðrawygwD wnfaqmufa&;umvawGtwGi;f ppfwyfwiG ;f u+yD;&if/ OD;atmifzsmae&mcif;+yD;
a&muf&dS 0ifa&mufvmolawGuawmh/ Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ ‘qk&d , S v f pfteH@’ ay;vku d rf a_ tmufrmS
acgi;f av;awG wpGiphf iG jhf zifh a&muf&v dS m=uwJh ‘yrnw’ wGi;f u jcHcek u f ;l orm;awGe@J / vufeufcs
Auy a[mif;wcsKŒd jzpf=uygw,f? OD;b+ird /f OD;b+ird ;f / oxkH OD;ode;f armifw@dk vydk *k Kd~ vfrsm;/ ode;f av;q,f
OD;uku d }dk uD;&JŒ wynfw h yef;tkypf rk sm;/ qk&d , S ef aD [mif;-qk&d , S vf pfa[mif;rsm;eJ@ ocifwifjr/ OD;ode;f
azjrif/h Akv d &f x J ËG /f OD;csr;f at; wk@d vydk *k Kd~ vfrsm; jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfygwt D wGi;f a&muf&v Sd m=uygw,f?
awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ 0g'oabmxm;ausnmcsujf zpfwhJ jrefrmhq&dk , S vf pfvrf;pOf}uD;[m
(ppfwyfuAdk [kðd y/ ppfwyftwGi;f uaeyJ pwifayguzf mG ;jzpfay:vmcJw h hJ ppfwyftajcðyygw)D jrefrmhqdk
&S,v f pf vrf;pOfygw&D ŒJ rl0g'vrf;pOfjzpfvmcJ&h +y;D “qk&d , S v f pfavmuok@d jrefrmhvrf;pOfjzifh csw D uf=u
pk@d ” vk@d aºu;G a=umfcyhJ gw,f? “acwfajymif; awmfveS af &;qifE+J$ y;D qk&d , S v f pfavmuok@d ra&mufa&muf
atmif csw D uf=urnf” vk@d vJ twdtvif;qkcd yhJ gw,f? urBmay:rSm&Sad ewJh wjcm;aomqk&d , S v f pfygw/D
qk&d , S v f pfpepfawGe@J E_e;f rDprH #r&SEd idk w f t hJ wGuf ‘pHaoGpv H ’JG r_awGreS o f r#udk vufnKd‡ ;xk;d a0zefo;Hk oyf
axmufjyvk@d r&atmif “jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef” qk&d , S v f pftjzpf ykaH zmfwnfaqmufxm;ygw,f?
jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfpepf&ŒJ tajccHvw l ef;pm; (2) &yfuawmh awmifov l ,form;eJ@ tvkyf
161
0if;wifhxGef;
orm;vk@d qydk gw,f? “qk&d , S vf pfyef;wkid o f @dk csw D uf&mwGif wkid ;f jynfvrl sm;pkjzpfaom awmifov l ,fo
rm;rsm;ESihf tjcm;aom vkyo f m;xkrsm;.pnf;±k;H a&;tiftm;ukd t"dutm;jzifh tajcðyayonf”
vk@d w&m;0if xkwaf zmfxm;ygw,f?
jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygw&D ŒJ vrf;pOfu jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfqw dk mjzpf+y;D / jrefrmhq&dk ,S f
vpf vrf;pOfygw&D ŒJ tajccHoabmw&m;uawmh “vlEiS yhf wf0ef;usiw f @dk . tnrn oabmw&m;”
qkw d mjzpfygw,f? ‘jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOf’ukd 1962/ {+yD-30 &ufae@uwnf;u xkwjf yefcahJ yrJh
jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygw&D ŒJ tajccHvrf;!¸eo f abmw&m;jzpfwhJ (vrf;pOfygw. D ‘awG;ac:ajrmfjrif
a&; oabmw&m;’ vk@d ac:qkw d )hJ “vlEiS yhf wf0ef;usiw f @dk . tnrn oabmw&m;” (The System
of Correlation of man and his Environment) ukad wmh 1963/ Zefe0g&- D 17 &ufae@rS xkwjf yefa=u
nmcJyh gw,f? tJ'D “tnrn oabmw&m;” qkw d muawmh “vl@abmifjzpfay:r_orkid ;f wGif vl@
abmif.±kyyf idk ;f b0 zG@J pnf;jzpfay:r_rsm;ESihf pdwyf idk ;f b0jzpfay:r_rsm;onf tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef
aus;Zl;ðyae=uonf[al om tnrn oabmw&m;twkid ;f jzpfysuaf jymif;vJae=uayonf” vk@d
azmfjyxm;&if;/ ±kyt f "du0g'vJr[kw/f pdwt f "du 0g'vnf;r[kww f hJ emr±ly0g'oabmw&m; w
rsK;d jzpfygw,f? tnrn tjyeftvSet f a=umif;ðy aus;Zl;ðyae=uw,fqw dk mukd aumuf,+l yD;/
vuf0pJ eG ;f -vuf,mpGe;f qkw d hJ tpGe;f ESpyf g;uvGww f hJ “rpdÆryËdy'g vrf;pOf” oabmw&m;tjzpfe@J
tr$r;f wif toGiaf qmif,x l m;wJh tajccHvrf;!¸eo f abmw&m;jzpfygw,f?
1971 ckEpS /f ZGev f -28 rS Zlvidk -f 11 txd yxrt}urd f ygwn D vD mcHuadk c:,lusi;f ycJ+h y;D / yxr
t}udrf ygwn D vD mcHu twnfðyjyXmef;vku d w f hJ vrf;pOfygwD zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHpnf;rsO;f eJ@tnD/ ygwD
A[kad umfrwDudk a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡muf zG@J pnf;wmawGvyk af qmifco hJ vk/d tjrKawygwt D qifrh S jynfo@l
ygwt D qift h jzpf ul;ajymif;wnfaqmufw,fqw dk mukd pwifygawmhw,f? jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOf
ygw&D ŒJ OuUÏtjzpfuawm/h Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;yJjzpf+yD; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf Akv d cf sKyfpef;,k/
wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf Akv d rf LS ;}uD; aomif;=unfw@dk jzpfvmcJ=h uygw,f? vrf;pOfygw&D ŒJ
xdyw f ef;A[kad umfrwD0if (150) eJ@ t&ef aumfrwD0if (50) OD;ukv d J a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufz@JG pnf;cJ=h uyg
w,f? 1971 ckEpS rf mS jynfo@l ygwt D qifo h @dk ul;ajymif; zG@J pnf;csed rf mS jrefrmhq&dk , S vf pfvrf;pOfygwrD mS
wif;jynfyh gw0D if/ t&efygw0D ife@J ygwrD w d af qGtqifq h w dk mawGyg pkpak ygi;f ygw0D ifO;D a& (1) oef;ausmf
awmif &Sad e+yDqydk gw,f? ±k;H vk;H u|w/f Xmevk;H u|wf r0ifrae&enf;eJ@a=umifh 0ifvm=uolawG &mxl;
ae&mtcGit hf a&;vkcd sirf a_ wGa=umifh 0ifvm&olawGtjyif ygw0D ifr[kwyf gu tvkyrf &wJt h wGuf
vkyif ef;cGipf mar;yGaJ jz&ifawmif trSwrf &Ekid f tyg,cf &H Ekid w f thJ wGuf 0ifvm=uolawGyg &Sad e+yD; t
rSew f u,f,=Hk unfvv dk m;vk@d 0ifvm=uwJh ygwt D a&twGuu f awmh q,fO;D wOD;awmif &Srd ,f r
[kwyf g? wEkid if v H ;Hk &JŒ vlO;D a&pkpak ygi;f rS oef; (30) yJ &Sad ecsed rf mS ygw0D if (1) oef;ausm&f adS ewJh tajc
taeukd axmuf±&_ if b,fvydk gw0D iftrsK;d tpm;awGjzpfrvJqw dk m wGuq f =unfEh idk yf gw,f? jynfo@l
ygwt D jzpf qufvufz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufae+yDjzpfwhJ jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygw}D uD;ukd vlx}k uD;u
twkad umuftm;jzifh “rqv” vk@d yJ ac:a0: =uygw,f? b,fygwrD S wnf&cdS iG rhf ðy/ zsuo f rd ;f ypfvudk +f y;D
+yDjzpfwt hJ wGuf wckwnf;aom rqv ygw}D uD;[m ygw&D ŒJ OD;aqmifre_ @J “Ekid if aH wmfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk
162
tajccHOya'opfudk 1971 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmrS 1973-=o*kwv f twGi;f yxrrl=urf;/ 'kw, d rl=urf;/
wwd,rl=urf;qkw d mawGukd (3) }udrf (3) cg a&;qGcJ +hJ yD; 1973/ 'DZifbm-15 rS 31 &ufae@txd jynf
vk;H u|wf qENc, H yl u JG si;f yum 1974/ Zefe0g&-D 3 &ufae@rmS twnfðy jyXmef;a=unmcJyh gw,f?
tJ'ED idk if aH wmfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya' 1974 t& tajccHy'k rf (11) t& “jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pf
vrf;pOfygwo D nf Ekid if aH wmf.wckwnf;aom Ekid if aH &;ygwjD zpfI Ekid if aH wmftm; OD;aqmifonfq+dk yD;”
tppt&m&m “ygw&D ŒJ OD;aqmifr”_ qkw d mukd ajymifajymifwif;wif;csrw S f taumif txnfazmfcyhJ gw,f?
1977/ Ek0d ifbm-16 &ufae@rmS ta&;ay:ygwn D v D mcHqw dk muae A[kad umfrwD0if (50) eJ@
t&efA[kd aumfrwD0if (6) OD;/ pkpak ygi;f (56) OD;ukd “ygwo D ef@pifa&;” vkyw f ,fqw dk hJ acgi;f pOfo;Hk +yD;
tpkvu dk t f ðyHvu dk f xkwyf pfwmvkycf yhJ gw,f? OD;xGe;f vif;/ OD;ausmaf Zm/ OD;oef;pdef pwJh “xGe;f vif;/
ausmaf Zm/ oef;pde”f tkypf k (twGi;f a&;rSL; tkypf )k wckv;Hk z,f&mS ;ypfjcif;cHvu dk &f ovkd OD;wif0if;ndK/
OD;&JxËG ef @J ocifwifjrwk@d vdk yk*Kd~ vfawGvJ ðzwf-xkw-f y,fwm cHvu dk &f ygw,f?
ygw&D ŒJ OD;aqmifre_ @J pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f }uD;awGuv dk J ESpwf -dk ESp&f nS f pDru H ed ;f awGcs+yD; taumif
txnfazmf&mrSm/ t+rv J vdk dk pDru
H ed ;f vsmxm;csuaf wG atmifjrifpmG taumiftxnfazmfEidk af =umif;/
pDymG ;a&; zG@H òzd;wk;d wufrE_ e_ ;f &mckid Ef e_ ;f b,favmuftxd&adS =umif;/ 0g'jzef@csd r*Fvm,lc&hJ =u&mrSm/
1987/ atmufwb dk m-8 &ufae@ rqv A[kad umfrwDtpnf;ta0;rSm “a&SŒrSm pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ywf
ouf+yD; b,fyb Hk ,fenf; ajymif;=urvJ/ rlajymif;zk@d vv dk m+yDv@dk OD;ae0if;uk, d w f idk f twdtvif;zGi[ hf
vmcJ&h ygw,f? 1987 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ wkid ;f jynfuvnf; “urBmzh òHG zd;r_tedru hf sq;Hk Ekid if H LDC pm&if;
xnfo h iG ;f ay; zk@d av#ux f m;vku d &f +y;D olawmif;pm;Ekid if t H qif/h LDC tqifh w&m;0ifa&muf&o dS mG ;&yg
awmhw,f? jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygw}D u;D &JŒ OD;aqmifra_ =umifh wEkid if v H ;Hk olawmif;pm;Ekid if t H qifh
a&muf&dS oGm;cJ&h jcif;jzpfygw,f?
1988 xJrmS &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ ed'ge;f / rwfv ta&;tcif;/ ZGev f v_y&f mS ;r_awG
qufwu dk af y:ayguv f mcJ+h yD; (23-7-1988 ) ae@ rqv ta&;ay:nDvmcHrmS rqvygwD OuUÏ
}uD; OD;ae0if;u E_wx f u G pf mwifvm&wJt h xd tajctaeawGq;dk 0g;vmcJyh gw,f? (27-7-1988)
ae@rmS ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;uae “pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDtcsKŒd ukd ajymif;r,f/ wygwpD epfuadk wmh r
ajymif;vk@d qk;H jzwfvu dk =f u+yD; wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ tajctaeukd t=urf;y&rf;enf;eJ@ ukid w f , G af jz&Si;f zk@d / OD;
ae0if;&JŒ rD;pdr;f jyr_atmufrmS jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfygw&D ŒJ OuUÏ}uD;tjzpf OD;pdev f iG jf zpfvmcJyh gw,f?
om;owform;vk@d emrnfq;dk eJ@ausm=f um;cJw h hJ OD;pdevf iG [ f m rqv ygwD OuUÏa&m/ Ekid if aH wmforRw
wm0efyg,+l yD; &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;ukd t=urf;zuf &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfòzdccGJ yhJ gw,f?
ratmifjrifbJ =o*kwv f -12 &ufae@rmS yJ ygwOD uUÏ wm0efua&m/ orRwtjzpfuyg E_wx f u G o f mG ;&
jyefygw,f? ðywfusomG ;&wJh OD;pdev f iG &f ŒJ ae&mrSm ‘a'guw f m armifarmif’ OuUÏ}uD; jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;ukd a'guw f marmifarmifu ‘taysmq h JG qG+J yD; òzdciG ;f ajz&Si;f Ekid zf @dk enf;rsK;d pkeH @J
óud;pm;cJyh gw,f? pufwifbm-11 &ufae@rmS awmh wygwpD epfuzdk su+f yD; ygwpD Hk a&G;aumufy}JG uD;vkyf
ay;zk@d a=unmvm&ygawmhw,f? pufwifbm-16 &ufae@rmS awmh rqv ygwD taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;
rSL; ‘OD;at;uk’d uae “jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygww D iG f yg0ifae=uaom jynfo@l wyfrawmfom;rsm;/
163
0if;wifhxGef;
&Jwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;ESi0hf efxrf;rsm;tm; ,ae@rpS I jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygw0D ifrsm; tjzpfrS E_wx f uG cf iG hf
ðyvku d o f nf”qkw d hJ a=unmcsuu f dk xkwjf yefa=unmvku d &f ygawmhw,f?
+cdr;f ajcmufwehJ nf;/ acsmjh rLwJeh nf;/ rormwJeh nf; enf;vrf;aygi;f pkeH @J ay:xGe;f jzpfwnfwefc;dk
xGm;vmcJw h hJ rqvygw}D u;D [m ygw0D ifO;D a& (1) oef;ausm&f w dS ,fqwdk hJ wckwnf;aom Ekid if OH ;D aqmif
ygw}D uD;[m OD;at;uk&d ŒJ ‘xGuaf p’ trde@f awmf jyefwrf;a=unmcsuaf v;wapmifwnf;eJ@yJ (rqv
qkw d ehJ mrnfe@J awmh) orkid ;f ZmwfcaHk y:uae uG,af ysmufomG ;cJ&h ygawmhw,f?
rqvygw[ D m vrf;pOft&/ tawG;tac:t& qk&d , S v f pftwkta,mif a&mausmyf gww D ck
jzpfc+hJ yD; qk&d ,S v f pfqidk ;f bkwcf sw
d u
f m ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk wnfaqmufusio hf ;Hk cJw
h hJ ‘qdwaf cgi;f csw
d f
+y;D acG;om;a&mif;’ cJw h hJ tifrwefq;dk 0g;azmufjyefvwS hJ Ekid if aH &;ygw}D u;D wcktjzpfe@J awmh ArmhEidk if aH &;
orkid ;f rSm rSww f rf;wifxm;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(5) &Sr;f jynf wyfrawmf (tufpt

f ufpaf t)
Shan State Army ( SSA )
&Sr;f jynfwyfrawmf (SSA) ukd 1964/ {+yD-24 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;xlaxmifcw hJ mjzpfygw,f?
Armjynf&ŒJ yxrOD;qk;H orRw}uD;/ apmfbmG ;}uD; p0fa&$ou dk &f ŒJ ZeD;/ r[ma'0Deef;[decf rf;ukd
em,u xm;+yD; vG,af usmufaqmuf (ac: ) SSIA wyfz@JG udk tajccHum (SSA) ukd pwifxal xmif
zG@J pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f?
(&Sr;f vufeufuidk v f y_ &f mS ;r_&ŒJ tOD;tp ‘EGpH pf[ef’ tzG@J uOD;pD;wJh &Sr;f vufeufuidk f awmfveS f
a&;}uD;[m 1959-azazmf0g&rD mS pwifay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? wESpaf usmt f =um 1960-{+yDvxJrmS
awmh vG,af usmufaqmuf (ac: ) &Sr;f jynfvw G af jrmufa&;wyfrawmf SSIA (Shan State Inde-
pendent Army) [m ‘EGp H pf[ef’ tzG@J twGi;f uae cGx J uG af y:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? cGe=f umEk/ pkid ;f vS
atmifw@dk acgi;f aqmifwhJ SSIA tzG@J }u;D [m EGpH pf[efrS cGx J uG t f zG@J wzG@J jzpfwhJ Akv d rf ;dk [de;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ
&Sr;f jynfawmfveS af &;wyfaygi;f pk (SURF)eJ@ yl;aygi;f +yD; r[ma'0Dudk em,utjzpfwifajr‡mufum
SSA (&Sr;f jynfwyfrawmf) tjzpf trnfopf,l zG@J pnf;xlaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfygw,f)?
SSA rSm SSA &JŒ tjrifq h ;Hk tzG@J tpnf;tjzpf/ SSWC (Shan State War Council) ukv d J
zG@J pnf;xm;ygw,f? SSA-SSWC &JŒem,u OuUÏtjzpfuawmh ‘r[ma'0Dpyf[ed cf rf;’ yJjzpf+yD;/
pwifz@JG pnf;xlxmif&mrSm t"du yg0ifacgi;f aqmifc=hJ uolawGuawmh/ cGe=f umEk/ pkid ;f vSatmif/
pkid ;f jrifah tmif (tk;H aygi)f / p0faq0kid /f Akv d rf ;dk [de;f / cGeaf omf'g/ pkid ;f yef/ pkid ;f ausmcf if/ p0faqEG/H pkid ;f ausmpf ed f
(aq;xif)/ pkid ;f ^m%f0if; pwJo h al wGjzpfygw,f? SSA ukd wyfr[m (4) cke@J zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD; wyf&if; (12)
&if; &Scd yhJ gw,f? wyfr[m (1) ukd pkid ;f vSatmifu acgi;f aqmif+yD; yavmifwyf&if; (2) &if;tygt0if
wyf&if; (3) ck&cdS yhJ gw,f? wyfr[m (2) ukd pkid ;f yefuacgi;f aqmif+yD;/ wyf&if; (2) &if;yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
wyfr[m (3) ukd cGe=f umEkuacgi;f aqmif+y;D wyf&if; (4) &if;&Syd gw,f? wyfr[m (4) ukd qefóuid ;f uOD;pD;
+yD; wyf&if; (3) &if; &Syd gw,f? aemufyidk ;f rSmawmh ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f eJ@ awmifyidk ;f wkid ;f qk+d yD; wkid ;f (2)
164
wkid ;f yJ cG+J yD;zG@J pnf;vku d yf gw,f? wkid ;f (1) jzpfwahJ jrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f ukd p0faq0kid f (,l*si;f oku d )f uacgi;f
aqmif+yD;/ wkid ;f (2) awmifyidk ;f wkid ;f ukd Akv d rf ;dk [de;f u acgi;f aqmifcyhJ gw,f?
1968 ckEpS rf mS SSA twGi;f rS yavmifwyf&if;ESp&f if;cGx J u G of mG ;+yD;aemufyidk ;f rSm p0faq0kid f
acgi;f aqmifwhJ ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f / wkid ;f (1) &JŒatmufrmS wyf&if; (5) &if;&Sad e+yD; rkid ;f &,f/ aqmif}uJ/
ausmufr/J erRwl e,fajra'oawGtwGi;f tajcðyv_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? Adv k rf ;dk [de;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ awmif
ykid ;f wkid ;f wkid ;f (2) &JŒ atmufrmS awmh wyf&if; (3) &if;&Scd u hJ m vG,v f if/ awmif}uD;a'oawGtwGi;f
tajcðyv_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
1968 ckEpS u f ek yf idk ;f rSm Akv d rf ;dk [de;f [m KMT w±kwjf zLwyfºuGi;f wyfusef trSwf (3) wyfrawmf
Akv d cf sKyfveD @J aygi;f rd+yD; SSA rS cGx J u G uf m 1969 ckEpS q f ef;ykid ;f xJrmS yJ &Sr;f jynfe,fwyfaygi;f pk awmf
vSeaf &;wyfrawmf (SURA) tjzpfajymif;vJ zG@J pnf;cGx J u G o
f mG ;cJyh gw,f? Akv d rf ;dk [de;f (SURA)
tjzpf cGx J u
G o f mG ;wJh twGuf awmifyidk ;f wkid ;f wkid ;f (2) ukd cGe=f umEku wm0ef,al cgi;f aqmifc&hJ ygw,f?
1968 xJrmS ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (Auy) &JŒ ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o}uD;vnf; pwifay:xGuv f m+yD
jzpf&m wkid ;f (1) ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f [m Auy wk@d e@J vJ xdawG@qufqv H m&ygw,f?
SSA ukd Eki d if aH &;t& OD;aqmifra_ y;zk@d twGuf SSA &JŒ Ekid if aH &;ygwt D jzpf &Sr;f jynfw;dk wufa&;
ygwD ( SSPP) ukd 1971-=o*kwv f rSm zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? (SSPP ukd =unf&h ef) SSPP &JŒOuUÏtjzpf
cGe=f umEk/ 'k OuUÏrsm;tjzpf pkid ;f yef/ pkid ;f jrifah tmif (ac: ) tke;f aygi/f twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf cGeo f &D w d @dk u
OD;aqmifygw,f? 1973-rwfvxJrmS r[ma'0Dudk em,utjzpfu z,fygw,f? 1973-arvrSm
awmcku d muG,af &;tzG@J awG jzpfvmwJh uk;d uef@avmfppf[eftzG@J / Aif;iif; (r[mcrf;tzG@J )/ refrefqidk -f
vkid ;f tltzG@J awGe@J r[mrdwt f jzpf yl;aygi;f um wkid ;f (2) ukd jyefvnfz@JG pnf;+yD;/ avmfppf[efudk OD;pD;
apcJyh gw,f? 1973-=o*kwrf mS avmfppf[ef tzrf;cH&+y;D aemufrmS awmh avmfppf[efwynfh useu f s;D csed f
u qufvufO;D pD;cJyh gw,f? 1974 ukecf ge;D rSm roifrh wifjh zpf=u+y;D uk;d uef@tzG@J u jyefvnfcx JG uG o f mG ;
=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh SSA tzG@J widk ;f (2) ukd wkid ;f (1) wkid ;f rSL; pHred ;f &JŒuGyu f rJ a_ tmufo@dk (1-1-1975)
rSm v$x J m;vku d &f jyefygw,f?
1973 rS 1975 ESpq f ef;ykid ;f twGi;f rSm SSA tzG@J }uD;twGi;f Auy eJ@ qufqv H o dk rl sm;eJ@ r
qufqH vko d rl sm;qk+d yD; (2) ykid ;f jzpfay:uGm[vmcJyh gw,f?
(25-1-1975 rS 5-2-1975 txd) vG,af c;a'oyefu;dk rSmðyvkyw f hJ SSPP tpnf;ta0;rSm
Auy XmecsKyfo@dk w&m;0ifu, dk pf m;vS,af pv$waf &;eJ@ywfouf+yD; oabmxm;uG=J uum 'k-OuUÏ
tke;f aygi/f wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rSL; aqxifO;D pD;wJh Auy vkv d m;aomtzG@J e@J OuUÏ cGe=f umEk/ 'k-OuUÏ
pkid ;f yefO;D pD;wJh Auy rvkv d m;aomtzG@J q+dk yD; twdtvif; (2) ykid ;f uGv J mcJyh gw,f?
1975 rwfvxJrmS cGet f ek ;f aygi/f aqxif/ pHred /f aq;EGH pwJh SSA acgi;f aqmifawGO;D pD;wJt h zG@J u
Auy XmecsKyfyefqef;ukd wufomG ;cJ=h u+y;D cGe=f umEk/ pkid ;f yef/ aqpde/f pHridk /f pHvw d wf @dk OD;pD;wJt
h zG@J uawmh
Auy-SSA yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf u _ dk qef@usi±f w _ cf syaJG wGðyvky=f uum 1975-ZGev f twGi;f rSmyJ
vG,af c; a'orSae &Sr;f jynfawmifyidk ;f a'oukd qif;oGm;=uygw,f?
1976-Zefe0g&rD mS (AuyXmecsKyfyefqef;rSm Ekid if aH &;/ ppfa&;oifwef;wufvmcJ=h uwJ)h SSA
165
0if;wifhxGef;
ajrmufyidk ;f tzG@J [m Auy zG@J pnf;yku H dk avhvmtwk,u l m SSPP ppfa'oaumfrwDudk zG@J pnf;cJ=h uyg
w,f? ppfa'o Ekid if aH &;rSL;tjzpf pkid ;f vSatmif/ ppfa'oygwD twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqxif/ ppfa'o
wyfrLS ;}uD;tjzpf pkid ;f ausmcf if (pHred ;f )/ ppfa'o wGzJ ufEidk if aH &;rSL; p0ftrl ed ;f (p0faxmuf)/ ppfa'o
'kw, d wyfrLS ;}uD;rsm;tjzpf p0faqEG/H Akv d yf ef;atmifw@dk jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
1976-{+yDvrSm awmifyidk ;f OuUÏ cGe=f umEke@J twGi;f a&;rSL; p0faq0kid w f @dk udk yGeq
f idk ;f eJ@ Akvd yf ef;
atmifw@dk u ðzwfcsypf+yD; qufcw H m0ef,v l u dk uf m/ wkid ;f (1) eJ@ tquftoG,f jyefvnfðyvkycf =hJ uyg
w,f? cGe=f umEke@J p0faq0kid w f @dk SSA &JŒ tjyifzufa&mufomG ;cJ&h ygw,f?
1978 ckEpS u f ek rf mS SSPP OuUÏ cGet f ek ;f aygif wku d yf rJG u
S sq;Hk oGm;&+yD;aemuf/ 1979 up+yD;
SSA-SSPP &JŒacgi;f aqmiftjzpf pki d ;f vSatmif jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
1982-rwfvrSm wkid ;f ukd zsuo f rd ;f vku d +f yD; SSA wyfr (1) eJ@ wyfr (2) tjzpf jyifqifz@JG pnf;yg
w,f? wyfr (1) ukd Ekid if aH &;rSL; aqEG/H wyfrrSL; pkid ;f vdww f @dk uOD;aqmif+yD; wyfr (1) atmufrmS wyf
r[m (1) eJ@ wyfr[m (3) wk@d yg0ifygw,f? wyfr (2) ukad wmh Ekid if aH &;rSL; pHridk /f wyfrrSL; pkid ;f aemfred ;f
wk@d u OD;pD;um wyfr (2) atmufrmS wyfr[m (2) eJ@ wyfr[m (7) wk@d uzdk @JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
1983/ ZGev f -21 &ufae@rmS pkid ;f vSatmifvufeufcsomG ;+yD;aemufrmS awmh SSA-SSPP ukd
aqEGeH @J pkid ;f vdw}f uD; (ukvm;) eJ@ pHridk w f @dk u acgi;f aqmifcyhJ gw,f? (12-11-1983) rSm p0faqEG;H a&m
*ge@J uG,v f eG of mG ;&+yD;aemufrmS awmh pkid ;f vdwf (ukvm;) eJ@ pHridk w f @dk qufvufO;D aqmifcyhJ gw,f?
pkid ;f vdw}f u;D u Auy tultnD&,la&; v_y&f mS ;aepOftwGi;f pHridk u f Akv d rf ;dk [de;f &JŒ &Sr;f jynfawmfveS f
a&;aumifpD (TRC) zG@J a&; urf;vSr;f csuu f dk SSPP &JŒ tzG@J acgi;f aqmiftjzpf aqG;aEG;cJyh gw,f?
Akv d rf ;dk [de;f u SSA [m Auy ukd jywfjywfom;om;qef@usirf S yl;aygi;f Ekid rf ,fawmif;qkcd w hJ t hJ wGuf
pkid ;f pHridk [
f m wyfr (2) eJ@ wyfr[m (2) u tiftm; (200) ausmcf ef@udk pnf;±k;H odr;f oGi;f +yD; (25-
3-1984) rSm Akv d rf ;dk [de;f eJ@y;l aygi;f oGm;cJ&h m SSA-SSPP wckv;Hk ukd pkid ;f vdwu f yJ qufvufO;D aqmif
v_y&f mS ;cJ&h ygawmhw,f? SSPP ukv d nf; jyefvnfz@JG pnf;cJ&h +yD; OuUÏ pkid ;f vdw/f 'k-OuUÏrsm;tjzpf
pkid ;f aemf[ed ;f (ysuu f ef@) eJ@ p0faqxifw@dk jzpfvmcJ=h uygw,f? SSA &JŒwyfz@JG rsm;ukv d nf; jyefvnfz@JG pnf;
r_awG vky&f jyefygw,f?
1989 ckEpS x f rJ mS &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f rSm Auy vufatmufrS uk;d uef@e@J ‘0’ tzG@J cGx J uG t f zG@J awG
ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD; typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J awG jzpfay:vmcJ&h ygw,f? SSA &JŒOuUÏ pkid ;f vdw}f uD;[m uk;d
uef@tzG@J ‘0’tzG@J awGe@J awG@qaHk qG;aEG;&ef c&D;vSnv hf nfaepOftwGi;f SSPP 'k-OuUÏvJjzpf SSA
acgi;f aqmifwOD; vnf;jzpfwhJ OD;aqxif[m wyfr[m (1) wyfr[mrSL; ,m;ay/ wyfr[m (3) wyf
r[mrSL; p0fuidk zf wk@d e@J (28-8-1989 ae@rmS ) tpnf;ta0;ðyvkycf +hJ yD; SSA eJ@ e0w ppfwyft=um;
typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vkyaf qmif zd@k qk;H jzwfc=hJ uygw,f? OuUÏ pkid ;f vdwx f rH S +idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@ywfoufwhJ
jyef=um;csuu f rdk apmifah wmhyJ ‘avmfppf[ef’rSwqifh ta&SŒajrmuf wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyfrmS e0wuk, d pf m;
vS,t f zG@J e@J SSA tzG@J rS OD;aqxifacgi;f aqmifwt hJ zG@J w@dk [m pufwifbmtwGi;f awG@qaHk qG;aEG;cJ=h uyg
w,f? (10-11-1989) rSm e0w twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) Akv d cf sKyf cif!eG @f e@J SSA tzG@J acgi;f aqmif OD;aq
xifw@dk awG@qcHk =hJ u+yD; typftcwf&yfpaJ &;ukd w&m;0if twnfðycJ=h uwJt h wGuf SSA tzG@J }uD;[m
166
(10-11-1989) ae@up+yD; typf&yf +idr;f tzG@J wckjzpfvmygawmhw,f?
typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J SSA (ajrmufyidk ;f ) vk@d vlord sm;cJ+h yD; e0w uawmh SSA (ajrmufyidk ;f )
ukd &Sr;f jynf ajrmufyidk ;f txl;a'o (3) vk@d owfrw S cf yhJ gw,f?
¡OD;aqxif/ p0fuidk zf / OD;vG,af rmif;wk@d O;D aqmif+y;D SSA tzG@J }u;D typf&yf+ird ;f tzG@J jzpfomG ;&csed f
rSm SSA-SSPP &JŒ aemufq;Hk OuUÏjzpfcw hJ hJ pkid ;f vdw}f uD;uawmh SSA vufuset f enf;i,fe@J yJ
qufvufvy_ &f mS ; use&f pfc&hJ u 1991 tukerf mS awmifyidk ;f ukq d if;oGm;cJyh gw,f? MTA wyfz@JG rmS
ppfa&;wm0efcv H yk zf @dk cGeq
f m&JŒzdwaf c:csuu f dk vufcu H m qif;oGm;cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f?
cGeqf m&JŒpcef;xJrmS pkid ;f vdw}f uD;[m aeraumif;jzpf&mu uG,v f eG o
f mG ;cJ@&ygw,f? pkid ;f vdwf
(ukvm;) aoqk;H oGm;&wmtay: wcsKŒd uawmh tqdycf wfc&H wm/ 'grrS [kwf wenf;enf;enf;eJ@
vky=f uHc&H wmjzpfEidk w f ,fv@dk vJ toHxu G =f u/ xifjrif,q l =uwm&Syd gw,f?¢
ppftpk;d &eJ@ typfcwf&yfpaJ &;,l+yD;wJah emuf SSA (ajrmufyidk ;f ) tzG@J }uD;&JŒXmecsKyf[m oD
aygòrŒd e,f “pdeaf usm”h rSm tajcpku d cf yhJ gw,f? ppftpk;d &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lcahJ yr,fh typftcwf
&yfpaJ &;vky&f mrSm t"duacgi;f aqmifjzpfcw hJ hJ SSA-SSPP acgi;f aqmif OD;aqxifudk ppftpk;d &u
(8-2-2005) rSm zrf;qD;ta&;,lcyhJ gw,f? Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGudk ðyvkyw f ,f? jynfaxmifpòk yu d aJG &;
ukd OD;wnfapwJv h yk &f yfawGudk vkyaf qmifapcJw h ,fqw dk hJ pGypf cJG suaf wGe@J SSA-SSPP acgi;f aqmif
OD;aqxiftay: axmif'%fEpS af ygi;f (100) ausmaf wmifcsrw S +f yD; &uf&ufpufpufEydS u f yG cf yhJ gw,f?
SSA (ajrmufyi dk ;f ) tay:rSmvnf; etz [m enf;rsK;d pkeH @J qufvufzEd ydS cf yhJ gw,f?
rSwcf su?f ? SSA (ajrmufyidk ;f tzG@J }uD;[m typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J wckjzpfvmayrJh xkid ;f -Arme,fpyfrmS
tajc pku d v f y_ &f mS ;aewJh “Akv d rf LS ;}uD; &Guq f pf”acgi;f aqmifwhJ (SURA) tzG@J uawmh ppftpk;d &eJ@
typftcwf&yfpaJ &; rvkyyf J qufvufvy_ &f mS ;wku d yf 0JG ifaeqJjzpf+yD; SSA (awmifyidk ;f ) tjzpf vlod
rsm;vmcJyh gw,f? SSA (awmif) [m tiftm; (7000) ausmf &St d zG@J tpnf;}uD;wcktjzpf ppftpk;d &
ukd qufvufqef@usiv f y_ &f mS ; cJyh gw,f?
&Sr;f jynfwyfrawmf (ac: ) SSA tzG@J }uD;[m &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f u &Sr;f jynfov l xl =k um;rSm
awmh vlot d rsm;qk;H 0g&ifo h bm&ifh Ekid if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;wckjzpfcyhJ gw,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epfqef@
usiaf &;twGuf &Sr;f rsKd ;csppf w d "f mwftajccHay:uae xGuaf y:vmcJw h hJ vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tzG@J
tpnf;}uD;wcktjzpf rSww f rf;wifay;&rSmjzpfygw,f?
(6) u,ef;jynfopf ygwD
u,ef;jynfopfygwu D dk u,ef;awmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmif ukad &$at; (ide;f u,ef;xef) OD;aqmif

+yD; 1964 =o*kwv f (8) &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf; ay:xGe;f vmygw,f?
(1964 ckEpS rf mS awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pk;d &u (100) usywf ef aiGpuULawGudk w&m;r0ifa=u
nmvku d +f yD;csed rf mS u,ef;0efxrf;awG/ vlxak wG[m a'goayguu f cJG =hJ u&if;/ vlpak ewJah wmfveS af &;
twGuf t&Sed jf zpfapcJyh gw,f? 1964/ ZGev f -4 &ufae@rmS z,fcòHk rdŒe,f yDuif;aus;&Gm &Jpcef;ukd 0if
167
0if;wifhxGef;
a&mufp;D eif;wku d cf udk +f yD; ppftpk;d & qef@usiaf &;/ vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;ukd pwifziG v hf pS v f u dk yf g
w,f? tJ'aD e@[m u,ef;vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tjzpf owfrw S cf &hJ ygw,f? 1962/ Zlvidk -f 7
&ufae@ ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyu Hk mvu ta&;awmfyHk ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ u,ef;
trsK;d om; ukad &$at;[m u,ef;vufeufuidk v f y_ &f mS ;r_}uD;rSm t"duyg0ifco hJ jl zpfcyhJ gw,f? yDuif;
wku d yf t JG +yD;rSm awmfveS af &;aumifppD pftpk;d &u “vufeufe@J tvif;0if&if zrf;qD;jcif;rðy” [kq+dk yD;
qGaJ qmifpnf;±k;H cJ&h mrSm &Jabmftrsm;pk tvif;0ifomG ; cJ=h uwJt h wGuf ukad &$at;eJ@ trmcHawGom
usecf yhJ gw,f? tJ't D rmcHawGe@J rl0g'ay:vpDawG a&;qGcJ srw S +f y;D (8-8-1964) ae@rmS ‘u,ef;jynfopf
ygw’D ukd ukad &$at;u OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f)?
ukad &$at;u OuUÏtjzpfO;D aqmif+yD; Ekid if aH &;wm0efct H jzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ vkd ‘tku d u f jzL’
u twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf ppfa&;eJ@ pnf;±k;H a&;ukw d m0ef,cl u hJ m/ armife/D OD;a'G;/ oefcs pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawG
a&SŒwef;tcef;u yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f? pwifz@JG pnf;ay:aygupf u aoewf&atmif &efou l dk 0ifv;Hk vk,l
&wJt h qifrh sK;d up+yD; vkyaf qmifc&hJ +yD;/ ajymufusm;ppfqifenf;awGudk pepfwuswwfajrmufa&;
twGuf &Jabmfwyfz@JG 0ifwcsKŒd ukd u&ifawmfveS af &; e,fajryk@d vw $ uf m oif=um;avhvmapcJyh gw,f?
KNU u vufeufe@J tultnDwcsKŒd ay;cJy h gw,f? ‘u,ef;jynfopfygw’D &JŒ OD;aqmifra_ tmufrmS
‘u,ef;jynfopf wyfrawmf’ ukd atmifjrifpmG xlaxmif zG@J pnf;Ekid v f mcJyh gw,f?
u,ef;jynfopfygw[ D m ay:ayguv f m+yD;r=umrDrmS yJ 1965-=o*kwv f rSm zG@J pnf;cJw h hJ nD!w G f
aom vlrsK;d pkrsm;wyfO;D (nvw) (United Nationalty Front-UNF ) rSma&m/ 1967 ckEpS rf mS jyef
vnfz@JG pnf;vku d wf hJ vlrsK;d pkrsm;nD!w G af &;wyfO;D (vnw) (Nationality United Front - NUF)
rSmyg KNUP/ KNPP/ rGejf ynfopfygw/D Zkrd ;D csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D wk@d e@J w+JG yD; tzG@J 0ifygww D cktjzpf
yl;aygi;f yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
1975 rSm jynfaxmifpt k rsK;d om; 'Dru dk a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (yr'w) zG@J pnf;&mrSmvnf;aumif;/
1976-arvrSm KNU XmecsKyf rme,fyavmrSm tpnf;ta0;usi;f y+y;D ‘yr'w’ rS ‘trsK;d om;'Dru dk
a&pD’ wyfaygi;f pk (r'w) tjzpf ajymif;vJjyifqifz@JG pnf;&mrSmvnf;aumif;/ u,ef;jynfopfygw[ D m
tzG@J 0iftjzpf yl;aygi;f yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
1978-rwfvrSm u,ef;jynfopfygwOD uUÏ OD;a&$at;eJ@ twGi;f a&;rSL; tku d u f jzLwk@d u, dk w f idk f
acgi;f aqmifwhJ u,ef;jynfopfygwD wyfz@JG 0iftiftm; (130) ausm[ f m Auy XmecsKyf yefqef;uko d mG ;
a&mufc=hJ u+y;D ppfa&;/ Ekid if aH &;qkid &f moifwef;awGudk wufa&mufc=hJ uovk/d vufeufc, J rf;tultnD
awGuv dk J &,lEidk cf =hJ uygw,f? 1982-Ek0d ifbmrSm Auy wyfr (68)/ ytk0d ehf w D @dk e@J y;l aygi;f +y;D wyfaygi;f pkppf
a'o zG@J pnf;&mrSm u,ef;jynfopfygwv D nf; yg0ifc+hJ yD; ppfe,f (4) ck cGv J y_ &f mS ;&mrSm ysO;f rem;ppfe,f
ajrtwGuf z,fcòHk rŒd e,frS armfcs;D òrŒd e,ftxd wm0ef,cl yhJ gw,f? u,ef;jynfopfygw[ D m ppftpk;d &&JŒ
ta&SŒykid ;f wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyfe,fajruae tv,fyidk ;f wkid ;f e,fajreJ@ taemufajrmufwidk ;f wk@d qufpyfe,f
ajrawGt=um;txd v_y&f mS ;Ekid cf w hJ t
hJ wGuf ppftpk;d &u u,ef;jynfopfygwu D dk wku d cf u dk òf zdcEJG idk zf @dk
‘a&$at;òzd ppfqifa&;’ qkw d ehJ mrnfuadk wmif tok;H ðy+yD; ppfqifa&;tqifh 1-2- 3-4 awG csrw S f
wku d cf u dk &f wJt h xd v_y&f mS ;Ekid pf rG ;f jrifrh m;cJyh gw,f? 1982/ =o*kw-f 9 &ufrmS twGi;f a&;rSL; tku d u f jzL
168
wku d yf tJG wGi;f usq;Hk cJ&h ayrJh u,ef;jynfopfygw[ D m vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;ukd t&Sed w f ;dk jr‡ihf
qifEEJ$ idk cf yhJ gw,f? wkid ;f ok;H wkid ;f qufpyfe,f opf}udw-f aygi;f avmif; a'oukt d ajccH&if; z,fcHk rk;d +AJ
taemufjcrf;a'oawGtwGi;f v_y&f mS ;Ekid cf yhJ gw,f? usq;Hk oGm;&wJh twGi;f a&;rSL; tku d u
f jzL &JŒae&m
rSm “[ef;oavm” u twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
1988 &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;t+yD; a&muf&v dS mcJ=h uwJh 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pk0if ausmif;
om;vli,fe@J t&yfom;rsm;ukd (u,ef; trsK;d om;xJua&m/ u,ef;vlrsK;d r[kwo f al wGuydk g) u,ef;
jynfopfygw[ D m wwfEidk o f r# vufcóH uq d adk e&may;cJyh gw,f? ppftm%m&Sit f pk;d & qef@usiaf &;wku d f
yGt
J wGi;f rSm yl;aygi;f yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? r[mrdwt f zG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@vnf; qufqaH &;aumif;rGef
atmif xlaxmif&yfwnf Ekid cf yhJ gw,f?
1991 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSmawmh u,ef;jynfopfygwt D wGi;f wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rSL;wm0efay;xm;wJh
‘aub&,fys’H jy\em ay:ayguv f mygw,f? OuUÏ OD;a&$at;eJ@ OD;oef;pk;d Ekid f (ac: ) oef;csw@dk u
wzuf/ OD;aub&,fysH (ac: ) wku d af tmife@J tuf'yG yf swH @dk uwzuf jy\emay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
OD;aub&,fysH OD;pD;wJt h yk pf u k u,ef;trsK;d om;tpnf;t±k;H eJ@ “u,ef;trsK;d om;rsm; vkðH cHa&;wyf”
qkw d t hJ rnfopfe@J cGx J u G o f mG ;+yD; e0wtpk;d &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vkyzf @dk óud;yrf;oGm;ygw,f? ‘e
0w’u tºuGi;f rJh vufeufcsa&;ukyd J vufccH +hJ yD; OD;aub&,fysaH cgi;f aqmifwhJ vltiftm; (80) yg
“u,ef;trsK;d om; vkðH cHa&;wyf” [m (27-2-1992) rSm vufeufcsomG ;cJyh gw,f?
ab;ywfywfvnfrmS vJ r[mrdwt f zG@J tpnf;wcsKŒd typf&yftzG@J awGjzpfvm=uwma=umifh
u,ef;jynfopfygw&D ŒJ qufvuf&yfwnfa&;twGuf tcuftcJ}uD;rm;vmygw,f?
1994/ Zlvidk -f 26 &ufae@rmS awmh OuUÏ OD;a&$at;/ 'k-OuUÏ OD;oef;pk;d Ekid f (oef;cs) OD;aqmifwhJ
‘u,ef;jynfopfygw’D [mvJ e0w tpk;d &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpv J u dk &f +yD; typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J wcktjzpf
ajymif;vJ oGm;&ygawmhw,f? e0w tpk;d &u ‘u,ef;jynfopfygw’D ukd u,m;jynfe,f txl;a'o
(3) +idr;f tzG@J tjzpf owfrw S v f udk yf gw,f?
(27-4-1996) rSm u,ef;jynfopfygwOD uUÏ OD;a&$at;/ 'k-OuUÏ OD;oef;pk;d Ekid ef @J ‘uvvw’
tzG@J rS twGi;f a&;rSL; ref;oufazmwk@d [m &efuek 0f if'gr, D mvrf;u ausmif;wku d w f ckrmS NLD OuUÏ
OD;wifO;D taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if acgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd eJ@ tvGwo f
abmawG@qHk aqG;aEG;r_vyk cf w hJ mukd e0wzufu aemufro S &d odS mG ;cJ+h y;D OuUÏ OD;a&$at;eJ@acgi;f aqmifw
csKŒd ukd u,m;jynfe,ftwGi;f om oGm;vmcGiðhf ywJt h xd c&D;oGm;vmcGiyhf w d yf ifuef@owfwmukd cHchJ
&ygw,f? 1998 rSm NLD acgi;f aqmifwjhJ ynfo@l vw $ af wmf uk, d pf m;ðyaumfrwDudk u,ef;jynfopfyg
wD/ uvvw eJ@ &vvz r[mrdwf (3) zG@J acgi;f aqmifawGu vufrw S xf ;dk +yD; axmufcaH =umif;
a=unmcsux f w k jf yefc=hJ uygw,f? etz axmufvrS ;f a&;uzdtm;ay;+yD; axmufcaH =unmcsuu f dk
±kwo f rd ;f ckid ;f cJyh gw,f? ±kwo f rd ;f a=umif;tjzpf OuUÏtaeeJ@ vufrw S x f ;dk ray;Ekid w f thJ wGuf OD;a&$at;
[m OuUÏtjzpfrS E_wx f u G af y;cJyh gw,f? u,ef;jynf opfygwt D aeeJ@ ppfO;D pD;rSL; ‘Akv d rf LS ;}uD;
oef;yvef’ u ‘a':atmifqef;pk=unf’ tm; raxmufcyH g/ vuf&dS etz tm;axmufcyH gonfqw dk hJ
ESpaf =umif;wnf;om&Sw d hJ wkad wmif;aomxkwjf yefcsuef @J vufrw S x f ;dk xkwjf yefay;cJyh gw,f?
169
0if;wifhxGef;
(21-8-2006 ) ae@rmS u,ef;jynfopfygwu D dk pwifxal xmifz@JG pnf; OD;aqmifco hJ l OuUÏ OD;
a&$at; uG,v f eG q
f ;Hk yg;oGm;cJyh gw,f?
u,ef;jynfopfygw[ D m u,ef;trsK;d om;rsm;twGu/f u,ef; pmay/ ±k;H ok;H u,ef;bmom
pum;/ u,ef;tvHawmfe@J u,ef;trsK;d om;oDcsi;f ukd w&m;0ifazmfxw k f owfrw S af y;Ekid cf yhJ gw,f?
u,ef;jynfopfygw[ D m ArmjynfEidk if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_orkid ;f eJ@ u,ef;trsK;d om;v_y&f mS ;r_orkid ;f rSm
rSwwf rf;wifay;&r,fh Ekid if aH &;ygwwD &yf jzpfygw,f?
(7) ytk0d v
hf w
G af jrmufa&; tzG@J (ytvz)
1965 ckEpS rf mS ytk0d v hf wG af jrmufa&;tzG@J (ytvz) zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? Ù1

(1958 ckEpS x f rJ mS ytk0d ahf cgi;f aqmif OD;vSazeJ@Av dk cf sepf wHk @dk vufeufcsomG ;=uwJt h wGuf
1948-49 u pwifcw hJ hJ yxrqk;H aom ytk0d v hf ufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;t=urf;tm;jzifh tqk;H owf
oGm;cJyh gw,f? awmif}uD;òrdŒrSm ytk0d v hf ufeufuidk t f iftm; (1000) ausmf vufeufpeG @f omG ;=u&mrSm
vku d yf groGm;bJ awmxJqufvufuse&f pfou l awmh Akv d pf o H ed ;f eJ@Av
dk pf yg,&f , S wf @dk jzpfygw,f? oxkH
OD;vSaz/ Akv d cf sepf w Hk @dk e@J twl Akv d wf uv,fe@J apmzm;rlw@dk vJ ygomG ;cJ&h ygw,f? )
1964 rSm q&mode;f tzG@J / 1965 rSm bef,Of/ [kyd ;Hk a'orS ytk0d v hf aS omif; tzG@J / qDqidk -f yif
avmif;a'orS q&maomif;tzG@J awG awmckv d mcJ=h uygw,f?
1965 rSm ytk0d ahf cgi;f aqmifawGupdk pk nf;+y;D Akv d pf oH ed ;f uacgi;f aqmifum ytk0d v hf wG af jrmufa&;
wyfz@JG (ytvz) ukd zG@J pnf;xlaxmifcyhJ gw,f? 1958 u ytk0d Ohf ;D vSaz/ Akv d cf sepf wHk @dk OD;aqmifvufeufcs
oGm;&mrSm ygomG ;cJ=h uwJh Akv d w f uv,fe@J apmzm;rlw@dk vJ jyefvnfawmckv d m=u+y;D Akv d pf o H ed ;f eJ@y;l aygi;f
um ytk0d v hf ufeufuidk v f y_ &f mS ;r_}uD; 'kw, d t}udrf xyfraH y:aygu}f uD;xGm;vmcJyh gw,f? awmif}uD;
awmifzufjcrf;a'o/ rJe,fawmifwef;a'oeJ@ yifavmif;e,fawGzufrmS v_y&f mS ;Ekid cf =hJ uygw,f?
1968-atmufwb dk mrSm ytk0d v hf ufeufuidk t f zG@J e@J &Sr;f vufeufuidk t f zG@J w@dk e,fajryËdyuQ
jzpfymG ; wku d cf u
dk =f u&mrSm ytk0d ahf cgi;f aqmif Akv d pf oH ed ;f usq;Hk oGm;cJyh gw,f?
Akv
d pf o H ed ;f usq;Hk oGm;+y;D aemufyidk ;f Akv d rf LS ;vSarmif/ Akv d pf yg,&f , S /f Akv d wf uv,f/ apmzm;rlw@dk
u acgi;f aqmif+yD; qufvufvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h u+yD; &Sr;f jynfvrl sK;d aygi;f pkH vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J (&vvz)
tjzpfemrnfopfe@J ajymif;vJðyjyifz@JGpnf;vku d =f uwJt h csed rf mS awmh ytk0d v hf w G af jrmufa&;tzG@J (ytvz)
qkwd hJ emrnfvJ aysmufu, G +f yD;qk;H oGm;&ygawmhw,f?
(8) awmckd vG,af rmftzG@J (cGeq

f mtzG@J )
MTA (Mong Tai Army)
‘bde;f bk&if’ tjzpf emrnf}uD;cJw h hJ ‘cGeqf m’ OD;pD; vG,af rmfumuG,af &; tzG@J [m 1964-
ZGev
f rSm yxrqk;H t}udrf awmckcd +hJ yD; ‘awmckv d ,G af rmf’ tzG@J v@dk vlord sm;cJ/h ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f?
170
(vG,af rmfumuG,af &;tzG@J pwifjzpfwnfvmwmuawmh 1961/ Zefe0g&rD mS tpk;d &&JŒppfwyf
uae cGeq f mukd tiftm; (40) eJ@ vG,af rmfumuG,af &;tzG@J acgi;f aqmiftjzpf pwifcef@tyfc&hJ mrS
pwifygw,f? 1964 rSm tiftm; (350) ausmef @J xkid ;f -jrefrme,fpyfrmS pwifawmckcd yhJ gw,f)?
1966 rSm cGeq f macgi;f aqmifwhJ vG,af rmftzG@J / tpk;d &xH jyefvnfvufeufcs tvif;0ifygw,f?
tpk;d &ppfwyfe@J y;l aygi;f +y;D umuG,af &;tzG@J udk wk;d csŒJ xlaxmif&if; bde;f vkyif ef;ukd t}u;D tus,v f yk cf hJ
ygw,f? 1967 rSm t}uD;us,q f ;Hk aom ‘bde;f csr}_ uD;’ ukd cGeq f m OD;aqmifðyvkycf yhJ gw,f? 1967-
ZGev f rSm tJ'u D mvu a':vm (5) ode;f wefz;dk &Sd bde;f (16) wefudk vm;taumifaygi;f (300) eJ@
o,f,+l y;D avmEkid if t H wGi;f oGm;a&mufbed ;f a&mif;ygw,f? xkid ;f -jrefrm-avm (3) Ekid if H e,fpyftwGi;f
(15) ESpaf vmuf vuf0g;}uD; tkyv f yk uf idk v
f mcJw h hJ ‘bde;f pm;usu}f uD;’ ukd tysurf cHEidk cf w hJ hJ KMT
w±kwjf zL ‘Akv d cf sKyfrm’ u cGeq f m&JŒbde;f wef;ukd tiftm; (1000) ausmef @J usKid ;f wkt H a&SŒbuf rJ
acgijf rpfurf;yg;rSm csKcH w dk u dk cf u
dk &f mrSm avmEkid if H ‘AefueG ;f &Gm’ txd vku d v f w H u dk cf udk yf gw,f? avm
Akv
d cf sKyf tke;f &ufwu D ek ;f ukd bde;f awGa&mif;+yD; vufeufawG jyef0,fz@dk csed ;f qkx d m;&mu KMT &JŒ
vku d v f wH udk cf u dk rf a_ =umifh 1967/ Zlvidk -f 26 &ufae@rmS avme,fajr twGi;f wku d yf }JG uD; tjyif;txef
jzpfymG ;cJ&h ygw,f?
avmAkv d cf sKyfu cGeq f m&JŒwyfz@JG uadk &m/ KMT wyfz@GJ uydk g avme,fajrtwGi;f rS qkwcf mG ay;zk@d
awmif;qkd armif;xkwcf yhJ gw,f? ESpzf @JG v;Hk u remcHwt hJ wGuf avmEkid if aH vwyfuyg/ wD-28 av,mOf
(6) pD;ok;H +y;D avm0ef}u;D csKyfu, dk w f idk f avxD;wyf&if;w&if;v$waf y;+y;D yg0ifwu dk cf u dk f armif;xkw&f wJh
txd Zlvidk -f 30 &ufrmS wku d yf t JG }uD;tus,f jzpfymG ;cJ&h ygw,f? cGeq f m&JŒ vG,af rmfwyfz@JG / KMT
wyfz@JG / avmwyfrawmf (vuf,mtkypf )k wk@d &ŒJ 1967 rSmjzpfymG ;cJ&h wJh tJ'w D u dk yf }JG uD;ukd ‘bde;f ppfy}JG uD;
vk@d ’ urBmuyg rSwcf suaf y;cJ&h wJt h xd ausm=f um;emrnfwiG cf yhJ gw,f? KMT zufuvJ (70) ausmf
aoqk;H cJ&h ovk/d cGeq f mzufuvJ (82) OD; aoqk;H &+y;D bde;f vufeufe@J aiGa=u;awGyg qk;H ±_;H cJ&h r_}u;D rm;cJh
ygw,f? cGeq f m Armjynfbuf jyef0ifvmcJyh gw,f? ppftpk;d &u vufccH yhJ gw,f? 1968 ckEpS x f rJ mS
cGeq f m&JŒumuG,af &;wyfz@JG [m wef,ef;òrdŒay:txd ajymif;a&$Œ aexkid cf iG &hf cJyh gw,f? ppftpk;d &&JŒ
Auy qef@usiaf &;twGuf aemifvidk af 'oukt d ajccH+yD; umuG,af &;wyfawG zG@J pnf;&mrSm cGeq f m&JŒ
vG,af rmfumuG,af &;wyfz@JG [mvJ ta&;ygww hJ yfz@JG wcktjzpf oabmxm; ae&may;jcif;cHc&hJ ygw,f?
uk;d uef@umuG,af &;acgi;f aqmif ‘avmppf[ef’ eJ@tòyid f emrnf}u;D cJh +y;D cGeq f m[m (w&m;0iftm;jzifh
r[kwaf yrJ)h &Sr;f jynfe,ftm;vk;H &Sd umuG,af &;awG&ŒJ acgi;f aqmifwOD; tqifah e&mrsK;d ukad wmif
&&Scd yhJ gw,f? ppftpk;d &u ‘tpk;d &tay:opPmazmufEidk w f hJ tvm;tvmawG@&w,f’ qk+d yD; vG,af rmf
tzG@J udk vufeufðzwf&ef =uHpnf&if; 1969-atmufwb dk mrSm cGeq
f mukd zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f cJyh gw,f?
cGeq f mtzrf;cH&wJt h cgrmS vG,af rmftzG@J acgi;f aqmifjzpfwhJ ‘useq f ;l &Si’f u vG,af rmftzG@J udk pkpnf;
um vufeufðzwfrcHbJ awmcko d mG ;cJ&h ygw,f? 'kw, d t}udrf vG,af rmftzG@J awmck&d mrSm tiftm;
(1600) ausmf &Syd gw,f? awmckv d , G af rmftzG@J tjzpf 'kw, d t}udrf jzpfay:vmcJ&h jyefygw,f?
awmckv d , G af rmftzG@J [m 1973 ckEpS t f xdtwGi;f tzrf;cHae&wJh cGeq f mvGwaf jrmufa&;ukyd J
t"duxm; óu;d yrf;vkyaf qmif&mrSm 1973/ {+y-D 16 &ufrmS awmif}u;D òrŒd p0fpx H eG ;f aq;±Hrk S ±k&mS ;q&m0ef
171
0if;wifhxGef;
(2) OD;ukd zrf;qD;jyefay;qGu J m cGeq f meJ@vv J , S zf @dk urf;vSr;f wmrsK;d txd vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f?
1974/ pufwifbm-7 &ufae@rmS tpk;d &u vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGiahf y;+y;D cGeq f mukd jyefvw $ af y;cJyh g
w,f? 1976/ azazmf0g&-D 7 rSm cGeq f m[m awmjyefccdk +hJ yD; vG,af rmftzG@J &ŒJ acgi;f aqmifae&ukd jyef
,lcyhJ gw,f?
cGeq f m xkid ;f -jrefrme,fpyf awmjyefc+dk yD;wJah emuf cGeq f macgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘awmckd vG,af rmf
tzG@J u yxrqk;H cH,w l hJ trnfopfuawmh SUA (Shan United Army) jzpfygw,f? SUA tzG@J
[m bde;f vkyif ef;ukd vkyu f idk cf whJ t hJ wGu/f SUA ukd bde;f tzG@J tjzpfe@J yJ ppftpk;d &uvJ wav#mufv;Hk
±_wcf sowfrw S af jymqkcd o hJ vk/d Ekid if w H umuvJ bde;f tzG@J tjzpfe@J yJ azmfjycJ=h uygw,f? SUA acgi;f aqmif
cGeq f mukd bde;f bk&iftjzpfe@J yJ vlord sm;cJyh gw,f? aiG&i$ w f hJ SUA tzG@J }u;D [m tif tm; ykrd }dk u;D xGm;vm
cJo
h vkd e,fajrawGuv dk J wk;d csŒJ v_y&f mS ;Ekid cf ±hJ rHk u Akv d rf ;dk [de;f &JŒ SURA tzG@J }uD;ukyd g aiGa=u;axmufyhH
ulnrD a_ wGvyk af qmifEidk v f mcJyh gw,f? vG,v f ef;/ rkid ;f [Gr;f / tefuvef/ [krd ed ;f / rkid ;f arma'oawGrmS
SUA tzG@J t"dutajcðyv_y& f mS ;cJyh gw,f? 1985/ rwfv-26 &ufae@rmS SURA Akv d rf ;dk [de;f tzG@J e@J
SUA cGeq f mtzG@J w@dk yl;aygi;f cJ=h uygw,f? Ù2
1985/ ar-7 &ufrmS nD!w G af om &Sr;f jynfvw G af jrmufa&;wyf (United Tai Liberation
Army) (UTLA) eJ@ ‘nD!w G af om &Sr;f jynfrsK;d cspaf umifpD United Shan State Paterotic Council
(USSPC)’ ukd yl;aygi;f zG@J pnf;cJ=h uygw,f? yl;aygi;f tzG@J &ŒJ OuUÏtjzpf Akv d rf ;dk [de;f uwm0efc+H yD; 'k-
OuUÏtjzpf cGeq f mwm0ef,cl yhJ gw,f? yl;aygi;f tzG@J &ŒJ vufeufuidk af wGu “Shan State Army”(SSA)
tzG@J v@dk a=unmcsiaf yrJh pkid ;f vdwaf cgi;f aqmifwhJ SSA tzG@J &adS ewJt h wGuf “Mong Tai Army”
(MTA) tjzpf pwifay:ayguf jzpfwnfvmcJy h gw,f?
(12-7-1991 ae@rmS ) SURA tzG@J acgi;f aqmif (USSPC) OuUÏ Akv d rf ;dk [de;f / uifqma&m*ge@J
uG,v f eG of mG ;wJt h wGuf USSPC ukd a&&Snaf cgi;f aqmifEidk af &;twGuf (11) OD;yg A[kad umfrwDudk
zG@J pnf;cJ=h uygw,f? em,utjzpf cGeq f idk ;f (cGeq f m&JŒ OD;av;)/ tzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf cGeq f m/ uHppf/ pHridk /f
ausmufzvef/ aemfred ;f }uD;/p0fceG rf ed ;f / cGepf idk ;f / p0faumfz/ p0faumfred ;f / p0fausmjf rifw h @dk yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f?
(13-6-1992) rSm USSPC ukd zsuo f rd ;f +y;D SPRC (Shan Peoples' Representative Council)
qkw d hJ emrnfopfe@J ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;ygw,f? em,u cGeq f idk ;f (cGeqf m&JŒ OD;av;)/ OuUÏ Akv d af '0def
qkw d mjzpf+yD; tzG@J 0ifawGtjzpfuawmh cGeq f m/ use;f ql;&Si/f uHppf pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGjzpf=uygw,f?
1993/ 'DZifbm-14 &ufae@rmS bde;f bk&if cGeq f m[m ‘vGwv f yfaom &Sr;f jynfEidk if aH wmf’ ukd xl
axmifvu dk af =umif; a=unm+yD; ol@u, dk of l orRw}uD;tjzpf xkwaf zmfa=unmcJyh gw,f? cGeq f m&JŒ
tJ'x D wk af zmfa=unmcsuu f dk b,fou l rS todtrSwrf ðycJ=h uyg?
tar&duef rl;,pfaq;0g;ESrd ef if;a&;Xme (DEA) u cGeq f mukd rl;,pfaq;0g; ajratmufurBmrSm
t"dutvk&d o dS l xdyo f ;D (7) OD;pm&if;rSmwOD;tjzpf owfrw S af =unmxm;cJyh gw,f? zrf;0&rf;vJ
xkwjf yefxm;ygw,f? cGeq f mOD;pD;wJh MTA wyfz@JG uv dk J bde;f wyfz@JG tjzpfe@J yJ jynfwiG ;f jynfy xkwaf zmf
ajymqkcd =hJ uygw,f?
&Sr;f -w±kwf ujym;jzpfwhJ i,frnf&if; “use&f zdS ;l (ac: ) cGeq f m” [m uk, d [ fh muk, d f orRw
172
tjzpfa=unm+yD; &Sr;f jynf&ŒJ Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifwOD;/ &Sr;f rsK;d cspw f OD;tjzpfyHk azmfzefw;D um todt
rSwðf yr_udk cH,cl sicf ahJ yr,fh bde;f bk&ifceG q f mtjzpfe@J yJ vlord sm;cJ&h &if;/ &Sr;f vlrsK;d pkawG&ŒJ axmufcrH u _ dk
vJ r&&Scd yhJ g?
1988 ckEpS af emufyidk ;f up+yD; ‘[krd ed ;f ’ pcef;ukd A[kXd mecsKyftjzpfxm;+yD; t}uD;tus,jf yifqif
rGr;f rHum tiftm;}uD;rm;wJw h yfz@JG }uD;ukd rjzpfjzpfatmif wk;d csŒJ wnfaqmufO;D aqmifvmEkid cf ahJ yr,fh
ppfreS w f hJ Ekid if aH &;orm;wOD;r[kww f ma=umifh rk;d wvk;H avwvk;H a=unm+yD;vk@d rS toHrpJao;rD
(2) ESpaf usmt f =umrSmyJ (r=umc% vufeufcsavh&zdS ;l wJh tpOftvmtwkid ;f ) cGeq f m vufeufcsz@dk
jyifqifpidk ;f jyif;vmjyefygw,f?
1996 ckEpS -f Zefe0g&v D qef;rSmyJ bde;f bk&ifceG q f meJ@ cGeq f mOD;aqmifwhJ MTA wyfz@JG }uD; ppf
tpk;d &xH vufeufcsvu dk yf gawmhw,f? wjcm;aom vufeufuidk t f zG@J tpnf;awGvadk wmif +idr;f tzG@J
tjzpf typftcwf &yfpaJ &; oabmwlnw D mrsK;d r[kwb f J tºuiG ;f rJh vufeufcs-tvif;0ify}JG u;D tjzpf
vufcv H ufeufcsvu dk jf cif; jzpfygw,f? vufeufcsvu dk w
f hJ wyfz@JG 0iftiftm;ta&twGuu f awmh
(14000) awmif &Scd yhJ gw,f? cGeq f mtzG@J &ŒJ orkid ;f [m ppftpk;d &uyJ pwiftodtrSwðf y cef@tyfz@JG pnf;
jzpfay:apcJw h mjzpfwt hJ wGuf ppftpk;d &u awmxJy@dk xm;wJu h ,
dk whf yfudk vkt
d yfovkd w&m;0ifòrdŒay:
jyefac:vku d w f o hJ abmrsK;d yJv@dk awmif ok;H oyfwhJ tzG@J tpnf;awG&cdS yhJ gw,f? ppftpk;d &u bde;f bk&if
cGeq f m/ ‘vlowform; tm%m±l;cGeq f mvk@d ’ wGiw
f iG af c:ae&muae csucf si;f “OD;cGeq f m” jzpfomG ;ap
cJ+h yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awGudk yg0if&if;ES;D jr‡KyfEcHS iG ahf y;cJyh gw,f?
Armjynforkid ;f rSm bde;f eJ@vnf;ywfouf/ Ekid if w H umuvJojd zpfc&hJ wJh wyfz@JG 0ifrsm;jym;vSwhJ
{&mr vufeufuidk t f zG@J tpnf;}uD;wcktjzpfawmh rSww f rf;wifxm;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(9) A[kd jynfo@l awmifov

l ,form; aumifpD (rqv rS æ)
‘A[kd jynfo@l awmifov l ,form;aumifp’D ukd 1967/ rwfv-2 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
jrefrmhq&dk , S vf pfvrf;pOfygwD (rqv) ay:ayguv f m+yD;wJah emuf rqv ygw&D ŒJ vlxv k w
l ef;
pm; tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf azmfxw k zf efw;D zG@J pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f? rqv ygw[ D m awmifov l ,fo
rm;vlwef;pm;eJ@ tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;ukd tajccHxm;ygw,fqw dk hJ 0g'jzef@vrf;pOfe@J avsmn f aD tmif
jrefrmEkid if rH mS vlO;D a&trsm;qk;H jzpfwhJ awmifov l ,form;awGudk pnf;±k;H odr;f oGi;f pkpnf;Ekid zf @dk rqv
ygw}D u;D &JŒ vufcaJG wmifyw H cktjzpf zG@J pnf;ay:ayguaf pcJw h mjzpfygw,f? A[kd jynfo@l awmifov l ,fo
rm;aumifp&D ŒJ OuUÏtjzpf Akv d rf LS ;}uD; aomif;=unf/ twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf Akv d rf LS ;}uD; ausmaf ZmeJ@
tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if (31) OD; zG@J pnf;ay;cJyh gw,f? Ekid if w H 0Sr;f aus;vufawm&GmtES@H ‘jynfo@l
awmifov l ,form; aumifp’D qkw d mawG ay:ayguaf pcJyh gw,f?
ay:vpDuu dk f rjzpfraezG@J pnf;ap+y;D r[m;',m;enf;vrf;aygi;f pko H ;Hk um tzG@J 0ifpm&if;jyxm;wJh
twGuf rqvygw&D ŒJ w&m;0ifued ;f *%ef; xkwjf yefcsurf sm;t& 1967 rS 1973 txd (6) ESp=f um
twGi;f rSmyJ òrdŒe,f jynfo@l awmifov l ,form; aumifpaD ygi;f (246) ck tzG@J 0ifaygi;f (6626212)
173
0if;wifhxGef;
OD; &Sw
d ,fqydk gw,f? tJ't D csed u
f vlO;D a&pm&if;t& wEkid if v
H ;Hk v,form;OD;a& (7) oef;cGaJ usmyf &J &dS m
rSm (6) oef;cGaJ usm[ f m jynfo@l awmifov l ,form;aumifpD tzG@J 0ifawGjzpfae&wJt h xd pnf±;Hk a&;
pGr;f &nfuawmh tHrh cef;zG,f jzpfae&ygw,f?
aemufyidk ;f rSmawmh ‘aumifp’D qkw d mtpm; ‘tpnf;t±k;H ’ vk@d emrnfajymif;vJ+yD; ‘A[kd
jynfo@l awmif olv,form; tpnf;t±k;H ’vk@d trnfwiG f ac:a0:apcJyh gw,f?
1988-&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;a=umifh rqv ygw}D uD; zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu dk &f wJt
h csed rf mS
rqv ygw&D ŒJ vufatmufcH awmifyw H zufjzpfcwhJ hJ A[kjd ynfo@l awmifov l ,form; aumifpD
(A[kd jynfo@l awmifol v,form; tpnf;t±k;H ) }uD;vJ a&pkeaf rsm aysmufu, G o f mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
(rSwcf su?f ? “jrefrmhq&dk , S v
f pf vrf;pOfygwD (rqv)” eJ@ qufpyfzwf±=_ unfyh g&ef æ æ æ)?
(10) A[kd jynfo@l tvkyo

f rm; aumifpD (rqv rS æ)
‘A[kjd ynfo@l tvkyo f rm;aumifp’D ukd 1968/ arv-1 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
“jynfo@l awmifov l ,form; aumifp”D vkyd J rqv ygw}D uD;&JŒ vlxv k w
l ef;pm; tzG@J tpnf;
w&yftjzpf rqv vufatmufcH awmifyw H zuftjzpf zG@J pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f? pwifz@JG pnf;pOfu
OuUÏ Akv d rf LS ;}uD; armifa&$/ twGi;f a&;rSL; Akv d rf LS ; uk}d uD; jzpfygw,f?
1973 ckEpS t f xdrmS yJ wEkid if v
H ;Hk ae&mtES@H òrdŒe,fjynfo@l aumifpaD ygi;f (225) ck/ tzG@J 0ifaygi;f
(1511960) OD; &Scd w hJ ,fqydk gw,f? tJ't D csed u
f tvkyo f rm;OD;a& pkpak ygi;f rS (3) oef;0ef;usiyf J
&Sad ecsed rf mS tvkyo f rm;aumifp0D ifaygi;f u (1) oef;cGaJ usmf &Sad ecJyh gw,f? r0ifrae&enf;eJ@ pm&if;jy
xm;wmawG jzpfygw,f? tvkyo f rm;aumifp±D ;Hk awG[m tvkyo f rm;xktwGi;f rSm emrnfq;dk eJ@
ausm=f um;cJyh gw,f? 1974-ZGef tvkyo f rm;oydwf wku d yf }JG uD;awG=um;xJrmS ‘tvkyo f rm;aumifpD
æ tvkrd &S’d qkw d m aºuG; a=umfow H csuf jzpfc&hJ wJt h xdygy?J 1988 rqv ygw}D uD;òydysuo f mG ;&csed rf mS
tvkyo f rm;aumifpD (ac: ) tvkyo f rm; tpnf;t±k;H awGvJ a&pkeaf rsmoGm;&ygawmhw,f?
(rSwcf su?f ? rqv ygweD @J qufpyfzwf±y_ g&ef æ æ æ)?
(11) &Sr;f jynf vlrsK;d aygif;pkH vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J (&vvz)
1968 rSm ytk0d v hf w

G af jrmufa&;tzG@J (ytvz) rS &Sr;f jynf vlrsK;d aygi;f pkH vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J
(&vvz) tjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJw h m jzpfygw,f? ytk0d ahf cgi;f aqmif Akv d pf o
H ed ;f t
owfcH usq;Hk oGm;&+yD;wJah emuf &vvzukd Akv d rf LS ; vSarmifu acgi;f aqmifcyhJ gw,f? wyf&if; (1)
ukd Akv
d wf uv,fuOD;pD;cJ+h y;D wyf&if; (2) ukd Akv d f pyg,&f , S f (wmwD;uvk)d u OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifcyhJ gw,f?
1970 jynfEh pS rf mS &vvz tzG@J }uD;&JŒOuUÏtjzpf OD;armf[u dk f (OD;armf[)J ukd wifajr‡mufxm;+yD;
wyfr[mrSL; Akv d rf LS ; vSarmif/ Ekid if aH &;rSL; OD;ukov (c) tb, (c) OD;atmifcrf;xD/ pnf;±k;H a&;rSL;
OD;pdeaf &$/ twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;atmifomtjzpf jyifqifz@JG pnf;um wyf&if; (1) ukd Akv d w
f uv,f wyf
174
&if; (2) ukd Akv d f py,f&, S w f @dk u OD;aqmifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f? 1971 rSm wyf&if;opfwck xyfrzH @JG pnf;Ekid f
cJyh gw,f? 1973 rSm &vvz tzG@J [m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D KNUP wk@d e@J w+JG yD; yl;wGpJ pfqifa&;
tzG@J wzG@J zG@J pnf;um ‘a&mifew D yfz@JG ’ qkw d ehJ mrnfe@J ppfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_awG vkyaf qmifEidk cf yhJ gw,f?
1973-Ek0d ifbmvxJrmS awmh &vvz tzG@J }uD;twGi;f Auy ukd vkv d m;ole@J rvkv d m;ol
tkypf k (2) pk uGv J mcJyh gw,f? Akv d w f uv,f trSL;ðywJt h yk pf ek @J OD;atmifcrf;xDtrSL;ðywJh tkypf k
tkypf k (2) pk tm;òydiv f mcJ=h u&mu Auy vkv d m;oltyk pf ek @J rvkv d m;oltyk pf qk +dk yD; odoo d mom
ay:vGiu f jJG ym;vmcJyh gw,f? “&vvz”teDe@J “&vvz” tjzLqk+d yD; (2) ykid ;f uGv J mcJyh gw,f? Auy
ukv d v dk m;wJt h yk pf uk dk &vvz (teD) (ytk0d ehf )D vk@d ac:a0: =u+yD; &vvz (teD) ukd OuUÏ Akv d w f u
v,f/ apmzm;rl/ Akv d rf LS ; vSarmif/ OD;pdeaf &$/ pk;d atmifviG w f @dk u acgi;f aqmifc=hJ uygw,f? Auy ukd
rvkv d m;wJt h pk ‘&vvz’(tjzL) (ytk0d jhf zL) ukad wmh tb, (ac: ) OD;atmifcrf;xD/ oxkH OD;vSaz
eJ@ OD;ausmpf ed /f OD;armifarmifw@dk acgi;f aqmifc=hJ uygw,f? (oxkH OD;vSaz[m +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGt J ysuf
rSm zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f axmifcsccH &hJ mrS axmifuvGwv f m+y;D aemuf ytk0d t hf zG@J twGi;f ytk0d ehf -D ytk0d jfh zLr
uGcJ ifrmS yJ ytk0d t hf zG@J twGi;f jyefvnfa&muf&adS e+yDjzpfwt hJ wGuf ytk0d ehf -D jzLtuGrJ mS ytk0d jhf zLtpk
twGi;f acgi;f aqmifwa,muftjzpf yg0ifaewmjzpfygw,f)?
teD-tjzL (2) ykid ;f uGo J mG ;&+yD;wJah emuf OuUÏ Akv d w f uv,fO;D aqmifwhJ &vvz (teD)
[m yGeaf csmif;ta&SŒjcrf; u'l;}uD; em;[D;a'oeJ@ erf*h iG rf mS t"duxm;v_y&f mS ;cJ+h yD; OD;atmifcrf;xDO;D
aqmifwhJ &vvz (tjzL) uawmh tif;av;/ yifavmif;/ qDqidk /f rJe,fawmifwef;eJ@ [kyd ek ;f ajrmufjcrf;
a'oawGrmS v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
(1977 rSm &vvz tjzL) [m “ytk0d hf trsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf (ytrz)” tjzpf trnfjyefvnf
ajymif;vJc+hJ yD;/ “&vvz”qkw d t hJ rnf[m tok;H rðyawmhwt hJ wGuf 1977 up+yD; ‘&vvz’ qkw d hJ
trnf[m Akv d w f uv,f OuUÏtjzpfO;D aqmifwhJ &Sr;f jynfvrl sK;d aygi;f pkH vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J }u;D tjzpf
eJ@yJ vlord sm;vmcJh &ygawmhw,f? ytk0d ahf 'otwGi;f rSm ytk0d v hf ufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;}uD;twGi;f
uae arG;zGm;ay:xGe;f vmcJh &wmjzpfwt hJ wGuf Akv d w
f uv,f OD;aqmifwhJ ‘&vvz’ tzG@J udk ‘y
tk0d efh ’D tzG@J v@dk vJ ac:a0: =uwm&Syd gw,f?
1977 rSm Akv d w f uv,fO;D aqmifwhJ &vvz [m Auy (108) ppfa'oeJ@ yl;aygi;f ppfa&;v_y&f mS ;
r_awGuðdk yvkycf +hJ yD; 1978-rwfvxJrmS vJ &vvz wyfom;opfaygi;f (100) ausmcf ef@udk Auy Xme
csKyf yefqef;ukyd @dk vw $ uf m ppfoifwef;/ Ekid if aH &;oifwef;awG wufa&mufapcJyh gw,f? OuUÏ Akv d w f u
v,fe@J 'k-OuUÏ apmzm;rlw@dk u, dk w f idk uf vJ yefqef;XmecsKyfudk oGm;a&mufc=hJ uzl;+y;D Auy acgi;f aqmif
awGe@J ppfa&;/ Ekid if aH &; wyfaygi;f pka&;awGudk aqG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f vkyaf qmifc=hJ uygw,f?
uvvwtzG@J e@J u,ef;jynfopfygw/D SSPP pwJh vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;
eJ@vJ r[mrdwt f jzpf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G vf y_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;aemufyidk ;f
a&muf&v dS mcJ=h uwJh 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pk0if ausmif;om;vli,f vl&, G af wGtm;vk;H tay:vJ wwfEidk f
or# tultnDay;cJ&h if; vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;ukd qufvufqifEcJ$ yhJ gw,f? 'gayr,fh ab;ywfywf
vnf teD;a'oawGrmS vJ ppftpk;d &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vky+f yD; +idr;f csr;f a&;,lc=hJ uwJh vufeufuidk f
175
0if;wifhxGef;
tzG@J tpnf;awG wck+yD;wck ay:vm=uwJt h wGuf qufvuf&yfwnfEidk zf @dk tcuftcJt=uyftwnf;
awG ay:ayguv f mcJ&h ygw,f?
ppftpk;d &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;r,lciftxdtwGi;f ‘&vvz’ (ytk0d ehf )D tzG@J }uD;twGi;f
OuUÏ OD;wmuv,f/ 'k-OuUÏ apmzm;rl/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; pk;d atmifviG w f @dk u wm0ef,cl =Jh u+y;D
xif&mS ;wJh wjcm;acgi;f aqmifawGuawmh OD;pdeaf &$/ Akv d rf LS ; cspaf rmif/ cGex f ad qmif/ cGeo f &l ed f pwJyh *k Kd~ vf
awGyjJ zpfygw,f?
1994-atmufwb dk mrSm OuUÏ OD;wuv,facgi;f aqmifwhJ &Sr;f jynfvrl sK;d aygi;f pkH jynfo@l
vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J (&vvz) ac: ytk0d ehf t D zG@J }uD;vJ ppftpk;d &eJ@ typfcwf&yfpaJ &; ,lvu dk &f ygawmh
w,f? etzppftpk;d &u ‘&vvz’ ukd &Sr;f jynfawmifyidk ;f txl;a'o (13) tjzpfowfrw S f uifyeG ;f
wyfay;cJ&h ygw,f?
2006-ckEpS x f rJ mS awmh &vvz tzG@J }u;D ukd wav#mufv;Hk acgi;f aqmifvmcJw h hJ OD;wuv,f[m
‘em,u’ tjzpfyJ ajymif;vJc, H v l udk &f csed rf mS &vvz &JŒOuUÏtjzpf Akv d rf LS ; cspaf rmifjzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
&vvz (ytk0d ehf )D tzG@J }uD;twGi;f rSm oabmxm;uGv J rJG a_ wG ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? ppftpk;d &zufu
ae trsK;d rsK;d oyfv#Kad oG;cGw J mawGvJ vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? Akv d rf LS ;}uD; cGex f ad qmife@J cGeo f &l ed af cgi;f
aqmifwhJ tzG@J [m ‘&vvz’ rS cGx J u G of mG ;+yD; ‘ytk0d t hf rsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J ’ emrnfe@J
etz ppftpk;d &ukd vufeufuidk f jyefvnfwu dk cf u
dk rf v_ yk yf gw,f? awmfveS af &; jyef+yD;qifEyJ$ gw,f?
&vvz OuUÏ Akv d rf LS ; cspaf rmifO;D aqmifwt hJ pkuawmh 2007-Zlvidk v f xJrmS yJ etzxHt+yD;tykid f
vufeufcsjcif;ðyvkyo f mG ;wJt h wGuf &vvz XmecsKypf cef;aemifaxmifrmS OuUÏa[mif;OD;wuv,fe@J
em,utzG@J u qufvufuse&f pfcyhJ gw,f? OD;wuv,f[m use&f adS eolrsms;eJ@twl ‘&vvz’
tzG@J }uD;ukd jyefvnfjyifqifz@JG pnf;+yD; qufvuf OD;aqmifvy_ &f mS ;&ygawmhw,f? ¡tiftm; (600)
ausmf wufa&mufvmwJh tpnf;ta0;wck usi;f y+yD;/ (19-7-2007) ae@rmS (11) OD;yg &vvz A[kd
aumfrwDtopfudk zG@J pnf;vku d &f ygw,f? OuUÏtjzpf OD;wuv,f/ 'k-OuUÏtjzpf cGepf ed af &$/ apmzm;rl/
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&rSL;tjzpf pk;d atmifviG /f ppfO;D pD;csKyf Akv d rf LS ;}uD; pkid ;f z/ 'k-ppfO;D pD;csKyf 'k-Akv d rf LS ;}uD;
rsK;d qufe@J tzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf 'k-Akv d rf LS ;}uD; pefatm/ z&mwef cGex f ;D / 'k-Akv d rf LS ;}uD; pde0f if;aemif/ 'k-
Akv
d rf LS ;}uD; atmifa&$vwf/ 'k-Akv d rf LS ;}uD; cspx f eG ;f wk@d yg0if=uygw,f?¢
(12) jynfwiG ;f nD!w

G af &; t=uHay;tzG@J (33 OD; t=uHay;tzG@J )
awmfveS af &;aumifpD a=unmcsut f rSwf (72) jzifh ‘jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if jH ynfwiG ;f nD

!Gwaf &; t=uHay;tzG@J ’ ukd 1968/ 'DZifbmv-4 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;ay;cJyh gw,f?
(1968/ Ek0d ifbm-29 rSm awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uUÏ Akv d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;u trSwf (16) 0if'g
rD,maetdrrf mS Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifa[mif; (33) OD;ukd zdwaf c:+yD; trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;t
wGuf t=uH^m%fay;=uzk@d nD!w G af &;wGirf u zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfytHk ajccHwck ay:xGe;f vmwJt h xd t
=u^H m%faumif;rsm; ay;=uzk@d q+dk y;D awG@qaHk jymqkcd yhJ gw,f? tJ'aD wG@qaHk jymqkd t=u^H m%fawmif;cHjcif;
176
qkw d m&JŒ&v'ftjzpf ‘jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &; t=uHay;tzG@J ’ }uD;ay:ayguv f mwm jzpfygw,f)?
t=uHay;tzG@J zG@J pnf;&jcif;&JŒ&nf&, G cf suu f vdk nf; jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if w H iG ;f &Sd vkyo f m;jynf
olw@dk . Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;ta&;wk@d wiG f t"Ge@f &n S pf mG wu,f t
usK;d xda&mufaprnfh jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &;ukd rnfo@dk wnfaqmufoifo h nfEiS yhf wfoufI enf;vrf;
t=uH^m%frsm; aqG;aEG;wkid yf if+yD; jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if aH wmfveS af &;aumifpt D m; wifjy&ef
jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &; t=uHay;tzG@J udk zG@J pnf;vku d o f nfv@dk a=unmcsurf mS azmfjyxm;ygw,f? t=uH
ay;tzG@J &ŒJ oufwrf;umvtjzpf 1968-'DZifbmrS 1969/ arv-31 &ufae@txd (6) v owfrw S f
xm;ygw,f? w&m;0if zG@J pnf;ay;vku d w f hJ t=uHay;tzG@J }uD;rSm Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifa[mif; yk*Kd~ vf}uD;
(33) OD;yg0ifwt hJ wGuf “33-OD; t=uHay;tzG@J ” vk@d yJ vlord sm;cJyh gw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifpD
OuUÏ&JŒ zdwaf c:zG@J pnf;ay;csut f & tJ't D =uHay;tzG@J rmS yg0ifc&hJ wJyh *k Kd~ vf}uD; (33) OD;uawmh æ
(1) OD;ausm+f idr;f / (2) OD;ausmrf if;/ (3) Akv d cf ifarmifav;/ (4) Akv d cf ifarmif/ (5) ocifcspaf rmif (0d"&l )/
(6) ocifcspaf rmif (jrefatmif)/ (7) p0fpidk ;f vk/H (8) ocifpjH rif/h (9) 'l;0g;aZmf&pf/ (10) 'l0gaZmfveG ;f /
(11) ocifwif/ (12) OD;wif!eG @f / (13) OD;xyfvi_d ;f / (14) OD;xGe;f jrifh (vif;ac;)/ (15) OD;Ek/ (0ef}uD;csKyf
a[mif;)/ (16) p0fjynf/h (17) rGezf ;dk csK/d (18) OD;Aaq/G (19) Akv d rf if;acgi/f (20) OD;a&$óudi/f (21)
ocifviG /f (22) ocifvaS u|/ (23) ocif av;armif/ (24) OD;vGr;f yk/H (25) p0f0À/ (26) ref;0if;armif/
(27) z'kad 0aomf/ (28) ocifoif/ (29) ocifomcif/ (30) q&momxk/d (31) OD;omxGe;f / (32) Akv d f
rSL;atmif/ (33) Ekid af tmifxeG ;f wk@d jzpf=uygw,f? owif;pmwcsKŒd uawmh (33) OD; aumfrwDv@dk vJ
ac:a0:uifyeG ;f wyfcyhJ gw,f?
t=uaH y;tzG@J [m owfrw S uf mv (6) vtwGi;f tpnf;ta0; (93) }urd f usi;f yaqG;aEG;cJ=h u+y;D
tpD&ifcpH mðywJt h cgrmS wl&mwl&mtpkvu dk f tpkvu dk f tpk (4) pkc+JG yD; t=uHðycsuf (4) cktjzpf pk
pnf; aygi;f ±k;H wifjycJ=h uygw,f? tpD&ifcpH mrSm tzG@J 0if (18) OD;. t=uHðycsu/f tzG@J 0if (11) OD;. t
=uHðycsu/f OD;ausm+f idr;f yg (3) OD;. t=uHðycsu/f OD;Ek. t=uHðycsuq f +dk yD; (4) ck&adS ecJyh gw,f? (0ef}uD;
csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek[m (11-4-1969) ae@rmS rdom;pke@J twl tdE, dN ukb d &k m;zl;eJ@ aq;ukor_c, H &l ef
ta=umif;jycsuef @J jrefrmEkid if rH S xGucf mG oGm;cJah yr,fh ol&ŒJ t=uHðycsupf mwrf;ukd Akv d rf LS ;atmifrw S
qifh ay;yk@d cw hJ mjzpfygw,f)?
w&m;0ifowfrw S x
f m;wJh umvtwkid ;f twmtwkid ;f t=uHðycsuf (4) rsK;d yg t=uHay;pmwrf;
awGudk 1969/ arv-31 &ufae@rmS (33) OD; t=uHay;tzG@J uae w&m;0ifwifoiG ;f cJyh gw,f?
OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmrf if;/ Akv d cf ifarmifav;/ Akv d rf LS ;atmif/ ocifwif/ Akv d rf if;acgi/f Ekid af tmifxeG ;f /
'l0gaZmf&pf/ 'l0gaZmfveG ;f / p0fjynf/h p0fpidk ;f vk/H p0f0À ref;0if;armif/ q&momxk/d OD;xyfvid_ ;f / OD;vGrf
yk/H OD;a&$óudi/f Akv d cf ifarmif pwJh (18) OD;&JŒ t=uHðycsuu f awmh 'Dru dk a&pD qk&d , S v f pfEidk if x H al xmif&ef/
ygwpD u Hk siohf ;Hk &ef/ ajcav;acsmif;axmuf pD;yGm;a&;pepfusio hf ;Hk &ef/ 1947 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'
ukrd w l nf+yD; jyifqifjznfph u G af &;qG&J efq+dk yD; t=uHðycJyh gw,f?
ocifcspaf rmif (0d"&l )/ ocifviG /f ocifoif/ ocifvaS u|/ ocifav;armif/ z'kad 0aomf/ ocif
pHjrif/h OD;wif!eG @f / vif;ac;OD;xGe;f jrif/h rGezf ;dk csK/d OD;omxGe;f pwJh (11) OD;&JŒ t=uHðycsuu f awmh tcsKyf
177
0if;wifhxGef;
tm;jzifh qk&d , S vf pf'rD u dk a&pDEidk if H xlaxmif&ef/ trsK;d om;nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pkz@JG &ef/ trsK;d om;
nD!w G af &; tpk;d &zG@J &ef/ pD;yGm;a&;rSmpDru H ed ;f pD;yGm;a&;pepfusio hf ;Hk &efe@J qk&d , S v f pf 'Drudk a&pDyef;wkid uf dk
a&S;±_whJ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'opfa&;qG&J efq+dk yD; t=uHðycJ=h uygw,f?
OD;ausm+f idr;f / ocifomcif/ ocifcspaf rmif (jrefatmif) yg (3) OD;&JŒ t=uHðycsuu f awmh (18)
OD;&JŒ t=uHðycsuef @J a,bk,stm;jzifh uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_r&Syd J vlrsK;d a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; oabmxm;ukd
oD;jcm;wifjyxm;&mrSmom odoo d mom uGjJ ym;ay:vGiaf eygw,f? Ekid if aH wmfe@J ywfouf+yD; wjynf
axmifpepfxal xmif&ef/ rGeef @J &ckid w f @dk udk jynfe,fwnfaxmifciG hf ray;&ef/ rnfonfjh ynfe,furdk S cGJ
xGucf iG rhf ay;&efqw dk hJ t=uH^m%fawGudk t=uHðywifjyxm;ygw,f?
OD;EkwOD;wnf;&JŒ t=uHðycsuu f awmh tm%mukd rdrd (OD;Ek) tm; jyeftyf&ef/ tm%m&+yD;v#if
Akv
d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;tm; tkycf sKyfrt _ m%mtjynft h 0&Sad om Ekid if aH wmforRwtjzpf cef@tyf&ef/
orRwu ygvrD ef'rD dk ua&pDut dk ajcðywJh tajccHpnf;rsO;f wcka&;qGrJ ,fh trsK;d om;nDvmcH}uD;w&yf
usi;f y&efqw dk mawGudk t=uHðycJyh gw,f?
(33) OD;&JŒ t=uHay;csuaf wGuv dk nf; awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uUÏ Akv d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;u vuf
rcHEidk bf J y,fcscyhJ gw,f? OD;EkwOD;wnf;&JŒt=uðH ycsuf vk;H 0vufrcHEidk af =umif; wdwv d if;vif; xkwaf zmf
ajymqkcd o hJ vkd usef (32) OD;&JŒ t=uHðycsuaf wGuv dk J (21) OD; (18š3) t=uHay;csuef @J (11) OD;&JŒ t=uH
ay;csut f jzpf cGu J ef@yidk ;f jcm;=unfjh rifum (21) OD;&JŒt=uHay;csuaf wGudk vk;H 0z,f&mS ;ypfcyhJ gw,f?
“(11) OD;&JŒ t=uHay;ðycsuu f adk wmh awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ tjrife@J e;D pyfwmawG&ydS gw,f” Ù3 vk@d
pum;tm;jzifah jymqkcd ahJ yrJh tqk;H rSm vufawG@t&uawmh z,f&mS ;ypfcw hJ myJjzpfygw,f? 1971 ckEpS /f
yxrt}udrf rqv ygwn D v
D mcHo@dk wifoiG ;f wJh Ekid if aH &;tpD&ifcpH mrSm “jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &;t=uH
ay;tzG@J onf qk&d , S v f pfpepf wnfaqmufa&;ESihf wkid ;f &if;om; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;wk@d EiS yhf wfoufI
xda&mufonft h =uH^m%frsm;ukd ay;Ekid cf jhJ cif;r&S”d vk@d aumufcsuq f jJG ycJyh gw,f?
(33) OD; t=uaH y;aumfrwD[m (6) vyJ oufwrf;&Sn=f umcJ&h +y;D bmrS r,fr,f&& &v'faumif;
rxGucf &hJ wJt h zG@J }uD;wcktjzpf Akv d cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;&JŒ tcsed q f uJG pm;uGut f wGi;f rSm tv[\tcsed f
ukecf &hJ wJh tzG@J }uD;tjzpf edXw d o H mG ;cJ&h ygawmhw,f?
(13) &Sr;f jynfawmfveS af &;wyfaygif;pk wyfrawmf

Shan United Revolutionary Army (SURA)
SURA ukd 1969-Zefe0g&v D twGi;f rSm zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? SSA awmifyidk ;f wkid ;f -wkid ;f (2)
wm0efcH Akv d rf ;dk [de;f [m wyf&if; (3) &if;eJ@ v_y&f mS ;ae&mrS rauseyfra_ =umifh SSA tzG@J }uD;rS cGx J u G f
+yD; SURA ukd ol@vufatmufcw H yfawGe@J trnfopf,l zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? Akv d rf ;dk [de;f OuUÏ
tjzpfO;D pD;acgi;f aqmifwhJ SURA tzG@J [m usKid ;f awmif;/ rkid ;f ukid òf rdŒe,f ta&SŒbufa'oawGrmS t
ajcðy+yD; w±kwjf zL ulrifwefwyfz@JG a[mif;awGe@J vJ yl;aygi;f v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? (25-3-1984) rSm
SSPP rS pkid ;f pHridk af cgi;f aqmifwhJ tiftm; (200) ausmt f zG@J [m SSPP rS cGx
J u
G v
f m+yD; Akv
d rf ;dk [de;f eJ@y;l
178
aygi;f vmwJt h wGuf SURA tzG@J }uD;[m wjznf;jznf; tiftm;awmifw h if;vmcJyh gw,f?
1985/ rwfv-26 &ufae@rmS cGeq f mOD;aqmifwhJ (SUA) tzG@J [m OuUÏ Akv d rf ;dk [de;f acgi;f aqmif
wJh SURA tzG@J e@J yl;aygi;f vku d =f u+yD; 1985/ ar-7 &ufae@rmS “nD!w G af om &Sr;f jynfvw G af jrmufa&;
wyfrawmf (UTLA)” eJ@ “nD!w G af om &Sr;f jynfrsK;d cspaf umifpD (USSPC)” ukd yl;aygi;f zG@J pnf;cJ=h ujyef
ygw,f? yl;aygi;f tzG@J &ŒJ OuUÏuawmh Akv d rf ;dk [de;f jzpf+yD;/ 'k-OuUÏuawmh cGeq f mjzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
(12-7-1991) rSm SURA OuUÏvnf;jzpfc/hJ USSPC OuUÏvnf;jzpfwhJ Akv d rf ;dk [de;f / uifqm
a&m*ge@J uG,v f eG o f mG ;&+yD;aemufyidk ;f rSmawmh (SURA) tzG@J qw dk ehJ mrnf[m wjznf;jznf;eJ@ arS;
rSed o
f mG ;&+yD; cGeqf macgi;f aqmifwhJ tzG@J &ŒJ emrnf (MTA) qkw d ehJ mrnfom ykrd v dk o l rd sm;vmcJyh gw,f?
(MTA tzG@J udk jyefvnf=unf±h E_ idk )f ?
1996-Zefe0g&rD mS cGeq f macgi;f aqmifwhJ MTA tzG@J }uD;[m e0w ppftpk;d &qD c|i;f csurf &St d
ºuGi;f rJh vufeufcsomG ;+yD;aemufyidk ;f rSmawmh cGeq f meJ@vu dk yf g vufeufcsroGm;=uolwcsKŒd =um;rSm
SURA qkw d hJ emrnf wausmjh yefxu G af y:vmcJyh gw,f?
(SURA acgi;f aqmiftjzpf Akv d rf LS ;}uD; &Guq f pfjzpfvm+yD; (13-3-1996) ae@rmS SSA Xme
csKyf ‘pdeaf usm’h ok@d a&muf&v dS mum SSA rS Akv d rf LS ;}uD; pkid ;f aemif/ SSNA rS Akv d rf LS ;}uD; urf;&Guw f @dk
eJ@ aqG;aEG;ndE‡ id_ ;f cJ=h u+yD; “ok;H yGiq hf idk f aygi;f pnf;nD!w G af &; oabmwlpmcsKyf” ukd csKyfqdk vufrw S af &;
xk;d cJ=h uygw,f? &Sr;f jynf +idr;f csr;f a&;aumifpD (SSPC) ukd tajccHxm;um &Sr;f jynf trsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf
(Shan State National Organization-SSNO) tjzpfz@JG pnf;+y;D SSA ukd wckwnf;aom &Sr;f jynfwyfr
awmftjzpf owfrw S cf =hJ uygw,f)?
2000 jynfEh pS af emufyidk ;f SURA tjzpfrawG@&awmhbJ Akv d rf LS ;}uD; &Guq f pftzG@J [m SSA
(awmifyidk ;f ) tjzpfyJ vlord sm;vmcJyh gawmhw,f?
(14) ygvDref 'Dru

dk a&pD ygwD
Parliament Democracy Party (PDP)
ygvrD ef'rD u
dk a&pDygwD (PDP) ukd 1969 ckEpS /f =o*kwv
f -29 &ufae@rmS xkid ;f Ekid if rH mS zG@J pnf;cJw
h m
jzpfygw,f? A[kad umfrwD tvkyrf a_ qmiftzG@J uawmh æ æ æ
(1) OD;Ek - OuUÏ
(2) Akv d vf ufsm - 'k OuUÏ
(3) OD;avm±kH - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf
(4) OD;oGif - wGbJ uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf
(5) Akvd cf sKyf wDuvpf - b¾ma&;rSL;
(6) Akv d rf LS ;}uD; rk;d ausmf - pm&if;ppf
(7) Akv d cf sKyf}uD; apm=um'd;k - tvkyt f r_aqmif
(8) Akv
d cf sKyf &efEidk f - tvkyt f r_aqmif
179
0if;wifhxGef;
(9) Akv d rf LS ;}uD; ZmvDarmf - Oya' t=uHay; qk+d yD; zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? azmfjyyg tvkyt f r_
aqmif (9) OD;tjyif A[kad umfrwD0if (26) OD;eJ@ pkpak ygi;f (35) OD;yg tzG@J }uD;tjzpf pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h m
jzpfygw,f? ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pDygwD (PDP) &JŒXmecsKyftjzpf xkid ;f Ekid if H befaumufòrdŒ/ qGKd if (18)/ t
rSwf (32) rSm zGiv hf pS cf yhJ gw,f? Ù4
ygvrD ef 'Dru dk a&pDygw&D ŒJ acgi;f aqmif}u;D OD;Ek[m xkid ;f Ekid if rH S +Aw d ed Ef idk if H vef'efuo dk mG ;a&muf+y;D
owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGw J ck usi;f yum ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pDygwu D dk xlaxmifvu dk +f yDjzpfa=umif; Akv d cf sKyf}uD;
ae0if;tpk;d &ukd vufeufuidk w f u dk yf jJG zifh ðzwfcsrmS jzpfa=umif; a=unmcJyh gw,f? vufeufuidk f t
=urf;zufenf;jzifh tm%muk&d ,la&;qkw d m b,fawmhrv S ufrcHv@dk ajymzl;qkzd ;l wJh 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;
OD;Ek[m Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; tpk;d &&JŒvufatmufrmS olu, dk w f idk f vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;enf;ukd
ajymif;vJaºuG;a=umfvm&wJh tajctae jzpfvmcJ&h ygw,f? 1970 jynfEh pS rf mS awmh OD;Eke@J O;D avm±kw H @dk
[m ‘jynfcspf vli,fwyfaygi;f pk’ qkw d m zefw;D +yD; ‘jynfcspv f il ,f toHvi$ Xhf meuk’d xlaxmifum
(17-4-1970) ae@rmS pwiftoHvi$ chf yhJ gw,f? Ekid if w H umtultnD&&Sad &;ukd óu;d pm;&if; jynfwiG ;f u
u&if-rGef pwJv h ufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;qifEaJG ewJh tzG@J tpnf;awG&ŒJ tm;ay;ulnyD ;l aygi;f aqmif
&Gurf u _ dk &&Sv d mapa&;ukv d nf; óud;pm;cJyh gw,f? yD'yD D ygwt D aeeJ@ KNU ygw/D rGejf ynfopfygww D @dk e@J
(3) ygwD tpnf;ta0;usi;f y+yD; “wkid ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d aygi;f pkn H ! D w
G af &;ESihf vGwaf jrmufa&;” wyf
aygi;f pk (wnv) ukd 1970 ar (25) &ufae@rmS vufrw S xf ;dk zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? wyfaygi;f pk em,utjzpf
OD;Ek/ OuUÏtjzpf ref;bZH/ twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf Ekid af &$usiw f @dk e@J zG@J pnf;cJuh m Ekid if aH &;ESiphf nf;±k;H a&;qyf
aumfrwD twGi;f a&;rSL; Akv d vf ufsm/ ppfa&;qyfaumfrwD twGi;f a&;rSL; Akv d jf r/b¾ma&;qyfaumfrwD
twGi;f a&;rSL; wDuvpfw@dk jzpfc=hJ uygw,f? wGb J uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;tjzpf OD;ZmvDarmf
(PDP)/ OD;ref;wvif; (csi;f 'Dru dk a&pDygw)D / *sirf , D ef; (&Sr;f rsK;d cspyf gw)D wk@d uv dk J wkid ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d
aygi;f pkH nD!w G af &;ESiv hf w G af jrmufa&;wyfaygi;f pk (wnv) xJrmS xnfo h iG ;f aygi;f pnf;apcJyh gw,f?
‘jynfcspf vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfrawmf’ qkw d mukv d nf; zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD;/ ppfO;D pD;csKyftjzpf Akv d cf sKyf
apm=um'd;k ukd wm0eftyfEiS ;f cJu h m trSwf (1) wkid ;f awmifyidk ;f wkid ;f eJ@ trSwf (2) wkid ;f tv,fyidk ;f wkid ;f ukd
zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? awmifyidk ;f wkid ;f &JŒ wkid ;f rSL;tjzpf Akv d &f efEidk /f tv,fyidk ;f wkid ;f rSL;tjzpf Akv d cf sKyfoiG f
(OD;oGi)f jzpfcyhJ gw,f? aemufyidk ;f rSmawmh wkid ;f opfawG xyfraH y:xGuv f mcJ+h yD;/ ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f rSm
*sirf ,D ef;ac: &ef}uD;pde/f taemufajrmufwidk ;f rSm Akv d rf LS ;atmif/ oD;jcm;wkid ;f (1) qkw d mrSmukd wif
armif0if;/ txl;wkid ;f (1) qkw d mrSm ukad ZmfxeG ;f wk@d e@J wm0efcaJG 0zG@J pnf;jzpfay:vmapcJyh gw,f? tJ'D
jynfcspw f yfrawmf/ jynfcspt f oHvi$ Xhf me/ jynfcspf vli,fwyfaygi;f pkqw dk mawGreS o f r#ukd tpk;d &u
jynfajy;wyf/ jynfajy;toH/ jynfajy;tzG@J q+dk yD; jynfajy;v_y&f mS ;r_tjzpf uifyeG ;f wyf ac:a0:ok;H pGw J u dk f
ckud ±f w
_ cf scyhJ gw,f? ygvrD ef 'Dru dk a&pD (PDP) eJ@ jynfcspf vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfrawmftwGi;f rSmvJ
*k%
d ;f *%tkypf k wku d yf o
JG abmrsK;d awG umvwkt d wGi;f rSmyJ ay:ayguf jzpfwnfvmwmawG &Scd yhJ gw,f?
1972-ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ OD;Ek[m ygvrD ef'rD u dk a&pD (PDP) OuUÏtjzpfrS E_wx f u G cf &hJ +yD; Akv d vf ufsm
OuUÏjzpfvmcJyh gw,f? PDP ukd ‘jynfo@l jynfcspyf gw’D tjzpf trnfajymif;vJcyhJ gw,f? 1973/ Zl
vkid -f 24 &ufae@rmS OD;Ek[m befaumufuae tdE, dN Ekid if u H dk ajymif;a&GŒckv d o H_ mG ;cJyh gw,f? jynfcspf
180
ygw[ D m vufeufuidk v f y_ &f mS ;r_awGudk azmfxw
k Ef idk zf @dk óu;d yrf;cJ+h y;D jynfwiG ;f txd 0ifa&mufx;dk azmufEidk f
zk@d óud;pm;cJah yr,fh ppftpk;d &&JŒ ppfa&;t&acsre_ ;f ESrd ef if;r_awGatmufrmS xifwidk ;f raygujf zpfc&hJ / t
a&;edrhf us±;H_ cJ&h ygw,f? pma&;q&m &efuek f baqGO;D pD;pDpOfwhJ ‘aemif±;dk ppfqifa&;’ [mvnf; t
aumiftxnfray:bJ ysujf ym;oGm;cJ&h ygw,f? r[mrdwt f zG@J tpnf;awG=um;xJrmS vnf; rnD!w G f
roifw h ifrh a_ wG ay:ayguv f mcJh &+yD; 1978-Ek0d ifbmxJrmS Akv d v f ufsm usq;Hk oGm;cJ&h jyefygw,f?
1980 ckEpS x f rJ mS ppftpk;d &u taxGaxGvw G +f idr;f csr;f omcGihf trde@f 2§80 ukd xkwjf yefa=unm
vku d cf sed rf mS awmh 0ef}u;D csKyfa[mif; OD;Ektygt0if Akv d rf LS ;csKyfa[mif; apm=um'd;k / Akv d &f efEidk /f ZmvDarmf
wk@d vdk yk*Kd~ vfawGtygt0if &efuek b f aqG/ jr0wD&aJ cgi/f OD;oka0wk@d e@J wuG/ jynfcspyf gw0D if (PDP
ygw0D if) awG tajrmuftrsm; vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;}uD;wckv;Hk ukd pGe@f y,fausmckid ;f um ‘Oya'
abmiftwGi;f jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmjcif;’ qkw d hJ rqv ppftpk;d &&JŒacgipf nf;atmufrmS tokwv f udk f
tokwv f u dk f ajray:ukd jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmcJ=h uygawmhw,f?
'ga=umifh 1969/ =o*kwrf S 1980 jynfEpS /f 2§80 a=unmoGm;csed t f xd q,fpEk pS f wckwm
avmufyJ oufwrf;&Sn=f umcJ&h wJh ygvrD ef 'Dru dk a&pDygwD (ac: ) jynfcspyf gw}D u;D &JŒ tcef;u¾[mvJ
edXw d o H mG ;cJ&h ygawmhw,f?
(15) &Sr;f jynf wk;d wufa&;ygwD

Shan State Progressive Party (SSPP)
&Sr;f jynfw;dk wufa&;ygwD (SSPP) ukd 1971/ =o*kw-f 16 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
SSA &Sr;f jynfwyfrawmfudk Eki d if aH &;OD;aqmifra_ y;Ekid &f eftwGuf SSA &JŒ Ekid if aH &;ygww D &yf
tjzpf zG@J pnf;ay:ayguaf pcJw h m jzpfygw,f?
OuUÏ cGe=f umEk/ 'k-OuUÏ pkid ;f yef/ 'k-OuUÏ tke;f aygif (ac: ) pkid ;f jrifah tmif/ twGi;f a&;rSL;
cGeo f &D /d wGb J uftwGi;f a&;rSL; p0faqxifw@dk e@J pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f?
(tJ'u D mvu &Sr;f jynfawmifyidk ;f SSA XmecsKyfrmS OuUÏ cGe=f umEk/ twGi;f a&;rSL; p0faq0kid f
(,l*si;f oku d )f wk@d u acgi;f aqmifae+yD; &Sr;f jynfajrmufyidk ;f vG,af c;a'orSmawmh 'k-OuUÏ tke;f aygif
(ac: ) pkid ;f jrifah tmif/ wGb J uftwGi;f a&;rSL; p0faqxife@J ppfO;D pD;csKyf pkid ;f vSatmifw@dk u acgi;f aqmifae
csed jf zpfygw,f)?
1973-Zlvidk rf mS KNU ygwrD S paumv,fawmOD;pD;wJh uk, d pf m;vS,tf zG@J [m &Sr;f jynfajrmuf
ykid ;f u SSPP XmecsKyfuadk &muf&v dS m+y;D Auy ta&SŒajrmufppfa'ocsKyf ‘yefqef;ukd oGm;a&mufa&;t
wGuf tultnD’ awmif;&mrSm SSPP uvJ tvm;wl tpDtpOfrsK;d &Sw d thJ wGuf tapmifch idk ;f +yD;
SSPP uk, d pf m;vS,t f jzpf wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rSL; p0faqxifO;D pD;wJh tiftm; (200) 0ef;usiyf g SSPP
tzG@J [m q&m}u;D paumv,fawm tzG@J e@J twl vG,af c;a'orS Auy XmecsKyf yefqef;uko d mG ;a&muf
cJ=h u+yD; AuyeJ@ qufo, G rf p_ wifEidk cf yhJ gw,f? Auy A[ku d ay;wJh ppfvufeufc, J rf;rD;ausmuf
tultnDawGuv dk J SSPP [m &,lEidk cf +hJ yD; 1974-rwfvxJrmS SSPP a'otwGi;f jyefvmcJ=h uyg
181
0if;wifhxGef;
w,f? SSPP taeeJ@ tJ'v D dk Auy eJ@qufo, G w f mukd xkid ;f e,fpyf&dS SSPP OuUÏ cGe=f umEku o
abmrusayrJh trsm;pkqENurdk vGeq f efEidk wf thJ wGuf 'Dtwkid ;f yJ =unfah ecJ&h w,fqydk gw,f?
1975/ Zefe0g&-D 25 rS azazmf0g&-D 5 &ufae@txd vG,af c;a'oyefu;dk rSm SSPP tpnf; t
a0;w&yfusi;f ycJ&h mrSm SSPP acgi;f aqmifawG pkn H w D ufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? tJ't D pnf;ta0;rSm
wufa&mufc=hJ uwJh acgi;f aqmifawGuawmh æ æ æ
(1) cGe=f umEk - OuUÏ
(2) pkid ;f yef - 'k-OuUÏ
(3) tk;H aygif (c) pkid ;f jrifah tmif - 'k-OuUÏ
(4) p0faqxif - wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rSL;
(5) p0fig;rdef (c) qkid [ f ef - A[kt d zG@J 0if
(6) p0ftrl ed ;f - A[kt d zG@J 0if
(7) pkid ;f vSatmif - A[kt d zG@J 0if
(8) pHred f (c) pkid ;f ausmcf if - A[kt d zG@J 0if
(9) pkid ;f omxGe;f - A[kt d zG@J 0if
(10) aqEGH - A[kt d zG@J 0if
(11) pHridk f - A[kt d zG@J 0if
(12) pkid ;f vdwf - A[kt d zG@J 0if
(13) cGezf ek ;f - A[kt d zG@J 0if
(14) atmifcrf; - A[kt d zG@J 0if
(15) tkrH ed ;f - A[kt d zG@J 0if
(16) aemfred ;f (vJcsm;) - A[kt d zG@J 0if
(17) pHvw d w f @dk - A[kt d zG@J 0if wk@d jzpf=uygw,f?
tJ't D pnf;ta0;rSm p0faqxifu Auy ta&SŒajrmufppfa'oXmecsKyf ‘yefqef;ukd oGm;
a&mufcw hJ hJ tawG@tñu’H eJ@ AuyeJ@qufo, G vf ydk gu SSPP rS w&m;0ifu, dk pf m;vS,f tzG@J apvGwEf idk f
a&;ukw d ifjycJ+h yD; SSPP rS w&m;0ifu, dk pf m;vS,f a&G;cs,af pvGwaf &;udpt P ay: tacstwif aqG;
aEG;cJ=h uygw,f? tJ'D tpnf;ta0;rSmyJ Auy eJ@ qufqv H o dk el @J rqufqv H o
dk /l qufo, G v f o dk el @J
rqufo, G v f odk ql +dk yD; tjrif oabmxm; (2) &yf uGv J mcJoh vkd SSPP tzG@J }uD;vJ (2) jcrf; pwifuJG
vmcJ&h ygw,f?
OuUÏ cGe=f umEk/ 'k-OuUÏ pkid ;f yef/ pkid ;f omxGe;f / pHvw d w f @dk u Auy eJ@ rqufo, G v
f w dk hJ Auyr
vkv d m;tzG@J jzpfvmcJ+h yD; 'k-OuUÏ wOD;jzpfwhJ tk;H aygif (pkid ;f jrifah tmif)/ p0faqxif/ pHred ;f (pkid ;f ausmcf if)/
aqEG/H pkid ;f vSatmif pwJo h al wGuawmh Auy eJ@ qufo, G v f =dk uwJh Auy vkv d m;tzG@J oabmrsK;d
jzpfvmcJ&h +yD; twdtvif; uGjJ ym;uGm[vmcJyh gw,f? 1975-rwfvrSm pkid ;f jrifah tmif/ p0faqxif/
pkid ;f ausmcf if/ aqEGw H @dk O;D aqmifwhJ tiftm; (650) ausm&f dS SSPP (SSA) tzG@J [m AuyeJ@awG@qaHk qG;
aEG;&ef vG,af c;a'orS oHviG t f a&SŒbufjcrf;qD wufomG ;=uovkd cGe=f umEk/ pkid ;f yef/ pHvw d w f @dk acgi;f
182
aqmifwt hJ zG@J uvJ vG,af c;a'orSm Auy eJ@ SSA-SSPP yl;aygi;f jcif;ukd qef@usi±f w _ cf sa=umif;
vlx&k iS ;f vif;yGaJ wG ðyvky+f yD;wJah emuf 1975-ZGev f xJrmS yJ &Sr;f jynfawmifyidk ;f zufqD qif;oGm;=uyg
awmhw,f?
1976-{+yDrmS awmifyidk ;f OuUÏ cGe=f umEke@J twGi;f a&;rSL; p0faq0kid w f @dk udk ‘yGeq f idk ;f eJ@ Akv d yf ef;
atmifw@dk u ðzwfcsypfvu dk w f t hJ wGuf cGe=f umEke@J p0faq0kid w f @dk [m SSA tzG@J }uD;&JŒtjyifzufudk
a&mufomG ;&ygw,f?
ajrmufyidk ;f tzG@J uawmh Auy eJ@ wGq J ufy;l aygi;f v_y&f mS ;&if; pkid ;f jrifah tmif (tke;f aygi)f [m
SSPP &JŒ OuUÏwm0efudk ,lcy hJ gw,f? 1978 ckEpS u f ek rf mS cGet
f ;Hk aygif (pkid ;f jrifah tmif) wku d yf t JG wGi;f
usq;Hk oGm;&+y;D wJh aemufyidk ;f rSmawmh SSA-SSPP &JŒacgi;f aqmiftjzpf pkid ;f vSatmifjzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
(10-8-1981 rS 20-8-1981 ae@txd) ðyvkyw f hJ SSPP A[kad umfrwDtpnf;ta0;uae
(27) OD; ygA[kad umfrwDudk a&G;cs,zf @JG pnf;cJ&h mrSmawmh OuUÏ pkid ;f vSatmif/ 'k-OuUÏ armif;&if/h t
axGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; qkid [ f ef/ wGb J uftwGi;f a&;rSL; cif0rf;eJ@aqEG/H crf;rde;f pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawG yg0ifchJ
=uygw,f? (20-7-1983 ) rSm pkid ;f vSatmif vufeufcsomG ;+yD; (12-11-1983 ) rSm aqEGv H J uG,f
vGeo f mG ;&+yD;aemufyidk ;f awGrmS awmh SSPP ukd pkid ;f vdwf (ukvm;) eJ@ pHridk w f @dk acgi;f aqmifc=hJ uyg
w,f? 25-3-1984 rSm pkid ;f pHridk [ f m vufatmufcH tiftm; (200) ausmef @J twl Akv d rf ;dk [de;f wyfz@JG xH
oGm;a&mufy;l aygi;f jyefwt hJ wGuf SSPP A[kad umfrwDudk topfjyefvnfz@JG pnf;&jyefygw,f? OuUÏt
jzpf pkid ;f vdwf (ukvm;)/ 'k-OuUÏ (1) tjzpf pkid ;f aemf[ed ;f / 'k-OuUÏ (2) tjzpf p0faqxif/ tzG@J 0ifrsm;
tjzpf aumvdE/œ aemfred ;f wk@d tyg0if (15) OD;yg A[kad umfrwDjzpfygw,f? pkid ;f vdw[ f m SSPP &JŒ
OuUÏvJjzpfovkd SSA &JŒacgi;f aqmifvnf; jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
SSPP-SSA OuUÏ pki d ;f vdw[ f m a'owGi;f &Sd Auy eJ@vnf; tqifajyatmifqufqEH idk cf +hJ yD;
1985 xJrmS SSA &JŒ wyfr/ wyfr[mrsm;&JŒatmufrmS AsL[m (2) ckudk topfz@JG pnf;Ekid cf yhJ gw,f?
AsL[m (1) uawmh &Sr;f vlrsK;d &JŒ vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;pwifcw hJ hJ 1958-arvukd *k%ðf ywJt h aeeJ@
AsL[m (585) vk@d trnfay;cJ+h yD; aemufAsL[m (1) ckuawmh &Sr;f jynf wk;d wufa&;ygwD pwifay:xGe;f
vmcJw h hJ 1971-=o*kwv f ukd *k%ðf yum AsL[m (718) qk+d yD;zG@J pnf; v_y&f mS ;Ekid cf yhJ gw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H
ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D ay:ayguf vmcJ+h y;D aemuf &Sr;f jynfajrmufyidk ;f SSPP a'otwGi;f a&muf&v dS mcJ=h uwJh
ausmif;om;vli,fawGuadk wmh SSPP 'k-OuUÏwOD;jzpfol p0faqxifu Auy A[kXd mecsKyf yefqef;ukd
oGm;a&mufEidk af tmif apv$wyf @dk aqmifay;cJyh gw,f?
1989/ rwfv-{+yDvawGtwGi;f Auy tzG@J }uD;rS uk;d uef@e@J ‘0’ tzG@J rsm; ykeu f efcx JG u G rf _ ay:
ayguv f mcJ+h yD; e0w ppftpk;d &eJ@ em;vnfoabmwlnrD &_ ,lum typf&yftzG@J awGtjzpf &yfwnfvyk f
aqmifvmcsed rf mS awmh SSPP/SSA OuUÏ pkid ;f vdw[ f m uk;d uef@tzG@J ‘0’ tzG@J rsm;xH vSnv hf nfomG ;
a&muf avhvmpenf;em aecJyh gw,f? SSPP OuUÏ pkid ;f vdwf yefqef; ‘0’ tzG@J xH oGm;aeqJumvrSmyJ
'k-OuUXÏ p0faqxif wyfr[m (1) wyfrrSL; ,m;ayeJ@ wyfr[m (3) wyfr[mrSL; p0fuidk zf wk@d [m
ppftpk;d &eJ@ +idr;f csr;f a&;,lz@dk (28-8-1989) ae@rmS qk;H jzwf+yD; (10-11-1989) ae@rmS awmh e0w
eJ@ w&m;0iftypftcwf&yfpaJ &; vkyo f mG ;cJyh gw,f?
183
0if;wifhxGef;
1989 aemufyidk ;f rSmawmh SSPP tzG@J }uD;&JŒemrnf[m wjznf;jznf; arS;rSed v f mcJ+h yD; SSA
(ajrmufyidk ;f ) qkw
d t
hJ rnfom wppay:vGiv f mwmawG@&ygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf &Sr;f jynfvufeufuidk f
awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_orkid ;f rSm SSPP [m ta&;ygxif&mS ;cJw
h hJ Ekid if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;wck jzpfchJ
w,fqw dk mukad wmh rSww f rf;wifay;&ygvrd rhf ,f? (SSA eJ@ wGq
J uf=unfyh g&ef)/
(16) uk;d uef@umuG,af &;tzG@J (avmfppf[ef tzG@J )
avmfppf[efacgi;f aqmifwhJ “awmckd uk;d uef@umuG,af &; tzG@J ” [m 1973 ckEpS -f azazmf0g&v D
xJrmS pwif jzpfwnfay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
(1973/ azazmf0g&-D 6 &ufae@txdtwGi;f &Sr;f jynfe,fwv$m;rSm ‘umuG,af &;tzG@J aygi;f
(23) zG@J &Scd yhJ gw,f? 1973/ azazmf0g&-D 5 &ufae@rmS usi;f ycJw h hJ rqv tpk;d &&JŒ ta&SŒajrmufwidk ;f ppfXme
csKyfwidk ;f rSL;/wyfrrSL;/ wyf&if;rSL;rsm; tpnf;ta0;t+yD; azazmf0g&-D 6 &ufae@rmS trnftrsK;d rsK;d eJ@
zG@J pnf;wnf&adS ewJh ‘umuG,af &;tzG@J ’ (23) zG@J v;Hk ukd ac:,l+yD; vufeuftyfEaHS &;eJ@zsuo f rd ;f a&;ukd
tpk;d &zufuae vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? wu,fawmh 'DtzG@J awGtm;vk;H [m Auy awGudk wku d cf udk af &;/
vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &; tiftm;pkawGudk acsre_ ;f a&;twGuf tpk;d &uk, d wf idk uf ae wm0eftyfEiS ;f zG@J
pnf;ay;cJw h mawGjzpfygw,f? wcsKŒd umuG,af &;tzG@J awGu 1950 jynfEh pS af usmaf wGtwGi;f ay:ayguf
vmcJw h mjzpf+y;D wcsKŒd u 1960 jynfEh pS af usmu f mvawGtwGi;f zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mwm awG@&ygw,f?
tpk;d &u vufeuftyfcidk ;f wJt h cg vufeufrtyfbJ umuG,af &;tzG@J wcsKŒd vufeufuidk f awmcko d mG ;
=uygw,f?
avmfppf[efacgi;f aqmifwhJ uk;d uef@umuG,af &;tzG@J [m tiftm;t}uD;qk;H jzpf+yD; vufeuf
ukid t f iftm; (800) ausmef @J awmcko d mG ;cJyh gw,f? tJ'v D dk jzpfysucf &hJ wma=umifh w&m;0if uk;d uef@um
uG,af &; tzG@J }uD;qkw d muae awmcku d ;dk uef@umuG,af &;tzG@J tjzpf ajymif;vJjzpfay:vm&wm
jzpfygw,f)?
avmfppf[efacgi;f aqmifwhJ awmcku d ;dk uef@umuG,af &;tzG@J udk rqv ppftpk;d &u “bde;f bk&if
avmfppf[eftzG@J ” vk@d uifyeG ;f wyfac:a0:cJyh gw,f? vlxu k vnf; avmfppf[efudk bde;f bk&iftjzpfe@J yJ
vlord sm;cJyh gw,f? (uk;d uef@umuG,af &;tzG@J [m rlvu uk;d uef@apmfbmG ; *sirf , D ef; (&ef}uD;pde)f /
tuf'0yf,ef;/ atmvpf,ef;qkw d hJ ,ef;nDtukad rmifErS wpkuae pwifO;D pD;zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f?
1962 awmfveS af &;aumifpD tm%modr;f wufvm+yD;wJah emufyidk ;f 1964 rSm jynfoyl idk o f rd ;f wmawG
ay:ayguv f m+yD;wJah emufyidk ;f *sirf ,
D ef;[m xkid ;f Ekid if w
H iG ;f xGuaf jy;oGm;cJoh vkd atmfvpf,ef;/ tuf
'0yf,ef;wk@d [mvnf; ppftpk;d &&JŒ zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f jcif; cHvu dk &f ygw,f? tJ't
D csed rf mS atmvpf,ef;
&JŒvufatmufu uk;d uef@umuG,af &;tzG@J 0ifwOD;jzpfwhJ avmppf[ef[m ppfwyf&ŒJ oabmwlnD
vkv d m;r_e@J uk;d uef@umuG,af &;tzG@J }uD;&JŒ acgi;f aqmifjzpfvmygw,f? 1969 rSm vG,af rmftzG@J }uD;
&JŒacgi;f aqmif bde;f bk&ifceG q f mvJ/ tzrf;cH&oGm;wJh tcsed rf mS awmh ‘avmppf[ef’ [m uk;d uef@um
uG,af &; tzG@J acgi;f aqmifavmufwiG rf u &Sr;f jynfumuG,af &; tzG@J tm;vk;H vkv d &dk ŒJ acgi;f aqmif
184
ozG,v f nf; ae&m&emrnf}uD; vlord sm;vmygw,f?)Ù5
1973/ ar-24 &ufae@rmS avmfppf[efacgi;f aqmifwhJ awmcku d ;dk uef@umuG,af &;tzG@J [m
wjcm; awmcku d muG,af &;tzG@J awGjzpfvmwJh Aif;iif;r[mprf;tzG@J / refyefqidk v f idk ;f tl tzG@J awGe@J yg
r[mrdwzf @JG +yD;/ SSA (&Sr;f jynfwyfrawmf) eJ@ oabmwly;l aygi;f vku d yf gw,f? SSA u wkid ;f (2) t
jzpfz@JG p;D +yD; avmfppf[efudk OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifapcJyh gw,f? 1973/ Zlvidk -f 17 rSm ppftpk;d &ppfwyfu
wkid ;f (2) refyavmifpcef;ukd atmifov H iG pf pfqifa&;qk+d yD; 0ifa&mufwu dk cf u
dk v f u
dk wf t
hJ wGuf
avmfppf[ef[m xkid ;f Ekid if t H wGi;f 0ifa&mufomG ;cJ&h ygw,f?
avmfppf[efudk xkid ;f tpk;d &uzrf;qD;+yD; (2-8-1973) ae@rmS jrefrmtpk;d &xH v$aJ jymifay;tyf
vku d w f t hJ wGuf avmfppf[ef&ŒJ v_y&f mS ;Ekid rf _ wcef;&yfomG ;cJ&h ygawmhw,f? wkid ;f (2) ukd avmfppf[ef&ŒJ
wynfjh zpfol ‘useu f s;D cdse’f u qufvufvy_ &f mS ;cJah yr,fh uk;d uef@umuG,af &;tzG@J &ŒJ emrnf[m
wjznf;jznf; aysuu f ,G o f mG ;cJ&h +y;D &Sr;f jynfvufeufuidk f tzG@J tpnf;rsK;d pk=H um; ysŒH ES@H cjJG zm ysujf y,fomG ;
cJ&h ygw,f?
bde;f bk&ifavmfppf[ef&ŒJ awmcku d ;dk uef@tzG@J }u;D [m awmckt d zG@J tpnf;tjzpf tcsed u f mvodyf
r=umvku d &f ayr,fh trsm;jynfoal wG=um; vlord sm;cJ&h wJh tzG@J tpnf;}uD;wcktjzpfe@J awmh pm&if;
oGi;f rSww f rf;wifxm;&rSm jzpfygw,f?
(17) &ckid v
f w
G af jrmufa&; ygwD
Arakan Liberation Party (ALP)
ckid rf ;dk vif;acgi;f aqmifwhJ &ckid v f w

G af jrmufa&; ygwD (ALP) ukd 1974 ckEpS t f wGi;f zG@J pnf;cJw
h mjzpf
ygw,f?
&ckid v f wG af jrmufa&;ygw&D ŒJ vufeufuidk w f yfz@JG tjzpf &ckid v
f wG af jrmufa&;wyfrawmf (ALA)
ukvd nf; zG@J pnf;cJ+h y;D ckid rf ;dk vif;u “&ckid jf ynf vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;rSwyg;
tjcm;r&S”d / “&ckid jf ynf vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf &ckid w f yfrawmfudk wnfaqmuf=u”/ “&ckid jf ynf
vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf &ckid w f rsK;d om;vk;H &ckid rf om; wa,mufwnf;yrm pnf;vk;H =u” vk@d aºuG;
a=umfwnfaqmufcyhJ gw,f? (ALP ukd 1967 uwJh pwifz@JG pnf;cJah yr,fh 1974 rS odomay:vGiv f mcJyh g
w,f)? ALP-ALA [m 1974 ZGerf S 1976 ZGet f xd KNU eJ@ twlwzJG ufvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?Ù6
ALP-ALA [m &cki d jf ynfe,ftwGi;f 0ifa&mufvy_ &f mS ;Edik &f eftwGuf KNU pcef;rSwqifh
&Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f ausmjf zwfum ucsijf ynfe,frS csi;f jynfe,ftwGi;f t0ifrmS rqv ppftpk;d &&JŒ
taemufajrmufwidk ;f ppfXmecsKyfrS ppfqifa&;tqifq h ifeh @J &ifqidk w
f udk yf q
JG ifc&hJ ygw,f? 1977/
ZGe-f 4 &ufae@rmS ALP-ALA acgi;f aqmif ckid rf ;dk vif;eJ@ tiftm;awmfawmfrsm;rsm; wku d yf tJG qifq h ift
h
wGi;f usq;Hk cJ&h ygw,f?
&ckid jf ynfvw G af jrmufa&;ygwD ALP [m 1975/ arv-27 &ufae@rmS usi;f ywJh rme,fyavm
vlrsK;d aygi;f pkH ES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG v dk wJ ufa&mufc+hJ y;D 28-5-1975 ae@rmS zG@J pnf;vku d w
f hJ “jynfe,faygi;f pkH
185
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jynfaxmifpk trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (yr'w) rSmvJ yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? &ckid jf ynf vGwaf jrmufa&;
ygwD (ALP) rS ckid b f ausm/f ckid &f aJ usm/f ckid &f cJ idk /f ckid pf ;dk Ekid af tmife@J ckid rf ;dk rif;wk@d wufa&mufc=hJ uwm
jzpfygw,f?
tzG@J tpnf;awGuydk g xyfrw H ;dk csŒJ vkud +f yD; ‘yr'w uae (r'w) tjzpf 1976/ arv (10)
&ufae@rmS ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;vku d w f thJ cgrmS vJ &ckid jf ynfvw G af jrmufa&;ygwD (ALP) [m wufwufºuG
ºuG yg0ifc+hJ yD; ALP rS ckid pf ;dk Ekid af tmif[m r'w &JŒ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;wm0ef ,lcyhJ gw,f? ppft
pk;d &ukd xk;d ppfqif wku d cf udk af &;twGuf r'w t+rw J ef;wyfz@JG tjzpf zG@J pnf;&mrSm ALP rS wyfz@JG yg0ifco hJ
vkd r'w tv,fyidk ;f wyfe@J r'w awmifyidk ;f wyfawG zG@J pnf;&mrSmvJ ALP-ALA [m wyfz@JG 0iftjzpf
yg0ify;l aygi;f v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
1985/ azazmf0g&-D 10 &ufrmS pwifcw hJ hJ r'w uk, d pf m;vS,t f zG@J &ŒJ ajrmufyidk ;f c&D;tpDtpOf
rSmvJ ALP rS uk, d pf m;vS,yf g0ifvu dk yf gc+hJ yD; 1985/ rwfv-24 &ufae@rmS xkwjf yefEidk cf w hJ hJ “r'w
A[ku d ,
kd pf m;vS,t f zG@J EiS hf Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwAD [kad umfrwD uk, d pf m;vS,t f zG@J w@dk . wkid ;f jynfo@dk
xkwjf yefcsux f rJ mS vJ &ckid jf ynf vGwaf jrmufa&;ygwD (ALP) yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
(ALP) [m vufeufui dk t
f zG@J tpnf;awGe@J zG@J pnf;xm;wJh (r'w) wyfaygi;f pk}u;D xJrmS omru
'Dru dk &pDtiftm;pkrsm;yg yg0ifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ 18-11-1988 rSm zG@J pnf;vku d w f hJ jrefrmjynf
'Dru dk &ufwpf r[mrdwt f zG@J csKyf (Democratic Alliance Of Burma) DAB }u;D xJrmS vJ tzG@J 0iftjzpf
yl;aygi;f yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
7-1-1997 rS 14-1-1997 ae@txd KNU a'or,foa&mxmrSm usi;f yðyvkycf w hJ hJ wkid ;f
&if;om; ES;D aESmzvS,yf }JG uD;&JŒ&v'f “r,foa&mxm oabmwlncD su”f rSmvJ yg0ifvufrw S af &;xk;d
cJyh gw,f?
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;aemufyidk ;f 1990 jynf0h ef;usiaf vmufup+yD; ckid &f cJ idk Of ;D pD;wJh
ALP-ALA tzG@J }u;D [m tdE, dN / b*Fvm;a'h&/Sf jrefrme,fpyf/ &ckid jf ynfe,fa'oawGtwGi;f ABSDF
(taemufyidk ;f ) tzG@J / &ckid t f zG@J rsm;eJ@vnf; ndE‡ id_ ;f aqG;aEG;v_y&f mS ;cJo h vkd ckid pf ;dk Ekid af tmifacgi;f aqmifwhJ
ALP uvJ xki d ;f e,fpyf r'w DAB wk@d tygt0if 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pk0ifrsm;eJ@twl e0w-etz
ppftm%m&Sipf epf qef@usiaf &;wku d yf aJG wGtwGi;f awmufavsmufyg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
rqv ppftm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &;eJ@twl &ckid jf ynfvw G af jrmufa&;twGuf (rqv ppftyk f
pk;d r_ acwfumvtwGi;f pwifay:ayguv f mcsed u f wnf;u p+yD;wku d yf q JG ifay:xGe;f vmcJw h hJ &ckid jf ynf
vGwaf jrmufa&;ygwD (ALP) [m e0w-etz ppftm%m&Sipf epfuv dk nf; qufvufqef@usiw f udk yf JG
qif&if; uae@csed t f xdawmufavsmuf ckid cf idk rf mrm&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;aewJh awmfveS af &;tzG@J }u;D wckt
jzpf rSww f rf;wifay;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(18) ‘0’trsK;d om; tzG@J csKyf Wa National Organisation (WNO)
‘0’ trsK;d om; tzG@J csKyf (WNO) udk 1974/ Zlvi

dk -f 29 &ufae@rmS xkid ;f -jrefrme,fpyf wae
186
&mrSm ‘r[mpef’ u OD;aqmif+yD; zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
(‘0’ jynftwGi;f rSm 1957 u Akv d af rmif/ Akv d u f ;dk q,ftzG@J / 1959 rSmwmh ausmufwEJ iS hf yef
0kid t f zG@J / 1963 rSm Akv d vf u dk Of ;D acgi;f aqmifwt hJ zG@J pojzifh vufeufuidk t f zG@J awG v_y&f mS ;aecJ=h uovkd
1967- 1974 vufeufuidk u f muG,af &;wyfz@JG acwfumvtwGi;f rSmawmh r[mpef (r[mqef)
acgi;f aqmifwhJ Aifiif;tzG@J [mvJ umuG,af &;tzG@J wcktjzpf ‘0’ e,ftwGi;f rSm v_y&f mS ;wnf&adS eyg
w,f? 1973 ckEpS x f rJ mS awmfveS af &; aumifppD pftpk;d &u ‘0’ umuG,af &; vufeufuidk t f zG@J awGudk
vufeufðzwford ;f zk@d vufeuftyfcidk ;f wJt h cgrmS Auyukv d nf;qef@usif ppftpk;d &awmif;qkcd sut f
wkid ;f vnf; rvku d ef mEkid w f hJ r[mpef (r[mqef) acgi;f aqmifwhJ Aifiif; ‘0’ umuG,af &;tzG@J [m
awmcku d muG,af &;tzG@J wckjzpfvmcJ+h yD; ‘0’ e,f ajrmufyidk ;f uae awmifyidk ;f qDqif;vmcJyh gw,f?
uk;d uef@tzG@J awGe@J y;l aygi;f +yD; &yfwnfcyhJ gw,f? 1973 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSmyJ r[mpefacgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘0’
tzG@J [m uk;d uef@tzG@J SSA tzG@J awGe@J oabmxm;uGv J +JG yD; tjyeftvSef ypfcwfwu dk cf u
dk =f uwJt h xd
jzpfymG ;um cGx J u G v f mcJ&h ygw,f? 1974/ Zlvidk -f 29 &ufae@rmS awmh r[mpef; acgi;f aqmif+yD; ‘0’
trsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf (WNO) ukd oyfoyfo;D jcm;xlaxmif zG@J pnf;vku d af wmhwmjzpfygw,f)?
r[mpefacgi;f aqmif+yD; WNO &JŒ vufeufuidk w f yfz@JG tjzpf WNA (Wa National Army)
ukv d J zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? ‘0’ trsK;d om; tzG@J csKyf (WNO) &JŒ&nf&, G cf suu f awmh “wef;wlnrD #I
uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyfciG hf &a&;/ ‘uk, d yf idk f jyXmef;cGiu hf t dk ajccHonf’h trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDpepfuu dk sio
hf ;Hk +yD;
ppfreS af om zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;wk@d jzpfonf” vk@d qkyd gw,f?
1978 rSm SSPP u ‘0’trs;d om;tzG@J csKyf pcef;csxm;&ukv d u dk vf m+yD; Auy &JŒ Ekid if aH &;OD;
aqmifru _ dk vufcu H sio hf ;Hk &ef pnf;±k;H r_uv dk nf; jiif;y,fcyhJ gw,f? apmif[ed pf if/ vde;f tl/ avmifqidk /f
r[mpkid ;f wk@d y;l aygi;f +y;D WNO OuUX r[mpef (r[mqef) xHrS tm%modr;f ,l&eftpDtpOf ay:aygucf hJ
&+yD;aemufyidk ;f rSmawmh WNO-WNA twGi;f tiftm;òydurJG a_ wGjzpfc&hJ ygw,f? ol@uadk xmufco H l
tiftm; (60) ausmcf ef@e@J WNO OuUÏ r[mqef[m SURA eJ@ vDyed ;f [keaf cgi;f aqmifwJh KMT
w±kwjf zL vufusew f yfz@JG awGe@J r[mrdwzf @JG &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJ&h ygw,f?
1981 rSm WNO [m vG,v f ef;/ vG,v f udk af 'ozufqD jyefqif;vmcJ=h u+yD;aemuf xkid ;f -
jrefrm e,fpyfwavsmufaexkid =f uwJh ‘0’ trsK;d om;awGudk wzG@J wpnf;wnf;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf
vku d vf pH nf;±k;H r_ vkycf yhJ gw,f? 1982 rSm OD;tku d af q;/ *efaq;/ aqmif[efvw D @dk WNO xJ yg0ify;l
aygi;f vm=uygw,f? WNO [m r'w 0iftzG@J jzpfvm+yD;aemuf 1984 rSm r'w0if KNPP (u&ifeD
wk;d wufa&;ygw)D / PNO ytk@d 0t f rsK;d om; tzG@J csKyfw@dk e@J twl r'w tv,fyidk ;f ppfa=umif;rSm yg0if
zG@J pnf;yl;aygi;f +yD; rqv ppftpk;d &ukd wku d cf u dk &f mrSm yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? Ù7
1989 rSm Auy rS cGx J u G v f mwJh ausmufnv D idk af cgi;f aqmifwhJ cGx J u G f ‘0’ tzG@J ay:ayguv f mwJh
tcg r[mqefacgi;f aqmifwhJ (WNO) ‘0’ tzG@J [m r'wppfa=umif;eJ@twl ‘0’ ajrmuf yefqef;
uko d mG ;a&muf+yD;/ wzG@J wpnf;wnf; ‘0’ tzG@J jzpfa&;twGuf &nf&, G óf ud;yrf;cJyh gw,f? yefqef;tajc
pku
d cf x JG u G f ‘0’ tzG@J u (WNO) tay:r,k=H unfbJ r[mqefacgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘0’ tzG@J udk vufeufðzwf
odr;f ypfwt hJ wGuf (WNO) wyfz@JG 0ifawG upOfu h vsm;jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? r[mqef[m ‘0’ ajrmuftzG@J &ŒJ
187
0if;wifhxGef;
xde;f odr;f zrf;qD;jcif;cH&&mu vGwaf jrmufvm+y;D wJah emufrmS rS wuGw J jym; upOfu
h vsm;jzpfomG ;cJ&h wJh
wyfz@JG 0ifawGudk jyefvnfppk nf;,l&wJh txdjzpfcyhJ gw,f? tJ'&D ŒJ aemufrmS WNO [m ‘r'w’ 0if/
‘DAB’ 0if/ ‘NCUB’ 0iftjzpfe@J yJ qufvuf&yfwnf v_y&f mS ;aecJ&h ygawmhw,f?
2007-atmufwb dk mvxJrmS ‘0’trsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf (WNO) ukd pwifwnfaxmifol OuUÏ
‘r[mpef’uG,v f eG o
f mG ;cJ&h ygw,f? typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lrxm;wJh ‘0’trsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf (WNO)
[m vpfvyfomG ;wJah e&mawGudk jyefvnfjznfq h nf;+yD; tzG@J &ŒJ acgi;f aqmifawGudk a&G;cs,zf @JG pnf;vku
d f
ygw,f?
'k-Akv d rf LS ;}uD; Teuk Merng - OuUÏ
Akv
d rf LS ; Ta Ploy (wmyvGKd if ) - 'k - OuUÏ
Akvd }f uD; Ta Ai Nyunt (wmtku d !f eG @f ) - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;qk+d yD; WNO &JŒ t"du
Ù8
acgi;f aqmifawGtjzpf xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? WNO-WNA u vuf&adS zmfjyaºuG;a=umfxm;wm
uawmh/ trsK;d om; aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;/ etz ppftm%m&Sipf epf qef@usiw f udk zf suaf &;/ 'Drdk
ua&pDa&;/ Armjynf&ŒJ Ekid if aH &;jy\emukd +idr;f csr;f pGm awG@qaHk jz&Si;f a&;jzpfygw,f?
(19) yavmifjynf vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J

Palaung State Liberation Organization (PSLO)
yavmifvw G af jrmufa&;tzG@J PSLO &JŒ vufeufuidk t f zG@J tpnf;uawmh yavmif jynfvw G f

ajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (PSLA) jzpfygw,f? PSLO-PSLA ukd 1976/ azazmf0g&-D 14 ae@rmS zG@J pnf;
cJyh gw,f? Ù9
(wu,f aemufco H rkid ;f tusO;f uawmh 1963/ Zefe0g&-D 12 rSm OD;tku d rf ek ;f acgi;f aqmif
wJh “yavmif trsK;d om;wyfO;D ” (PNF) pwifay:ayguyf gw,f?
1965 rSm ay:aygucf w hJ hJ SSA twGi;f rSm yavmifwyf&if; (2) ck &Scd yhJ gw,f? tJ'yD avmifwyf&if;
(2) ck[m SSA uae (1968) rSm cGx J u
G vf mcJ+h y;D OD;tku
d rf ek ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ PNF eJ@ yl;aygi;f vku d yf gw,f?
1976/ azazmf0g&-D 14 rSm tJ'D PNF tzG@J uae PSLO-PSLA tjzpf trnfopf,l ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;cJh
wmjzpfygw,f)?
yavmifjynf vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfrawmf[m erfq h efòrdŒe,f/ erRwal jrmufjcrf;/ erf;crf;òrdŒe,f/
rk;d rdwòf rŒd e,f ta&SŒawmifjcrf;/ ausmufr-J oDayg um;vrf;taemufzufjcrf;eJ@ rkid ;f vk-H uGe;f cga'oawG
rSm tajccH+yD; v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? tapmykid ;f umvawGtwGi;f ucsi-f yavmif tjyeftvSeo f wfjzwf
wku d cf udk rf a_ wG ay:aygucf &hJ ao;wJt h wGuf “ucsi-f yavmif” tjyeftvSeo f wfjzwfae=ur_ t
qk;H owfapa&;twGuf “ucsi-f yavmif xm0&r[mrdwpf mcsKyf” csKyfqEdk idk af &; vkyaf qmifc&hJ ygw,f?
tJ'w D ek ;f u yavmiftzG@J (PSLA) &JŒ OuUÏtjzpf wmcGeaf omif;/ twGi;f a&;rSL; wmtk;H ckid /f ppfO;D pD;
188
tjzpf tku d rf ek ;f jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 1980 jynfEh pS af usmu f mvrSmawmh PSLO &JŒOuUÏtjzpf OD;ausmv f /S
twGi;f a&;rSL; pHarmif/ ppfO;D pD;rSL;tjzpf tku d rf ek ;f wd@k u acgi;f aqmifygw,f? 1980 jynfh aESmif;ydik ;f umv
a&mufwt hJ cgrmS awmh PSLO-PSLA &JŒzG@J pnf;ykrH mS OuUÏ OD;tku d rf ek ;f / 'k-OuUÏ OD;pHarmif/ twGi;f a&;
rSL; OD;ausm&f if/ ppfO;D pD;csKyf wmnDv;Hk qk+d yD; xyfraH jymif;vJ zG@J pnf;vmcJyh gw,f?
PSLO-PSLA [m ‘r'w’pwifz@JG pnf;pOfuwnf;u r'w0iftjzpfyg0ifc+hJ y;D ‘r'w’ ajrmuf
ykid ;f wyf zG@J pnf;&mwGiv f J KIO-SSPP wk@d e@J wzJG uf+yD; wm0ef,v l y_ &f mS ;cJzh ;l ygw,f? wzufuvnf;
r'rc (DAB) tzG@J 0ifygwt D jzpfyg0ifc+hJ yD; ppftm%m&Sif qef@usiaf &;wku d yf t JG wGi;f yg0ifczhJ ;l ygw,f?
wzufuvJ PSLO-PSLA e,fajrv_y&f mS ;cGiyf wfywfvnfrmS e0w ppftpk;d &eJ@typf&yfpaJ &;,lvu dk f
=uwJh typf&yftzG@J awG tv#Kv d #Kad y:ayguv f mwJt h cg/ PSLO-PSLA tzk@d tusyt f wnf;tcuf
tcJaygi;f pkH ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? ppftpk;d &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lvu dk w
f hJ zkeuf sm;&Si;f acgi;f
aqmifwhJ uk;d uef@tzG@J vrf;pOftwkid ;f vku d v f o dk al wGvJ PSLO tzG@J twGi;f ay:ayguv f mcJ+h y;D 1989/ 'DZif
bm-21 &ufae@rmS twGi;f a&;rSL; yavmifausm&f ife@J yavmifoed ;f atmif (PSLO ,cif tkycf sKyfa&;
rSL;a[mif;) wk@d acgi;f aqmifwhJ tiftm; (83) OD;ygtzG@J [m ta&SŒajrmufwidk ;f ppfXmecsKyf/ trSwf (3)
ppfAsL[matmuf&dS ‘erfq h efpcef;’uae Oya'abmiftwGi;f 0ifa&mufw,fqw dk mukd vkyaf qmif
oGm;=uygw,f?
1991-rwfvxJtxd PSLO-PSLA tzG@J }uD;[m ‘vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;ukd qufvuf
qifEo J$ mG ;rnf’ qkw d hJ &yfwnfcsuu f dk qkwu f idk x f m;cJyh gw,f? 1991-rwfvxJrmS xkwjf yefcw hJ hJ
PSLA tzG@J &ŒJ “'Dae@+idr;f csr;f a&; oabmxm;xkwjf yefausnmcsu” f qkw d mxJrmS wdwv d if;vif;
azmfjyjzef@a0cJyh gw,f? ppftpk;d &u PSLO-PSLA tzG@J udk acsre_ ;f wku d cf u dk rf a_ wGudk vkyaf wmhrmS jzpfwhJ
twGuf e,fajrvlxt k cuf tcJawGñuaH wG@vmEkid af =umif; e,fajrcH q&mawmf}u;D awGe@J &yfr&d yfzqkd
olawGudk ajymqk&d iS ;f vif;r_awG vkyaf qmifcw hJ t hJ wGuf e,fajroHCmawmf (51) yg;u vufrw S af &;xk;d
+yD; PSLO tzG@J udk arwWm&yfcH wku d w f eG ;f csuaf y;yk@d vmwJt h ajctaersK;d txd ñuHawG@vmcJyh gw,f?
{+yDvxJrmS awmh typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vkyzf @dk e0w ppftpk;d &eJ@ pwifaqG;aEG;&ygawmhw,f? r'w
eJ@ DAB wk@d rv S J PSLO E_wx f uG v f u dk &f +yD; ta&SŒajrmufwidk ;f ppfXmecsKyfrmS e0w twGi;f a&;rSL;
(1) Akv d cf sKyf cif!eG @f e@J PSLO OuUÏ OD;tku d rf ek ;f wk@d 1991/ arv-1 &ufae@rmS awG@qaHk qG;aEG;r_vyk v f u dk f
=uum arv-2 &ufae@rmS awmh PSLO-PSLA tzG@J }uD;vJ typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J wck jzpfomG ;&ygawmh
w,f? e0w u PSLO-PSLA tzG@J udk &Sr;f jynfajrmufyidk ;f txl;a'o (7) qk+d y;D owfrw S af y;cJyh gw,f?
typf&yf +idr;f tzG@J jzpfvm+yD;aemufyidk ;f rSmvJ PSLO-PSLA tzG@J udk e0w-etz ppftpk;d &u wp
wp uef@owfcsKyfcs,rf a_ wG enf;rsK;d pkeH @J vyk af qmifcyhJ gw,f? zdtm;ay;r_rsK;d pkH enf;rsK;d pkeH @J vkyaf qmifc+hJ y;D
wJah emuf ‘typf&yftzG@J tqif’h uae t+yD;wkid v f ufeufcs (vufeuftyf) wJt h qift h xdwidk f w
qif+h yD;wqifh zefw;D azmfaqmifvmcJjh yefygw,f?
2005/ {+yD-29 &ufae@rmS awm PSLO-PSLA XmecsKyfwnf&&dS m (refw)Hk rSmyJ PSLO-
PSLA tzG@J }uD; “etz”ppftpk;d &xH t+yD;wki d f vufeuftyfyJG (vufeufcsy}JG uD;) usi;f y ðyvkyaf y;
vku d &f ygawmhw,f? yavmifjynf vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J (PSLO)/ yavmifjynf vGwaf jrmufa&;wyf
189
0if;wifhxGef;
rawmf (PSLA) [m typf&yf-+idr;f tzG@J tqifu
h ae t+yD;wkid v
f ufeuftyf (vufeufpeG @f ) tzG@J t
qift
h xd vufawG@b0tm;jzifh a&muf&dS oGm;&ygawmhw,f?
(20) trsK;d om; 'Dru

dk a&pDwyfaygif;pk (r'w)
National Democratic Front (NDF)
trsK;d om; 'Dru dk a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (r'w) ukd 1976/ arv-10 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
(us,jf yef@whJ wyfaygi;f pkwck jzpfajrmufapa&;twGuf KNU a'o rme,fyavmrSm vlrsK;d aygi;f
pHk ES;D aESmzvS,yf w JG ck xyfru H si;f y+yD; 1975/ arv-28 ae@u zG@J pnf;xm;cJw h hJ jynfaxmifpk trsK;d om;
'Dru dk a&pD wyfaygi;f pk (yr'w) ukd trnfajymif;um 1976/ arv 10 &ufae@ rSm “r'w tjzpf wk;d
csŒJ jyifqif zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f)? r'w (NDF) ukd KNU/ KIO/ KNPP/ SSPP rGejf ynfopfygw/D yavmif
jynfvw G af jrmufa&;tzG@J / UPNO (ac: ) ‘0’ trsK;d om; tzG@J csKyf/ &ckid jf ynf vGwaf jrmufa&;ygwD
pwJw h idk ;f &if;om;vufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@ pwiftajcðy zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f?
pwifz@JG pnf;pOfu r'w OuUÏtjzpf KNU rS ref;bZHu wm0ef,cl yhJ gw,f?
(5-1-1977) rS (7-1-77) txd r'w tpnf;ta0;ukd KNU XmecsKyfrmS +yD;vkycf +hJ yD;aemuf
r'w OuUÏtjzpf ‘ref;bZH’ ae&mrSm ‘Akv d cf sKyf apmbkjd r’ jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? Ù10
r'w [m rqv ppftpk;d &ukd qef@usiw f udk yf 0JG ifae=uwJh vlrsK;d pkvufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;
tzG@J tpnf; (9) ckjzifh pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h hJ vufeufuidk t f zG@J tpnf;rsm; wyfaygi;f pkjzpfygw,f?
wef;wla&;eJ@ uk, d yf idk jf yXmef;cGiu
hf tdk ajccHwhJ ppfreS af om zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmuf
a&;ukd &nf&, G cf sut f jzpf jyXmef;xm;+yD; vlrsK;d pkvufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm; pkppk nf;
pnf; nDn! D w G !f w G ef @J bk&H efopl pftpk;d &tay: wku d yf 0JG ifomG ;Ekid zf @dk ‘r'w’ wyfaygi;f pkudk zG@J pnf;cJw h m
jzpfygw,f?
1985 ckEpS rf mS r'w uk, d pf m;vS,t f zG@J [m Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwXD mecsKyf&&dS m ‘yefqef;’
txd oGm;a&mufc=hJ uwJh ajrmufyidk ;f c&D;&Snf c&D;pOfwckudk taumiftxnfazmfc=hJ uygw,f? KNU
rS ‘z'dk pk;d atmif’ acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘r'w’ uk, d pf m;vS,t f zG@J [m 1985/ azazmf0g&-D 10 &ufrmS ‘r'w’
±k;H rS pwif c&D;xGucf mG vm=u+yD; a'otoD;oD; awmawmifc&D;=urf;awGuadk usmjf zwfum 1986/
rwfv-13 &ufae@rmS rS AuyXmecsKyf yefqef;ukad &muf&cdS =hJ uygw,f?
Ekid if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; (9) zG@J yg0ifwhJ ‘r'w A[kd uk, d pf m;vS,t f zG@J ’ [m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfyg
wDe@J awG@qaHk qG;aEG; ndE‡ i_d ;f =u+yD;wJah emuf “trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pD wyfaygi;f pk (r'w)” A[kd uk, d pf m;
vS,t f zG@J EiS hf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD A[ku d , dk pf m;vS,t f zG@J w@dk . wkid ;f jynfo@dk xkwjf yefa=unmcsuu f dk
1986/ rwfv-24 &ufae@ae@peJG @J xkwjf yefa=unmEkid cf yhJ gw,f? tcsuf (5) csuyf g xkwjf yefa=unmcsuf
&JŒ tcsKyfuawmh ‘bk&H efol rqv wygwt D m%m&Sipf pftpk;d &ukd qef@usiw f u
dk cf u
dk &f mwGif t"du
tm;jzifh vufeufuidk w f udk yf eJG nf;jzifh pnf;vk;H nD!w G pf mG wku d cf udk of mG ;=urnfqw dk myJjzpfygw,f?
190
r'wbufrS KIO OuUÏ b&efqidk ;f u vufrw S af &;xk;d +yD; AuybufrS ocifAode;f wifu vufrw S f
a&;xk;d xkwjf yefcw hJ mjzpfygw,f? 24-3-86 ae@rmS oabmwlncD suf (2) &yfuv dk J r'w eJ@ Auywk@d
oabmwlvufrw S x f ;dk cJ=h uygw,f? ‘vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;t=um; vku d ef m
oifo h nfh vrf;!¸ecf suo f abmxm;qkid &f m oabmwlncD su’f eJ@ ‘ppfa&;qkid &f m oabmwlncD su’f
wk@d jzpf=uygw,f? Auy eJ@ awG@qaHk qG;aEG;oabmwln=D u&mrSm yg0ifwufa&mufc=hJ uwJh r'w t
zG@J 0if (9) zG@J e@J tJ't D zG@J toD;oD;&JŒ uk, d pf m;ðyacgi;f aqmifawGuawmh
(1) KIO - OD;b&efqidk ;f / Akv d cf sKyaf Zmfridk /f Akv d rf LS ;csKyw f ;l *sKid /f OD;aZmifc&m;
(2) KNU - y'dpk ;dk atmif/ y'krd ef;&Sm
(3) SSPP - Akv d rf LS ;}uD; pkid ;f vdw/f Akv d rf LS ; aqxif/ Akv d rf LS ; ckid 'f ;l
(4) rGejf ynfopfygwD (NMSP) - Ekid af tmifopf/ Ekid cf sr;f wGJ
(5) KNPP - xJb;l zJ/ OD;a&rGew f ;l
(6) yavmifvw G af jrmufa&;ygwD (PSLO)- OD;ausmv f /S yavmifpaH rmif/ yavmifausm&f if/ tku d rf ek ;f
(7) &ckid jf ynfvw G af jrmufa&;ygwD (ALP) - ckid rf sK;d rif;
(8) ‘0’trsK;d om; tzG@J csKyf (WNO) - cGet f u dk f
(9) ytk0d hf trsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf (PNO) - q&marmif/ cGecf rf;aumifw@dk jzpf=uygw,f?
r'w OuUÏtjzpf KNU rS Akv d cf sKyfapmbkjd rwm0ef,+l yD;aemuf KNPP rS apmarmf&,f/ rGef
jynfopfygwrD S Ekid af &$usi/f KNU rS Akv d cf sKyf}uD; wmrmvmabm/ Akv d cf sKyfa&$qidk ;f pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGu
r'w OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,al cgi;f aqmifc=hJ uzl;ygw,f?
e0w-etz ppftpk;d & wufvm+y;D aemufyidk ;f rSmawmh ppftpk;d &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,l=u+y;D
+ird ;f tzG@J tjzpfc, H v l u dk =f uwJh vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;awGvJ tv#Kv d #Kad y:ayguv f m&m
rSm r'w0if Ekid if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;wcsKŒd vJ yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? r'wuae E_wx f u G o f mG ;&ygw,f? KIO/
SSPP/ PSLO/ PNO eJ@ rGejf ynfopfygww D @dk r'w0iftjzpfrS E_wx f u G o f mG ;&wJt h wGuf r'w tzG@J
}uD;&JŒtiftm; ,kwaf vsmo h mG ;&wmawmh trSeyf jJ zpfygw,f?
‘r'w’ [m jynfwiG ;f Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_tajctaersm;eJ@ wajy;nDpmG Ekid if aH &;oabmxm;t
jrifrsm;ukd xkwjf yefEidk cf +hJ yD; r'w &JŒ &yfwnfcsuu f v dk J xkwaf zmfcyhJ gw,f? 1997/ azazmf0g&-D 7 &uf
rS 15 &ufae@txd u&ifejD ynfe,f e,fpyfwae&mrSm r'w &JŒ pwkwt ˆ }udrf nDvmcHuu dk si;f ycJ+h yD;
‘e0w . typf&yfpaJ &;vrf;pOfonf r'w òzdcaJG &;twGuo f mjzpf+yD; ppfreS af om+idr;f csr;f a&;ukd
wnfaqmufEidk jf cif; vH;k 0r&S[ d o k ;Hk oyfco hJ vk/d e0wrSusi;f yaom trsK;d om;nDvmcHuv dk J twkt
a,mif trsK;d om;nDvmcHom jzpfw,fv@dk ±_jrifc=hJ uygw,f? Ekid if jH cm;&if;ES;D jrK‡ yfErHS r_ eS o f r#udk ‘r'w’u
tav;teufqef@usiu f ef@uu G af =umif; azmfjycJo h vkd ‘r'wonf a':atmifqef;pk=unfacgi;f aqmif
aom 'Drt dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf vufwI JG vnf;aumif;/ tjyeftvSef taxmuftulðyIvnf;
aumif;/ ppftm%m&Sipf epfv;Hk 0 csKyf+idr;f oGm;onftxd wku d yf 0JG ifomG ;&ef oabmwlonfv@dk vJ
oabmxm;xkwaf zmfcyhJ gw,f? “ok;H yGiq hf idk f awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;onf vuf&jdS refrmEkid if . H Ekid if aH &;jy\
emukt d ajz&Sm&mwGif toifah wmfq;Hk ESihf trSeu f efq;Hk enf;vrf; jzpfonfv@dk vcJ , H +l yD; r'w[m
191
0if;wifhxGef;
ok;H yGiq
hf idk f awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;ukd tpOfwpku d vf v dk dk azmfjyawmif;qkcd yhJ gw,f? Ù11 e0w-etz zuf
uawmh r'w &JŒawmif;qkcd suaf wGudk vk;H 0*±krpku d yf J ( r'wwckv;Hk eJ@ awGqaHk qG;aEG;a&;rsK;d ukrd vkyf
bJ vufeufuidk f ygwt D zG@J tpnf;wckcsi;f pDe@J awG@qaHk qG;aEG;typftcwf &yfpaJ &;rsK;d awGuydk J (wenf;
tm;jzifh tzG@J tpnf;wckcsi;f pDudk cGyJ pf+y;D ) ndE‡ i_d ;f aqG;aEG;wmawGuydk J vkyaf qmiftaumift xnfazmfchJ
ygw,f?
ppftpk;d &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &; ,lomG ;=uwJt h zG@J tpnf;awG[m r'w uaeE_wx f u
G o f mG ;&
wJt h wGuf ‘r'w’ wyfaygi;f pk}u;D twGi;f ta&;ygwhJ vufeufuidk t f zG@J tpnf;}u;D wcsKŒd avsmyh g;oGm;
&ayrJ/h topfay:ayguv f mwJh vufeufuidk t f zG@J tpnf;wcsKŒd r'w 0iftjzpf topfyg0ify;l aygi;f vm
=uwmawGvJ &Scd yhJ gw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D (CNF)/ ytk0d t hf rsK;d om;vGwaf jrmuf
a&;tzG@J (PNLO) eJ@ yavmifjynfe,f vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D (PSLF) wk@d vt dk zG@J awG r'w 0ifawG
jzpfvmcJ=h uygw,f?
r'w [m r'w tzG@J 0ifawGt=um; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf a_ wGvyk af qmifco hJ vk/d r'w 0ifr[kwf
awmhwhJ (ok@d r[kw)f r'w0ifr[kww f hJ vufeufuidk t f ypf&yftzG@J }uD;wcsKŒd eJ@vJ qufqaH &;vrf;
a=umif; zGiv f m;wmrsK;d awG vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh ‘0’tzG@J (UWSP)/ KIO tzG@J w@dke@J
hf pS x
qufqaH &; vrf;a=umif;zGix hf m;cJyh gw,f?
r'w wyfaygi;f pk}uD;&JŒ owWrt}udrn f v D mcHudk (6-4-2009 ae@rS 9-4-2009 ae@txd
usi;f yEkid cf yhJ gw,f? Ù12 ‘wyfaygi;f pkjzifh atmifycJG rH nf’ vk@d aqmify'k ðf yxm;wJh ‘trsK;d om; 'Dru dk
a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (r'w)’ ukd ArmjynfEidk if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_orkid ;f rSm ESpu f mvtm;jzifh oufwrf;t=um
qk;H / umvt&Snq f ;Hk vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm; wyfaygi;f pk}u;D tjzpfe@J awmh rSww f rf;
wif armfueG ;f xk;d ay;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒ wyfaygi;f pkorkid ;f rSm 1959 ckEpS u f ay:aygucf w hJ hJ
r'nw wyfaygi;f pk}uD;+yD;&if vuf&dS r'w wyfaygi;f pk}uD;[m tpOftvmt}uD;qk;H / =oZm t&Sd
qk;H / vlot d rsm;qk;H wyfaygi;f pk}uD;jzpfygw,f? ‘r'nw’ wyfaygi;f pk}uD;[m Auy &JŒOD;aqmifre_ @J
pwifay:aygucf +hJ yD; r'w wyfaygi;f pkuawmh KNU &JŒ uruxðyOD;aqmifre_ @J ay:aygucf w hJ hJ vuf
eufuidk w f yfaygi;f pk}uD;jzpfw,fv@dk vJ todtrSwðf y ajymqkEd idk =f uygw,f?
rSwcf su?f ? r'w tzG@J }uD;&JŒ awmifyidk ;f rSajrmufyidk ;f ok@d c&D;&Sncf sw D ufvmpOfumvtwGi;f
1986 ck ESpq f ef;xJrmS awmh KIO XmecsKyfyga*smifrmS ‘r'w’tpnf;ta0;w&yf usi;f ycJ=h u+yD;
KIO OuUÏ OD;b&efqi dk ;f ukd r'w OuÏtjzpf wifc=hJ uygw,f? tJ'D KIO XmecsKyfurSwqifh Auy
XmecsKyfyefqef;ok@d r'wtzG@J tpnf;0if (9) zG@J &ŒJ A[ku d ,dk pf m;vS,t f zG@J oGm;a&mufc=hJ uwmjzpfyg
w,f? tJ'u D mvawGrmS ‘r'w’ }uD;[m ajrmufyidk ;f OD;pD;tzG@J e@J awmifyidk ;f OD;pD;tzG@J q+dk yD; (2) ykid ;f
jzpfwnfaeovk&d cdS yhJ gw,f? r'w}uD;taeeJ@ awmifyidk ;f OD;pD;tzG@J rmS OuUÏtjzpf KNPP rS apmarmf
&m,fjzpfc+hJ yD;/ ajrmufyidk ;f OD;pD;tzG@J rmS u OuUÏtjzpf KIO rS OD;b&efqidk ;f jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
r'w (NDF) wyfaygi;f pk}uD;&JŒ aemufq;Hk vuf&t dS zG@J 0if/ Ekid if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;}uD; (8)
ckuawmh (1) u&ifttrsK;d om;tpnf;t±k;H KNU/ (2) &ckid jf ynfvw G af jrmufa&;ygwD ALP/ (3)
192
csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D CNF/ (4) ytk0d jhf ynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;tzG@J PPLO/ (5) yavmifjynfe,f
vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D PSLF/ (6) rGejf ynfopfygwD NMSP/ (7) vm;[l 'Dru dk &ufwpfor*~ (LDU)
eJ@ (8) ‘0’ trsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf WNO wk@d jzpf=uygw,f?
Armjynf Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_orkid ;f rSm ‘r'w’ [m tpOftvmt}uD;qk;H eJ@ oufwrf;t&ifq h ;Hk
wyfaygi;f pk}uD;wcktjzpf rSww f rf;wifxm;&r,fh tzG@J }uD;wckjzpfygw,f?
(21) ytk0d hf trsKd ;om;tzG@J csKyf

Pa-O National Organization(PNO)
ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;tzJ@G csKyf (PNO) ukd 1977 ckEpS x f rJ mS OD;atmifcrf;xD/ oxkOH ;D vSaz/ OD;ausmpf ed f
wk@d acgi;f aqmifwhJ “&vvz jzL”(ytk0d jhf zL) tzG@J raS e trnfopf,al jymif;vJ zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mapcJh
wm jzpfw,f?
(aemufct H a=umif;uawmh ytk0d v hf ufeufuidk t f zG@J }u;D uae “&vvz” tzG@J tjzpf ajymif;vJ
zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f m+yD;aemuf 1973 ckEpS x f rJ mS Auy vkv d m;vufco H el @J Auy rvkv d m;vufrcHol
qk+d y;D “&vvz twGi;f tkypf k (2) pk/ *k% d ;f (2) *k% d ;f uJv
G mcJyh gw,f? Auy ukd vkv d m;vufco H al wGtpk
ukd OD;wmuv,f/ apmzm;rl/ OD;pk;d atmifviG /f OD;pdeaf &$e@J OD;vSarmifw@dk uacgi;f aqmif=u+yD;” &vvz
teD (ytk0d ehf )D vk@d ac:a0: =uygw,f? OD;atmifcrf;xD/ oxkOH ;D vSaz/ OD;ausmpf ed w f @dk acgi;f aqmifwhJ
Auy rvkv d m;tpkuawmh “&vvz” jzL (ytk0d jhf zL) jzpfvmcJ+h yD;/ ytk0d ehf ,fajra'oawGtwGi;f rSm
uk, d phf nf;±k;H a&;tajccHe@J u, dk f rwlujJG ym;pGm &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;vmcJ=h uygw,f? tJ'v D dk ytk0d jhf zL/ ytk0d ehf D
tjzpf (2) ykid ;f uJG &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;ae&muae/ OD;atmifcrf;xDO;D aqmifwhJ ytk0d jhf zLtzG@J [m ytk0d t hf rsK;d
om;tzG@J csKyf (PNO) tjzpf 1977 xJrmS trnf ajymif;vJ zG@J pnf;vku d jf cif;jzpfygw,f)? ytk0d t hf rsK;d om;
tzG@J csKyf (PNO) [m ‘r'w’ 0iftjzpf &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ; cJ+h y;D r'w t+rw J rf;wyfz@JG tjzpf yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJh
ovk/d r'w tv,fyidk ;f wyfz@JG pnf;&mrSmvJ ‘0’trsKd ;om; tzG@J csKyf (WNO)/ &ckid jf ynf vGwaf jrmufa&;
ygwD (ALP) eJ@twl yl;wGw J m0ef,cl yhJ gw,f? tapmykid ;f umvawGrmS SURA tzG@J / uk;d uef@tzG@J rsm;eJ@
vJ yl;wGv J y_ &f mS ;cJu h m arSmifcpdk ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awGxrJ mS PNO tzG@J yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJzh ;l ygw,f? PNO
tzG@J [m SURA tzG@J / KIA tzG@J w@dk e@J tquftoG,v f yk &f if;/ xkid ;f tqif;twuf arSmifcv dk rf;a=umif;
Ù13
ukv d J zGivhf pS af y;cJyh gw,f?
PNO tzG@J [m tif;av;/ yifavmif;e,fajr/ qDqi dk ef ,fajr/ rJe,fawmifwef;eJ@ [kyd ek ;f ajrmuf
jcrf; a'oawGrmS tajcðyv_y&f mS ;Ekid cf +hJ y;D 1988 (&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D ) jzpfay:vmcJ+h y;D aemufyidk ;f
ytk0d hf e,fajra'otwGi;f a&muf&v dS m=uwJh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;ukd ABSDF &if; (601) tjzpf
zG@J pnf;&mrSm vufcu l D zG@J pnf;ay;cJyh gw,f? 1988/ Ek0d ifbmvrSm ‘DAB’ tzG@J }uD; ay:ayguv
H n f mwJh
tcgrmS vnf; PNO [m DAB rSm tzG@J 0iftjzpf yg0ifcjhJ yefygw,f?
193
0if;wifhxGef;
1989 rSm &Sr;f jynfajrmufyidk ;f / &Sr;f jynf ta&SŒykid ;f awGrmS Auy cGx J u G +f idr;f tzG@J awGay:ayguf
vmcJ+h yD;aemufyidk ;f &Sr;f jynfe,fawmif;ykid ;f rSm OD;OD;zsm;zsm;typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lz@kd ppftpk;d &eJ@
awG@qaHk qG;aEG;r_ apmapmpD;pD;ðyvkycf w hJ t hJ zG@J [mvJ PNO vk@d yJ ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f? PNO &JŒ 'k-
OuUÏuawmh OD;xGe;f &D jzpfygw,f? 1990 jynfEh pS /f 'DZifbm-24 &ufae@rmS yJ PNO OuUÏ OD;atmifcrf;xD
[m +ird ;f csr;f a&;uk, d pf m; vS,rf sm;eJ@ pwifawG@qcHk +hJ y;D (25-2-1991) rSm awmif}u;D òrŒd rSm ppftpk;d &wyf
rawmf uk, d pf m;vS,t f zG@J e@J awG@qHk aqG;aEG;em;vnfr, _ cl yhJ gw,f? (16-3-1991) rSmawmh ABSDF
&if; (601) ukd ay;tyfxm;wJh vufeufc, J rf;rsm;ukd PNO u jyefvnford ;f qnf;jcif;vkyaf qmifc+hJ yD;
rwfv-26 eJ@ 27 &ufae@rsm;rSm ausmufwvk;H e,fajr (xD;ZD;) &GmrSm a'owGi;f &Sd bke;f }uD;eJ@&yfo&l mG
om; tiftm; (200) cef@updk pk nf;um ytk0d t hf rsK;d om;nDvmcHqw dk mukd usi;f yðyvky&f if; e0w t
pk;d &eJ@y;l aygi;f +y;D +ird ;f tzG@J tjzpfvyk af qmif ðyvkyo f mG ;r,fth a=umif; today;&Si;f vif;yGðJ yvkycf yhJ gw,f?
{+yvD -11 &ufae@rmS e0w twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) Akv d cf sKyf cif!eG @f e@J OD;atmifcrf;xDtzG@J awG@qcHk =hJ u
+yD; (24-5-1991) ae@rmS PNO tzG@J tm; rw&m;oif;tjzpfrS y,fzsuaf y;cJu h m PNO e,fajrukd
&Sr;f jynf awmifyidk ;f txl;a'o (6) tjzpf e0w ppftpk;d &u w&m;0ifowfrw S af y;vku d yf gawmhw,f?
PNO tzG@J [m ppftpk;d &uusi;f yðyvkyc fw
hJ hJ trsKd ;om;nDvmcHudk 1993 ckEpS /f pwifusi;f ypOfu
wnf;u awmufav#mufwufa&mufcw hJ hJ tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpf+yD; trsKd ;om;nDvmcHu, dk pf m;vS,f
tjzpf PNO rS OD;atmifcrf;xD ud, k w
f idk ef @J cGeaf tmifom/ OD;ausmaf usm/f cGeyf nmAkw/f cGew f ifxw G w f @dk
wufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? PNO tzG@J [m typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J wckjzpfvmcJ+h yD;aemufyidk ;f a'ozG@H òzd;a&;t
wGuaf cgi;f pOfe@J a&$aiGausmufrsu&f wem wl;azmfa&;vkyif ef;/ pku d yf sK;d a&;eJ@ pufru _ ek xf wk v f yk if ef;awG
xJrmS vJ yg0if&if;ES;D jr‡KyfEv HS yk uf idk af eygw,f? e0w-etz ppftpk;d &u urBmt h }uD;qk;H ausmufprd ;f wk;H
}uD;vk@d uif;yGe;f wyfac:a0:xm;wJh wefcsed f (3000) ausmf ausmufprd ;f wk;H }uD;ukd PNO tzG@J yidk f vkyf
uGut f wGi;f rS wl;azmf&&Scd +hJ yD; PNO tzG@J uae ppftpk;d &xH v$aJ jymif;ay;vSLr_vyk cf yhJ gw,f?
ppftpk;d &u PNO OuUÏ OD;atmifcrf;xDudk “olºuG,b f @JG ” jzpfwhJ “t*~r[m od&o d "k rRr%d
aZmw"Z” bJ@G ay;tyfcyhJ gw,f?
(22) u&ifejD ynf vlrsK;d aygif;pkH jynfo@l vw

G af jrmufa&;wyfO;D (uvvw)
Kayinni National People's Liberation Front - KNPLF
u&ifejD ynf vlrsKd ;aygi;f pkH jynfo@l vw

G af jrmufa&;wyfO;D (uvvw) ukd 1978 ckEpS /f ZGe-f 26
&ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
u&ifeD trsK;d om;wk;d wufa&;ygwD (KNPP) rS Ekid if aH &;t& oabmxm;t,ltquGv J +JG yD;
cGx
J u
G &f yfwnf ay:ayguv f mcJw h mjzpfygw,f? 1978 ckEpS /f (xD;xm) rSm zG@J pnf;wJh A[kad umfrwDrmS
(1) &Jabmf ode;f [ef (pkid ;f oD[) - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf
194
(2) &Jabmf pdeaf rmifausmf - 'k-taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; (1)
(3) &Jabmf rmwif - 'k-taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; (2)
(4) &Jabmf ol;av - ppfO;D pD;rSL;
(5) &Jabmf xl;ap; - b¾ma&;rSL;
(6) &Jabmf a';a'; - wGzJ ufb¾ma&;rSL;
(7) &Jabmf 0if;Ekid f - Ekid if aH &;rSL;
(8) &Jabmf aeaumf - tzG@J 0if
(9) &Jabmf pENm - tzG@J 0if
(10) &Jabmf atmifausmf - tzG@J 0if
(11) &Jabmf wifatmif - tzG@J 0if - qk+d yD; zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? Ekid if aH &;tawG;tac:t&
Auy ukd vkv d m;aomtzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfc+hJ yD;/ Auy XmecsKyf “yefqef;” ukd oGm;a&muf ppfoifwef;
wufc=hJ uzl;wJh uvvw acgi;f qmifawGvJ &So d vk/d Auy &JŒ vufeufc, J rf;tultnDudk &,lc=hJ uzl;yg
w,f?
&Sr;f -u,m;e,fpyfa'oeJ@ bD,m/ a*uGm/ [k, d m/ rJp/J rJpeJ rfah 'orsm;rSm tajccHvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uo
vkd vGKd ifaumfppfe,fuv dk wJ ;dk csŒJ taumiftxnfazmf v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? Auy wyfz@JG rsm;eJ@ yl;wGpJ pfa&;
v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uovkd &vvz (ytk0d ehf )D / u,ef;jynfopfygww D @dk e@J vJ ckid rf mwJh ppfa&;yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf _
awGvyk af qmifc&hJ if; ppftm%m&Sipf epf qef@usiaf &;wku d yf tJG wGi;f vufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;tzG@J t
pnf;wcktjzpf “uvvw” emrnf[m ckid rf m}uD;xGm;vmcJyh gw,f? aemufyidk ;f rSm ‘uvvw’
&JŒacgi;f aqmiftjzpf ‘nmarmifr’J jzpfvmygw,f?
1992 ckEpS -f azazmf0g&v D xJrmS awmh uvvw tzG@J acgi;f aqmif “nmarmifr”J ukd tem;,lcidk ;f
vkud +f yD; “&JabmfpENm” u acgi;f qmifae&ma&muf&v dS mcJyh gw,f?
u&ifejD ynf vlrsK;d aygi;f pkjH ynfo@l vwG af jrmufa&;wyfO;D (uvvw) [m tajctaeaygi;f pkt H &
(9-5-1994) ae@rmS awmh e0w ppftpk;d &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vkyv f u
dk +f yD; +idr;f tzG@J wckjzpfvmcJh
ygw,f? uvvw tzG@J &ŒJ vufeufuidk w f yfuawmh (KPLA) jzpf+yD; typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lpOfu
w&m;0ifazmfjyxm;wJh tiftm;pm&if;t& (1609) OD; jzpfygw,f? ppftpk;d &u “uvvw” ukd u
,m;txl;a'o (2) +idr;f tzG@J tjzpf owfrw S af y;cJyh gw,f? ppftpk;d &u ðyvkyu f si;f yay;wJh “trsK;d
om;nDvmcH” ukd uvvw rS wufa&mufcyhJ gw,f? “uvvw” &JŒ trsK;d om;nDvmcHu, dk f pm;
vS,af wGtjzpf ref;oufazm/ OD;a&$0g/ OD;[ufpwefe@J OD;!Ge@f armifw@dk wufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f?
1995 ckEpS rf mS A[kad umfrwDudk xyfrjH yifqifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? 1995 rSm zG@J pnf;vku d w f hJ A[kd
aumfrwDpm&if;uawmh
(1) &Jabmf pENm - OuUÏ
(2) &Jabmf xGe;f ausmf - 'k-OuUÏ
(3) &Jabmf a&$0g - twGi;f a&;rSL;
(4) &Jabmf ref;oufazm - wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rSL;
195
0if;wifhxGef;
(5) &Jabmf !Ge@f armif - b¾ma&;rSL; wk@d jzpf+yD; A[kad umfrwDtzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf (6) &Jabmf
xGe;f a&$/ (7) &Jabmf vSjrifph ;dk / (8) &Jabmf pD;Ek/d (9) &Jabmf xl;aumf/ (10) &Jabmf pJ&,f/ (11) &Jabmf
xGe;f om/ (12) &Jabmf a&$armif/ (13) &Jabmf rmwif/ (14) &Jabmf apmxk/d (15) &Jabmf cifarmif0if;
wk@d jzpf=uygw,f?
(27-4-1996) ae@rmS u,ef;jynfopfygwrD S OuUÏ OD;a&$at;/ 'k-OuUÏ OD;oef;pk;d Ekid ef @J twl
“uv vw” rS twGi;f a&;rSL; ref;oufazmwk@d [m &efuek f 0if'gr, D mvrf;u ausmif;wku d wf cktwGi;f
rSm NLD OuUÏ OD;wifO;D / taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':tmifq f ef;pk=unfw@dk e@J tvGwo f abm awG@
qkaH qG;aEG;r_ ðyvkycf yhJ gw,f? etz zufuod&o dS mG ;+yD;aemuf uvvwtay: etz zufrS rausreyf
jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 1998 rSmvJ NLD acgi;f aqmifwhJ jynfo@l vw $ af wmf uk,
d pf m;ðyaumfrwD (CRPP)
ay:ayguv f mwmukd u,ef;jynfopfygw/D &vvz eJ@ uvvw r[mrdwf (3) zG@J acgi;f qmifawGu
vufrw S af &;xk;d +yD; axmufcH a=unmcsuf xkwjf yefcw hJ thJ wGuf etz zufu twif;zdtm;ay;+yD;
axmufcaH =unmcsuu f dk jyefvnf ±kwo
f rd ;f ckid ;f cJw
h mcHc&hJ ygw,f? etz &JŒ zdtm;ay;r_tvDvaD tmuf
rSm 2009 ckEpS u f ek cf ge;D rSm ‘uvvw’ tzG@J [m e,fjcm;apmifw h yftjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;ay;wmukd
vufco H abmwlz@JG pnf;ay;cJyh gw,f?
(23) csi;f trsKd ;om; wyfO;D

Chin National Front (CNF)
csi;f trsK;d om; wyfO;D (CNF) ukd 1988/ rwfv-20 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? 1968 ckEpS u f
zG@J pnf; ay:aygucf w hJ hJ Zkrd ;D trsKd ;om; vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D Zomi Liberation Front (ZLF) qkw d hJ
emrnfuae ucsiv f w G v f yfa&; wyfrawmf (KIA) tzG@J &ŒJ t=uHay;csut f &/ csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D
(CNF) tjzpf trnfopf,l ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f?
(pwifz@JG pnf;pu t"duOD;aqmifco hJ rl mS OD;wD,mcg;&f (Pu Tiakhel) jzpfygw,f? OD;wD,mcg;&f
[m wnf+rzJ qyvtzG@J &ŒJ zvrf;òrŒd e,ftwGi;f a&;rSL;a[mif;jzpf+y;D Adv k af e0if; ppftpk;d &ukrd ,k=H unfchJ
ol jzpfygw,f? 1963 ckEpS rf mS tdE, Nd zufudk xGuaf jy;a&muf&cdS +hJ yD; vl (30) cef@ eJ@ “csi;f trsK;d om;
umuG,af &;tzG@J (Chin National Defence) CND zG@J pnf;&mrSm yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? r=umrD tm;vk;H
tzrf;cH&+yD; OD;wD,mcg;&f[m rk&H mG axmifrmS axmif (3) ESpu f sccH &hJ ygw,f? axmifuvGw+f yD;aemuf
1968 rSm tdE, Nd zufjyefomG ;cJyh gw,f? tdE, Nd tpk;d &ukw d u
dk af ewJh tEG,w f l rDZt
dk zG@J wckjzpfwhJ rDZdk
trsK;d om;wyfO;D (Mizo National Front) eJ@ yl;aygi;f +y;D v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? rDZt dk rsK;d om;wyfO;D (MNF) [m
1966-azazmf0g&v D xJrmS uwnf;u ay:aygucf w hJ mjzpf+yD; vufeufpu JG idk u
f m rDZjdk ynfe,f&&Sad &;
twGuf tdE, Nd tpk;d &ukd awmfveS yf ek u f efcyhJ gw,f? tdE, Nd Ekid if zH ufu òrdŒ}uD;awGjzpfwhJ tku d af *smòrdŒ/
vkv H òJ rdŒ/ usezf idk òf rdŒrsm;ukad wmif wku d cf u
dk o f rd ;f yku
d Ef idk cf ahJ yrJh tdE, dN tpk;d &u tiftm; tvk;H t&if;eJ@
196
ok;H +yD; jyefvnfwu dk cf w
hJ thJ cg jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f 0ifvmcJ&h ygw,f? zvrf;/ rwly/D yvuf0/ [m;cg;/
wD;wdeòf rŒd e,fa'oawGtwGi;f rSm 0ifa&mufvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h u+y;D zvrf;eJ@ wD;wdeòf rŒd ukd wku d cf u
dk cf =hJ uygw,f?
OD;wD,mcg;[m MNF eJ@twl 1968 ckEpS x f rJ mS yJ “Zkrd ;D trsKd ;om; vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D Zomi Lib
eration Front (ZLF) ukz d @JG pnf;+yD; tdE, dN / jrefrm/ b*Fvm;a'h&fS (3) Ekid if eH ,fpyfrmS tajccHvy_ &f mS ;
cJ&h mu KIA tzG@J }u;D &JŒt=uðH ycsut f & ZLF rS CNF(Chin National Front) tjzpf (20-3-1988)
ae@rmS trnfopf,l ajymif;vJz@JG pnf; ay:ay:ufvmcJjh cif;jzpfygw,f)?
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;t+yD;rSm ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;rS ausmif;om;vli,fawGvJ a&muf&ydS ;l
aygi;f vmcJ=h uwJt h wGuf 1988 ckEpS t f ukeyf idk ;f rSm “csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D ” (CNF) ukd pepfwus
jyifqifz@JG pnf;cJ&h mrSm æ
OD;wD,mcg;&f (Pu Tiakhel) - OuUÏ
OD;&Gef (Pu Roeng) - twGi;f a&;rSL;
OD;vsEH ;dk (Pu Lianno) - b¾ma&;rSL; wk@d jzpfvmcJ=h uygw,f?
1989 ckEpS x f rJ mS awmh “usezf idk ;f ” (Champhai) òrdŒrSm ðyvkyw f t hJ pnf;ta0;rSm OD;wD,mcg;&f
acgi;f aqmifwt hJ zG@J tm%modr;f cHvu dk &f +yD; OD;wD,mcg;&fvJ OuUÏtjzpfrS z,f&mS ;ypfjcif;cHvu dk &f yg
w,f? 1990 rSm OuUÏ *|eaf cguif;xefjzpfvm+yD; ,ckvuf&rdS mS awmh æ æ æ
OD;aZmf0w d (f ac: ) ZifñuH; (Zing Cung) - OuUÏ
aomrwfxefE;dk (Thomas Thangnou) - 'k-OuUÏ
(Paul Sitha) -taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;wk@d u “csi;f trsK;d om;
wyfO;D ” CNF ukd t"duwm0ef,l acgi;f aqmifae=uygw,f?
“csi;f trsKd ;om;wyfO;D ” &JŒ vufeufuidk w f yfz@JG tjzpf CNA ukd zG@J pnf;xm;+yD;/ CNA &JŒ
vuf&dS ppfO;D pD;csKyftjzpf aomrwfxefE;dk (Thomas Thangnou) yJ jzpfygw,f? CNF tzG@J twGi;f
vlord sm;cJw h hJ wjcm; acgi;f aqmifawGuawmh a'guw f m qvkid ;f a&$cg;/ Adv k rf LS ;}uD; &meif;/ OD;c|r;f *sK;H
pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGjzpfygw,f?
csi;f jynfov l x l &k ŒJ uk, d yf idk jf yXmef;cGiehf @J 'Dru dk a&pDEiS hf vGwv f yfciG t hf ay:tajccHwhJ zuf'&,f
jynfaxmif pkxal xmifa&;qkw d hJ Ekid if aH &;&nfreS ;f csuef @J (CNF) ukd zG@J pnf;cJw h mvk@d qydk gw,f? csi;f trsKd ;
om;wyfO;D (CNF) [m r'w (NDF) 0if tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;vmcJo h vk/d r'rc
(DAB) zG@J pnf;&mrSmvnf; tzG@J 0iftjzpf yg0ifcy hJ gw,f? u&ifjynfe,f “r,foa&mxm” rSm (7-
1-1997 rS 14-1-1997) ae@txd usi;f yðyvkycf w hJ hJ wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; ES;D aESmzvS,yf &JG ŒJ &v'f
“r,foa&mxm oabmwlncD su”f rSmvJ yg0if vufrw S af &;xk;d cJyh gw,f?
2004 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 17 &ufae@e@J (29) &ufae@awGwek ;f u csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D (CNF)
[m etzppftyk pf &k ŒJ uk, d pf m;vS,t f zG@J e@J +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;cJ=h uao;ayrJh wpkw H &moabmwlnD
csurf &&Scd =hJ uyg?
CNF [m e0w-etz ppftpk;d &ukd tckcse dt f xd vufeufpu JG idk w f u dk yf q
JG ifaeqJ awmfveS af &;
tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfygw,f?
197
0if;wifhxGef;
udu
k m;rSwpf k
(awmfveS af &;aumifpeD @J rqv acwftwGi;f )
Ù 1 - jynfwiG ;f aomif;use;f r_ordik ;f tykid ;f 3 - pmrsuEf mS 132

Ù 2 - bde;f bk&ifceG qf m (apma'gi;f ndK) - pmrsuEf mS 51
Ù 3 - 6/ 11/ 1969 ae@rmS usi;f ywJh pwkwt ˆ }udrf ygwD
ES;D aESmzvS,yf aJG e@rmS Adv
k cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;&JŒ ajym=um;csurf S
Ù 4 - wyfrawmfordik ;f (qXrwG)J - pmrsuEf mS 65
Ù 5 - Shan of Burma by Eugere Thaike – page - 204
Ù 7 - '\eyef;cif;pmapmifyg (trSwf 10/ Ed0k ifbm/ 2000 jynfEh pS )f ‘0’ trsK;d om;tzG@J csKyfaqmif;yg;rS
Ù 8 - SHAN owif;pOf (8/ 2/ 2008) ae@
Ù 9 - wyfrawmfordik ;f (owWrwG)J - pmrsuEf mS 229
Ù 11 - 15/ 2/ 1997 ae@pyJG g r'w &JŒ pwkxt W }udraf jrmufnv D mcH xkwjf yefcsurf S
Ù 12 - 6/ 4/ 2009 rS 9/ 4/ 2009 txd r'w owWrt}udrn f vD mcH xkwjf yefcsuf
Ù 13 - wyfrawmfordik ;f (owWrwG)J - pmrsuEf mS 226
198
1988 &Spaf v;vk;H

ta&;awmfyu
Hk mveJ@ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D aemufyikd ;f
1988 &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyu

Hk mveJ@
ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;aemufyikd ;f
ay:xGe;f vmcJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm;
199
0if;wifhxGef;
1988 &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyu Hk mv

eJ@
ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;aemufyikd ;f
1988 &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyu Hk mv eJ@ ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;aemufyikd ;f

ay:xGe;f vmcJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm;
(1) &[ef;ysKo d r*~

(2) 'Dru kd a&pDygwD
(3) 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J ('D+idr;f )
(4) wyfrawmf wyfrLS ;a[mif;rsm;ESihf &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzG@J
(5) e0w-etz
(6) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(8) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDygwD
(9) wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;ygwD (wpn)
(10) jynfaxmifpt k rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (OD;atmif}uD; tzG@J )
(11) trsK;d om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; 'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif tzG@J )
(12) &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(13) &cdik f 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(15) Zdrk ;D trsK;d om; uGe*f &uf
(16) jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(19) t+rJprd ;f vli,ftzG@J
(20) aoG;opf vli,frsm;tzG@J csKyf
(21) 'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdwf tzG@J csKyf ('rz)
(22) jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D (atbDtufp'f t D ufz)f
200
(23) atbDtufp'f t D ufzf (ajrmufyikd ;f )

(24) 'Dru kd a&pD jynfcspw f yfrawmf ('DyaD t)
(25) jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd &ufwpfr[mrdwt f zG@J csKyf (r'rc)
(26) jrefrmEdik if v H rl sK;d pkrsm; 'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdww f yfaygi;f pk (ud;k uef@ zkeu
f sm;&Si;f tzG@J )
(27) ‘0’jynf aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ygwD (,l'AvsLtufpyf D ‘0’tzG@J )
(28) trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdww f yfz@JG (rdik ;f vm;tzG@J )
(29) 'Dru kd a&pDopf wyfrawmf-ucsif (tJe'f aD t-au)
(30) +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDwyfO;D (PDF)
(31) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k & (NCGUB)
(32) ucsiu f muG,af &; wyfrawmf (KDA rxkaemf tzG@J )
(33) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf-vGwaf jrmufe,fajr (NLD-LA)
(34) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;aumifpD (NCUB)
(35) jrefrmEdik if H tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf (tufzw f ,
D b
l )D
(36) yavmifjynfe,f vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D (yDtufpt f ,fvt f ufz)f
(37) ytd0k jhf ynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;tzG@J (yDyt D ,fvt f )kd
(38) jynfaxmifp=k uHch ikd af &;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;toif; (=uHzh @HG )
(39) jrefrmEdik if H a&SŒaersm;aumifpD (bDt,fvpf )D
(40) jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J csKyf (atbDtufpt f ,fv)f
(41) wd;k wufaom Ak'b < mom u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶H;k ('DaubDat)
(42) +rdwx f m;0,f nD!w G af &;wyfO;D
(43) jrefrmhtrsK;d orD; or*~ (bD'AvsL,l)
(44) 0g&ifh Edik if aH &;orm;}uD;rsm;tzG@J
(45) jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tzG@J (trfy, D )l
(46) jrefrmEdik if H ausmif;om;vli,frsm;uGe*f &uf
(47) jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;ðyaumfrw D D (CRPP)
(49) Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; ulnaD pmifah &Smufa&;toif; (AAPP)
(50) jrefrmowif; or*~ (bDtrfat)
(51) 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf zG@H òzd;wd;k wufa&;tiftm;pk (NDD)
(52) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; aumifpD (ENC)
(53) &Spq f ,f&h pS f rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J
201
0if;wifhxGef;
H ;Hk qdik &f m oHCmhwyfaygi;f pk
(55) omoemh Oao#mif tjynfjynfqikd &f m jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm;tzG@J csKyf
(56) ytd0k t
hf rsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J csKyf (PNLO)
Ô Ô Ô
rSwcf su?f ?&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyu Hk mvtwGi;f rSmwGif ay:ayguv f mcJ=h uwJh or*~tzG@J t
pnf;awG tajrmuftrsm;&Scd o hJ vdk &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;udk ppfwyfu t=urf;zufòzdciG ;f ypf
vdu k +f yD; e0w ppftpd;k &tjzpf wufvmcJ+h yD;r=umrD Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w Hk ifciG /hf Oya'jyXmef;csuef @J
w&m;0ifEikd if aH &;ygwaD wG zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifciG ðhf yvdu k w f thJ csed rf mS vJ Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG tv#Kt d v#Kad y:
xGe;f vmcJyh gw,f? w&m;0ifrw S yf w
Hk ifc=hJ uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGcsn;f yJ (235) ygwaD wmif ay:ayguv f m
cJyh gw,f? tJ'aD y:ayguv f mor# Edik if aH &; ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rSeo f r#ukd wckrusef !¸e;f qdak zmfjyzd@k qw kd m
rvG,yf g? vdv k rJ vdt
k yfv@kd ,lqrdygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;Edik t f m;/ v_y&f mS ;Edik cf rhJ /_ xl;
jcm;wJh odomay:vGicf rhJ e_ @J jynfov l xl }k uD;t=um; vlord sm;cJw h hJ odoifo h xd ukd w f ,fv@kd ,q l rdwhJ
Edik if aH &;ygwt
D zG@J tpnf;rsm;udyk J xkwEf w _ af &G;cs,v f ukd uf m txufazmfjyyg Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;
rsm;ta=umif;avmufuykd J azmfjy!¸e;f qdo k mG ;rSmjzpfygw,f?
Ó Ó Ó
202
(1) &[ef;ysKd or*~
“jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m &[ef;ysKo

d r*~ (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr)” udak wmh xdik ;f jrefrme,fpyfrmS
1988/ Ed0k ifbm-27 rSm pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? OuUÏtjzpf ‘t&Siaf crmpm&’ u OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;
ay:xGe;f apcJw h m jzpfygw,f? 1991 rSm oHCmtyg; (100) ausmw f ufa&mufwhJ (3) ESpaf jrmuftcrf;
tem;udk usi;f y+yD; oHCmhqENukd cH,cl yhJ gw,f? ta0;a&mufoabmrsK;d eJ@ vufrw S af &;xd;k ay;=uwJh
Ù1
oHCmtyg;aygi;f (1170) &Syd gw,f?
(wu,fu &[ef;ysKo d r*~[m &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f rSmudk pwifay:ayguv f mcJh
wm jzpfygw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyt Hk wGi;f oHCmhtzG@J tpnf;awGxal xmifz@kd vdt k yfw,f qdk
wJt h jrif cH,cl sut f &/ ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_awGe@J twl yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G =f u&if; &efuek òf rdŒ ig;xyf
}uD;bk&m;0if;twGif; yxrpwifzGJ@pnf;cJh=uygw,f? &Spfav;vkH; ta&;awmfykHumvtwGif;rSm
&[ef;ysKo d r*~ (&efuek )f eJ@ &[ef;ysKo d r*~ (&efuek w f ikd ;f ) wd@k pwifay:xGuv f mygw,f? atmufjrefrm
Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m &[ef;ysKo d r*~uawmh e0w ppftpd;k &tm%m odr;f wufvmt+yD; wvt=umrSmzG@J
pnf;cJw h mjzpf+y;D &[ef;ysKo d r*~ (rEœav;) udk awmh 1990 jynfah emufyikd ;f rSm zG@J pnf;cJw h mvd@k qykd gw,f?Ù2
(ay:ayguv f mcJ=h uwJh &[ef;ysKo d r*~tzG@J awG[m ausmif;om;/ tvkyo f rm; pwJh wjcm;aom
vlxk vlwef;pm;or*~awGe@J vJ [efcsun f n D D yl;aygi;f v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G cf =hJ u+yD; trsm;jynfoal wG&ŒJ
tav;xm;jcif;udv k J &&Scd yhJ gw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f &efuek t f axGaxGoydwf
aumfrwD}uD;xJrmS vJ ae&may;jcif;cH,El ikd cf o hJ vdk tòrdŒòrdŒte,fe,frmS ay:aygucf w hJ hJ vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_
oydwaf umfrwDawGxrJ mS vJ &[ef;ysKad wG ta&;ygwahJ e&mawGrmS yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;Edik cf =hJ uygw,f? vlx&k ŒJ
tav;xm; av;pm;jcif;cHc&hJ ygw,f)?
ppfwyfu ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;udk t=urf;zufòzdcEJG rdS ef if;+yD; e0w-etz ppftpd;k &wufvm+yD;wJh
aemufyikd ;f rSmvJ &[ef;ysKo d r*~tzG@J tpnf;awG[m ajratmuf,*l st D zG@J tpnf;awGvkd v#KŒd 0Su&f yf
wnf=u&+y;D 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk tzG@J tpnf;awGe@J twl tajctaetcsed t f cgtavsmuf qufvuf
yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f? tpOft+rJ vlxzk ufu&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f?
q&mawmf t&Siaf crmpm& OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ ‘jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m &[ef;
ysKo d r*~ (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr)’ uvJ e,fpyf&dS e,fpyfa&muf 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J tpnf;awGe@J twl yl;
wGaJ qmif&u G cf o
hJ vdk ppftm%m&Sipf epf qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGxrJ mS a&muf&mae&muae yg0if
&Guaf qmifcyhJ gw,f?
(rSwcf su?f ? zqyv vufxufuvJ ‘&[ef;ysKt d zG@J ’ &Scd zhJ ;l ygw,f? xnfo h iG ;f r!¸e;f qdak wmhyg)?
(2) 'Dru
kd a&pD ygwD
Democracy Party
'Dru
kd a&pDygwD [m &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD; t&Sed t
f [ke}f uD;pGm ay:xGe;f aepOftwGi;f u
203
0if;wifhxGef;
wnf;u pwifay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? OD;oka0u OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;ay:xGe;f vmwmtjzpf ta&;awmfyHk
umvtwGi;f rSm pwifawG@jrifvmcJ&h ygw,f? e0w ppftpd;k &wufvm+yD; Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG zG@J pnf;
wnfaxmifciG /hf rSwyf w Hk ifciG hf w&m;0ifxw k jf yefvmcsed rf mS awmh w&m;0ifEikd if aH &;ygww D &yftjzpf
zG@J pnf;rSwyf w
Hk ifcyhJ gw,f? OuUÏtjzpf OD;oka0/ 'k-OuUÏtjzpf OD;axG;jrifw h @kd uae t"duOD;aqmifvy_ f
&Sm;cJwh mawG@&ygw,f? 1990 jynfh ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD;rSm yg0if,OS òf ydicf yhJ g
w,f? a&G;aumufyrJG mS 'Dru kd a&pDygw&D ŒJ owfrw S af y;jcif;cH&wJh trSwof auFwuawmh ‘armif;’
wHqyd f oauFwjzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyrJG mS ae&mrsm;pGmrSm yg0if,OS òf yid f ta&G;cs,cf cH ahJ yrJw h ae&myJ
ta&G;cs,cf cH &hJ ygw,f? ody+f y;D rxif&mS ;vSwhJ Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGukd e0w ppftpd;k &u qufvufvy_ &f mS ;
&yfwnfciG rhf ay;yJ zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu
kd w
f thJ cgrmS awmh 'Dru kd a&pDygwv
D J zsuo f rd ;f ypfjcif;cHvu
kd &f +yD;
aysmufu, G o f mG ;cJ&h ygawmhw,f?
(3) 'Dru
kd a&pDEiS hf +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J ('D+idr;f )
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f 29-8-1988 ae@rmS 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Eku em,u

tjzpf trSL;ðy+yD; zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf w hJ mjzpfygw,f? pwifz@JG pnf;pu ‘'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J
(,m,D)’ qd+k yD; tzG@J 0if (21) OD;eJ@ ay:aygucf w hJ mjzpfygw,f? ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f (1) vufiif;
ay:ayguv f su&f adS om jy\emrsm;udk tpGr;f ukeaf jz&Si;f &ef? (2) 'Dru kd a&pDtwGuf qENjyolrsm;.
w&m;0ifawmif;qdck surf sm;&&Sad &;udk aqmif&u G af y;&efq+kd yD; aºuG;a=umfz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f?
(1) OD;Ek (0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;) -em,u
(2) ref;0if;armif (orRwa[mif;) - OuUÏ
(3) Adv k rf LS ;atmif (v$waf wmf OuUÏa[mif;) - 'k-OuUÏ
(4) OD;wifO;D (Adv k cf sKyf}uD;a[mif;) - taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;
(5) OD;oef;pdef (ygvrD ef twGi;f 0efa[mif;) - wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(6) OD;atmif (jrif;jcH) - aiGxed ;f ESihf tr_aqmiftzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf ocif
cspaf rmif (0d"&l )/ ocifcifatmif/ ocifoed ;f az (0g;c,fr)/ OD;atmifa&$ (Adv k rf LS ;csKyfa[mif;)/ OD;apmjrifh
(Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;a[mif;)/ OD;cifarmif (0ef}uD;a[mif;)/ OD;xGe;f pdef (+rdw)f / Adv k rf LS ; xGe;f wif (v#ypf pf OuUÏ
a[mif;)/ OD;baqG (bke;f }uD;baqG)/ OD;!Ge@f atmif/ ocifcspf (bm;aumifp)D / OD;bxGe;f (a&SŒaersm;t
oif;)/ OD;&Jacgi! f eG @f / OD;oka0/ OD;0rfuakd [m (t+idr;f pm;oHtrwf}uD;) wd@k awG yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f? t
a&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f a=unmcsuaf wGxw k jf yefc+hJ yD; em,u}uD; OD;Eku 9-9-1988 ae@rmS owif;pm
&Si;f vif;yGw J &yf ðyvkycf u hJ m “1947 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya't& u|eaf wmfomv#if w&m;0if0ef
}u;D csKyfjzpfa=umif;/ pifòyid t f pd;k &zG@J pnf;a=umif;” a=unmcJyh gw,f? tJ'pD ifòyid t f pd;k & a=unmcsux f wk f
t+y;D aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh OD;Ek&ŒJ 'D+ird ;f tzG@J }u;D ua&m 0ef}u;D awGtjzpfuyg awmfawmfrsm;rsm; E_wx f uG f
oGm;=uygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;a[mif; wifO;D / Adv k rf LS ;}uD;a[mif; apmjrif/h 0d"&l ocif cspaf rmifw@kd tyg
t0if awmfawmfrsm;rsm; E_wx f u G o f mG ;=uygw,f?
204
1988 pufwifbm (18) &ufae@rmS e0w ppftpd;k &tm%modr;f wufvm+yD;aemufyikd ;f Edik if H
a&;ygwrD sm; w&m;0ifrw S yf wHk ifciG Ohf ya'xkwjf yef+yD; Edik if aH &;ygwD zG@J pnf;xlaxmifciG ðhf yvkycf sed rf mS awmh
OD;Ek em,uðy zG@J pnf;cJw h hJ ‘'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J ('D+idr;f )’ vJ w&m;0ifEikd if aH &;ygww D cktjzpf
rSwyf w Hk ifcyhJ gw,f? em,u}uD; OD;EkuyJ t"duacgi;f aqmifcyhJ gw,f? 'D+idr;f pwifz@JG pnf;pOfu yk*Kd~ vf
wcsKŒd ryg0ifawmhayrJh ±ky&f iS rf if;om;a[mif; OD;armifarmifwmeJ@ OD;0if;Edik w f @kd vykd *k Kd~ vfopfawGawmh
yg0ifvmwmawG@&ygw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J ukd vlxu k OD;EktzG@J / 'D+idr;f tzG@J v@kd yJ ac:a0:cJh
=uygw,f? Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;}uD;awGwcsKŒd yg0ifc=hJ uayrJh vlx=k um;rSm trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J
csKyfavmuf a&yef;pm;r_r&&Scd b hJ J OD;Eku olz@JG pnf;a=unmcJw h hJ pifòydit f pd;k &udk e0w awmif;qdo k vdk
zsuo f rd ;f ay;jcif;rðyvkyyf J acgi;f rmrmqufvuf qkyu f ikd &f yfwnfjycJw h mavmufuvGv J @kd wjcm;xl;xl;
jcm;jcm;Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGvJ wlww l efwefvyk af qmif jyEdik cf jhJ cif;r&Syd g?
1990 jynfEh pS /f ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD; ay:ayguv f mcsed rf mS wjynfv;Hk rJ
qENe,f trsm;tjym;rSm 'D+idr;f tzG@J }uD; yg0if,OS òf ydicf yhJ gw,f? 'D+idr;f tzG@J }uD;&JŒ a&G;aumufyt JG rSwf
oauFwuawmh ‘em&D’ jzpfygw,f? rJqENe,fwae&mrS tEdik &f &Sad &G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufc&H jcif; r&Scd yhJ g?
wcsed u f tpOftvm}uD;cJw h hJ 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek&ŒJ Edik if aH &;tcef;u¾[mvlx=k um;rSm r&Sad wmh
bl;qdw k m azmfjyvdu k b f od uJo h @kd odomjrifomapcJyh gw,f?
e0w ppftpd;k &u rJqENe,fwae&mrS tEdik &f &Scd jhJ cif;r&Sw d hJ Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGukd zsuo f rd ;f jcif;
vkyw f ,fqu kd m zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd w
f t
hJ csed rf mS awmh 'D+idr;f tzG@J }uD;vJ edÏw d o H mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
(4) wyfrawmfwyfrLS ;a[mif;rsm;ESihf &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzG@J
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f 9-9-1988 ae@rmS ay:ayguv f mcJw h mjzpfygw,f? zG@J pnf;
pu ‘wyfrawmfwyfrLS ;a[mif;rsm;ESihf &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzG@J (,m,D)’ qd+k yD; zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf w hJ m
jzpfygw,f? ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D &JŒ 'Da&wcJeufjrifw h ufaewJu h mv 30-8-88 ae@rmS wyfrLS ;}u;D a[mif;
aygi;f (85) OD; wufa&mufwhJ tpnf;ta0;w&yfusi;f ycJ=h uygw,f? tedrq hf ;Hk Adv
k }f uD;a[mif;tqifrh S
Advk rf LS ;-Adv
k rf LS ;}u;D tqift h v,f/ Adv
k cf sKyf-Adv
k cf sKyf}u;D tqift h xd emrnf}u;D wyfrawmf wyfrLS ;}u;D
a[mif;aygi;f pkaH vmufe;D yg; yg0ifwufa&mufc=hJ u+y;D 'Dru kd a&pDa&;udk vdv k m;a=umif;azmfjycJ=h uygw,f?
9-9-1988 ae@rmS awmh tzG@J tpnf;w&yftjzpf w&m;0ifz@JG pnf;cJ=h uygw,f? tzG@J tpnf;udk ‘OD;
aqmiftzG@J ’ eJ@ ‘tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J ’ tjzpf owfrw S zf @JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
OD;aqmiftzG@J rmS (1) OD;atmifa&$ (Adv k rf LS ;csKyfa[mif;)/ (2) OD;wifO;D (Adv k cf sKyf}uD;a[mif;)/ (3)
Adv
k &f x J wG f (&Jabmf ok;H usyd )f / (4) OD;aomif;'ef (av) Adv k cf sKyfa[mif;/ (5) OD;apmjrifh (Adv k rf LS ;}u;D a[mif;)/
(6) OD;a&$ (Adv k rf LS ;}uD;a[mif;)/ (7) OD;=unf0if; (Adv k rf LS ;}uD;a[mif;)/ (8) OD;vGif (Adv k rf LS ;}uD;a[mif;)/
(9) OD;at;armif (Adv k rf LS ;}uD;a[mif;)/ (10) OD;vGe;f wif (Adv k rf LS ;}uD;a[mif;)/ (11) OD;cifZmrkef (Adv k f
rSL;}uD;a[mif;)/ (12) OD;t,fceG af emif (Adv k rf LS ;}uD;a[mif;)/ (13) OD;vSarmf (Adv k rf LS ;}uD;a[mif;)/
(14) OD;ode;f wkwf (Adv k rf LS ;}uD;a[mif;)/ (15) OD;cspcf ikd f (Adv k rf LS ;}uD;a[mif;)/ (16) OD;armifarmif}uD;
205
0if;wifhxGef;
('k-Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;a[mif;) wd@k yg0ifygw,f?
tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J tjzpfe@J uawmh OD;atmifa&$ æ OuUÏ/ OD;wifO;D 'k-OuUÏ/ OD;cspcf ikd f æ
twGi;f a&;rSL;/ OD;armifarmif}uD; wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rSL;eJ@ tzG@J 0ifawGtjzpf OD;aomif;'ef (av)/ OD;vS
armf/ OD;vGi/f OD;cifZmrke/f OD;apmjrifw h @kd e@J zG@J pnf;cJw
h mjzpfygw,f? ta&;awmfyu Hk mvtwGi;f rSm a=u
nmcsuaf wG xkwjf yefc=hJ uwm&Syd gw,f? ppfwyfu tm%modr;f wufvm+yD;csed rf mS awmh wcsKŒd vJ
w&m;0ifrw S yf Hk wifz@JG pnf;cJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awGxJ yg0ifomG ;=uum wcsKŒd vJ b,frrS yg
0ifwmawG@&+yD; wyfrLS ;a[mif;rsm;ESihf &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzG@J emrnf[m aysmufu, G o
f mG ;cJ&h ygw,f?
(5) e0w-etz tzG@J
jynfov l xl }k uD;w&yfv;Hk yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;aecJ=h uwJh &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;udk ppfwyfuae
vufeufe@J t=urf;zufòzdciG ;f ypfvu kd +f yD; tm%modr;f ppftpd;k &tjzpfwufvmcJyh gw,f? ‘Edik if aH wmf
+idr0f yfyjd ym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J ’/ twdak umuftm;jzifh e0w tjzpf/ 1988 ckEpS /f pufwifbm-
18) &ufae@rmS pwifay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? e0w qdw k m tm%modr;f ppftpd;k &tzG@J wckyjJ zpfygw,f?
tm%modr;f ppftpd;k &wdik ;f vdv k kd yxrqk;H ajym=um;avh&w dS hJ vufo;Hk pum;jzpfwhJ “Edik if aH wmf w0ef;
vk;H wGif tbufbufrS ,d, k iG ;f aeaomtajctaeudk tcsed rf x D ed ;f odr;f Edik &f eftwGuf jynfojl ynfom;
tm;vk;H tusK;d iSm wyfrawmfonf ,ae@rpS I Edik if aH wmftm%mt&yf&yfukd vk;H 0wm0ef,v l u kd f
onf” qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfoH a=unmcsurf sK;d eJ@yJ tm%modr;f +yD;wufvmcJyh gw,f?
Edik if aH wmf +idr0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J &ŒJ yxrqk;H aoma=unmcsuu f awmh a=unm
csuf trSwf 1§88 jzpfygw,f? a=unmcsux f rJ mS æ æ æ
(u) w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k a&;/ e,fajr at;csr;f om,ma&;?
(c) vrf;yef;qufo, G rf _ vkðH cHacsmarG@apa&;?
(*) jynforl sm;. pm;0wfaea&;acsmifvnfap&ef tpGr;f ukef óud;yrf;aqmif&u G af y;&efEiS hf yk*v
~ u d /
or0g,rwd@k aqmif&u G Ef ikd af tmifvJ wwfEikd o f r# ulnaD qmif&u G af y;Edik af &;?
(C) txufyg vkyif ef;rsm;jynfph +Hk yD;v#if ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyu JG si;f ya&;qdwk hJ
wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfukd xrf;aqmif&eftwGuf tm%mt&yf&yfukd &,lvu kd w f mvd@k azmfjyyg&cdS yhJ g
w,f? 18-9-88 ae@rmS yJ trde@f trSwf 1§88 eJ@ Edik if aH wmf+idr0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J qw kd hJ
‘e0w’ }uD;udk zG@J pnf;a=unm cJyh gw,f? zG@J pnf;xGuaf y:vmcJw h hJ e0w tzG@J }uD;uawmh æ æ æ
(1) Adv k cf sKyf}uD; apmarmif - OuUÏ
(2) 'k-Adv k cf sKyf}uD; oef;a&$ - tzG@J 0if
(3) Adv k cf sKyf armifarmifcif - tzG@J 0if
(4) Adv k cf sKyf wifxeG ;f - tzG@J 0if
(5) Adv k rf LS ;csKyf atmif&aJ usmf - tzG@J 0if
(6) Adv k cf sKyf bke;f jrifh - tzG@J 0if
206
(7) Adv k cf sKyf pdeaf tmif - tzG@J 0if
(8) Adv k cf sKyf cspaf qG - tzG@J 0if
(9) Adv k rf LS ;csKyf ausmb f - tzG@J 0if
(10) Adv k rf LS ;}uD; armifoifh - tzG@J 0if
(11) Adv k rf LS ;csKyf armifat; - tzG@J 0if
(12) Adv k rf LS ;csKyf ^m%fvif; - tzG@J 0if
(13) Adv k rf LS ;csKyf jrifah tmif - tzG@J 0if
(14) Adv k rf LS ;csKyf jroif; - tzG@J 0if
(15) Adv k rf LS ;csKyf xGe;f =unf - tzG@J 0if
(16) Adv k rf LS ;csKyf at;aomif - tzG@J 0if
(17) Adv k rf LS ;csKyf rsK;d !Ge@f - tzG@J 0if
(18) Adv k rf LS ;csKyf cif!eG @f - twGi;f a&;rSL; (1)
(19) Adv k rf LS ;}uD; wifO;D - twGi;f a&;rSL; (2) qd+k yD; zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
18-9-88 ae@ w&ufwnf;rSmyJ e0w tzG@J }uD;uae a=unmcsut f rSwf 2§88 jzifh jynfo@l
v$waf wmf/ Edik if aH wmfaumifp/D 0ef}uD;tzG@J / jynfo@l w&m;ol}uD;tzG@J / jynfo@l Oya' tusK;d aqmiftzG@J /
jynfo@l vyk if ef; ppfaq;a&;tzG@J / jynfo@l aumifpt D qifq h ifah wGukd zsuo f rd ;f vduk af =umif;a=unm+yD;
'k-0ef}uD;tm;vk;H udv k J wm0efr&S yfpaJ =umif; a=unmcJo h vd/k a=unmcsuf trSwf 3§88 jzifv h J
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfonf vGwv f yfI wufºuaG om Edik if jH cm;a&;0g'udk qufvufusio hf ;Hk rnf
qdwk mudk a=unmcJyh gw,f? wqufwnf;rSmyJ trde@f trSwf 2§88 eJ@ jynfov l x l w
k &yfv;Hk vdu k f
em&eftrde@f / trde@f trSwf 3§88 eJ@ Xmeqdik &f m t&mxrf;-tr_xrf;rsm;udk qufvufwm0efxrf;
aqmif&ef/ pufwifbm-19 up+yD; vkyif ef;cGif jyefvnf 0ifa&muf=u&ef/ (26) &ufae@txd vkyif ef;
cGirf 0ifygu wm0efr&S yfprJ nfqw kd t
hJ rde@f awGukd qufwu kd f xkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f? pufwifbm-18 w
ae@wnf;rSmyJ/ a=unmcsuf 1§88/ 2§88/ 3§88 a=unmcsuf (3) cke@J trde@f trSwf 1§88/ 2§88/
3§88 trde@f (3) ckukd xkwjf yefc+hJ yD;/ e0w ppftpd;k &tzG@J }uD;tjzpf pwif ouf0ifvy_ &f mS ;vmcJyh gw,f?
e0w OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyf}uD; apmarmif[m 0ef}uD;csKyfvJ jzpf/ Edik if aH wmft}uD;tuJqw kd mvJ jzpf/
umuG,af &;0ef}uD;eJ@ umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfvjJ zpfwt hJ jyif/ Edik if jH cm;a&;udyk g wm0ef,o l jl zpfvmcJyh g
w,f? e0w [m wufvmvm+yD;csi;f ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;udk rif;rJph ¶ku d v f y_ &f mS ;r_}uD;tjzpf ¶_jriftykycf s
uifyeG ;f wyf o¶kyzf suw f mawGukd enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ vkyaf qmifc&hJ if; zrf;wmqD;wm ta&;,lEydS u f yG w f m
awGukd qufwu kd vf yk af qmifcyhJ gw,f? tm%modr;f wufvmwmjzpfayrJh rqv eJ@ rqv acgi;f aqmif
awGtm;vk;H udak wmh/ wpufuav;rS rxdrwd@k cw hJ thJ jyif (olw@kd u, kd wf ikd uf vJ tm%mrodr;f cifu
txd rqv acgi;f aqmif pm&if;0ifawGcsn;f jzpf=uwma=umif)h rqv zufuae t}uD;tus,t f
umtuG,af y;cJ=h u/ &yfwnfjycJ=h uwJt h wGuf vlxak wG=um;rSm ‘e0w’ qdw k m ‘ae0if;wyf’ vd@k yJ
ac:a0:cJ=h u em;vnfc=hJ uygw,f? Edik if aH wmf +idr0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J }uD;udk vlxu k
‘+idryf t d zG@J ’ vd@k vJ uifyeG ;f wyfay;cJ=h uovd/k olw@kd csrw S af jymqdv k yk uf ikd af ewJh vrf;pOfay:vpDe@J
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0if;wifhxGef;
vkyf aqmifcsurf eS o f r#uv kd J ‘uvdeaf ph jirf;qif +idryf d vrf;pOf’ vd@k yJ ac:a0:owfrw S cf =hJ uygw,f?
21-9-88 ae@rmS e0w tzG@J uae ‘ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG usi;f ya&;aumf
r&Sif Oya'’ udk xkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f? ‘a&G;aumufyu JG si;f ya&;aumfr&Si’f tzG@J uawmh rqv aemufq;Hk
orRw a'guw f m armifarmifvufxuf 11-8-88 ae@rmS a=unmzG@J pnf;ay;xm;cJ+h yD;jzpfwhJ OuUÏ
OD;baX;/ tzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf OD;ausm! f eG @f / OD;pef;armif/ OD;apm=um'd;k / q&mcs,w f @kd yg0ifwhJ (5) OD;yg
aumfr&Sit f zG@J uykd J qufvufo;Hk pGcJ yhJ gw,f? 23-9-88 ae@rmS awmh e0w tzG@J OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
apmarmif ud, k wf ikd t f oHvi$ hf xkwjf yefwhJ ‘wdik ;f jynfo@kd wifjyarwWm&yfccH su’f qdw k mudk a=unmcJyh g
w,f? tJ'aD rwWm&yfccH sux f rJ mS ‘u|eaf wmfe@J wuG vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufrsm;/ wyfrawmfom;tm;vk;H u
Edik if aH wmftm%mudk =um&Snaf v;jrifph mG &,lvakd omqENr&Sad =umif; &[ef;&Siv f l jynfot l aygi;f udk
±kad oav;pm;wnf=unfpmG uwdðyygw,f’ vd@k ajymqdo k mG ;cJo
h vdk ‘u|eaf wmfw@kd wawG[m wyfr
awmfom;awGjzpf=uygw,f? wyfrawmfom;awGe@J zG@J pnf;xm;wJh u|eaf wmfw@kd tzG@J taeeJ@vJ Edik if hH
aus;Zl;opPmudk cH,x l m;wJt h zG@J tpnf;jzpfv@kd Edik if aH wmfe@J Edik if o H m;rsm;tay: 0efcx H m;&S+d y;D jzpfwu hJ wd
opPmudk rnfo@kd aomta=umif;a=umifrh # y,fzsuf azguzf surf mS r[kwaf =umif; ,k=H unfxm;=uapvdyk g
w,f’ vd@k vJ twdtvif;ajymqdo k mG ;cJyh gw,f?
tJ'aD rwWm&yfccH sux f rJ mS yJ “u|eaf wmfw@kd wm0ef,rl ,fu h mv[m tvGew f akd wmif;vSwhJ
twGuf use;f rma&;/ ynma&;/ wjcm;vlra_ &;qdik &f mvkyif ef;rsm;udk xdu k o f ifo h avmufom xde;f odr;f
aqmif&u G f oGm;Edik rf mS jzpfygw,f? a&&Snf ðyjyifaqmif&u G &f r,fh use;f rma&;/ ynma&;/ vlra_ &;qdik &f m
vkyif ef;rsm;udak wmh ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pDa&G;aumufyu JG si;f y+yD;aemuf wufa&mufvmr,ft h pd;k &tzG@J
tpnf;u aqmif&u G af y;zd@k jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd wyfrawmftaeeJ@uawmh jynfojl ynfom;rsm;u
rdrw d @kd &ŒJ 'Drukd a&pDyikd cf iG t hf &/ vGwv f yfr#wpGm a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufz@JG pnf;vdu k w f hJ tpd;k &tzG@J tpnf;udk
Edik if aH wmf&ŒJ tm%mmudk v$aJ jymif;ay;+y;D wmeJ@ u|eaf wmfw@kd &ŒJ rlvwm0efjzpfwhJ Edik if aH wmfumuG,af &;
eJ@vjHk cKHa&;/ w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; wm0efawGuo kd m qufvufaqmif&u G of mG ;rSmjzpfa=umif; xyfrH
uwday;vdyk gw,f” vd@k ajymqd+k y;D uwdtxyfxyf tmrbaEœtvDvðD ycJyh gw,f? wzufu tckvt kd
vDvu D wdðyae&if; wjcm;wzufuawmh ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;rSm yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJo h al wGtay: tpkvu kd f
tðyHvu kd f zrf;qD;ta&;,lwmawG Edik if w H 0Se;f ae&mtES@H qufwu kd ðf yvkycf yhJ gw,f?
27-9-88 ae@rmS Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w Hk ifOya'udk jyXmef;ay;cJ+h yD; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f
28-9-88 ae@rmS Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w Hk ifOya'ESihf enf;Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;a=unmcJyh gw,f?
(Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w Hk ifciG ahf emufq;Hk ae@&uftjzpf 28-2-89 ae@txd (5) v=um tcsed af y;xm;
cJyh gw,f? rSwyf w Hk ifc=hJ uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwaD ygi;f 235 ygwD ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f)? Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; wnf
axmifrw S yf wHk ifciG ðhf y+yD;wmeJ@ ra&S;raESmif;rSmyJ ay:ayguv f mcJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGuvJ e0w
ppftpd;k &&JŒ zrf;qD;ta&;,laer_awGukd uef@uu G pf mwifwm/ e0weJ@rwlnw D hJ tjrifoabmxm;awG
udk azmfjy=uwm/ oufqikd &f mEdik if aH &;ygwaD wG&ŒJ Edik if aH &;pnf;¶k;H a&;vkyif ef;awGukd vkyaf qmifvy_ &f mS ;
vm=uwmawG&w dS thJ wGuf Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG&ŒJ pnf;¶k;H a&;eJ@ Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd uef@owfcsKyfcs,f
xm;Edik zf @kd / txl;ojzifh wyfrawmfukd a0zefx;kd ESuw f mawG rvkyEf ikd af pzd@k e@J oGm;av+yDjzpfwhJ rqv
208
eJ@ rqv acgi;f aqmif}u;D awGtay: a0zefjypfwif¶w _ cf s xd;k ESuw f u kd cf ukd w f mawG rvkyEf ikd af pzd@k twGuf
e0w uae a=unmcsuf trSwf (8§88) qdw k mudk xyfrx H w k jf yef uef@owfvmcJjh yefygw,f? 19-
10-88 ae@peJG @J xkwjf yefvu kd w f hJ (8§88) [m Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGukd bmrSrvky=f ueJ@awmhv@kd ajymvdu k wf hJ
t"dym` ,frsK;d jzpfaeygawmhw,f? 8§88 &JŒ tyd'k f (3) rSm ‘Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;onf yk*Kd~ vfwOD;wa,muf/
od@k r[kwf tzG@J tpnf;wckcu k rkd xdcu kd af pbJ a&G;aumufyw JG iG f rdryd gwt D Edik &f a&;twGuf rdryd gw. D
rl0g'vrf;pOfrsm;udk jynfov l x l , k =Hk unfaxmufcrH &_ adS p&ef rSeu f efaompnf;¶H;k v_y&f mS ;r_jzifh ðyvkycf iG &hf dS
ygonf? od@k aomf wyfrawmfòyduaJG &;&nf&, G cf sujf zifh pnf;¶k;H v_@H aqmfr/_ a[majymr_/ wDw;kd vky=f uH
0g'jzef@rE_ iS hf a&;om;r_rsm;rðyvky=f u&efurkd l wm;jrpfonf? ,if;wm;jrpfcsut f m; usL;vGeyf gu xd
a&mufpmG ta&;,lrnfjzpfa=umif;’ qd+k y;D azmfjyxm;wJt h wGuf e0w acwfO;D umvtwGi;f xkwjf yefchJ
or#trde@f e@J a=unmcsuaf wGxrJ mS 2§88 eJ@ 8§88 [m emrnfq;kd eJ@ ausm=f um;cJyh gw,f? e0w t
zG@J }u;D &JŒvufo;Hk awmf qDref;a&ref;*gxmawmf}u;D (2) &yfozG,v f jJ zpfcyhJ gw,f? trde@f trSw2f §88 u
jynforl sm;vdu k ef m&efqw kd mjzpf+yD; vlpv k al 0;ðyvkyjf cif;/ qENjyjcif;-oydwaf rSmufjcif;awGreS o f r#ukd
wm;jrpfvu kd w f mjzpfovdk a=unmcsut f rSwf 8§88 uawmh Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;vdu k ef m&efjzpf+yD;
b,fy*k Kd~ vf b,ftzG@J tpnf;udrk S ra0zef&ef rxdyg;&ef/ txl;ojzifh wyfrawmf}uD;udk rwd@k xd ra0
zef&efjzpfygw,f? &efuek ef @J òrdŒ}uD;awGay:rSm ppfwyfuae toHcsŒJ pufe@J um;eJ@r=umc% vSnv hf nf
[pfatmf trde@f ay;+cdr;f ajcmuf owday;jyavh&ydS gw,f?
e0w tzG@J }uD;ud, k w f ikd f r=umc% +rdeaf &,Suaf & xkwaf zmfo;Hk pGaJ vh&w dS hJ aemufxyfvufo;Hk
awmf wckuawmh ‘rm&S,af vm’ qdw k m jzpfygw,f?‘ tcktyk cf sKyfaewm bmeJ@tyk cf sKyfaeovJ/
rm&S,af vmeJ@ tkycf sKyfaewm/ bmtpd;k &vJ rm&S,af vmtpd;k &/ bmOya'vJ rm&S,af vmOya'av’
qd+k y;D ajymifajymifwif;wif; ajymavh&o dS vdk ‘rm&S,af vmqdw k m ppfAv kd cf sKy}f u;D &JŒ oabmqENtwdik ;f yJ
olóuu d o f vdk pD&ifq;Hk jzwfEikd w f ,f/ ol@oabmyJ’ vd@k vJ Adv k cf sKyf}u;D apmarmifu, kd w
f ikd uf ay:ay:xif
xifteufziG jhf ycJyh gw,f? e0w [m rm&S,af vmeJ@tyk cf sKyfco hJ vd/k ‘Oya'uJo h @kd tm%mwnfap&rnfh
trde@f ’ qdw k mawGuv kd J r=umc% xkwjf yeftyk pf ;kd cJyh gw,f? e0w tzG@J }uD;vufxufrmS b,ftpd;k &
vufxufe@J rrS wl wrlx;l jcm;pGm wGiw f iG uf s,u f s,f azmfxw k t f ok;H csvmcJw h mwckuawmh ‘Edik if H
awmfowif;xkwjf yefa&;tzG@J ’ qdw k mygy?J owif;xkwjf yefa&;tzG@J acgi;f aqmif OD;ausmq f ef;qdw
k meJ@
Adv k rf LS ;}uD; oef;xGe;f / Adv k rf LS ;}uD; &Jxw G /f Adv
k rf LS ;}uD; ode;f pdef pwJo h wif;xkwjf yefa&;tzG@J 0ifawG&ŒJ
owif;pm&Si;f vif;yG}J uD;awG r=umc%ay:aygucf o hJ vd/k Adv k cf sKyf}uD; apmarmife@J twGi;f a&;rSL; (1)
jzpfol Adv k rf LS ;csKyf cif!eG @f w@kd u, kd wf ikd f wufa&muf&iS ;f vif;wJh owif;pm&Si;f vif;yG}J uD;awGe@J rde@f ceG ;f
ac|y}JG u;D awGvJ c%c%ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? owif;pm&Si;f vif;yG}J u;D awG[m wcgw&H em&Daygi;f rsm;pGm
=umwJt h xd &Snv f sm;axGjym; t&nfr&tzwfr&Edik v f eG ;f vS+yD; a&'D,/kd ¶kyjf rifo=H um; tpDtpOfawG
ay:uae r+yD;Edik rf pD;Edik f xkwv f i$ jhf yoaeavh&w dS t hJ wGu/f ‘uae@n owif;pm&Si;f vif;yG&J w dS ,f
apmapmtdyrf jS zpfr,f’ qdw k hJ [mojyufv;Hk awGawmif ay:aygucf &hJ wJt h xdjzpfygw,f?
vlxt k a&;awmfy}Hk uD;udk aoewfe@J ypfcwfòzdciG ;f +yD;wufvmcJw h hJ ppfwyf ppftm%m&Sit f zG@J
tpnf;jzpfwt hJ wGuf e0w[m Edik if w H umrsuEf mS pmrSmvJ rsuEf mS yef;rvSyJ trsm;pk}uD;&JŒypfwifa0
209
0if;wifhxGef;
zefra_ wGukd cHc&hJ ygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh tdref ;D csi;f w¶kwEf ikd if /H xdik ;f Edik if w H @kd avmufe@J yJ qufq0H ifqchH iG hf
&cJyh gw,f? e0w tzd@k uHaumif;cJw h ,fv@kd ajymEdik w f muawmh ppftpd;k &tqufquf&ŒJ t"duOD;wnf
&efo}l uD;jzpfcw hJ hJ t"duvufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;jzpfwhJ Armjynf uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ
atmufuae ud;k uef@tzG@J / ‘0’ tzG@J / 101 ppfa'otzG@J e@J 815 tzG@J awG ykeu f efcx JG u
G v f mcJ=h u+yD;
e0w eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vkyEf ikd f cJw h t hJ wGuf (+ird ;f tzG@J awG tv#Kt d v#Kad y:ayguv f mcJw h t hJ wGu)f
ppfa&;e,fy,frmS touf¶LS ayguaf csmifc&hJ +y;D ay:ayguv f mor#aom vlxt k ºHk uv G y_ &f mS ;r_awGzufukd
ppftiftm;ok;H zdEydS Ef ikd cf iG &hf cJyh gw,f?
e,fpyfa'oawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm aoewfoaH wG wdwo f mG ;cJ&h ayrJh e0w [m ppftiftm;udk
tqufrjywf wd;k csŒJ +rw J ;kd csŒJ cJ+h y;D tqrwef}u;D rm;wJh vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;}u;D wck jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
e0wOuUÏ Adv k cf sKyf}uD; apmarmif[m ud, k [hf mud,k &f mxl;wuf+yD; Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; apmarmifjzpfvmcJh
ovdk Adv k rf LS ;csKyf cif!eG @f [mvJ Adv k cf sKyf cif!eG @f jzpfvmcJ+h yD;/ e0w tzG@J 0ifppfacgi;f aqmifawGtm;vk;H
toD;oD; &mxl;awGwufvmcJ=h uygw,f? wdik ;f rSL;awGtm;vk;H vdv k [ kd m ud, k w hf ikd ;f tvdu k f ppfb&k if
ti,fpm;av;awGozG,f jzpfvmcJ+h yD; tm%myg0g}uD;olawG jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? 'DtxJrmS emrnfxu G f
vmolawGuawmh Adv k cf sKyf xGe;f =unf/ Adv k cf sKyf ausmb f / Adv
k cf sKyf jrifah tmif pwJph pfwikd ;f rSL;}u;D awGygy?J
30-6-89 ae@rmS e0w cef@ a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f ae ‘jynfo@l vw $ af wmf a&G;aumufyJG
enf;Oya'rsm;’ udk xkwjf yefa=unmcJyh gw,f? 5-7-89 ae@ owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGrJ mS e0wOuUÏ Adv k f
csKyf}uD; apmarmifu ‘vmr,fh jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'udk a&;qGt J wnfðy=u&ef/
od@k r[kwf 1947 tajccH Oya'udjk zpfap/ 1974 ckEpS f tajccHOya'udjk zpfap/ vdt k yfovdk jyifqiftwnf
ðy vkyaf qmifomG ;=u&ef’oabmrsK;d xkwaf zmfajymqdck yhJ gw,f?
ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGxrJ mS vlx=k um; a&yef;tpm;qk;H ygwjD zpfvmwmuawmh
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfjzpf+yD; vlx}k uD;&JŒ csp=f unfav;pm;jrwfE;kd r_ukd &vmwmuawmh trsK;d
om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&ŒJ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfjzpfvmcJyh gw,f? e0w
tvdu k sjzpfrvmcJyh J vlxzk ufu rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnf v_y&f mS ;acgi;f aqmifvmcJw h hJ a':atmifqef;
pk=unfukd e0wu 1989/ Zlvikd v f -20 &ufae@rmS zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f ypfcyhJ gw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDt
zG@J csKyftay:vJ enf;rsK;d pkeH @J zdEydS cf sKyfcs,x f m;cJ+h yD; wd;k wufwhJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;eJ@ Edik if aH &;acgi;f
aqmifawGreS o f r#uv kd J enf;rsK;d pkeH @J ESyd u f yG -f zrf;qD;-uef@owf ta&;,lwmawG tqufrjywfvyk f
aqmifc&hJ if; rqvwjzpfvJ wpnygwu D ykd J bufvu kd rf suEf mS omay; v$waf y;xm;cJyh gw,f? tJ'v D kd
tzufzufuxde;f csKyx f m;+y;D csed rf mS 1990 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS ygwpD 'Hk rD ukd a&pDa&G;aumufy}JG u;D ðyvkyaf y;r,f
vd@k e0wzufu a=unmcJyh gw,f? ygww D &yf&yfuyJ tjywftowf tEdik &f vdrrhf ,fr[kw/f ay:ayguf
vmr,fh tpd;k &opf[m tm;aysmw h hJ !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &avmufyJ jzpfvmEdik v f rd rhf ,fv@kd wGuq f ,k=H unf
xm;r_e@J a&G;aumufyv JG yk af y;a&;ud/k (e0w wufvmpOfu aºu;G a=umfxm;wJh wm0ef}u;D av;&yfuwd
twdik ;f ) vkyaf qmifay;zd@k a=unmcJw h mjzpfygw,f? Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGu vGwv f yf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh
a&G;aumufy}JG uD;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf t[ef@twm;ozG,jf zpfaewJh zdEydS cf sKyfcs,af &;trde@f awG
jzpfaewJh 2§88 eJ@ - 8§88 udk ¶kwo f rd ;f ay;zd@k awmif;qdw k ifjycJ=h uygw,f? e0w u ¶kwo f rd ;f ay;jcif;r
210
vkycf yhJ g?
10-11-89 ae@ ppfO;D pD; wuUov kd o f ifwef;qif;yGaJ e@rmS ‘wyfrawmfom;tm;vk;H [m rnfonfh
ygw0D ifrS r[kwaf wmha=umif;/ vGwv f yfpmG qENay;Edik af =umif;’ e0w OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyrf LS ;}u;D apmarmifu
ajym=um;cJo h vdk tJ'AD v kd o
f ifwef;qif;yGJ rde@f ceG ;f xJrmS yJ “vmr,fh jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu zG@J pnf;ykt H ajc
cHOya'udk a&;qGJ jyXmef;+y;D tJ't D ajccHOya'eJ@tnD zG@J pnf;wJt h pd;k &udk tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;oGm;r,f”
vd@k vJ xyfraH jymqdk jyefygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd zrf;qD;xde;f csKyfxm;/ a&G;aumufyrJG mS vJ yg0ifciG rhf ay;/ rqv wjzpfvJ
wpn udk wzufowfrsuEf mS omay;xm;&if;u ygwpD Hk 'Dru kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD;udk
1990 jynfEh pS /f arv-27 &ufae@rmS e0w uae usi;f yðyvkyaf y;cJyh gw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG e@ rJxnfh
cge;D tcsed t f xd owif;axmufawG&ŒJ tar;udk e0wOuUÏ Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; apmarmifu jyefvnfajz
=um;&mrSm ‘tEdik &f wJh ygwu D kd tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;vdu k rf mS aygh ’vd@k ajzqdck +hJ yD; a&G;aumufy}JG uD;udk
usi;f yðyvkyaf y;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? 1990 jynf-h a&G;aumufy}JG uD;uae xGuaf y:vmwJt h ajzuawmh
e0wtzG@J }uD; b,fvrkd aS r#mv f ifw h u G q f rxm;rdwhJ tajzjzpfaecJyh gw,f? wpn [m cGucf u G vf ef
atmif ¶_;H edro hf mG ;cJ&h +yD; trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu tjywftowftEdik &f &So d mG ;cJyh gw,f? vGwf
vGwu f |wu f |wf pdwóf udut f pd;k &w&yf zG@J pnf;Edik af vmufwt hJ xd wjynfv;Hk ae&mtES@H rJqENe,f
trsm;wumh trsm;pk}uD;rSm tEdik &f oGm;cJjh cif;jzpf+yD; e0wtzd@k t¶_u d x f o
d mG ;cJ&h ygw,f? e0w }uD;
aoG;±l;aoG;wef;jzpfvmcJ&h ygw,f?
a&G;aumufyaJG e@u ‘tEdik &f wJyh gwu D kd tm%mv$aJ y;vdu k rf mS ayg’h qdw k hJ e0w OuUÏ}uD; Adv k f
csKyfrLS ;}uD; apmarmif[mt&Surf &Sd ud, k phf um;ud, k zf suof rd ;f ypfvu kd +f yD; a&G;aumufyOJG ya' vkyx f ;Hk
vkyef nf;rsm;t& &ufaygi;f (60) t=umrSm tEdik &f wJh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd tm%mv$J
ajymif;ay;tyfa&;udk vkyaf qmif&r,ft h pm; tEdik &f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftay: ydrk u kd ef@owf
csKyfcs,Ef ikd zf @kd =uHpnfjyifqif vmcJyh gawmhw,f? (wpn om tEdik &f r,fq&kd ifawmh tm%mudk
csucf si;f v$aJ y;zd@k / v$waf wmfac: v$waf wmfrmS 1947 tajccH Oya'jzpfjzpf/ 1974 tajccH Oya'udjk zpfjzpf
oifo h vdjk yifqif ,m,Dtwnfðyay;vdu k +f yD; tJ'tD wnfðyay;vdu k w f hJ tajccHOya'eJ@yJ tm%m
udv k aJ$ jymif;ay;vdu k u f m aemufrt S ajccHOya'opfukd tJ'v D w $ af wmfqw kd mu a&;qGaJ pa&;jzpfrmS jzpf
ygw,f)?
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu tjywftowftEdik &f oGm;wJt h ay: rcHcsrd cHomjzpfaewJh e0w
[m tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;tyfa&;udk wpufrrS ajymawmhb/J tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;a&;tpm; zG@J pnf;
ykt H ajccHOya'opf a&;qGaJ &;qdw k mudyk J t&Surf &Sd ajymif;vJajymqdv k mcJjh yefygw,f? 1947 zG@J pnf;tkyf
csKyfyHk tajccHOya'udak &m/ 1974 ckEpS zf @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'udyk g um,uHajrmufzsuo f rd ;f ypf
cJ+h y;D / rawmfrw&m; tm%modr;f vmcJo h al wG[m ppfwyfyjJ zpfcw hJ ,fqw kd mudak wmif owdr&Edik af wmh
bJ/ 1990jynf-h a&G;aumufy}JG uD;t+yD;rSm ‘zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'’ ‘zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'’qdw k mudyk J
wwGww f wG q f rD ef;ref; ajymqdv k mcJjh yefygw,f? e0w OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; apmarmifu ‘Edik if w H Edik if H
rSm ta&;t}uD;qk;H u bmvJ/ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'aygAh sm’ vd@k rJu h m&GŒJ um ajymqd0k g'jzef@
211
0if;wifhxGef;
vmcJyh gw,f? tEdik &f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu e0w ppftpd;k &udk v$waf wmfac:ay;zd@k awmif;qdk
vmcJyh gw,f? e0w u v$waf wmfac:ay;zd@k ajymqdv k mcsurf eS o f r#ukd ‘wD’qm;wd@k jzpfaecJyh gw,f?
a&G;aumufyOJG ya' vkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;rsm;t& a&G;aumufyt JG +y;D &ufaygi;f (60) twGi;f ac:ay;&±k;d xk;H pH
&Sw
d v hJ w $ af wmfukd ac:ray;bJ/ e0wzufu trsK;d rsK;d vSnyhf wfaewJt h wGuf NLD u a&G;aumufyJG
t+yD; &ufaygi;f (60) ausmt f =um 1990/ Zlvikd -f 28 eJ@ 29 &ufawGrmS NLD A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J e@J
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm; yxrt}urd n f E‡d id_ ;f tpnf;ta0;}u;D udu k si;f yzd@k *ENcD ef;rtpnf;ta0;}u;D
udk ac:,lvu kd w f t hJ cg tpnf;ta0;usi;f y&ufrwdik cf if w&ufyaJ pm+yD; 1990 jynf/h Zlvikd -f 27 &uf
ae@rmS yJ e0w ppftpd;k &[m a=unmcsut f rde@f trSwf 1§90 qdw k mudk xkwjf yef+yD; NLD tay:
wm;qD;uef@owf npfywfpw k yf jhJ ycJyh gw,f?
twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) Adv k cf sKyf cif!eG @f vufrw S ef @J a&;xd;k xkwjf yefcw hJ hJ 1§90 [m tyd'k af ygi;f
(21) yd'k yf g0ifwhJ e0w ppftyk pf &k ŒJ a=unmcsut f rde@f jzpfygw,f? tJ'x D rJ mS “ e0w [m ppftpd;k &jzpf
w,f rm&S,af vm Oya'eJ@tyk cf sKyfaewJh ppftpd;k &jzpfw,f? arvwke;f uðyvkyaf y;cJw h hJ a&G;aumufyJG
[m zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccH Oya'a&;qGaJ &;twGuo f m jzpfw,f? zG@J pnf;&r,fv h w $ af wmf[m zG@J
pnf;tkycf sKyfyaHk &;qGaJ &; v$waf wmfomjzpfw,f? vlxu k a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvu kd w f hJ v$waf wmf
ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm;[m zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccH Oya'a&;qGaJ &;wm0ef&o dS al wGom jzpfw,f” qdw k mudk
azmf!e¸ ;f xm;+yD;/ 1§90 &JŒ tcsKyfoabm tESpo f abmuawmh zG@J pnf;ykaH &;qGaJ &;v$waf wmfom
jzpfwt hJ wGuf tm%m (3) &yfpvk;H udk &&Srd mS r[kw/f zG@J pnf;ykH Oya'udak &;qG+J yD; Oya'eJ@tnD ay:
xGuv f mr,ft h pd;k &udo k m e0w u tm%mtyfrmS jzpfw,f? v$waf wmfukd e0wuom ac:ay;rSmjzpf
w,f? Edik if aH wmftm%mudk v$aJ jymif;&,la&;twGuf tpd;k &w&yfz@JG pnf;zd@k / ,m,D zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk
tajccHOya'w&yfa&;qG+J yD; vkyaf qmifrmS rsK;d udk e0w u vufcrH mS r[kwv f @kd xkwaf zmf a=unm+cdr;f
ajcmufvu kd w f myJ jzpfygw,f?
NLD &JŒ *END cef;rtpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;u v$waf wmfz@JG pnf;rSm
tpd;k &w&yf zG@J pnf;rSmudk óudwifwm;jrpf ydwyf if+cdr;f ajcmufvu kd cf sujf zpfwt hJ jyif/ wrifoufouf
npfywfpw k yf v hJ u kd rf v
_ J jzpfygw,f? ‘tEdik &f wJt h zG@J ukd tm%mv$aJ y;vdu k rf mS aygh ’ qdwk hJ Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}u;D
apmarmif&ŒJ ajymqdck suaf wG[m t&Surf &Sw d hJ ajymifvrd af jymifpm;pum;awGyJ jzpfomG ;cJ&h wmudak wmh
wurBmvk;H u jrifoo d mG ;apcJ&h ygw,f? e0w [m t&Surf &Sd uwdrwnftrsK;d tpm;jzpfw,fqw kd m
udv k J ay:ay:wifwif jyovdu k b f o d uJo h @kd jzpfomG ;apcJyh gw,f? 1§90 xkwjf yef+yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh
e0w [m NLD eJ@ a&G;aumufcH v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGtay: ajymifususzEd ydS af pmfum;r_awGukd
enf;rsK;d pkeH @J vyk af qmifygawmhw,f? v$waf wmf ac:ay;&r,fw h m0ef&w dS hJ e0w [m v$waf wmfukd
ac:ray;wJt h jyif v$waf wmfac:ay;a&; wifjyawmif;qdv k mr_ rSeo f r#ukd olc;kd uyJ vlv[ l pfjy&if;
‘tm%m±l;’ awGtjzpf wHqyd w f yf wdu k cf ukd jf ycJyh gawmhw,f? e0w [m 1§90 xkwjf yef+yD;aemufyikd ;f
rSmawmh ud, k [ hf mud, k f twif;wm0efay;zefw;D +yD; ‘'d@k wm0efta&; - 3 yg;’ qdw k mudk xkwaf zmfaºuG;
a=umfvmcJyh gw,f? jynfaxmifpk ròyduaJG &;/ wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf _ ròyduaJG &;/ tcsKyftcsm
tm%m wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;qdw k hJ ta&;ok;H yg;udk ud, k [ hf mud, k f azmfxw k af ºuG;a=umf+yD; tm%mud&k wJh
212
enf;eJ@ taozufw, G x
f m;Edik af &;udk wqifjh yifqifvmcJ=h ujyefygw,f? ‘tEdik &f wJh ygwu D kd tm%m
v$aJ jymif;ay;vdu k rf mS ayg’h wd@k / ‘47 zG@J pnf;ykH Oya'eJ@jzpfap/ 74 zG@J pnf;ykOH ya'eJ@jzpfap vdt k yfovdk
,m,Djyifqiftwnfðy=u&ef’ wd@k qdw k phJ um;awGukd vlo&d iS =f um;ajymqdck w hJ hJ Adv
k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; apm
armif[m pum;udk uajymif;ujyef ajymqdv k m±krH u/ ¶l;ovdk aygovdpk um;awGvJ w[D;[D; w
[m;[m;ajymqdk wwfojl zpfvmcJyh gw,f? ‘NLD udk bmvd@k tm%mv$&J rSmvJ/ v$cJ si;f v$&J if a'guw f m
armifarmifuykd v J rJ$ mS ayg?h ol@qu D tm%mud&k ,lxm;wmyJ[m’ qdw k hJ pum;rsK;d awGtxd ayga=umif
a=umifpum;rsK;d awG ajymqdv k mcJyh gw,f?
1992 ckEpS /f {+yD-24 &ufae@rmS awmh e0w OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; apmarmif[m use;f rma&;
ta=umif;jycsuef @J e0w tzG@J }uD;uae z,f&mS ;cHvu kd &f ygawmhw,f? (wcsKŒd uvJ wu,fu¶kd ;l oGm;
ayguo f mG ;vd@k z,f&mS ;vdu k &f wmvd@k qd=k uygw,f)? Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; apmarmifae&mudk a&mufvmol
uawmh e0w 'k-OuUÏjzpfol 'k-Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; oef;a&$jzpfygw,f? e0w OuUÏ jzpfvmcsed u f p+yD;
'k-Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}u;D uae Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}u;D oef;a&$jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? 'k-OuUÏjzpfvmoluawmh Adv k cf sKyf}u;D
armifat;jzpfygw,f? e0w OuUÏopf Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; oef;a&$uawmh Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; apmarmifvkd
rde@f ceG ;f ac|jcif;awG odyrf vkyb f /J e0w ajymcsi&f m&mawGtm;vk;H udk twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) Adv k cf sKyf cif
!Ge@f uykd J v$t J yfxm;ovdk usio hf ;Hk aecJw h t hJ wGuf trsm;jynfojl rifuiG ;f rSm rD', D maygi;f pkaH &SŒrSm
a&SŒxGurf if;om;}uD;ozG,jf zpfvmcJw h muawmh twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) Adv k cf sKyf cif!eG @f yjJ zpfygw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyf cif!eG @f [m axmufvrS ;f a&;rSL;csKyfvJ jzpfwt hJ jyif/ awmwGi;f vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;
awG typf&yf+ird ;f tzG@J tpnf;awGtjzpf tv#Kt d v#Kad y:ayguv f mapa&;rSm t"duOD;aqmifyaHk zmfow l
OD;vJ jzpfvmcJ+h yD; e0w 'k-OuUÏ 'k-Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; armifat;eJ@tòydif =oZmyg0g}uD;olozG,f jzpf
vmcJyh gw,f? e0w od@k r[kwf ‘oef;-at;-!Ge@f ’ *d% k ;f }uD;tjzpf ±_jrifp&mjzpfwnfvmcJyh gw,f?
‘oef;-at;-!Ge@f ’ e0w umvrSm tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; avoHawmift[rcH
awmhbJ e0w uae ‘v$waf wmfac: ay;&r,ft h pm; trsK;d om;nDvmcHac:,la&;’udk ay:ay:xifxif
v$aJ jymif;vkyaf qmifvmcJyh gw,f? w&m;0if tpd;k &r[kww f hJ trsK;d om;nDvmcHac:,lyikd cf iG rhf &Sw d hJ
e0w ppftpd;k &uae ajymifususnpfywf+yD; 2-10-92 ae@rmS trde@f trSwf 13§92 qdw k meJ@
‘trsK;d om;nDvmcHusi;f ya&;aumfr&Si’f qdw k mudk zG@J pnf;a=umif;a=unm+yD; twkta,mif trsK;d
om;nDvmcHusi;f yay;a&;udk b,fo@l oabmwlncD surf rS &,lyJ usi;f yzd@k vkyaf qmifvmcJyh gw,f?
trsK;d om;nDvmcHusi;f ya&;aumfr&Sif OuUÏqdo k ul awmh &efuek w f ikd ;f wdik ;f rSL; Adv k cf sKyfrsK;d !Ge@f
qdo k jl zpfvmygw,f? trsK;d om;nDvmcHusi;f yzd@k vyk v f mawmhvJ ay:ay:xifxif xyfru H vdeu f svm
cJjh yefwmuawmh/ a&G;aumufcv H w $ af wmf ud, k pf m;vS,af wGtm;vk;H udak wmif yg0ifwufa&mufciG hf
rðybJ cGw J rf;eJ@yJ wufa&mufcikd ;f cJw h mjzpfygw,f? trsK;d om;nDvmcH wufa&mufz@kd tpktzG@J (8) ck
owfrw S zf efw;D +yD; wufa&mufciG &hf vlO;D a& (702) OD;rSm ygwu D ,kd pf m;ðyv$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
(92) OD;eJ@ woD;yk*v ~ v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f (7) OD;/ aygi;f (99) OD;yJ wufa&mufciG ahf y;cJ+h yD; usef
(600) ausmu f awmh e0w pdww f ikd ;f us a&G;cs,x f m;wJo h al wGcsn;f yJ jzpfapcJyh gw,f? 1§90 trde@f
xkwcf phJ Ofu ‘v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;onf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &; twGuo f m
213
0if;wifhxGef;
jzpfonf’ qdw k hJ npfnpfywfywfxw k af zmf a=unmxm;csuu f akd wmifrS rvdu k ef mbJ xyfrn H pfywf
,kwrf m csK;d azmufvu kd cf sujf zpfygw,f? ud, k x f w k jf yefxm;cJw h hJ 1§90 udk ud, k [ hf mud, k f xyfrcH sK;d
azmufvu kd rf _ jzpfygw,f? 9-1-93 ae@rmS e0w ppftpd;k &&JŒ twkta,mif trsK;d om;nDvmcH}uD;udk
pwifusi;f ycJyh gw,f? e0w [m t&Surf &Sd npfenf;ya'omeJ@ ‘trsK;d om;nDvmcH’ qdw k m}uD;udk
usi;f yaepOfumvtwGi;f rSmyJ qef@usiv f molawGreS o f r#ukd vdt k yfovdk ESrd ef if;zd@k &efe@J e0w &JŒ
vlxak emufcH tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpfvt kd yfovdk y,fy,fe,fe,ftok;H cs&eftwGuf vufuikd w f w k f
tzG@J tpnf;wckukd 15-9-93 ae@rmS zG@J pnf;vdu k jf yefygw,f? tJ'guawmh ‘jynfaxmifp=k uHch ikd af &;ESihf
zG@H òzd;a&;toif;’ (=uHzh @HG ) qdw k myJ jzpfygw,f?
e0wacgi;f aqmif}u;D Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}u;D oef;a&$u, kd w f ikd f em,uðy+y;D e0w xdyo f ;D awGu, kd w f ikd f
OuUÏ twGi;f a&;rSL;awGtjzpf ae&m,lazmfjyxm;wJh =uHzh @HG toif;}uD;udk vlxak wGuawmh ‘=uHzh w G ’f
vd@k yJ ac:a0: =uygw,f? trsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'opfa&;qG&J mrSm e0w
uae xyfrAH v kd u f svmjyefwmuawmh ‘tem*wfEikd if aH wmf. trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;OD;aqmifru _ ¾wGif
wyfrawmfu yg0ifxrf;aqmifEikd af &;’ qdw k hJ rawmfrw&m;awmif;qdrk }_ uD;eJ@twl a&;qGrJ ,fh zG@J pnf;
tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'opf}uD;xJrmS jynfov l x l u k a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufz@kd rvdb k J ppfwyfu 25µ
wdwd tvdt k avsmuf yg0ifae&m,lciG hf ay;&r,fqw kd myJ jzpfygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh ppfwyfwrwf
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'tjzpf a&;qGaJ &;udk vkyaf qmifvmcJyh gw,f? e0w u twif;a&G;cs,af y;
xm;wJh vufnKd‡ ;axmifacgi;f ndwf ud, k pf m;vS,q f o kd rl sm;rS ty/ b,fppfreS w f hJ Edik if aH &;tiftm;pk
ud, k pf m;vS,u f rS vufcEH ikd jf cif;r&Sb d J jyefvnf wk@H jyefwifjyae=uwJ=h um;xJu e0w [m e0w
óuduf zG@J pnf;yku H kd twif;t"rR qufvufazmfaqmifcyhJ gw,f?
28-11-95 ae@rmS e0w &JŒ trsK;d om;nDvmcHuae NLD u oydwaf rSmuf xGucf mG oGm;+yD;
aemufrmS awmh e0w [m =uHzh w G u f t kd ok;H ðy+yD; NLD udk enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ &efrrl a_ wG qufwu kd v f yk f
aqmifcyhJ gw,f? 9-11-96 ae@rmS tzG@J csKyf 'k-OuUÏ OD;wifO;D eJ@ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;
pk=unfw@kd pD;eif;vdu k yf gvmwJu h m;udk &efuek òf rdŒvnfacgit f wGi;f rSmyJ vdik pf if& vl&rf;um; (200)
ausmaf vmufu wkw/f "m;/ vufeufawGe@J t=urf;zufwu kd cf ukd af pcJyh gw,f? 'Dvkd ajymifususzEd ydS n f pf
ywfra_ wG vkyaf qmifaewJ=h um;xJu 1997 ckEpS -f =o*kwv f rSm e0w tpd;k &[m tmqD,t H zG@J 0ifciG &hf &Sd
vmcJ+h y;D tmqD,EH ikd if H awG&ŒJ aq;azmfausmzufvyk rf u _ kd cH,&l &Sv d mcJyh gw,f? 15-11-97 ae@rmS awmh
Adv k cf sKyf xGe;f =unf/ Adv k cf sKyf ausmb f / Adv k cf sKyf jrifah tmife@J trsK;d om;nDvmcHusi;f ya&;aumfrwD
OuUÏ}uD; Adv k cf sKyf rsK;d !Ge@f qo kd t l ygt0if emrnfq;kd eJ@ausm=f um;aewJh ppfAv kd cf sKyf (14) OD;udk e0w
tzG@J }uD;uae tpkvu kd t
f ðyHvu kd f xkwyf ,fz,f&mS ;r_}uD; ðyvkycf yhJ gw,f? tz,f&mS ;cHvu kd &f wJh
Adv k cf sKyfawGtrd u f kd &SmazGzrf;qD;odr;f qnf;&mrSmawmh rw&m;ojzifh vmbfpm;xm;r_awGa=umifh
a&$awG yd\mq,fe@J cs+D yD; odr;f ydu k &f &Scd o hJ vdk um;awG/ wdu k af wG q,fe@J csyD ikd q f ikd f csr;f omºuG,0f ae
=uwmudv k J ausmrf aumif;=um;raumif; ay:ayguaf wG@&v dS mcJ&h ygw,f? 15-11-97 ae@ tJ'aD e@rmS yJ
e0w tzG@J }uD;[m e0w uae ‘Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;aumifp’D (e,u) qd+k yD;
trnfopfc, H al jymif;vJ vdu k yf gw,f? ‘Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;aumifp’D qdw k mudk
214
vlxek @J 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGuawmh etz vd@k yJ ac:a0:cJ=h uygw,f? 15-11-97 ae@up+yD;
e0w tjzpfuae etz tjzpf ajymif;vJac:a0:ayguaf yguv f mcJyh gw,f?
etz vufxufrmS e0w vufxufuxuf ydrk akd jymifusay:vGiv f mwmuawmh =uHzh w G af wG
udk vufr&GŒH a'guw f ikd af wGtjzpf ydrk t kd ok;H ðycJo h vd/k ydrk akd e&may;vmcJw h mygy?J 2003 ckEpS /f arv-
30 &ufae@rmS =uHzh w G af wGukd tok;H ðy+yD; ‘'Dy, J if; vlowfy}JG uD;’ udk vuf&ZJ uf&J zefw;D usL;vGecf yhJ g
w,f? NLD acgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J OD;wifO;D wd@k uakd wmif owfjzwfypfz@kd txd rdu k rf u kd f
±kid ;f ±kid ;f usL;vGecf w hJ /hJ etztpd;k &ud, k w f ikd f wdu
k ±f u dk yf g0ifywfoufaewJh Edik if aH wmft=urf;zuf vky=f uH
cJrh }_ uD;jzpfygw,f? aoqk;H '%f&m&cJh &olawG tajrmuftrsm;&Scd ahJ yrJh usL;vGecf o hJ al wGukd vk;H 0ta&;
,lcjhJ cif;r&Sb d /J cHc&hJ olawGuykd J xyfrzH rf;qD;tjypfay; ta&;,lcw hJ t hJ xd ajymifusus npfywf,w k rf m
cJyh gw,f? uHov D @kd vGwv f mcJ&h wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J OD;wifO;D wd@k ukd yxrawmh touftEœ&m,f
u vkðH cHpw d cf s&atmif xde;f odr;f ay;xm;wmvdv k ekd @J ta=umif;jy+yD;wJah emuf/ t+yD;tydik f ESp&f n S f
tdrcf sKyfcs zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f wmvkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? ajymifvrd af jymifpm;enf;eJ@yJ ,kwrf maumufuspcf hJ
wmjzpfygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; apmarmifukd t+yD;tydik zf ,f&mS ;ypfvu kd +f yD;wJh aemufyikd ;f rSm ‘Adv k af pm
armif ajymcJo h r# 'd@k e@J rqdik ’f qdw k hJ taygurf sK;d csK;d +yD; tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;a&;udak omf vnf;aumif;/
v$waf wmfac:ay;a&; aomfvnf;aumif; vk;H 0 pum;awmiftpyfrcHawmhbJ NLD tay: enf;rsK;d pkeH @J
ESyd u f yG òf zdzsuaf &;awGukd vuf&ZJ uf&J qufwu kd vf yk af qmifcyhJ gw,f? trsK;d om;nDvmcHqw kd hJ twkt
a,mifnv D mcHukd tok;H ðy+y;D / etz ppftyk pf u k vdck siw f yhJ pHk t H csut f vufawGtwdik ;f / zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk
tajccHOya'ay:ayguaf &;udyk J wzufowfóud;yrf;jyifqif&if; 30-8-2003 rSm vrf;jyajrykH (7)
csuq f w kd mudk Adv k cf sKyf}uD; cif!eG @f &ŒJ yg;pyfzsm;rSwqifh xkwjf yefa=unmcJyh gw,f?
etz vufxufrmS tqift h oD;oD;rSm vmbfay;vmbf,rl /_ jcpm;r_awG Edik if eH @J t0Se;f jzpfay:ae
wm or¶k;d usvkd jzpfae+yjD zpfayrJh 2004 ckEpS -f pufwifbmvtwGi;f rSmawmh tifrwefrS }u;D us,v f w S hJ
tr_ }uD;wck xl;xl;jcm;jcm;xGuaf y:vmcJyh gw,f? w±kw-f jrefrme,fpyfuek o f , G af &;&JŒ t"duvrf;
a=umif;}uD;jzpfwhJ rlq,f (105) rdik f e,fpyfuek o f , G af &;ZkaH y:u axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG 0ifawGtyg
t0if/ Xmeqdik &f maygi;f (4) cku vlaygi;f &meJ@csD ywfoufaewJh {&mrjcpm; vmbfpm;r_}uD;wckjzpfyg
w,f? etz aumifp0D if Adv k cf sKyf}uD; a&$ref;&JŒtqdt k & usyaf iGoef;aygi;f (3000) ausmzf ;kd yrm%&Sw d hJ
‘rlq,f 105 rdik f erfzh wfum ep& vmbfpm;r_}u;D ’ jzpfygw,f? tJ't D r_e@J qufpyf+y;D axmufvrS ;f a&;rSL;
csKyfvjJ zpf/ 0ef}uD;csKyfvjJ zpf±rHk u jynfwiG ;f jynfy emrnfausm=f um;vlord sm;aecJw h hJ Adv
k cf sKyf}uD; cif
!Ge@f ukd 19-10-2004 ae@rmS etz uae zrf;qD;z,f&mS ; xkwyf ,fypfr}_ uD; ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
Adv k cf sKyf}uD; cif!eG @f etzuae ±kww f &ufz,f&mS ;cHvu kd &f ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyf}uD; cif!eG @f z,f&mS ;
ðzwfxw k cf vH u kd &f +y;D wJah emuf 0ef}u;D csKyfjzpfvmoluawmh ‘'Dy, J if; vky=f urH }_ u;D ’ rSm t"duOD;pD;cJo h l
vd@k emrnfxu G cf w hJ hJ 'k-Adv k cf sKyf}uD; pd;k 0if;jzpfygw,f? etz twGi;f rSm tm%myg0gpOft& 0ef}uD;csKyf
xufawmifomvGe+f y;D xdyq f ;k ZH ,m;a&mufvmoluawmh Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ol&a&$ref;jzpfygw,f? ‘oef;-
at;-!Ge@f ’ etz xdyo f ;D *d% k ;f tjzpfuae ‘oef;-at;-ref;’ etz *d% k ;f }uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJjzpfay:
vmcJyh gw,f? twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) jzpfvmoluawmh 'k-Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ode;f pdejf zpfvmygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf
215
0if;wifhxGef;
tjzpf =um=umawmifrvkyv f u
kd &f yJ aoG;uifqma&m*ge@J Adv k cf sKyf}u;D pd;k 0if;aoqk;H oGm;&+y;D wJah emuf
rSmawmh Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ode;f pde[ f m 0ef}u;D csKyfjzpfvm+y;D / twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) jzpfvmoluawmh Adv k cf sKyf}u;D
oD[ol&wifatmifjrifOh ;D jzpfygw,f? etz OuUÏAdv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; oef;a&$[mvJ tm%mvufapmif;
awG ydx k ufvmcJ+h yD; b0&Sirf if;w&m;}uD;ozG,f emrnfq;kd eJ@yrkd akd usm=f um;vmcJyh gw,f? 2007 ckEpS f
pufwifbmvxJrmS awmh ‘oHCmawmfawGu t"duOD;aqmifðyvkycf w hJ hJ a&$0ga&mif oHCmhvy_ &f mS ;r_
}uD;’ ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? bk&m;'umawGa&mifa&mif/ bmomw&m;udik ;f ±_id ;f olawG a&mifa&mif[ef
aqmifvmcJ=h uwJh etz tm%mydik af wG[m &[ef;oHCmawmfawG awmifra&Smif/ ajymifusus±u dk f
ESuo f wfjzwfzrf;qD;+y;D a&$0ga&mifvy_ &f mS ;r_}u;D udk t=urf;zufòzcd yJG pfcjhJ yefygw,f? ordik ;f wGi&f avmuf
wJh &ufpuf±idk ;f pdik ;f r_}uD;jzpfc+hJ yD; wurBmvk;H u tH=h ocJ&h ygw,f? 2008 ckEpS -f arvrSm &efuek w f ikd ;f tyg
t0if jrpf0u|e;f ay:a'owavsmufrmS vlaygi;f ode;f eJ@csD aoqk;H cJ&h wJt h xd tifrwefq;kd 0g;}u;D us,v f S
wJh em*pfrek w f ikd ;f }uD; wdu k cf wfomG ;wmcHvu kd &f wJ=h um;xJu etz ppf tm%m&Si}f uD; Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;
oef;a&$[m jynfwiG ;f jynfy yGuyf u G n f aH tmif a0zef±w _ cf sae=uwJh =um;xJuae etz pdwóf uduf
xifovdak &;qGx J m;wJh ‘2008 ckEpS -f Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'opf’ qdw k m}u;D udt k wif;
t"rRrjzpf jzpfatmif npfenf;ya'omusio hf ;Hk +yD; qENc, H yl q JG wkd mðyvkyu f m twnfðyypfcyhJ gw,f?
rqv vufxuf 1974 zG@J pnf;ykOH ya'xufawmif od'w d< iftydak qmif;+yD; jynfov l x
l k 92.4µ u
wcJeuf axmufct H wnfðyay;vdu k w f hJ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'}uD;vd@k xkwjf yefa=unmcJyh g
w,f? 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGuawmh etz &JŒ 2008 zG@J pnf;ykOH ya'udk ‘em*pfz@JG pnf;yk’H vd@k yJ uif
yGe;f wyfay;cJ=h uygw,f? 2009 ckEpS -f arvxJrmS awmh rw&m;ojzifh tdrcf sKyfcszrf;qD;xm;wm tcsed af ph
vd@k vw $ af y;&cge;D rSmyJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd xyfrzH rf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;Edik af &;twGuf (etzu
tpDtpOf&&dS dS tuGuaf zmfxm;wmvd@k ,q l =uwJ)h tar&duefEikd if o H m; *|e0f v D s,H ufawm&JŒ a':atmif
qef;pk=unftrd t f wGi;f a&ul;cd;k 0ifvmr_ukd ta=umif;ðy+y;D a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd ¶H;k wifw&m;pGq J kd
cJyh gw,f? etz zufu vkðH cHa&;tapmift h =uyfawG wif;wif;usyu f sycf sxm;ygvsu/f 'D=um;xJu
cd;k 0ifvmr_jzpfygvsuef @J vkðH caH &; wm0efusoal wGuakd wmh [efjyavmufyJ ta&;,loa,mifvyk jf ycJ+h y;D
tdrcf sKyfcsxm;jcif;cHae&ol a':atmifqef;pk=unfuykd J rw&m;ojzifh npfnpfywfywfta&;,l jypf'%f
csrw S jf yvdu k w f m[mvJ etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ ,kwrf mr_}uD;udk tm;vk;H u twdik ;f om;odjrifomG ;cJ&h yg
w,f? 'Dtr_}uD;&JŒt"duw&m;cH *|e0f v D s, H ufawmudk awmh tar&dueftpd;k &udk rsuEf mS csKad oG;zd@k
qDew d w f m*si0f ufbrf w S qifh jyefvnftyfEHS jyefvw $ af y;cJ+h y;D tjypfusL;vGejf cif;vk;H 0r&Scd w hJ hJ a':atmif
qef;pk=unfuakd wmh qufvufzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;wJt h wGuf etz &JŒ a&SŒaemufrnDwhJ npfywfr_
}uD;tay: jynfov l x l wk &yfv;Hk u atmhEv S ;Hk emcJh =uygw,f? 2009 ckEpS x f rJ mS etz ppftpd;k &zufu
xyfrn H pfuu G x f iG v f mjyefwmwckuawmh wdik ;f &if;om; typf&yf vufeufuikd t f zG@J awGtay: vuf
eufðzwford ;f zd@k óud;pm;vmwmjzpfygw,f? 2008 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'qdw k m}uD;udk ud, k hf
[mud, k f od'w d< ifvufnK‡d ;xd;k jy&if; 2010 a&G;aumufyu JG si;f yawmhr,fqw kd hJ ta=umif;jycsuef @J
typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J awG&ŒJ vufeufuikd w f yfawGukd e,fjcm;apmifw h yf od@k r[kwf jynfo@l ppftjzpf ajymif;
vJz@JG pnf;ay;a&;udk enf;rsK;d pkeH @J zdtm;ay;awmif; qdv k mcJyh gw,f? typf&yf=upOfu ryg0ifcw hJ hJ
216
tcsut f vufawGe@J e0w-etz ud, k wf ikd f ‘Edik if aH &;udpaP wGuakd wmh aemifwufvmr,fh Edik if aH &;tpd;k
& t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@rS aqG;aEG;ndE‡ id_ ;f aqmif &Gu=f uzd@k y’J vd@k txyfxyfajymqdv k mcJw h mawGukd ay:
ay:xifxif arhazsmufypfvu kd +f y;D twif;t"rR vufeufðzwfEikd af &;awGukd ajymifusus t&Surf rhJ v hJ yk f
aqmifvmcJw h t
hJ wGuf vufeufuikd f typf&yftzG@J wcsKŒd eJ@ wif;rmr_awGjzpfymG ;vmcJ&h ygw,f? =o*kwf
vtwGi;f rSm OD;zkeu f sm;&Si;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@tzG@J e@J wdu k yf aJG wGjzpfymG ;cJ&h ygw,f? ud;k uef@jy\em
ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? yxrqk;H typf&yftzG@J }uD;eJ@ yxrqk;H vufeufuikd w f u
kd yf aJG wG jyefvnfay:ayguf
cJ&h jcif;tjzpf rSww f rf;wif&ygvrd rhf ,f?
e0w-etz ppftpd;k &[m ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ordik ;f rSm ud, k vf yk af y;cJwh hJ a&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd
ud, k [hf mud, k f rav;rpm; todtrSwrf ðyvkycf +hJ y;D tm%mudk v$aJ jymif;ay;tyf&r,ft h pm; enf;rsK;d pkH
eJ@npfywfpw k yf phJ mG qufvuf csKyfuikd x f m;cJ±h rHk u olc;kd u vlvt l [pfq;Hk tzG@J / tqd;k 0g;qk;H / taumuf
uspq f ;Hk tzG@J v@kd yJ rSwwf rf; wifxm;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(6) trsK;d om;'Dru

kd a&pD tzG@J csKyf
National League for Democracy (NLD)
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyf (NLD) udk 1988 ckEpS /f pufwifbm-27 &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh g
w,f? &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyu Hk mvtwGi;f (14-9-1988) ae@rmS OD;atmif}uD; (Adv k rf LS ;csKyfa[mif;
atmif}uD;)/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;wifO;D (Adv k cf sKyf}uD;a[mif; ol&wifO;D ) wd@k ‘atmif-pk-wif’
(3) OD; pkaygi;f +yD; ‘jynfow l &yfv;Hk od@k yef=um;csu’f wapmif yl;wGx J wk jf yefc=hJ uygw,f? ppfwyfu
e0wtjzpf tm%modr;f wufvm+y;D +y;D csi;f Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG w&m;0ifrw S yf wHk ifz@JG pnf;cGiðhf yvdu
k cf sed rf mS
‘atmif-pk-wif’ tjzpf twly;l wGv J y_ &f mS ;ae&mrS OD;atmif}uD;bufrS (4) OD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf
bufrS (4) OD;/ OD;wifO;D bufrS (4) OD;/ pkpak ygi;f (12) OD;yg0ifwhJ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf A[dt k
vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J ukd pwifz@JG pnf;vdu k +f yD; w&m;0ifrw S yf w
Hk ifc&hJ mrSm a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f
3-10-88 ae@pyJG g a=unmcsut f rSwf (3) eJ@ twnfðy xkwjf yefa=unmay;cJyh gw,f? a':atmifqef;
pk=unfbufrS (4) OD;uawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;0if;wif/ a': jrifjh rifch ife@J OD;atmifviG f (±kyf
&Sirf if;om;) wd@k jzpfygw,f?
yxrqk;H pwifz@JG pnf;pOfu trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) &JŒ ‘A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmif
tzG@J ’ uawmh æ æ æ
(1) OD;atmif}uD; - OuUÏ
(2) OD;wifO;D - 'k-OuUÏ
(3) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(4) OD;=unf[ef - twGi;f a&;rSL; tzG@J 0if
(5) OD;cspcf ikd f - twGi;f a&;rSL; tzG@J 0if
(6) OD;0if;wif - twGi;f a&;rSL; tzG@J 0if
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0if;wifhxGef;
(7) a': jrifjh rifch if - vlxv k w l ef;pm; XmerSL;
(8) OD;vGif - b¾ma&; XmerSL;
(9) OD;atmifviG f - jyef=um;a&; XmerSL;
(10) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;¶H;k a&; XmerSL;
(11) OD;=unfarmif - okawoe XmerSL;
(12) OD;ba&$ - tkycf sKyfa&; XmerSL;wd@k jzpfygw,f?
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf[m ay:ayguv f mvmcsi;f rSmyJ trsm;jynfo=l um; a&yef;tpm;qk;H
tzG@J tpnf;jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? wdak wmif;vSwu hJ mvtawmtwGi;f rSmyJ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
}uD; twGi;f yg0ifvo kd al wG 'Da&tvm; wd;k yGm;vmcJyh gw,f? A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J &ŒJ atmufrmS
&ufyikd ;f twGi;f rSmyJ tzG@J 0ifO;D a& (30) yg0ifwhJ ‘A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J ’ xyfraH y:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? A[dt k vkyf
tr_aqmiftzG@J pwifz@JG pnf;pOfu tpOftvmtwdik ;f yJ aemufxyfz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ A[dOk ;D pD;
tzG@J uv kd J ‘atmif-pk-wif’ wOD;csi;f pDrS wzufv#if (10) OD;uspD E_e;f xm;jzifh yg0ifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguaf pcJh
wmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'D ‘trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J 0if (30) uawmh (1) OD;cifnKd / (2) OD;aZmf
0if;OD;/(3) OD;rif;'if/ (4) OD;ausmjf rifah v;/ (5) OD;omxd/k (6) OD;ode;f Edik f (*k%x f ;l )/ (7) OD;cifarmifarmif/
(8) OD;armifarmif/ (9) OD;eef;EG,/f (10) OD;bd;k atmif/ (11) OD;aomif;'ef/ (12) OD;vSarmf/ (13) OD;apm
jrif/h (14) OD;a&$/ (15) OD;at;armif/(16) OD;wifat;/ (17) Adv k &f x J w G f (&Jabmf ok;H usyd )f / (18) OD;oef;
xGe;f / (19) OD;csed yf ;kd / (20) OD;vSarmif/ (21) OD;xGe;f wif/ (22) OD;aomfu (armifaomfu)/ (23) OD;ud, k k
(armifu, kd )k / (24) OD;rk;d ol (armifr;kd ol)/ (25) OD;csr;f at; (armifp;l prf;)/ (26) a'guw f m wifrsK;d 0if;/
(27) a'guw f moufrif;/ (28) OD;0if;cuf/ (29) OD;wifa&$ (rk&H mG -armifwifa&$)/ (30) OD;cifarmifaqGw@kd
jzpfygw,f?
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf[m zG@J pnf;+yD;pumvrSmyJ &efuek t f ygt0if wEdik if v H ;Hk a'o
toD;oD;u wufvm=uwJh ygw0D ifvo kd al wGe@J qufvufpnf;¶H;k v_y&f mS ;vdo k al wGukd ygw0D if (tzG@J csKyf
0if) av#mufvm$ ykpH H (25) apmifE;H_ pDxw k af y;+yD; ,m,Dpnf;¶k;H a&;rSL;rsm;tjzpf todtrSwðf yay;cJ&h if;
tzG@J csKyf0iftiftm;udk ae&mtES@H jzef@=uufppk nf;&,lEikd cf w hJ t hJ wGuf tcsed w f w kd t kd wGi;f rSmwGif
tzG@J csKyf0iftiftm; tajrmuftrsm; wd;k yGm;vmcJyh gw,f? tjcm;aom Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awG
tm;vk;H uudk tH=h o,l&avmufatmif tcsed w f w
kd tkd wGi;f 'Davmufawmif a&yef;pm;cJ&h wmuawmh
tzG@J csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: vlx&k ŒJ ar#mv f ifth m;xm; ,k=H unfr_
a=umifv h @kd yJ ajym&ygvrd rhf ,f? tzG@J csKy0f iftjzpf todtrSwðf y uwfjym;awGukd a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ
vufrw S f pnf;wHqyd f cyfEydS x f wk af 0ay;cJyh gw,f?
a&yef;pm;r_t& 'Davmuft&Sed t f [ke}f u;D }u;D ay:vGix f if&mS ;aecsed rf mS trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDt
zG@J csKyf}uD;twGi;f yxrqk;H ay:xGuv f mcJw h jhJ y\emuawmh tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ OuUÏjzpfol OD;atmif}uD;ud, k f
wdik u f pwifzefw;D azmfxw k v f mwJh ‘tzG@J csKyftwGi;f uGejf rLepfawGa&muf&adS eyg+yD tJ'gukd tjrefq;Hk
z,f&mS ;ypfa&;’ qdw k hJ jy\emyJjzpfygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;u uGejf rLepfwq H yd cf yfEydS +f yD; z,f&mS ;ypfvkd
218
wJyh *k Kd~ vf (8) OD;uawmh OD;0if;wif/a': jrifjh rifch if/ OD;atmifviG f (rif;om;)/ OD;xGe;f wif/ OD;ud, k /k OD;
csr;f at; (armifp;l prf;)/ OD;wifa&$ (rk&H mG ) eJ@ OD;0if;cufw@kd jzpfygw,f? A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmif0ife@J A[dk
OD;pD;tzG@J 0iftrsm;pk}uD;u 'Dupd eP @J ywfouf+yD; 'Dvrkd jzpfoifah =umif; azsmifzh sem;csc=hJ uygvsuf eJ@
‘ouFm&Si;f yG}J u;D ’ vkycf &hJ +y;D rJcq JG ;Hk jzwfyv JG yk cf &hJ wJt h xd jy\emay:aygucf &hJ ygw,f? pGypf o JG l OD;atmif
}uD;zufu±_;H &if OD;atmif}uD; E_wx f u G af y;/ (8) OD;zufu±_;H &if (8) OD;pvk;H E_wx f u G af y;a&; oabmwl
nDcsuef @J A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmif (12) OD;/ A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J 0if (30)/ pkpak ygi;f (42) OD;&JŒa&SŒarSmufrmS rJ
ay;tqk;H tjzwfcaH =u;/ vkyaf qmifc&hJ wmjzpfygw,f? OD;atmif}uD; ±_;H edro hf mG ;cJ&h ygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;
&JŒa&G;cs,rf e_ @J OD;atmif}uD;tpkzufuaeyg0ifvmcJ=h uwJh yk*Kd~ vfwcsKŒd uawmif OD;atmif}uD;&JŒ vky&f yf
tay:rauseyfwt hJ wGuf OD;atmif}uD;zufu axmufcrH rJ ay;cJ=h uyg? OD;atmif}uD; tzG@J csKyfOuUÏ
tjzpfrS E_wx f u G o
f mG ;&ygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;eJ@twl OD;atmif}uD;zufrS OD;=unf[ef/ OD;ba&$/ OD;eef;
EG,/f OD; cifarmifarmif/ OD;omxd/k OD;ode;f Edik /f OD;rif;'if/ OD;cifnKd / OD;ausmjf rifah v;/ OD;bd;k atmif/ OD;
armifarmif/ OD;aZmf0if;OD;wd@k (12) OD;vJ E_wx f uG o f mG ;=uygw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) [m
'DZifbmvtwGi;f rSm A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmifaumfrwDukd OD;wifO;D udk OuUÏtjzpfa&G;cs,+f yD; topfjyef
vnf zG@J pnf;cJ&h ygw,f? jzpfay:vmcJw h hJ A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmifaumfrwDopfuawmh
(1) OD;wifO;D - OuUÏ
(2) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(3) OD;0if;wif - twGi;f a&;rSL;
(4) OD;cspcf ikd f - twGi;f a&;rSL;
(5) OD;=unfarmif - okawoerSL;
(6) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;¶H;k a&;rSL;
(7) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;rSL;
(8) OD;atmifviG f - jyef=um;a&;rSL;
(9) a': jrifjh rifch if - vlxv k w l ef;pm;XmerSL; wd@k jzpfygw,f? A[dOk ;D pD;0ifrsm;udv k J vl
(30) jynfh atmif jyefvnftopfjyifqif zG@J pnf;cJ&h ygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;eJ@ (12) OD;wd@k u tzG@J csKyfrS
E_wx f uG af =umif;a=unmcJ+h yD; tzG@J csKyfuawmh OD;atmif}uD;eJ@azmfjyyg (12) OD;udk tzG@J csKyfrx S w
k yf ,f
vdu k f a=umif;a=unmcJh ygw,f? OD;atmif}u;D wd@k wawGu ‘jynfaxmifpt k rsK;d om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDygw’D
tjzpf cGaJ xmifcyhJ gw,f? tJ'v D kd OD;atmif}uD;wd@k awG cGx J u G o
f mG ;cJrh S trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf[m
tiftm;avsmeh nf;roGm;wJt h jyif ydv k @kd awmif0ifvmolawGrsm;vm+yD; tiftm;aumif;vmcJyh gw,f?
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfe@J r[mrdwzf @JG vm=uwJh ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awGvJ wae@wjcm; rsm;jym;vm
cJ+h y;D tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ r[mrdwyf gwt D zG@J tpnf;tjzpf cH,v l m=uwJyh gwaD ygi;f (46) ygwt D xd wd;k yGm;vmcJyh g
w,f? ‘rsK;d csp&f aJ bmfa[mif;rsm;tzG@J ’ eJ@ ‘trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDygw’D wd@k [mvJ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDt
zG@J csKyf&ŒJ b,fawmifyeH @J nmawmifyo H zG,f jzpfay:vmcJyh gw,f? tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ jyef=um;a&;vkyif ef;wck
tjzpf ‘rSww f rf;v$m’ pmpOf ykrH eS x f u G af y:vmcJyh gw,f? wjynfv;Hk a'otoD;oD;u rawmfrw&m;
tzrf;tqD;cH&r_rsm;/ tjypfay;ta&;,lc&H r_rsm;eJ@ w&m;r#wr_r&Sw d hJ tjzpftysuu f pd 0P pd rP sm;tay:
219
0if;wifhxGef;
tzG@J csKyfu tcsed ef @J wajy;nD awmif;qdw k ifjyazmfxw k zf iG [ hf wmawG vkyaf qmif Edik cf o hJ vd/k Edik if aH &;t&
uef@uu G w f m ±_wcf swmawGuv kd J (e0w ppftpd;k &xH wdu k ±f u dk af y;yd@k pmrsm;rSa&m/ rSww f rf;v$m o
wif;v$mrsm;ay:rSyg) oGuo f u G v f ufvuf vkyaf qmifEikd v f mcJyh gw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D &JŒ
aºuG;a=umfojH zpfwhJ ‘=um;jzwftpd;k & zG@J pnf;a&;’ aºuG;a=umfox H uf/ ‘vGwv f yf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh
a&G;aumufyjJG zpfay:a&;’ vrf;a=umif;zufqD Edik if aH &;t& ydrk akd Zmif;ay;OD;wnfaeovdk jzpfaewJh
twGuf Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;wcsKŒd u a0zefoaH wGxu G cf ahJ yrJh tzG@J csKyf[m jynfov l xl =k um;a&yef;
tpm;qk;H ygwt D jzpf qufwu kd }f uD;xGm;vmcJyh gw,f? NLD ygw&D ŒJ xdyo f ;D acgi;f aqmifawGxu J ae
yxrqk;H tzrf;tqD; cHvu kd &f oluawmh twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J 0if OD;0if;wifjzpfygw,f? e0w uae
uvdraf phjirf;qif+yD; OD;0if;wife@J wdu k ±f udk yf wfoufrr_ &Sw d hJ tr_wckut kd a=umif;ðy+yD; OD;0if;wifukd
zrf;qD;ta&;,laxmifcsjycJyh gw,f?
e0w ppftpd;k &u Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒ pnf;¶H;k v_y&f mS ;aer_awGukd csKyfuikd Ef ikd zf @kd
6-6-89 ae@rmS jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;Xmeuae ‘ykEH ydS o f rl sm;eJ@ xkwaf 0olrsm;vdu k ef m&ef’ !¸e=f um;csuf
(38) qdw k mudk xkwjf yef+yD; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒykEH ydS x f wk af 0cGit hf ay: uef@owfEikd zf @kd tpDtpOf&&dS dS óud;
yrf;vmcJyh gw,f? w&m;0if rSwyf w Hk ifxm;+y;D om; Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;tzd@k oufqikd &f mtzG@J t
pnf;rsm;&JŒ pnf;¶H;k a&;eJ@0g'jzef@csad &;awGtwGuf ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cGi[ hf m ‘uif;vGwcf iG ’hf tjzpf todtrSwf
ðycGiðhf yay;&rSmudk wrifuef@owfvmwmjzpfwt hJ wGuf tzG@J csKyfuvJ ‘tm%mudzk q D efI xkwaf 0
onf’ qdw k hJ pmwef;xd;k +yD; wke@f jyefvy_ &f mS ; azmfjycJyh gw,f? ZGev f xJrmS ‘trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwhJ
trde@f tm%m[lor# wm0eft& zDqef=u’ qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfoeH @J twl tm%mzDqefa&;w&m;yGrJ sm;
udk OD;wifO;D a&m a':atmifqef;pk=unfyg wufa&muf a[majymcJ=h uygw,f?
e0w u tJ'v D y_ &f mS ;wke@f jyefra_ wGtm;vk;H udk ‘tzG@J csKyf[m xdyw f u kd &f ifqikd af &;/ uGezf &efaw;
&Si;f vrf;a=umif;udk wGe;f wiftaumiftxnfazmfvmwmtjzpf’ pGypf aJG jymqdv k mcJyh gw,f? 1989
ckEpS /f tmZmenfae@rmS Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;wufa&muf*g&0ðyrSmudyk g e0w zufu xyfru H ef@owfcsKyf
cs,v f mcsed rf mS awmh NLD uvJ tmZmenfae@ukd ud, k t hf pDtpOfe@J u, kd f usi;f yazmfaqmifa&;udk
vkyaf qmifjyifqifvmcJyh gw,f? e0w ppftpd;k &u a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ &J&0J 0hH ahH jcvSr;f awGukd
uef@owf[ef@wm;ypfEikd af &;twGuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd tmZmenfae@ryS J yk'rf (10-c) eJ@
zrf;qD;ta&;,lxed ;f csKyv f u kd w f t hJ wGuf tzG@J csKy&f ŒJ t"duacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf yxrqk;H
t}udrf tdrcf sKyfcsxm;jcif;cHvu kd &f ygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd tdrcf sKyfcsxm;+yD;wJah emufyikd ;f rSmawmh e0w [m tzG@J csKyftay:
trsK;d rsK;d ydwyf ifuef@owfzEd ydS cf sKyfcs,rf a_ wGukd wd;k jr‡iv hf yk af qmifcyhJ gw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf/
OD;wifO;D wd@k tygt0if/ OD;0if;wif/ OD;aomfu/ OD;xGe;f wif/ OD;atmifviG /f a': jrifjh rifch if/ OD;wifa&$
(rk&H mG )/ OD;0if;cufw@kd vkd NLD xdyo f ;D acgi;f aqmifawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk wcsKŒd udak wmh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif
xde;f odr;f xm;+y;D (wcsKŒd udak wmh 0&rf;ajy;jzpfatmif raeEdik af tmifvyk af qmifxm;+y;D ) a&G;aumufy}JG u;D
rSm yg0if,OS òf ydicf iG rhf &Edik af tmif zefw;D vkyaf qmifxm;+yD;csed rf mS 1990 jynfEh pS /f ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pDtaxG
axGa&G;aumufy}JG uD;udk arv-27 &ufae@rmS usi;f yay;r,fv@kd e0wppftpd;k &u xkwjf yefa=unmcJh
220
ygw,f? rJqENay;&mrSm 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydirf ,fh ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;&JŒab;rSm ud, k pf m;ðy&m ygwt D zG@J
tpnf;tvdu k f oauFwtrSwo f m;yg ,SOw f aJG zmfjyxm;+y;D =uufajccwftrSwo f m;eJ@ axmufcrH aJ y;
&r,ft h pDtpOftjzpf zefw;D xm;wJt h wGuf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&ŒJ oauFwtrSwt f om;
uawmh ‘carmuf’ jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? tzG@J csKyf0ifawG=um; carmufaqmif;=uwmawGvJ awmfawmfa&
yef;pm;vmcJo h vdk tzG@J csKyf¶;kH awGa&SŒrSm ‘carmuf’ csw d q f rJG a_ wGvJ tES@H tjym;awG@vm&ygw,f?
tzG@J csKyftwGi;f rSmawmh ,m,DOuUÏtjzpf OD;=unfarmifuaqmif&u G +f yD; ygwu D , kd pf m;ðyv$waf wmf
ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; (trwfavmif;) a&G;cs,&f mrSm òrdŒe,fa'owcsKŒd rSm rausreyf jzpf=ujy\em
ay:aygucf &hJ wmawGv&J ydS gw,f? NLD xJu ‘rsK;d csp&f aJ bmfa[mif;}uD;’ awGukd ‘abmif;bDc|wf
}u;D awG’ tjzpf ¶_Œjrifoal wGv&J cdS =hJ u+y;D ‘abmif;bDc|wef @J ykq;kd 0wf’ =um; jy\emtao;tr$m;awGvJ
&Scd yhJ gw,f? rauseyfow l csKŒd uawmh rlvtzG@J csKyf0iftjzpfuae woD;yk*v ~ tjzpf 0ifa&muf ,SOòf ydif
ta&G;cs,cf w H mrsK;d awGtxd &Scd yhJ gw,f?
e0w ppftpd;k &[m 1990 jynfh a&G;aumufy}JG uD;usi;f yðyvkyaf y;wJt h xd Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J t
pnf;awGu wifjyawmif;qdck =hJ uwJh rw&m;csKyfcs,u f ef@owfred @f awGjzpfwhJ 2§88/ 8§88 ¶kwo f rd ;f ay;
a&;awGukd vk;H 0±kwo f rd ;f ay;jcif;r&Scd b hJ J usi;f ycJw
h mjzpfovdk wpnygwu D kd bufvu kd rf suEf mS omay;
xm;&if; trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&ŒJ pnf;¶k;H v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd trsK;d rsK;d tzkzH Hk uef@owfcsKyfcs,f
xm;+yD;rS (t"duòydijf rif;udk óud;wkyx f m;+yD; wjcm;òydijf rif;awGukd v$waf y;+yD;tòydicf ikd ;f ovd)k wzuf
owfprD H cef@cu JG si;f ycJw h mjzpfayrJh Edik if aH &;a&csed jf rifrh m;vSwhJ Armjynfov l x l }k uD;w&yfv;Hk u rJawGuJG
roGm;apa&;twGuf tzrf;qD;cHxm;&wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfacgi;f aqmifwhJ NLD tzG@J csKyfuae
wpntay: pD;csi;f xd;k tEdik , f al tmifycJG EH ikd af &;twGuf tonf;=um;urJwjym;udk rSerf eS u f efueft
ok;H cs+yD; toHww d q f ENjyyG}J uD;w&yfyrm jywfjywfom;om; azmfjycJ=h uygw,f? jynfov l x l }k uD;w&yf
vk;H &JŒ wcJeufaxmufct H m;ay;r_a=umifh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyf[m Armjynfa&G;aumufyrJG sm;
ordik ;f pOfrmS b,fwek ;f urSr&&Scd zhJ ;l ao;wJh atmifjrifrr_ sK;d eJ@ 1990 jynf/h arv-27 &ufae@rmS usi;f ycJh
wJah &G;aumufy}JG uD;twGi;f tjywftowfatmifycJG EH ikd cf yhJ gw,f? trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf[m
0ifa&muf,OS òf ydicf w hJ hJ (447) e,frmS (392) e,f tEdik &f &Scd +hJ yD; wEdik if v H ;Hk tm;vk;H aygi;f (485) ae&m
rSm (392) ae&m tEdik &f vdu k w f t hJ wGuf wjynfv;Hk (82) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ausmf tEdik &f &Sv d u kd w f hJ tzG@J csKyf
}uD;tjzpf armfueG ;f xljyvdu k Ef ikd yf gw,f?
e0w ppftpd;k &[m b,fvrkd aS r#mv f ifrh xm;rdw&hJ v'frsK;d eJ@ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu
tjywftowf tEdik &f &So d mG ;r_tay: tH=h owkev f y_ o f mG ;cJ&h +yD;aemuf tzG@J csKyftay: enf;rsK;d pkeH @J zEd ydS f
xm;Edik af &;udk aZmif;ay;vkyaf qmifvmcJyh gw,f? tEdik &f NLD udk tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;tyfa&;/
v$waf wmfac:,lay;a&;udk vkyaf qmif&r,ft h pm; ‘'Da&G;aumufy[ JG m 'Da&G;aumufyu JG aeay:ayguf
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a&;qGzJ @kd omjzpfw,f? ta&G;aumufcH v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;[m zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'
a&;qGzJ @kd om wm0ef&w dS ,f/ tm%mudk tvdt k avsmuf&&Srd mS r[kw’f qd+k y;D yxrqk;H t}urd f ajymifvrd f
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221
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ovdk ,m,Djyifqifrv _ yk +f yD; tm%mudk jrefjrefqefqefv, G v f , G uf u l l v$aJ jymif;ay;tyfvu kd &f if;
ay:ayguv f mwJh v$waf wmfopfuae zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'opfuakd &;qGaJ prSmjzpfayrJh NLD
u tjywftowf tEdik &f &So d mG ;wJt h ay: e0w ppftpd;k &u ay:ay:xifxif npfywfvmcJw h mjzpfyg
w,f? OD;wifO;D eJ@ a': atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd awG rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;cHxm;&wJt h wGuf
,m,DOuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,x l m;&wJh OD;=unfarmifO;D aqmifwhJ 90 jynfEh pS f a&G;aumufyt JG Edik &f
NLD tzG@J csKyf[m e0w tpd;k &xH v$waf wmfac:ay;a&;udk Oya'eJ@tnD wifjyawmif;qdc k yhJ gw,f?
a&G;aumufyt JG +yD; &ufaygi;f (60) twGi;f ac:ay;&¶k;d xk;H pH&w dS hJ v$waf wmfukd ac:,lray;wJt h wGuf
tzG@J csKyf[m (a&G;aumufyu JG si;f ycJw h hJ ar-27 &uf uae &ufaygi;f (60) t=um 1990 jynf/h Zlvikd -f
28-29 &ufae@awGrmS NLD A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J e@J v$waf wmf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; yxrt}udrf ndE‡ id_ ;f tpnf;
ta0;}uD;udu k si;f yzd@k ac:,lcyhJ gw,f?
tpnf;ta0;rwdik cf ifw&uf Zlvikd -f 27 &ufae@rmS yJ e0w ppftpd;k &[m e0w twGi;f a&;
rSL; Adv
k cf sKyf cif!eG @f vufrw S ef @J trde@f trSwf 1§90 udk uref;uwef;xkwjf yef+yD; tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ tpnf;t
a0;}u;D udk óuw d ifuef@owfcsKyfcs,f [ef@wm;r_awGvyk cf yhJ gw,f? 1§90 &JŒ tcsKyfuawmh arvwke;f u
ðyvkyaf y;cJw h hJ a&G;aumufy[ JG m zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'a&; qGaJ &;twGuo f mjzpfw,f/ v$wf
awmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wG[m tajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &; wm0ef&o dS al wGomjzpfw,f/ v$waf wmfukd e0w
uom ac:ay;rSmjzpfw,f/ zG@J pnf;ykH tajccHOya'a&;qG+J y;D zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'eJ@tnD xGuaf y:vmwJh
tpd;k &rsK;d udo k m e0w u tm%mv$aJ jymif; ay;rSmjzpfw,f/ ud, k [hf mud, k f v$waf wmfac:cGirhf &S/d
,m,Dz@JG pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'eJ@ tm%mv$aJ jymif;&,la&; tpd;k &zG@J pnf;a&; vkycf iG rhf &S/d vky&f if jywfjywf
om;om;ta&;,lr,f qdw k myJjzpfygw,f? ajymiftwdtvif; +cdr;f ajcmufnpfywfvu kd rf _ jzpfygw,f?
Zlvikd -f 28-29 ae@awGrmS ,m,DOuUÏ OD;=unfarmifO;D pD;usi;f ywJh “*E<D cef;rtpnf;ta0;}uD;”
usi;f ycJyh gw,f? ta&G;cs,cf H tzG@J csKyfvw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f tm;vk;H eD;yg;tygt0if tzG@J csKyf
tzG@J 0ifaygi;f (500) ausmf wufa&muf=uwJh *E<cD ef;rtpnf;ta0;}uD;udk jynfov l xl k (10000)
cef@u vlxt k iftm;eJ@ 0dik ;f &Hapmif=h unfah ecJ=h u+yD; jynfwiG ;f jynfy ae&maygi;f pku H ae tav;xm;
ar#mv f ifch =hJ uygw,f? xGuaf y:vmcJw h hJ *E<cD ef;rqk;H jzwfcsuu f awmh aemufxyf&ufaygi;f (60) t
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f m wd;k jr‡i&hf ifqikd v f mcJ&h
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222
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,lc&H wmawG ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmcJyh gw,f? e0w &JŒ v$waf wmf ac:,lay;a&; jiif;qefaer_a=umifh wuf
ºuGwhJ v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,w f csKŒd u 1990 jynf-h pufwifbm atmufwb kd mtwGi;f tr&yl&eJ@
rEœav;òrdŒawGrmS v#KŒd 0Suaf wG@qaHk qG;aEG;r_awGvyk af qmifc=hJ u+yD; pifòydit f pd;k &zG@J pnf;Edik af &;udk óud;yrf;
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xefxefta&;,lcw hJ t hJ wGuf tzG@J csKyf v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,w f csKŒd axmif'%f csrw S cf cH &hJ wJt h jyif
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f jzpfrS y,fzsuaf =umif; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sirf S rw&m;ojzifh a=unmwm
udck cH &hJ ygw,f? v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,w f csKŒd zrf;qD;cH&&mrS axmifxrJ mS yJaoqk;H cJ&h ygw,f? (Oyrm
tm;jzifh c&rf;v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f OD;wifarmif0if; tif;pdeaf xmifwiG ;f rSm aoqk;H cJ&h ygw,f)?
wcsKŒd e,fpyfa'o awmfveS af &;e,fajrawGtwGi;f xGuaf jy;oGm;cJ&h ygw,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh OD;pde0f if;/
OD;0if;ud/k OD;bdv k wS if/h OD;ode;f OD;/ OD;armifarmifat;wd@k rme,fyavmudk a&muf&o dS mG ;cJ&h ygw,f)?
,m,DOuUÏ OD;=unfarmif zrf;qD;axmifcscv H u kd &f +y;D wJah emuf tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ ,m,DOuUÏtjzpf OD;atmif
a&$jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? OD;atmifa&$ukd e0w ppftpd;k &u jypfru _ six hf ;Hk yk'rf (160) t& qifah c:+yD;
1§90 udk vdu k ef mygrh ,fqw kd hJ ta=umif; 9-12-1990 ae@rmS twif;tusyf vufrw S af &;xd;k apcJyh g
w,f? NLD 0ifawGwcsKŒd awmwGi;f a&mufomG ;&wJt h wGuf 1991 ckEpS -f ESpOf ;D ydik ;f rSmyJ rme,fyavm
rSm tajcpdu k w f hJ NLD-LA ay:ayguv f m cJ&h ygw,f? OD;pde0f if;acgi;f aqmifwhJ pifòydit f pd;k & NCGUB
vJ ay:ayguv f mcJ&h ygw,f? NLD-LA eJ@ NCGUB rSm yg0ifoal wGtm;vk;H udk e0w &JŒawmif;qdck suf
t& tzG@J csKyf}uD;uae xkwyf ,fa=umif; OD;atmifa&$uae xkwjf yefay;cJ&h ygw,f? 1991/ atmufwkd
bm-15 &ufae@rmS tzrf;qD;cHxm;&wJh tzG@J csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd
EdAk ,fqk a&G;cs,af &;aumfrwDu urBmt h jrifq h ;Hk qkjzpfwhJ ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;EdAk ,fq’k udk cs;D jr‡iv hf u kd w f hJ
twGuf tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ *k%o f wif;[m wurBmvk;H rSm ydrk x kd if&mS ;vlord sm; oGm;cJ&h ygw,f?
24-4-92 rSm use;f rma&;ta=umif;jycsuef @J e0w OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; apmarmif tz,f&mS ;
cHvu kd &f +yD;aemufyikd ;f e0w OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyf}uD; oef;a&$wufvmwJt h csed rf mS awmh tzG@J csKyf[m yd+k yD;
awmif tzrf;tqD;cH& ESyd u f yG cf vH m&ygw,f? 9-1-1993 rSm e0w ppftpd;k &u trsK;d om;nDvmcHqkd
wmudk ac:,lusi;f yygw,f? ppftpd;k &[m w&m;0iftpd;k &vJr[kwyf gbeJ @J ac:,lciG rhf &Sw d hJ trsK;d om;
nDvmcHukd ac:,lusi;f ywJt h cgrmS vJ olw@kd xw k jf yefxm;cJw h hJ 1§90 udak wmif xyfqifch sK;d azmufvu kd +f y;D
(ud, k af jymcJw h hJ pum;udak wmif ud, k [ hf mud, k af v;pm;jcif;r&Sb d )J 90 jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumufyt JG Edik &f
jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wG tm;vk;H udak wmif wufa&mufciG rhf ay;yJ cGw J rf;cswufa&mufapzd@k
vkyaf qmifppD OfvmwJt h wGuf NLD [m wqifw h ;kd xyfqifn h pfywfvmwmudk tom;vGwcf v H u kd &f
jyefygw,f? 1§90 xkww f ek ;f u zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'opfukd a&G;cs,cf x H m;&wJh v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;
vS,rf sm;u a&;qG&J efv@kd ajymqdx k m;wm &Syd gvsuef @J zG@J pnf;ykaH &;qGaJ &;twGuq f +kd yD; ‘trsK;d om;
nDvmcH’ qdw k m}uD;udk pwifjyefawmhvJ ta&G;cs,cf H v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGtm;vk;H udk
wufa&mufciG rhf ðyyJ npfywfjyefwm[m wu,fuawmh rJtjywftowftEdik &f / v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;
vS,t f rwfae&m trsm;qk;H & NLD tzG@J csKyftay: wrifuef@owf apmfum;vdu k w f mjzpfygw,f?
223
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pm; 'g[m zG@J pnf;ykaH &;qGaJ &;twGuf vkyw f ahJ &G;aumufyo JG mjzpfw,f? a&G;aumufcH v$waf wmfu, kd f
pm;vS,af wG[m zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya' a&;qGaJ &;twGuo f mjzpfw,fv@kd ajymifvrd af jymifpm; ajym+yD;
yxrqk;H t}udrf t}uD;tus,u f vdru f sc&hJ mu 1§90 xkw+f yD; uef@owfa=unmcJ&h mu tck zG@J
pnf;tkycf sKyfyaHk &;qGaJ &;twGuf (v$waf wmfac:ray;bJ v$waf wmftpm;/ twkta,miftrsK;d om;nD
vmcHqw kd meJ@ tpm;xd;k +yD;) trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd rvdrw hf ywfenf;eJ@ pwifusi;f yvmjyefawmhvJ
a&G;cs,cf H v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f m;vk;H udk wufa&mufciG rhf ay;yJ cGw J rf;eJ@yv J yk v f mjyefwm[m
ud, k af jymcJw h phJ um;udak wmif ud, k af v;pm;vdu k ef mjcif;r&Syd J e0w [m 'kw, d t}udraf jrmuf t}uD;
tus,f uvdru f sjyefwm jzpfygw,f?
'gjzifh 1990 jynf-h a&G;aumufyu JG kd bmvd@k vyk cf ahJ o;ovJv@kd yJ ar;&awmhr,ft h ajctaejzpfyg
w,f? v$waf wmfac:ay;zd@k awmif;qdw k ek ;f u v$waf wmfac:ray;/ v$waf wmftpm; zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccH
Oya'a&;qGzJ @kd om jzpfw,fv@kd ajym+yD;/ tckz@JG pnf;ykOH ya'a&;qGzJ @kd trsK;d om;nDvmcHvyk +f yDv@kd qdv k m
awmhvJ a&G;cs,cf H ud, k pf m;vS,t f m;vk;H wufa&mufciG rhf ay;vkyv f mjyefwm[m a&G;aumufcH
tEdik &f v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGtm;vk;H udk ajymifapmfum;cJw h myJjzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh rJqEN
e,ftrsm;qk;H & tzG@J csKyftay: rawmfrw&m; apmfum;cJw h mom jzpfygw,f? NLD [m e0w &JŒ
apmfum;r_uckd cH &hJ ygw,f?
OD;atmifa&$acgi;f aqmifwhJ NLD [m e0w pDpOfxm;wJt h wdik ;f cGw J rf;use@J yJ twkta,mif
trsK;d om; nDvmcH}uD;udk yg0ifwufa&mufz@kd q;Hk jzwfc&hJ ygawmhw,f? jyefvnfwek @f jyefwu kd yf 0JG ifEikd w f hJ
tajctaer&Sw d thJ wGuf ar#mvdu k af e&ovdjk zpfcyhJ gw,f? e0w pdwóf uduaf &G;cs,x f m;wJh nDvmcH
ud, k pf m;vS,af wGutrsm;pk a&G;cs,cf H v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGu (14µ) r#yJ yg0ifwufa&muf
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Edik if aH &;OD;aqmifru _ ¾rSm wyfrawmfu yg0ifxrf;aqmifEikd af &;’ qdw k t hJ csuu f kd twif;tusyo f w G f
oGi;f vm+yD; jynfov l x l u k a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufz@kd rvdb k /J ppfwyfukd 25µ ae&m tvdt k avsmufay;&
r,fqw kd hJ rzG,rf &mawmif;qdrk }_ uD;udk rlw&yftjzpfwifoiG ;f vmwJt h cg tzG@J csKyf[m rjzpfoifrh jzpf
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wGi;f rSm wifjyaqG;aEG;r_awG xdu k o f ifo h avmufvyk af qmif azmfjycJah yrJ/h e0w &JŒ bmrSav;pm;vdu k f
avsmjcif;r&S/d xif&mpdik ;f qufvufvyk af qmifra_ tmufrmS yJ wzufowfcaH ecJ&h ygw,f? (6) ESpef ;D yg;
rawmfrw&m; tus,cf sKyfe@J csKyfaESmifzrf;qD;jcif;cHxm;&wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m 10-7-95
ae@rmS tus,cf sKyfu vGwaf jrmufvmygw,f? vGwaf jrmufvmvmcsi;f ,m,DOuUÏtjzpfaqmif&u G f
aewJh OD;atmifa&$/ ygwrD v l OuUÏ OD;wifO;D / OD;=unfarmifw@kd tygt0if tzG@J csKyf tr_aqmifv}l u;D awGe@J
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pepfwus jyefvnfweG ;f wifEikd af &;/ tzG@J csKyftwGi;f pdw"f mwf=uHch ikd jf rifrh m;a&;awGukd òrdŒe,ftzG@J csKyf
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jyefvnfvy_ &f mS ; Ed;k =um;tm;opfvmcJyh gw,f? tzG@J csKyf qufvuf&yfwnf wnf&adS &;udyk J aZmif;
224
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rSmvJ tzG@J csKyf[m etz&JŒenf;aygi;f pkeH @J qufvufzEd ydS af pmfum;wmudck cH &hJ ¶krH u etz&JŒ t"du
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pd;k &u vufrcHyg? 16-9-98 ae@rmS NLD u uruxðy+yD; ‘v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;ðy aumfrwD
CRPP’udk zG@J pnf;cJy h gw,f? etz u v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGukd zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f wmawGðyvky+f y;D
‘zdw=f um;{nfch aH ewm/ ac:,lawG@qaHk ewm’ tjzpf ajymifvrd n f pfywfcyhJ gw,f? 1999 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSm
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Patriotic Old Comrades League
rsK;d csp&f aJ bmfa[mif;rsm;tzG@J ukd 1988 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd m-20 &ufae@up+y;D Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;
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trSwf (43) eJ@ twnfðy xkwjf yefa=unmay;+y;D ay:yguv f mcJyh gw,f? tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J uawmh
(1) OD;atmifa&$ - OuUÏ
(2) OD;wifO;D - 'k-OuUÏ
(3) OD;cspcf ikd f - taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;
(4) OD;pH0if; - wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(5) OD;aomif;'ef - vlra_ &;ESihf oufomacsmifcsad &;
(6) OD;=unf0if; - okawoeESihf jyef=um;a&;
(7) OD;at;armif - pnf;¶H;k a&;
(8) OD;vSarmf - pnf;¶H;k a&;
(9) OD;a&$ - pnf;¶H;k a&;
(10) OD;odr;f wkwf - b¾ma&;
(11) OD;vGif - pm&if;ppf wd@k jzpfygw,f? ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f ‘wyfrawmf
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bJ/ yg0ifvo kd l wcsKŒd eJ@om topfjyifqifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mjcif; jzpfygw,f? NLD ay:ayguv f mvm
csi;f NLD &JŒ awmifyw H &yfozG,f &yfwnfay:ayguv f mcJw h mjzpfygw,f? tzG@J csKyf}uD;uae OD;
atmif}uD;wd@k xu G cf mG oGm;wJt
h cg wcsKŒd tr_aqmifawGvJ OD;atmif}uD;aemufygomG ;cJw h m &Sod vd/k
xGucf mG oGm;=uolawGvJ &Syd gw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSmvJ rsK;d csp&f aJ bmfa[mif;rsm;tzG@J &ŒJ OuUÏuawmh
228
OD;atmifa&$yjJ zpfc+hJ yD;/ tzG@J csKyf}uD;eJ@twl yl;wG&J yfwnf v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? NLD twGi;f u ‘rsK;d csp&f J
abmfa[mif;’ 0if}uD;awGukd omreft&yfom;uvmcJ=h uwJh tzG@J csKyf0ifwcsKŒd u ‘abmif;bDc|w}f uD;
awG’ tjzpf jrifc=hJ u tjrifr&Si;f cJ=h uwmawGv&J cdS yhJ gw,f? 1990jynfh a&G;aumufyaJG y:ayguf vmcsed rf mS
awmh tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af vmif; a&G;cs,o
f wfrw S af &; udpaP wGe@J ywfouf+yD; &Jabmf
a[mif;}u;D awGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ae&mcGw J rf;csxm;ay;cJwh mawGtay: t&yfom;tzG@J csKyf0ifawG
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u rausreyfajymqdak 0zefc=hJ ur_awG ay:xGucf yhJ gw,f? 1990 jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumuf
yGrJ mS trsK;d om;'Drukd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu rJqENe,ftrsm;pk}uD;rSm jywfjywfom;om; atmifyJG cHtEdik &f &Scd hJ
&mrSm rsK;d csp&f aJ bmfa[mif;0if}u;D awGtrsm;pk[m NLD qdik ;f bkwaf tmufuae yg0ifatmifycJG EH ikd cf yhJ g
w,f? rsK;d csp&f aJ bmfa[mif;taeeJ@uawmh rJqENe,f (1) e,frmS yJ tEdik &f ta&G;cs,cf cH &hJ ygw,f?
(8) trsK;d om;'Dru

kd a&pD ygwD
Party for National Democracy (PND)
1988 ckEpS -f atmufwb kd mvtwGi;f rSmyJ ‘trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD ygw’D udk zG@J pnf;xlaxmifay:
ayguaf pcJyh gw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&ŒJ awmifyw H &yftoGif zG@J pnf;ay:aygu&f yfwnfvy_ f
&Sm;cJyh gw,f? ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d a=umifh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfemrnfe@J &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;Edik zf @kd
tcuftcJjzpfc&hJ if toufu,favS life-boat pDrcH suo f abmrsK;d qufvuf&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;Edik af tmif
&nf&, G zf @JG pnf;cJwh mvd@k vJ ajymqdo k ;Hk oyfoaH wG xGucf yhJ gw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JŒtudk tmZmenf
acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfol OD;b0if;&JŒom; (a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ tud0k rf;uGjJ zpfo)l a'guw f m
pde0f if;u OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,+l yD;zG@J pnf; ay:aygucf w hJ mjzpfygw,f? taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;uawmh
OD;wifaqGr;kd (uAsmq&m wifaqGr;kd ) jzpfygw,f? 1990 jynfEh pS -f ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;
aumufy}JG u;D ay:ayguv f mcsed rf mS trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDygwu D kd ud, k pf m;ðy+y;D ygwOD uUÏjzpfol a'guw f m
pde0f if;[m ayguaf cgi;f òrdŒe,f rJqENe,fuae/ yg0if,OS òf ydit f a&G;cs,f cHcyhJ gw,f? jynfo@l vw $ af wmf
ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf tEdik &f &Sad &G;cs,cf cH &hJ ygw,f? e0w ppftpd;k &u tEdik &f v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
rsm;twGuf v$waf wmfuakd c:,lusi;f yay;&r,ft h pm; ,kw, f w k rf mrmnpfywfaewJt h wGuf *E<D
tpnf;ta0;aemufyikd ;f rSm v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f csKŒd u ‘pifòydit f pd;k & zG@J pnf;Edik af &;’ =uHpnf
ndE‡ id_ ;f aqG;aEG;=u&mrSm a'guw f mpde0f if;vJyg0ifcyhJ gw,f? ppftpd;k &&JŒ vdu k vf zH rf;qD;r_rsm;udk a&Smif&mS ;
+yD; rme,fyavme,fpyfukd xGuaf jy;cJ&h ygw,f? rme,fyavmrSm ‘pifòydit f pd;k &’ zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f m
&mrSm a'guw f mpde0f if;[m 0ef}u;D csKyftjzpf wm0ef,cl yhJ gw,f? ppftpd;k &&JŒ a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f
26-12-90 ae@rmS a'guw f mpde0f if;yg jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f (8) OD;udk a=unmcsut f rSwf
(903) eJ@ v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f jzpfrS y,fzsuaf =umif; xkwjf yefa=unmcJyh gw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDygwv D J y,fzsucf v H u kd &f ygawmhw,f?
229
0if;wifhxGef;
(9) wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w
G af &;ygwD (wpn)
National Unity Party (NUP)
wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &; ygwD (wpn) udk 1988 ckEpS /f pufwifbm-24 &ufae@rmS
pwif wnfaxmifz@JG pnf;cJw h ,fv@kd qykd gw,f? Ù3
ygwpD Hk 'Dru kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f awmh wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;
ygwD (wpn) udk 12-10-88 ae@rpS +yD; rSwyf w Hk ifciG ðhf yvdu
k af =umif; aumfr&Siaf =unmcsuf trSwf
(18) jzifh xkwjf yefa=unmay;cJyh gw,f? wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;ygw&D ŒJ yxrqk;H aom
A[dtk vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J uawmh æ æ æ
(1) OD;omausmf - OuUÏ
(2) OD;xGe;f &D - taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;
(3) OD;oef;wif - wGzJ uf taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;
(4) OD;cspv
f id_ f - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(5) OD;vSxeG ;f - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(6) OD;cifarmif}uD; - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(7) OD;tke;f =unf - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(8) OD;axG;[ef - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(9) OD;ode;f aiG - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(10) OD;atmifoed ;f - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(11) OD;nde;f armif - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(12) OD;baomf - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(13) OD;Aefu;l - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(14) OD;jrifv h iG f - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(15) OD;ausmcf if0if; - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(16) OD;trfqifqm;&f - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(17) OD;aomif;'ef - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(18) OD;om&Si;f - A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmif
(19) OD;wifvwf - twGi;f a&;rSL;
(20) OD;[efa&$ - twGi;f a&;rSL;
(21) OD;ausmpf ed 0f if; - twGi;f a&;rSL;
(22) OD;bode;f - twGi;f a&;rSL; wd@k jzpf=uygw,f? wpn ygw&D ŒJ ¶H;k csKyw f nf&muawmh
urm&Gwòf rdŒe,f/ 0if'gr, D m/ trSwf 93 (pD) jzpfygw,f?
wpn ygw&D ŒJ OuUÏ/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tygt0if/ tvkyt f r_aqmifaumfrwD0iftm;vk;H
[m ylyal EG;aEG; rqvygwD xdyo f ;D a[mif;}uD;awGcsn;f jzpfovd/k jynfov l x
l =k um;rSm &Spaf v;vk;H
230
ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D twGi;f rSm 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0ifawGtm;vk;H u jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwD (rq
v) ud&k &HG mS pufqyk v f aS =umif; ay:ay:xifxifazmfjycJ=h u+y;D +yjD zpfwt hJ jyif rqvygweD mrnfe@J Armjynf
Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm b,fvrkd eS vHxEl ikd zf , G &f m r&Sad wmhwma=umifh emrnfopf,l zG@J pnf;ay:
ayguv f mwmjzpfa=umif; &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; odjrifem;vnfae=uwJt h wGuf wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vk;H nD
!Gwaf &;ygwD (wpn) udk ‘rqvwjzpfvJ wpnygw’D vd@k vJ uifyeG ;f wyfac:a0:cJ=h uyg w,f? tm
%modr;f +yD;wufvmcJw h hJ e0w ppftpd;k &wzG@J v;Hk [mvJ rqv xdyo f ;D a[mif;}uD;awGcsn;f jzpfwt hJ
wGuf rqvwjzpfvJ wpnygw[ D m e0w ppftpd;k &ud, k wf ikd &f ŒJ em;vnfra_ y;jcif;/ rsuEf mS om
ay;jcif;awGuv kd J ay:ay:xifxifc, H &l &Scd yhJ gw,f? NLD tygt0if 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0if Edik if aH &;
ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rSeo f r#/ 'Dru kd a&pDtppftrSeu f v kd v kd m;ol/ ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd qef@usio f rl eS o
f r#
e0w ppftpd;k &&JŒ &uf&ufpufpufzEd ydS cf sKyfcs,af csre_ ;f r_ukd jyif;jyif;xefxef eufeuf¶id_ ;f ¶_id ;f ausmaumh
atmifccH =hJ u&ayrJ/h wpnygwu D awmh jrLwr_erf #awmif uef@owfcsKyfcs,f ta&;,lwmrcH cJ&h bJ/
tcGix hf ;l cHygww D &yfozG,f wnf&v dS y_ &f mS ;Edik cf iG &hf cJyh gw,f? wpnygwu D vJ e0w ppftpd;k &&JŒzdEydS f
csKyfcs,f npfywfaumufuspaf er_reS o f r#ukd wcsuu f av;awmifavoHr[cJyh /J ESpu f , kd w hf pdwf t
vdw k t l vdyk g oabmrsK;d yJ &yfwnfazmfjyaecJyh gw,f? (26) ESpef ;D yg; tay:pD;u awmufavsmufae
vmcJ&h wJh t&Sed t f 0gtm;/ aiGtm;/ tquftoG,t f m;awGe@J wpnygw[ D m vGwv f w G v f yfvyf
pnf;¶H;k v_y&f mS ;Edik cf iG &hf cJyh gw,f? a'opkH e,fpq Hk if;+yD; wpnygw&D ŒJ pnf;¶H;k a&;udk enf;vrf;aygi;f pkeH @J
qufvufwnfaqmuf0g'jzef@cscd iG v hf J odoo d mom &&Sv d yk af qmifEikd cf yhJ gw,f? e0w ppftpd;k &ud, k f
wdik u f vJ (wpn) [m ae&mtrsm;pkrmS tEdik rf &awmif toift h wifah wmh qufvufae&m&vmEdik f
vdrrhf ,fv@kd ,lqcJyh &Hk ygw,f? 1990 jynfah &G;aumufy}JG uD; usi;f yr,ft h csed rf mS / wpnygw&D ŒJ a&G;
aumufyo JG auFwtrSwt f om;uawmh ‘pyg;ES’H jzpfcyhJ gw,f? v,form;vlO;D a&trsm;pkae xdik =f u
wJh ArmEdik if rH mS v,form;trSwt f om;ozG,jf zpfaecJw h hJ ‘pyg;ES’H [m aus;vufawm&Gma'o
wcsKŒd rSmawmh vlóudurf sm;wm/ rJay;wm/ xdu k o f ifo h avmuf&Edik af umif;&JŒvd@k ar#mv f if, h q l cJ=h uol
awGvJ &Syd gw,f? 1990 jynfEh pS -f ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD;rSm Armjynfwjynfv;Hk
ae&mtES@H u rJqENe,ftrsm;wumhtrsm;pk}uD;rSm ‘wpn’ ygwD 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydif ta&G;cs,cf cH yhJ g
w,f? wEdik if v H ;Hk jynfov l x l }k uD;w&yfv;Hk vdv k u kd azmfjyvdu k w f q hJ EN/ a&G;aumufy}JG uD;&JŒ wu,f&h
v'ftajzuawmh wpn ygw}D u;D cGucf u G v f efatmif ±_;H edro hf mG ;cJ&h +y;D / trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu
tjywftowf atmifycJG o H mG ;cJyh gw,f? wjynfv;Hk rSm wpn [m (10) ae&myJ ta&G;cs,cf cH &hJ ygawmh
w,f?
e0wuðyvkyw f hJ trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd wpn[mwufa&mufc+hJ yD; e0w tvdt k wdik ;f yJ qEN
udu k n f D &yfwnfyg0ifcyhJ gw,f? wpnOuUÏ OD;omausmf uG,v f eG t f edpaP &mufomG ;+yD;wJah emufrmS
wpn OuUÏtjzpf OD;xGe;f &Du qufcOH ;D aqmifcyhJ gw,f?
rqv wjzpfvJ wpn [m e0w-etz qef@usiaf &;udk wckrrS vkycf o hJ vd/k e0w-etz&JŒ
ta&;,lyw d yf ifuef@owfru _ v kd J wOD;wa,mufrcS cH &hJ jcif;r&Syd g? 2008 ckEpS /f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccH
Oya'udk toufoiG ;f zd@k ‘2010a&G;aumufy’JG qdw k mudk etz ppftpd;k &u 2009 ckEpS x f rJ mS toH
231
0if;wifhxGef;
ay;vdu k wf t hJ csed rf mS awmh/ wpn [m 2010 rSm ay:ayguv f mr,fh a&G;aumufyqJG w
kd mudk ar#m&f nf+yD;
pnf;¶H;k a&;vkyif ef;awG wufwufºuGºuG jyefvnfvyk af qmifvmcJyh gw,f? 1990 jynfEh pS u f cGucf uG f
vefatmif ±_;H edrchf &hJ ayrJh 2010 rSmawmh wpn &JŒtajctae aumif;vmEdik w f ,fv@kd ok;H oyfxifjrif
aecJyh gw,f? 2009/ pufwifbm-24 rSm wpnygww D nfaxmifjcif; (21) ESpjf ynfh tcrf;tem;udk
usi;f yjycJ+h yD; owif;rD', D morm;awG&ŒJ tar;awGukd jyefvnfajzqdw k mawG vkycf yhJ gw,f? wpn
ygwD wm0ef&o dS rl sm;&J@tqdt k & wpnygw&D ŒJ ygw0D iftiftm;[m (4) oef;avmufawmif &Sw d ,fqykd g
w,f? wpn ygwu D ukd ,kd pf m;ðy+yD; a&SŒxGu&f yfjy ajymqdak vh&odS al wGuawmh OuUÏ OD;xGe;f &D/ wGJ
zuftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;cifarmif}uD;eJ@ OD;[efa&$w@kd jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwD (rqv) rSvmcJw h hJ rqvwjzpfvJ wpnygwjD zpfayrJh qd&k , S f
vpfvrf;pOfta=umif;/ qd&k , S v
f pf pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;awmh rajymawmhyg?
(10) jynfaxmifpk trsK;d om;'Dru

kd a&pDygwD (OD;atmif}uD; ygwD)
Union National Democracy Party (UNDP)
jynfaxmifpt k rsK;d om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDygwu D kd ‘OD;atmif}uD; tzG@J ’ OD;atmif}uD; ygwt D jzpf
vlord sm;cJyh gw,f? OD;atmif}uD;[m OD;wifO;D / a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd e@J twlw+JG yD; trsK;d om; 'Drkd
ua&pDtzG@J csKyfrmS OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,cl &hJ mu vlx=k um;tzG@J csKyf}uD;&JŒa&yef;pm;r_ w&dy&f yd w f uf
vmpðycsed rf mS ‘tzG@J csKyftwGi;f uGejf rLepfawGa&mufaeyg+yD uGejf rLepfawGukd xkwyf ,fypf&r,f’vd@k
aºuG;a=umf&if; OD;0if;wif/ OD;xGe;f wifw@kd tygt0if yk*Kd~ vf (8) OD;udk xkwyf ,fypfa&;vkyaf qmif&mrS
ud, k [ hf mudjk y\em&Sm&mrS rJcq JG ;Hk jzwfc&H wJh tajctaeeJ@ñuHawG@c&hJ +yD; ta&;edro hf mG ;cJ&h ygw,f?
rJcq JG ;Hk jzwf&mrSm ¶_;H edrohf mG ;cJ&h wJh OD;atmif}uD;eJ@twl OD;atmif}uD;bufawmfom;awGjzpf=uwJh (1)
OD;=unf[ef/ (2) OD;ba&$/ (3) OD;eef;EG,/f (4) OD;cifarmifarmif/ (5) OD;omxd/k (6) OD;ode;f Edik /f (7) OD;rif;
'if/ (8) OD;cifnKd / (9) OD;ausmjf rifah v;/ (10) OD;bd;k atmif/ (11) OD;armifarmif/ (12) OD;aZmf0if;OD;wd@k awG
[m trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS E_wx f u G +f y;D jzpfa=umif; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sio f @kd ta=umif;=um;cJh
=uovdk NLD uvJ (13-12-88) ae@pyJG gpmeJ@ txufygy*k Kd~ vfawGukd tzG@J csKyfuae xkwyf ,fvu kd f
a=umif; ta=umif;=um;r_ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? tJ'aD emufrmS awmh OD;atmif}u;D acgi;f aqmif+y;D tJ'yD *k Kd~ vf
(12) OD;tyg aemufxyf (4) OD;wd;k jznfu h m pkpak ygi;f (17) OD;yg0ifwhJ ‘jynfaxmifpk trsK;d om;rsm; 'Drkd
ua&pDygw’D ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f 15-12-88ae@pyJG g a=unm csut f rSwf
(169) eJ@ ‘jynfaxmifpk trsK;d om;rsm;'Dru kd a&pDygw’D udk todtrSwðf y xkwjf yefa=unmay;cJyh g
w,f? jynfaxmifpk trsK;d om;rsm;'Dru kd a&pDygwu D kd
(1) OD;atmif}uD; - OD;pD;em,u
(2) OD;ausmjf rifah v; - OuUÏ
232
(3) OD;omxdk - 'k-OuUÏ (1)
(4) OD;cifarmifarmif - 'k-OuUÏ (2)
(5) OD;=unf[ef - taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;
(6) OD;xGe;f a&$ - twGi;f a&;rSL;
(7) OD;ode;f Edik f - twGi;f a&;rSL;
(8) OD;rif;'if - tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(9) a'guw f ma':oif;=unf - tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(10) OD;ba&$ - tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(11) OD;cifnKd - tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(12) OD;bd;k atmif - tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(13) OD;eef;EG,f - tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(14) OD;bode;f - tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(15) OD;pd;k jrifh - tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(16) OD;aZmfvif; - tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(17) a'guw f mpde&f D - tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if wd@k e@J zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
NLD eJ@tòydi/f OD;atmif}uD;&JŒtzG@J [m pnf;¶H;k a&;awGuókd ud;yrf;vkyaf qmifcahJ yrJh vlx=k um;rSm
vk;H 0 a&yef;pm;r_r&Scd yhJ g? OD;atmif}u;D &JŒEdik if aH &;aemufcH tjzpftysuo f rdik ;f a=umif;a[mif;awGtay:
vlxu k vdv k m;ESpo f ufjcif;r&Sw d t hJ wGuf vlxak xmufcrH v _ J us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@r&&Scd yhJ g? txif&mS ;
qk;H azmfjyvdu k cf suu f awmh 1990 jynfEh pS -f ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pDa&G; aumufy}JG uD;twGi;f rSmjzpfygw,f?
OD;atmif}uD;acgi;f aqmifwhJ jynfaxmifpk trsK;d om;rsm;'Dru kd a&pDygw[ D m NLD/ wpn/ 'D+idr;f wd@k e@J
tòydif 1990 jynf-h a&G;aumufy}JG uD;rSm wjynfv;Hk ae&mtES@H rJqENe,ftrsm;pk}uD;rSm yg0if,OS òf ydif
=unfch yhJ gw,f?
OD;atmif}uD;ud, k w
f ikd f olaexdik &f m &efuek rf mS vJr[kw/f ol@Zmwda'o aygi;f wnfrmS vJr[kwf
bJ (atmifajreif;r,f pdwu f ;l rsK;d eJ@) ‘a&$b’kd rJqENe,fuae 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydit f a&G;cs,cf yH gw,f?
a&$bòkd rdŒtxdomG ;+yD;/ a&$bakd ps;xJtxdwikd f vSnv hf nfomG ;a&mufrsuEf mS jy+yD; rJtEdik &f a&;óud;pm;
=unfch ahJ o;ayrJh a&$bòkd rdŒu NLD tzG@J csKyfuykd J ykaH tmrJxnfv h w$ v f u kd =f uwJt h wGuf OD;atmif}uD;
ud, k wf ikd f cGucf u G v f efatmif ±_;H edro hf mG ;cJ&h ovdk OD;atmif}u;D OD;aqmifwyhJ gww D ckv;Hk [mvJ oGuo f u
G f
cgatmif ±_;H edrchf &hJ ygw,f? wjynfv;Hk rSm rJqENe,fwckrmS (1) ae&myJ tEdik &f &Scd yhJ gw,f?
a&G;aumufy}JG uD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh OD;atmif}uD;&JŒtoH+idru f somG ;cJ&h +yD; aemufq;Hk rSmawmh
OD;atmif }uD;&JŒ ‘jynfaxmifpk trsK;d om;rsm;'Dru kd a&pDygw’D [mvJ uG,af ysmufomG ;&ygawmhw,f?
Armjynf Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ordik ;f rSmawmh OD;atmif}uD;[m ud, k uf ,kd w f ikd Of uUÏtjzpf vkyaf qmifaewJh
ygwu D kd ud, k [ hf mud, k f jyefvnfòzcd yJG pfovdv k yk af qmifc+hJ y;D aemufxyfemrnfopfe@J ygwo D pfaxmifum
qufvufvy_ &f mS ;Edik zf @kd óu;d pm;cJah yrJh vlx=k um;rSmb,fvrkd S vlxak xmufcrH r_ &awmhyJ vlxrk ESpo f uf
wJyh gwD vlóuduef nf;vGe;f vSwhJ ygwt D jzpfe@J yJ ed*;Hk csKyfomG ;&ygawmhw,f?
233
0if;wifhxGef;
(11) trsK;d om; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; 'Dru
kd a&pDwyfaygif;pk (0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif tzG@J )
e0w ppftpd;k &uae Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGz@JG pnf;cGiu hf kd w&m;0ifciG ðhf yvdu k w f thJ csed rf mS 1988
ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mtwGi;f zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf w hJ mjzpfygw,f? ‘trsK;d om; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;
wyfaygi;f pk’ udk Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;/ qd&k , S ef aD cgi;f aqmifa[mif;}uD; 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmifu ‘em,
u’ tjzpf t"duOD;pD;+yD; zG@J pnf;xlaxmifcw hJ m jzpfygw,f? 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmiftzG@J v@kd yJ vlord sm;cJyh g
w,f? (1964 ckEpS u f rqv ppftpd;k &vufxuf Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awGukd tzsuo f rd ;f cdik ;f cJch sed f
u qd&k , S ef aD wGO;D pD;v_y&f mS ;aecJw h hJ Edik if aH &;ygwu D kd 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmifu, kd wf ikd u f vufrw S af &;xd;k zsuf
odr;f cJo h jl zpfwt hJ wGuf 1988 rSm Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG topfwzefz@JG pnf;cGi&hf vmwJt h csed rf mS 0d"&l ocif
cspaf rmifu olu, kd w
f ikd Of ;D pD;+yD; Edik if aH &;ygww D ckuykd J zG@J pnf;csiaf yrJ/h ocifoef; (jynf) wd@k vkd vkyf
azmfuikd zf uf Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;}u;D wcsKŒd u ‘ygwu D kd ud, k w f ikd f vufrw S af &;xd;k zsuo f rd ;f cJo
h rl sK;d [m
ygwaD xmifciG rhf &S/d ygwaD xmif&ifvJ OuUÏvkycf iG rhf &Sq d w kd hJ Edik if aH &;0denf;usix hf ;Hk oabmoGm;udk ajym
qd=k uwm&Sw d thJ wGuf 0d"&l [m ygwt D pm; wyfaygi;f pkuykd aJ xmifc&hJ um em,utjzpfe@J yJ zG@J pnf;ay:
aygucf &hJ wmjzpfw,f’ vd@k vJ Edik if aH &;avmurSm ajymqdo k aH wG xGucf yhJ gw,f)?
‘trsK;d om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; wyfaygi;f pk’ udk t"dutm;jzifh qd&k , S ef aD [mif;awGuykd J
tajccH+yD; zG@J pnf;xlaxmifcw hJ m jzpfygw,f?
Edik if aH &;t& xl;jcm;wmwckuawmh 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmifO;D pD;wJh ‘trsK;d om; jyefvnfwnf
aqmufa&; wyfaygi;f pk’[m wufºuGjyif;xefwhJ Edik if aH &;ygww D csKŒd vdk ‘=um;jzwftpd;k & zG@J pnf;a&;’vJ
rawmif;qd/k aysmah jymif;vGe;f vSwhJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;wcsK@d vkd ‘vGwv f yfw&m;r#wwJh a&G;
aumufyJG usi;f yay;a&;’ udv k J rawmif;qd/k Edik if aH &;aºuG;a=umfot H jzpf (=um;jzwf !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &
zG@J pnf;a&;) udyk J azmfxw k af ºuG;a=umf cJyh gw,f?
vlx=k um;rSm a&yef;pm;r_r&Syd J òrdŒe,fa'owcsKŒd rSm tzG@J tpnf;qdik ;f bkwaf wG wifEikd zf @JG Edik cf hJ
wm&Sad yrJh Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG wlww l efwefvyk af qmifEikd cf w hJ mrawG@&yg? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD
tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ r[mrdwf Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
1990 jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumufy}JG uD;rSm ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmyg0if,OS òf ydicf ahJ yrJh wae&mrS
atmifjrif tEdik &f &Scd jhJ cif;r&Syd g?
tEdik &f &Scd jhJ cif;r&S/d xif&mS ;cJjh cif;r&Sw d hJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awGukd e0wppftpd;k &u zsuf
odr;f ypfvu kd wf hJ tcsed rf mS awmh trsK;d om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; 'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (jrefrm
Edik if )H [mvJ Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;tjzpfuae aysmufu, G cf sKyf+idr;f oGm;&ygawmhw,f?
(12) &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru

kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (SNLD)
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w

Hk ifz@JG pnf;cGiu
hf kd e0w ppftpd;k &uae w&m;0ifziG v
hf pS af y;vdu
k &f csed rf mS
234
1988 ckEpS -f atmufwb kd mvtwGi;f rSm ‘&Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (SNLD)’ ay:xGe;f
vmcJyh gw,f? OuUÏu OD;cGex f eG ;f OD; jzpf+yD;/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;uawmh pdik ;f !Ge@f viG f jzpfygw,f?
ArmEdik if rH mS / jynfe,fawGxrJ mS &Sr;f jynfe,f[m tus,q f ;Hk jzpfovd/k vlrsK;d pkawGxrJ mS &Sr;f vlrsK;d
awG[m trsm;qk;H jzpfygw,f? &Sr;f jynfe,f[m &Sr;f tjyif wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkaygi;f pkv H J trsm;qk;H ae
xdik =f u&m jynfe,fwckjzpfygw,f? &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf[m ArmEdik if &H dS w&m;0if
ajray:&Sd &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vk;H udk ud, k pf m;ðyEdik wf hJ w&m;0ifEikd if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;wcktjzpf
ar#mrf eS ;f +yD;/ ppfreS w f hJ 'Dru kd a&pDygww D &yftjzpf zG@J pnf;xlaxmifcw hJ mjzpfygw,f?
&Sr;f jynf ajrmufyikd ;f eJ@awmifyikd ;f awGrmS vJ ‘&Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf’ &JŒ qdik ;f
bkwef @J ¶H;k cef;awGziG v hf pS Ef ikd cf +hJ yD; &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;xkt=um; us,jf yef@wphJ nf;¶H;k a&;awGukd taumift
xnfazmfEikd cf yhJ gw,f?
1990 jynfEh pS -f ygwpD Hk 'Dru kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD;rSm &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f ae&m
tES@H rmS yg0if,OS òf ydif ta&G;cs,cf cH +hJ yD; rJqENe,f (23) ae&mrSm tEdik &f &Sad &G;cs,cf cH &hJ ygw,f? wjynfv;Hk
rSm trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) +yD;&if trwfae&m 'kw, d trsm;qk;H & tzG@J tpnf;}uD;tjzpf
rSww f rf;wifccH &hJ ygw,f?
&Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf[m wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkygwaD ygi;f (21) ygwD pkpnf;
zG@J pnf;xm;wJh ‘jynfaxmifpk wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (UNLD)’ eJ@ vufw+JG yD;vJ
jynfaxmifpk wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;ta&;/ ppfreS w f hJ jynfaxmifpak y:xGe;f a&;awGtwGuf yg0ify;l aygi;f
v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (UNLD) eJ@ trsK;d om;'Dru kd
a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) wd@k awG@qaHk qG;aEG;cJ=h u+yD; twly;l wGx J w k jf yefcw hJ hJ ‘Adv
k af tmifausmv f rf; yl;wGJ
a=unmcsuf trSw-f 1)’ rSmvJ &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (SNLD) yg0ifwufa&muf
vufrw S af &;xd;k cJyh gw,f? OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;ud,
k wf ikd f yg0ifvufrw S af &;xd;k cJyh gw,f? e0wppftpd;k &u
1993 ckEpS u f p+yD; usi;f yðyvkyw f hJ trsK;d om;nDvmcHuv kd J OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;ud, k w f ikd Of ;D pD;+yD; SNLD tzG@J
yg0ifwufa&mufcyhJ gw,f? trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuv f J e0w OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;
oef;a&$e@J NLD taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd xH vdyrf +l yD; (6-11-1995) ae@
rSm &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf OuUÏ OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;&JŒ tcsuf (6) csuyf g ‘trsK;d om; jyef
vnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf yef=um;v$m’udk w&m;0ifxw k jf yefay;yd@k cyhJ gw,f? 1998 pufwifbm
(16) &ufae@rmS ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ ‘jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;ðyaumfrwD (CRPP) zG@J pnf;&mrSmvJ
&Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf[m oabmwlnaD qmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ Edik if aH &;t
usyt f wnf;awGu vGwaf jrmufEikd af &;awGtwGuf SNLD [m NLD eJ@twl ta&;ygwt hJ cef;awG
uae yl;aygi;f &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ; cJw h mawGv&J ydS gw,f? 'gah =umifh e0w-etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ ac:,l+cdr;f
ajcmuf owday;wmawGuv kd J SNLD tzG@J }uD; ñuHawG@&ifqikd cf &hJ ygw,f?
2004 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbm-4 &ufae@rmS SSA (ajrmuf) XmecsKyfwnf&&dS m &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f oD
aygòrdŒe,f pdeaf usmrh mS usi;f ywJh SSA +idr;f csr;f a&;,ljcif; (15) ESpaf jrmuf txdr;f trSwyf u JG kd SNLD
OuUÏ OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;eJ@ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; pdik ;f !Ge@f viG w f @kd wufa&mufc=hJ u+y;D ‘&Sr;f jynfynm&Sirf sm;
235
0if;wifhxGef;
twdik yf ifcH aumifp’D zG@J pnf;Edik af &;udk SSA/ SSNA A[ku d ,kd pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@ aqG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f cJ=h u+yD;
2005-azaz:0g&v D twGi;f rSm ‘&Sr;f jynfynm&Sirf sm; twdik yf ifcaH umifp’D udk zG@J pnf;Edik cf =hJ uygw,f?
“tJ'v D kd ‘&Sr;f jynfynm&Sirf sm; twdik yf ifcaH umifp’D udk zG@J pnf;cJjh cif;[m &Sr;f jynfynm&Sirf sm;
twdik yf ifcaH umifp&D ŒJ zG@J pnf;r_e@J &nf&, G cf suaf wG[m Edik if aH wmfwnf+idraf t;csr;f r_ukd ysujf ym;atmif/
qlqyl yl jl zpfatmif v_@H aqmf&ma&mufwt hJ jyif/ tifrwef tEœ&m,f}u;D rm;wJh wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD
!Gwrf _ ysujf ym;a&;/ jynfaxmifpòk yduaJG &;awGuOkd ;D wnfapwJh vky&f yfrsm;jzpfw,f” vd@k etz ppft
pd;k &u owfrw S af jymqdpk yG pf +JG yD;/ SSA acgi;f aqmif OD;aqxiftygt0if rsK;d qufopf&rS ;f jynfrS tzG@J
0if (4) OD;eJ@twl SNLD acgi;f aqmifawGukd zrf;qD;ta&;,lcyhJ gw,f? Ù4
SNLD OuUÏ OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; pdik ;f !Ge@f viG ef @J A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmif
aumfrwD 0ifawGjzpf=uwJh OD;pdik ;f vSatmif/ OD;p0fomOD;wd@k awG tzrf;cHc=hJ u&ygw,f? SSA acgi;f aqmif
OD;aqxife@J &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfOuUÏ OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;/ taxGtaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
pdik ;f !Ge@f viG t f ygt0if &Sr;f acgi;f aqmifawGukd ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm w}urd w f cgr#r=um;cJh
&zl;bl;wJh axmif'%fyrm%awGe@J ESp&f n S af xmif'%fawG csrw S cf w hJ t hJ jyif axmif0ifpmvdu k v f aH wG@qHk
Edik zf @kd cufcv J eG ;f vSwahJ e&m ta0;axmifawGuckd +JG yD; yd@k aqmifaxmifcsypfcyhJ gw,f? OuUÏ OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;
wd@k awG zrf;qD;axmifcs cHvu kd &f +yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh SNLD tzG@J }uD;&JŒ &yfwnfcsuef @J oabmxm;
awGukd tzG@J &ŒJ ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o dS tl jzpf wm0eftyfEiS ;f jcif;cHxm;&ol OD;pdik ;f vdwu f ae ajymqdx k w k af zmf
v_y&f mS ;cJw h m awG@&ygw,f?
OuUÏeJ@ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tyg acgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd ESp&f n S af xmif'%fcsrw S cf &H +yD; jyif;jyif;
xefxef tESyd u f yG cf cH &hJ ayrJh SNLD [m qufvuf&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJ&h if; etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ trsK;d
om;nDvmcHuakd wmh vk;H 0rwufa&mufawmhbJ aecJyh gw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftygt0if
wjcm;aom 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0if Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@vufw+JG y;D qufvufwnf&&dS iS o f ef
aecJyh gw,f?
(13) &cdik t
f rsK;d om; 'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
Arakan League for Democracy (ALD)
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D aemufyikd ;f Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; w&m;0ifrw S yf w

Hk ifciG ðhf yvdu
k cf sed u
f mv
1988 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd m/ 12 &ufae@rmS ‘&cdik t f rsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf’ pwifz@JG pnf;ay:xGe;f
vmcJyh gw,f?
OuUÏtjzpf a'guw f mapmjratmifu wm0ef,+l yD;/ twGi;f a&;rSL;uawmh OD;at;omatmif
jzpfygw,f? &cdik jf ynfe,fa'otES@H rmS qdik ;f bkww f if ¶H;k cGrJ sm;zGivhf pS +f yD; wufwufºuGºuG v_y&f mS ;cJh
ygw,f? trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) &JŒ r[mrdwyf gww D &yftjzpf &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJo h vdk
236
wjcm;aom w&m;0if wdik ;f &if;om;nDaemifygwrD sm;eJ@w+JG y;D ‘jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;'Dru kd
a&pDtzG@J csKyf (UNLD)’ wyfaygi;f pk tzG@J csKyf}u;D twGi;f rSmvJ tzG@J 0ifEikd if aH &;ygww D &yftjzpf yg0ifvy_ f
&Sm;cJyh gw,f? jynfaxmifpk wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf wyfaygi;f pk}uD;twGi;f rSm &cdik f
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd ud, k pf m;ðy+yD; OD;at;omatmife@J OD;ombef;wd@k yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h u
ygw,f?
1990 jynfEh pS -f ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG u;D rSm &cdik t f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
yg0if ,SOòf ydicf +hJ yD; rJqENe,f (11) ae&mrSm tEdik &f &Sd a&G;cs,cf cH &hJ wJt h wGuf a&G;aumufyt JG Edik &f t
zG@J tpnf;awGtwGi;f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfe@J &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf +yD;&if/
wwd,trsm;qk;H tEdik &f Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;tjzpf rSww f rf;wif&ygvrd rhf ,f?
tJ'v D akd &G;aumufyrJG mS wwd,rJqENe,ftrsm;qk;H tEdik &f tzG@J tpnf;}uD;jzpfcahJ yrJh &cdik t f rsK;d
om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf[m etzppftpd;k &&JŒ (6-3-92) ae@peJG @J w&m;0ifygwt D jzpfuae zsuo f rd ;f
a=umif; trde@f xw k jf yef a=unmcHc&hJ ygw,f? 'gayrJh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu uruxðy+yD;
16-9-1998 ae@rmS ‘jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;ðyaumfrwD CRPP ’ udk pwifz@JG pnf;csed rf mS awmh
&cdik t f rsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyf[m ta&;ygwt hJ cef;uae yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJjh yefygw,f? &cdik t f rsK;d om;
'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;at;omatmif[m pwifz@JG pnf;pu rdciftzG@J tpnf;jzpfwhJ
&cdik t f rsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftjyif &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf/ rGet f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&
pDygweD @J Zdrk ;D trsK;d om;uGe*f &ufw@kd &ŒJ ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpfyg wm0eftyfEiS ;f cHc&hJ +yD; CRPP &JŒ t
wGi;f a&;rSL;wm0efukd &J&0J 0hH , hH cl yhJ gw,f? CRPP uae ‘jynfo@l vw $ af wmf’ udk xyfqifzh @JG pnf;vdu k w f hJ
tcsed rf mS vJ CRPP &JŒ jynfo@l vw $ af wmfOuUÏtjzpf &cdik 'f rD u kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS OuUÏ a'guw f m OD;
apmjratmifuyJ &J&0J 0hH w hH m0ef,cl &hJ ygw,f? tJ'v D kd &J&0J 0hH hH yg0ifaqmif&u G cf rhJ a_ wGa=umifh etz ppf
tpd;k &uae &cdik t f rsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftay: trsuo f ckd yhJ gw,f? etz ppftpd;k &u OuUÏ
OD;apmjratmifukd rw&m;zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f ta&;,lco hJ vdk twGi;f a&;rSL; jzpfol OD;at;omatmifukd
vJ (24-4-2000) ae@rmS rw&m;zrf;qD;cJ+h y;D (7-6-2000) ae@rmS axmif'%f (21) ESpf jypf'%fcsrw S t f
a&;,lcyhJ gw,f? etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ ‘2008 ckEpS -f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'’ udk vufrcHEikd o f vdk
2008 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'udrk jyifbJ 2010 a&G;aumufyu JG kd 0ifrmS r[kwq f wkd hJ &yfwnfcsuu f kd
&cdik t f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&ŒJ (21) ESpaf jrmuf txdr;f trSwt f crf;tem;rSm taxGaxG twGi;f
a&;rSL; OD;at;omatmifuwqifh &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; xkwaf zmfa=unmcJyh gw,f? &cdik t f rsK;d om; 'Drkd
ua&pDtzG@J csKyfrS (90 jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumufyrJG mS ta&G;cs,cf cH &hJ wJ)h jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;vS,w f
csKŒd [m jynfyudak &muf&o dS mG ;&+yD; &cdik t f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (jynfy) tjzpf qufvufc, H l
&yfwnf um Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;ae=uwmawGvJ &Syd gw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf &cdik t f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf[m etz ppftzd;k &&JŒESyd u f yG rf a_ wGukd ta=umif;
trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ccH &hJ ayrJh 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &;/ ppftm%m&Sipf epf qef@usiaf &; Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f a=umif;
rSm =u=hH uchH H qufvuf&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;Edik cf w hJ hJ wufºuEG ;kd =um;wJh Edik if aH &;ygww D &yftjzpf rSww f rf;wif
xm;&rSm jzpfygw,f?
237
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(14) rGet
f rsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pD ygwD
Mon National Democratic Front (MNDF)
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;t+yD; Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w Hk ifz@JG pnf;cGiðhf ycsed u f mv 1988
ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mvtwGi;f rSm ‘rGet f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD ygw’D zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
rGet f rsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDygwu D kd OuUÏtjzpf Edik x f eG ;f ode;f u wm0ef,+l y;D Edik af iGord ;f / Edik cf ifarmif
pwJt h pOftvm&Sd rGeEf ikd if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;&JŒ OD;aqmifre_ @J z@JG pnf;ay:aygucf w hJ mjzpfygw,f?
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfe@J r[mrdwEf ikd if aH &;ygww D cktjzpf &yfwnfc+hJ yD; jynfaxmifpk
wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (UNLD) rSm ta&;ygwhJ tcef;uyg0ifcw hJ hJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J
tpnf;wckjzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpk wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&ŒJ t+rJwef;obmywd
aumifprD mS ‘Edik af iGord ;f ’ yg0ifc+hJ yD;/ jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; Edik if aH &;ygwaD ygi;f pkt H pnf;
ta0;eJ@ nDvmcHawGrmS Edik x f eG ;f ode;f eJ@ Edik af iGord ;f wd@k [m ta&;ygwhJ obmywd}uD;awGtjzpf wm
0ef,cl =hJ uygw,f? wdik ;f &if;om;rl0g'a&;&mawGrmS t"du OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;cJ=h uolawGjzpf+yD; UNLD
eJ@ NLD taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd &ŒJ awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGaJ wGrmS Edik af iGord ;f [m
wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;zufrS t"duOD;aqmifaqG;aEG;olwOD; jzpfcyhJ gw,f? rGet f rsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDygwD
(MNDF) [m 1990 jynfE h pS /f ygwpD 'Hk rD ukd a&pD taxGaxGa&G; aumufy}JG uD;ay:ayguv f mcsed rf mS / rGef
jynfe,f rJqENe,fawmfawmfrsm;uae yg0if,OS òf ydicf +hJ yD; oHjzLZ&yf rJqENe,f (2) rSm Edik x f eG ;f ode;f /
usKd ufra&m rJqENe,f (2) rSm Edik cf ifarmif/ rk'Hk rJqENe,f (2) rSm a'guw f m=unf0if; eJ@a&; rJqENe,f
(1) rSm a'guw f mrif;pd;k vif;wd@k tEdik &f &Sad &G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufccH &hJ ygw,f? a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufc&H wJh
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@ jynfo@l vw $ af wmfac:,lay;a&;twGuf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
}uD;eJ@twl vufwaJG qmif&u G cf ahJ yrJ/h e0wppftpd;k &zufu v$waf wmfukd vk;H 0ac:,lay;jcif;rðywJh
tjyif ta=umif;r&Sd ta=umif;&Sm+yD; Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;trsm;pk}uD;udk zsuo f rd ;f ypf&mrSm rGef
trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDygwv D J e0w&JŒ zsuo f rd ;f ypfwmudk cHc&hJ ygw,f? e0w ppftpd;k &uae 19-3-
92 ae@rmS trde@f (8§92) jzifh rGet f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDygwD MNDF udk w&m;0ifygwt D jzpfrS zsuf
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odr;f ypfcyhJ gw,f?
'gayrJh rGet f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDygw[ D m enf;vrf;rsK;d pkeH @J yg;yg;eyfeyf qufvuf&yfwnf aexdik f
&if;/ Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f qufvuf&iS o f ef yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? 16-9-98 ae@rmS trsK;d om; 'Drkd
ua&pDtzG@J csKyu f uruxðy+y;D jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;ðyaumfrwD (CRPP) zG@J pnf;&mrSm &cdik t f rsK;d
om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf/ Zdrk ;D uGe*f &ufw@kd e@J twl rGet f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDygwv D J yg0ifoabmwlnv D y_ f
&Sm;cJyh gw,f? Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGa=umifh rGet f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDygwOD uUÏ Edik x f eG ;f ode;f [m Zdrk ;D trsK;d
om;uGe*f &ufOuUÏ OD;ylusi&hf iS ;f xefe@J twl etzppftpd;k &&JŒ zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f csKyfaESmifru _ kd cHc&hJ yg
w,f?
238
bmyJjzpfjzpf 1988 ckEpS -f &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;t+yD;rSm Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; w&m;0if
rSwyf w
Hk if zG@J pnf;cGiOhf ya't& ay:ayguv f mcJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwtD zG@J tpnf;aygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGmxJrmS
rGet
f rsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDygw[D m Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;Edik rf t
_ &/ 90 jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumufyrJG mS a&G;cs,w f if
ajrm‡ ufccH &hJ r_tae txm;t& xif&mS ;wJh wdik ;f &if;om;Edik if aH &;ygww D &yfjzpfcw hJ t
hJ wGuf rSww f rf;wif
xm;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(15) Zdrk ;D trsK;d om; uGe*f &uf

Zomi National Congress (ZNC)
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;t+yD; Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w Hk ifz@JG pnf;cGi&hf vmcsed rf mS 1988-
atmufwb kd mvtwGi;f ‘Zdrk ;D trsK;d om; uGe*f &uf (ZNC)’ ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? csi;f jynfe,f
twGi;f &Sd Zdrk ;D -csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;udu k , kd pf m;ðy+yD; Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G Ef ikd zf @kd twGuf
Zdrk ;D trsK;d om; uGe*f &ufukd OD;ylusi&hf iS ;f xef (Fu Cin Shing Thang) u OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,Ol ;D aqmif
um zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? Zdrk ;D trsK;d om;uGe*f &uf[m wdik ;f &if;om;Edik if aH &;ygwD (21) cke@J
pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h hJ ‘jynfaxmifpk wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf UNLD’ rSmvJ tzG@J 0ifEikd if H
a&;ygww D cktjzpf yg0if&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJ+h y;D jynfaxmifpak &;/ wdik ;f &if;om;ta&;awGrmS wufwufºuG
ºuGyg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
1990 jynfEh pS -f ygwpD 'Hk rD ukd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD;rSm csi;f jynfe,f&dS tEdik &f Edik zf , G f
pnf;¶H;k a&; tiftm;aumif;&m rJqENe,fwcsKŒd rSm 0ifa&mufta&G;cs,cf cH +hJ y;D Zdrk ;D trsK;d om;uGe*f &ufrS
OD;ylusi&hf iS ;f xefu wD;wdef rJqENe,f (2)/ OD;xefv#aH ygiu f wGe;f ZH òrdŒe,fw@kd uae jynfo@l vw $ af wmf
ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tjzpf tEdik &f &Sd a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufccH &hJ ygw,f? tJ'v D kd a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufc&H olawG
&Sw d hJ wdik ;f &if;om;Edik if aH &;ygwD w&yfjzpfcahJ yrJh e0w ppftpd;k [m ‘Zdrk ;D trsK;d om;uGe*f &uf’udv k J
Ù6
13-3-92 ae@rmS trde@f (7§92) jzifh w&m;0ifygwt D jzpfuae zsuo f rd ;f ypfcyhJ gw,f?
Zdrk ;D trsK;d om;uGe*f &ufOuUÏ OD;ylusi&hf iS ;f xef[m etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ trsK;d rsK;d aomzdtm;ay;r_
awG atmufuae Zdrk ;D uGe*f &ufukd qufvufu, kd pf m;ðy&yfwnfxed ;f odr;f &if; 1998 ckEpS /f pufwifbm
16 &ufae@rmS ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ ‘jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;ðyaumfrwD CRPP’rSmvJ tzG@J 0ifygwD
w&yftjzpf yg0if&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? tJ'v D kd &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJrh a_ wGa=umifh Zdrk ;D trsK;d om;uGe*f
&ufOuUÏ OD;ylusi&hf iS ;f xefvJ etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f wmudck cH &hJ ygw,f?
etz ppftpd;k &u wzufowfa&;qGcJ +hJ y;D rw&m;ojzift h wnfðyxm;wJh ‘2008 ckEpS -f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk
tajccHOya'opf’ udk vufrcHEikd af =umif; tcgtm;avsmpf mG xkwaf zmfc=hJ uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;
awG=um;xJrmS Zdrk ;D trsK;d om; uGe*f &ufvyJ g0ifc+hJ yD; CRPP tzG@J 0if Edik if aH &;ygww D &yftjzpf ppfreS w f hJ
jynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;eJ@ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; tcGit hf a&;twGuf cdik cf ikd rf mrm qufvuf
qkyu f ikd &f yfwnfaewJh wdik ;f &if;om; Edik if aH &;ygww D &yftjzpf rSww f rf;wifxm;oifyh gw,f?
239
0if;wifhxGef;
(16) jynfaxmifpk wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
United Nationalities League for Democracy (UNLD)
‘jynfaxmifpk wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (UNLD)’ [m 1988 ckEpS -f
atmufwb kd mv twGi;f zG@J pnf;ay:xGe;f vmcJw h mjzpfygw,f? Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w Hk ifz@JG pnf;cGit
hf &
Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;awGtoD;oD; ay:xGe;f vmcJ&h mrSm wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkygwaD wGvJ tajrmuf
trsm;ay:xGe;f vmcJ+h yD; tJ'aD y:xGe;f vmcJw h hJ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkygwaD wGxu J rS wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pk
Edik if aH &;ygww D csKŒd [m tcsi;f csi;f nDn! D w G !
f w G f aygi;f ¶H;k pkpnf;vdu
k =f u+yD; wdik ;f &if;om;Edik if aH &; yg
wDrsm; ‘wyfaygi;f pk}uD;’ wcktjzpf ‘jynfaxmifpk wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf’ }uD;udk
zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f?
wdik ;f &if;om;Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;&JŒ wyfaygi;f pk}uD;ozG,jf zpfwhJ jynfaxmifpk wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d
rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf}uD;xJrmS Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;aygi;f (21) zG@J yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? yg0ifc=hJ uwJh
Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;awGuawmh æ æ æ
(1) &cdik t f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(3) watmif; (yavmif) trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(4) u&ifjynfe,ftrsK;d om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(5) csi;f trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(6) u,m;jynfe,f vlrsK;d aygi;f pkH 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(7) &Sr;f jynfwikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(8) Zdrk ;D trsK;d om;uGe*f &uf
(9) awmifov l ,form; u'l;u%ef;ESihf &Sr;f trsK;d om; aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(10) ucsit f rsK;d om;vk;H qdik &f m uGe*f &uff
(11) òrd (ac: ) crD;trsK;d om; nD!w G af &;tzG@J
(12) u,ef;trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J
(13) ucsijf ynfe,f trsK;d om;rsm; 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD
(14) tif;trsK;d om; tzG@J csKyf
(15) &cdik t f rsK;d om; vlrb _ 0jr‡iwhf ifa&;tzG@J (r&rm}uD;)
(16) jynfaxmifpk ytd0k t hf rsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(17) u&iftrsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDueG *f &uf
(18) r&mjynfo@l ygwD
(19) vDql trsK;d om; aoG;pnf;cdik rf ma&;tzG@J
(20) ‘0’ trsK;d om; zG@H òzd;wd;k wufa&;ygwD
(21) vm;[l trsK;d om;zG@H òzd;wd;k wufa&; ygwD wd@k jzpf=uygw,f?Ù7
240
jynfaxmifpk wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf[m ‘'Dru kd a&pDa&;ESiw hf ikd ;f &if;om;rsm;
wef;wl&nfwl ppfreS af om 'Dru kd a&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaxmifa&;onf wòydiw f nf;
wnfaqmufomG ;&rnf’ qdw k hJ tajccHr0l g'oabmxm;udk wnDw!Gww f nf; csrw S cf =hJ uygw,f?
wdik ;f &if;om;a&;eJ@ywfouf+y;D nDvmcHe@J awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGaJ wGuv kd J zdw=f um;usi;f ywmawG vkyaf qmif
Edik cf yhJ gw,f? txl;ojzifh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) acgi;f aqmifawGe@J awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGaJ wG
udv k J ðyvkyEf ikd cf yhJ gw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unf
zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f jcif;rcH&rDuvJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J UNLD wd@k awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGu J kd ðyvkyEf ikd cf hJ
ovdk a':atmifqef;pk=unf xde;f odr;f cH&+y;D aemufyikd ;f rSmvJ UNLD eJ@ NLD wd@k &ŒJ awG@qn Hk E‡d id_ ;f yGaJ wG
ðyvkyEf ikd cf yhJ gw,f?
1990 jynfEh pS -f ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyrJG mS UNLD 0if Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;
awGu oufqikd &f m Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;tvdu k f yg0if,OS òf yid t f a&G;cs,cf cH =hJ uwm&So d vd/k UNLD
udk ud, k pf m;ðy+yD;vJ pm&if;oGi;f yg0if,OS òf ydicf &hJ wmvJ &Syd gw,f? OD;axmifux kd ef (U Htaung Kho
Htan) [m ‘wrl;rJqENe,f’ rSm UNLD jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f jzpf a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡muf
cHc&hJ ygw,f?
UNLD [m NLD tzG@J csKyf acgi;f aqmifawGe@J (4) }udrw f ikd w f ikd f aqG;aEG;ndE‡ id_ ;f cJ=h u+yD;wJah emuf
“jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H vufiif;Edik if aH &;tajctaeESiphf yfvsO;f I jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d
rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfEiS hf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfw@kd . oabmxm;xkwjf yefcsu”f ac: ‘Adv k f
atmifausmv f rf; yl;wGaJ =unmcsuf trSw-f 1’ udk 1990 jynf-h =o*kwv f -29 &ufae@rmS xkwjf yefa=u
nmEdik cf yhJ gw,f? UNLD tzG@J csKyf¶;kH wnf&&dS m[m &efuek òf rdŒ Adv k af tmifausmv f rf;/ trSwf (393)
jzpfwt hJ wGuf ‘Adv k af tmifausmv f rf; yl;wGaJ =unmcsu’f vd@k trnfwiG cf hJ vlord sm;cJyh gw,f? Adv k af tmif
ausmv f rf; yl;wGaJ =unmcsuu f e0w ppftpd;k &udk v$waf wmfac:ay;a&;eJ@ awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;/ OD;
wifO;D -a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vk;H jyefvw $ af y;a&;/ 'Dru kd a&pD
tcGit hf a&;&&Sad &;eJ@ jynfo@l vw G v f yfciG hf uef@owfxm;r_rsm; ±kwo f rd ;f a&;awGukd yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif;
awmif;qdx k m;wmjzpfwt hJ jyif/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;[m vlrsK;d a&; wef;wlnrD #r/_ Edik if aH &;wef;wl
nDr#re_ @J ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf tjynft h 0&Sad p&r,ft h jyif/ 'Dru
kd a&pDEiS v hf @l tcGihf ta&;rsm; tmrcHcsu&f dS
wJjh ynfaxmifpu k kd wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vk;H aoG;pnf;nD!w G pf mG xlaxmifz@kd vkd tyfa=umif;qdw k mudyk g
azmfusL;xm;wJh a=unmcsujf zpfygw,f?
Advk af tmifausmv f rf; yl;wGaJ =unmcsurf mS ‘&Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf’eJ@ ‘em*
awmifwef;a'owd;k wufa&;ygw’D wd@k vJ yg0ifoabmwlncD =hJ uovd/k csi;f jynfe,f [m;cg;rJqENe,f
woD;yk*v ~ trwfO;D vset f yk ef @J xefwvefrq J ENe,f woD;yk*v ~ trwf a'guw f mr_xefw@kd vJ yl;wGyJ g
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jynfaxmifpk wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&ŒJ t+rJwef;obmywdaumifpt D zG@J 0if
awGtjzpf OD;Edik af iGord ;f / OD;pDauudu k u f v JG /f OD;at;az/ OD;apmoef;&Sed /f OD;',fe, D ,fatmifw@kd yg0if+yD;
twGi;f a&;rSL; tzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf OD;at;omatmif/ OD;cGew f ifa&$/ qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f / Edik af tmifjrif/h
241
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a'guw f matmifwifO;D wd@k jzpf=uovdk wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d a&;&m tzG@J 0ifawGtjzpfuawmh OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;/
pdik ;f tduk af ygi;f / Edik cf ifarmife@J OD;ombef;wd@k yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f?
e0w ppftpd;k &u aemufyikd ;f rSm UNLD wdik ;f &if;om;wyfaygi;f pktzG@J }uD;udv k J w&m;0ifEikd if H
a&;ygwD tjzpfuae rw&m;ojzifh zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu
kd yf gawmhw,f? tJ'aD emufyikd ;f rSmawmh jynfwiG ;f rSm
w&m;0if &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;vd@k rjzpfawmhwt hJ wGuf jynfytxd xGucf mG oGm;=uwJ/h UNLD tzG@J 0ifw
csKŒd [m xdik ;f Edik if eH ,fpyfrmS UNLD (LA) tjzpf xyfrzH @JG pnf;ay:ayguv f y_ &f mS ;vmwmudv k J awG@&
ygw,f?
UNLD [m w&m;0iftzG@J }uD;tjzpf umv=um&Snp f mG &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;Edik cf iG rhf &vduk af yrJh
wdak wmif;wJu h mvtwGi;f rSmyJ ordik ;f 0ifEikd if aH &;a=unmcsuaf wGe@J awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGaJ wGukd xkwjf yef
vkyu f ikd f pGr;f aqmifomG ;Edik cf w
hJ hJ tzG@J }uD;jzpfovdk wyfaygi;f pkEikd if aH &;ygwt
D zG@J tpnf;awG=um; xif&mS ;
wJh wdik ;f &if;om; Edik if aH &; wyfaygi;f pk}u;D wck jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 'ga=umifh ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm
av;av;eufeufae&may; rSww f rf;wifxm;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(17) vl@abmifopf 'Dru

kd &ufwpfygwD
DPNS
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;t+yD; Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w Hk ifciG ðhf ycsed rf mS 1988 ckEpS /f atmuf
wdb k m -14 &ufae@rmS vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwu D kd pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguaf pcJyh gw,f? (t
a&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f OD;aqmiftcef;u¾u pwifc=hJ uwJh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m (txl;ojzifh
ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ Auo rsm;tzG@J csKy}f u;D twGi;f rSm) &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D &JŒ r+y;D qk;H ao;aom
tqk;H owfatmifyu JG kd &,lEikd af &;twGuf vdik ;f (3) vdik ;f cG+J yD; jzef@=uufvy_ &f mS ;Edik af &;udk tpDpOf&&dS dS
taumiftxnfazmfz@kd jyifqif=u&mrSm vufeufuikd v f ikd ;f / Auo [m Auo &JŒ rlvtaetxm;
twdik ;f ,l*sw D ydik ;f tjzpf Auo vdik ;f eJ@ ajray:w&m;0ifEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;Edik af &;twGuf ygwv D ikd ;f qd+k yD;
(3) rsK;d pOf;pm;csrw S jf yifqifc=hJ u+yD; w&m;0if ajray:Edik if aH &;ygwv D ikd ;f tjzpf vl@abmifopf'rD u kd &uf
wpfygwu D kd taumiftxnfazmf zG@J pnf;cJ=h uwmvd@k vJ tqd&k ydS gw,f)?
yxrqk;H aom ‘vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygw’D udk ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ
‘rd;k oD;ZGe’f u OuUÏtjzpf acgi;f aqmif+yD;/ 'k-OuUÏtjzpf oufxeG ;f / taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf
rd;k [de;f / wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf &JEikd af tmifw@kd u acgi;f aqmif+yD; pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguf
vmcJw h m jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif rd;k oD;ZGeu f OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,al y:ayguv f mcJw h m
jzpfwt hJ wGuf vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwu D kd ausmif;om;ygwt D jzpf vlord sm;cJ+h yD; ausmif;om;
242
vli,fawGt=um; a&yef;pm;cJo h vdk ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D oD;oD;=um;rSmvJ tav;xm;
jcif;cHc&hJ ygw,f?
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKy+f y;D &if ajray:w&m;0ifEikd if aH &;ygwaD wGxrJ mS 'kw, d tiftm;t}u;D
qk;H ygww D ckozG,f jzpfwnfvmcJ+h yD; ygw0D ifO;D a& (6) ode;f ausmt f xd pnf;¶H;k pkpnf;Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
vl@abmifopfygw[ D m Auo vdik ;f uaevmcJw h hJ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;&JŒ Edik if aH &;ygww D &yf
jzpfwmeJ@tnD &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ aemufq;Hk ta&;}uD; aºuG;a=umfow H ckjzpfcw hJ hJ ‘=um;
jzwftpd;k &zG@J pnf;a&;’ udk Edik if aH &;awmif;qdck sut f jzpf qufvyk q f yk u f ikd f aºuG;a=umf&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;
cJyh gw,f? pwifay:ayguv f mpu wdu k yf 0JG ifpw d "f mwftjynfeh @J oGuo f u G v f ufvuf&mS ;cJw h mawG
a=umifh xufjrufwufºuGwhJ vli,fEikd if aH &;ygww D &yf&ŒJ =ueftifvuQ%mawG odomay:vGiaf ecJyh g
w,f?
vl@abmifopfygwOD uUÏ rd;k oD;ZGe&f ŒJ ‘a':atmifqef;pk=unfxH tdwzf iG ahf y;pm’ qdw k m ay:xGuf
vmcJyh gw,f? vufcEH ikd w f m vufrcHEikd w f mtyxm;/ 1989 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D -10 &ufae@ ae@peJG @J
xGuaf y:vmcJw h hJ ‘trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_EiS hf a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: ok;H oyfcsu’f vd@k
acgi;f pOfwyfa&;om;xm;wJh vl@abmifopfygwOD uUÏ rd;k oD;ZGe&f ŒJ tJ'D ‘a':atmifqef;pk=unfxH
tdwzf iG ahf y;pm’ [m Edik if aH &;ygww D csKŒd =um; v_yv f y_ &f mS ;&Sm;jzpfapcJyh gw,f? tdwzf iG ahf y;pmudk t
a&twGuu f ef@owf+yD; tenf;tyg;pkxyH J rdwLW ay;yd@k a0iScw hJ ,fv@kd qakd yrJh &&Szd wf±v _ u kd =f u&wJh
Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;wcsKŒd =um;rSm vufcEH ikd rf /_ vufrcHEikd rf _ *,uf±u dk rf &_ cdS yhJ gw,f? wzufu
vl@abmifopfygwOD uUÏ rd;k oD;ZGe&f ŒJ tJ'v D jkd yif;jyifxefxef a0zefo;Hk oyfra_ wG xGuaf y:cJah yrJh vl@abmif
opf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygw[ D m trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfe@J twlw+JG yD; trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&ŒJ
r[mrdwyf gww D cktjzpfe@J vJ tcdik t f rm&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf uae
OD;pD;wJh ‘wyfaygi;f pk}uD;’ ay:xGe;f vma&;udv k J vdv k v kd m;vm;ar#mv f ifch yhJ gw,f? NLD OD;aqmifwhJ
us,jf yef@whJ twdu k t f cHEikd if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk}uD; tcsed rf aD y:xGurf vmwJt h wGuf ‘wyfaygi;f pk’w&yf
tjrefq;Hk ay:ayguv f ma&;udk jyif;jyif;jyjyvdv k m;aewJh vl@abmifopf'rD u kd &ufwpfygw[ D m olu, kd f
wdik f a&SŒwef;tcef;uae yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;&r,fh ‘'Dru kd a&pD r[mrdwt f zG@J csKyf’ ('rz) udk wufwufºuºG uG
yg0ifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? wyfaygi;f pkw&yftjzpf Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf; aygi;f (11) cke@J zG@J pnf;vdu k w
f hJ
‘'rz’ rSm vl@abmifopfygwu D OuUÏtjzpf wm0efccH +hJ yD;/ vl@abmifopfOuUÏ rd;k oD;ZGe[ f m ‘'rz’
wyfaygi;f pk&ŒJ OuUÏvJ jzpfvmcJyh gawmhw,f? Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGt=um; vl@abmifopfygw[ D m ae&may;
todtrSwðf yr_ukd xdu k of ifo h avmuf&&Scd yhJ gw,f?
r=umrDtwGi;f vl@abmifopfygwx D rJ mS ‘Edik if aH &;OD;aqmifaumfrwD’qdw k mvJ jzpfwnfay:
ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? tJ'ED ikd if aH &;OD;aqmifaumfrwDxrJ mS ygwOD uUÏ rd;k oD;ZGet f jyif/ udak X;atmif/
udak tmifjrifph ;kd (armifp;kd csed )f / udak iGvif; pwJo h al wGvJ yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
vl@abmifopfygwt D wGi;f yxrqk;H xGuaf y:vmcJw h t hJ ufa=umif;uawmh ‘ rd;k oD;ZGeef @J rd;k [de;f -
&JEikd af tmif jy\em’ vd@k ,lqrdygw,f? OuUÏjzpfwhJ rd;k oD;ZGeu f kd ygw&D ŒJ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfwhJ
rd;k [de;f eJ@ wGzJ uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfwhJ &JEikd af tmifw@kd uae ‘rd;k oD;ZGef (od@k r[kw)f óud;rJh
243
0if;wifhxGef;
avwHceG ’f qdw k hJ pmwrf;eJ@xw k af zmfa0zefwm ay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? 1989/ {+yDv-8 &ufae@ ae@pJG
eJ@ xGuaf y:vmcJw h hJ ‘rd;k oD;ZGef (od@k r[kw)f óu;d rJah vwHceG ’f pmwrf;[m pmtkyt f jzpf ±ku d Ef ydS jf zef@cscd w hJ m
jzpf+yD;/ Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGtwGi;f us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ ysŒH ES@H cw hJ thJ jyif pmwrf;xJyg tcsut f vufrsm;t&
OuUÏ rd;k oD;ZGeef @J taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; rd;k [de;f / wGzJ uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; &JEikd af tmifw@kd
t=um; tjrifoabmxm;uGm[r_awG[m jy\emw&yftoGif wdwv d if;vif;ay:ayguaf e±krH u
‘ygww D iG ;f jy\em’ [m ygww D iG ;f rSmwGif rajz&Si;f =uawmhb/J tjyiftxd xkwaf zmfvm=uwJo h abm
jzpfygw,f? OuUÏ rd;k oD;ZGeu f kd axmufco H t
l pke@J taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; rd;k [de;f -&JEikd af tmif
axmufco H t l pkawGtjzpf ay:vmapcJw h yhJ gw,f? vl@abmifopfygwt D wGi;f rSm tufa=umif;xif
*,uf±u dk cf wfcyhJ gw,f?
vl@abmifopfygw&D ŒJ ‘yxrqk;H t}udrf Edik if v H ;Hk qdik &f mygwn D v D mcH’ udk 1989/ {+yD-22 &uf
ae@rS 24 &ufae@txd ac:,lusi;f ycJyh gw,f? nDvmcHrS tvkyt f r_aqmifopfawGukd jyefvnfa&G;cs,cf hJ
ygw,f? OuUÏ jzpfol rd;k oD;ZGef awmcdo k mG ;cJ&h +yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh vl@abmifopfygwt D wGi;f rSm 'k-
OuUÏ oufxeG ;f / rd;k [de;f wd@k O;D aqmifwt hJ pktzG@J e@J ‘atmifaZ,s’ OD;aqmifwhJ tpktzG@J tjzpf ESpf
jcrf;-ESprf m$ uGv J mcJyh gw,f? rd;k oD;ZGef OuUÏtjzpfe@J a=unmzG@J pnf;xm;cJw h hJ ‘'rz’ tzG@J csKyfu
rd;k oD;ZGet f yk pf zk ufuvmcJw h hJ atmifaZ,suykd J vufct H wnfðyqufqcH yhJ gw,f? vl@abmifopfygwD
OuUÏ atmifaZ,su 'rz eJ@twl wG+J yD;&yfwnfco hJ vd/k 'rz/ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfw@kd e@J yl;
aygi;f vufw+JG yD; ‘tm%mzDqef+yD; a[majymwJh w&m;yG’J awGe@J ‘(&) &ufZv l ikd f txdr;f trSwt f crf;
tem;’ awGrmS wufwufºuºG uG yg0ifa[majymv_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? ‘armif;jyefukd a'gi;f tvHe@J wu kd rf ,f’
qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfo[ H m ppftm%m&Siq f ef@ usiaf &;wdu k yf aJG wGtwGi;f vl@abmifopfOuUÏ atmifaZ
,sxu H xGuaf y:vmcJw h thJ oHjzpfygw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm atmifaZ,svJ e0w ppftpd;k &&JŒzrf;qD;jcif;
udk cHvu kd &f ygawmhw,f?
vl@abmifopfygw[ D m =um;jzwftpd;k &zG@J pnf;ay;a&;awmif;qdo k u H kd tjrifq h ;Hk v$ix hf cl +hJ yD; ppf
tm%m &Sipf epfqef@usiaf &;wdu k yf tJG wGi;f wufwufºuGºuGyg0ifcu hJ m a&G;aumufyt JG oHawG ay:
xGuv f mcsed t f xd yg0if,OS òf ydit f a&G;rcHa&;rlukd jywfjywfom;om; qkyu f ikd xf m;cJyh gw,f? 1990
jynfEh pS -f ygwpD Hk 'Dru kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD; usi;f yawmhr,ft h csed tf xd vl@abmifopfygwD
[m wjynfv;Hk rSm0ifa&muf ta&G;rcHa&;jzpfcahJ yrJh 'k-OuUÏ oufxeG ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ vl@abmifopft
pkuawmh 90 jynfEh pS f a&G;aumufyrJG mS ae&m (11) ae&mrSm 0ifa&mufta&G;cHcyhJ gw,f? atmifjrifrr_ &cJh
yg?
1990 jynfEh pS /f Zlvikd f 17-18 &ufae@awGrmS ‘vl@abmifopfygwD Edik if aH &;qdik &f m txl;tpnf;t
a0;yG’J udk ac:,lusi;f ycJyh gw,f? tJ't D pnf;ta0;rSm vl@abmifopfygw&D ŒJ ,m,DOuUÏozG,jf zpfaewJh
,cif vl@abmifopfygwD 'k-OuUÏjzpfco hJ l udo k ufxeG ;f eJ@taygi;f yg (2) OD;udk E_wx f u G cf iG ahf y;um
z,f&mS ;ypfvu kd +f y;D / A[dak umfrwDukd jyefvnfz@JG pnf;cJ=h u&mrSm vl@abmifopfOuUÏtjzpf &efuek w f ikd ;f rS
udjk rifah Zmf (c&rf;) jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? udak tmifr;kd aZmfu taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
'k-OuUÏtjzpf udak usm0f if;ode;f jzpfvmcJ+h yD;/ wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf udak Z,sukd a&G;cs,cf =hJ uyg
244
w,f? A[dak umfrwDopfukd (21) OD;eJ@ jyefvnfz@JG pnf;cJ=h uygw,f? tJ't D pnf;ta0;twGi;f xl;jcm;csuf
uawmh/ A[dak umfrwDtwGi;f rSm A[dak umfrwD0if (3) OD;udo k m todray;bJ useAf [dak umfrwD0ifawG
eJ@ vl@abmifopf'rD u kd &ufwpfygw&D ŒJ tvHukd awmfveS af &;e,fajrqD a&$Œajymif;a&;udk qk;H jzwfc=hJ u
jcif;yJjzpfygw,f?Ù9
vl@abmifopfygw[ D m awmfveS af &;e,fajrjzpfwhJ rme,fyavmudak &muf&v dS mcJ+h yD;aemuf
awmcdyk gwt D jzpf vl@abmifopfygw&D ŒJ tvHukd qufvufvi$ x hf wl t
hJ cg vl@abmifopfygw&D ŒJ OuUÏt
jzpf udjk rifah Zmf (c&rf;) u wm0ef,cl +hJ yD;/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;uawmh udak tmifr;kd aZmfjzpfygw,f?
vl@abmifopfygw&D ŒJ tvHukd awmxJo@kd a&$Œajymif;pdu k xf vl mwJt h csed rf mS OuUÏ/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;
rSL;/ A[dak umfrwD0if (4) OD;yg0if+yD; wdik ;f acgi;f aqmifawGxu J awmh &efuek w f ikd ;f rS (1) OD;/ ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f rS
(2) OD;eJ@ rEœav;wdik ;f rS (7) OD; pwifa&muf&v dS mcJyh gw,f? awmwGi;f udk a&muf&v dS m+yD;wJah emufrmS
awmh ‘jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd &ufwpftzG@J csKyf (r'rc)’ 0if awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;w&yftjzpf &yfwnf
v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? 1993 ckEpS /f Zlvikd -f 13 rS 29 &uf ae@xd usi;f yðyvkycf w hJ hJ jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd &ufwpf
tzG@J csKyf (r'rc) &JŒ yxrt}udrn f v
D mcH}uD;uae vl@abmifopf'rD u kd &ufwpfygwu D kd tzG@J 0ifygww D
&yftjzpf w&m;0iftodtrSwðf y yg0ifapcJyh gw,f? ‘r'rc’ r[mrdwf wyfaygi;f pk}u;D &JŒ A[dt k vkytf r_
aqmifopf a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufz@JG pnf;vdu k wf t hJ cgrmS vJ vl@abmifopfygwrD S udjk rifah Zmfukd r'rc
tzG@J &ŒJ wGzJ uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; (1) tjzpf wm0efay;jcif;cHc&hJ ygw,f? ‘jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H
trsK;d om;aumifpD NCUB’ zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mwJt h csed rf mS vJ vl@abmifopfygwyD g0ifc+hJ yD; vl@
abmifopfygwOD uUÏ udjk rifah Zmf[m twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J 0ifwa,mufjzpfcyhJ gw,f? vl@abmifopf
'Dru kd &ufwpfygwOD uUÏ udjk rifah Zmf uG,v f eG af oqk;H oGm;&+yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh udak tmifr;kd aZmfu
OuUÏtjzpfqufc+H y;D r'rc/ NCUB wd@k e@J twl qufvufyg0if&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? vl@abmifopf
'Dru kd &ufwpfygwu D kd etz ppftpd;k &u t=urf;zufr/_ Ak;H aygucf rJG a_ wGe@J r=umc%qdo k vdk ajymqdpk yG pf JG
wmawGv&J cdS yhJ gw,f? vl@abmifopfygwu D pGypf rJG a_ wGwikd ;f udk jyefvnfwek @f jyefjiif;qdck +hJ yD; ppftm%m
&Sipf epf qef@usiaf &;wdu k yf aJG wGtwGi;f wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
‘Edik if aH &;tefwrk a_ umfrwD yD'pD ’D v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f ta&;ygwt hJ cef;uyg0ifco hJ vdk etz
&JŒ 2008 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'opfqw kd m}uD;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef±w _ cf sc&hJ if; ppftpd;k &&JŒ
2008 zG@J pnf;ykH Oya't& 2010 a&G;aumufyo JG pfðyvkyrf mS udv k J vufrcHEikd af =umif; twdtvif;xkwf
azmfajymqd&k yfwnfcyhJ gw,f? vl@abmifopfygw&D ŒJ vuf&OdS uUÏuawmh udak tmifr;kd aZmfyjJ zpf+yD;/
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;uawmh udck ifarmifwif/h wGb J uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;u udak iGvif;jzpfyg
w,f?
vl@abmifopf'rD u kd &ufwpfygw[ D m &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D &JŒ tqk;H owfatmify&JG ,la&;
twGuf &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ&v'fwcktjzpf ay:xGe;f vmcJ&h wmjzpf+yD; w&m;0if ajray:
Edik if aH &;ygwD tjzpfe@J a&m/ awmcdak wmfveS af &;ygww D cktjzpfe@J yg qufwu kd jf zwfoef;vmcJ&h wJh Edik if aH &;
ygwt D zG@J tpnf;wck jzpfwma=umifh xl;jcm;wJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;wckjzpfygw,f? ArmjynfEikd if H
a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm rSww f rf;wifxm;&r,fh Edik if aH &;ygww D ckjzpfygw,f?
245
0if;wifhxGef;
(18) trsK;d om; Edik if aH &;wyfaygif;pk (rew)
National Politics Front (NPF)
‘trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk (rew)’ [m Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; w&m;0ifrw S yf w Hk ifciG ðhf ycsed tf wGi;f
1988 ckEpS -f Ed0k ifbmvxJrmS pwifz@JG pnf; ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? rEœav;òrdŒrSmtajcpdu k w f hJ rEœav;
uae pwifay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;wckjzpfayrJh &efuek òf rdŒrSmvJ XmecsKyf¶;kH cGzJ iG v hf pS f
um Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;Edik cf w hJ yhJ gwjD zpfygw,f?
trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk&ŒJ em,uawGtjzpf q&mawmf OD;u0dE/N awmfb&k m;av; OD;
atmifaZ/ OD;0if;wif/ a': jrifjh rifch if/ OD;ausm0f if;wd@k uwm0ef,cl =hJ u+y;D ref;wuUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~
acgi;f aqmifa[mif;wOD;jzpfol OD;aZmf0if;u OuUÏ/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;wifat;=uL/
wGzJ uftaxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;ode;f oef;OD;wd@k uacgi;f aqmif+y;D zG@J pnf;ay:xGuv f mcJw h mjzpf
ygw,f? trsK;d om;Edik if aH &; wyfaygi;f pk yifrtzG@J csKyf}uD;&JŒatmufrmS tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ vl
i,f/ trsK;d orD; pojzifh oufqikd &f m vlxv k w l ef;pm;tv$mtvdu k f tzG@J awGuv kd J us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@
jzef@czJG @JG pnf;xm;Edik cf +hJ y;D rEœav;òrŒd rSmawmh a&yef;pm;cJh vlord sm;cJw h thJ zG@J }u;D jzpfygw,f? &efuek òf rŒd rSmvJ
ausmufajrmif;&yfuu G x f rJ mS XmecsKyfczJG iG v hf pS f xm;Edik cf +hJ yD; OD;Edik jf rif/h OD;oD[wifah qGw@kd u wm0ef,Ol ;D
aqmifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f?
trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk&ŒJ em,uawGxrJ mS trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS OD;0if;wif/
a': jrifjh rifch ifw@kd yg0ifaewmeJ@ avsmn f pD mG yJ rew[m trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfe@J r[mrdwyf gwD
wcktjzpfe@J vJ yg0ify;l aygi;f &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
Edik if aH &;ygwD (11) ck yl;aygi;f zG@J pnf;vdu k =f uwJh ‘'rz’ wyfaygi;f pk}u;D ay:xGuv f mwJt h csed rf mS vJ
rew [m 'rz 0ifygww D &yftjzpf yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? ‘w&m;r#wr_r&Sw d hJ trde@f tm%mrSeo f r#
wm0eft& zDqef=u’ qdw k hJ aºu;G a=umfoeH @J twl trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKy}f u;D ud, k wf ikd f v_y&f mS ;vm
wJt h csed rf mS trsK;d om; Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk}uD;&JŒXmecsKyfcjJG zpfwhJ &efuek -f ausmufajrmif; rew¶H;k rSmvJ
‘tm%mzDqefa&; a[majymyGeJ @J w&m;yG’J awGukd &J&0J 0Hh hH usi;f yðyvkycf yhJ gw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ yxrqk;H t}urd f rEœav;òrŒd pnf;¶H;k a&;c&D;pOfrmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf
udk rewtzG@J }uD;u v_u d v f ud_ v f v JS cJS &D;OD;óudðycJ+h yD; ‘vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf’ qdk
wJh ac:a0: uifyeG ;f wyfvu kd rf u _ kd rewtzG@J }uD;uae yxrqk;H t}udrf OD;OD;zsm;zsm; pwifo;Hk pGcJ w hJ m
jzpfygw,f?
1989 ckEpS /f pufwifbm-19 &ufae@rmS awmh e0w ppftpd;k &&JŒ a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f ae
a=unmcsuf trSwf (314) eJ@ ‘Auy aomif;use;f oltzG@J tpnf;. ajray:tzG@J tpnf;jzpfa=umif;
cdik vf aHk om taxmuftxm;rsm;awG@&&dS I’ qd+k yD; w&m;0if Edik if aH &;ygwt D jzpfuae y,fzsuv f u kd f
a=umif; a=unm cHvu kd &f ygw,f?
w&m;0ifEikd if aH &;ygww D &yftjzpf v_y&f mS ;Edik cf iG u hf mv[m (10) vwmavmufy&J cdS &hJ ayrJh
trsK;d om; Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pkygw[ D m Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG=um; (txl;ojzifh txufArmjynf Edik if aH &;
246
v_y&f mS ;r_awG=um;) vlord sm;cJw
h hJ tzG@J tpnf;jzpfco hJ vdk e0w ppftyk pf ;kd r_umvtwGi;f e0w ppf
tpd;k &&JŒyxrqk;H aAGaqmfO;D zsuo f rd ;f a=umif; a=unmjcif;cHvukd &f wJh Edik if aH &;ygww
D cktjzpfawmh
rSww f rf;wifxm;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(19) t+rJprd ;f vli,frsm;tzG@J

Ever Green Young Men Association
‘t+rJprd ;f vli,frsm;tzG@J ’ [m Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;w&m;0ifrw S yf w Hk ifðycsed rf mS 1988 ckEpS -f Ed0k if

bmvtwGi;f zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJw h mjzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f 10-11-88 ae@pyJG g
a=unmcsut f rSwf (111) jzifh w&m;0ifrw S yf w
Hk ifciG ðhf ycJyh gw,f? t+rpJ rd ;f vli,frsm;tzG@J [m rk&H mG òrŒd rSm
XmecsKyzf iG v hf pS cf whJ hJ e,ftajcpdu k yf gww D cktjzpf&yfwnfc+hJ y;D OuUÏtjzpf udjk rifo h ed ;f / taxGaxGtwGi;f
a&;rSL;tjzpf udak usm0f if; (,ck pma&;q&mausm0f if;) wd@k uae OD;pD;acgi;f aqmif zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf w hJ m
jzpfygw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDa&; v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f vli,fygww D &yftjzpf wufwufºuGºuG&yf wnfvy_ f
&Sm;cJyh gw,f?
(10) vavmufyJ &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cGi&hf vdu k +f yD; 1989/ pufwifbmv-19 &ufae@ae@peJG @J
a=unmcsuf trSwf (316) udk a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f xkwjf yefum ‘Auy aomif;use;f oltzG@J
tpnf;. ajray:tzG@J tpnf;jzpfa=umif; cdik v f aHk omtaxmuftxm;rsm;awG@&&dS I’ qdw k hJ ta=umif;
jyazmfjycsujf zifh w&m;0if Edik if aH &;ygwt D jzpfuae zsuo f rd ;f ypfjcif;cHc&hJ ygw,f? ygwpD Hk 'Dru kd a&pD
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f ae OD;OD;zsm;zsm; zsuo f rd ;f ypfjcif;cHc&hJ wJh yxrqk;H Edik if aH &;ygwD
(3) ckxrJ mS rew/ jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygww D @kd e@J twlw+JG yD; ‘t+rJprd ;f vli,frsm;tzG@J ’ [mvJ tzsuf
odr;f cHEikd if aH &;ygww D ck jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? t+rJprd ;f vli,frsm;tzG@J OuUÏ udjk rifo h ed ;f eJ@ twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfol
udak usm0f if; wd@k awGvJ Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;a=umifh e0w ppftpd;k &&JŒ zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f axmifcswm
awGccH &hJ ygw,f?
t+rJprd ;f vli,frsm;tzG@J [m rk&H mG tajcpdu k /f e,ftajcpdu k f Edik if aH &;ygww D ckyjJ zpfayrJh yxrqk;H
aom tzsuo f rd ;f cHc&hJ wJh Edik if aH &;ygww D ckjzpfcw hJ t hJ jyif txufArmjynf Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;v_y&f mS ;r_awG
xJrmS xnfo h iG ;f rSww f rf;wifxm;&r,fyh gww D ckjzpfcyhJ gw,f?
(20) aoG;opf vli,frsm;tzG@J csKyf (jrefrmEdik if )H
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;rSwyf w Hk ifciG u

hf mvtwGi;f 1988 ckEpS -f Ed0k ifbmvxJrmS ‘aoG;opf vli,frsm;
tzG@J csKyf (jrefrmEdik if )H ’ udk Edik if aH &;Ed;k =um;wufºuGwv hJ il ,fwpkuae zG@J pnf;ay:ayguaf pcJw
h m jzpfyg
w,f? OuUÏtjzpf udrk sK;d xGe;f (cGeq f ikd ;f )/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf udak X;atmif (armfwmaX;
atmif) eJ@ udck if0if; (bd;k awmfcif0if;)/ tm*sp[ f ed ;f / a'guw f mpef;atmif pwJo h al wGuaeacgi;f aqmif+y;D
xlaxmifz@JG pnf;cJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f?
247
0if;wifhxGef;
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&@J r[mrdwyf gwwD &yftjzpf &yfwnfazmfjycJo h vdk 'rz wyfaygi;f
pk}uD; zGJ@pnf;wJhtcgrSmvJ aoG;opfvli,frsm;tzGJ@csKyf[m tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yftjzpf
wufwufºuGºuG yg0if&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? OuUÏ/ 'k-OuUÏawG tzrf;tqD;cHc&hJ +yD;aemufyikd ;f
a'guw f mpef;atmif (,ck t*Fyrl q J ENe,f jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu,kd pf m;vS,f MP tzG@J 0if) u quf
vufacgi;f aqmif &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? (a'guw f mpef;atmif[m 1990-jynfah &G;aumufyrJG mS
woD;yk*v~ tjzpf t*Fyrl q J ENe,fuae 0ifa&muf,OS +f ydKifta&G;cs,cf cH &hJ ygw,f)?
aemufyikd ;f rSm aoG;opfvil ,ftzG@J csKyfvJ e0w ppftpd;k &&JŒzsuo f rd ;f ypfwmcHc&hJ +y;D edXw
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(21) 'Dru
kd a&pD r[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J csKyf ('rz)
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w Hk ifciG u hf mvtwGi;f 17-2-1989 ae@rmS vufwyJG ;l aygi;f aqmif&u G Ef ikd f
=uwJh Edik if aH &;ygww D csKŒd [m wyfaygi;f pkz@JG pnf;a&;tpnf;ta0;w&yf usi;f yðyvky=f u+yD;wJah emuf
‘'Dru
kd a&pD r[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J csKyf ('rz)’ trnfe@J 27-2-1989 ae@rmS a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Six f H
w&m;0ifrw S yf w
Hk if zG@J pnf;ay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftrSL;ðywJh us,jf yef@whJ
wyfaygi;f pk}uD;w&yf ay:xGe;f vma&;udk ar#mv f ifah pmifq h ikd ;f wduk w
f eG ;f cJ=h uayrJh ta=umif;a=umif;
a=umifh tcsed rf x D u G af y:vmjcif;r&Sw d t hJ wGuf Edik if aH &;ygwD (11) ck pkpnf;vufwu JG m ‘'rz’ wyf
aygi;f pkukd zG@J pnf;cJ=h ujcif;jzpfygw,f? 'rz xJrmS yg0ifz@JG pnf;cJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf; (11)
ckuawmh æ æ æ
(2) jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygwD
(4) jynfo@l &aJ bmf tzG@J csKyf (ArmEdik if )H
(5) jynfo@l 'Dru kd a&pDygwD
(6) zufqpfqef@usiaf &; jynfo@l vw G v f yfa&;tzG@J csKyf (zqyv)/ OD;!Ge@f oed ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ zqyv
jzpfygw,f?
(7) 'Dru kd a&pD orRwEdik if w H nfwahH &;wyfO;D
(8) jynfo@l aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ESihf v_y&f mS ;r_ygwD
(9) jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ESihf vGwaf jrmufa&; 'Dru kd a&pDwyfO;D
(10) Edik if wH umvlrsK;d pkH csp=f unfa&;toif; (jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if )H / a'guw f m armifarmifausmf
acgi;f aqmifwt hJ zG@J ?
248
(11) aoG;opfvil ,frsm; tzG@J csKyf (jrefrmEdik if )H wd@k jzpf=uygw,f?
'Dru kd a&pD r[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J csKyf ('rz) &JŒ em,u}uD;rsm;tjzpf ocifviG f (jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pD
ygw)D / Advk cf sKyftudk OD;atmifoef; (jynfo@l 'Dru kd a&pDygw)D / Adv k af tmifEikd f (jynfo@l &aJ bmf tzG@J csKyf)/
OD;bvSatmif (jynfo@l &aJ bmftzG@J csKyf)/ OD;cifarmifjrifh (jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw)D wd@k e@J zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD;
OuUÏtjzpfuawmh rd;k oD;ZGef (vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpf ygw)D u wm0ef,cl u hJ m taxGaxGtwGi;f
a&;rSL;tjzpfuawmh OD;ndK0if; (jynfo@l w;kd wufa&;ygw)D jzpfygw,f?
'rz wyfaygi;f pk}uD;xJrmS ocifviG /f OD;atmifoef;/ Adv k af tmifEikd /f OD;cifarmifjrif/h a'guw f m
armifarmifausmfwdk@vdk yk*~dKvf}uD;awGeJ@ tzGJ@tpnf;awGyg0ifzGJ@pnfxm;wmjzpfwJhtwGuf 'rz
wyfaygi;f pk}uD;udk vuf0EJ , G w f w hJ yfaygi;f pk/ vuf0w J yfaygi;f pkq+kd yD; ajym=uqd=k u ¶_jrifoabmxm;=u
wmawGvJ &Scd yhJ gw,f? wu,fu 'rz }u;D twGi;f rSm ‘zqyv’vdk (zqyv rS vuf,morm;wOD;t
jzpf emrnf&cdS zhJ ;l wJh OD;!Ge@f oed ;f vdyk *k Kd~ vfu acgi;f aqmifz@JG pnf;xm;wJh OD;!Ge@f oed ;f zqyvvd)k tzG@J
vJyJ yg0ifz@JG pnf;xm;wJh us,jf yef@wo hJ abmxm;&Sw d hJ wyfaygi;f pk}u;D wckomjzpfygw,f? ppftm%m&Sif
pepfqef@usiaf &;/ 'Dru kd a&pD &&Sad &;awGtwGuyf OJ ;D wnf+yD; wufwufºuGºuGvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? tcsed ef @J
wajy;nD a=unmcsu/f qk;H jzwf csuef @J wifjycsu/f awmif;qdck suaf wGukd oGuo f uG af zmfxw k Ef ikd cf +hJ yD;
wufwufºuGºuGvy_ &f mS ;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? trsm;tm;jzifh 'rz &JŒ a=unmcsu/f awmif;qdck suef @J xw k jf yef
csuaf wGukd taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfol OD;ndK0if;uyJ vufrw S af &;xd;k xkwjf yefc&hJ wmrsm;wJh t
wGuf e0w ppftpd;k &[m 'rz eJ@ OD;ndK0if;tay: rsuaf phpyg;ar$;pl;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? e0w tzG@J 0ifvjJ zpf
&efuek w f ikd ;f wdik ;f rSL;vJjzpfwhJ Advk cf sKyf rsK;d !Ge@f uae 'rz taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;ndK0if;udak c:,lum
awmif;yGw J u kd yf aJG wGrvkyzf @kd twdtvif;+cdr;f ajcmuf owday;wmawGvyk cf yhJ gw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm
OD;ndK0if;vJ zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f wmcHc&hJ ygw,f? (tif;pdef tusO;f axmifxrJ mS yJ usq;Hk uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJ&h yg
w,f)?
'rz OuUÏvJjzpf vl@abmifopfygwOD uUÏvJjzpfol rd;k oD;ZGef awmcdo k mG ;+yD;wJah emuf/ rd;k oD;ZGef
tpkzufu vl@abmifopfygwOD uUÏjzpfvmol[m atmifaZ,sjzpfwt hJ wGuf 'rz &JŒOuUÏ[mvJ
atmifaZ,s jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? 'rz [m NLD eJ@vufw+JG yD; tm%mzDqefa&;w&m;yGaJ wGtwGi;f
wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
1990 jynfEh pS -f ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyu JG mvrSm 'rz &JŒ trSwo f auFw
uawmh ‘jcif;vk;H ’ jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
tajctaet& a&G;aumufyrJG mS 0ifw,fq±kd rHk # ae&mtenf;tusO;f r#rmS yJ yg0if,OS òf ydicf +hJ yD;
wae&mr# a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufc&H jcif;r&Scd yhJ g? aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh e0w ppftpd;k &&JŒ zsuo f rd ;f ypfjcif;
cHvu kd &f ygawmhw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ&v'fwcktjzpf Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awG woD
wwef;}uD; ay:xGe;f vmcJ&h mrS aemufwqift h jzpf ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awGpak ygi;f +yD; ‘wyfaygi;f pk’ awG
tjzpf qufvufay:xGe;f vm&mrSm/ ‘'rz’[m rSww f rf;wifxm;&r,fh wyfaygi;f pk}uD;wckjzpfchJ
wmawmh trSeyf jJ zpfygw,f?
249
0if;wifhxGef;
H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;'Dru
kd &ufwpfwyfO;D (ru'w)
All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF)
jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D (ABSDF) [m 1988 ckEpS /f Ed0k if
bmv-1 &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;ay:xGe;f vmcJyh gw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;udk ppfwyfuae
vufeufe@J t=urf;zufòzdciG ;f vdu k w f t
hJ wGuf &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f a&SŒwef;uae
wufwufºuGºuGyg0ifc=hJ uwJh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;pGm[m KNU XmecsKyf&&dS m rme,fyavma'o
udvk J tpkvu kd tf ðyHvu kd f a&muf&v dS mcJ=h uygw,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &; r+yD;qk;H ao;wJh
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ tqk;H owfatmifyu JG kd &,lEikd af &;awGtwGuf qufvuf+yD; awmfveS f
a&;udq k ifEo JG mG ;=uzd@k twGuf jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D (ru'w)
udk rme,fyavm&Sd ‘r'w’ XmecsKyfrmS pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? yxrqk;H pwifz@JG pnf;pu æ
(1) xGe;f atmifausmf - OuUÏ
(2) 0if;rd;k - 'k-OuUÏ
(3) oef;0if; - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(4) atmifEikd f - wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; (1)
(5) udu k Okd ;D - wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; (2)
(6) pdik ;f rsK;d 0if;xGe;f - twGi;f a&;rSL; (Edik if jH cm;a&;&m aumfrwD)
(7) xGe;f OD; - twGi;f a&;rSL; (pnf;¶H;k a&;ESihf 0g'jzef@csad &;)
(8) udu k akd v; - jyef=um;a&;ESihf jynfo@l qufqaH &;
(9) =unfr;kd - axmufyahH &; aumfrwD
(10) armifarmifoed ;f - vkyif ef;ppfaq;a&;
(11) ausmv f if; - pnf;urf;xde;f odr;f a&;
(12) ausmx f if - b¾ma&;
(13) a'guw f mpHomOD; - use;f rma&;ESihf vlra_ &; qd+k yD; zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f?
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ tqk;H owfatmifyu JG kd t&,lEikd af &;twGuf ay:xGe;f vmcJ&h wJh
tzG@J tpnf;w&yfjzpfwmeJ@tnD ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ tjrifq h ;Hk aºuG;a=umfojH zpfcw hJ hJ ‘&&if& æ r&&if
cs’ qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfou H kd vlxvk rf;!¸et f jzpfc, H u l m ABSDF (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) ay:xGe;f
vmcJ&h ygw,f? Armjynfordik ;f rSm b,fwek ;f urS ray:aygucf zhJ ;l ao;/ r&Szd ;l ao;wJh trsK;d tpm;opf
awmfveS af &;wyfrawmftjzpf ‘ausmif;om;wyfrawmf’ }uD; arG;zGm;ay:xGe;f vmcJyh gw,f?
&-11-1988 ae@rmS xkwjf yefvu kd w f hJ ABSDF &JŒ a=unmcsuf (1) xJrmS udk ‘ppftyk pf . k
vufatmufwiG f +idr;f csr;f aomenf;tm;jzifh 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm;udk &&SEd ikd v
f rd rhf nfr[kw[
f k
250
,k=H unfc, H u l m ae0if;ppftyk pf t k m; t+yD;tjywfacsre_ ;f azsmufzsurf nfh vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;
}u;D udk atmifjrifonftxd qifEo J$ mG ;rnfjzpfa=umif;’ vd@k twdtvif;azmfjyum vufeufuikd af wmf
vSeaf &;udk qifEo J$ mG ;r,fh tzG@J tpnf;/ vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk azmfaqmifomG ;r,fw h yfrawmf
tjzpf tpðy xlaxmifay:aygucf w hJ m jzpfygw,f? ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f rSm a&SŒqk;H wef;uyg0ifc=hJ u
wJh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;uae awmcdak usmif;om;vli,ftjzpf toGiu f ;l ajymif;vm&cJ&h olawGyyD D
ausmif;om;or*~&ŒJ tpOftvmtwdik ;f cGyaf 'gi;f tvHukd v$ix hf u l m ABSDF (ausmif;om;wyf
rawmf) udk xlaxmifc=hJ ujcif;jzpfygw,f? ABSDF (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) wyf&if;awGtoD;oD;
qufvufay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? 1989 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 1 &ufae@up+yD; wyf&if;w&if; tiftm;
(300) ausmyf g0ifwhJ vufeufuikd w f yf&if;awG zG@J pnf;xlaxmif ay:ayguv f mcJ&h mrSm wyf&if; (101)/
(102)/ (201)/ (202)/ (203)/ (204)/ (206)/ (207)/ (208)/ (209)/ (210) wd@k tjyif wyf&if; (303)/
(401)/ (801)/ (901) wd@k txd a'otoD;oD;rSm tqufrjywf zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? ay:
ayguv f mcsed u f p+yD; ABSDF (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) [m KNU/ r'w wd@k e@J wzJG uf+yD; yl;wGJ ppf
qifa&;awGtwGi;f wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
1990 jynfEh pS t f wGi;f ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfol rd;k oD;ZGef awmcdak &muf&v dS mcJ+h yD;
aemuf ABSDF &JŒ acgi;f aqmifwOD;tjzpfae&mtay;cHc&hJ um aemufyikd ;f rSm ABSDF &JŒ OuUÏjzpf
vmcJyh gw,f? jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D (ru'w) ac: ABSDF
ausmif;om;wyfrawmf[m jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd &ufwpfr[mrdwt f zG@J csKyf (ac: ) DAB tzG@J }uD;&JŒ
tzG@J 0if Edik if aH &;ygww D &yftjzpfe@J vJ Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f ta&;ygwt hJ cef;awGuae yg0ifvy_ f
&Sm;cJyh gw,f? ABSDF (ac: ) ru'w tzG@J }uD;[m tzG@J tpnf;&JŒ tmabmftjzpf ‘a'gi;f td;k a0’
pmapmifukd 1989 ckEpS -f rwfvuwnf;up+yD; atmifatmifjrifjrif xkwaf 0jzef@csEd ikd cf o hJ vdk t*Fvyd f
bmomeJ@vJ DAWN udk xkwaf 0jzef@csEd ikd cf +hJ yD; tzG@J tpnf;&JŒ Edik if aH &;vrf;pOf/ ppfa&;vrf;pOfe@J
tjrift,ltqoabmxm;awGukd xif[yfjyoEdik cf yhJ gw,f?
wzufu atmifjrifra_ wG&cdS o hJ vd/k tjcm;wzufuvJ tzG@J tpnf;}uD;twGi;f tajccHtawG;
tac: tjrift,ltqrsm;t&/ yk*Kd~ vfa&;qdik &f mrsm;t& rwljcm;em;uGjJ ym;uGm[wmawG ay:ayguf
vmcJyh gw,f? 1991 ckEpS /f ABSDF wwd,t}udrn f v D mcHrmS ‘rd;k oD;ZGet f pk ABSDF’tzG@J e@J
‘a'guw f mEdik af tmiftpk ABSDF’tzG@J q+kd yD; ESppf Ek pS rf m$ uGo J mG ;cJ&h ygw,f? ABSDF wyf&if;awGvJ
vduk +f y;D uGo J mG ;&&mrSm wyf&if;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u a'guw f mEdik af tmiftzG@J zufygomG ;=u+y;D / wyf&if;
wcsKŒd uawmh rd;k oD;ZGet f zG@J zufu yg0if&yfwnfc=hJ uygw,f? a'guw f mEdik af tmif OuUÏtjzpfyg0ifwhJ
ABSDF tzG@J e@J rd;k oD;ZGef OuUÏtjzpfaqmif&u G w
f hJ ABSDF tzG@J &,fv@kd twdtvif; ay:ayguv f mcJ&h
ygw,f? ABSDF &JŒ tmabmfjzpfwhJ ‘a'gi;f td;k a0’ pmapmifrmS awmif rd;k oD;ZGeb f ufu xkwaf 0wJh
a'gi;f td;k a0eJ@ a'guw f mEdik af tmifbufuxkww f hJ a'gi;f td;k a0qd+k yD; a'gi;f td;k a0 ESprf sK;d -ESpaf pmif
xGuaf y:vmcJ&h ygw,f?
rd;k oD;ZGebf uf a'gi;f td;k a0u t,f'w D mtjzpf armifvrG ;f %Duwm0efccH +hJ y;D / a'guw f mEdik af tmif
bufu a'gi;f td;k a0&JŒt,f'w D mu rdq;l yGijhf zpfcyhJ gw,f? r[mrdwt f zG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒóu;d yrf;r_/ ABSDF
251
0if;wifhxGef;
twGi;f u nD!w G af &;udv k v kd m;olrsm;&JŒ wdu k w f eG ;f E_;d aqmfra_ wGa=umifh 5-9-1996 ae@rmS ABSDF
(2) jcrf; (2) zG@J [m jyefvnfaygi;f pnf;r_awG vlo&d iS =f um; vkyaf qmifEikd cf =hJ ujyefygw,f? jyefvnf
aygi;f pnf;a&;vkyaf qmif=u+yD;wJah emuf wckwnf;aom ABSDF tzG@J }uD;rSm OuUÏ a'guw f m
Edik af tmif/ 'k-OuUÏtjzpf rd;k oD;ZGeq f +kd yD; jzpfay:vmcJyh gw,f? 'gayrJh nD!w G af &;[m tay:,Hoabm
om aqmifaecJ+h yD; tjrifoabmxm;jcm;em;uGm[r_awGuawmh o¾mefrsK;d pkeH @J qufvufjzpfay:
wnf&adS ecJyh gw,f?
20 &mpk tukef 2000 jynfEh pS t f wGi;f umvawGxrJ mS awmh ppfat;acwf}uD;tajccHtm;jzifh
tqk;H owfomG ;&r_awGe@J twl/ Edik if w H uma&pD;a=umif;}uD;ay:u yvkpH *D ,ufxr_ tvDvaD wG&ŒJ
atmufrmS / tjrift,ltqtzkzH Hk oabmxm;cH,cl suaf wGtrsK;d rsK;d odoo d mom xyfqifah y:ayguf
vmcJ&h +y;D wJah emuf/ ABSDF tzG@J }u;D twGi;f rSmvJ cH,cl suef @J &yfwnfcsuaf wGtvdu k f rwljcm;em;wJh
uGjJ ym;uGm[r_awG ay:aygujf zpfwnfazmfjyvmcJyh gw,f? t"duuawmh vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;
tay: atmify&JG wJt h xd vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk qufvufqyk u f ikd q
f ifEo J$ mG ;a&;tay: rwljcm;
em;wJt h jrife@J &yfwnfcsuaf wGukd azmfjyvmcJ=h u+yD;/ tzG@J tpnf;}uD;&JŒ wpnf;wvk;H wnf;&Sad &;eJ@
aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf a_ wGyg xdcu kd ,f ikd ef @J vmcJ&h ygw,f?
wu,fu ABSDF (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf}uD;) pwifay:ayguv f mcJ&h wmudu k ‘ppftpd;k &
&JŒ vufeufe@J t=urf;zufEydS u f yG v f mr_a=umifh vufeufe@J zEd ydS f ESyd u f yG v f molukd vufeufe@J yJ jyef
vnfwek @f òydif &ifqikd w f u
kd yf q JG ifz@kd ppftm%m&Sit f pd;k &udk vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;enf;eJ@ jywfjywf
om;om; wdu k cf ukd af csre_ ;f oGm;zd@k ’ qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfoeH @J vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; wyfO;D tzG@J tpnf;
wcktjzpf xlaxmif zG@J pnf;cJ=h uwmjzpfygvsuef @J vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tay: ar;cGe;f xkwpf &mjzpf
vmcJ=h u/ vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;vrf;pOfukd z,f&mS ;pGe@f y,fvo kd al wG ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wm[m
ordik ;f &JŒ oa&mfcsujf yif;jyif;wckyrm jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? tajccHtusq;Hk rltay:rSmudk rlt& rwljcm;em;uGJ
jym;uGm[r_awG ay:ayguv f mcJ&h ygw,f? vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk qufvufqifEo JG mG ;a&;tpk/
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk z,f&mS ;ypfvw kd thJ pke@J =um;aetpkawGay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD; ABSDF
tzG@J }u;D twGi;f }u;D rm;wJòh yu d rJG }_ u;D wck jzpfay:cJ&h ygw,f? a'guw f mEdik af tmifO;D pD;wJt h pku/ vufeuf
udik af wmfveS v f rf;a=umif;uae z,fcmG oGm;a&;vrf;udk vdu k cf yhJ gw,f? ABSDF tzG@J }uD;rS a'guw f m
Edik af tmifuv kd J OuUÏtjzpfrS z,fcmG cGiðhf yvdu k o f vd/k rd;k oDZeG uf v kd J OuUÏtjzpfrxm;awmhyJ ABSDF
tzG@J }uD;udk rlv&nfreS ;f csuaf wGtwdik ;f jyefvnfwnfaqmufEikd af &;udk azmfaqmifc=hJ uygw,f?
‘pdik ;f jrifo h ’l u ,m,DOuUÏtjzpf umvwdw k ck wm0ef,cl +hJ yD; 2001 ckEpS x f rJ mS ABSDF tzG@J }uD;&JŒ
OuUÏopftjzpf a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufc&H oluawmh ‘&Jabmf oHc’J jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
a'guw f mEdik af tmifacgi;f aqmifwhJ tkypf u k awmh ABSDF rS z,fcmG oGm;+yD; ‘'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf
zG@H òz;d wd;k wufa&; uGe&f uf’ NDD (Network for Democracy and Development) tjzpf tzG@J tpnf;
opfw&yfukd xlaxmifz@JG pnf;vdu k =f uygawmhw,f? rlv ABSDF tzG@J }u;D uae ‘ABSDF’ eJ@‘NDD’
tjzpf (2) zG@J jzpfomG ;cJ&h ygawmhw,f? a'guw f mEdik af tmif OD;aqmifwahJ emufukd vdu k f yg oGm;olawGu
NDD awG jzpfom G ;=u+yD; ABSDF tjzpf qufvuf&yfwnfuse&f pfc=hJ uolawG uawmh ABSDF
252
(ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) &JŒ rlvtvHawmfukd qufvufo,faqmif v$ix hf cl =hJ u&if; ppftm%m&Sif
pepf qef@usiaf &;wdu k yf aJG wGtwGi;f ‘vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; vrf;a=umif;’ twdik ;f tcuftcJrsK;d
pk=H um;rSm qufvuf&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f? 'D=um;xJuyJ awmfveS af &;'Da& odoo d mom
jrifw h ufrvmEdik rf e_ @J ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d awGa=umifh wwd,Edik if aH wGqD xGucf mG oGm;=uolawG awmf
vSeaf &;uae tem;,lomG ;=uolawGvJ ay:aygucf &hJ +yD; tiftm;t& ,kwaf vsmo h mG ;&r_awG odod
omom&Scd ahJ yrJh ABSDF (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) &JŒ awmfveS af &;tvHukd jrifjh rifrh m;rm; qufvuf
qkyu f ikd f v$ix hf &l if; ZGeJ yJ}u;D pGm ±ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ;wdu k yf 0JG ifae=uolawGvJ tajrmuftrsm;&Sad ecJyh gw,f?
ausmif;om;wyfrawmf&ŒJ csrw S x f m;wJh ppfa&;vrf;pOf/ Edik if aH &;vrf;pOf/ rl0g'ay:vpDrsm;eJ@tnD/
r[mrdwf awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;/ Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@twl wufwufºuºG uq G ufvufy;l aygi;f
yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;&if;/ ABSDF tzG@J }uD;&JŒ awmfveS af &;oufwrf;eJ@Eikd if aH &;tawG@tñuH jzwfoef;r_awG
[mvJ wpwp jrifw h uf&ifrh mvmcJyh gw,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epf wdu k zf suaf &;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;wdu k yf JG
awGtwGi;f ABSDF (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) [m ta&;ygwt hJ zG@J tpnf;w&yftjzpf vufeufuikd f
awmfveS af &;udk owW&d &dS dS qufvufqifEaJG ewJh awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;w&yftjzpf qufvuf
ur`n;f wifEikd cf yhJ gw,f? tcsed u f mvtavsmuf/ vdt k yfcsut f avsmuf/ jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;
om;rsm;'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D (ru'w) &JŒ ‘nDvmcH’ awGuv kd J ac:,lusi;f yEdik cf +hJ yD; vdt k yfwhJ Edik if H
a&;vrf;pOf/ ppfa&;vrf;pOfe@J rl0g'ay:vpDawGukd aqG;aEG;ok;H oyf csrw S q f ;Hk jzwfEikd cf =hJ uwJt h jyif
‘A[dak umfrwD’ udv k J csrw S x f m;wJh pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;awGe@J tnD tpOftvmrysuf a&G;cs,w f if
ajr‡mufz@JG pnf;wmawG vkyaf qmiftaumiftxnfazmfEikd cf =hJ uygw,f?
ru'w A[dXk mecsKyf ‘a'gi;f *Gi’f rSm 2006 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm-7 &ufae@rS 17 &ufae@txd usi;f
yðyvkycf w hJ hJ ru'w &JŒ tXrt}udraf jrmufnv D mcH}uD;uae a&G;cs,af y;vdu k w f hJ A[dak umfrwDu
awmh ‘&Jabmf oHc’J yJ OuUÏtjzpf xyfraH &G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufccH &hJ +yD; 'k-OuUÏtjzpf &Jabmf rsK;d 0if;/
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; &Jabmf qefe/D twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) &Jabmfqvdik ;f a,matmif/ twGi;f a&;rSL;
(2) &Jabmfcifausm/f &Jabmf a0vif;Zif/ &Jabmfjrif[ h ed ;f pwJAh [dOk ;D aqmiftzG@J 0ifawGyg0ifwhJ (15)
OD;yg A[dak umfrwDjzpfygw,f? tÏrt}udraf jrmufnv D mcHuae a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufvu kd w f hJ 'DA[dk
aumfrwDuvJ “ru'w udik pf &JG yfwnfxm;aom wdu k yf o JG ¿mefonf vlxw k u kd yf eJG @J vufeufuikd f
wdu k yf JG aygi;f pyfwu kd yf 0JG ifa&;jzpfonf? 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf tajccHv@l tcGit hf a&;rsm; vk;H 0qdwo f Ok ;f aeonfh
tajctaeatmufwiG f vlxw k u kd yf uJG kd bufaygi;f pkrH S axmufcyH ;l aygi;f &if; ppftm%m&Sit f m;
vufeufuikd w f u kd yf t JG ygt0if wdu k yf o JG ¿mefaygi;f pkjH zifh wdu k yf 0JG ifa&;rSm yuwdvt kd yfcsujf zpfonf”
Ù10
vd@k twdtvif;cH,x l m;cJyh gw,f?
2007 ckEpS -f pufwifbmvrSm ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;uOD;aqmifwhJ a&$0g
a&mif awmfveS af &;}uD;udk ru'w u tav;teufxm;*k%ðf yóudqv kd ukd +f yD;/ ru'w tygt0if
awmfveS af &;/ Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;taeeJ@ vlxw k u kd yf rJG sm;eJ@twl xdxad &mufa&mufy;l aygi;f yg
0if+yD; ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd jywfjywfom;om; awmfveS w f ukd yf 0JG ifomG ;=u&ef v_@H aqmfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh g
w,f? ru'w (ausmif;om; wyfrawmf) [m etz ppftyk pf &k ŒJ vrf;jyajrykH (7) csuu f v kd J tqifh
253
0if;wifhxGef;
wdik ;f rSmwdu k zf suo f mG ;zd@k vkyif ef;pOfcsrw S x f m;+yD;/ etzppftpd;k &u wzufowfa&;qGt J wnfðy
vdu k w f hJ 2008 ckEpS /f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'udv k J qef@usi±f w _ cf scyhJ gw,f? etz ppftpd;k &u
toHay;vmwJh ‘2010 a&G;aumufy’JG udv k J vufrcHEikd af =umif; jywfjywfom;om;azmfjycJo h vd/k
ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;tm; trsK;d om;a&;wm0efw&yftaejzifh cH,u l m qef@usiw f u kd yf JG
0ifomG ;=uzd@k uv kd J E_;d aqmfcyhJ gw,f? ru'w ud, k w f ikd v f J wdu k yf 0JG ifomG ;r,fqw kd m tav;teuf
Ù11
azmfjycJyh gw,f?
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ tqk;H owfatmifyu JG &kd ,lEikd af &;/ ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuf
odr;f a&;awGtwGuf ordik ;f &JŒawmif;qdck suef @J tnD ay:xGe;f vmcJ&h wJh ru'w (ausmif;om;wyfr
awmf) [m tESpf (20) ausmv f mcsed tf xdvJ vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tvHukd qufvufvi$ x hf x l m;
Edik cf +hJ y;D bk&H efopl pftpd;k & wdu k zf suaf &;udk cdik cf ikd rf mrm qufvuftaumiftxnfazmf&if; wufºuw G hJ
tcef;uae yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? 'gah =umifh e0w-etz ppftpd;k &uvJ ABSDF (ausmif;om;
wyfrawmf) tay: tòid;w}uD;vufwek @f jyef ESyd u f yG Ef ikd zf @kd óud;pm;&if; trsK;d rsK;d aom pGypf yGJ w k cf wfra_ wG
udv k J vkycf yhJ gw,f? ABSDF tzG@J ukd t=urf;zuftzG@J tpnf;tjzpf Ak;H cGv J yk =f uaH &; vlowftzG@J tpnf;
tjzpf wHqyd t f rsK;d rsK;d uyfay;cJyh gw,f? toufay;vSLusq;Hk oGm;cJ=h uwJh tmZmenfo&l aJ umif;awG
tay: opPm&Scd =hJ u+y;D &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D &JŒ om;aumif;&wemawGyo D cJ=h uwJh jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk
qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) &JŒ rlvtajccH vufeufuikd f
awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif;tay:rSmyJ pGpJ +JG rJ+rJ opPm&S&d dS qkyu f ikd cf sw
D ufc=hJ uwJh ru'w (ausmif;om;
wyfrawmf) tzG@J }uD;uawmh ppftpd;k &udk b,fawmhrS 'l;raxmuf tav#mrh ay; raphpyfpwrf;
qufvufqef@usiw f ukd yf 0JG ifomG ;&if; ABSDF tzG@J }uD;&JŒ ordik ;f 0ifatmifvaH wmfukd qufvuf
v$ix hf v l y_ &f mS ;aeqJ jzpfygw,f? pwifay:aygupf umvueJ@ E_id ;f ,SO=f unf&h if tiftm;t& ,kwaf vsmh
usqif;enf;yg;oGm;cJ&h wm trSeyf jJ zpfayrJh ppftm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &; awmfveS af &;c&D;=urf;
}uD;ay:rSm tauG@taumuftzktxpfaygi;f rsm;pGmudk ausmjf zwf&if; awmfveS af &;tvHawmfukd
*k%af jymifajymif qufvufvi$ x hf q
l yk u
f ikd f csw
D ufaeqJjzpfwmudu k ABSDF tzG@J }u;D &JŒ av;pm;tyf
zG,f *k%af &mifjzpfygw,f? ABSDF (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) [m 2009 ckEpS t f xd (ABSDF tzG@J
}uD; 21 ESpaf jrmuftxd) twGi;f awmfveS af &;udq k ifE&J$ if; ABSDF wyf zG@J 0if&aJ bmf (353) OD; us
qk;H cJ&h +yD;/ (269) OD;aoqk;H cJ&h um ud, k cf E<mxdcu kd 'f %f&m&olaygi;f (397) OD;&Scd w hJ hJ txd pGe@f vw $ af y;
vSLcJ&h r_&cdS w hJ hJ awmfveS af &;vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;wck jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
atmifyu JG kd vuf0,fyikd yf ikd &f ,lEikd jf cif;r&Sad o;ayrJh jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;'Drkd
u&ufwpf wyfO;D (ru'w) ac: ‘ABSDF’ tzG@J }uD;udk ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm t&if
u w}urd w f cgrS ray:aygucf zhJ ;l ao;r&Szd ;l ao;wJh trsK;d tpm;opf ‘ausmif;om;wyfrawmf’ }u;D w&yf
tjzpf taeeJ@a&m/ vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif;udyk J tcdik t f rmqkyu f ikd x f m;&if; azmufjyef
qd;k 0g;vSwhJ ppftm%m&Sit f pd;k &udk b,fawmhrS 'l;raxmufa=u; vufeufuikd af wmfveS f wdu k yf 0JG ifae
=uwJh &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;awG=um;u cdik rf mxl;jcm;wJh ordik ;f 0if
awmfveS af &;tzG@J }uD;w&yftaeeJ@yg av;av;eufeuf rSww f rf;wifay;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
254
(23) atbDtufp'f t
D ufzf (ajrmufyikd ;f )
ABSDF (North)
ABSDF (ajrmufyi
kd ;f )ac: ‘ jrefrmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;'Dru
kd &ufwpfwyfO;D (ucsi)f ’
udk 1989 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 4 &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;udk ppfwyfu
t=urf;zufòzdcv JG ukd rf a_ =umifh ucsijf ynfe,fwiG ;f &Sd ausmif;om;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m KIA wyf&if;
rsm;rSwqifh KIA A[dXk mecsKyf&&dS m vdik pf ifpcef;udk awmcdak &muf&v dS mcJ=h uygw,f? 1988 ckEpS /f
atmufwb kd m-28 &ufae@rmS KIA A[dak &muf awmcdak usmif;om;rsm;[m ,m,Dtyk cf sKyfa&;
aumfrwDe@J ausmif;om;wyfpk (3) pk pwifz@JG pnf;cJ+h yD;aemufyikd ;f rSm/ 4-1-1989 ae@rmS ABSDF
(ucsi)f tjzpf zG@J pnf;vdu k w f mjzpfygw,f? 12-1-89 ae@rmS ausmif;om; ppfO;D pD;csKyftjzpf ‘oHacsmif;’
ac: jrifph ;kd OD;pD;wJh wyf&if; (701) udk tiftm; (150) cef@e@J zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? KIA XmecsKyfukd a&muf&dS
vmcJ=h uwJh ausmif;om;awGukd yxrqk;H tjzpf KIA uOD;pD;+yD; yxrtokwef @J 'kw, d tokwpf pfoif
wef;awGukd yd@k csay;cJyh gw,f? aemufyikd ;f awGrmS awmh yxrt}udro f ifwef;qif; ausmif;om;awGu
aemufxyf ausmif;om;awGukd jyefvnfoifwef;yd@k csay;jcif;rsK;d eJ@ qifyh mG ;yd@k csavhusiahf y;cJyh gw,f?
11-11-1988 rS 21-12-1988 txd tiftm; (150) udk oifwef;trSwpf Of 1 (1§88) t
jzpf yxrqk;H oifwef;ay;cJ+h yD; 7-1-89 rS azazmf0g&v D txdtwGi;f tiftm; (100)cef@ukd oifwef;t
rSwpf Of 2 (2§89) tjzpf oifwef;ay;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? KIA wyf&if;awGe@J wzJG uf+yD;awmhvJ ppfa&;v_y&f mS ;
r_awG aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf =hJ uygw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm ucsijf ynfe,fwiG ;f u ausmif;om;vli,fawGomru
rEœav;/ &efuek /f om,m0wDzufu ausmif;om;vli,fwcsKŒd yg ABSDF (ucsi)f qDukd a&muf&v dS m
=uwmawG&cdS +hJ y;D wyf&if;awGyg zG@J pnf;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? rEœav;zufrS ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGjzpf=uwJh
xGe;f atmifausm/f atmifEikd f pwJo h al wGvJ a&muf&v dS m+yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh ABSDF (ajrmufyikd ;f )
udk pepfwus jyefvnfz@JG pnf;&mrSm OuUÏtjzpf xGe;f atmifausm/f 'k-OuUÏtjzpf rsK;d 0if;/ ppfa&;wm
0efctH jzpf oHacsmif;eJ@ twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf atmifEikd w f @kd u t"duOD;aqmif wm0ef,v l y_ &f mS ;cJ=h uyg
w,f? ppftpd;k &zufu oyfv#Kad jcxd;k r_e@J *d% k ;f *%tkypf t k jrifoabmxm;r=unfvifr/_ awmfveS af &;
tawG@tñuH Eke,fao;r_awGatmufrmS ABSDF (ajrmufyikd ;f ) twGi;f ¶_yaf xG;r_awGay:ayguv f mcJh
&+yD; 1991 ckEpS x f rJ mS ausmrf aumif;=um;raumif;cJw h hJ ðzwf xkwf vlowfy}JG uD;wck ay:aygucf &hJ yg
w,f?
ABSDF OuUÏjzpfol xGe;f atmifausmu f ,kd w f ikd f axmufvrS ;f a&;olv#Kd 'vHtjzpf pGypf o JG wf
rSwcf &H +yD; towfcv H u kd &f ovd/k rD;armif;pmapmifxw k af 0v_y&f mS ;r_e@J axmifusc&hJ zl;+yD; &Spaf v;vk;H
ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;t+yD; awmcdak &muf&v dS mcJo
h l ‘udpk ed ’f qdw k hJ Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;wa,muf tyg
t0if ausmif;om;vli,fq,f*%ef;avmuf aoausxcd u kd f '%f&m&cJ=h u&ygw,f? ausmrf aumif;
=um;raumif;wJh 'Dtjzpftysu}f uD; ay:ayguv f mcJ&h +yD;wJah emufyikd ;f rSm ABSDF (ajrmufyikd ;f ) udk
topfjyefvnf zG@J pnf;cJ&h &mrSm OuUÏtjzpf atmifEikd jf zpfvmcJ+h yD; ppfa&;wm0efcH oHacsmif;/ twGi;f
a&;rSL; pdeaf t; (ac: ) rd;k ausmw f @kd u t"duwm0ef,l acgi;f aqmifc=hJ uygw,f?
255
0if;wifhxGef;
ABSDF (ajrmufyi
kd ;f ) udk vufcaH e&may;xm;cJw
h hJ KIO tzG@J }u;D ud,
k w
f ikd u
f e0w ppftpd;k &eJ@
typftcwf&yfpaJ &; ,lvu kd +f yD;wJah emufyikd ;f rSmawmh ABSDF (ajrmufyikd ;f ) tzG@J vJ KIA e,fajr
a'otwGi;f qufvuf&yfwnfEikd zf @kd tcuftcJrsK;d pkñH uHawG@vmcJ&h ygw,f? rdb&yfxH jyefojl yef/
vufeufcsocl s/ wjcm;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;od@k oGm;olomG ;/ ud, k ehf nf;ud,
k [
hf efe@J qufvuf&yfwnf
aexdik o f al epojzifh trsK;d rsK;d tzkzH Hk ysŒH }uJomG ;cJ&h ygw,f? OuUÏ udak tmifEikd u f xdik ;f Edik if zH uf a&muf&dS
k aH csmif;u SSA (awmifyikd ;f ) od@k a&muf&o
oGm;cJ&h +yD; udo dS mG ;&um twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfol udpk ed af t;vJ
etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ zrf;qD;jcif;cHvu kd &f +y;D wJah emufyikd ;f rSmawmh ABSDF (ajrmufyikd ;f ) &JŒtajctae[m
awmfawmfukd tiftm;,kwaf vsmo h mG ;&ygawmhw,f? yifrtzG@J }uD;jzpfwhJ ABSDF (ausmif;om;
wyfrawmf) }uD;ud, k wf ikd f ABSDF eJ@ NDD tjzpf/ ESpjf crf;ESprf m$ jzpfomG ;&csed rf mS awmh ABSDF
(ajrmufyikd ;f ) tzG@J [mvJ ESpjf crf;ESprf m$ jzpfomG ;cJ&h +yD; ABSDF eJ@ qufvuf&yfwnfoal wGtzd@k
tcuftcJyrkd }kd uD;rm;vmcJ&h ovdk a&muf&mae&muae enf;rsK;d pkeH @J yJ qufvuf&iS o f ef azmfjyv_y&f mS ;
ae&ygawmhw,f?
(24) 'Dru
kd a&pD jynfcspf wyfrawmf
Democracy Patriotic Army (DPA)
'Dru kd a&pD jynfcspw f yfrawmf (DPA) [m AuyXmecsKyw f nf&&dS m ‘yefqef;’ rSmawmh/ 1989 ckEpS /f
azazmf0g&v D xJrmS pwifoaE<wnfay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? ud;k uef@e@J ‘0’ cGx J u G yf ek u f efra_ wG t+yD;
AuyA[du k ,kd wf ikd f yef0ga'ozuf a&$Œajymif;oGm;&t+yD;rSmawmh yef0gteD; ‘uefyu kd w f ;D ’ rSm (9-
9-1989) ae@rmS “DPA trSwf (8) wyfz@JG ” qdw k mudk w&m;0ifpwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;udk ppftpd;k &u vufeufe@J t=urf;zufòzdciG ;f vdu k +f yD;aemufyikd ;f
ppftpd;k &udk vufeufe@J yjJ yefvnfwek @f jyefwu kd cf u kd +f y;D vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;qifEv J$ =kd uolawG[m
awmfveS af &; tzG@J tpnf;awG&&dS m e,fpyfa'otoD;oD;awGqaD &muf&v dS mcJ=h u&mrSm/ Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygw&D &dS m ta&SŒajrmufa'oawGqv D J ausmif;om;vli,fwcsKŒd a&muf&v dS mcJ=h uygw,f?
xdik ;f e,fpyfbuf rme,fyavmbuf a&muf&o dS mG ;=uol ausmif;om;vli,ftrsm;pk}u;D [m ABSDF
(ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) tjzpf ay:xGe;f vmcJ+h yD;/ KIO a'otwGi;f a&muf&o dS mG ;=uol ausmif;om;
vli,fawG[m ABSDF (ucsi)f tjzpf ay:ayguv f mcJ=h uovd/k ta&SŒajrmuf Auy a'oawGqD
a&muf&v dS mcJ=h uol ausmif;om;vli,ftpk[mvJ Auy &JŒ uruxðyr_e@J twl ‘'Dru kd a&pD jynfcspf
wyfrawmf DPA’ qd+k yD; zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mjcif; jzpfygw,f?
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD; t&Sed t f [ke}f uD;}uD;ay:xGe;f aeqJumvtwGi;f rSm Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygwu D ae ‘jynfo@l n! D w
G af &;'Dru kd a&pD wyfaygi;f pk PUDF ’zG@J pnf;a&;udk pwifazmfxw k f
pdik ;f jyif;cJyh gw,f? (26-8-88) ae@rmS PUDF (rl=urf;) pwif oaE<wnfcyhJ gw,f? tJ'D PUDF jynf
ol@n! D wG af &; 'Dru kd a&pD wyfaygi;f pk&ŒJ vufatmufu vufeufuikd w f yfz@JG tjzpf DPA wyfz@JG ukd zG@J
pnf;wnfaqmuf ay:xGe;f apcJw h m jzpfygw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H t+yD;rSm rEœav;wuUov kd f ±lyaA'XmerS
256
q&mudak usmpf ;kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ vli,f (40) ausm[ f m &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f SSA a'orSwqifh Auy
XmecsKyfyefqef;udk 1989 ckEpS -f azazmf0g&v D qef;rSm a&muf&v dS mcJ=h uygw,f? tJ'v D il ,fawGukd
q&mausmpf ;kd / q&mykvJ (ac: ) oef;xGe;f av;/ yDwm/ vSol pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGyg0ifwhJ ausmif;om;aumf
rwDtzG@J z@JG +yD; tkycf sKyfap&if;/ tJ'aD umfrwDukd Auy t&efA[dak umfrwD0if OD;oef;vGix f eG ;f eJ@ &J
abmfatmifviG w f @kd u =uyfrwfO;D pD;um oifwef;yd@k cswmawG vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f?
DPA udk Armjynfue G jf rLepfygwrD S acgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd uae vdt k yfwphJ pfa&;/ Edik if aH &;oifwef;awG
yd@k csay;cJ+h yD; (101) ppfa'otwGi;f u ‘uefyu kd w f ;D ’ a'orSm ae&mcsxm;ay;cJyh gw,f? DPA udk
e,fpyfa'orSmwGirf u jynfra'oawGtxd tajccHa'oawGazmfxw k tf ajcpdu k af p+yD; jynfwiG ;f vl
xkvy_ &f mS ;tkºH uGra_ wGe@J wajy;nD vufeufuikd w f u kd yf aJG wGukd azmfaqmifqifEv J$ y_ &f mS ;Edik af pzd@k txd
&nfreS ;f csux f m; xlaxmifwnfaqmufay;cJyh gw,f? uefyu kd w f ;D rSm (9-9-89) ae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;ap
h hJ DPA wyfz@JG ukd Auy A[dak cgi;f aqmifawGu,
cJw kd w f ikd u f tav;xm;cJyh gw,f? (8) av;vk;H ta&;
awmfy}Hk u;D uae xGuaf y:vmr_ukd *k%ðf ywJt h aeeJ@ DPA trSwf (8) wyfz@JG tjzpf zG@J pnf;wJt h cgrmS awmh
Edik if aH &;rSL; udv k rS ;kd / wyfrLS ; udpk aH usmaf tmif/ 'k-Edik if aH &;rSL; udak tmifrid_ ;f / 'k-wyfrLS ; udjk rifph ;kd wd@k e@J
zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
¡rlvu ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (Auy) [m DPA udk vdt k yfwhJ ppfa&;/ Edik if aH &;oifwef;awG
yd@k cs ay;+yD;aemuf vufeufwyfqifay;zd@k q;Hk jzwfco hJ vdk DPA &JŒ }uD;xGm;vmr_tajctaetavsmuf
vdt k yf&if vufeufwaomif;txd wyfqifay;zd@k uakd wmif A[du k pOf;pm;qk;H jzwfxm;cJw h ,fv@kd
qdyk gw,f? (tJ'v D kd DPA udk vufeufwaomif;txd wyfqifay;zd@k q;Hk jzwfcsucf svu kd rf [ _ m ‘0’
awG&ŒJ AuyA[du k kd ykeu
f eftm%modr;f r_ay:ayguv f ma&;twGuf ta&;}uD;wJh peufwt H csuf
wcsuaf wmifjzpfc&hJ w,fv@kd ok;H oyf=ur_ awGv&J ydS gw,f? qdv k w kd mu Auy A[d[ k m ArmawGt
ajrmuftrsm;udk vufeufwyfqifay;awmhr,f Armvufeufuikd t f iftm;awG trsm;tjym;jzpf
vm&if ‘0’ vlrsK;d awG&ŒJ Edik if aH &;tqifah e&m wjznf;jznf; avsmu h somG ;apEdik w f ,f? 'ga=umifh jref
jreftm%modr;f +yD; z,f&mS ;ypfvu kd rf jS zpfr,fqw kd hJ tjrift,ltq aumufcsut f ay:uae ykeu f ef
jcm;em;r_upd P jrefjrefqefqefay:ayguv f mcJ&h wmvd@k qdv k w kd m jzpfygw,f? ‘0’ awG&ŒJ ykeu f efjcm;em;r_
ta=umif;awGxrJ mS 'Dvufeufwaomif;wyfqifay;a&;udpaP wGtjyif wjcm; ta=umif;&if;cHawGvJ
tajrmuftrsm;&SEd ikd yf gw,f¢?
ud;k uef@e@J ‘0’ wyfz@JG awG&ŒJ Auy A[du k kd ykeu f efjcm;em;r_awGt+yD;rSm Auy A[d[ k m qckef
wdr, hf rd ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ 101 ppfa'o‘yef0g’ rSm oGm;a&muftajcpdu k cf ahJ o;ayrJh qckew f rd , hf rd ;f
ud, k w f ikd u f vJ ud;k uef@e@J ‘0’ wd@k &ŒJ vrf;a=umif;twdik ;f vdu k cf +hJ yD; e0w ppftpd;k &eJ@ +idr;f csr;f a&;,lz@kd
qk;H jzwfvu kd cf sed rf mS awmh (Auy A[dv k J xGucf mG ay;vdu k &f wJah emufyikd ;f rSmawmh) 101 ppfa'otwGi;f
u uefyu kd w f ;D rSm tajcpdu k xf m;wJh DPA wyfz@JG &@J tajctae[mvJ qufvufaexdik v f @kd r&awmh
atmif jzpfvmcJ&h ygawmhw,f? topfay:ayguv f mwJh qckew f rd , hf rd ;f &JŒ NDA xJrmS a&mufomG ;ol
awG a&mufomG ;=u/ Auy A[dak emuf vdu k of l awG vdu k o f mG ;=u/ wjcm;awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;awG
twGi;f a&mufoal wGa&mufomG ;=ueJ@ trsK;d rsK;d tzkzH Hk ysŒH ES@H ujJG ym;oGm;cJ&h +yD; DPA wyfz@JG }uD;vJ
257
0if;wifhxGef;
DPA emrnfe@J awmh qufvufr&SE
d ikd af wmhbJ wjznf;jznf; arS;rSed f uG,af ysmufomG ;&ygawmhw,f?
1994 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f rSm DPA tzG@J }uD;[m DPA emrnfe@J vk;H 0rwnf&adS wmhbJ aysmufu, G q f ;Hk yg;
oGm;cJ&h ygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf DPA wyfz@JG [m &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyt Hk +yD; ay:xGuv f mcJ&h wJh vufeufuikd f
wyfz@JG awGtoD;oD;teuf Auyuae uruxðyay:ayguv f mcJ&h wJh wyfz@JG wzG@J jzpfaewmudu k
xl;jcm;r_awG &Sad ewJth wGuf ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm pm&if;wd@k rSww
f rf;wifay;vdu k yf gw,f?
(25) jrefrmjynf 'Dru

kd &ufwpf r[mrdwt
f zG@J csKyf (r'rc)
Democratic Alliance of Burma (DAB)
jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd &ufwpf r[mrdwt f zG@J csKyf (ac: ) DAB udk 1988 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbm-18 &uf
ae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
wdik ;f &if;om;trsK;d om;tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm; twlwuGy;l aygi;f vdu k =f u+yD;
Edik if aH &;t& vufwn JG n D aD qmif&u G Ef ikd af &;twGuf r[mrdwt f zG@J tpnf;}uD;wcktjzpf zG@J pnf;ay:
xGe;f vmcJw h m jzpfygw,f?
(xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyf KNU tajccHa'o cv,fa'; (r,fo&D )d rSm 1988/ Ed0k ifbm-14 &uf
ae@ rS 18 &ufae@txd jrefrmjynfv;Hk qdik &f m e0w ppftm%m&Si}f uD;pd;k r_ qef@usiaf &;nDvmcH}uD;udk
atmifjrifpmG usi;f ycJ+h yD;/ tJ'n D v D mcH}uD;uae jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd &ufwpfr[mrdwt f zG@J csKyf (DAB)
Ù12
udk wnDw!Gww f nf; zG@J pnf;vdu k =f uwm jzpfygw,f)?
r'rc (ac: ) DAB tzG@J csKyf}uD;udk KNU/ KIO/ rGejf ynfopfygw/D csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D / &cdik f
jynf vGwaf jrmufa&;ygw/D ABSDF/ &Sr;f jynf wd;k wufa&;ygw/D ‘0’ trsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf/ vm;[l
trsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf/ jrefrmjynf'rD u kd a&pD jynfvnfwnfaqmufa&;aumfrwD/ yavmifjynf vGwf
ajrmufa&;ygw/D jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m &[ef;ysKrd sm;or*~ (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr)/ jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m
rGwpf vif tpnf;t¶H;k / rGwpf vifvw G af jrmufa&;tzG@J csKyf/ &cdik jf ynftrsK;d om;nD!w G af &;wyfO;D /
ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf/ jynfo@l jynfcspyf gw/D jynfya&muf jrefrmjynfvw G af jrmufa&;wyfO;D / yifv,f
&yfjcm; u&iftrsK;d om;tzG@J / jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;wyfO;D / *smref-jrefrmtoif; pwJh Edik if aH &;ygwD
tzG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;awGe@J pwifz@JG pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f?
DABudk zG@J pnf;&mrSm (1) ppftm%m&Sip f epf wdu k zf suaf &;/ (2) +idr;f csr;f a&;/ (3) 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/
(4) zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&; qdw k EhJ ikd if aH &;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yfukd csrw S +f yD; zG@J pnf;cJw h m
jzpfygw,f? pwifz@JG pnf;pu OuUÏtjzpf Adv k cf sKyf}uD; apmbdjk r/ 'kw, d OuUÏrsm;tjzpf OD;b&efqikd ;f
(KIO)/ Edik af &$usif (rGejf ynfopfygw)D / OD;oGif (PPP) wd@k u wm0ef,cl =hJ u+y;D taxGaxGt wGi;f a&;rSL;t
jzpfuawmh OD;wifarmif0if; (CRDB) jzpfygw,f?
DAB tzG@J csKyf[m vufeufui kd af wmfveS af &;qifEaJ$ e=uwJh vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;ygwD
258
tzG@J tpnf;awGa&m/ vufeufuikd af qmifxm;jcif;r&Sw d hJ 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0if Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J t
pnf;awGyg us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ pkpnf;wnfaqmufxm;wJh wyfaygi;f pktzG@J csKy}f u;D jzpfwmeJ@tnD/ e0w
ppfp;kd &udk vufeufuikd ef nf;eJ@a&m wjcm;wdu k yf o JG ¾mefaygi;f pkeH @J yg us&mae&m &S&d mt&yfuae
0dik ;f 0ef;pkaygi;f wdu k cf u kd o f mG ;a&;udk taumiftxnfazmfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? ‘ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd
qef@usiw f t hJ zG@J tpnf;tm;vk;H / vly*k Kd~ vftm;vk;H / vuf0v J uf,m qif;&Jcsr;f om bmomvlrsK;d r
cGjJ cm;bJ/ ud, k , f =Hk unf&m óuduEf pS o f uf&mtzG@J tpnf;rSwqifh qufo, G +f yD; tzG@J csKyf}uD;eJ@twl yg
0ifvy_ &f mS ;Edik o f nf’ vd@k v/J 1989 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f -22 &ufae@ ae@peJG @J r'rc tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ ‘E_;d aqmfwu kd f
wGe;f csu’f udk xkwjf yefa=unmcJyh gw,f? Ù13
1990 jynf-h arv ygwpD Hk 'Dru kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD;t+yD; ZGev f -19 &ufae@rmS
r'rc A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmiftpnf;ta0;uae trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) udk ‘e0w ppf
tkypf ek @J w&m;0ifawG@q+Hk yD; tpd;k &tm%mudk tjrefq;Hk eJ@ ¹cGi;f csurf xm;bJ v$aJ jymif;a&;twGuf
aqG;aEG;yg&ef’ qdw k hJ wdu k wf eG ;f E_;d aqmfpmudk ‘A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J . xkwjf yefa=unmcsu’f
tjzpf xkwjf yeft=uðH ycJyh gw,f? tJ'aD =unmcsux f rJ mS ‘ r'rc [m jynfaxmifpòk yu d aJG &;udk rnfo h nfh
tcgrS ðyvkyv f rd rhf nfr[kwaf =umif;ESihf jynfaxmifprk S cGx J u G rf nfr[kwaf =umif; ’ udv k J tav;teuf
xkwaf zmfa=unmoGm;cJyh gw,f? a&G;aumufyt JG Edik &f NLD udk tm%mv$aJ jymif;&,la&;twGuf
oGuo f u G v f ufvufvy_ &f mS ;vma&;udk wGe;f tm;ay;cJ&h if; r'rc 0if Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;awG&ŒJ o
abmxm;trSeu f kd xkwaf zmfjyocJyh gw,f? 1993 ckEpS f {+yD (23) &ufae@rmS r'rc taeeJ@ r'rc
tzG@J csKyfOuUÏ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;apmbdjk rrS e0w OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyf}uD; oef;a&$xH tdwzf iG ahf y;pmwapmifuv kd J
ay;yd@k xw k jf yefa=unmcJyh gw,f? tdwzf iG ahf y;pmyg a=unmcsu&f ŒJ tcsKyfoabmuawmh ppfreS cf ikd +f rJ
aom wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;eJ@ +idr;f csr;f a&;udk e0wbufrS trSew f u,fvv kd m;ygu
t&Sno f jzifh tusK;d oufa&mufr&_ EdS ikd w f hJ wckv;Hk qdik &f majyvnfru _ kd e0wbufrS wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tusK;d
udk &nfar#m+f yD; (1) ¹cGi;f csurf &Sd jynfv;Hk qdik &f m typftcwf&yfpaJ &;udk twdtvif;xkwjf yef a=u
nm&ef/ (2) Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vk;H udk ¹cGi;f csurf &Sd v$waf y;&ef/ (3) vGwv f yf+yD; wef;wlr&_ o dS nfh
jynfv;Hk qdik &f m rsuEf mS pkn H aD qG;aEG;yGJ vkyaf qmif&ef qdw k t hJ csuf (3) csuu f kd wifjyawmif;qdv k u kd +f yD;
Edik if aH &; jy\emudk Edik if aH &;enf;tm;jzifh rsuEf mS pkn H nD E‡d id_ ;f aqG;aEG;=ua&;udk tqdðk yazmfjycJyh gw,f?
e0w ppftpd;k &zufu vk;H 0wke@f jyefcjhJ cif;r&Syd g?
jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd &ufwpfr[mrdwt f zG@J csKyf (r'rc) &JŒ yxrqk;H t}udrn f vD mcH}uD;udk KNU
XmecsKyfwnf&&dS m rme,fyavmrSm 1993 ckEpS /f Zlvikd -f 13 &ufae@rS Zlvikd -f 29 &ufae@txd usi;f y
ðyvkycf yhJ gw,f? r'rc tzG@J 0if Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awGomru r'rctzG@J }uD; pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h hJ
(18-11-1988)ae@aemufydkif;rS zGJ@pnf;ay:aygufvmcJh=uwJh ‘vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD
(vGwaf jrmufe,fajr)’/ ‘trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr)’ eJ@ ‘yavmifjynfe,f
vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D (PSLF)’ wd@k vJ yg0ifwufa&mufvmwmawG@&ygw,f? ,cif r'rc pwifz@JG
pnf;pOfu tzG@J 0iftjzpfyg0ifc=hJ uayrJh aemufyikd ;f rS e0w eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vkyo f mG ;cJ=h uwJh
tzG@J tpnf;awGuawmh tzG@J 0iftjzpfrS E_wx f u G o f mG ;&+yDjzpfwt hJ wGuf yg0ifwufa&mufvmjcif;r&Sd
259
0if;wifhxGef;
awmhyg? (Oyrmtm;jzifh ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf/ yavmifjynf vGwaf jrmufa&;ygwD pwmwd@k yg0ifwuf
a&mufjcif;r&Sad wmhyg? yavmifjynf vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J (PSLO) ryg0ifawmhayrJh PSLO typft
cwf&yfpaJ &;,lomG ;wJah emufrmS ay:ayguv f mcJw
h hJ ‘yavmifjynfe,f vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D (PSLF)’
u yg0ifwufa&mufvmwmawG@&ygw,f)? &vvz tzG@J uvJ avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufvmcJyh g
w,f?
yxrt}udraf jrmuf r'rc nDvmcH}uD;uae ‘vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD (vGwaf jrmuf
e,fajr)’ eJ@ ‘yavmifjynfe,fvw G af jrmufa&;wyfO;D ’ wd@k ukd r'rc0if tzG@J 0ifopfawGtjzpf twnf
ðyvufcv H u kd yf gw,f? e0wppftpd;k &uae vlrsK;d pkawmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGukd wzG@J csi;f òzcd aJG &;ay:vpD
usio hf ;Hk aewJt h ay: tzG@J tpnf;wcsKŒd typf&yftzG@J awGjzpfomG ;&wJt h ay: aqG;aEG;ndE‡ id_ ;f r_awG vkycf hJ
=u+yD; r'rc&JŒ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@ awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;qdik &f moabmxm;tjzpf (1) jrefrmjynf&dS
ppftm%m&Siw f @kd rS awG@qaHk qG;aEG;&ef/ w&m;0if pwifurf;vSr;f &ef/ (2) jynfy'Dru kd a& pDEikd if wH ckcw k iG f
awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGu J si;f y&ef/ (3) =um;aeEdik if w H ck. =um;0ifaphpyfr&_ &dS efe@J / (4) wzG@J csi;f r[kwb f J wyf
aygi;f pktaejzifh aqG;aEG;&efe@J jynfph v Hk #if r'rcrSawG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGu
J kd vufc&H efq+kd y;D tcdik t f rmoabm
xm;/ rlukd csrw S o f abmwlncD =hJ uygw,f? yxrt}urd af jrmuf r'rcnDvmcH}u;D uae A[dt k vkyt f r_
aqmiftzG@J opfukd a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufc=hJ u&mrSm r'rc tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ OuUÏtjzpf Adv k cf sKyf}uD; apmbdjk r/
'k-OuUÏrsm;tjzpf r&efb&efqikd ;f (KIO)/ Edik af &$usif (NMSP)/ OD;&Jausmo f l (CRDB) eJ@ taxGaxGt
wGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf Edik [ f o H m (NMSP)/ wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rSL; (1) tjzpf OD;jrifah Zmf (vl@abmifopfygw)D
wd@k jzpfvmcJ=h uygw,f?
1993 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f -13 &ufae@rmS r'rc OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyf}uD; apmbdjk rrS e0w OuUÏ Adv k f
csKyf}uD; oef;a&$xH tdwzf iG ahf y;pm trSwf (2) udk xyfraH y;yd@k c+hJ yD; tdwzf iG ahf y;pm trSwf (1) yg tcsuf
(3) csuu f ykd J xyfqifw h ifjy awmif;qdck yhJ gw,f? e0wppftpd;k &u r'rctzG@J csKyf&ŒJ ay;pm (2) apmif
tay: wdu k ±f u dk jf yef=um;jcif;rvkyb f J 17-11-1993 ae@rmS e0wtwGi;f a&;rSL; (1) &JŒ u,m;jynfe,f
vGKd ifaumfc&D;pOfrmS Adv k cf sKyf cif!eG @f u awmwGi;f vufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@ aqG;aEG;vdak =umif;qdk
wJt h oHukd e0w&JŒoabmxm;tjzpf avoHypfwmvkycf yhJ gw,f? e0w twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) Adv k cf sKyf
cif!eG @f &ŒJ ‘awmwGi;f vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkawGe@J awG@qaHk qG;aEG;&efqEN&adS =umif;’ qdw k hJ tJ'pD um;
oHuq kd yk u f ikd +f yD; r'rcOuUÏAdv k cf sKyf}uD; apmbdjk ru e0wOuUÏAdv k cf sKyf}uD;oef;a&$xH (1-12 1993)
ae@rmS tdwzf iG ahf y;pmwapmif xyfraH y;yd@k +yD; ‘jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf Edik if aH wmfz@HG òzd;wd;k wufa&;t
wGuf jrefrmjynf'rD u kd &ufwpftzG@J csKyfu w&m;0ifawG@qaHk qG;aEG;&efqEN&ydS gonf? xd@k a=umifh Edik if H
awmf+idr0f yfyjd ym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J . oabmxm;udk yDyjD yifjyif od&EdS ikd &f ef jyefvnfta=umif;
=um;apvdyk gonf’ vd@k yGiyhf iG ;f vif;vif; azmfjyurf;vSr;f cJyh gw,f? tJ'v D kd yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; azmfjyurf;
vSr;f wJt h cgrmS vJ e0wbufupmeJ@ twdtvif;jyefvnfrwke@f jyefbJ e0wtaeeJ@ “ DAB aomf
vnf;aumif;/ NDF udak omfvnf;aumif; awG@qaHk qG;aEG;rnfr[kwaf =umif; awmwGi;f vufeufuikd f
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@ wzG@J csi;f pDom awG@qaHk qG;aEG;rSmjzpfa=umif;”vd@k E_wjf zifh jyef=um;wmvkycf yhJ gw,f?
wenf;tm;jzifh r'rc &JŒ wifjyurf;vSr;f csuaf wGukd z,fcsypf&if; vufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;awGukd
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wzG@J csi;f tvdu k f zJx h wk w f ehJ nf;/ oyfv#Kw d ehJ nf;/ rvdrw hf ywfvyk w f ehJ nf;/ +crd ;f ajcmuf acsmjh rL‡ cGjJ cm;usihf
ok;H wJeh nf;awGe@J yJ wzG@J +yD;wzG@J ukd typf&yftzG@J awGjzpfvmatmif e0wzufu wd;k jr‡iv hf yk af qmifusihf
ok;H taumiftxnfazmfcyhJ gw,f? ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J awGvJ wpwp
rsm;vmcJw h t hJ ay:rSm e0w[m ydrk akd cgi;f rm rmefwufvmcJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh r'rc tzG@J csKyf[m
(11-1-1994 ae@rS 14-1-1994 ae@txd) ta&;ay: A[dak umfrwDtpnf;ta0; usi;f yðyvky+f yD;
ppftpd;k &&JŒ vkyaf qmifaer_awG[m ‘ppfreS cf ikd +f rJaom+idr;f csr;f a&;udk rjzpfay:apEdik ¶f rHk u wdik ;f jynft
wGuf ydrk t kd Eœ&m,frsm;aom tajctaersm;udo k mjzpfay:aprnf? woD;wjcm;pD v#KŒd 0Suaf qG;aEG;r_rsm;
onf ppfreS cf ikd +f rJaom wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;ESihf vk;H 0qef@usib f ufjzpfvsu&f o dS jzifh rlrrSef
aomvkyaf qmifrr_ sm;jzpfonf’ vd@k ok;H oyfc=hJ uum “Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk Edik if aH &;enf;ESit hf ajz&Sm
&eftwGuf ppfreS af om jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk wnfaqmuf&ef ppfreS af om +ird ;f csr;f a&;tiftm;pktm;
vk;H . 0dik ;f 0ef;pkaygi;f wdu k yf 0JG if óud;yrf;jcif;jzifo h m jzpfxeG ;f vmEdik rf nf?
DAB onf jrefrmEdi k if &H dS wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkjH ynforl sm;. tajccHEikd if aH &;tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk
tmrcHEikd o f nfh ppfreS cf ikd +f rJaom +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf vlrsK;d pkjH ynforl sm;/ rsK;d cspjf ynfcsprf sm;ESihf pG+J rJpmG
vufww JG u kd yf 0JG if óud;yrf;oGm;rnfjzpfa=umif;” qdw k hJ ta&;ay: A[dak umfrwDtpnf;ta0;&JŒ
xkwjf yefa=unmcsuu f kd (14-1-1994) ae@rmS xkwjf yefa=unmcJ&h ygw,f? Ù14
e0w uawmh vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;awGukd wzG@J csi;f zJx h w k w f ehJ nf;eJ@yJ qufvufzx hJ w k uf m
typf&yftzG@J awGjzpfvmatmif qufvufvyk af qmifaewJt h ay: ‘jynfwiG ;f jynfy ESp&f yfpvk;H rS
0dik ;f 0ef;qef@usi=f u&efe@J jynfytdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;rSvJ e0w&JŒ rSm;,Gi;f aomvkyaf qmifra_ emufo@kd
vdu k +f yD; awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;tm; zdtm;ay;jcif;rðy=uyg&ef wdu k w f eG ;f vdu
k yf gonf’ qdw k hJ
tqk;H owfcsujf zifh azmfjyxm;wJh “e0w . typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vky&f yftay: DAB . oabmxm;
xkwjf yefcsu”f udk 24-5-1994 ae@rmS xkwjf yefa=unmcJ&h jyefygw,f?
tJ'v D kd tajctaeawG=um;xJuyJ 1995 ckEpS u f ek uf mvod@k a&mufwt hJ cgrmS awmh vufeuf
udik f tzG@J tpnf;}uD;trsm;pk[m (KNU vdk ygwrD t S y) ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;awGukd w
oD;wjcm;pD aqG;aEG;ndE‡ id_ ;f +yD; +idr;f tzG@J awGtjzpf &yfwnfc, H ol mG ;=uwJt h wGuf r'rc tzG@J csKyf}uD;
twGi;f rS xGucf mG oGm;=uwJyh gwaD wG wck+yD;wck ay:aygucf &hJ ygw,f? KIO eJ@ rGejf ynfopfygww D @kd vkd
tzG@J }u;D awGygtjyifukd a&muf&o dS mG ;&ygawmhw,f? 'gayrJh topftopfaom Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;
opfawGvJ r'rc tzG@J csKyf}u;D twGi;f 0ifa&mufvmcJ=h uwmawG&cdS +hJ y;D r'rc [m Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG
xJrmS ta&;ygwt hJ cef; u¾uae yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
Adv k cf sKyf}uD; apmbdjk r tem;,lomG ;+yD;aemufyikd ;f rSm r'rc &JŒ OuUÏjzpfc=hJ uzl;olawGuawmh
y'dak pmboife@J Adv k cf sKyf}uD; wmrvmabmwd@k jzpfygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf 1988 ckEpS -f &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;aemufyikd ;f KNU tajccHe,fajr a'o
awGtwGi;f zG@J pnf;ay:aygucf =hJ uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;awGtwGi;f rSm r'rc [m xif&mS ;wJh
twdu k t f cH Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk tzG@J tpnf;}uD;wckjzpfc+hJ yD; ppftm%m&Siq f ef@usiaf &; wdu k yf aJG wGt
wGi;f rSm t&Sed =f oZm&Scd w hJ hJ ordik ;f 0iftzG@J tpnf;}uD;wcktjzpf rSww f rf;wifay;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
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(26) ud;k uef@tzG@J (zkeu

f sm;&Si;f tzG@J ) jrefrmEdik if v
H rl sK;d pkrsm; 'Dru
kd a&pDr[mrdww
f yfaygif;pk
Myanmar National Democracy Alliance (MNDA)
zkeu f sm;&Si;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@tzG@J [m ud;k uef@a'orSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D kd tOD;qk;H
ykeu f efz,f&mS ;ypfvu kd +f yD;aemuf 1989 ckEpS /f rwfv-12 &ufae@rmS ‘jrefrmEdik if H vlrsK;d pk'rD u kd a&pD
wyfaygi;f pk (MNDA)’ qdw k mudk pwifz@JG pnf;vdu k yf gw,f? 'gayrJh MNDA qdw k mudk ‘ud;k uef@tzG@J
(zkeu f sm;&Si;f tzG@J )’ vd@k yJ vlord sm;cJyh gw,f? (zkeu f sm;&Si;f &JŒ rlvtpvm&m[m 1960 jynfEh pS 0f ef;usif
w0du k u f ay:aygucf w hJ hJ ud;k uef@umuG,af &;tzG@J rS jzpfygw,f?
ud;k uef@umuG,af &;tzG@J rmS bde;f bk&ifavmfppf[efe@J twl zkeu f sm;&Si;f vJ yg0ifvyk af qmifcyhJ g
w,f? ud;k uef@umuG,af &;tzG@J acgi;f aqmif atmvpf,ef;tzrf;cH&+yD;/ *sirf , D ef;u xdik ;f e,fpyfzuf
qD xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&SmifomG ;pOfrmS zkeu f sm;&Si;f [m ud;k uef@rmS qufvufuse&f pfcyhJ gw,f? 1966 rSm
*sirf , D ef;u SSA jzpfomG ;+yD;/ jrefrmppftpd;k &u zkeu f sm;&Si;f udv
k J zrf;qD;acsre_ ;f zd@k vyk af qmifvm
csed rf mS awmh zkeu f sm;&Si;f [m w¶kwEf ikd if zH uf xGuaf jy;oGm;cJyh gw,f? w¶kwEf ikd if &H ŒJ atmifo, G af y;r_
t& AuyeJ@qufo, G rf &_ cJ+h yD; 1968 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 1 &ufae@rmS Auy &JŒ ta&SŒajrmufa'o}uD;
pwifziG v hf pS vf u kd cf sed rf mS zkeu f sm;&Si;f vJ Auytjzpf ajymif;vJyg0ifvmcJyh gw,f? 1969 ckEpS rf mS ud;k
uef@wikd ;f &if;om;awGe@J Auy wyf&if;}uD; (404) udk zG@J pnf;&mrSm zkeu f sm;&Si;f [m wyf&if;rSL;tjzpf
wm0efay;cHc&hJ ygw,f? Auy xJrmS ud;k uef@vrl sK;d pk&@J acgi;f aqmifwa,muftjzpf wqif+h yD;wqifh
ae&may;cHc&hJ &mrSm ta&SŒajrmufppfa'orSL;uae A[dpk pfaumfr&Sit f zG@J 0iftjzpf/ Auy t&efA[dk
aumfrwD0iftjzpftxd wd;k jr‡iahf e&may;cHc&hJ ygw,f? wjcm;wzufrmS uawmh ud;k uef@umuG,af &;
acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ bde;f bk&if avmfppf[ef[m rqv ppftpd;k &eJ@ yl;aygi;f &if;/ ppfwyfe@J Auy
wd@k tjyif;txefwu kd cf u kd cf =hJ uwJh uGr;f vk&H uf (40) wdu k yf }JG uD;twGi;f rSm ppfwyfe@J twl yl;aygi;f wdu k f
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k &f if;/ ppftpd;k &&JŒrsuEf mS omay;jcif;awGuykd g vufc&H &S+d yD; bde;f bk&iftjzpfvJ emrnf}uD; vmcJyh g
w,f? 1973/ azaz:0g&-D 6 &ufae@rmS rqv ppftpd;k &[m ta&SŒajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyfuaewqifh
&Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd umuG,af &;wyfz@JG (23) zG@J v;Hk udk ac:,l+y;D / vufeuftyfEaHS &;eJ@ umuG,af &;wyf
awG zsuo f rd ;f a&;udk vkyaf qmifvm&mrSm bde;f bk&if avmfppf[efacgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@umuG,af &;
[m vufeufrtyfbJ awmcdo k mG ;cJyh gw,f? awmcdu k ;kd uef@umuG,af &;tzG@J jzpfomG ;cJyh gw,f? 1973/
Zlvikd -f 16 &ufae@rmS xdik ;f tpd;k &uae ‘0rfv’Hk a[mfw,frmS avmfppf[efuzkd rf;qD;&rdc+hJ y;D / =o*kwv f -
2 &ufae@rmS Armtpd;k &xH v$aJ jymif;ay;tyfcyhJ gw,f? rqv u ¶H;k wifppfaq;+yD; axmif'%fcsrw S cf hJ
ayrJh axmifxrJ mS avmfppf[efukd txl;tcGit hf a&;ay;+yD;xm;cJyh gw,f? 1980 jynf/h arvrSm rqv
ppftpd;k &&JŒ taxGaxG vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGit hf rde@f 2§80 t&/ avmfppf[efukd axmifuv$waf y;cge;D rSm
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rqv tm%mydik f xdyo f ;D awGu, kd wf ikd vf mawG@+y;D ‘cifAsm; bmrsm;awmif;qdck sio f vJ’ vd@k ar;wJt h cg/
avmfppf[efu ‘usaemfh nDtudak wmfawGukd jyefac:csiw f ,f’vd@k awmif;qdck yhJ gw,f? ppftpd;k &u
acgi;f ndwjf ycJyh gw,f? 1982 rSm avmfppf[efu ud;k uef@acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfo/l Auy jzpfaeol zkef
usm;&Si;f xH zkeu f su d rG ;f qdo k u l kd apv$w+f y;D trsK;d om; ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG t
hf &,la&;udpaP wGyg ajymqdak p
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&if; azsmifzh sem;cscikd ;f cJyh gw,f?
zkeuf sm;&Si;f [m Auy xJrmS yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;ae&if; bde;f eJ@ruif;olvjJ zpfcyhJ gw,f? yk*Kd~ vfa&;udpP
awGa&m bde;f eJ@ruif;wJu h pd aP wGyg tygt0if Auy A[dek @J zkeu f sm;&Si;f =um; uGm[r_/ tjrifr=unfvif
r_awG ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? 1984 eJ@ 1987 rSm avmfppf[efu aemufxyf (2) }udrf vlvw $ +f yD; zkef
usm;&Si;f udk em;cscyhJ gw,f? zkeu f sm;&Si;f u tajctaer&ifrh n S ahf o;bl;vd@k avmfppf[efukd tajzay;cJyh g
w,f? avmfppf[ef[m ppfwyfe@J yl;aygi;f +yD; zkeu f sm;&Si;f udk qGaJ qmifem;csaecJw h mjzpfygw,f? ppf
wyfuvJ 1987-'DZifbmup+yD; zkeu f sm;&Si;f xH ud, k pf m;vS,af pv$w+f yD; awG@qq Hk ufo, G wf mawG
vkyaf ecJw h ,fqykd gw,f? 1989ck/ rwfv-1 &ufae@rmS avmfppf[efu, kd w f ikd f zkeuf sm;&Si;f eJ@awG@qzHk @kd vyk f
aqmifcyhJ gw,f? rawG@qEHk ikd w f t hJ wGuf avmfppf[efu ol@&ŒJ 'kw, d om;udv k w $ +f yD; tawG@cikd ;f wJt h cg
rSm zkeuf sm;&Si;f u rwfv-11 &ufae@rmS olw@kd vyk if ef;awG taumiftxnfazmfawmhrmS jzpfa=umif;
qk;H jzwfvu kd w f ,fqykd gw,f?
aygi;f csKyf=unfv h u kd rf ,fq&kd if Auy A[dek @J zkeu f sm;&Si;f =um; tjrifoabmxm;uGm[vmr_
Auy A[du k , kd w f ikd u f 1985 wwd,uGe*f &uft+yD;rSm bde;f eJ@ruif;olawGukd jywfjywfom;om;t
a&;,lawmhr,fv@kd ajymqdjk yifqifvmr_/ bde;f bk&if avmfppf[efu ppftpd;k &eJ@y;l aygi;f +y;D zkeu f sm;&Si;f udk
jyefvnfac:,lEikd af &; qufo, G óf ud;pm;vmr_ pwJph wJh tcsut f vufaygi;f rsm;pGmawG pkpnf;rdvm+yD;
wJah emuf zkeu f sm;&Si;f u acgi;f aqmif+yD; zkeu f sm;&Si;f OD;pD;wJh ud;k uef@wyfz@JG awGuae Auy A[du k kd
ykeu f efjcm;em;vdu k =f uwmjzpfygw,f? 1989/ rwfv-12 &ufae@rmS ud;k uef@a'owckv;Hk udk Auy
vufatmufrcS x JG u G v f u kd af =umif; a=unm+yD; ‘jrefrmEdik if H vlrsK;d pk'rD u kd a&pDr[mrdww f yfaygi;f pk’
tjzpf zG@J pnf;vdu k jf cif;jzpfygw,f)?
1989 ckEpS /f rwfv-12 &ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;vdu k wf hJ yxrqk;H aom Auy cGx J u G t f zG@J ‘jrefrmEdik if H
vlrsK;d pk 'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdww f yfaygi;f pk’ MNDA ac: ud;k uef@tzG@J }uD;rSm æ
(1) OD;zkeu f sm;&Si;f - OuUÏ
(2) OD;vDusK;H csef - ppfO;D pD;rSL;
(3) OD;zkeu f sm;zl; - 'k-ppfO;D pD;rSL;
(4) OD;&efr;kd vsef - 'k-ppfO;D pD;rSL;
(5) OD;&efusKef;a0S - 'k-ppfO;D pD;rSL;
(6) OD;apm=unfjrifh - pnf;¶H;k a&;wm0efcH
(7) OD;vsLuG,&f ;DS - b¾ma&; ESijhf ynfyqufo, G af &;
(8) OD;&efr;kd tef; - Edik if aH &;ESihf b¾ma&;wm0efcH
(9) OD;use;f wufa0 - ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;wm0efcH
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(10) OD;zkew f mh&i$ ;f - qufo, G af &;wm0efcH
(11) OD;&efusKef;pD - axmufyahH &;wm0efcH qd+k yD; zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? Auy
xHrS tm%modr;f +yD; tzG@J tpnf;udk zG@J +yD;+yD;csi;f r=umrD 1989/ rwfv-16 &ufae@rmS yJ e0w ppfwyf
xH qufom;apv$wf ta=umif;=um;cJyh gw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;tusK;d aqmifqo kd l avmfppf[efuvJ
ajcoGuv f mcJo h vd/k e0w ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;uvJ 1989 ckEpS -f {+yDvxJrmS yJ zkeu f sm;&Si;f eJ@awG@qaHk qG;
aEG;zd@k ud;k uef@a'oxJ oGuo f u G v f ufvuf a&muf&v dS mcJ=h uygw,f? Auy udk ykeu f efz,f&mS ;+yD;
Auy vufatmufuae cGx J u G af y:ayguv f mcJw h hJ MNDA (ac: ) zkeu f sm;&Si;f ud;k uef@tzG@J ukd e0w
ppftpd;k &uvJ v_u d v
f yJS sLiSmvkyjf ycJ+h y;D / Auy udo k m qufvufqef@usiw f u kd cf ukd /f usew f mvkycf siw f m
tukev f yk q f w kd o hJ abmrsK;d eJ@ tcGit hf a&;awGukd azmazmoDoaD y;tyfum/ tzG@J tpnf;wnf&cdS iG /hf
wyfwnf&cdS iG /hf e,fajra'ownf&cdS iG ahf wGuykd g todtrSwðf yvdu k +f yD; yxrqk;H aom typftcwf&yfpJ
a&; +ird ;f tzG@J }u;D tjzpf/ tr$r;f wiftodtrSwðf yvdu k yf gw,f? zkeu f sm;&Si;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@a'o
udv k J ‘txl;a'o (1)’ vd@k ac:a0:owfrw S cf yhJ gw,f?
1989 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f -27 &ufae@rmS e0w tzG@J twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) 'k-Adv k cf sKyf}uD; cif!eG @f u, kd f
wdik f ud;k uef@a'o&JŒòrdŒawmf ‘avmufuikd ’f txdomG ;a&mufc+hJ yD;/ OD;zkeu f sm;&Si;f eJ@ awG@qv Hk ufqEJG w _ f
qufum csp=f unfa&;pum;awG &$e;f &$e;f a0atmifajymqdck =hJ uygw,f? OD;zkeu f sm;&Si;f udv k J ‘trSew f
&m;udk vdv k m;ol}uD;’/ ‘Oya'abmiftwGi;f 0ifa&mufvmwJh +idr;f csr;f a&;jrwfE;kd ol}uD;’/ ‘wu,fh
ud;k uef@wikd ;f &if;om; acgi;f aqmif}uD;’ qd+k yD; e0w owif;pmawGay:uae t}uD;tus,f cs;D yif*h % k f
wif ajr‡mufpm;azmfjycJ=h uygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;vkycf iG /hf tcGit hf vrf;rsK;d pku H v kd J ay;urf;cGiðhf ycJyh gw,f?
e0w eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lwt hJ csed rf mS zkeu f sm;&Si;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@wyfz@JG &ŒJ tiftm;ta&
twGu[ f m w&m;0ifpm&if;Z,m;awGt& (2708) OD;&Syd gw,f? e0w &JŒ trsK;d om;nDvmcH}uD;pwif
wJt h csed rf mS ud;k uef@tzG@J [m nDvmcHuw kd ufa&mufcyhJ gw,f? zkeu f sm;&Si;f &JŒnDjzpfol zkeu f sm;zlu
OD;pD;+yD;/ vsLuG,&f ;DS tygt0if ud;k uef@tzG@J u, kd pf m;vS,f (5) OD; wufa&mufcyhJ gw,f?
Auy udk ArmvlrsK;d }uD;0g'usio hf ;Hk w,f/ Auy tkypf ;kd r_ ESpf (20) atmufrmS ud;k uef@a'o&JŒ
zG@H òzd;wd;k wufr[ _ m bmrSr&Scd b hJ ;l / bm&v'faumif;rSrawG@c&hJ bl;qdw k t hJ oHawGukd us,u f s,af vmif
avmifajymqd&k if;/ e0w ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vkyv f u kd u f m Auy vufatmufuae
yxr qk;H cGx J u G v f mcJw h hJ ud;k uef@tzG@J }uD;&JŒ yxrqk;H aom t"duacgi;f aqmif (11) OD;pm&if;udk
=unfv h u kd rf ,fq&kd if/ t"duae&mawG[m ‘zke’f rdom;pktyk pf ek @J ‘&ef’ rdom;pktyk pf u k yJ tkypf ;kd xm;wm
awG@&ovd/k ud;k uef@a'orSm ‘zke’f eJ@ ‘&ef’ wd@k &@J rsK;d EG,pf t k vdu k f tm;òydiaf e&mvkc=hJ ur_uvJ um
vwavsmufv;Hk &Scd yhJ gw,f? 1990 jynfEh pS af usmf umvawGrmS awmh zkeef @J &efw@kd &@J yÉdyuQ[m t}u;D t
us,af y:xGuv f mcJ+h yD; tjyeftvSef vufeufuikd w f u kd cf u
kd =f uwJt h xd jzpfay:vmcJyh gw,f? uGr;f vk/H
csi;f a&$a[mf/ avmufuikd u f ae rk;H ud;k txdaom ud;k uef@e,fajr a'otwGi;f rSm 'k-Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
cif!eG @f &ŒJ axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfuae 0ifa&mufjzefajzay;cJ&h &mrSm uGr;f vkaH 'ozufukd ‘&ef’tkyu f kd
tydik t f pm;ay;cJ+h y;D / rkq H mvacgi;f aqmifwt hJ pkuakd wmh rke;f ud;k a'oudk cGw J rf; csay;cJ&h if;/ csi;f a&$a[mf/
avmufuikd t f ygt0if t"duud;k uef@e,fajra'otrsm;pk}u;D udak wmh ppftpd;k &eJ@ yxrqk;H em;vnfr_
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,lc&hJ cJw h hJ zkeu f sm;&Si;f acgi;f aqmifwt hJ yk pf u k ykd J tydik t f pm;ay;cJyh gw,f?
2000 jynfEh pS u f ek cf ge;D atmufwb kd m-24 &ufae@rmS rk;H ud;k a'ou OuUÏ rkq H mvudk vDeifrif
OD;aqmifwt hJ zG@J u tm%modr;f ,lz@kd óud;pm;wJh tjzpftysuw f ckay:aygucf +hJ yD; rkq H mvua&m/ vDeif
rifuyg e0w &JŒ pDrcH ef@caJG jz&Si;f ay;r_uv kd u kd ef mygrh ,fv@kd ol@xufig tjyeftvSew f ifjycJ=h uygw,f?
e0w ppftpd;k &uae ajz&Si;f ay;vdu k yf u Hk awmh ‘,mvJtnuf =uufvt J arm’ ay:vpDukd usio hf ;Hk
xdik =f unfah ecJ+h yD;rS vDeifrifacgi;f aqmifwhJ wyfz@JG 0if (100) avmufukd teD;uyfaoewfe@J awhypfowf
+yD; usi;f }uD;}uD;awGxJ tpkvu kd t f ðyHvu kd jf r‡Kyfypfvu kd of vdk rk;H ud;k OuUÏrkq H mvudv k J rl;,pfaq;0g;r_e@J
zrf;qD;um ESp&f n S f axmif'%fcsrw S +f yD; &cdik jf ynfe,f bl;oD;awmifaxmifxt J xd yd@k ypfvu kd yf gw,f?
rk;H ud;k a'owckv;Hk vk;H udv k J ppfwyfu t+yD;odr;f ,lvu kd yf gawmhw,f? Adv k cf sKyf cif!eG @f tm%mvuf
apmif;xufaepOf umvwavsmufv;Hk ud;k uef@wikd ;f &if;om;awG&ŒJ acgi;f aqmifeyH gww f pftjzpf OD;
zkeu f sm;&Si;f yJjzpfcyhJ gw,f? 2002 ckEpS u f p+yD; ud;k uef@a'owckv;Hk bde;f rpdu k yf sK;d a&;udk atmifjrifpmG
taumiftxnfazmfaqmif+y;D +yv D @kd zkeu f sm;&Si;f u aºu;G a=umfco hJ vdk e0w ppftpd;k &uvJ zkeu f sm;&Si;f
eJ@twl Edik if w H umodatmif 0g'jzef@csd *k%, f [ l pfaºuG;jycJyh gw,f? vGwv f yfwhJ Edik if w H umowif;
rD', D mawGuawmh ud;k uef@a'orSm bde;f vk;H 0uif;pifu, G f aysmufomG ;+yDqw kd mudk tjynft h 0r,kH
=unfc=hJ uovdk bde;f pdu k yf sK;d r_awG avsmeh nf;usqif;oGm;wmrSeaf yrJh bde;f tpm; "mwkaq;jym;rl;,pf
aq;0g;awGuawmh ydrk w kd ;kd wufxw k v f yk x f u G af y:ae&m ae&mwckjzpfw,fv@kd ajymqdo k ;Hk oyfc=hJ uyg
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tJ'v D t kd cgwikd ;f rSmyJ ppftpd;k &[m zkeu f sm;&Si;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@tzG@J zufuae &yfcaH jym
qd&k if; rl;,pfaq;0g; wdu k zf suaf &;aqmif&u G af er_awG[m t&Sed t f [ke&f & atmifjrifae+yv D @kd 0g'jzef@csd
ajymqdak y;cJyh gw,f? 2004 ckEpS rf mS e0w twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) eJ@ axmufa&;rSL;csKyf}uD; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
cif!eG @f &mxl;uae z,f&mS ;cHvu kd &f +yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ tpDtpOf&&dS dS zdtm;ay;
xde;f csKyfuef@owfvmwmawGukd ud;k uef@tzG@J }u;D vJ ezl;awG@';l awG@ ydrk ñkd uaH wG@vm&&if; ppftm%m&Sif
pepfq;kd &JŒ ,kwrf myufpufrr_ sK;d pku H kd vufawG@usus ydrk o kd jd rifvmcJ&h ygw,f?
ppftm%m&Sit f yk pf ;kd r_atmufu ‘ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG &hf a'o’ qdw k m b,fvakd 'orsK;d jzpfrvJ
qdw k m txl;a'o (1) &JŒacgi;f aqmif}uD; OD;zkeu f sm;&Si;f ud, k wf ikd f wjznf;jznf; odjrifem;vnfvmcJ&h
ygawmhw,f? etz [m twkta,miftrsK;d om;nDvmcH}uD;uae b,fwikd ;f &if;om; tzG@J tpnf;
awG&ŒJ wifjyawmif;qdck suu f rkd S *¶krpdu k t f a&;rxm;bJ bmtcsuu f rkd S jyefvnfnE‡d id_ ;f aqG;aEG;jcif;rðy
bJ ppfwyftom;ay; zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'opfqw kd m}u;D udk pdww f ikd ;f usa&;qGo J mG ;cJw h mudv k J
vufawG@ojd rifvmcJh &ygw,f?
zkeuf sm;&Si;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@tzG@J }uD;&JŒ aemufyikd ;f umvawGrmS awmh OuUÏu zkeu f sm;
&Si;f yJjzpf+yD;/ 'k-OuUÏu ydik pf ;kd csed jf zpfvmcJyh gw,f? tkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f mt& txl;a'o (1) tkycf sKyfa&;
aumfrwDrmS awmh 'k-OuUÏu ‘usew f ufa0’ jzpfvm+y;D taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;u vsLuG,&f ;DS jzpfvm
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zufuaeaxmufcaH =umif; oabmxm;a=unmcsuaf wGukd tcgtm;avsmpf mG xkwjf yefay;&&mrSm
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awmh trsm;tm;jzifh use;f wufa0eJ@ vsLuG,&f ;DS wd@k uae vufrw S af &;xd;k xkwjf yefay;avh &Syd gw,f?
ud;k uef@wzG@J v;Hk &JŒ wu,ft h m%mudk wavsmufv;Hk udik x f m;Edik o f u l awmh zkeu f sm;&Si;f eJ@ zkerf o d m;pk
yJjzpfcyhJ gw,f?
2008 ckEpS rf mS em*pfrek w f ikd ;f }uD;'%fa=umifh vlaygi;f ode;f csD aoqk;H xdcu kd 'f %f&m&r_awG ay:
ayguñf uaH wG@ae&wJ=h um;xJuae/ etz ppftpd;k &[m olw@kdpw d w f ikd ;f us a&;qGx J m;wJh ‘2008 ckEpS /f
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'opf’udk rawmfrw&m; ravsmu f efwhJ rormenf;aygi;f pku H u kd sio hf ;Hk +yD;
wzufowf twnfðyypfco hJ vd/k 2010 rSm a&G;aumufyðJG yvkyaf y;awmhrmS jzpfwt hJ wGuf a&G;aumufyrJG
wdik cf if 2009 ckEpS -f {+yD vavmufup+y;D / typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lxm;=uwJh +ird ;f tzG@J awG&ŒJ ppfwyfawG
udk vufeufðzwford ;f a&;vky+f yD;/ etz ppfwyf&ŒJ trde@f ay;tkycf sKyfra_ tmuf oGwo f iG ;f Edik af &;udk
pwifóu;d yrf;vm&mrSm zkeu f sm;&Si;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@wyfz@JG e@J vJ tzktxpfawG/ yÉdyuQawGtap;
ruyfawmhra_ wG pwifay:ayguv f m &ygawmhw,f?
t&ifu twdik t f azmufnn D D tjyeftvSecf sp=f unfjycJ=h u&mu ‘wyfzsuaf y;&r,fu h pd ’P
rsK;d txd jzpfay:vmcsed rf mS awmh etz eJ@ ud;k uef@wyfz@JG t=um; qufvufcsp=f unfjy=ua&;[m r
jzpfEikd af wmhwhJ taetxm;tqifu h kd a&muf&v dS mygw,f? typftcwf&yfpaJ &; pwif=upOfuawmh
ESpzf ufpvk;H [m ud, k u
hf , kd u f sK;d pD;yGm;/ tusKd ;tjrwftajccHawGtay:uae/ bkwf us;D ajr‡muf/ us;D
bkwaf jrm‡ uf vkyv f mcJ=h u&muae qufvufvyk af qmif=uvd@k r&awmhwhJ taetxm;awGjzpfvmcJyh g
w,f? wu,fu typftcwf&yfpaJ &; pwifvyk af qmif=upOfuryg0ifcw hJ hJ ‘wyfzsuo f rd ;f a&;’
udpaP wGukd etz zufu pwif=uH&, G f vkyaf qmifvmcJ&h mu tufa=umif;awGay:vmcJ&h wmjzpfyg
w,f? b,fEikd if rH mS jzpfjzpf ppfwyf[mESpcf rk jzpfoif/h wckwnf;yJ&&dS rSmjzpfw,fqw kd mudk typf&yftzG@J
awGtm;vk;H vdv k u kd vufceH m;vnfxm;=u+y;D om;jzpfayrJ/h ud, k w f ikd u f vJ w&m;0if vlxt k odtrSwf
ðycH&wJt h pd;k &w&yfr[kwyf gbeJ @J aemifay:ayguv f mr,fh 'Dru kd a&pDenf;vrf;t& wufvmr,ft h pd;k &
rsK;d usrS taumiftxnfazmfvyk af qmif&r,fu h pd aP wGukd etz zufuae w&m;enf;vrf;rus
vkyaf qmifvm&muae ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wJh tufa=umif;awGjzpfygw,f? etz zufu ‘typf&yf
tzG@J rsm; e,fjcm;apmifw h yftjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;a&;’ qdw k mudk enf;rsK;d pkeH @J wd;k jr‡ihf taumiftxnf
azmfz@kd vyk af qmifvm+yD;/ etz &JŒ e,fjcm;apmifw h yftjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;a&;udk jiif;qefvm=uwJh
tzG@J awGxrJ mS zkeu f sm;&Si;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@tzG@J [mvJ wzG@J tygt0ifjzpfvmcJyh gw,f? etz
zufu ppfwyftiftm;eJ@ zdtm;ay;vuQ%mawG wd;k jr‡ijhf yovmcJyh gw,f?
2009 ckEpS /f rwfv-11 &ufae@rmS Auy vufatmufrcS x JG uG vf mcJw h hJ ud;k uef@tzG@J }uD;&JŒ
ESpf (20) jynfah jrmuftcrf;tem;udk ud;k uef@XmecsKyf avmufuikd rf mS usi;f yygw,f? ud;k uef@wyfz@JG &ŒJ
ppfa&;jytcrf;tem;tygt0if ESpf (20) ajrmuf txdr;f trSwyf }JG uD;udk crf;crf;em;em;usi;f ycJ&h mrSm
ud;k uef@acgi;f aqmif zkeu f sm;&Si;f u rde@f ceG ;f ac|cyhJ gw,f? tJ'ED pS f (20) ajrmufae@ rde@f ceG ;f pum;xJrmS
zkeu f sm;&Si;f u etz udk &nf!e¸ ;f +y;D ‘trsK;d om; aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf u _ kd vdv k m;+y;D tjyeftvSeaf v;pm;
=uzd@k e@J Edik if aH &;jy\emawGukd Edik if aH &;t& pm;yG0J ikd ;f awGuaeawG@qaHk jz&Si;f =uzd@k urf;vSr;f wifjyyg
w,f? vlrsK;d a&;cGjJ cm;r_e@J t"rRvufeuf tiftm;ok;H ajz&Si;f r_awGukd usaemfw@kd qef@usiu f ef@uu G yf g
266
w,f’ vd@k ajymqdo k mG ;cJyh gw,f?
2009/ =o*kwv f -8 &ufae@rmS etz zufuae zkeu f sm;&Si;f jcu H kd 0ifa&muf&mS azGz@kd óu;d pm;&mu
ae/ ud;k uef@tzG@J e@J etz wyfz@JG t=um;wif;rmr_awG txGwt f xdyaf &muf&v dS mcJyh gw,f? (23)
&ufae@rmS etz wyfz@JG awGu zkeu f sm;&Si;f tdru f 0kd ifa&mufp;D eif;+yD; zkeu f sm;&Si;f udk ‘vufeufpuf¶rHk _
&mZ0wfr’_ ta=umif;jycsuef @J zrf;qD;zd@k óu;d pm;&muae wif;rmr_awG[m tjyeftvSeyf pfcwf=uawmh
wJt h xd ayguu f aJG y:xGuf vmcJ&h ygawmhw,f? 'k-OuUÏ ydik pf ;kd csed [ f m zkeu f sm;&Si;f xHrt S m%mudk
odr;f ,l&ef vkyaf qmifra_ wGe@J vJ qufpyfae+yD;/ zkeu f sm;&Si;f tdru f pkd ;D eif;&mrSm etz wyfz@JG awGe@J twl
ydik pf ;kd csed v
f J yl;aygi;f yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? etz zufu ta=umif;jywmuawmh ‘zkeu f sm;&Si;f / zkeu f sm;zl/
zkew f m&$i;f wd@k awG[m w&m;r0if vufeufpuf¶w Hk nfxm;+y;D arSmifcv kd ufeuf xkwv f yk af &mif;csra_ wG
vkyaf ew,f? w&m;r0ifr;l ,pfaq;0g; xkwv f yk af &mif;csra_ wGe@J vJ ywfoufaew,f/ 'ga=umifh
w&m;¶k;H uaevma&mufajz&Si;f zd@k orRepf mqifah c:ajz&Si;f cdik ;f wmudv k J rvdu k ef mwJt h wGuf tckvkd
ta&;,laqmif&u G &f wmjzpfw,fv@kd qykd gw,f?
tjyeftvSeyf pfcwfra_ wG ay:ayguv f mcJ&h +yD;aemufrmS awmh/ etz ppfwyfzufuae wyftif
tm; tvk;H t&if;udo k ;Hk pG+J yD; =o*kwv f -27 &ufae@rmS ud;k uef@e,fajr avmufuikd af 'otwGi;f 0if
a&mufp;D eif; wdu k cf u kd rf a_ wG ay:ay:wifwifvyk af qmifygawmhw,f? (27) &ufae@up+yD; (3) &uf=um
pD;eif;wdu k cf u kd rf a_ wGt+yD;rSmawmh zkeu f sm;&Si;f [m qkwcf mG a&Smifwrd ;f oGm;&+yD;/ etz ppfwyfu
ud;k uef@a'owckv;Hk udk odr;f ydu k f xde;f csKyfvu kd yf gawmhw,f? 'Dwu kd yf aJG wGtwGi;f rSm ud;k uef@a'orS
vlaygi;f (37000) ausmaf vmuf xGuaf jy;=u&+yD;/ w¶kwEf ikd if t H wGi;f ppfajy;'kuo Q nfawGtjzpf
0ifa&mufcv kd =H_ u&ygw,f?
t&yfom;awGvJ aoausc&hJ wm&So d vd/k qdik af wG/ aps;awG/ taqmuftODawGvJ etz ppf
om;awG&ŒJ azmufxiG ;f odr;f ydu k f ,liifv, k ufra_ wGatmuf ysupf ;D qk;H ±_;H cJ&h r_awG t}u;D tus,jf zpfay:
cJ&h w,fv@kd qykd gw,f? e,fpyfcsi;f uyf w¶kwEf ikd if zH ufxt J xd etz &JŒ vufeuf}uD;usnq f aH wGus
a&mufc+hJ yD; aoaus xdcu kd 'f %f&r_awGvJ ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f?
etz ppfwyfu ud;k uef@a'owckv;Hk udk odr;f ydu k +f yD;csed rf mS ‘ydik pf ;kd csed ’f udk OuUÏtjzpf wif
ajr‡muf+yD; ud;k uef@txl;a'o (1) &JŒ ,m,DaumfrwDuzkd @JG pnf;ay;cJyh gw,f? tJ'aD umfrwDrmS zkef
usm;&Si;f eJ@ ausmif;awmfu &efp&Scd o hJ /l ud;k uef@tzG@J }uD; pwifay:aygupf u MNDA &JŒ acgi;f aqmif
a[mif;wOD;jzpfco hJ l ‘&ef’ tkypf rk S ‘&efr;kd vse’f vJ jyefvnfyg0ifvmwmawG@&ygw,f? ud;k uef@
,m,DO;D pDaumfrwDrmS 'k-OuUÏtjzpf vsLuG,&f ;DS jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
etz u zkeu f sm;&Si;f udk wdu k cf u kd òf zcd iG ;f vdu k +f y;D wJah emuf ‘zkeu f sm;&Si;f udk vufeufarSmifcx kd w
k f
vkyaf &mif;csaeol/ rl;,pfaq;0g;awG w&m;r0ifxw k v f yk af &mif;csaewJh rl;,pf&mZmwa,muf’
tjzpf tqufrjywf xkwaf zmfwu kd cf u kd w f mawG vkyaf qmif¶rHk u ud;k uef@a'owGi;f rSm zkeu f sm;&Si;f eJ@
zkerf o d m;pkE, G 0f ifawG&ŒJ ydik ef ufaetdrf jcH0if;taqmuftODawGxu J ae odr;f ydu k &f &Sv d mwJh rl;,pf
aq;0g;trsK;d rsK;d / rl;,pfaq;0g; xkwv f yk &f mrSmtok;H ðywJh "mwkaq;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ pdwºf uGaq;jym;
xkwv f yk pf ufawGtygt0if/ rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@ qufpyfypPn;f awG odr;f qnf;&rdra_ wGukd t}uD;tus,f
267
0if;wifhxGef;
xkwaf zmfjyocJyh gw,f? azmfxw k zf rf;qD; odr;f ydu k v f u
kd Ef ikd w
f hJ rl;,pfaq;0g;awGuvJ ae@pOfvv kd kd
tkeH @J usi;f eJ@jzpfcyhJ gw,f? tckvkd t}uD;tus,w f u kd cf ukd =f ur_ jy\em}uD; ray:aygucf ifutxd
‘ud;k uef@e,fajrtwGi;f rSm rl;,pfaq;0g;xkwv f yk rf a_ wG r&Syd gb;l ? bde;f pdu k yf sK;d r_ uif;pifa'otjzpf
atmifjrifpmG taumiftxnfazmf+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f? bde;f tpm;xd;k oD;ESH pdu k yf sK;d r_awG atmifjrifae+yD;
rl;,pfaq;0g;xde;f csKyfa&;vkyif ef;awG t&Sed t f [kerf ysuaf tmifjrifpmG taumiftxnfazmfEikd cf yhJ g
w,f’ vd@k od'w d< ifajymqdak ºu;G a=umf atmf[pfjyvmcJrh a_ wGe@J ajymif;jyef/ rl;,pfaq;0g; zrf;qD;odr;f ydu k f
&rdra_ wG[m tajrmuftrsm;jzpfaecJ+h yD; etz &JŒodumQ rJrh a_ wG[m zifuzk;H acgi;f uay: qdw k mrsK;d
jzpfaecJyh gw,f?
e0w-etz tkypf ;kd olrsm;&JŒ pdww f ikd ;f usjzpfpOfu ‘ud;k uef@wikd ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;’/
‘tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;wJh yk*Kd~ vf}uD;’/ ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;vrf;ray: &J&ifjh ywfom;pGm av#mufvrS ;f jycJw h hJ
acgi;f aqmif}uD;’ pojzifh æ pojzifh cs;D usL;axmyemðy tr$r;f wifay;jcif;udck cH &hJ wJh ‘OD;zkeu f sm;&Si;f ’
[mvJ ‘rl;,pf&mZm}uD; zkeu f sm;&Si;f ’/ ‘twWe@J avmb rowfEikd o f }l uD;/ ud;k uef@a'oudk aoG;pGe;f ap
ol}uD; zkeu f sm;&Si;f ’ qd+k yD; etz uae y,fy,fe,fe,f uifyeG ;f wyfay;cJyh gawmhw,f?
Auy udk ykeu f efz,f&mS ;ypfc+hJ y;D e0w-etz ppftm%m&Sipf pftyk pf ek @J zufvw J uif;yl;aygi;f wGJ
zufco hJ l ud;k uef@acgi;f aqmifwOD;&JŒ Zmwford ;f cef; uef@vef@umtcs[m awmfawmfut kd usn;f wefc&hJ
ygw,f? wu,fuawmh zkeu f sm;&Siaf cgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@tzG@J [m etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ 2008 ckEpS /f
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccH Oya'udk vufrcHEikd b f /J ppftpd;k &tvdu k s e,fjcm;apmifw h yftjzpf ajymif;vJ
zG@J pnf;a&;udv k J jiif;qefvufrcHcw hJ thJ wGuf etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ ta=umif;&Sm pGcJ suw f ifta&;,l
typfay;wmudck v H u kd &f +yD; ppfwyftiftm; vufeuftiftm;eJ@ rw&m;ojzifh Adv k uf sapmfum;odr;f
yduk yf pfwmudk cHvu kd &f jcif;yJjzpfygw,f?
1989 ckEpS -f rwfvu ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ zkeu f sm;&Si;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@tzG@J (MNDA)[m
tESpf (20) jynf+h yD; r=umcifrmS yJ 2009 ckEpS -f =o*kwv f aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh MNDA qdw k hJ trnfemr
[m qufvufwnf&adS eao;qJjzpfayrJh zkeu f sm;&Si;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ MNDA r[kwaf wmhbJ ydik pf ;kd csed f
OD;aqmifwhJ MNDA tjzpf ajymif;vJomG ;cJ&h ygawmhw,f? ud;k uef@tzG@J &ŒJ ,m,DaumfrwDOuUÏ/
±kyaf o;OuUÏ ydik pf ;kd csed u f awmh ud;k uef@tzG@J [m etz tpd;k &eJ@y;l aygi;f aqmif&u G &f if; etz pDpOfaqmif
&Guaf y;r,fh taetxm;twdik ;f ‘e,fjcm;apmifw h yftjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;a&;’ udk vufcaH qmif&u G f
rSmjzpfa=umif; 2009-atmuf wdb k mxJrmS yJ rD', D mawGuwqifh twdtvif;xkwaf zmfajymqdck +hJ yD;
Ed0k ifbmvxJrmS awmh e,fjcm;apmifw h yftjzpf etztpd;k &&JŒ tpDtrHtwdik ;f w&m;0ifajymif;vJ
zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf Auy vufatmufuae yxrqk;H ykeu f efcx JG uG vf mcJ+h y;D aemuf ppftpd;k &eJ@vufwJG
yl;aygi;f um ArmjynfrmS e0w ppftpd;k &vufxuftwGi;f yxrqk;H aom typf&yftzG@J }uD;jzpfcw hJ hJ
tjyif &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f txl;a'o (1) vd@k uifyeG ;f wyfay;jcif;cHc&hJ wJh ud;k uef@tzG@J (ac: ) MNDA
tzG@J }uD;[m ordik ;f oifcef;pm,lp&mawGtjynfeh @J jzpfwt hJ wGuf xl;jcm;wJh tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf
rSww f rf;wifay;&rSm jzpfygw,f?
268
(27) ‘0’ jynf aoG;pnf;nD!w
G af &;ygwD
United Wa Solidarity Party (UWSP)
Auy &JŒvufatmufuae zkeu f sm;&Si;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@tzG@J u yxrOD;qk;H cGx J u G v f u kd +f y;D
aemuf/ 'kw, d tjzpf twdtvif;ykeu f efcx JG u G v f mwJh tzG@J uawmh ‘0’ tzG@J jzpfygw,f? 1989 ckEpS /f
{+yv D -17 &ufae@rmS Auy XmecsKyftjzpfwnf&adS ewJh ‘0’ e,fxrJ mS yJwnf&adS ewJh yefqef;XmecsKyfukd
odr;f ydu k v f u kd +f yD; wJah emuf ‘0’ tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;vdu k jf cif;jzpfygw,f? pwifz@JG pnf;pu “jrefrmjynf
aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ygw”D qdw k hJ emrnfe@J zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpf+yD; æ
(1) OD;ausmufev D ikd f - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(2) OD;aZmfrikd f (ac: ) ausmufjrifh - wGb J uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(3) OD;aygu, f &kd eS ;f - ppfO;D pD;csKyf
(4) OD;vDppf±l - 'k-ppfO;D pD;csKyf
(5) OD;usK;H cGe&f ;DS - ppfO;D pD;rSL;qd+k yD; tusO;f ¶H;k zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
t"du Edik if aH &; ppfa&;wm0efcaH cgi;f aqmifawGukd a&G;cs,o f wfrw S zf @JG pnf;+yD;wJah emuf A[dk
aumfrwD0ifawGtjzpfuawmh pwifyek u f efcx JG u G &f mrSm oabmwlncD =hJ uwJh wyfrLS ; (13) OD;eJ@ t
v,fyikd ;f rSmuseaf ecJw h hJ ‘0’ wyfrLS ;wOD;jzpfol ausmufusK;H wef; (&vvz OD;wmuv,f&ŒJ om;ruf)
wd@k yg trnfpm&if;yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
1989/ {+yD-20 &ufae@ ‘0’ e,f Aif;[ifaps; aps;ae@rmS ‘Auy eJ@ tESpf (20) ausmf yl;aygi;f cJh
&m wd;k wufrr_ &Sjd cif;a=umifh Auy eJ@vrf;cGu J m wyfrawmfe@J oifjh rwfpmG qufqo H mG ;rSmjzpfa=umif;
tpd;k &wyfrS wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m vufeufuikd af qmifjcif;rðybJ rdrw d @kd e,fajrtwGi;f oGm;vmEdik f
a=umif;’ armif;xk a=unmcJyh gw,f? {+yD -21 &ufae@rmS ,cif Auy toHvi$ ±hf u Hk ae ‘tm%mudk
odr;f yduk v f ukd +f yDjzpfa=umif;’ qdw k mudv k J toHvi$ ahf =unmcJyh gw,f? arvxJup+yD; e0w zufu
+idr;f csr;f a&;tusK;d awmfaqmif qdw k mawGuaewqifah &m/ wyfrawmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGuykd g ‘0’
tzG@J xH apv$waf qG;aEG;r_awG w&m;0ifðyvkycf yhJ gw,f? e0w tpd;k &zufu ‘0’ tzG@J ukd (9-5-1989)
ae@rpS +yD; Oya'abmiftwGi;f 0ifa&mufvmcJw h t hJ zG@J v@kd owfrw S cf yhJ gw,f?
1989/ ZGev f rSm ausmufev D ikd af cgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘0’ tzG@J [m e0w zufrS wyfrawmfu, kd pf m;
vS,rf sm;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;tusK;d aqmif yk*Kd~ vfrsm;eJ@ ‘erfw h pf&mG ’ rSm yxrqk;H t}udrf awG@qaHk qG;aEG;r_
awGðyvky+f yD;/ =o*kwv f rSm erfw
h pf&mG rSmyJ 'kw, d t}udrf aqG;aEG;ndE‡ id_ ;f r_awGðyvky=f uygw,f? (e0w
ppftpd;k &zufu ud;k uef@tzG@J Auy vufatmufrcS x JG u G v
f m+y;D ptcsed f rwfv 'kw, d ywfxu J wnf;
u ‘ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S òyducJG x JG uG v f maom tiftm;pkrsm;udk pkpnf;&ef’ qdw k rhJ 0l g'udk cs
rSwaf y;xm;+yD;om;jzpfwt hJ jyif/ e0w tpd;k &ppfwyfrS wm0ef&o dS al wG[m ud;k uef@tzG@J acgi;f aqmif
zkeu f sm;&Si;f -zkeu f sm;zl;wd@k uaewqifh ausmufev D ikd x f H qufo, G rf _ ,lxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umif)h
ta&SŒajrmufwikd ;f wdik ;f rSL;Adv k rf LS ;csKyf armifoifu h ae ‘0’tzG@J &ŒJ wifjyawmif;qdck suaf wGukd jznfq h nf;
aqmif&u G af y;wmawGvyk cf yhJ gw,f? 1989/ Ed0k ifbm-11 &ufae@rmS e0w twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) Adv k f
269
0if;wifhxGef;
rSL;csKyf cif!eG @f u, kd w f ikd f vm;±_;d udak &mufvm+y;D ta&SŒydik ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyw f ikd ;f rSL; Adv k rf LS ;csKyf armifat;/
ta&SŒajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyfwikd ;f rSL; Adv k rf LS ;csKyf armifoifw h @kd e@J twl ta&SŒajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf
tpnf;ta0;cef;rrSm ud;k uef@tzG@J / ‘0’tzG@J acgi;f aqmifawGe@J awG@qaHk qG;aEG;wmawG ðyvkycf yhJ gw,f?
aemufyikd ;f rSm ‘0’ tzG@J [m ‘jrefrmjynf aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ygw’D vd@k trnfcx H m;cJ&h mrS
‘0’ jynf aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ygwv D @kd trnfajymif;vJc, H cl +hJ yD;/ e0w ppftpd;k &uawmh ‘0’ tzG@J &ŒJ
‘0’ e,fa'oudk ‘&Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f txl;a'o (2)’ vd@k uifyeG ;f wyf ac:a0:cJyh gw,f? ‘0’ jynf
aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ygwD (0oy) ac: UWSP &JŒ vufeufuikd w f yfuawmh UWSA jzpf+yD;/ e0w
ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vkypf Ofu w&m;0ifazmfjya=unmxm;cJw h hJ UWSA wyfz@JG &ŒJ tiftm;
uawmh (9994) OD; jzpfygw,f? ‘0’jynf aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ygwD (0oy) udv k J xyfrw H ;kd csŒJ zG@J pnf;
vdu k +f yD;/ OuUÏtjzpfuawmh ‘ausmufev D ikd ’f yJ jzpfygw,f? ppftpd;k &&JŒwavsmufv;Hk OD;wnf&efol
eHygww f pfjzpfcw hJ hJ Auy vufatmufuae/ Auy udk ykeu f efz,f&mS ;ypf+y;D cGx J u G v f mcJ=h uwJt h zG@J awGxJ
rSm ud;k uef@ zkeu f sm;&Si;f tzG@J +yD;&if 'kw, d ajrmuftjzpf OD;OD;zsm;zsm; typf&yfpaJ &;,lcw hJ t hJ zG@J [m
‘0’ tzG@J (0oy) jzpfwt hJ jyif/ tiftm;t}uD;qk;H tzG@J vJ jzpfwt hJ wGuf e0w tzG@J }uD;&JŒ ta&;w,l
OD;pm;ay;v_u d v f yJS sLiSmjyr_uv kd &J &Scd +hJ yD;/ tzG@J tpnf;wnf&cdS iG hf wyfwnf&cdS iG /hf e,fajrwnf&cdS iG q hf w kd hJ
ta&;}uD; tcsu}f uD; (3) csuu f ykd g avsmavsmvsLvsL&&Scd w hJ t hJ jyif/ jynfra'oawGtwGi;f u t
a&;ygwphJ ;D yGm; a&;vkyif ef;awGuykd g 0ifa&muf&if;ES;D vkyu f ikd cf iG ahf wG &&Scd yhJ gw,f?
1989/ Ed0k ifbm-30 &ufae@rmS ud;k uef@zek u f sm;&Si;f tzG@J / pdik ;f vif;acgi;f aqmifwhJ rdik ;f vm;tajc
pdu
k f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdwt f zG@J / pckew f rd ,hf rd ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDopfwyfrawmf (ucsi)f
tzG@J awGe@J twl ‘0’ tzG@J [m (Auy vufatmufrS cGx J uG t f zG@J 4-zG@J [m) tjyeftvSef yl;aygi;f aqmif
&Guo f mG ;=ua&;twGuf ‘+idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDwyfO;D (PDF)’qdw k hJ Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pkwckukd
zG@J pnf;cJ=h uygw,f?
1993 ckEpS rf mS pwifusi;f ywJh trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd UWSP rS yg0ifwufa&mufciG &hf cJ+h y;D 0oy
ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tjzpf OD;ay:vdu k cf rf;/ OD;tdu k yf avmif/ OD;ausmufusK;H wef;/ OD;atmifjrif/h OD;,mukwf
wd@k wufa&mufcyhJ gw,f?
0oy OuUÏ ausmufev D ikd f avjzwfc&H +yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh/ ausmufev D ikd uf kd 0oy &JŒ em
,utjzpfyJ xm;vdu k +f yD;/ 0oy &JŒOuUÏjzpfvmoluawmh aygu, f &kd eS ;f (aygu, f ckd se)f jzpfygw,f?
aygu, f &kd eS ;f OuUÏjzpf vmcJo h vd/k aygu, f &kd eS ;f &JŒnDtudak wGjzpf=uwJh aygu, f , kd /d aygu, f v kd #ew f @kd vJ
‘0’ tzG@J twGi;f rSm ta&;ygwhJ acgi;f aqmifawGjzpfvmcJ=h u+yD;/ ausmufusK;H wef;/ a&Smifarvsef pwJh
olawGvJ a&SŒwef;a&muf ‘0’ acgi;f aqmifawGtjzpf vlord sm;vmcJyh gw,f? ‘0’ tzG@J [m ppftpd;k &eJ@
typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lum +idr;f tzG@J wckjzpfomG ;cJ+h yD;/ tpd;k &u pdww f ikd ;f usðyvkyaf ewJh trsK;d om;nD
vmcHuw kd ufa&mufaecJah yrJh wzufuvJ ppftpd;k &eJ@ twdu k t f cHtjzpf&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;aewJh vlrsK;d pk
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0iftzG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒ wdik ;f &if;om;a&;&m ta&;}uD;aqG;aEG;yGJ
awGrmS vJ yg0ifwufa&mufcw hJ m&Syd gw,f? 1997/ Zefe0g&-D 7 &ufae@rS 14 &ufae@txdusi;f ycJw h hJ
KNU a'o r,foa&mxm wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; ES;D aESmzvS,y fu JG kd wufa&mufc+hJ y;D ‘r,foa&mxm
270
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ðyvufrw S af &;xd;k &mrSm ‘0’ jynf aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ygwrD S ‘Adv k rf LS ;}uD;pdik ;f aygi;f ’ u yg0ifvufrw S f
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a&;xd;k cJyh gw,f?
‘0’ a'o[m ajrmufyikd ;f / awmifyikd ;f tjzpf (2) ck&+dS yD; ‘0’awmifyikd ;f &J@ UWSA acgi;f aqmif
tjzpf emrnf}uD;vmoluawmh a0&$,cf ef; (ac: ) a0±SLuefjzpfygw,f? Edik if w H umrD', D mawGe@J
Edik if w
H umtzG@J tpnf;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;uawmh ‘0’ tzG@J ukd rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@ruif;wJt h zG@J / rl;,pf
aq;0g;xkwv f yk f a&mif;0,faewJt h zG@J tjzpf ajymqdo k wfrw S ±f j_ rifc=hJ uygw,f? ‘0’ acgi;f aqmif
aygu, f ckd sef (aygu, f &kd eS )f eJ@ a0±SLuef (a0&$,cf ef) wd@k ukd tar&dueftpd;k &u rl;,pfaq;0g;r_awGe@J
rl;,pf&mZmawGtjzpf tvd&k o dS rl sm;pm&if;rSm xnfo h iG ;f owfrw S f xkwjf yefxm;ygw,f?
2004 ckEpS rf mS etz twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) Adv k cf sKyf}u;D cif!eG @f &mxl;rS xkwyf ,fz,f&mS ;cH&+y;D aemuf
ydik ;f rSmawmh t=urf;zsi;f tm;jzifh etz ppftpd;k &eJ@ ‘0’ tzG@J t=um;qufqaH &;awG[m wpxufwp
tzktxpf awG ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmcJyh gw,f? xdik ;f jrefrme,fpyf&dS ‘0’ awmifyikd ;f wyfz@JG awG[m ppftpd;k &eJ@
typftcwf&yfpaJ &; ,lxm;jcif;r&Sw d hJ SSA (awmifyikd ;f ) wyfz@JG awGe@J tjyif;txefwu kd yf aJG wGjzpfymG ;cJh
&+yD;/ ppftpd;k &tóudujf zpfcahJ yrJh etz ppftpd;k &[m ‘0’ tzG@J tay: Adv k cf sKyf}uD; cif!eG @f tm%m&Spd Of
wke;f uavmuf rsuEf mS omay;jcif; r&Sad wmhyg?
‘0’ tzG@J [m KIO tzG@J / rGejf ynfopfygw/D SSA (ajrmufyikd ;f ) tzG@J pwJt h ypf&yf tzG@J wcsKŒd eJ@t
wl ppftpd;k &uOD;pD;ðyvkyu f si;f ywJh trsK;d om;nDvmcHtwGi;f rSm vlrsK;d pkwikd ;f &if;om;rsm;&JŒ tcGit hf a&;
awGtwGuf yl;aygi;f tqdðk yawmif;qdw k ifjywmawGrmS yg0if&yfwnfvyk af qmifcyhJ gw,f? etzppftpd;k
&&JŒ trsK;d om;nDvmcHuae zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'opfukd a&;qG&J mrSm etz u wzufowf
ususwifoiG ;f vmwJh “tajccH&rnfh rl}uD; (6) csuef @J tao;pdwt f ajccH&rnfrh l (104) csu”f qdk
wmtay: tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;ndE‡ id_ ;f +yD; jyefvnfjyifqifay;a&;twGuf wjcm;typf&yftzG@J wcsKŒd eJ@
twl yl;aygi;f wifjy =u&mrSmvJ ‘0’ tzG@J [m yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? 'gayrJh ppftpd;k &u rsuu f , G ðf ycJyh gw,f?
2004 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm-1 &ufae@rmS ‘0’ jynf aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ygwD A[dak umfrwDu a=u
nmcsuw f apmif xkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f? txl;xkwjf yefcsuv f @kd azmfjyxm;wJh tJ'x D wk jf yefcsu&f ŒJ tprSmyJ
‘usaemfw@kd txl;a'o (2) &JŒtajctaeudk trSet f wdik ;f odEikd zf @kd twGuf atmufygtwdik ;f txl;xkwf
jyefvu kd yf gonf’vd@k tpcs+D yD;/ tcsuf (7) csuyf g xkwjf yefcsuu f kd xkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f? tJ'rD mS tcsuf
(6) rSm “2005 ckEpS -f ZGev f aemufyikd ;f rSp+yD; ESpf (100) bde;f pdu k yf sK;d cJo h nfo h rdik ;f udk tqk;H owfypf+yD;
rl;,pfaq;0g;wm;qD;a&;udk óu;d pm;taumiftxnfazmfomG ;bd@k ” qdw k mudk xkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f?Ù17
2005-ZGev f aemufyikd ;f up+y;D awmhvJ ‘0’ e,fajra'otwGi;f bde;f pdu k yf sK;d r_ukd wm;jrpfyw d yf if
wm awGvyk af qmifcyhJ gw,f? Edik if w H um rl;,pfaq;0g;wm;qD;wdu k zf suaf &; apmif=h uyfavhvma&;tzG@J
awGuawmh ‘0’e,f[m bde;f pdu k yf sK;d r_ukd wm;qD;ydwyf ifvu kd w f mtrSeyf jJ zpfayrJh bde;f tpm; pdwºf uG
aq;jym;vdk wjcm;rl;,pfaq;0g; xkwv f yk af &;awGzuf ajymif;vJvyk u f ikd af eyk&H w,fv@kd cef@reS ;f ok;H oyf
ajymqdak e=u+yD; ‘0’tzG@J [m rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@qufpyfr&_ adS ewJh tzG@J pnf;wcktjzpfe@J yJ qufvuf¶j_ rif
ok;H oyfc=hJ uwmawGvJ &Sad ecJyh gw,f?
271
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2009 {+yDv aemufq;Hk ywfavmufup+yD; etz ppftpd;k &bufu ‘2008 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk
tajccHOya'opft& 2010 a&G;aumufyrJG usi;f ycif/ typf&yfvufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;tm;vk;H &JŒ
vufeufuikd w f yfrsm;udk ajymif;vJðyjyifz@JG pnf;a&;’ qdw k ahJ cgi;f pOfe@J vufeufuikd t f ypf&yftzG@J awGukd
wyfrawmfatmufow G o f iG ;f Edik af &; tjyif;txefóu;d yrf;vm&mrSm ‘0’ tzG@J e@J oabmxm;uGm[r_awG
odoo d mom ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? etz tpd;k &u ‘0’ tzG@J tyg/ e,fpyfa'o&Sd typf&yftzG@J awG
udk e,fjcm;apmifw h yftjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;a&;udk qufwu kd zf t d m;ay;ajymqdv k m&mrSm ‘0’ tzG@J
uvufrcHEikd af =umif; wke@f jyefcyhJ gw,f? etz ppfzufa&;&mvkðH cHa&;tzG@J t}uD;tuJ 'k-Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
&Jjrifah cgi;f aqmifwt hJ zG@J vma&mufajymqdak qG;aEG;cJw h mawG&o dS vd/k ta&SŒajrmufwikd ;f wdik ;f rSL;wd@k raS c:
,laqG;aEG; ajymqdók ud;yrf;cJw h mawGvJ t}udr}f udr&f cdS yhJ gw,f? etz&JŒ e,fjcm;apmifw h yf ajymif;vJz@JG
pnf;a&;udv k ufrcHEikd af =umif; azmfjyajymqdk wke@f jyef=uwJt h zG@J awGxrJ mS ‘0’tzG@J [mxdyq f ;Hk u yg
0ifaecJ+h yD;/ Auy rS cGx J uG t f zG@J awGjzpf=uwJh ud;k uef@tzG@J / rdik ;f vm;tzG@J awGuvJ ‘0’ tzG@J e@J woabm
wnf; &yfwnfc=hJ uovd/k KIO/ rGejf ynfopfygww D @kd uvJ etz &JŒtpDtpOfukd vufrcHEikd af =umif;
azmfjyajymqdck =hJ uygw,f?
tiftm;t}uD;qk;H tzG@J [m ‘0’ tzG@J jzpfwt hJ wGuf ‘0’tzG@J u e,fjcm;apmifw h yfz@JG pnf;a&;udk
vufco H mG ;r,fq&kd if usev f ufrcHtzG@J awGvJ òydusvufco H mG ;Edik w f ,fqw kd hJ tjrift,ltqeJ@ etz
zufuae ‘0’ tzG@J ukd trsK;d rsK;d aoG;wd;k prf;r_/ zdtm;ay;r_awGw;kd jr‡iv hf yk af qmifvm&mrSm ‘0’ tzG@J e@J
etz t=um; wif;rmr_awG wd;k jr‡iv hf mcJyh gw,f? ‘0’ a'o teD;a'ow0du k rf mS ppftpd;k &zufu
ppfwyfawGw;kd jr‡ichf sxm;wm wd;k jr‡iw hf yfpaJG pwmrsK;d awGvyk af qmif+yD; ppfa&;t& +cdr;f ajcmufra_ wGvyk f
aqmifvm&mrSm ‘0’ tzG@J uvJ ‘ud, k zhf ufuawmh pwifwu kd rf mS r[kwf ppfa&;t& wdu k cf u kd v f m&if
jyefvnfwu kd cf ukd zf @kd toift h aetxm; &Sw d ,f’ qdw k mudk toGit f rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ jyefvnfazmfjycJyh gw,f?
wyfawGukd toift h aetxm;jzpfatmif pDpOfae&mcsxm;wmeJ@ vdt k yfwhJ vufeufwyfqif tiftm;
jznfw h if;r_awG vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? ‘0’ tzG@J }uD;&JŒ r[mrdwv f jJ zpf/ tiftm;tenf;qk;H vJjzpfwhJ
ud;k uef@tzG@J ukd ppftpd;k &u wdu k cf u kd af csre_ ;f wmawG ay:ay:xifxif vkyaf qmifvmwJt h csed rf mS
‘0’ tzG@J [m ud;k uef@tzG@J bufuaeulnw D u kd af y;a&;udk vkyaf qmifcsiaf yr,fh ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d
a=umifh vufawG@yg0ifun l ED ikd cf jhJ cif;r&Syd g?
&mZ0wfa=umif;/ Oya'a=umif;eJ@ ta=umif;jywdu k cf u kd af csre_ ;f wmjzpfaewJt h wGuf ud;k uef@
wyfz@JG teD; acsmif;wckjcm;rSmyJ&adS ecJw h hJ ‘0’ tzG@J &ŒJ vufeufuikd w f yfr[mwck[m 'Dtwdik ;f yJxikd =f unfh
aecJ&h ovdk jzpfcyhJ gw,f? zkeu f sm;&Si;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ud;k uef@tzG@J twdu k cf &H +yD;aemufrmS awmh ppf
tpd;k &&JŒ aemufxyf qufvufwu kd cf u kd af csre_ ;f ypfvw kd hJ tzG@J [m ‘0’ tzG@J jzpfEikd af jc&Sw d ,fqw kd t hJ oH
awGvJ wd;k jr‡ix hf u G af y:vmcJyh gw,f?
‘0’ tzG@J uawmh ‘Edik if w H Edik if rH mS ppfwyfqw kd m wckwnf;yJ&&dS rSmjzpfw,fqw kd mudk rltm;jzifh
vufcw H ,f? 'gayrJh wyfawGajymif;vJz@JG pnf;a&;udk tckcsucf si;f rvkyEf ikd /f tcsed af y;zd@k vw kd ,f? a&G;
aumufyu JG aewufvmr,fh aemiftpd;k &vufxufrmS rS 'Dupd u P kd aqG;aEG;taumiftxnfazmfEikd f
r,f’ qdw k hJ &yfwnfcsuu f q kd yk u f ikd +f yD; ppftpd;k &&JŒzdtm;ay;r_tzkzH u Hk kd jyefvnfwek @f jyeftajzay;xm;
272
&if; UWSA wyfz@JG }uD;&JŒ qufvufwnf&adS &;udk qufvufqyk u f ikd v
f y_ &f mS ;aecJyh gw,f?
UWSP (ac: ) ‘0oy’ tzG@J }uD;&JŒ vufeufui kd w f yfz@JG jzpfwhJ UWSA ‘0’ vufeufuikd w f yfz@JG
[m/ Auy uaecGx J u G v f mcJw h hJ wduk &f nfcukd &f nf&dS tzG@J }u;D vJjzpfwt hJ jyif/ ArmjynfrmS tiftm;t}u;D
qk;H wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t f zG@J }uD;wckvjJ zpf/ typf&yftzG@J awG=um;rSm tm;vk;H u tajctae
apmif=h unfah e&wJh tzG@J }u;D vJjzpf/ Armjynfta&;udk pdw0f ifpm;=uwJh jynfwiG ;f jynfy Edik if aH &;tiftm;
pktm;vk;H uyg *¶kpu kd af pmif=h unfah e&wJh tzG@J }uD;vJjzpfwt hJ wGuf ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ jzpfpOf
ordik ;f rSww f rf;xJrmS xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyay;&r,fh tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfygw,f? 'gah =umifh pm&if;wif
azmfjyay;vdu k &f ygw,f?
(28) &Sr;f jynfta&SŒyikd ;f rdik ;f vm;tzG@J

trsK;d om;'Drukd a&pD r[mrdww f yfz@JG (&Sr;f jynf ta&SŒyikd ;f )
National Democracy Alliance Army Eastern Shan State (NDAA-ESS)
‘trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD r[mrdww f yfz@JG (&Sr;f jynfta&SŒydik ;f )’ udk 1989 ckEpS -f arvxJrmS p
wifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?Auy vufatmufuae ud;k uef@tzG@J e@J ‘0’tzG@J awG cGx J u G af y:ayguv f m+yD;
wwd,ajrmuf cGx J u
G f ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ Auy cGx J u G t f zG@J tpnf;wck jzpfygw,f?
(1968 ckEpS rf mS Auy [m &Sr;f jynfta&SŒydik ;f usKid ;f wkt H a&SŒjcrf;&Sd ‘aumf (tcg)’ wdik ;f &if;om;
a'oudk pnf;¶H;k odr;f oGi;f +yD; aumf-tcg 815 ppfa'oudk zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? 1973 ckEpS rf mS tJ'w D quf
wpyfwnf;aoma'o&Sd SSIA tzG@J raS cgi;f aqmif tdu k jf rifh (ac: ) cGejf rifuh kd pnf;¶H;k odr;f oGi;f +yD;
‘&Sr;f jynfe,f jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&; wyfrawmf’ tjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;ay;cJ&h mrS 1976 ckEpS -f
=o*kwv f rSm Auy wyfr[m (768) udk xyfraH jymif;vJ zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? wyfr[m (768) [m &Sr;f
wdik ;f &if;om;trsm;pkygwhJ wyfjzpfygw,f? ‘0’tzG@J u Auy vufatmufrS 17-4-89 ae@rmS cGJ
xGuv f u kd +f yD;wmeJ@r=umcif 1989 ckEpS -f {+yD (19) &ufae@rmS aumf-tcg 815 ppfa'orSL; pdik ;f vif;
(ac: ) vDrif;&Si[ f mvJ (815) ppfa'otaeeJ@ Auy udk awmfveS u f m/ cGx J u G v f ukd +f yDjzpfa=umif;
a=unmum e,fajrcsi;f qufpyfaewJh wyfr[m (768) udyk g today; pnf;¶H;k cJyh gw,f? wyfr[m
(768) uvJ (815) ppfa'oeJ@y;l aygi;f vdu k +f yD; Auy vufatmufrS cGx J u G v
f u kd yf gw,f? Auy wyf
r[m (768) eJ@ (815) ppfa'o[m ESpzf @JG twly;l aygi;f vdu k +f yD; 1989 ckEpS -f arv aemufq;Hk ywfxrJ mS
“trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD r[mrdww f yfz@JG/ &Sr;f jynfe,fta&SŒydik ;f ppfa&;ESihf a'oEœ&tkycf sKyf a&;aumfrwD”
qdw k thJ rnfe@J ajymif;vJc, H l zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJw
h mjzpfygw,f)? trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pD r[mrdww f yf
zG@J (&Sr;f jynfta&SŒydik ;f ) &JŒ yxrqk;H aom zG@J pnf;vdu k rf u _ awmh æ
(1) vDrif;&Si;f (ac: ) pdik ;f vif; - OuUÏ
(2) tdu k jf rifh (ac: ) ausmufceG jf rifh - 'k-OuUÏ
(3) avmftu kd &f aD zsmf - 'k-OuUÏ
(4) use;f pDrif; (ac: ) =unfjrifh - twGi;f a&;rSL;
273
0if;wifhxGef;
(5) avmifcrf; - ppfa'o 'k-wyfrLS ;
(6) vDa0hrif - ppfa'o 'k-wyfrLS ;
(7) csAJ DG - ppfa'o 'k-wyfrLS ;
(8) avmfcse;f aygif - ppfO;D pD;rSL; qd+k yD; zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
wyfr[m (768) udk wyfrwck/ (815) ppfa'oudk wyfrwcktjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;vdu k +f yD;
wyfrwckp&D ŒJ atmufrmS wyfr[m (2) ckpeD @J ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;vdu k yf gw,f?
trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdww f yfz@JG &ŒJ OuUÏjzpfwhJ pdik ;f vif;[m ud;k uef@tzG@J OuUÏjzpfwhJ OD;zkef
usm;&Si;f &JŒ om;rufvjJ zpfwt hJ wGu/f OD;zkeu f sm;&Si;f rSwqifh ud;k uef@wikd ;f &if;om;awGvkd olw@kd tzG@J [m
vJ e0w tpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vky+f y;D +ird ;f csr;f a&;,lvakd =umif; wyfrawmfukd ta=umif;=um;cJh
ygw,f? OD;zkeu f sm;&Si;f u avmfppf[efukd qufo, G t f a=umif;=um;cJ+h y;D / avmfppf[efuae wyfrawmf
axmufvrS ;f a&;udk wifjyta=umif;=um;ay;cJw h t hJ wGuf e0w ppftpd;k &zufrS +idr;f csr;f a&;tusK;d
aqmiftjzpf avmfppf[ef&ŒJ nD avmfppfrif;udk wm0efay;apv$wcf yhJ gw,f? avmfppfrif;acgi;f aqmifwhJ
+idr;f csr;f a&;tusK;d aqmiftzG@J 0if (8) OD;[m arv-31 eJ@ ZGev f -1 &ufae@awGrmS rdik ;f vm;&Sd pdik ;f
vif;tdrrf mS y%mrawG@qaHk qG;aEG;r_ðyvkycf =hJ u+y;D / ZGev f -8 &ufae@rmS e0w wyfrawmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
tzG@J e@J avmfppfrif;acgi;f aqmif +idr;f csr;f a&;ud, k pf m;vS,f tzG@J awG[m rdik ;f vm;&Sd pdik ;f vif;tdrrf mS yJ
xyfraH wG@qHk ndE‡ id_ ;f oabmwlncD suaf wG ,lc=hJ uygw,f?
e0w ppftpd;k &u (30-6-1989) ae@rmS pdik ;f vif;acgi;f aqmifwhJ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD r[mrdwf
wyfz@JG &Sr;f jynfta&SŒydik ;f ppfa&;ESihf a'oEœ&tkycf sKyfa&;aumfrwD (&Sr;f -tcg) tzG@J ukd rw&m;oif;tjzpf
rS y,fzsuaf y;vdu k w f t hJ wGu/f w&m;0iftypf&yf+ird ;f tzG@J wck jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? ppftpd;k &u OD;pdik ;f vif;
acgi;f aqmifwhJ rdik ;f vm;tajcpdu k f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdww f yfz@JG a'oudk &Sr;f jynfe,ftxl;a'o
(4) tjzpf owfrw S uf ifyeG ;f wyfay;cJyh gw,f?
OD;pdik ;f vif;acgi;f aqmifwhJ rdik ;f vm;tajcpdu k f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdww f yfz@JG ukd trsm;
uawmh ‘rdik ;f vm;tzG@J ’ vd@k yJ ac:cJ=h uwm&So d vd/k t&iftac:ta0:twdik ;f 815 a'o &Sr;f -tcg
tzG@J v@kd vJ vlord sm;cJyh gw,f? e0w eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lpOfu 'DtzG@J &ŒJ w&m;0iftiftm;uawmh/
wyfz@JG 0if (3300) OD;&S+d yD; vufeuf (2650) vd@k azmfjya=unmcJyh gw,f?
1989/ atmufwb kd m-11 &ufae@rmS e0w ppftpd;k & twGi;f a&;rSL; Adv k cf sKyf cif!eG @f acgi;f aqmif
+yD;/ ta&SŒydik ;f wdik ;f wdik ;f rSL; Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf armifat;yg0ifwhJ wyfrawmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f zG@J [m usKid ;f wkòH rdŒ
rJacgi&f yd o f mrSm OD;pdik ;f vif;acgi;f aqmifwhJ rdik ;f vm;tzG@J e@J awG@q+Hk yD;/ Adv k cf sKyf cif!eG @f u ‘'DtzG@J uv kd J
ud;k uef@/ ‘0’ wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J awGuo hJ @kd tm;vk;H udk wef;wl&nfwo l wfrw S yf ga=umif;’ vd@k ajymqdo k mG ;
cJyh gw,f?
1993 ckEpS /f trsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS yg0ifwufa&mufc+hJ yD;/ rdik ;f vm;tzG@J &ŒJ trsK;d om;nDvmcH
ud, k pf m;vS,af wGtjzpf/ OD;pHayh/ OD;pHv/l OD;rif;tdr/f OD;tdu k &f ;DS eJ@ OD;xdev f if;wd@k ukd a&G;cs,af pv$ww f m0ef
ay;cJyh gw,f?
1997 ckEpS /f {+yD-22 ae@rmS rdik ;f vm;tajcpdu k f txl;a'o (4) wckv;Hk udk vk;H 0bde;f uif;rJZh ek f
274
tjzpf urBmoda=unmay;cJ+h yD;/ bde;f tpm;xd;k oD;ESpH u kd yf sK;d r_awG atmifjrifaewJah 'owcktjzpfvJ
a=umfjimay;cJyh gw,f?
rdik ;f vm;tzG@J [m ud;k uef@tzG@J / ‘0’ tzG@J / NDAK tzG@J awGe@J twl ‘+ird ;f csr;f a&;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDwyf
OD;’ zG@J pnf;&mrSmyg0ifc+hJ yD; r[mrdwt f jzpf &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
etz twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) Adv k cf sKyf cif!eG @f tm%m&Sad epOfu/ ppftpd;k &eJ@rikd ;f vm;tzG@J =um;
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jy\em}uD;i,fay:aygucf w hJ m rawG@&ayrJ/h 2004 ckEpS /f Adv k cf sKyf cif!eG @f tz,f&mS ;cH&
+y;D wJh aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh tzktxpfawG wpxufwpñuaH wG@vm&ygw,f? 2009 ckEpS -f {+yv D ydik ;f up
+yD; etz ppftpd;k &[m typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J awGtm;vk;H &JŒ vufeufuikd w f yfawGukd wyfajymif;vJz@JG pnf;
a&;awGtvkycf ikd ;f um/ ppfwyf&ŒJ t+y;D tydik x f ed ;f csKyrf a_ tmuf oGwo f iG ;f a&;awG óu;d yrf;vkyaf qmifvm
csed f rSmawmh/ OD;pdik ;f vif;acgi;f aqmifwhJ rdik ;f vm;tzG@J [m ‘0’ tzG@J / ud;k uef@tzG@J / KIO tzG@J awGenf;wl
etz tvdu k srvkyEf ikd bf J jiif;qefvmcJyh gw,f? e,fjcm;apmifh ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;a&;udk jiif;qefvmwJt h
ay: ppftpd;k &zufuvJ enf;rsK;d pkeH @J zdtm;ay;r_awG &Sv d m+y;D / tzktxpfawG[m ydrk }kd u;D rm;vmcJyh gw,f?
2009 ckEpS -f =o*kwv f ukeyf ikd ;f rSm etz ppfwyfu typf&yfu;kd uef@tzG@J }u;D udk wyftiftm;tvk;H t&if;
ok;H +y;D / ESyd u
f yG rf a_ wGvyk jf yvdu k +f y;D csed rf mS awmh/ aemufxyf etz ppfwyf&ŒJ tjypfay;ta&;,lòzcd iG ;f jyr,fh
aemufxyftypf&yftzG@J tpnf;[m rdik ;f vm;tzG@J }uD;jzpfrvm;qdw k hJ cef@reS ;f ok;H oyf=uwmawG ay:
ayguv f mcJo h vd/k rdik ;f vm;a'owGi;f &Sd w±kwv f rl sK;d awGvJ rdik ;f vm;uae pGe@f cmG oGm;=ur_awG ay:ayguf
vmcJyh gw,f?
etz &JŒ ESyd u f yG rf u
_ ckd v H ukd &f wJh ud;k uef@tzG@J }uD;&JŒacgi;f aqmif OD;zkeu f sm;&Si;f [m rdik ;f vm;tzG@J
acgi;f aqmif pdik ;f vif;&JŒ a,muQrawmfpyfov l jJ zpfaewJt h wGu/f rdik ;f vm;tzG@J e@J etz t=um;qufqH
r_[m tjyeftvSef r,k=H unfEikd pf &mawGtjynfeh @J jzpfaecJyh gw,f?
Auy vufatmufuae cGx J u G jf zpfay:vmcJw h hJ cGx
J uG t f zG@J awGxrJ mS OD;pdik ;f vif;acgi;f aqmifwhJ
rdik ;f vm;tzG@J }uD;[m w¶kwEf ikd if eH @J e,fpyfcsi;f xdqufaewJeh ,fajrrSm wnf&adS ewJt h jyif/ xdik ;f Edik if /H
avm Edik if w H @kd e@J qufo, G &f mrSmvJ tcsut f csmuswahJ e&mrSmwnf&adS ewJt h wGuf yx0DEikd if aH &;udk
pdw0f ifpm;olawGtzd@k *¶kpu kd tf av;rl=unf&h r,fh tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpfox d m;oifyh gw,f?
(29) 'Dru
kd a&pDopf wyfrawmf (ucsi)f
New Democratic Army - Kachin (NDA-K)
1989 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd m-15 &ufae@rmS pckew

f rd ,
hf rd ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘101 ppfa'owyfz@JG ’&JŒ
trnfukd ajymif;vJypfvu kd +f yD; “ 'Dru
kd a&pDopf wyfrawmf (ucsi)f New Democratic Army
(Kachin)”tjzpf pwifz@JG pnf; ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
275
0if;wifhxGef;
(KIA acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f twGi;f rSm *seD ;f azmeJ@r¶l rsK;d EG,pf jk y\emtajccHay:uae Adv k t f qif&h dS
pckew f rd , hf rd ;f eJ@ va,mufaZvGe;f wd@k acgi;f aqmifwt hJ pk[m KIA uaecGx J u G +f yD; w¶kwEf ikd if H zufjcrf;
ajy;0ifvm=u&mu Auy eJ@ qufo, G rf &_ &Sv
d mcJ+h yD;aemufyikd ;f / Auy (101) wyf&if;trnfe@J jzpf
ay:vmcJyh gw,f? 1979-=o*kwv f rSm Auy (101) wyf&if;rS (101) ppfa'otjzpfajymif;vJ jzpf
wnfay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD;/ ucsijf ynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f yef0g uefyu kd w f ;D a'oawGrmS tajcðyv_y&f mS ;vm
cJyh gw,f? ppfa'orSL;tjzpf pckew f rd , hf rd ;f / 'k-ppfa'orSL; va,mufaZvGe;f / ppfqifa&;rSL; 0vm
a[mif;acgiw f @kd uae OD;pD;cJ=h uygw,f? Auy acgi;f aqmifra_ tmufrS ud;k uef@tzG@J / ‘0’ tzG@J / rdik ;f vm;
tzG@J awG tv#Kt d v#Kyd ek u f efcx JG u G +f yD; trnfopfawGe@J ay:ayguv f mcsed rf mS ucsif (101) ppfa'ot
wGi;f rSmvJ ±ku d cf wfra_ wG&v dS mcJyh gw,f?
Auy A[du k kd ‘0’ tzG@J u tm%modr;f ,lcsed rf mS Auy A[dak umfrwD0ifwcsKŒd eJ@ Auy &Jabmf
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m (101) ppfa'oudk a&muf&pdS pk nf;vm=u+yD;/ yef0guefyu kd wf ;D rSm Auy A[dk
jyefvnf tajcpdu k v f y_ &f mS ;Edik zf @kd &nf&, G óf ud;yrf;cJ=h uygw,f? (101) ppfa'orSL; pckew f rd , hf rd ;f [m
yxrydik ;f rSm Auy acgi;f aqmifawGe@J &JabmfawGukd vufcaH exdik cf iG ðhf yxm;cJah yrJ/h e0w ppftpd;k &eJ@em;
vnfr, _ u l m (101) ppfa'oudv k J typf&yfpaJ &;vky+f yD; ud;k uef@tzG@J / ‘0’ tzG@J / rdik ;f vm;tzG@J w@kd &ŒJ
vrf;a=umif;twdik ;f vdu k zf @kd csed q f jyifqifaecJyh gw,f? 1989/ pufwifbmv-19 &ufae@rmS ud;k uef@
tzG@J rS vsLuG,&f ;DS eJ@awG@q+Hk yD;/ vsLuG,&f ;DS rSwqifh ppfwyfaxmufvrS ;f a&;xH pmyd@k um +idr;f csr;f a&;
,lvakd =umif; pwifqufo, G w f mawG vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? atmufwb kd m-15 &ufae@rmS awmh
(101) ppfa'oacgi;f aqmif pckew f rd , hf rd ;f [m vufatmufacgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd eJ@ v#KŒd 0Suaf qG;aEG;yGðJ yvkyf
+yD;/ Auy acgi;f aqmifra_ tmufrcS x JG u G uf m tpd;k &eJ@qufo, G zf dk o h abmwlq;Hk jzwfc=hJ u+yD;aemuf
a=unmcsuw f apmif xkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f? 15-10-89 ae@pyJG g a=unmcsux f rJ mS ‘rlvu ArmjynfueG jf rL
epfygw. D vufatmufY&Sad om (101) wyfz@JG ukd tajctae jzpfay:ajymif;vJrt _ &/ 'Dru kd a&pDopf
wyfrawmf (ucsi)f New Democratic Army (Kachin) [k ajymif;vJ ac:a0:owfrw S v f u kd af =umif;/
Auy tawG;tac:rsm;udpk eG @f vw $ I f ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pDpepfukd vufcaH =umif;’ awG azmfjyxm;+yD; 'Drkd
ua&pDopfwyfrawmf (ucsi)f vd@k ac:a0:wJh NDA-K tzG@J }uD; pwifay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f)?
NDA-K tzG@J }u;D &JŒt"duacgi;f aqmifawGuawmh pckew f rd , hf rd ;f / va,mufaZvGe;f / a0gah vmf
a[mif;acgi/f avmf0gaZmif;acgi/f rkw&f ifawmifa[mif;pwJo h al wGyJ jzpfygw,f? OuUÏtjzpfuawmh
pckew f rd , hf rd ;f jzpfygw,f? pckew f rd , hf rd ;f [m (2-11-89) ae@rmS vsLuG,&f ;DS eJ@ w±kwEf ikd if zH ufjcrf;
(ref[ikd ;f ) rSm/ (4-11-89) ae@rmS rdik ;f vm;tzG@J rS OuUÏpdik ;f vif;eJ@ 0rfwed rf mS / (9-11-89) ae@rmS zkef
usm;&Si;f eJ@ avmufuikd rf mS toD;oD; oGm;a&mufawG@qcHk +hJ yD; e0w tpd;k &zufrS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@
typftcwf&yfpaJ &;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;udprP sm; aqG;aEG;vdak =umif; vSnv hf nfomG ;vmajymqdu k rf;vSr;f cJyh g
w,f? zkeu f sm;&Si;f &JŒ e0w tpd;k &wyfrawmf wm0ef&o dS al wGxH (14-11-89) ae@peJG @J pma&;om;t
a=umif;=um;csut f &/ 1989 Ed0k ifbm-15 &ufae@rmS uGr;f vkrH mS e0w wyfrawmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f zG@J e@J
pckew f rd , hf rd ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ NDA-K tzG@J w&m;0if pwifawG@qaHk qG;aEG;cJ=h uygw,f?
wyfrawmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f zG@J u Auy (A[d)k udk NDA-K e,fajrtwGi;f aexdik cf iG ðhf yxm;wm
276
eJ@ywfouf+y;D ar;jref;aqG;aEG;cJo h vd/k Auy udk qufvufaexdik cf iG rhf ðya&;udv k J pckew f rd ,hf rd ;f udak jymqdk
cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh 1989/ 'DZifbm-5 &ufae@rmS yJ pckew f rd , hf rd ;f [m Edik if aH wmftpd;k &eJ@+idr;f csr;f a&;,l
awmhrmS jzpfa=umif; Auy A[dak umfrwDe@J KIA tzG@J ut kd oday;cJ+h yD;/ 'DZifbmwwd,ywfxrJ mS awmh
yef0ga'o&Sd Auy awGe@J DPA 0ifawGukd yef0grS z,f&mS ;armif;xkwcf yhJ gw,f? Auy A[du k w±kwEf ikd if H
zufjcrf;0ifomG ;cJ+h y;D / DPA wcsKŒd u jynfwiG ;f od@k jyef0ifomG ;wm&So d vd/k w¶kwzf ufjcrf;0ifomG ;olawGvJ
&Scd yhJ gw,f?
wcsKŒd uawmh pckew f rd ,hf rd ;f &JŒ NDA tzG@J xJ 0ifa&mufy;l aygi;f oGm;olawGv&J cdS yhJ gw,f? 1989/
'DZifbmxJrmS NDA tzG@J [m e0w wyfrawmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f zG@J e@J jrpf}uD;em;rSm xyfraH wG@qHk
aqG;aEG; cJyh gw,f? e0w tpd;k &u NDA-K tzG@J ukd 1989 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm-15 &ufae@rmS rw&m;t
oif;tjzpfrS y,fzsuaf y;cJ+h yD; NDA-K [m ucsijf ynfe,ftwGi;f rSm yxrqk;H aom typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J
jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lvu kd pf OfrmS w&m;0ifxw k jf yefcsuaf wGt&/
NDA-K &JŒtzG@J 0if tiftm;ta&twGu[ f m (1286) a,mufjzpf+y;D / vufeuf (1150) vd@k qykd gw,f?
e0w tpd;k &u pckew f rd ,hf rd ;f OD;pD;wJh NDA-K udk ucsijf ynfe,ftxl;a'o (1) tzG@J tjzpf owf
rSwf uifyeG ;f wyfcahJ y;cJyh gw,f?
1990 jynfEh pS /f Zefe0g&-D 13 &ufae@rmS e0w twGi;f a&;rSL; Adv k cf sKyf cif!eG @f e@J NDA-K tzG@J
wd@k jrpf}uD;em;rSmawG@q&Hk mrSm NDA-K tzG@J &ŒJ ud, k pf m; pckew f rd ,hf rd ;f / a0gah vmfa[mif;acgief @J ref*sD
aZmif;acgiw f @kd wufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? e0w twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) udk pckew f rd ,
hf rd ;f u yef0gteD; vm
a&mufcv kd aH_ om AuytajccHpcef;/ A[dpk cef;rsm;udzk suo f rd ;f +y;D aemuf/ wzufEikd if zH uf armif;xkwcf +hJ y;D
jzpfa=umif;/ DPA tzG@J uv kd J tpd;k &udyk ek u f efwu kd cf u
kd rf nfqykd gu a'owGi;f rS xGucf mG cGiahf y;rnfr
[kwaf =umif;/ xGucf mG rnfqykd guvJ vufeufrsm;odr;f rnfjzpfa=umif;/ òrŒd jyrSawmcdv k maom ausmif;
om;vli,frsm;eJ@ Auy A[dt k zG@J w@kd .jy\emrsm;onf NDA tzG@J EiS rhf qdik af =umif;/ NDA tzG@J taeeJ@
+idrf;csrf;pGmaexdkif+yD; a'ozGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;vkyfief;rsm;om aqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; vdk@
ajymqdw k ifjyoGm;cJyh gw,f?
1993 ckEpS rf mS ppftpd;k &uðyvkyu f si;f ywJh trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd NDA-K tzG@J vJ yg0ifwuf
a&mufc&hJ mrSm NDA tzG@J &ŒJ nDvmcHu, kd pf m;vS,af wGuawmh/ va,mufaZvGe;f / ebkwaf wmacgi/f
ref@&eS w f ed @f aqmif/ OD;csev f ef;eJ@ &cG;D zkew f @kd jzpf=uygw,f?
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tomw=unfvufco H mG ;cJ+h yD; rwlwo hJ abmxm;awGtwdik ;f &yfwnfazmfjyvmwmawG@&ygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDwyfO;D (ac: ) PDF wyfO;D [m typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J awG=um;
ay:aygucf w hJ hJ Edik if aH &;-ppfa&;wyfO;D wcktjzpf pdw0f ifpm;p&m Edik if aH &;!Ge@f aygi;f tzG@J tpnf; wcktjzpf
eJ@uawmh rSww f rf;wifay;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
281
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(31) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om; !Ge@f aygif;tpd;k &

National Coalition Government Union of Burma (NCGUB)
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k & (NCGUB) udk 1990 jynfEh pS /f 'DZifbm-
18 &ufae@rmS KNU XmecsKyf rme,fyavmrSm pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
¡tmZmenfacgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfol OD;b0if;&JŒom;jzpf+yD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ tud0k rf;
uGjJ zpfol a'guw f mpde0f if;tygt0if a&G;aumufcjH ynfo@l v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,w f csKŒd [m e,fpyfa'
oudk xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smif awmcdv k mcJ&h ygw,f? tJ'v D kd yxrqk;H rme,fyavmudk a&muf&adS wmcdv k m
cJ=h uwJh v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGxrJ mS trsm;pk[m trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrjS zpf+yD;/woD;yk*~
vtrwfwcsKŒd vJ yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ tud0k rf;uGjJ zpfol a'guw f mpde0f if;[m
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDygwrD S a&G;aumufcH v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,jf zpf+yD; OD;bdv k w S if/h OD;oef;ºuG,/f
OD;jrifah tmif/ OD;0if;ud/k OD;armifarmifat;/ OD;ode;f OD;/ OD;vSaz pwJyh *k Kd~ vaf wG[m trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J
csKyfrjS zpf=uum/ OD;yDwmvif;yif/ a'guw f m pef;atmifw@kd awG[m woD;yk*v ~ v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
awG jzpf=uygw,f? rme,fyavmudak &muf&v dS mcJ=h uwJh jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m; vS,af wGukd
pkpnf;+yD; a'guw f mpde0f if;u acgi;f aqmifum jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &
(NCGUB) udk rme,fyavmrSm pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? tpd;k &tzG@J jzpfwt hJ wGuf 0ef}uD;csKyfu
awmh a'guw f mpde0f if;jzpfygw,f? 0ef}uD;awGtjzpfuawmh/ OD;yDwmvif;yif/ OD;0if;ud/k OD;bdv k wS if/h
OD;ode;f OD;/ OD;vSaz/ OD;oef;ºuG,/f OD;jrifah tmif/ OD;armifarmifat;/ a'guw f mpef;atmif pwJh 1990-
jynfah &G;aumufyJG tEdik &f v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wG yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f?¢
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if t H rsK;d om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k & NCGUB [m pwifz@JG pnf;wJah e@rmS yJ
‘jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k & a=unmpmwrf;’/ ‘jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H
trsK;d om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &. jynfoo l @kd yef=um;csu’f eJ@ ‘jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;!Ge@f aygi;f
tpd;k & umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Xme. a=unmcsut f rSwf (1)’ wd@k ukd xkwjf yefa=unmcJyh gw,f? NCGUB
&JŒ a=unmpmwrf;u/ bma=umifh jynfaxmifpk trsK;d om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &udk wnfaxmifvu kd &f ovJ
qdw k mudk &Si;f vif;azmfjy+yD;/ NCGUB udk wnfaxmifz@JG pnf;vdu k +f yDqw kd mudk twdtvif;xkwjf yef
a=unmr_ ðyvkyv f u
kd w f mjzpfygw,f? tJ'D a=unmpmwrf;t& (1) ppftm%m&Sit f yk pf k e0w tpd;k
& tjrefq;Hk csKyf+idr;f a&;/ (2) 1990-jynfh a&G;aumufyrJG S a&G;aumufcjH ynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;vS,f
rsm;/ r'rc tzG@J csKyrf S ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;/ 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk 0ifrsm;yg0ifaom trsK;d om;nDvmcHw&yf
ac:,la&;/ (3) ppfreS af om 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k &w&yf ay:xGe;f a&;qdw k hJ wm0ef}uD; (3) &yfukd taumift
xnfazmfz@kd twGuf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &udk zG@J pnf;vdu k wf mjzpfa=umif;
&nfreS ;f csut f jzpf zGiq hf akd zmfjyxm;wmawG@&ygw,f? ‘jynfoo l @kd yef=um;csu’f uawmh trsK;d om;
!Gef@aygif;tpdk;&[m ppftm%m&Sifpepfzsufodrf;a&;udk &yfwnfwdkufyGJ0ifoGm;rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf
282
jynfow l &yfv;Hk bufaygi;f pkrH yS g0ifqifE=J$ uzd@k / toifjh yifxm;=uzd@k wdu k wf eG ;f yef=um;vdu k w f mjzpf
ygw,f? umuG,af &;0ef}uD;Xme&JŒ a=unmcsut f rSwf (1) uawmh e0wppfwyftwGi;f u Adv k cf sKyf
Adv
k rf LS ;/ t=uyf/ wyfom;/ ppfonfrsm;udk ppftm%m&Sit f yk pf &k ŒJ vufatmufu ¶ke;f xGu+f y;D jynfov l l
xkzufu &yfwnfyg0ifvm=ua&;twGuf pnf;¶k;H v_@H aqmf zdwaf c:urf;vSr;f vdu k wf hJ a=unmcsuyf jJ zpf
ygw,f? 1991 ckEpS /f {+yD-24 &ufae@rmS rme,fyavmXmecsKyfrmS yJ !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &tzG@J txl;tpnf;
ta0;w&yfusi;f y+yD; !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &udk tzG@J 0if0ef}uD; (11) OD;eJ@ jyifqifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
1992 ckEpS /f Zlvikd -f 31 &ufae@rmS NLD-LA/ DAB (ac: ) r'rc tzG@J csKyf/ NDF (ac: ) trsK;d
om; 'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pkw@kd e@J twlw+JG yD;/ rme,fyavmXmecsKyfrmS ‘rme,fyavmpmcsKyf’ csKyfq&kd m
rSm NCGUB [m ta&;ygwhJ tzG@J tpnf;}u;D wcktjzpf yg0ifvufrw S af &;xd;k cJyh gw,f? tzG@J tpnf;}u;D
(4) ck twlwuG yl;aygi;f vufrw S af &;xd;k csKyfqckd =hJ uwJh rme,fyavmpmcsKyf[m ‘zuf'&,fjynf
axmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf wnfaqmufa&;’ twGuf oabmwlpmcsKyfjzpfygw,f? “wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d
tm;vk;H / trsK;d om;wef;wla&;ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGi&hf odS nfh 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf tajccHv@l tcGit hf a&;tjynfh
t0&So d nfh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpu k kd wnfaqmufomG ;rnf” vd@k twdtvif;azmfjy a=unmoabm
wlnv D u kd =f uwJh oabmwlpmcsKyfjzpfygw,f?
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) udk ud, k pf m;ðy+yD;/ NLD-LA twGi;f a&;rSL;
OD;wifatmifu vufrw S af &;xd;k cJo
h vd/k vufeufuikd w f yfaygi;f pkjzpfwhJ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk
udk ud, k pf m;ðy+yD; NDF OuUÏ Edik af &$usiu f vufrw S af &;xd;k cJu h m/ 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;udk ud, k f
pm;ðywJh jrefrmjynf'rD u kd &ufwpftzG@J csKyf}uD;udk ud, k pf m;ðy+yD; DAB &JŒOuUÏ Adv k cf sKyfapmbdjk ru
vufrw S af &;xd;k cJ&h if;/ pifòydit f pd;k &udk ud, k pf m;ðywJt h aeeJ@ NCGUB &JŒ 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfol OD;pde0f if;u
yg0ifvufrw S af &;xd;k cJyh gw,f? rme,fyavmpmcsKyf csKyfqt kd +yD;rSm txufuazmfjycJw h hJ tzG@J tpnf;
}uD; (4) ckukd tquftpyfrrd d qufpyfay;wJt h aeeJ@ ‘jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;aumifpD
(NCUB)’ udk zG@J pnf;ay:ayguaf p&mrSmvJ NCGUB [m ta&;ygwhJ t"dur¾dKif tzG@J tpnf;}u;D wck
tjzpf yg0ifjzpfwnfvy_ &f mS ;vmcJ&h ygawmhw,f? NCGUB ay:ayguv f m+yD;aemuf trsK;d om;!Ge@f
aygi;f tpd;k &&JŒ tmabmftjzpf ‘'Dru kd &ufwpf jrefrmhtoH’ (DVB) udk 1992 ckEpS /f Zlvikd -f 19 &uf
ae@up+yD; toHvi$ Ehf ikd v f mcJyh gw,f? rme,fyavmumvwavsmufv;Hk rSm NCGUB [m wjcm;
aom 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGe@J twlw+JG yD;/ Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGxrJ mS vJ yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;Edik v f mcJ&h mrSm
wm0efxrf;aqmif&if; towfc&H toufaoqk;H oGm;&olawG&cdS o hJ vd/k e0wxH vufeufcsomG ;ol
rsK;d awGvJ ay:ayguñf uaH wG@c&hJ ayrJh jynfwiG ;f rSmaexdik v f @kd r&awmhwma=umifh 1990 jynfah &G;aumufcH
jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, dk pf m;vS,w f csKŒd vJ jynfyudx k u G v f mcJ=h u+y;D NCGUB eJ@ qufo, G f yl;aygi;f vm
cJ=h uwmawG&w dS t
hJ wGuf tiftm;uawmh wpxufwp ydrk rkd sm;vmcJyh gw,f?
(NCGUB zG@J pnf;+yD; wvausmt f =um 19-1-1991 ae@rmS yJ tzG@J 0if0ef}uD;ESpOf ;D jzpfwhJ OD;
oef;ºuG,ef @J OD;jrifah tmifw@kd [m xdik ;f Edik if -H befaumuf&dS jrefrmppfo¶H ;kH ppforH LS ;eJ@qufo, G +f yD;
e0wxH vufeufcsomG ;cJyh gw,f? NCGUB b¾ma&;0ef}u;D jzpfwhJ OD;0if;udu k awmh 28-2-1993
ae@rmS w¶kwEf ikd if H ,leefjynfe,f cGerf if;òrŒd [dw k ,fwckrmS wm0efe@J c&D;oGm;vmae&if; towfcv H yk =f uH
283
0if;wifhxGef;
cHc&hJ ovd/k 0ef}u;D wOD;jzpfwhJ OD;vSaz[mvJ xdik ;f Edik if -H befaumufòrŒd rSm towfco H mG ;& qk;H ±_;H oGm;cJ&h yg
w,f)?
1994 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd m-10 &ufae@rmS NCGUB u OD;pD;+yD; ‘jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H zG@J
pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;&m ES;D aESmzvS,yf ’JG udk usi;f ycJyh gw,f? tzG@J tpnf; (41) zG@J rS ud, k f
pm;vS,af ygi;f (160) eJ@ avhvmol aygi;f (66) OD; wufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? a'guw f m pde0f if;acgi;f aqmif
wJh NCGUB [m ‘pifòydif tpd;k &’ jzpfwmeJ@tnD/ oHwrefa&;v_y&f mS ;r_awGuv kd J óud;yrf;taumift
xnfazmfc+hJ y;D e0w ppftpd;k &&JŒ w&m;0iftpd;k &r[kwrf a_ wGukd zGichf s&iS ;f vif;ajymqdw k mawGðyvky&f if;/
1990 jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumufy&JG v'f taumiftxnfazmfay;a&;/ jynfo@l vw $ af wmfac:ay;a&;awGt
wGuf Edik if w H um&JŒaxmufcu H n l rD u_ kd &&Sad tmif wwfprG ;f or# óud;yrf;tm;xkwcf yhJ gw,f?
tajctae tcsed t f cgtavsmuf jynfya&muf jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGukd pkpnf;
+yD; NCGUB tzG@J }uD;udk zG@J pnf;v_y&f mS ;cJ&h mrSm 1996 ckEpS t f xd tawmtwGi;f NCGUB pifòydif
tpd;k &0if jzpfc=hJ uzl;wJh wjcm;v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGuawmh OD;xGe;f OD;/ OD;vSO;D / OD;oef;pde/f
a'guw f mwifah qG/ OD;armifarmifvwf/ OD;bdak omif;/ a'guw f mZvyfxef/ OD;w,f'b D ;l &D/ OD;cGerf wf&u f kd
bef/ OD;omEd;k pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGyJ jzpfygw,f?
1995 ckEpS /f rme,fyavmXmecsKyf usq;Hk oGm;&+yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh pifòydit f pd;k & 0ef}uD;csKyf
a'guw f mpde0f if;acgi;f aqmifwhJ pifòyid t f pd;k &tzG@J 0if0ef}u;D wcsKŒd [m tar&duef/ 0g&iS w f efukd ajymif;a&$Œ
a&muf&t dS ajcpdu k of mG ;=uwm&So d vdk xdik ;f / tdE, dN / =opaw;vsw@kd rmS a&muf&adS e=uolawGvJ &Syd g
w,f? NCGUB tzG@J }uD; ay:ayguv f mcJ+h yD;wJah emuf (15) ESpef ;D yg;t=um 2005 ckEpS -f pufwifbmv
xJrmS awmh etz ppftpd;k &uae NCGUB udk ‘rw&m;oif;’ tjzpf xkwjf yefa=unmcJyh gw,f?
2007-2008 ckEpS af wG&ŒJ aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh NCGUB eJ@ a'guw f m pde0f if;&JŒOD;aqmifrt _ ay:
ra=ureyfajymqdak 0zef=uoHawGvJ xGuaf y:vmwm&Sad yrJh NCGUB &JŒ 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf a'guw f m
pde0f if;uyJ qufvufwm0ef,l OD;aqmifaeEdik w f mudak wG@&ygw,f? e0w-etz ppftpd;k &uawmh
a'guw f mpde0f if;acgi;f aqmifwhJ pifòydit f pd;k &udk t+rJvv kd kd ykwcf wfa0zef¶w _ cf sc+hJ yD; t=urf;zuftzG@J
tpnf;w&yftjzpf pGypf aJG jymqdak vh&ydS gw,f? pifòydit f pd;k & &yfwnfcsuu f qkd yk u f ikd +f yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfwhJ
a'guw f mpde0f if;/ 0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfol OD;bdv k w S ifeh @J pifòydit f pd;k &tzG@J &ŒJ ukvor*~wm0efcH a'guw f m
aomif;xGe;f wd@k uae jyefvnf wke@f jyefacsywm NCGUB &JŒ &yfwnfcsut f jrifoabmxm;awGukd
azmfjyxkwjf yefwmawG ðyvkyaf vh &Syd gw,f?
2009 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSm NCGUB &JŒ nDvmcHtpnf;ta0;udk tdik , f mvefEikd if H ‘'AŠvif’rSm ðy
vkycf +hJ yD; 0ef}uD;pm&if;opfukd a&G;cs,x f wk jf yefa=unmcJyh gw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfuawmh a'guw f m
pde0f if;yJ jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf e0w-etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ rw&m;tm%modr;f ,ltyk pf ;kd aer_ukd qef@usizf iG chf swu kd f
cdu
k af e&if; Edik if aH &;t&/ oHwrefa&;t& pifòydit f pd;k &w&yftjzpf tòydizf @JG pnf;wnf&&dS yfwnfjyoae
wJh NCGUB tzG@J }u;D [m ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm rSww f rf;wifxm;&r,fh tzG@J tpnf;wck
jzpfwmuawmh aocsmygw,f?
284
(32) au'Dat (OD;rxkaemf tzG@J )
Kachin Defence Army (KDA)
OD;rxkaemfacgi;f aqmifwhJ KDA wyfz@JG[m rlv KIA wyfr[m (4) tjzpfwnf&adS e&mrS KIA
rScx JG uG +f yD; ay:ayguv f mcJw h t hJ zG@J jzpfygw,f? 1991 ckEpS -f Zefe0g&D vqef;ydik ;f rSm v#KŒd 0Su, f m,D
aumfrwDtjzpf pwifz@JG pnf;cJ+h yD; e0wzufu (11-1-1991) ae@rmS OD;rxkaemf&ŒJ tzG@J ukd rw&m;oif;
tjzpfrS y,fzsuaf y;cJu h m 15-1-1991 ae@rmS w&m;0iftzG@J tpnf;tjzpf todtrSwðf yay;wmcH&yg
w,f? OD;rxkaemfacgi;f aqmifwhJ KIA wyfr[m (4) cGx J uG tf zG@J [m ‘ucsit f rsK;d om;wd;k wufa&;ESihf
vkðH cHa&;wyfrawmf’ qdw k t hJ rnfukd ajymif;vJc, H cl +hJ yD; KDA (OD;rxkaemftzG@J ) vd@k vlord sm;cJyh gw,f?
(aemufct H jzpftysut f aeeJ@uawmh &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f / ta&SŒajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf e,f
ajrtwGi;f rSm Auy vufatmufrS ud;k uef@e@J ‘0’ tzG@J awG cGx J u G af y:ayguv f mcJ+h yD; e0w ppftpd;k &eJ@
typftcwf&yfpaJ &; vkyo f mG ;=ucsed rf mS yavmiftzG@J PSLA eJ@ KIA wyfr[m (4) yJ typf&yfr[kwf
bJ qufvufuse&f pfcyhJ gw,f? typfr&yf 'Da'oawGukd ppftpd;k &zufu ydwq f @kd jzwfawmufwu kd cf u
kd f
r_awG vkyaf qmifvmwmeJ@ ñuaH wG@&ifqikd v f m&ygw,f? KIA wyfr[m (4) [m &dumQ tcuftcJawGyg
jzpfay:vmcJ&h wJt h wGuf KIA wyfr[m (4) wyfr[mrSL; ‘vzdik v f ,Ge;f ’ [m jzpfay:aewJt h cuftcJ
awGukd KIA A[du k wkd ifjyzd@k twGuf 'kwyfr[mrSL; OD;rxkaemfukd acwWwyfr[mrSL;tjzpf v$aJ jymif;ay;
tyf+yD; KIA A[du k kd oGm;a&mufcyhJ gw,f?
tJ'v D t kd csed rf mS acwWwyfr[mrSL; rxkaemf[m ud;k uef@e@J ‘0’ tzG@J awGvkd ppfwyfe@J typftcwf
&yfpaJ &;,lz@kd KIA A[du k w kd ifjycJyh gw,f? KIA A[du k typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,la&; r,la&; pOf;pm;aeqJ
jzpf+yD; tcsed q f aJG pmifq h ikd ;f zd@k !¸e=f um;xm;pOfrmS yJ OD;rxkaemf[m wyfr[m (4) wckv;Hk udk pnf;¶H;k um
KIA A[dr k cS xJG u G +f yD; e0w ppfwyfe@J typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lz@kd KIA A[du k t kd odray;bJ pdik ;f jyif;qk;H
jzwfcyhJ gw,f? v#KŒd 0Suf ,m,DaumfrwDw&yfz@JG pnf;+yD; pwifaqmif&u G vf yk af qmif taumif txnf
azmfcw hJ m jzpfygw,f)?
KIA wyfr[m (4) cGx J u G t
f zG@J tjzpf yxrqk;H v#KŒd 0Suzf @JGpnf;vdu k wf hJ ,m,DaumfrwDrmS OuUÏ
tjzpf OD;rxkaemf/ tzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf KIA awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f 'kwikd ;f rSL; aZmfqikd ;f / awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f ygwD
aumfrwDrS aZmf,eG ef @J uGwcf ikd cf ±kid rf LS ;acgiaf wmifw@kd yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
e0w wyfrawmfe@J +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ (3) }udrðf yvkycf &hJ mrSm wwd,t}udraf jrmuf aqG;
aEG;yGv J yk cf w hJ mu 1991/ Zefe0g&-D 15 &ufae@rmS jzpfygw,f? 15-1-1991 ae@rmS e0w twGi;f a&;rSL;
(1) u OD;rxkaemfe@J tzG@J ukd vm;±_;d òrdŒrSmawG@qcHk +hJ yD; OD;rxkaemfacgi;f aqmifwhJ KIA wyfr[m (4)
cGx
J u G t f zG@J ukd &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f txl;a'o (5) ucsit f zG@J tjzpf owfrw S t f wnfðyay;cJyh gw,f?
OD;rxkaemfu KDA (ucsif trsK;d om;wd;k wufa&;ESihf vkðH cHa&;wyfrawmf) qdw k t hJ rnfe@J typftcwf
&yfpaJ &;tzG@J tjzpf cH,&l yfwnfvu kd yf gw,f? XmecsKyftjzpf &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f uGwcf ikd òf rdŒe,f/
‘aumif;cg;’ rSm tajcpdu k cf yhJ gw,f? e0w ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vkypf Ofu OD;rxkaemfacgi;f
aqmifwhJ KDA tzG@J &ŒJ tzG@J 0iftiftm;[m (2000)/ vufeuftiftm; (2009) vufv@kd azmfjycJyh g
285
0if;wifhxGef;
w,f?
1993 ckEpS rf mS pwifusi;f ywJh e0w ppftpd;k &&JŒtrsK;d om;nDvmcHukd KDA u yg0ifwufa&muf
cJ+h yD; wufa&mufc=hJ uwJh KDA ud, k pf m;vS,af wGuawmh OD;rxkaemf/ OD;wl;eef/ OD;'befEw k v f /hJ OD;*l;
&/ OD;aZmfawmifw@kd jzpfygw,f?
OD;rxkaemfacgi;f aqmifwhJ KDA tzG@J [m e0w-etz ppftpd;k &eJ@ tjynft h 0yl;aygi;f aqmif
&Gucf w hJ hJ +idr;f tzG@J tpnf;tjzpf&yfwnfc±hJ rHk u/ ppftpd;k &&JŒtpDtpOfrsm;twdik ;f apm'urwuf
vdu k ef m taumiftxnfazmfcw hJ hJ tzG@J tpnf;jzpfygw,f? 2005 ckEpS -f {+yDvu pyfcrfzOD;pD;wJh
&Sr;f trsK;d om;wpku &Sr;f jynfe,fvw G v f yfa&;udk a=unmcsed rf mS vdt k yfcsurf sm;t&/ etz ppftpd;k &
u typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J awGukd ‘&Sr;f jynf vGwv f yfa&;a=unmcsuef @J ywfouf+yD; qef@usiaf =umif;a=u
nmcsu’f awG xkwjf yefcikd ;f wJt h cg/ OD;rxkaemfacgi;f aqmifwhJ KDA uawmh “txl;a'o (5) tae
jzifh 11-1-1991 &ufae@rpS I Oya'abmiftwGi;f od@k 0ifa&mufum wyfrawmftpd;k &ESiv hf ufwI JG
'd@k wm0efta&;ok;H yg;/ OD;wnfcsuf (12) &yfw@kd EiS t hf nD pnf;urf; jynf0h aom ygwpD Hk 'Drukd a&pDEikd if aH wmf
wnfaqmufa&;wGif tifwu kd tf m;wdu k f yg0ifaqmif&u G v f su&f adS om tzG@J tpnf;jzpf+yD; 'd@k wm0eft
a&;ok;H yg;udx k cd u
kd af prnfh rnfonfu h pd &P yfurkd # vufco H mG ;rnfr[kwyf g” vd@k awmif xkwjf yefa=unm
oGm;wm awG@&ygw,f? etz &JŒ 2008 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'tay:vJ wvk;H wyg'r#apm'ur
wufcw hJ hJ tzG@J tpnf;wck jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
(33) trsK;d om;'Dru

kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) NLD-LA
jynfwiG ;f rSm aexdik &f yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;vd@k r&awmhwt hJ wGuf e0w ppftpd;k &udk qef@usiw f u kd cf u
kd f
oGm;zd@k awmcdak &muf&v dS mcJ=h uwJh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf0ifawGe@J KNU XmecsKyf rme,fyavm
rSm trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) udk pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? vGwf
ajrmufe,fajra&muf A[dek @J wdik ;f tqifah cgi;f aqmifawGe@J “trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmuf
e,fajr) A[dk pnf;¶H;k a&;aumfrwD”udk 1991 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 22 &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h m jzpfyg
w,f? yxrqk;H pwif zG@J pnf;vdu k wf hJ A[dpk nf;¶H;k a&;aumfrwDrmS OuUÏ a'guw f mpde0f if;/ twGi;f a&;rSL;
OD;0if;cufw@kd jzpf+yD;/ A[dpk nf;¶H;k a&; aumfrwD0ifawGtjzpfuawmh/ rEœav;wdik ;f rS OD; armifarmifat;/
OD;ode;f OD;/ OD;jrifah tmifw@kd jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&ŒJ tvHawmfukd jrifjh rifrh m;rm;qufvufvi$ x hf &l ef/ jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if H trsK;d om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &&J@tcef;u¾udk tjynft h 0jr‡iw
hf if&ef/ trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD
!Gwaf &; tiftm;jzifh ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd t+yD;wdik f wdu k zf suzf ,f&mS ;&ef/ ppfreS af om/ cdik +f rJaom
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;udk wnfaqmuf&efqw kd hJ OD;wnfcsuaf wGe@J pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? 1991
ckEpS /f azaz:0g&-D 16 &ufae@rmS awmh yJc;l wdik ;f rS OD;atmifapmOD;/ OD&efatmif/ OD;oef;xGË/f {&m0wD
wdik ;f rS a'guw f m pef;atmifw@kd e@J xyfrw H ;kd csŒJ zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
r=umrDrmS yJ tdE, dN -jrefrme,fpyfa&muf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
286
a'guw f mwifah qG/ rEœav;wdik ;f rS OD;jrndKwd@k O;D aqmifwhJ ‘trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmuf
e,fajr) taemufbufa'o¶H;k cG’J udv k J zGiv hf pS Ef ikd cf o
hJ vd/k (23-12-1991) ae@rmS trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD
tzG@J csKyf ucsif jynfe,f pnf;¶H;k a&;aumfrwDOuUÏ OD;wifatmif/ jynfe,fpnf;¶k;H a&;aumfrwDtzG@J 0if
OD;&efaemifjrif/h v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGjzpf=uwJh OD;ausmaf rmif/ OD;=umjr/ OD;a&mpD/ OD;rzef;qif/
OD;tifeef;*rfe@J òrdŒpnf;¶k;H a&;aumfrwD0if (3) OD;tyg/ pkpak ygi;f (10) OD;[m KIA a'o yga*smifukd
awmcdak &muf&v dS mcJ=h u+yD; ‘trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) ajrmufyikd ;f a'o¶H;k cG’J
udv k J zGiv hf pS Ef ikd cf =hJ uygw,f?
1992-arvtwGi;f rSm NLD-LA (ajrmufyikd ;f ) tzG@J rS OD;wifatmife@J vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
OD;tifeef;*rfw@kd rme,fyavm&Sd NLD-LA A[d¶k ;kH udk a&muf&v dS mcJ=h u+yD;aemufyikd ;f 18-5-1992
ae@rmS trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) A[dpk nf;¶H;k a&;aumfrwDukd xyfrjH yifqifw;kd
csŒJ zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? jzpfay:vmwJh NLD-LA &JŒ A[dpk nf;¶H;k a&;aumfrwD tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J uawmh/
(1) a'guw f mpde0f if; - OuUÏ
(2) OD;0if;cuf - 'k-OuUÏ
(3) OD;wifatmif - twGi;f a&;rSL;
(4) OD;armifarmifat; - tzG@J 0if
(5) OD;ode;f OD; - tzG@J 0if
(6) a'guw f mpef;atmif - tzG@J 0if
(7) OD;0if;udk (ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f ) - tzG@J 0if
(8) OD;jrifah tmif - tzG@J 0if
(9) OD;atmifapmOD; - tzG@J 0if
(10) OD;oef;xGËf - tzG@J 0if
(11) OD;&efatmif - tzG@J 0if wd@k jzpf=uygw,f?Ù21
1992 ckEpS /f Zlvikd -f 31 &ufae@rmS ‘rme,fyavmpmcsKyf’ csKyfq&kd mrSm jrefrmjynf'rD u kd &ufwpf
tzG@J csKyf (DAB)/ 'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdww f yfaygi;f pk (NDF)/ pifòydit f pd;k & (NCGUB) wd@k e@J twl trsK;d
om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) NLD-LA [m ta&;ygwhJ tzG@J tpnf;}uD;w&yftjzpf
yg0ifc+hJ yD; DAB OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyfjr/ NDF OuUÏ Edik af &$usi/f NCGUB 0ef}uD;csKyf a'guw f m pde0f if;wd@k e@J
twl trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;wifatmifw@kd vufrw S af &;
xd;k csKyfqckd =hJ uygw,f?
t"dur¾dKif}uD; (4) cktjzpf DAB / NDF / NCGUB eJ@ NLD-LA wd@k ukd tajcðyqufpyfay;
vdu k +f yD; 1992 ckEpS /f Zlvikd -f 31 &uf rme,fyavmpmcsKyf csKyfqt kd +yD; ‘jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if t H rsK;d
om;aumifpD NCUB’ udk zG@J pnf;vdu k wf t hJ cgrmS vJ/ NLD-LA [m ta&;ygwt hJ zG@J }uD;w&yftjzpf
qufvufy;l wGJ yg0ifvmcJyh gw,f?
aemufyikd ;f rSm a'guw f mpde0f if;u pifòydit f pd;k & 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfe@J yJ ta&;}uD;wm0efawGukd
xrf;aqmif &zd@k ta&;}u;D vmwJt h cg trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) &JŒ OuUÏtjzpf
287
0if;wifhxGef;
OD;0if;cufjzpfvm+yD; twGi;f a&;rSL;uawmh OD;wifatmifyjJ zpfcyhJ gw,f? 1995 ckEpS /f rme,fyavm
usq;Hk oGm;&+y;D aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh NLD-LA XmecsKyf[m xdik ;f Edik if t H wGi;f ajymif;a&$Œ a&muf&o dS mG ;cJ&h
ovdk aemufyikd ;f rSm OuUÏtjzpf OD;wifatmif jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
rme,fyavm usq;Hk &+y;D aemufyikd ;f rSm KNU tzG@J }u;D ud, k w f ikd f tusyt f wnf;tcuftcJaygi;f
pkH ñuaH wG@c&hJ ovd/k rme,fyavmrSm tajcðyzG@J pnf;ay:aygucf &hJ wJh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwf
ajrmufe,fajr) [mvJ tcuftcJtusyt f wnf;awG ñuHawG@&ifqikd v f mcJ&h ayrJh tcuftcJawG=um;
xJuyJ jynfya'otoD;oD;a&muf 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0ifawG&ŒJ pkpnf;vufcaH zmfjyr_a=umifh trsK;d
om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) eJ@ qufo, G zf @JG pnf;cJ=h uwJh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) *syefXmecG/J ud;k &D;,m;XmecG/J tar&duefXmecGq J w kd mawG toD;oD; xyfrw H ;kd yGm;
ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? 1996 ckEpS /f Zlvikd -f 7 &ufae@rmS trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf vGwaf jrmufe,f
ajr (vli,f) tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;Edik cf +hJ yD;/ 1998- Zefe0g&v D rSm vli,ftxl;tpnf;ta0;udak c:,lEikd cf u hJ m
A[dv k il ,fvyk if ef;tzG@J ukd jyifqifw;kd csŒJ zG@J pnf; Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
NLD-LA [m a':atmifqef;pk=unfacgi;f aqmifwhJ jynfwi G ;f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&ŒJ
vrf;pOf rl0g'ay:vpDawGukd ta0;a&muftjzpfqufvuf cH,q l yk u f ikd &f if; jynfwiG ;f NLD &JŒ Edik if H
a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ tajctaeawGe@J ,OS [ f yfum jynfyuaequfvufvy_ &f mS ;aewJh Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;
w&yfjzpfygw,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &;/ 'Dru kd a&pDe@J tajccHv@l tcGit hf a&;awGukd tjynfh
t0tmrcHwhJ Edik if aH wmfopf ay:xGe;f a&;/ ppfreS w f hJ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk ikd if H wnfaqmufa&;awG
twGuf wjcm;aom 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0if awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;awGe@J y;l aygi;f +yD; qufvuf&yf
wnfvy_ &f mS ;aecJyh gw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) [m jynfwiG ;f jynfy
Edik if aH &;tajctaersm;eJ@tnD ta&;ygwahJ =unmcsu/f azmfjycsuef @J oabmxm;tjrif&yfwnfcsuf
awGukd tcgtm;avsmpf mG xkwjf yefEikd cf +hJ yD; wjcm;aom r[mrdwt f zG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@twlvJ vufw&JG yf
wnfvyk af qmifcw hJ mawG trsm;tjym;&Scd yhJ gw,f? tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f rnD!w G rf a_ wG/ tm;òydirf a_ wG
jy\emawG&cdS ahJ yrJh ppftm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wmfopf ay:xGe;f a&;tajccHay:
rSmawmh rlyikd ;f qdik &f mt& =uH=h uHch ikd cf ikd &f yfwnfvy_ &f mS ; Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) A[d&k ŒJ OuUÏjzpfc=hJ uzl;olawGuawmh
a'guw f m pde0f if;/ OD;0if;cufe@J OD;wifatmifw@kd jzpf=u+y;D twGi;f a&;rSL;wm0ef xrf;aqmifc=hJ uzl;olawG
uawmh OD;oef;xGË/f OD;at;oef;/ OD;jrifo h %d ;f / a':pef;pef;eJ@ OD;jrifph ;kd wd@k jzpf=uygw,f?
NLD-LA &JŒ (vuf&t dS csed tf xd) aemufq;Hk nDvmcHudk 2009 ckEpS /f pufwifbm-15 rS 17
&ufae@ txd usi;f yðyvkycf +hJ yD; aemufq;Hk a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufvu kd rf t_ & OuUÏ OD;bdak omif;jzpfvm+yD;/
'k-OuUÏtjzpf a'guw f m at;ausmef @J twGi;f a&;rSL;uawmh OD;jrifph ;kd yJjzpfygw,f? NLD-LA udk
A[dak umfrwD0if (15) OD;/ t&efA[dak umfrwD0if (2) OD;/ pkpak ygi;f (17) OD;eJ@ zG@J pnf;xm;wmjzpfygw,f?
A[dXk mecsKyf[m xdik ;f e,fpyfrmS wnf&+dS yD; *syef/ awmifu;kd &D;,m;/ =opaw;vsm;/ rav;&Sm;/ aemfa0/
tar&duefw@kd rmS vJ NLD-LA XmecGaJ wG zGiv hf pS xf m;Edik wf m awG@&ygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) tzG@J tpnf;[m ArmjynfEikd if H
288
a&; v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm rSww
f rf;wifxm;&r,ft
h zG@J tpnf;wck jzpfygw,f?
(34) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;aumifpD

National Council of Union of Burma (NCUB)
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;aumifpD NCUB udk 1992 ckEpS /f pufwifbm-22 &ufae@rmS
pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
(zG@J pnf;wnf&+dS y;D om;jzpfwhJ vlrsK;d pkawmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒ wyfaygi;f pk/ vlrsK;d pkvufeuf
udik f tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tygt0if 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0iftzG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒ r[mrdwt f zG@J csKyf}uD;/
trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf vGwaf jrmufe,fajreJ@ ('DtzG@J tpnf;awGtm;vk;H &JŒ todtrSwðf ytpd;k &
ozG,jf zpfw)hJ pifòydit f pd;k &wd@k ukd rSerf eS u f efuefqufpyfay;wJt h aejzifh wenf;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdik if H
wrsK;d om;vk;H &JŒ trsK;d om; aumifp}D uD;w&yftaejzifh ‘jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;aumifpD
(ac: ) NCUB ’ udk zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifc=hJ uwm jzpfygw,f)?
'ga=umifh DAB/ NDF/ NLD -LA/ NCGUB qdw k hJ tzG@J tpnf;a'gu}f uD; (4) ckay:uae jynf
axmifpjk refrmEdik if t H rsK;d om;aumifpD (NCUB) tzG@J }uD;ay:xGe;f vmcJ&h ygw,f? wdik ;f &if;om; trsK;d
om;rsm;tcsi;f csi;f nD!w G rf y_ rkd ckd ikd rf map&ef/ awmfveS af &;vkyif ef;rsm;udk xda&mufpmG aqmif&u G Ef ikd &f ef
&nfoef+y;D NCUB tzG@J }u;D udk zG@J pnf;cJ=h uwmvd@k vJ azmfjycJ=h uygw,f? NCUB tzG@J }u;D &JŒ OuUÏtjzpf
uawmh Adv k cf sKyf}uD; apmbdjk ryJjzpfygw,f?
e0w ppftpd;k &u 1993 ckEpS rf mS trsK;d om;nDvmcHqw kd mudu k si;f yzd@k xkwjf yefa=unmvm
wJt h cgrmS NCUB [m rsuEf mS pkn H D tpnf;ta0;ac:,lusi;f y+yD; (4-1-1993) ae@peJG @J “ e0w
usi;f yrnfh twkta,mif trsK;d om;nDvmcHEiS yhf wfoufI 'kw, d t}udraf jrmuf jynfaxmifpjk refrm
Edik if H trsK;d om;aumifpD rsuEf mS pkn H t D pnf;ta0;. xkwjf yefa=unmcsu”f udk xkwjf yefwek @f jyefcyhJ g
w,f? ppftm%m&Sit f yk pf [k m trsK;d om; nDvmcHuu kd si;f yEdik w f hJ tcGit hf m%mr&S/d jynfov l x l u k
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;wJt h pd;k &vJr[kwq f wkd hJ tcsut f vufawGe@J wuG ac:,lusi;f ycGirhf &Sd
olu ac:,lusi;f yzd@k vyk af qmifvmwJh 'DtrsK;d om;nDvmcH[m twkta,mif trsK;d om;nDvmcHyJ
jzpf+yD; jynfou l u kd , kd pf m;ðywJh ppfreS w f n hJ v D mcHr[kw/f ppfwyfnv D mcHom jzpfrmS jzpfa=umif; twdt
vif;azmfxw k zf iG chf s qef@usiu f ef@uu G cf yhJ gw,f? wqufwnf;vdv k rkd mS yJ (7-1-1993) ae@peJG @J “jynf
wGi;f +idr;f csr;f a&;ESiyhf wfoufI jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;aumifp. D oabmxm; xkwjf yef
a=unmcsu”f udx k w k jf yef+yD; jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f xm0pOfwnfwchH ikd +f rJwhJ +idr;f csr;f r_u&kd &S&d eftwGuf
t&if;cHvt kd yfcsu}f uD; (3) &yf &Sw d ,fqw kd mudk xkwaf zmfcyhJ gw,f? tJ't D &if;cH vdt k yfcsu}f uD;ok;H &yf
uawmh (1) jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f qd;k 0g;pGmjzpfwnfaeonfh ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd t&if;tjrpfraS eI
zsuo f rd ;f ypf&rnf? (2) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tm;vk;H trsK;d om;wef;wla&;ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGit hf ajccH
ay:wGif ppfreS af om zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpu k kd wnfaqmuf&rnf? (3) jynfov l x l w
k &yfv;Hk tm;
'Dru kd a&pDEiS v hf @l tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tjynft h 0ay;tyf&rnfv@kd azmfjyxkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f? NCUB
289
0if;wifhxGef;
[m ppfreS w f jhJ ynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;udk vdv k m;wJt h wGuf (wzufu e0w ppftpd;k &u vufeufuikd v f l
rsK;d pk awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;awGukd wzG@J csi;f zJx h w k +f yD; typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J awGtjzpf wzG@J +yD;wzG@J
enf;rsK;d pkeH @J vyk af qmiftaumiftxnfazmfaecsed rf mS ) jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; oabm
xm;tjrifw&yfukd 1995 ckEpS -f rwfvxJrmS xyfraH zmfxw k w f ifjycJjh yef ygw,f? tJ'guawmh (3-
3-1995) ae@peJG @J xw k jf yefcw hJ hJ “jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;ESiyhf wfoufaom jynfaxmif pkjrefrmEdik if H t
rsK;d om;aumifp. D oabmxm;xkwjf yefcsu”f qdw k myJ jzpfygw,f? tJ'rD mS a&&Snw f nfwchH ikd +f rJ
aom ppfreS af om+idr;f csr;f a&;udk wnfaqmufEikd &f eftwGuf
(u) Edik if aH &;jy\emudk Edik if aH &;enf;tm;jzifh +idr;f csr;f pGmaqG;aEG;tajz&Sma&;?
(c) jy\emrSm yg0ifywfoufaeaom tiftm;pkrsm;tm;vk;H yg0ifaqG;aEG;ajz&Si;f cGi&hf a&;?
(*) yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;tcsi;f csi;f =um; tjyeftvSeaf v;pm;a&;ESihf wef;wltodtrSwðf ya&;qdw k hJ
tajccHrl (3) csuu f kd xkwaf zmfa=unmcJyh gw,f? jrefrmEdik if rH mS jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfay:cJ&h um
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; uif;rJah e&wJh ta=umif;&if;awGxrJ mS æ
(1) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d awG&ŒJ &oif&h xdu k w f hJ trsK;d om;tcGit hf a&;awGtwGuf +idr;f csr;f pGmwdu k yf 0JG ifr_
udk jrefrmEdik if H tpd;k &tqufqufe@J ppftm%m&Siaf wGujiif;y,fc+hJ yD; vufeufuikd af wmfveS rf _
od@k wGe;f yd@k ccH &hJ jcif;? eJ@ æ
(2) 'Dru kd a&pDEiS v hf @l tcGit hf a&;twGuf jynfov l x l &k ŒJ +idr;f csr;f pGmawmif;qdw k u kd yf 0JG ifra_ wGtay:
ppftm%m &Siaf wGu &ufpufpmG zdEydS cf =hJ uwJt h wGuf 'Dru kd a&pDvv kd m;olawG[m enf;rsK;d pkeH @J
&yfwnfwu kd yf 0JG ifae=u&jcif;qdw k hJ t"duta=umif;&if;jy\em (2) &yfa=umifv h @kd ±_jrifo;Hk oyf
azmfjycJyh gw,f? NCUB &JŒ oabmxm; xkwjf yefa=unmcsuaf wGtay: e0w ppftpd;k &uawmh
rodusK;d u|ðH yaecJ+h yD; vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; tzG@J tpnf;awGukd wzG@J csi;f tvdu k f typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J
awGtjzpf oabmwlnv D ufrw S af &;xd;k apcJ&h if; b,facwfumvueJ@rS rwlaom+idr;f csr;f a&;udk
vufawG@taumiftxnfazmf wnfaqmufatmifjrifae+yDtjzpf 0g'jzef@csd aºuG;a=umfvufraxmif
aecJyh gw,f?
e0w ppftpd;k &u twkta,miftrsK;d om;nDvmcH}uD;udyk J wzufowfxifovdk qufvuf
usi;f y vkyaf qmifaewma=umifh jynfwiG ;f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS nDvmcHwufa&mufaewJh
ud, k pf m;vS,af wG[m (29-11-1995) ae@rmS trsK;d om;nDvmcHuae oydwaf rSmuf xGucf gG vm=uwJh
tcg trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&ŒJ &yfwnfcsuef @J q;Hk jzwfcsut f ay: jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if t H rsK;d
om;aumifp}D uD;u 0rf;yef;wom axmufccH yhJ gw,f?
1996 ckEpS x f rJ mS awmh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;aumifp[ D m pwkwt W =urfajrmufnD
vmcHukd arv-16 &ufae@rS 23 &ufae@txdusi;f ycJ+h yD; ppftm%m&Sipf epfwu kd zf suaf &;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;/
'Dru kd a&pDa&;eJ@ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;qdw k hJ OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yfukd tcdik t f rm
xyfrcH srw S t f wnfðycJ=h uovdk r[mAsL[mvkyif ef;pOftjzpf (1) e0w&JŒ twkta,miftrsK;d om;nD
vmcHEiS hf nDvmcH&v'frsm;udk wdu k zf suo f mG ;&ef? (2) a':atmifqef;pk=unfacgi;f aqmifaom NLD
eJ@ jynfwiG ;f 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ ppf tm%m&Sipf epf qef@usiaf &;wdu k yf aJG wGukd 0ef;&HyyhH ;kd oGm;&ef?
290
(3) wEdik if v H ;Hk twdik ;f twmaqmifwhJ Edik if aH &; OD;wnfcsu&f dS ppftm%m&Siq f ef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_ay:
ayguv f map&ef? (4) e0w tm; Edik if w H umrS axmufcyH yhH ;kd r_rsm; usqif;oGm;ap&efqw kd hJ vkyif ef;pOf
Ù22
(4) csuu f vkd J csrw S cf =hJ uygw,f?
pwkwt W }urd af jrmufnv D mcHuae a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufvu kd w f hJ NCUB &JŒ OuUÏtjzpfuawmh
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD; apmbdjk ryJjzpf+yD;/ 'kw, d OuUÏawGtjzpf a'guw f m pde0f if;/ Adv k cf sKyf wmrvmabm/ OD;
0if;cufw@kd jzpf=uum/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;wifatmif/ wGb J uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; rd;k oD;
ZGew f @kd jzpf=uygw,f? NCUB udk obmywdtzG@J e@J twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J tjzpf wm0efcaJG 0owfrw S zf @JG
pnf;xm;&mrSm/ obmywdtzG@J rmS OuUÏ/ 'k-OuUÏ (3) OD;tjyif tzG@J 0ifawGtjzpfuawmh OD;wifarmif
0if;/ OD;armifarmifat;/ qvdik ;f rsK;d at;eJ@ OD;atmifapmOD;wd@k yg0if=uygw,f? twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J rmS u
awmh/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;/ wGb J uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;awGtjyif/ twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J 0ifawG
tjzpf OD;jrifah Zmf/ a'guw f m Edik af tmif/ cdik pf ;kd Edik af tmif/ cGeOf uUm/ cGerf wfu&kd b f ef/ OD;armifarmifvwf/
y'drk ef;&SmeJ@ OD;oef;xGËw f @kd yg0ifc=hJ uygw,f?
1996 ckEpS -f 'DZifbmrSm &efuek af usmif;om; qENjyyG}J uD;ay:ayguv f mwJt h cg 'DZifbm-9
&ufae@peJG @J NCUB OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;apmbdjk ru a=unmcsux f wk jf yef+yD; jywfom;pGmaxmufcH
a=umif; óud;yrf; tm;xkwrf a_ wGukd wd;k +yD;vkyaf qmifomG ;=u&efvakd =umif; azmfjyyg&cdS yhJ gw,f?
1997 ckEpS rf mS awmh NCUB twGi;f NCGUB &JŒyg0ifr_ ydrk rkd eS u f efatmif NCGUB &JŒae&mrSm
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;tzG@J (MPU) eJ@ tpm;xd;k ajymif;vJyg0ifapcJyh gw,f? (MPU u 1996/
arv-15 &ufae@rS pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mwm jzpfygw,f)? NCGUB [m pifòydit f pd;k &jzpf+yD;/
NCUB uawmh NCGUB pifòydit f pd;k &&JŒ ausmaxmufaemufcw H yfaygi;f pk}uD;ozG,f tquftpyf
Ù23
&S&d dS vkyaf qmifvy_ &f mS ; Edik cf =hJ uygw,f?
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;aumifpD (NCUB) [m pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcsed u f p+yD;
jynfwiG ;f jynfy Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_tajctaeawGe@J ywfouf+y;D awmfveS af &;'Da&twuftustvdu k /f
tajctaetcsed t f cg tcsK;d tauG@ tvSnt hf ajymif;awGtvdu k f vdt k yfwx hJ wk jf yefa=unmcsu/f
wdu k w f eG ;f E_;d aqmf yef=um;csuef @J axmufcu H ef@uu G f awmif;qdak z: jycsurf sK;d pku H kd tcsed rf D xkwjf yefa=u
nmEdik cf yhJ gw,f?
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;aumifpD (NCUB) tzG@J }uD; pwifay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ 1992
ckEpS rf S 2009 ckEpS u f mvtwGi;f NCUB &JŒ OuUÏwm0ef xrf;aqmifc=hJ uzl;olawGuawmh Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
apmbdjk r/ y'dak pmboif/ Adv k cf sKyf wmrabmwd@k jzpfc=hJ u+yD; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; jzpfc=hJ uzl;olawG
uawmh OD; wifatmif/ OD;atmifr;kd aZmf/ OD;armifarmif pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGjzpf=uygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm 1988 &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;aemufyikd ;f
rme,fyavma'oudt k ajccH+y;D ay:ayguv f mcJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf; awmfveS af &;wyfaygi;f pk
awGxrJ mS NCUB [m txif&mS ;qk;H tay:vGiq f ;Hk tzG@J tpnf;}uD;wckjzpfc+hJ yD; twdu k t f cH Edik if aH &;
tiftm;pk awGtrsm;qk;H yg0ifz@JG pnf;xm;wJh trsK;d om;aumifp}D uD;jzpfcw hJ t
hJ wGuf rSww f rf;wifxm;
&r,fh tzG@J tpnf;}uD;wck jzpfygw,f?
291
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(35) jrefrmEdik if H tvkyo
f rm;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf
Federation of Trade Unions Burma (FTUB)
jrefrmEdik if H tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf FTUB [m 1992 ckEpS t f wGi;f pwifz@JG pnf;ay:
ayguv f m cJyh gw,f? xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfukd awmcdak &muf&v dS mcJw h hJ OD;armifarmif (jynfopf!eG @f a0)
&JŒ t"duOD; aqmif v_y&f mS ;r_jzifh ay:ayguv f mwmjzpf+yD;/ OD;armifarmif[m taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
tjzpf wm0ef,l v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
e0w-etz ppftpd;k &vufxufrmS ppfwyfuae jynfov l xl t k ay: twif;t=uyf ay:wmqGJ
wm/ twif;t=uyf vkyt f m;ay;ac:,lapcdik ;f wm/ ppfwyftwGuf taqmuftODwef;vsm;utp
v,f/ ,m/ jc/H ajr/ xGe, f uf pdu k yf sK;d &dwo f rd ;f ay;apwmrsK;d tqk;H / enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@aom rw&m;cdik ;f
apzdEydS rf a_ wGukd ay:ay:xifxif &rf;&rf;um;um;ðyvkyaf qmif&u G af e&mrSm ppftpd;k &&JŒ tJ'v D kd ‘w
&m;r0iftwif;t"rR vkyt f m;cdik ;f apr_’ awGe@J ywfouf+yD; Edik if w H umuodatmif/ trsm;jynfoal wG
ud, k w f ikd v
f J ud, k t
hf cGit
hf a&; ud, k o f &d +dS yD; jyefvnfwek @f jyef0ahH tmif/ jrefrmEdik if H tvkyo f rm;rsm;
tzG@J csKyf (FTUB) [m ‘tjynfjynfqikd &f m vGwv f yfaom tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf (Inter-
national Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICFTU) eJ@ qufo, G af qmif&u G cf u
hJ m/ tjynfjynf
qdik &f m tvkyo f rm;tzG@J csKyf}u;D eJ@twly;l aygi;f +y;D us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ wufwufºuºG uG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh g
w,f? ILO &JŒ t"rRtvkycf ikd ;f apjcif;qdik &f m jyXmef;csuf trSwf (29) (Forced Labour Conven-
tion No.29, 1930) t&/ jrefrmEdi k if [ H m ILO jyXmef;csuf trSwf (29) udk vdu k ef musio hf ;Hk zd@k ysuuf u G f
aewJt h wGuf ILO zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHpnf;rsO;f tyd'k f (24) t&/ ta&;,lay;zd@k upd aP wGukd ICFTU u
aewqifh óud;yrf;vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f?
FTUB &JŒ wufwufºuºG uv G y_ &f mS ;r_/ 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf a_ wGa=umifh
ppftpd;k &u ‘jrefrmEdik if rH mS t"rRvyk t f m;cdik ;f apr_rsK;d r&S/d vkyt f m;'ge vkyt f m;ay;ukov kd , f rl r_ sK;d om
&Sw
d ,f’ qd+k yD; wavsmufv;Hk vdrn f m+zD;jzef;um wEdik if v H ;Hk ae&mtES@H rmS vuf&ZJ uf&J xifovdk
ac:aqmif trde@f ay; cdik ;f aptok;H csvmcJw h hJ ‘t"rR vkyt f m;cdik ;f apr_’ udpaP wG[m rzk;H Edik rf zdEikd af y:
ayguv f mcJ&h +yD;/ tjynfjynfqikd &f mtvkyo f rm;tzG@J csKyf (ILO) uyg 0ifa&mufuikd w f , G v f mcJ&h wJh
tajctae jzpfay:vmcJ&h ygw,f? jrefrmEdik if u H t"rRvyk t f m;cdik ;f apr_awGe@J ywfouf+yD; ILO u
1997 ckEpS rf mS pkpH rf;a&;aumfr&Sif zG@J pnf;aqmif&u G cf u
hJ m/ 1998 ckEpS -f Zlvikd rf mS aumfr&Si&f ŒJ tpD&ifcpH m
xkwjf yefc+hJ y;D t"rRtvkycf ikd ;f apr_reS o f r# &yfqikd ;f ypf&ef/ trsm;jynfoo l &d adS tmif tkycf sKyfry_ ikd ;f qdik &f m
Oya'udk xkwjf yefay;&ef/ t"rRtvkycf ikd ;f apolrsm;udk jypfrq _ ikd &f mOya' yk'rf (374) t& tjypfay;t
a&;,l&efqw kd mawGukd wdu k wf eG ;f cJyh gw,f? 1999-ZGev f rSm usi;f ywJh (87) }udraf jrmuf ILC nDvm
cHrmS awmh jrefrmEdik if t H pd;k &[m ILO pkpH rf;a&;aumfr&Si&f ŒJ qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;eJ@tnD/ taumiftxnf
azmfjcif;r&Sw d t hJ wGuf ta&;ay: qk;H jzwfcsuw f &yfukd csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? ‘t"rRcikd ;f apr_ yaysmufa&;qdik f
&mjyXmef;csuf trSw2f 9 taumiftxnfazmfa&; vkyif ef;rsm;twGurf w S yg;/ jrefrmEdik if u H kd rnfonfh
tultnDrS ray;&ef/ ILO rS }uD;rSL;usi;f ywJh tpnf;ta0;/ tvky±f aHk qG;aEG;yG/J pmwrf;zwfyrJG sm;od@k
292
jrefrmEdik if t H m; zdw=f um;jcif;rðy&ef’ qdw k hJ qk;H jzwfcsuyf J jzpfygw,f?
tusKd ;quftjzpfaemufq;Hk rSm jrefrmEdik if H etz ppftpd;k &[m ‘ILO qufo, G af &;t&m&Sd
wOD; &efuek rf mS xm;&Sad &;’ udk 2002 ckEpS /f arv-6 &ufup+yD; vufco H abmwlncD &hJ ygawmhw,f?
taumiftxnfazmfa&;udk wdwu d susrvkyaf qmifbJ trsK;d rsK;d vSnyhf wfqef@usiaf uG@a&Smif qifajc
ay;+yD;aecJah o;ayrJ/h ILO txl;tqifjh rift h zG@J awG vma&muf=unf±h _ awG@qaHk qG;aEG;wmawGuakd wmh
2005 ckEpS x f rJ mS vufcaH qG;aEG;vmcJ&h +yD; ILO &JŒ tjypfay;ta&;,lrmS awGuv kd J etz ppftpd;k &[m
xdwv f ef@vmcJ&h wJh tajctae&Scd yhJ gw,f? 'Dvrkd sK;d tajctaeawGxad tmif jzpfay:vm&wm[m
t"dutm;jzifh FTUB tzG@J }uD;&JŒ óud;yrf;v_y&f mS ;cJrh a_ wGe@J ywfoufaecJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh e0w-
etz ppftpd;k &uvJ/ FTUB eJ@ FTUB taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;armifarmiftay: enf;rsK;d pkeH @J ou d mQ
cswm/ ±_wcf swu kd cf u
kd w
f mawG vkycf yhJ gw,f?
FTUB [m t=urf;zuftzG@J tpnf;/ OD;armifarmifqw kd v
hJ [ l m t=urf;zuform;/ &mZ0wfr_
usL;vGecf o hJ l pojzifh ykaH zmfpyG pf JG xd;k ESu0f g'jzef@cscd yhJ gw,f? ILO tpnf;ta0;awGrmS OD;armifarmif
wufa&mufciG hf &aewmtay:rSmvJ uef@uu G q f ef@usicf yhJ gw,f?
tar&duef tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf AFL-CIO u 2001 ckEpS t f wGuf George
Meanylane Kirkland vl@tcGit hf a&;qkukd jrefrmEdik if H tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf FTUB rS
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;armifarmifukd ay;tyfcyhJ gw,f?
FTUB [m tvkyo f rm;a&;&mudpaP wGomru 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGe@J twl Edik if aH &;v_yf
&Sm;r_awGrmS vJ twly;l aygi;f v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G cf whJ hJ tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfcyhJ gw,f? tvkyo f rm;awG&ŒJ
ynma&; udp&P yfawGtwGuf jrefrmEdik if H tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyfuae ‘Burma Institute
for Democracy and Development’ udv k J wnfaxmifxm;Edik cf o hJ vdk 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;v_y&f mS ;r_awGxJ
rSmvJ wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? vuf&dS NCUB trsK;d om;aumifp&D ŒJ taxGaxGtwGi;f
a&;rSL;[mvJ FTUB rS OD;armifarmifyjJ zpfygw,f? FTUB &JŒ vuf&OdS uUÏuawmh OD;vSO;D jzpfygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf jrefrmEdik if t H vkyo f rm;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm FTUB [m xnfo h iG ;f rSwwf rf;wifay;
&r,fh tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfcyhJ gw,f?
(36) yavmifjynfe,f vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D

Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF)
OD;tduk rf ek ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ yavmifjynf vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfrawmf (PSLA) 1991 ckEpS -f

{+yv
D xJrmS e0w ppftpd;k &eJ@ typf&yfpaJ &;vkyo f mG ;+y;D +ird ;f tzG@J tjzpf cH,o
l mG ;+y;D aemufr=umcifrmS yJ
e0w vufatmuf usa&mufrcHvo kd l yavmiftrsK;d om;awG (txl;ojzifh yavmifrsK;d cspf vli,fawG)
uae ‘yavmifjynfe,f vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D PSLF’ udk zG@J pnf;cJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f? yavmiftrsK;d
om;awG&ŒJ tusK;d pD;yGm;zufu &yfwnfum yavmiftrsK;d om;awG&ŒJ vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf e0w
293
0if;wifhxGef;
ppftpdk;&udk qufvufqef@usif wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;Edkifa&;twGuf PSLF udk rme,fyavmrSmyJ
zG@J pnf;xlaxmifc=hJ uwmjzpfygw,f?
(ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udq k ifEv JG mcJw h hJ yavmiftrsK;d om;awG&ŒJ 0g&ifh
Edik if aH &; tzG@J tpnf;}u;D jzpfwhJ PSLA [m tusyt f wnf;aygi;f pkaH =umifh e0wppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf
&yfpaJ &; ,lvu kd &f wJt h csed rf mS yavmiftrsK;d om;a&;udk rsK;d qufopfrsm;u qufvufo,faqmifvyk f
udik Ef ikd af &;twGuf PSLF udk zG@J pnf;xlaxmifc=hJ u&mrSm PSLF tzG@J ay:ayguv f ma&;twGuf t"d
ua&SŒaqmifvrf;jy t=uHay;cJo h u l awmh (e0w ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vky&f mrSm ygomG ;cJh
&+y;D PSLA &JŒ aemufq;Hk ppfO;D pD;csKyjf zpfco hJ )l yavmifacgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfol ‘wmnDv;Hk ’ yJ jzpfygw,f)?
yavmifjynfe,fvw G af jrmufa&;wyfO;D PSLF [m KNU/ KNPP wd@k vkd vufeufuikd af wmf
vSeaf &;tzG@J tpnf;awGe@J vufw+JG yD; e0w ppftm%mpepfqef@usiaf &;wdu k yf t JG wGi;f qufvufyg0if
v_y&f mS ;cJo h vdk 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGe@J y;l aygi;f +yD; 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f rSmvJ
wufwufºuºG uG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd &ufwpf r[mrdwt f zG@J csKyf (r'rc) &JŒ 1993
ckEpS -f Zlvikd rf mS ðyvkyw f hJ yxrqk;H t}udrv f mcHukd wufa&mufEikd cf +hJ yD; vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; t
zG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒ wyfaygi;f pk}u;D jzpfwhJ ‘r'w (NDF)’ xJrmS vJ qufvufy;l aygi;f yg0ifEikd cf iG &hf cJyh gw,f?
t&ifu PSLA yg0ifc+hJ yD; e0w ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lomG ;wJt h csed rf mS E_wx f u G f
oGm;cJ&h wJah e&mrSm yavmiftrsK;d om;awGukd ud, k pf m;ðy+y;D PSLF u topfwzef tpm;xd;k jznfq h nf;
Edik cf yhJ gw,f? ‘r'w’ wyfaygi;f pk}uD;xJrmS vuf&dS (2009) umvrSm r'w &JŒ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
tjzpf yavmifjynfe,fvw G af jrmufa&;wyfO;D rS rdik b f ek ;f ausmu f wm0ef,al qmif&u G af eygw,f?
1997 ckEpS -f Zefe0g&rD mS u&ifjynfe,f r,foa&mxmrSmusi;f yðyvkycf w hJ hJ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d
rsm; ES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG kd yg0ifwufa&mufc+hJ yD; ‘r,foa&mxm oabmwlncD su’f udk wjcm;aom
wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;awGe@J twl PSLF uvJ yg0ifvufrw S af &;xd;k &mrSm PSLF
rS rdik t f u kd zf ek ;f u vufrw S af &;xd;k cJyh gw,f?
etz ppftpd;k &eJ@ typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J jzpfomG ;cJ&h wJh PSLA tzG@J [m yavmifacgi;f aqmiftcsi;f
csi;f =um;rSmvJ pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf ò_ ydu/JG ppftpd;k &ud, k w f ikd u
f vJ enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ csKyfuikd zf t d m;ay;aer_
atmufrmS 2005 ckEpS /f {+yD -29 &ufae@rmS typf&yftzG@J tqifu h ae ppftpd;k &xH t+y;D tydik v f ufeuf
tyfwt hJ qift h xd av#musòydqif;oGm;&wJt h csed rf mS PSLA &JŒ vufeufcsrt _ ay: PSLF u uef@
uGuq f ef@usicf yhJ gw,f? a=unmcsux f w k jf yef+yD;udk a0zef±w _ cf scyhJ gw,f?
PSLF tzG@J &ŒJ wwd,t}ur dn
f v D mcHukd xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfwae&mrSm 2009 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbm-
21 rS 23 &ufae@txd usi;f yðyvkycf +hJ y;D aemuf etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ ‘2008 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'’
udk wdu k zf suo f mG ;&efe@J 2010 a&G;aumufyu JG kd jywfjywfom;om; qef@usiu f ef@uu G o f mG ;r,fv h yk if ef;
pOfukd taumiftxnfazmfomG ;&ef qk;H jzwfc=hJ uygw,f? wwd,t}udraf jrmufnv D mcHuae aemuf
qk;H a&G;cs,f wifajrm‡ ufvu kd w f hJ PSLF &JŒ OuUÏtjzpfuawmh rdik t f u dk zf ek ;f jzpf+y;D / taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;
rSL;tjzpf rdik b f ek ;f ausm/f wGzJ uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wmqdrk srt f ygt0if A[dt k vkyt f r_
aqmifaumfrwD0if (7) OD;eJ@ topfwzef zG@J pnf;cJ=h uygw,f?
294
(37) ytd0k jhf ynfo@l vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J ( cGeOf uUmtzG@J )

PaO People Liberation Organization (PPLO)
OD;atmifcrf;xDacgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf (PNO)’u 1991 ckEpS -f rwfvxJrmS
e0w ppftpd;k &eJ@ +idr;f csr;f a&;,lz@kd q;Hk jzwfvu kd +f yD;/ w&m;0if typftcwf&yfpaJ &; ,lomG ;vdu k +f yD;/
wJah emufyikd ;f rSm xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfa&muf cGeOf uUmOD;pD;wJh ytd0k t hf iftm;pkuae 1991 ckEpS /f ZGef
v-18 &ufae@rmS ytd0k jhf ynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;tzG@J (PPLO) udk KNU XmecsKyftajcpdu k &f m rm
e,fyavmrSm pwifxal xmif zG@J pnf;cJ=h uygw,f? 1991 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd m-10 &ufae@rmS xdik ;f -
jrefrme,fpyfrmS ‘ytd0k jhf ynfo@l vw G f ajrmufa&;tzG@J (PPLO) zG@J pnf;+yD;a=umif; w&m;0ifa=unmcJyh g
w,f?
pwifz@JG pnf;vdu k w f hJ (PPLO) ytd0k jhf ynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;tzG@J &ŒJ OuUÏuawmh cGeOf uUmjzpf+y;D
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; cGew f ufv/l wGb J uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; q&mcGet f ;kd (Khun Oh) eJ@
tzG@J 0ifrsm; tjzpfuawmh q&mcGerf sK;d / q&mr eef;EG@J EJG w h @kd jzpf=uygw,f?
cGeOf uUmOD;aqmifwhJ ytd0k jhf ynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;tzG@J (PPLO) [m ‘r'w’ tzG@J 0ifvJ jzpf
cJo
h vdk ‘r'rc’ tzG@J 0ifvjJ zpfc+hJ yD; wjcm;aom 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0ifEikd if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/
wdik ;f &if;om; awmfveS af &; vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkrsm;eJ@yg yl;aygi;f v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? PPLO OuUÏ
OD;cGeOf uUm[m ‘trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk r'w’ &JŒ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;txdvJ wm0ef,cl hJ
zl;ovd/k ‘jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H trsK;d om;aumifpD (NCUB)’ &JŒ twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J 0iftjzpfvJ
wm0efxrf;aqmifc&hJ zl;ygw,f?
2009 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm-8 &ufae@rmS awmh ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;tm;vk;H wpnf;wvk;H wnf;jzpfa&;
tajccHay:uae ppftpd;k &eJ@ raphpyfwrf;qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifae=uwJh ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;awmfveS af &;
tiftm;pktm;vk;H yg0if=uwJ/h ytd0k t hf rsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J csKyf (PNLO) udk topfwzef
jyefvnfppk nf; zG@J pnf;vdu k w f t hJ csed rf mS awmh PPLO tzG@J }u;D vJ ‘PNLO’ tjzpf yl;aygi;f yg0ifomG ;&um
‘PPLO’ tzG@J }uD;&JŒtrnf[m aysmufu, G o f mG ;&ygawmhw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;awG&ŒJ vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuóf ud;yrf;v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uwJh ytd0k v hf wG f
ajrmufa&;/ ytd0k ahf wmfveS af &;eJ@ Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f awGtwGi;f rSmawmh OD;cGeOf uUmOD;aqmifwhJ
ytd0k jhf ynfo@l v$waf jrmufa&;tzG@J [mvJ pm&if;wifxm;&r,ft h zG@J wzG@J jzpfygw,f?
(rSwcf suf ? ?ytd0k t hf rsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J csKyf (PNLO) tzG@J }uD;eJ@ qufpyfzwf¶y_ g&ef)?
(38) jynfaxmifp=k uHch ikd af &;ESihf zG@H òz;a&;toif; (=uHzh @HG )

Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA)
‘jynfaxmifp=k uchH ikd af &;ESihf zG@H òz;d a&;toif;’ udk 1993 ckEpS /f pufwifbm-15 &ufae@rmS e0w ppf
295
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tpd;k &uae zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifay;cJw h t hJ wGuf ay:ayguv f mcJ&h jcif;jzpfygw,f? e0w OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyf
}uD; oef;a&$u, kd w f ikd f em,u}uD;tjzpf twdtvif;cH,al =unm+yD;/ 'kw, d wyfrawmf umuG,af &;
OD;pD;csKyf/ umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf (=unf;)/ umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf (a&)/ umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf (av)
wd@k awGyg A[dek m,utzG@J 0ifawGtjzpf yg0ifz@JGpnf;xm;wJh toif;tzG@J tpnf;}u;D wck jzpfygw,f?
e0w ppftpd;k &[m vufeufe@J tm%modr;f wufvmcJ&h wJh tpd;k &jzpfaewJt h wGuf vlxk
aemufcrH &Sw d t hJ wGuf vdt k yfwv hJ yk if ef;aqmifwmawGukd taumiftxnfazmf&&mrSm vlx=k um;t
ok;H csEikd zf @kd &nf&, G +f yD;/ ausmaxmufaemufcH vlra_ &;tzG@J tpnf;w&yftjzpf a'guw f ikd }f uD;wcktjzpf
‘jynfaxmifpk =uchH ikd af &;ESihf zG@H òz;d a&;toif;’ }u;D udk zG@J pnf;xlaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfygw,f? (ArmjynfEikd if aH &;
ordik ;f rSm ppfwyfuae yxrqk;H t}udrf tm%modr;f ,lc+hJ yD;/ tdraf pmift h pd;k &tjzpf ykaH zmfc&hJ pOf
1958-1959 ckEpS t f rd af pmift h pd;k & acwfumvwke;f uvJ ‘jynfaxmifpk =uHch ikd af &;toif;’ qdw k mudk
wEdik if v H ;Hk twdik ;f twmeJ@z@JG pnf;cJ+h yD;/ ppftyk pf &k ŒJ vlxak emufct H zG@J tpnf;tjzpfe@J tok;H ðycJ&h zl;wJh
tpOftvmtwdik ;f / ykw H ql ufvufu;l ,lum jynfaxmifp=k uchH ikd af &;ESihf zG@H òz;d a&;toif;}u;D udk zG@J pnf;cJh
wmjzpfygw,f? ppfwyf&ŒJ ausmaxmufaemufcH a'guw f ikd t
f zG@J tpnf;tjzpfe@J z@JG pnf;&mrSm emrnf
awmif twlwv l ykd jJ zpfc&hJ ygw,f)?
zG@J pnf;pu tmabmfxw k af ºuG;a=umf&mrSmvJ (1958-59 tdraf pmift h pd;k &acwfu xkwaf zmf
aºuG;a=umfcJhovdk) EdkifiHa&;eJ@rywfouf/ EdkifiHa&;taoG;ta&mifryg/ vlr_a&;oufoufudkom
aZmufcsaqmif&u G rf ,fh toif;/ vlra_ &;toif;}uD;tjzpf ykaH zmfaºuG;a=umf 0g'jzef@cscd yhJ gw,f? tdrf
apmift h pd;k &acwfu ‘=uchH ikd af &;’ awG[m ppfwyf&ŒJ xm;&mae/ ap&moGm;/ cdik ;f &mvky/f 'v#K'd vHtvkyf
vufuikd w f w k t f vkyaf wGyg vkyu f ikd af y;cJ&h ovd/k e0w ppftpd;k &acwf ‘jynfaxmifp=k uHch ikd af &;ESihf
zG@H òzd;a&;toif;’ 0ifawG[mvJ e0w rS csrw S af y;wJh vkyif ef;wm0efawGukd vufuikd w f w k af wGtjzpf
wufwufºuGºuGvu kd ef m taumiftxnfazmf ay;&ygw,f?
ppftpd;k &u ‘jynfaxmifp=k uHch ikd af &;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;toif;’ }uD;udk twdak umuftm;jzifh ‘jynfcikd f
òzd;’ vd@k ac:a0:uifyeG ;f wyfay;cJah yrJ/h ‘=uHzh @HG ’ vd@k omvlord sm;cJ+h yD; 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0if vlxb k uf
awmfom;awGuawmh ‘=uHzh w G ’f vd@k yJ ac:a0:cJ=h uygw,f?
jynfaxmifp=k uHch ikd af &;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;toif;udk ‘jynfaxmifpk ròyduaJG &;/ wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD
!Gwrf _ ròyduaJG &;/ Edik if aH wmf tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;/ trsK;d *k%Zf mwd*% k f jrifrh m;a&;udk
a&S;±_vsuf rsK;d csppf w d "f mwf &Sio f efxufjrufapa&;eJ@ Edik if aH wmfz@HG òzd;wd;k wuf&efEiS hf at;csr;f om,m
aom acwfrED ikd if aH wmf}uD; jzpfay:vma&;’ qdw k hJ &nf&, G cf suf (5) csuef @J zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfw,fv@kd
w&m;0iftm;jzifh azmfjycJah yrJ/h e0w ppftpd;k &[m ppftpd;k &&JŒ tm%mwnfwchH ikd +f rJapa&;twGuf
vdo k vdt k ok;H csEikd zf @kd awmifyt H zG@J tpnf; wcktjzpf zG@J pnf;xlaxmifcw hJ mjzpfygw,f?
=uHzh @HG [m ppftpd;k &xdyo f ;D }uD;awGu, kd w f ikd f em,uðyyg0ifz@JG pnf;xm;wJh trmcHtzG@J tpnf;
}uD; jzpfwmeJ@tnD/ txl;tcGit hf a&;ay;cH/ txl;ajr‡mufyifh od'w d< ifay;jcif;cH&wJh tzG@J tpnf;}uD;
vJjzpfcyhJ gw,f? =uHzh @HG toif;}uD;&JŒA[du k kd zG@J pnf;+yD;wmeJ@wòydief uf wdik ;f eJ@jynfe,fawGomru/ c
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296
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tjzpf yg0ifc=hJ uovd/k wjynfv;Hk u ppfwikd ;f rSL;}uD;awGtoD;oD;[mvJ oufqikd &f mjynfe,fe@J wikd ;f
tqifh =uzhH @HG toif;}u;D awG&ŒJ em,uwm0efawGuykd g yl;wGw J m0ef,x l m;=u&wJt h wGu/f =uzhH @HG toif;
}u;D [m ppftpd;k &&JŒ ppfwyf&ŒJ ausmaxmufaemufcðH y toif;}u;D qdw k m ay:ay:xifxifukd azmfjyae+y;D
jzpfygw,f?
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oif;awG&ŒJ 0ifaiG/ &HyaHk iG cdik rf mawmifw h if;apa&;twGu/f tusK;d tjrwfe@J &aygu&f vrf;aumif;wJh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;eJ@ vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sK;d pku H v kd t J pd;k &uae w&m;0ifcsay;cGiðhf yay;cJw h t hJ wGu/f =uzhH @HG toif;awG
[m ae&mwumtompD;& vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf awGjzpfc±hJ rHk u pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; pm;usuaf wmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk
vJ tydik t f pm;& tkypf ;D ydik q f ikd Ef ikd cf iG &hf cJ=h uygw,f? =uzhH @HG toif;0ifawGukd pkaqmif;&mrSmvJ acsmjh rLruf
vk;H ay;wJeh nf;a&m/ rvdrw hf ywf vkyw f ehJ nf;awGtjyif/ twif;t"rRzd tm;ay;t0ifcikd ;f wJeh nf;awGyg
enf;vrf;aygi;f pku H sio hf ;Hk +yD;/ ae&ma'otES@H =uHzh @HG toif;awGtv#Kt d v#Kd ay:ayguaf pcJyh gw,f? 'g
a=umifh tcsed w f w kd cktwGi;f rSmyJ/ tzG@J 0if ta&twGuyf rm%trsm;qk;H / tiftm;t}uD;qk;H aom
tzG@J tpnf;}u;D w&yftoGif ykaH y: jzpfwnfvmcJyh gw,f? wEdik if v H ;Hk vlO;D a&rS oef; (50) ausmyf &J cdS sed rf mS /
=uzhH @HG toif;0ifaygi;f u oef; (20) ausmaf vmuf&w dS thJ xd ArmjynfrmS t}u;D qk;H aom toif;tzG@J }u;D
wcktjzpfyaHk y:vmcJ&h ygw,f? tpd;k &0efxrf;awGreS o f r# Edik if aH &;eJ@rywfouf&vd@k e0w ppftpd;k &u
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txd ajAmifusus pnf;¶H;k v_@H aqmford ;f oGi;f yg0ifapcJo h vd/k ausmif;awGxu J ausmif;olausmif;om;
awGuv kd J rufv;Hk trsK;d rsK;d ay;+yD;/ usK;H oGi;f owfrw S yf g0ifz@JG pnf;apcJyh gw,f?
=uHzh @HG toif;}uD;[m etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ vufuikd w f w k t f oif;}uD;jzpfwmeJ@tnD/ tqift h oD;
oD;u =uHzh @HG acgi;f aqmif}uD;i,fawG&ŒJ &rf;um;yufpufyaHk wGuvJ vlx=k um;rSm atmhEv S ;Hk emzG,f
ajAmifusus ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? =uHzh @HG (A[d)k &JŒ twGi;f a&;rSL;}uD;jzpfwhJ rD;&xm;0ef}uD; OD;0if;pde[ f m
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=uzhH @HG toif;0ifawGtm;vk;H udk ‘atmifqef;pk=unfukd owf&o J vm;’ qdw k ahJ r;cGe;f udk t}urd af ygi;f rsm;
pGm wdik o f aH y;ar;jref;atmf[pf v_@H aqmfaoG;xd;k ay;cJyh gw,f? 1996/ Ed0k ifbm-9 &ufae@rmS vJ
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a&SŒwef;tcef;uae yg0iftok;H awmfccH &hJ ygw,f?
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ppftpd;k &&JŒtmabmf jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm&JŒ w&m;0ifazmfjycsut f & 2007 ckEpS t f xdt
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Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; oef;a&$u, kd w f ikd f rde@f ceG ;f pum;¹rGu=f um;avh&o dS vd/k npmpm;yG}J uD;eJ@vJ wnfcif;{nfch H
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301
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pD;csKyf (a&)/ umuG,af &; OD;pD;csKyf (av) wd@k jzpf=uovdk taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;uawmh Adv k cf sKyf
aX;OD;jzpfygw,f?
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‘=uchH ikd af &;’ toif;}u;D xufvJ ydrk Akd v kd uf srif;rlEikd cf iG hf tjynft
h 0&&Scd +hJ y;D ae&mwum ygav&mig;ydcsuf
vkyEf ikd cf iG &hf toif;}uD;jzpfc+hJ yD; e0w-etz ppftm%m&Siw f @kd &ŒJ wu,fah 'guw f ikd t
f zG@J tpnf;}uD;ppf
ppf jzpfygw,f?
(39) jrefrmEdik if H a&SŒaersm;aumifpD

Burma Lawyers' Council (BLC)
‘jrefrmEdik if H a&SŒaersm;aumifpD (BLC)’ udk 1994 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd m-20 &ufae@rmS

rme,fyavmrSm pwif zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
(BLC tzG@J }uD;ay:ayguv f ma&;twGuf a&SŒae}uD;jzpfol OD;atmifx;l uae uruxðy p
wifv@H_ aqmf v_y&f mS ;óu;d yrf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? 1992 ckEpS rf mS rme,fyavm wdu k yf pJG OfumvawGtwGi;f /
*syefEikd if rH aS &SŒae}u;D (20) ausmcf ef@ xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfo@kd vma&mufavhvmcJ=h upOftwGi;f / a&SŒae}uD;
OD;atmifx;l eJ@ awG@qjHk zpfc=hJ u&mrSm ‘[dt k zG@J onftzG@J rsm;rSm a&SŒae}uD;awGyg0ifvy_ &f mS ;aewm
awG@&&dS a=umif;/ a&SŒaersm;omyg0ifwhJ a&SŒaetzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpfz@JG pnf;v_y&f mS ;Edik v f #if yd+k y;D tusK;d &Sd
Edik af =umif;’ qd+k yD; *syefa&SŒaersm;u t=uHay;cJ=h uygw,f? tJ't D =uHay;csuu f kd OD;atmifx;l u
b0wlwu kd yf 0JG ifa&SŒaeawGukd csjyaqG;aEG;oabmxm; &,lwmawG ðyvkycf +hJ y;D / eD;pyfw&hJ nfreS ;f csuw f /l
,k=H unfcsuw f l a&SŒae}u;D awGe@J a&SŒaetzG@J tpnf;wckazmfaqmifa&;udk tajccHtm;jzifh oabmwlnD
r_&vmcJ=h u+yD;/ &v'ftjzpf BLC tzG@J }uD;jzpfay:vma&; ±kyv f ;Hk ay:vmum 20-10-1994 ae@rmS
BLC tzG@J }uD; pwifjzpfwnfay:ayguf vmcJw h mjzpfygw,f)? jrefrmEdik if H a&SŒaersm;aumifpu D kd
atmufyga&SŒae}uD;awGe@J pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
(1) OD;ode;f OD; - OuUÏ
(2) OD;atmifx;l - twGi;f a&;rSL;
302
(3) OD;zdvpfprdu k f - tzG@J 0if
(4) OD;cifarmif0if; - tzG@J 0if
(5) OD;jrifo h %d ;f - tzG@J 0if
(6) cGeOf uUm - tzG@J 0if
(7) OD;0if;armif - tzG@J 0if
(8) OD;armifarmifvwf - tzG@J 0if
(9) apm&,f*seD ,fa&$ - tzG@J 0if
(10) Edik af zode;f Zm - tzG@J 0if
(11) OD;rsK;d 0if; - tzG@J 0if wd@k awG jzpf=uygw,f?
(u) jrefrmEdik if w H iG f Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;/ vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf 'Drukd a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm; wd;k wufa&;wd@k twGuf
ynmay;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;vkyaf qmifomG ;&ef?
(c) Oya'a&;&mudprP sm;ESihf tem*wfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;udp&P yfrsm;wGif tul
tnDay;&ef?
(*) vlxt k "du vl@tzG@J tpnf; (civil society) ay:xGe;f a&;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;wGif yl;aygi;f yg0ifaqmif&u G f
&ef qdw k &hJ nf&, G cf suf (3) cke@J pwifz@JG pnf;cJ=h uygw,f?
BLC [m vGwv f yfaom tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpf+yD;/ rnfonfEh ikd if aH &;ygw&D ŒJ vufatmufcrH rS
[kwb f J a&SŒaersm;/ Oya'ynm&Sirf sm;&JŒwOD;csi;f pD rdrw d @kd &ŒJ vGwv f yfaom oabmqENawGt& yl;
aygi;f yg0ifz@JG pnf; cJ=h uwmjzpfw,fv@kd vJ wdwv d if;vif;azmfjycJyh gw,f?Ù25
BLC [m vGwv f yfaom tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfwmtrSeaf yrJh ‘jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;
aumifpD (NCUB)’ eJ@ wufnv D ufnD yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifra_ wG&cdS +hJ yD; t"dutm;jzifh NCUB u
Edik if aH &;t& ausmaxmufaemufcðH yxm;ygw,f? vl@tcGit hf a&;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;awGtwGuf ‘trsK;d
orD;tzG@J csKyf (jrefrmEdik if )H ’ tygt0if tjcm;aom vl@tcGit hf a&;tzG@J tpnf;awGe@J vJ yl;aygi;f ndE‡ id_ ;f
vkyaf qmifwmawG&ydS gw,f?
BLC [m a&SŒaersm;tzG@J tpnf;jzpfwmeJ@tnD/ vl@tcGit hf a&;eJ@ Oya'a&;&moifwef;awGukd
awmfawmfus,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ zGiv hf pS yf @kd csay;wmawG vkyaf qmifEikd cf yhJ gw,f? 1996 ckEpS u f p+yD;
xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyf/ tdE, dN -jrefrme,fpyf/ w±kw-f jrefrme,fpyfa'oawGtygt0if wdik ;f &if;om;
vufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;rsm; v$r;f rd;k xm;&m jynfwiG ;f a'oawGrmS ‘vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf Oya'a&;&m’
&ufowWywf (1) ywf/ (2) ywf/ (1) v oifwef;awGy@kd csay;Edik cf o hJ vdk 2001 rS 2005 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSm
(3) v oifwef;awGtxd wd;k jr‡iyhf @kd csay;Edik cf &hJ mrSm (12) ESpt f wGi;f oifwef;om;aygi;f (4000)
ausmt f xd yd@k csay;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? civil society vd@k ac:wJh vlxt k "du vl@tzG@J tpnf;wnfaqmufa&;
tawG;tac:t,ltqawGuv kd J jrefrmEdik if H 'Dru kd a&pD a&;v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f udk 1997 ckEpS rf pS +yD;
pepfwusjzef@a0cJ&h mrSm BLC u yd@k cswo hJ ifwef;awGxrJ mS bmom&yfwcktjzpf xnfo h iG ;f yd@k csay;cJh
ovdk ‘vlxt k "du vl@tzG@J tpnf;’ trnfe@J pmtkyv f J xkwaf 0jzef@cscd yhJ gw,f? BLC [m jrefrm
Edik if t
H wGi;f jzpfymG ;aewJh jzpf&yfawGe@J ywfouf+y;D vl@tcGit hf a&;/ Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;eJ@ w&m;r#wr_&&Sad &;¶_
303
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axmifu h ae owif;tcsut f vufrsm;pkaqmif;wmawGtjyif/ rSww f rf;wif vkyif ef;Xmewckwnf
axmifxm;+y;D ykrH eS rf w S wf rf;wifwmawGvJ vkyaf qmifEikd cf yhJ gw,f? tcgtm;avsmpf mG xkwjf yefcsurf sm;
ok;H oyfcsurf sm;eJ@oak woepmwrf;rsm;udv k J xkwaf 0jzef@csEd ikd cf o hJ vd/k 1996 ckEpS u f p+y;D ‘tajccHOya'
a&;&mpmapmif’(,ck avmuygvOya'a&;&m pmapmif) udk (3) vw}udrf xkwaf 0cJ+h yD;aemuf
‘Legal issues on Burma Journal’udv k J t*Fvyd b f momeJ@ xkwaf 0jzef@csEd ikd cf yhJ gw,f? BLC [m
Oya'a&;&m taxmuftulay;tyfra_ wGuv kd J vkyaf qmifay;tyfc&hJ mrSm 2003 ck/ arv-14 &uf
ae@u xdik ;f -rJaqmufòrdŒe,f/ r,fyaus;&GmrSm jrefrmEdik if rH S a&$Œajymif;tvkyo f rm; (6) OD;udk xdik ;f
a'ocH wdu k ef ,fo}l uD;eJ@ aemufvu kd jf ynfo@l ppfawGuae owfjzwfc=hJ uwJh vlowfr}_ uD;twGuf
usL;vGeo f l w&m;cHawGukd axmif'%fwoufwu|e;f awGxd jypf'%fcsrw S Ef ikd af tmif ulnaD qmif&u G f
Edik cf +hJ yD;/ etz ppftpd;k &u 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm; wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ vl@tcGit hf a&;v_yf
&Sm;olrsm;tay: rawmfrw&m;zdEydS af er_awGuv kd J pOfqufrjywfavhvmum urBmuodatmif zGihf
csa0zef&if;/ vufvrS ;f rDor# Oya'qdik &f m taxmuftulawG ay;tyfcyhJ gw,f?
tem*wfzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qG&J mrSm BLC
[m ta&;ygwt hJ cef;uae wufwufºuºG uyG g0ifc+hJ y;D ‘r'rc’/ NCUB/ NCGUB wd@k e@J yl;wGv J yk af qmif
cJyh gw,f? BLC &JŒ todom tay:vGiq f ;Hk vkyaf qmifra_ wGtjzpf ajym&rSmuawmh 2003 arvujzpf
yGm;cJw h hJ etz ppftpd;k &ud, k w f ikd f yg0ifywfoufusL;vGecf w hJ hJ ‘'Dy, J if; vky=f uHr}_ uD;’ tay: NCUB
eJ@vufw+JG y;D ‘'Dy, J if;vky=f urH _ pHpk rf;a&;aumfr&Si’f zG@J pnf;+y;D wufwufºuºG uG azmfxw k zf iG chf svyk af qmif
jyEdik cf w hJ meJ@ etz ppftpd;k & wm0ef&o dS l jypfru _ sL;vGeo f al wGukd Edik if w H umjypfrw _ &m;¶H;k (ICC) u
ta&;,lciG &hf vma&;twGuf pGr;f pGr;f wrHóud;yrf;aqmif&u G af ejcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? 2009 ckEpS -f Ed0k ifbm
rSm e,fomvefEikd if H ‘onf[w d ’f òrŒd rSmusi;f ycJw h hJ ‘Edik if wH um jypfrq _ ikd &f mw&m;¶H;k wnfaxmifonfh
wdik ;f jynftpd;k &rsm;. (8) }urd af jrmuf nDvmcH’ udk BLC rS taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;atmifx;l wuf
a&mufEikd cf +hJ yD; jrefrmEdik if u H tajctaeawGukd wurBmvk;H u ydrk o kd &d tdS m±kpH u kd vf matmif wqifw h ;kd
vkyaf qmifEikd cf yhJ gw,f?
BLC [m 2005 ckEp S uf p+yD; xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfwae&mrSm ‘jynfaxmifpk Oya' tu,f'rD
ausmif;’ wckukd wnfaxmifziG v hf pS Ef ikd cf +hJ yD; tar&duef/ qG'D if/ t*FvefEikd if w H @kd rS Oya'ygarmuQ (4)
OD;eJ@ twl BLC rS tvkyt f r_aqmif (3) OD;yg0ifwhJ tuJ'rpfbw k t f zG@J zG@J pnf;xm;Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
2006-2007 ckEpS rf mS yxrtokwf ausmif;qif;yGv J yk Ef ikd cf +hJ yD; 2009-2010 twGuf 'kw, d tokwu f kd
qufvufy@kd csay;aeqJ jzpfygw,f?
BLC [m urBmay:rSm t}uD;qk;H Civil Society Organization jzpfwhJ ‘Social Watch
International’ &JŒ tzG@J 0iftzG@J tpnf;vJjzpfovdk Global Justic Center (GJC) eJ@ urBmo h ufwrf;
t&ifq h ;Hk vl@tcGit hf a&;tzG@J }uD;jzpfwhJ jyifopftajcpdu k f (FIDH) tzG@J tpnf;}uD;&JŒ yHyh ;kd axmufcrH e_ @J
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf a_ wGuv kd J &&Sad qmif&u G af ewJh tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfygw,f?
jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ 'Drukd a&pDa&;/ vl@tcGit hf a&;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &;awGrmS Oya'qdik f
&m vrf;a=umif;zufuae wufwufºuGºuG OD;aqmifvy_ &f mS ;aewJh tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfwma=umif/h
304
etz ppftpd;k & jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;Xmeuae jrefrmEdik if H a&SŒaersm;aumifpu D kd 2009 ckEpS /f {+yD-30
&ufae@ae@peJG @J ‘rw&m;oif;tjzpf’ owfrw S f xkwjf yefa=unmcJyh gw,f?
tcsKyftm;jzifq h &kd &if jrefrmEdik if H a&SŒaersm;aumifp[ D m Oya'ynm&Sif a&SŒaersm;&JŒ vGwv f yf
wJh tzG@J tpnf;w&yfyjJ zpfayrJ/h jrefrmEdik if t H ygt0if wurBmvk;H u w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;udpaP wGukd
wwfEikd &f mtcef;uae yg0ifvyk af qmifaewJt h zG@J / vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufra_ wGukd azmfxw k +f yD;
Oya'a=umif;t& ta&;,lEikd af &;vkyaf qmifaewJt h zG@J / +idr;f csr;f wJeh nf;vrf;eJ@ jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ zG@J pnf;
tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'qdik &f mvkyif ef;awGukd vkyaf qmiftaumiftxnfazmfaewJh tzG@J }uD;jzpfwhJ
twGu/f etz ppftm%m&Sit f yk pf ;kd r_ òzdcsa&;wdu k yf pJG OftwGi;f rSm ta&;ygwt hJ zG@J }uD;wcktjzpf
rSwwf rf;wifxm;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J csKyf
All Burma Students League (ABSL)
‘jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J csKyf ABSL’udk 1994 ckEpS /f Zlvikd -f 30 &ufae@rmS
pwif zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;t+yD; tdE, dN Edik if zH ufjcrf;udak &muf&v dS mcJ=h uwJh
tdE, dN a&muf 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0if jrefrmausmif;om;awGuae pwifz@JG pnf;xlaxmifc=hJ uwm
jzpfygw,f?
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ r+yD;qk;H ao;aom tqk;H owfatmifyu JG kd t&,lEikd zf @kd 'Dru
kd a&pD
a&;/ ppftm%m&Sipf epfcsKy+f ird ;f a&;udk &nfreS ;f csut f jzpfxm;+y;D ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ ‘ABSL’ tzG@J csKyfukd
OuUÏtjzpf &Jabmf nDnv D iG /f 'k-OuUÏtjzpf &Jabmf oH'w k /f taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; &Jabmf o#m;
atmif/ wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; &Jabmf ausmaf usmx f w G /f tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf
&Jabmf ausmo f ef;/ &Jabmf jrwfo/l &Jabmf udn k Kd / &Jabmf rsK;d jrifah tmif/ &Jabmf armifarmifjrif/h
&Jabmf armifarmifO;D pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGe@J pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJw h m jzpfygw,f?
tdE, dN zufa&muf jrefrmausmif;om;vli,fawGu ABSL (India) udk atmifjrifpmG zG@J pnf;+yD;
r=umcif 1994 ckEpS /f pufwifbm-15 &ufae@rmS yJ xdik ;f Edik if zH ufjcrf;a&muf jrefrmausmif;om;vli,f
wcsKŒd eJ@ ABSL(Thailand) udk xyfrw H ;kd csŒJ zG@J pnf;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? ABSL tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ nDvmcHukd (2) ESpf
w}udru f si;f yzd@k owfrw S xf m;+yD; 'kw, d t}udrn f v D mcHukd 1996-=o*kwf (21 rS 26 ) &ufae@txd/
wwd,t}udrn f vD mcHukd 1998-Zlvikd f (24 rS 26 ) &ufae@txd/ pwkwt W }udraf jrmuf nDvmcHukd
2000 jynfEh pS -f ZGef (17 rS 19 ) txd atmifjrifpmG usi;f yEdik cf o hJ vdk 2002 ckEpS rf mS yÌrt}udrn f v D mcH/
2004 ckEpS rf mS qXrt}udrn f v D mcH/ 2006 ckEpS rf mS owWrt}udrn f v D mcHw@kd ukd ykrH eS u f si;f yðyvkyEf ikd cf hJ
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aqmufa&;vkyif ef;awGtwGuf taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef qdw k mawGyjJ zpfygw,f?
jrefrmEdik if vH ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J csKyf (ABSL) [m jynfwiG ;f jynfy&Sd 'Dru kd a&pDtif
tm;pk0if r[mrdwEf ikd if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@ yl;aygi;f vufw+JG yD; ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;/
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yif;rsm;eJ@ qufo, G n f E‡d id_ ;f +yD; wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;Edik cf w hJ mawGv&J ydS gw,f? ABSL [m
Edik if w H umqd&k , S v f pfvil ,frsm; or*~ (IUSY) urBmh 'Dru kd &ufwpfvil ,frsm;tzG@J csKyf (WFDY)
eJ@ Edik if wH umausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (IUS) wd@k &ŒJ tzG@J 0if Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpfe@J vJ yg0if
&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;aewJt h jyif tar&duef/ aemfa0/ uae'ge@J =opaw;vsm;Edik if aH wGrmS vJ ABSL &JŒ
qufo, G af &;¶k;H awG zGiv hf pS x f m;&SEd ikd w f t
hJ xdw;kd csŒJ v_y&f mS ;Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
(vuf&dS 2009 ckEpS u f ek u f mvrSm) ABSL tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ aemufq;Hk vuf&dS acgi;f aqmifawGuawmh
OuUÏtjzpf &Jabmf ausmo f ef;/ 'k-OuUÏ &Jabmf aZmfaX;/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; &Jabmf atmif}u;D wd@k
jzpf+yD; pkpak ygi;f (11) OD;yg tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J uae qufvufO;D aqmifvy_ &f mS ;aeqJ jzpfygw,f?
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pnf;awGtwGi;f rSm jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J csKyf (ABSL) [m rSww f rf;wifxm;&
r,fh ausmif;om;vli,ftzG@J tpnf;w&yf jzpfygw,f?
(41) wd;k wufaom Ak'b

< mom u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶H;k
Democratic Karen Buddhists Organization (DKBO)
‘wd;k wufaom Ak'b < mom u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶H;k (DKBO)’ tzG@J [m 1994 ckEpS /f 'D
Zifbm-21 &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶H;k (KNU)
tzG@J }u;D twGi;f &Sd Ak'b
< mom0if u&ifwcsKŒd uae bmoma&;qdik &f mrauseyfcsuw f csKŒd udk ta=umif;jy
+yD; (e0w ppftpd;k &&JŒ enf;rsK;d pkH oyfv#Kad oG;xd;k ab;wD;ay;r_awGatmufrmS ) KNU tzG@J }uD;rS cGJ
xGuq f ef@usiyf ek uf efz@JG pnf; ay:ayguv
f mcJwh mjzpfygw,f? KNU xde;f csKyfe,fajr òrdi}f uD;ila'o
twGi;f &Sd òrdi}f uD;ilq&mawmf (OD;okZe) &JŒ bk&m;wnfru _ pd eP @J ywfouf+yD; rausrvnfjzpfymG ; cJ&h
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'ga=umifh wd;k wufaom Ak'b < mom u&iftrsK;d om; tpnf;t¶k;H udk zG@J pnf;wJt h cgrmS òrdi}f uD;ilq&m
awmfukd em,utjzpfxm;+yD; zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? OuUÏtjzpf ‘OD;omxl;ausm’f u OD;
aqmif+y;D DKBO udzk @JGpnf;cJ&h mrSm e0wppftpd;k &u ‘òrid }f u;D iltxl;a'o’ tjzpf owfrw S af y;cJyh gw,f?
wd;k wufaomAk'b < mom u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶H;k (DKBO) &JŒ vufeufuikd w f yfz@JG tjzpf
uawmh ‘DKBA’ jzpfygw,f? vlx=k um;rSmawmh ‘DKBO’ qdw k mxuf ‘DKBA’ tzG@J tjzpfe@J yJ
vlord sm;cJyh gw,f? KNU tzG@J }uD;rS ykeu f efcxJG uG vf mcJ+h yD;aemuf ppftpd;k &xH vufeufcsvmcsed rf mS
306
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w,f? DKBA OuUÏ OD;omxl;ausmu f , kd w f ikd f acgi;f aqmif+yD; OD;a&$wifO;D / ref;b!Ge@f az/ OD;pdev f id_ ef @J
ref;pdex f eG ;f wd@k awG[m DKBA tzG@J }u;D &JŒ trsK;d om;nDvmcHu, kd pf m;vS,af wmfawGtjzpf trsK;d om;
nDvmcHrmS yg0ifwufa&mufciG hf &cJyh gw,f?
DKBA tzG@J }uD;twGi;f rSm =oZmt&Sq d ;Hk yk*Kd~ vfuawmh òrdi}f uD;ilq&mawmfjzpf+yD; wyfz@JG awG
twGi;f rSmawmh DKBA (999) wyfz@JGrAS v kd cf spo f /l Advk pf ðH y;H (Adv k q
f efðywf) wd@k awG[mvlord sm;cJ=h uygw,f?
e0wppftpd;k &[m DKBA udt k ok;H ðy+y;D KNU tzG@J }u;D udak csre_ ;f ypfz@kd óu;d pm;cJ&h mrSm 1995 ckEpS /f
Zefe0g&v D -28 ae@rmS yJ KNU XmecsKyf rme,fyavmudk odr;f ydu k Ef ikd o f mG ;cJyh gw,f? ppftpd;k &&JŒ
ausmoyfarG;jrLtok;H csra_ tmufrmS DKBA [m tcGet f aumuf aumuf,pl m;aomufciG /hf pD;yGm;
a&;vkyif ef;wcsKŒd vkyu f ikd cf iG ehf @J owfrw S af 'owcsKŒd twGi;f vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf tm%m&tzG@J tpnf; wcko
zG,f tuef@towfe@J wGiu f s,t f a&;ygciG hf &vmcJyh gw,f? wzufuvJ ppftpd;k &&JŒ KNU òzdcaJG &;/
KNU acsre _ ;f ESyd uf yG af &;awGtwGuf e0wppfwyf&ŒJ t"duausm¶k;d wyfz@JG wckozG,f a&SŒwef;uae
yg0ifvy_ &f mS ; tok;H csccH &hJ ygw,f? xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyftwGi;f u 'kuo Q nfawG cdv k aH_ exdik af e&&m
‘'kuo Q nfpcef;’ wcsKŒd awGuakd wmif tvGwrf ay;Edik b f J oGm;a&mufwu kd cf ukd f rD;¶_Œd zsuq f ;D wmawG
usL;vGecf &hJ ygw,f? 1997 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 28 &ufae@rmS xdik ;f Edik if zH ufjcrf;&Sd ‘a[G;cvkw'f u k o Q nfpcef;’
udk wdu k cf u kd zf suq f ;D &mrSm e0wppfwyfe@J twl DKBA wyfz@JGvJ yg0iftok;H awmfccH o hJ vdk 1998 ckEpS /f
rwfv-11 &ufae@rmS vJ a[G;cvkw'f u k o Q nfpcef;udyk J etzppfwyfe@J DKBA yl;aygi;f tiftm; (250)
avmuf[m 'kw, d t}udrt f jzpf jyif;jyif;xefxef 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u kd cf =hJ ujyefygw,f? 11-3-1998
ae@ wdu k cf u kd rf r_ mS qd&k if ud, k 0f efaqmif 'kuo Q nfwOD;tygt0if 'kuo Q nf (3) OD; toufaoqk;H cJ&h +yD;
(27) OD; xdcu kd 'f %f&m&/ tdraf jc (1400) ausmef @J pmoifausmif;/ bk&m;ausmif;/ aq;ay;cef;awGtygt
0if pcef;wckv;Hk eD;yg; ysupf ;D xdcu kd cf &hJ um 'kuo Q nfaygi;f (8769) OD; xyfqif'h u k o Q nfb0 usa&muf
cJ&h wJt h xd qd;k qd;k 0g;0g;jzpfc&hJ ygw,f?
rlvrdciftzG@J tpnf;jzpfwhJ KNU eJ@ cGx J u G tf zG@J DKBA t=um; vufeufuikd t f jyeftvSef
wdu k yf aJG wG [mvJ u&ifa'owavsmufrmS wavsmufv;Hk vdv k jkd zpfymG ;cJ&h +yD; u&ifvrl sK;d tcsi;f =um;
tjyeftvSef owfjzwfyyJG rm jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? ppftpd;k &&JŒ ,kwrf mwJt h ok;H csra_ tmufrmS tdr=f uufcsi;f
td;k rJow k f tcGycf ikd ;f wmudk ppftpd;k &tvdu k s vkyaf qmifay;ae&ovdjk zpfc&hJ ygw,f? 2009 ckEpS /f
ZGev f -2 &ufae@u p+yD; etz ppfwyfe@J twl 'DaubDat yl;aygi;f wyfawG[m KNU wyfr[m (7)
a'oudk yl;wGx J ;kd ppfqif wdu k cf u kd =f u&mrSm 'kuo Q nfaygi;f (4000) cef@ xdik ;f Edik if b H ufjcrf; xGuaf jy;cdv k H_
&wJt h xd jynfoal wG ajrZmyif b0a&mufc&hJ jyef ygw,f?
etz ppftpd;k &u typf&yfe@J vufeufcs vlrsK;d pkvufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;awGukd etz ppfwyf
&JŒt+yD;tydik f uGyu f x J ed ;f csKyfra_ tmufow G o f iG ;f vdu k zf @kd / e,fjcm;apmifw h yfe@J jynfo@l ppfawGtjzpf
ajymif;vJz@JGpnf;ay;zd@k pDpOfvyk af qmifvmwJt h csed rf mS DKBA [m ppftpd;k &&JŒtpDtrHtwdik ;f / vdu k f
emzG@J pnf;r,ft h a=umif; avsmavsmvsLvsL wke@f jyefvufccH yhJ gw,f? 2009 ckEpS u f ek cf ge;D csed rf mS awmh/
307
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f @kd q+kd y;D
KNU eJ@ DKBA t=um; typftcwf &yfpaJ &;vky=f uzd@k toHay; urf;vSr;f xm;qJumvrSmyJ/ 2-
12-2009 ae@rmS DKBA (909) wyf&if;uae ppftpd;k &&JŒtultnDawGe@J twl KNU &JŒ wyf&if;
(202) vufatmufcH wyfcJG (1) a&SŒwef;pcef;wckukd 0ifa&mufwu kd cf ukd o f rd ;f ydu
k w
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k jf yefygw,f?
DKBA [m KNU tzG@J }uD;twGi;f &Sd c&pf,mefbmom0if u&iftrsK;d om;awGe@J Ak'b < mom
0if u&iftrsK;d om;awG=um;/ 1992 ckEpS af vmufuwnf;u oaE<wnfvmcJw h hJ bmoma&;yÉdyuQt
puae 1994 ckEpS u f ek rf mS ay:xGuv f mcJw
h hJ òrdi}f uD;ilb&k m;wnfru _ pd eP @J jrpfqt Hk a&;tcif;}uD;awGt
=um; u&iftrsK;d om;tcsi;f csi;f aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf ò_ yu
d cJG &hJ +y;D wJah emufyikd ;f rSm/ e0w ppftpd;k &tóuu d f
ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wJh cGx
J u G t
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xnfo h iG ;f tok;H ðyrSnahf c:xm;wJh wckwnf;aom xl;xl;jcm;jcm;tzG@J tpnf;wckvyJ J jzpfygw,f?
ppftpd;k &&JŒ KNU acsre_ ;f òzzd suaf &; &nfreS ;f csuaf tmufrmS DKBA [m e0w-etz &JŒ opPmawmfc-H
tok;H cscjH zpfc&hJ ovd/k u&iftrsK;d om;awG=um;rSmomru 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0ifawG=um;xJrmS yg
DKBA [m ppftpd;k &&JŒbufawmfom;tjzpf ¶_wcf sjypfwif a0zefEmS acgi;f ¶_ŒH wmudck cH & hJ wJh tzG@J tpnf;
wckjzpfcyhJ gw,f?
(42) +rdw-f xm;0,f nD!w

G af &;wyfO;D (MDUF)
‘+rw d -f xm;0,f nD!w G af &;wyfO;D ’udk 1995 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 1 &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguf
apcJyh gw,f? OuUÏ OD;apm[ef/ 'k-OuUÏ OD;pd;k vGiw f @kd uae acgi;f aqmifO;D pD;zG@J pnf;cJwh mjzpfygw,f?
OD;apm[efe@J OD;pd;k vGiw f @kd [m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ A[dak umfrwD0ifawGjzpfc=hJ u+y;D / ArmjynfueG jf rL
epfygwD weoFm&Dwikd ;f &JŒ t"duacgi;f aqmifawGvjJ zpfc=hJ uovd/k 1989 ckEpS rf mS ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD
udk ud;k uef@e@J ‘0’ rsm; u ykeu f eftm%modr;f ,lvu kd wf t hJ wGuf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD A[du k ,kd wf ikd f
upOfu h vsm;jzpfomG ;cJ&h +yD; aemufyikd ;f txdwikd /f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD weoFm&Dwikd ;f ppfa'otjzpf
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk qufvufO;D aqmifqifEaJ$ ecJ=h u&mu/ ajymif;vJvmwJh jynfwiG ;f jynfy
Edik if aH &;tajctaeawGt& Auy vufatmufct H jzpfuae 1995 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 1 &ufae@rmS
‘+rw d -f xm;0,f nD!w G af &;wyfO;D ’ tjzpf oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG ajymif;vJjyifqif zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJh
wm jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D ŒJ OD;aqmifru _ rkd cH,al wmhbJ oD;jcm;tzG@J tpnf;w&yftjzpf
&yfwnfz@kd qk;H jzwfcsucf s zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJw h m jzpfygw,f? twdck sKyftm;jzifq h &kd &if/ ,cifArmjynf
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308
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rsm;eJ@rqdk vufww JG u kd yf 0JG ifomG ;rSmjzpfw,fv@kd / +rdw-f xm;0,f nD!w G af &;wyfO;D &JŒ (1-5-1995)
&ufae@rmS xkwjf yefvu kd wf hJ xkwjf yefa=unmcsux f rJ mS twdtvif;azmfjycJyh gw,f?
‘+rdw-f xm;0,f nD!w G af &;wyfO;D ’ [m 1998 ckEpS -f 'DZifbm (12 rS 14 &ufae@txd) aumf
ol;avjynfe,f ‘ol;rGu J vd;k ’ rSmusi;f ywJh ‘trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &; ES;D aESmzvS,yf ’JG udk
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wnfaqmufa&;awGtwGuf ‘ol;rGu J vd;k oabmwlncD su’f udk wjcm;aom 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0if
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(43) jrefrmhtrsK;d orD; or*~

Burmese Women's Union (BWU)
‘jrefrmhtrsK;d orD; or*~ (BWU) udk 1995 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 7 &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
ordik ;f 0if &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;udk ppfwyfu aoewfe@J ypfcwft=urf;zufòzdciG ;f um tm%mudk
odr;f ,lvu kd +f y;D aemufyikd ;f xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfo@kd a&Smifwrd ;f a&muf&v dS mcJ=h uwJh 'Dru kd a&pDa&;v_y&f mS ;
olaygi;f rsm;pGmxJrmS trsK;d orD;awGvJ yg0ifc=hJ u&mrSm tJ't D rsK;d orD;awGxu J ae trsK;d orD; ausmif;ol
vli,fwpkuOD;aqmif+yD; xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfwae&mrSm pwifxal xmifz@JG pnf;cJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f?
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xyfraH c:,lc+hJ y;D BWU &JŒ nDvmcH xkwjf yefa=unmcsuu f kd zwf=um;jycJ&h mrSm jrefrmhtrsK;d orD;or*~&@J
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aqmifwhJ Edik if aH &; vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm;a[mif;}uD; (23) OD; yg0ifvufrw S af &;xd;k jcif;
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24-11-1995 ae@rmS ay;yd@k cw hJ hJ “ trsK;d om; jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf Edik if aH wmf+ird 0f yfyjd ym;
r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J EiS hf a':atmifqef;pk=unfacgi;f aqmifaom trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfw@kd
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wd@k u ac:,lar;jref;wmvkycf yhJ gw,f? ‘tbwd@k ukd NLD u tok;H csw,f/ qGaJ c:w,fv@kd ,q l ygw,f/
bbwd@k vyk af qmifcsu[ f m tar&duefajymwmawGe@J wxyfwnf;jzpfaew,f/ ¶_y¶f y_ af xG;axG;jzpfvm
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&ygw,f? 'gayrJh Adv k rf LS ;atmifacgi;f aqmifwhJ 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm;}uD;rsm;tzG@J uawmh wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ
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0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm;a[mif;}u;D rsm;&JŒ yef=um;v$meJ@ xkwjf yefa=unmcsuaf wG[m wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ Edik if aH &;/
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1996 ckEpS /f arv-15 &ufae@rmS xdik ;f e,fpyfwae&mrSm jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ ‘1990 jynf-h a&G;
aumufyaJG &G;aumufcH jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,’f (20) ausm[ f m awG@qaHk qG;aEG;ndE‡ id_ ;f =u+yD;
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MPU udk ‘jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;or*~’ vd@k vJ ac:a0:ok;H pG=J uwm&Syd gw,f? MPU
udk pwifz@JG pnf;OD;aqmifc=hJ uolawGuawmh OD;w,f'b D ;l &D/ OD;yDwmvif;yif/ OD;cGerf wf&u f b kd ef/ OD;armif
armifat; pwJah &G;aumufcH jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;vS,af wG jzpfygw,f?
e0w ppftpd;k &u 1990 jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumufy}JG u;D udk urBmod w&m;0ifusi;f yðyvkyaf y;cJah yrJ/h
ðyvkyaf y;+yD;aemuf xGuaf y:vmcJw h hJ 90 jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd av;pm;vdu k ef mjcif;r&Sw d hJ
tjyif/ tEdik &f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfe@J wdik ;f &if;om;Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toD;oD;rS tEdik &f
a&G;aumufcH jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f toD;oD;tay: rawmfrw&m; zdEydS cf sKyfcs,zf rf;qD;t
a&;,l npfywfwmawG ðyvkyv f mwJt h wGu/f 1990 jynf-h a&G;aumufy+JG y;D aemufyikd ;f rSm e,fpyfa'ot
oD;oD;udk xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smif awmcdak &muf&v dS mcJ=h uwJh jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@yJ
MPU udk zG@J pnf;cJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f? (MPU rzG@J pnf;cifu awmcdk jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;
eJ@yJ ‘pifòydit f pd;k &’ NCGUB udk zG@J pnf;xm;+yD;&Sad yrJ/h jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;aumifpD
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awmf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tzG@J MPU’ udk &nf&, G cf su&f &dS edS @J azmfxw k zf @JG pnf;cJw h mvd@k vJ qdEk ikd yf gw,f?)
MPU&JŒ&nf&, G cf suu f awmh 'Dru kd a&pD jyefvnf&&Sad &;/ vl@tcGit hf a&; tjynft h 0&&Sad &;eJ@
ppfreS af om jynfaxmifpw k &yf jyefvnfay:xGe;f vma&;qdw k myJ jzpfygw,f? MPU [m trsK;d om;!Ge@f
aygi;f tpd;k &/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pk tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@y;l aygi;f aqmif&u G uf m
Edik if aH &; vkyif ef;rsm;rSmyg0ifco hJ vdk jynfyEdik if if rH sm;&Sd ygvrD efvw $ af wmfqikd &f m toif;tzG@J rsm;/ Edik f
iHa&;ygwD toif;tzG@J rsm;/ ygvrD eftrwfrsm;/ oHwrefrsm;eJ@vq J ufo, G +f yD; jrefrmEdik if H 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sd
a&;twGuf t"du tcef;uae yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
2000 jynfEh pS /f atmufwb kd m-4 &ufae@rmS tdik , f mvefEikd if /H 'AfAvifòrdŒrSm MPU tpnf;t
a0;w&yfusi;f ycJ+h yD; jrefrmEdik if rH mS ok;H yGiq hf ikd f awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGaJ y:ayguaf pa&;/ Edik if aH &;tm%mudk
jynfox l H v$aJ jymif;ay;&eftwGuf ppftpd;k &udk jynfyEdik if rH sm;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS enf;vrf;aygi;f pkjH zifh
ydwq f @kd ta&;,l aqmif&u G af y;apa&;eJ@ a&G;aumufy&JG v'fujkd iif;y,fum tm%mudq k ufvufcsKyf
udik x f m;wJh jrefrmEdik if pH pftpd;k &&JŒ vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm; 'Dru kd a&pDa&; òzdzsurf r_ sm;tygt0if
wdik ;f jynf&ifqikd af e&wJh Edik if aH &;tusyt f wnf;awGukd pOfqufrjywfazmfxw k zf iG chf s owif;rSeaf y;a&;
pwJv h yk if ef;awGukd MPU &JŒ ‘a&SŒvkyif ef;pOfrsm;’xJrmS xnfo h iG ;f csrw S cf =hJ uygw,f?
MPU [m 1990 jynf- h a&G;aumufyrJG mS trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyef @J wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkygwD
313
0if;wifhxGef;
rsm;u a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufc&H ol v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@ woD;yk*v ~ tEdik &f ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;
tyg/ jynfya&muf v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@ zG@J pnf;xm;wJh Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfc+hJ yD;/
1999 ckEpS u f p+yD; Edik if w
H umygvrD efrsm;or*~ (IPU) &JŒ tzG@J 0iftzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpfe@J vJ qufo, G f
&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? MPU [m r[mrdwt f zG@J tpnf;awGjzpfwhJ Euro-Burma Office/ Burma
Fund eJ@ yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G cf w hJ mawG &Scd o hJ vdk Inter-Parliamentary Union/ Socialist Internationl/
Liberal International eJ@ Christian Democrat International wd@k vkd tjynfjynfqi kd &f m tzG@J tpnf;
wcsKŒd eJ@vJ yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if t H rsK;d om;aumifpD (NCUB) xJrmS
ta&;ygwahJ e&muaeyg0ifco hJ vkd NCGUB pifòydit f pd;k &eJ@vJ teD;qk;H yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af e&wJth zG@J
tpnf;wck jzpfcyhJ gw,f? pifòydit f pd;k &zG@J pnf;&mrSm MPU udk tajcðy+yD;zG@J pnf;&rSmjzpf+yD; trsK;d om;
!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &tzG@J (pif+ydKiftpd;k &) &JŒ 0ef}uD;csKyfae&mudk MPU uae a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufay;zd@k uv kd J
w&m;0ifowfrw S x f m;ygw,f?
2008 ckEpS rf mS usi;f ycJw h hJ MPU nDvmcHrmS awmh pifòyid t f pd;k & (NCGUB) udk wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f
aqmifawGe@J yg xnfo h iG ;f tm;jznfh wd;k csŒJ zG@J pnf;a&;udv k yk af qmifomG ;zd@k csrw S qf ;Hk jzwfc=hJ uygw,f?
2009 ckEpS -f Zefe0g&rD mS usi;f ywJh MPU &JŒ ‘'AfAvif nDvmcH’ rSmawmh pifòydit f pd;k &tzG@J ukd 0ef}uD;
(5) OD;yJ&&dS mrS (&) OD;txd (2) OD;wd;k um wd;k csŒJ zG@J pnf;vdu k Ef ikd af yrJh ukvor*~rmS etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ
oHtrwfðzwfcsa&; vkyaf qmif&efupd rP mS oabmwlnrD r_ &bJ (18) rJ (15) rJe@J y,fcstqk;H owfomG ;cJh
&wJt h jyif v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f trwftcsi;f csi;f =um; pum;rsm;&efjzpfc=hJ uwJt h xd ausmrf
aumif;=um;raumif;awG jzpfymG ;cJ&h ygw,f? MPU tzG@J }uD;&JŒ vuf&OdS uUÏuawmh OD;w,f'b D ;l &D
jzpf+yD;/ 'k-OuUÏuawmh a':pef;pef; jzpfygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf MPU tzG@J [m 90 jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumufcH tEdik &f v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGe@J
zG@J pnf;xm;wJh jynfya&muf v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;&JŒtzG@J }u;D tjzpf Edik if w H umtzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@
qufo, G vf y_ &f mS ;aewJh jrefrmhEikd if aH &;qdik &f mtzG@J }uD;wcktjzpf ae&may;rSww f rf;wifxm;&rSmyJ
jzpfygw,f?
(46) jrefrmEdik if H ausmif;om;vli,frsm; uGe*f &uf

The Students and Youth Congress of Burma (SYCB)
‘jrefrmEdik if H ausmif;om;vli,frsm; uGe*f &uf (SYCB)’ [m tdE, dN -jrefrme,fpyfe@J xdik ;f

-jrefrm e,fpyfawGrmS tajcpdu k +f yD; 1996 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 8 &ufae@rmS tdE, dN -jrefrme,fpyfrmS p
wif zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
SYCB ay:ayguaf &;twGuf ‘jrefrmEdi k if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J csKyf (ABSL) uae
t"du uruxðyum ABSDF (rd;k oD;ZGet f pk)/ vl@abmifopfygweD @J csi;f / &cdik /f ucsi/f u&if pwJh
wdik ;f &if;om; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tzG@J awGe@J yl;wGpJ pk nf;+y;D pwifxal xmifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mwm
jzpfygw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm wjcm;aom ausmif;om;vli,ftzG@J tpnf;rsm;vJ yg0ifvufwv JG m=uwJt
h
314
wGuf tzG@J tpnf;aygi;f (15) ckyg0ifwhJ SYCB tzG@J }uD;tjzpf ay:vGiv f mcJyh gw,f?
SYCB tzG@J rm S ‘obmywdtzG@J ’ eJ@ ‘twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J ’ tjzpf (2) ydik ;f yg0ifz@JG pnf;xm;+yD;
obmywdtzG@J rmS oufqikd &f mygwrD sm;rS acgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@z@JG pnf;xm;um tjrifq h ;Hk rl0g'a&;&mtm
%mydik t f zG@J tpnf; oabmrsK;d jzpfygw,f? twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;tzG@J uawmh oufqikd &f mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;
rS wm0eftyfEiS ;f xm;olrsm;eJ@ yg0ifz@JG pnf;xm;+yD; vufawG@vyk if ef;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&u G of mG ;zd@k jzpfygw,f?
2009 ckEpS -f =o*kwv f xJrmS awmh tzG@J tpnf;wGi;f ra=uvnfrj_ y\emwcsKŒd a=umifh SYCB
tzG@J }uD; xlaxmif&mrSm rlvueOD;tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfcw hJ hJ ABSL tzG@J [m SYCB tzG@J }uD;rS E_wf
xGuo f mG ;cJyh gw,f?
,cktcg SYCB tzG@J }uD;&JŒXmecsKyf[m xdik ;f e,fpyfrmS tajcpdu k wf nf&adS e+yD; Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;
r_awGtwGi;f yg0ifaeygw,f?
(47) jynfo@l vw
$ af wmfu,
kd pf m;ðy aumfrwD
Committee Representing the People's Parliament (CRPP)
‘jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;ðyaumfrwD (CRPP)’ udk 1998 ckEpS /f pufwifbm-16 &ufae@rmS
pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? 1990 jynfEh pS -f taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD; usi;f yðyvkyaf y;+yD;wJah emuf/ rvGrJ
aoG ac:,lay;&r,fh ‘jynfo@l vw $ af wmf’ udk e0w-etz ppftpd;k &u vk;H 0ac:,lay;jcif;r&Sw d t hJ wGuf
jynfo@l v$waf wmfac:,la&;[m etz twGuo f m wm0ef&w dS mr[kw/f jynfou l a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ uf
xm;wJh jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;rSmvJ wm0ef&w dS ,fv@kd o;Hk oyf+y;D “jynfo@l vw $ af wmfac:
,la&;” &nf&, G cf sujf zifh jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;ðy aumfrwDukd zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? jynfo@l
v$waf wmf ud, k pf m;ðyaumfrwDukd 1-9-1998 ae@rmS zG@J pnf;a=umif;a=unm+yD; 16-9-1998 ae@
rSm usi;f yðyvkyw f ahJ umfrwD&ŒJ yxrt}udrt f pnf;ta0;rSm w&m;0ifz@JG pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f?
1990 jynfEh pS -f ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyrJG mS a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufccH &hJ wJh
jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f (485) OD;&Scd +hJ yD;/ uG,v f eG o f mG ;&ol (26) OD;udk z,fvu kd yf gu use&f dS
ol (459) OD;&S&d mrSm trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfe@J r[mrdwEf ikd if aH &;ygwrD sm;rS tEdik &f jynfo@l vw $ f
awmfu, kd pf m;vS,af ygi;f (251) OD;&JŒ 4if;wd@k &ŒJ vkyyf ikd cf iG u hf kd NLD A[dk tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J o@kd
tm%mtyfEiS ;f xm;wJh vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm;t& (a&G;aumufcH v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,pf pk ak ygi;f &JŒ 52µ
udk ud, k pf m;ðyvsu)f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu uruxðyOD;aqmifum ‘jynfo@l vw $ af wmf
ud,k pf m;ðyaumfrwD’ udk atmifjrifpmG zG@J pnf;cJjh cif; jzpfygw,f?Ù27
jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;ðyaumfrwDukd OuUÏtjzpf OD;atmifa&$/ twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;tjzpf
OD;oef;xGe;f / OD;at;omatmife@J pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? pwifz@JG pnf;pu twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;at;
omatmif[m &cdik 'f rD u kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftwGuo f mru &Sr;f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf/ rGet f rsK;d om;
'Drukd a&pDtzG@J e@J Zdrk ;D trsK;d om;uGeu f &ufw@kd twGuyf g tzG@J (4) zG@J &ŒJ ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf ud, k pf m;ðy
315
0if;wifhxGef;
yg0ifz@JG pnf;cJw h m jzpfygw,f? CRPP &JŒ tzG@J 0ifawGtjzpfuawmh OD;wifO;D / a':atmifqef;pk=unf/
OD;vGi/f OD;vSaz/ OD;pd;k jrif/h OD;vGe;f wif/ OD;!Ge@f a0wd@k jzpf=uygw,f? CRPP udk pkpak ygi;f (10) OD;eJ@ pwif
zG@J pnf;&mrSm (9) OD;u trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfujzpf+yD; OD;at;omatmifwOD;om &cdik 'f rD u kd a&pD
tzG@J csKyf/ &Sr;f trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf/ rGet f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J e@J Zdrk ;D trsK;d om;uGe*f &ufw@kd ukd
ud, k pf m;ðyyg0ifz@JG pnf;cJw h m jzpfygw,f? tzG@J tpnf;taeeJ@q&kd &if trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfe@J
wdik ;f &if;om;Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; (4)ck pkpak ygi;f Edik if aH &;ygwD (5) ckw@kd pkaygi;f +y;D jynfo@l vw $ af wmf
ud, k pf m;ðyaumfrwD ay:xGe;f vmcJw h m jzpfygw,f?
pwifz@JG pnf;vdu k w f hJ yxrt}udrt f pnf;ta0;ae@rmS yJ ‘jynfo@l vw $ af wmf OuUÏ’tjzpf
a'guw f m OD;apmjratmifukd a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufc=hJ uygw,f? a'guw f m OD;apmjratmif[m
&cdik 'f rD u kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrjS zpf+y;D &cdik jf ynfe,f ajrmufO;D rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) rS a&G;aumufcH jynfo@l vw $ f
awmfu, kd pf m;vS,jf zpfygw,f? jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;ðyaumfrwD[m aumfrwD&ŒJ ‘a=unmcsuf
trSwf (1)’ udv k J xkwjf yefvu kd +f y;D “TaumfrwDonf 1990 jynfEh pS -f ygwpD Hk 'Dru kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;
aumufyOJG ya'ESit hf nD v$waf wmf ac:ay;a&;rlt& v$waf wmfac:,lay;a&;jzpfajrmufonftxd
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;aqmif&u G o f mG ;rnf” vd@k vJ twdtvif; azmfjya=unmcJyh gw,f?
jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;ðyaumfrwD zG@J pnf;vdu k jf cif;tay: awmfveS af &;e,fajreJ@ jynfy
a&muf ta&G;cs,cf H jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;uvJ tm;wufoa&m axmufcv H u kd =f u+yD;
a'guw f m pde0f if;/ OD;bdv k w S if/h OD;vset f yk /f OD;armifarmifat;/ OD;vSO;D / OD;ode;f OD;/ a'guw f m wifah qG/
a'guw f m Zvyfxef/ OD;w,f'b D ;l &D/ OD;cGerf wf&u f b
kd ef/ OD;',fe&D ,fatmif/ OD;wifxw G /f OD;xefvse;f aygi/f
OD;oef;pde/f OD;omEd;k / a'guw f m pef;atmif/ OD;bdak omif;/ OD;xGe;f OD; pwJv h w $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
(19) OD;uae olw@kd u, kd pf m; aqmif&u hf m%mudk CRPP od@k tyfEiS ;f vdu
G yf ikd cf iG t k af =umif; vufrw S af &;
xd;k a=unmcsux f w k f jyefaxmufccH =hJ uygw,f? awmfveS af &;e,fajrrS awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@
'Dru kd a&pDtiftm; pk0if Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;toD;oD;wd@k uvJ axmufcaH =umif; enf;vrf;aygi;f pkeH @J
a=unmxkwjf yeftm;ay; axmufccH =hJ uygw,f?
ppftpd;k &uawmh CRPP zG@J pnf;r_ukd vk;H 0vufrcHyJ enf;rsK;d pkeH @J 'u k aQ y;zd@k tpDtpOf&&dS dS =uH
&G,f vkyaf qmif tm;xkwyf gawmhw,f? v$waf wmfac:,la&;udk axmufccH =hJ uwJh typf&yf+idr;f tzG@J
&vvz/ u,ef;jynfopfygweD @J uvvw tzG@J w@kd ukd ac:,lzt d m;ay;±krH u raxmufcaH =umif;a=u
nmcsuf jyefvnftxkwcf ikd ;f wmrsK;d eJ@wuG jynfwiG ;f &Sd a&G;aumufcH v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGukd
ac:,lppfaq;wm/ ajccsKyfc0H ef tufOya'awGe@J aeapwmrsK;d awGtjyif wcsKŒd udk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifwm
awGtxd ay:ay:xifxif vkyaf qmifjycJyh gw,f? v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGukd ac:,lppfaq; zrf;
qD;csKyfaESmifxm;awGuykd if etz ppftpd;k &[m ‘zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;wm r[kw/f ac:,laqG;aEG;ae
wmyg’ vd@k atmufwef;usus vdrv f nfajym qd0k g'jzef@csd npfywfpw k yf chJ yhJ gw,f? etz ppftpd;k &[m
tpd;k &&JŒ vufuikd w f w k t f zG@J tpnf;jzpfwhJ =uHzh @HG ut kd ok;H csum wdik ;f eJ@jynfe,fa'otoD;oD;u òrdŒ
}uD;awGrmS ‘jynfo@l qEN azmfxw k yf ’JG vd@k acgi;f pOfwyfxm;wJh vlxt k pnf;ta0;yG}J uD;awG rjzpfjzpf
atmifusi;f yap+yD; ‘NLD &JŒ v$waf wmfac:,la&; a=unmcsuu f kd qef@usi±f w _ cf s=ua&;/ NLD udk
316
rw&m;oif;tjzpf a=unmzsufodrf;a&;/ CRPP/ NLD (10) OD;*dk%f;tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef
ta&;,l&iS ;f vif;ypfa&;’ qdw k mawGuv kd J awmif;qdak tmf[pf tiftm;jyoapcJyh gw,f? wzufuvJ
jynfo@l vw $ af wmfac:,lz@JG pnf;a&;udpeP @J jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;ðyaumfrwDukd zsuo f rd ;f ay;r,f
qdv
k #if zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;wJh v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@ tjcm;tzG@J 0iftoD;oD;udk jyefvw $ af y;
r,fq+kd yD; "m;pmcH jyefay;qGeJ nf;emrsK;d udu k sio hf ;Hk &if; +cdr;f ajcmufaumufuspw f mawG vkyaf qmif
jycJyh gw,f?
23-11-1998 ae@rmS a':atmifqef;pk=unfu owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGw J &yfðyvky&f if; ‘90
jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd oabmrusv@kd a&G;aumufyt JG odtrSwrf ðyawmhjcif;[m vufrcHEikd /f
rjzpfoif/h v$waf wmfac:,la&;udk qufvufóu;d yrf;oGm;r,f CRPP udk v$waf wmfay:rS zsuo f rd ;f oGm;
r,f’ vd@k xyfr&H iS ;f vif; ajymqdck yhJ gw,f? 8-12-1998 ae@rmS jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;ðyaumfrwD
tpnf;ta0;udk usi;f ycJ+h yD; ‘jynfo@l vw $ af wmfa&;&m aumfrwD’ awGukd xyfrzH @JG pnf;vdu k u f m/
wm0efcaJG 0 owfrw S cf =hJ uygw,f? wm0efcaJG 0zG@J pnf;vdu k w f hJ jynfo@l vw $ af wmfa&;&m aumfrwDawGu
awmh æ
(u) wdik ;f &if;om;a&;&m aumfrwD æ (1) OD;at;omatmif-OuUÏ/ (2) a':atmifqef;pk=unf-
twGi;f a&;rSL;
(c) b¾m/ pD;yGm;/ ukeo f ,
G af &;&maumfrwD æ (1) OD;!Ge@f a0-OuUÏ
(*) Oya'a&;&m aumfrwD æ (1) OD;wifO;D -OuUÏ
(C) ynma&;&maumfrwD æ (1) a':atmifqef;pk=unf-OuUÏ
(i) use;f rma&;/ vlra_ &;aumfrwD æ (1) OD;vGi-f OuUÏ
(p) Edik if wH umhqufqaH &; aumfrwD æ (1) OD;atmifa&$-OuUÏ
(q) awmifov l ,form;a&;&m aumfrwD æ (1) OD;pd;k jrif-h OuUÏ
(Z) tvkyo f rm;a&;&m aumfrwD æ (1) OD;oef;xGe;f -OuUÏ/ (2) OD;vGe;f wif-twGi;f a&;rSL;
(ps) v$waf wmfa&;&m aumfrwD æ (1) OD;vSaz-OuUÏ
(n) umuG,af &;&maumfrwD æ (1) OD;wifO;D -OuUÏqd+k y;D zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? ‘Ta&;&maumfrwDrsm;onf
jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ac:,lz@JG pnf;onft h csed t f xdom jzpfonf’ vd@k vJ tcsed u f mvtwdtus
uef@owfxm;cJyh gw,f?Ù28
ay:xGe;f vmcJw h hJ CRPP udk 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0ifawGu ar#mv f ifah xmufcv H m=uqJrmS yJ
CRPP udk axmufc+H yD; awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;udak wmif;qdc k =hJ uwJt h wGuf ausmif;om;wcsKŒd etz ppf
tpd;k &&JŒ ESp&f n S f axmif'%fcsrw S wf mcH=u&wmawG jzpfay:cJyh gw,f? (22-1-1999 ae@rmS ausmif;
om; udo k uf0if;atmif axmif'%f 52ESp/f udrk sK;d rif;aZmf axmif'%f 38 ESp/f udck sprf if;OD; axmif'%f
32 ESpf csrw S cf cH &hJ ygw,f)?
2000 jynfEh pS -f {+yDvxJrmS etz ppftpd;k &uae jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;ðyaumfrwD t
wGi;f a&;rSL; OD;at;omatmifukd ta=umif;r&St d a=umif;&Sm rw&m;ojzifzh rf;qD;cJ+h yD; ZGev f -7
&ufae@rmS axmif'%f (21) ESpcf srw S cf yhJ gw,f? 2000 jynfEh pS /f pufwifbm-21 &ufae@rmS yJ a':atmif
317
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2002 ckEpS /f arv-6 &ufae@rmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdrcf sKyftjzpfrS vGwaf jrmufvmcJ+h yD;
=o*kwv f -16 &ufae@rmS OD;at;omatmifvJ axmifrv S w G af jrmufvmcJ+h y;D aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh CRPP
tpnf;ta0; awGvJ jyefvnfay:xGe;f vmcJjh yefygw,f? 2002 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd m-23 &ufae@rmS
usi;f ycJw h hJ CRPP tpnf;ta0;}uD;uae tzG@J 0ifopf (4) OD; xyfrw H ;kd csŒJ zG@J pnf;vdu k &f mrSm (1) OD;
apmjratmif &cdik 'f rD u kd a&pD tzG@J csKyf/ (2) OD;cGex f eG ;f OD; &Sr;f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf/ (3) OD;Edik af iGoed ;f
rGet f rsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J e@J (4) OD;ylusi&hf iS ;f xef Zdrk ;D trsK;d om;uGe*f &ufw@kd jzpf=uygw,f? 8-
12-2002 ae@rmS vJ CRPP ykrH eS f tpnf;ta0;udk usi;f ycJ+h yD; tzG@J 0ifopftjzpfav#mufxm;vmcJw h hJ
Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf; (3) cke@J woD;yk*v ~ v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,w f OD;teuf v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;
vS,t f rwfe@J trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDygw/D trsK;d om;vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygww D @kd tm;
CRPP tzG@J 0ifopfawGtjzpf vufcw H ;kd csŒJ Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
2003 ckESpfxJrSm v$wfawmfac:,lay;a&;toHawG xyfrHjrnf[def;xGufay:vmcJhovdk
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ pnf;¶H;k a&;c&D;pOfawGvJ jyefvnfxu G af y:vmcJjh yefygw,f? 2003 ckEpS /f
arv-30 &ufae@rmS awmh a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ txufArmjynfc&D;pOftwGi;f ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f
'Dy, J if;zuftoGm;rSm etz ppftpd;k & tm%mydik af wGu, kd w
f ikd f yg0ifywfoufc=hJ uwJh Edik if aH wmf t
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tdrcf sKyfcsxm;vdu k jf yefygw,f? 2005 ckEpS -f ESpq f ef;ydik ;f xJrmS yJ CRPP 0ifawGjzpfwhJ OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;eJ@
OD;ausmrf if;wd@k uv kd J ta=umif;&Smtr_qif+yD; ESp&f n S af xmifcsjyvdu k yf gw,f? 'ga=umifh CRPP &JŒ
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CRPP &JŒ t"duacgi;f aqmifawG[m jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvmEdik cf iG rhf &wJt h wGuf CRPP &JŒ v$wf
awmfac:ay;a&;toH[m atmifjrifpmG taumiftxnfazmfEikd cf iG rhf & jzpfomG ;cJ&h ygawmhw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;ðyaumfrwD (CRPP) [m Armjynf Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_
ordik ;f rSm rSww f rf;wifxm;&r,fh txifu& Edik if aH &;tpktpnf;}u;D w&yfjzpfcyhJ gw,f? etz ppftpd;k
&&JŒ azmufjyef aumufuspv f w S hJ rw&m;rif;rltyk pf ;kd cJrh u _ kd rD;armif;xd;k jyEdik ±f rHk u ppftpd;k &&JŒt±_u d u f kd
twdik ;f twmwcktxd xdatmifx;kd jyEdik cf w hJ hJ Edik if aH &;aumfrwD}u;D wckjzpfcw hJ mawmh aocsmygw,f?

The Women League of Burma (WLB)
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(8) jrefrmhtrsK;d orD;or*~
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trsK;d orD;tzG@J csKyf (jrefrmEdik if )H rSm rl0g'ay:vpDrsm;csrw S Of ;D aqmifa&;twGuf ‘obmywd
tzG@J ’ eJ@ vufawG@ vkyif ef;aqmifwmawGukd taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G v f y_ &f mS ;Edik af &;twGuf
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319
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tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ obmywdtzG@J 0ifawGxrJ mS vlord sm;cJo h al wGuawmh rcifOrRm/ roif;oif;atmif/
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(49) Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; ulnaD pmifah &Smufa&;toif; (jrefrmEdik if )H

Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma) (AAPP)
‘Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; ulnaD pmifah &Smufa&;toif; (jrefrmEdik if )H ’ (ac: ) AAPP udk
2000 jynfEh pS /f rwfv-23 &ufae@rmS xdik ;f e,fpyfa&muf Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;a[mif;awGuae p
wifz@JG pnf;xlaxmifc=hJ ujcif; jzpfygw,f?
udwk w d Ef ikd /f udb
k =kd unf pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGu OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpf+y;D pwifz@JG pnf;pu toif;0if
aygi;f (46) OD; &Scd yhJ gw,f? xdik ;f e,fpyfrmS yJ pwiftajcpdu k v f y_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f? etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ
rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif tjypfay;axmifcsvu kd rf a_ wGa=umifh jrefrmEdik if aH e&mtES@H tusO;f
axmifawGtwGi;f a&muf&dS usqif;oGm;cJ&h wJh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGe@J Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG&ŒJ
rdom;pkawGukd tultnDay;zd@k &nf&, G cf suef @J AAPP udk zG@J pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfwmeJ@tnD AAPP [m
Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;eJ@ ywfoufqufpyfwhJ udpt P 00udk wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifun l aD &SŒaqmif
v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f?
2003 ckEpS /f arv-24-25 &ufae@rmS AAPP &JŒ 'kw, d t}udrn f v
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nDvmcHuae ‘jrefrmEdik if &H dS Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;/ tusO;f axmifrsm;&JŒtajctaersm;udk pkpH rf;
azmfxw k jf cif;/ Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;rsm; vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf r[mrdwt f zG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@ yl;wGv J yk f
udik jf cif;/ Edik if w H umu etz ppftpd;k &tm; ydrk zkd t d m;ay;Edik af &;twGuf v_@H aqmfwu kd wf eG ;f jcif; pwJh
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aoqk;H &r_rsK;d awGtxd t&yf&yftjzpftysurf sK;d pku H kd jynfwiG ;f jynfy Edik if w H umuod&EdS ikd af tmif
tcsed ef @J wajy;nD óu;d yrf;azmfxw k f owif;xkwjf yefay;wmawGvyk af qmifEikd cf o hJ vdk pepfwusrw S w f rf;
wifwmeJ@ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG&ŒJ vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf awmif;qdw k ifjyta&;qdw k mawGvJ
vkyaf qmifEikd cf yhJ gw,f? ukvor*~/ urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J }uD;eJ@ Edik if w H umvl@tcGit hf a&; tzG@J tpnf;
toD;oD;awGuyg jrefrmEdik if u H Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG&ŒJ vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufcaH e&wJh tajct
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ta&;ygwt hJ cef;uae yg0ifvy_ &f mS ; aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf yhJ gw,f? Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGtay: etz
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ae&wm[m t"dutm;jzifh AAPP &JŒ óud;yrf;tm;xkwrf a_ er_awGa=umifv h @kd awmif qdck siyf gw,f?
AAPP [m Edi k if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; ESyd pf ufnO‡ ;f yef;cH&/ raooifyh J aoqk;H ae&r_awGe@J ywfouf+yD;
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wdu k zf suaf &;ae@jzpfwhJ ZGev f (25) &ufae@e@J wu kd q
f ikd +f yD;-2005 ckEpS /f ZGev f -25 &ufae@rmS AAPP
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AAPP &JŒ t"duOD;aqmifoE l pS Of ;D jzpfwhJ udb k =kd unfe@J uw kd w d Ef ikd wf @kd [m jrefrmEdik if EH ikd if aH &;
tusO;f om;awG&ŒJ udpaP wGe@J ywfouf+y;D / jynfwiG ;f jynfy rD', D maygi;f pkrH mS ud, k pf m;ðy+y;D tajymEdik q f ;Hk /
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vl@tcGit hf a&;apmif=h unfah &;tzG@J (Human Right Watch - HRW) rS AAPP &JŒ wGb J uft
wGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfol udb k =kd unfukd 2008 ckEpS rf mS Human Right Defender qk ay;tyfcs;D jr‡ichf o hJ vd/k
2009 ckEpS rf mS vJ HRW tzG@J }uD;uae Alison Des Forges Defender Award qkukd AAPP rS
udb k =kd unfuykd J xyfraH y;tyf cs;D jr‡ichf yhJ gw,f?
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(The Darkness We see; Torture in Burma's Interrogation Centers and Prisons) pmtkye f @J
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(50) jrefrmowif; or*~

Burma Media Association (BMA)
jrefrmowif;or*~ (BMA) [m 2001 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 1 &ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJh

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kd a&pDEiS hf zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&;tiftm;pk
Network for Democracy and Development (NDD)
‘'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf zG@H òz;d wd;k wufa&;tiftm;pk (NDD)’ udk 2001 ckEpS t f wGi;f pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D tzG@J }u;D twGi;f / vrf;pOfay:vpDqikd f
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okawoeESihf rSww f rf;Xmeuae pmtkypf mwrf;awGuv kd J tcgtm;avsmpf mG xkwaf 0jzef@cscd &hJ mrSm/
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‘wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;aumifpD (ENC)’ udk 2004 ckEpS -f Zefe0g&v D twGi;f pwif zG@J pnf;cJw h m
jzpfygw,f? jynfya&muf wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;aygi;f pkeH @J xdik ;f Edik if rH mS tajcpdu k f zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f m
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apma';Apfaxmwd@k jzpf =uygw,f?
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ta0;w&yf ac:,lusi;f ycJ+h yD; ‘wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;aumifp’D udk 'kw, d t}udrf jyefvnfz@JG pnf;cJ=h u
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vJ 'kw, d t}udrjf yefvnfz@JG pnf;a&; tpnf;ta0;}uD;twGi;f xkwaf zmfajymqdo k mG ;cJyh gw,f?
ENC [m pwifz@JG pnf;pu wdi k ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒ pk&yfq&Hk yfoabmrsK;d uae 2005
ckEpS -f 'kw, d t}udrf jyefvnfz@JG pnf;+yD;cJ+h yD;aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;ta&;/ zuf'&,fjynf
axmifpk zG@J pnf;ykaH &;qGaJ &;awGrmS ydrk t kd a&;ygwt hJ cef;uae v_y&f mS ;vmwmawG@&ygw,f?
2009 ckEpS -f pufwifbmvukeyf ikd ;f rSm ‘ENC’emrnfe@J tar&dueftxufvw $ af wmftrwf
‘qDew d w f m*si0f ufb’f xHay;yd@k whJ ‘pmwapmifupd ’P ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? ‘2010 a&G;aumufy’JG eJ@
ywfouf+yD; tajymif;tvJjzpfa&;twGuf tcGit hf vrf;aumif; w&yfa,mifa,mifazmfjyxm;wJh
tJ'pD meJ@ywfouf+yD; ENC u tJ'pD m[m tzG@J tpnf;&JŒoabmxm;r[kw/f vlwOD;wa,muf&ŒJ
oabmxm;omjzpfa=umif; ajz&Si;f csux f wk cf &hJ +yD; ENC &JŒ oabmxm;tjrifuakd zmfxw k cf yhJ gw,f?
ENC &JŒoabmxm;eJ@&yfwnfcsuu f awmh etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ ‘2008 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk t
ajccHOya'’ udk vufrcH/ 2008 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'udk toufoiG ;f vkyaf qmifr,fh ‘2010
a&G;aumufy’JG udv k J vufrcHEikd q
f wkd mudk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;xkwaf zmfcyhJ gw,f?
(53) 88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm; tzG@J

The 88 Generation Students' Group
‘88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J ’ [m 2006 ckEpS x f rJ mS pwifay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?

(2004 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbm-19&ufae@rmS ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif rif;udEk ikd f ESp&f n S af xmifcscx H m;&
&mrS jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvmcJyh gw,f? odyrf =umrD udu k }kd u;D vJ axmifrS jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvmcJyh g
w,f? rif;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd uD;wd@k tygt0if ESp&f n
S af xmifcsccH &hJ ol ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG axmifrS
vGwaf jrmufvmcJ=h u+yD;aemuf/ tjyifrmS wausmjh yef jyefvnfppk nf;Edik =f ucsed rf mS 'Dru kd a&pDe@J v@l tcGihf
ta&;awGtwGuf qufvufv;Hk yrf;tm;xkwf taumiftxnfazmfEikd =f ua&; &nfreS ;f csuaf wGe@J
‘88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;’ tzG@J qw kd ehJ mrnf[m Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGi;f / pwifoaE<wnfay:
xGe;f vmcJjh cif; jzpfygw,f)?
‘88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J ’ [m OuUÏ/ twGi;f a&;rSL; pojzifh ae&mawGe@J tvkyt f r_
aqmifz@JG / aumfrwDw&yfz@JG +yD; ay:ayguv f mcJwh mr[kwaf yrJ/h t"dutm;jzifh rif;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd uD;/
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rif;aZ,sm/ aX;ºu, G /f ðy;H csKd pwJah usmif;om;acgi;f aqmif (5) OD;&JŒ OD;aqmifre_ @J pwifay:ayguv f mcJw h m
vd@k yJ qd&k ygvrd rhf ,f? wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ ta&;awGtwGuf 'Dru kd a&pDe@J v@l tcGit hf a&;awGtwGuf +idr;f csr;f wJh
enf;eJ@vy_ &f mS ;aqmif&u G o f mG ;zd@k jyefvnfpwif aqmif&u G cf =hJ uwmjzpf+y;D / a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ NLD
tygt0if/ wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifawGe@J awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;awGvyk zf @kd wEdik if v H ;Hk ñuHawG@&ifqikd af e&
wJEh ikd if aH &;/ vlra_ &;t=uyftwnf;awGuae vGwaf jrmufa&;twGu/f tcuftcJe@J jy\emawGtay:
rSerf eS u f efuefajz&Si;f =uzd@k qw kd mawGukd etz ppftpd;k &udk OD;wnfawmif;qdk ajymqdw k mawGvyk af qmif
cJ=h uovd/k yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; ok;H oyfa0zefwmrsK;d awGvJ vkycf =hJ uygw,f?
‘88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J ’[m w&m;0if rSwyf w Hk ifz@JG pnf;xm;wmr[kwaf yrJ/h 1988
ckEpS f ordik ;f 0if &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f rSm tqifah e&mtoD;oD;uae yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;acgi;f
aqmifc=hJ uwJh ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGe@J &nf&, G cf su&f &dS dS wm0efoo d d cswd q f ufppk nf;xm;Edik cf hJ
ygw,f? rif;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd uD;/ rif;aZ,sm/ aX;ºuG,/f ðyH;csKd pwJah usmif;om;acgi;f aqmif (5) OD;tjyif‘88
rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;’ tzG@J xrJ mS jrat;/ *sirf /D ausmaf usmaf xG;/ tHb h , G af usm/f vSrsK;d aemifw@kd vkd
ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGe@J rD;rD;/ eDvmode;f / Edb k ,fat;wd@k vkd trsK;d orD; ausmif;olacgi;f aqmifawG
tygt0if/ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; yl;aygi;f yg0ifppk nf;xm;Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
rif;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd uD;/ rif;aZ,sm/ aX;ºuG,/f ðyH;csKd pwJah usmif;om;acgi;f aqmif (5) OD;&JŒ wuf
wufºuGºuGvy_ &f mS ;vmEdik rf e_ @J vlx=k um;rSm ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J ’ qdw k t hJ rnf us,f
us,jf yef@jyef@ wd;k 0if a&muf&v dS mwJt h csed rf mS / tm%mudrk w&m;ojzifh qufvufcsKyfuikd x f m;Edik af &;eJ@
trSew f &m;udk b,fawmhrS vufcEH ikd jf cif;r&Sw d hJ etz ppftpd;k &[m ta=umif;jycsut f rsK;d rsK;d ay;+yD;
zrf;qD;ESyd u f yG Ef ikd zf @kd jyifqifygawmhw,f? etz jynfxaJ &;Xme/ owif;wyfz@JG uae rif;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd u;D eJ@
aX;ºuG,w f @kd ukd 2006 ckEpS /f pufwifbm-27 &ufae@rmS pwifzrf;qD;ygw,f? etz xdyyf ikd ;f tm%mydik f
awGu awG@qaHk qG;aEG;vdv k @kd qw kd hJ ta=umif;jycsuef @J aetdraf wGrmS vma&mufzrf;qD;oGm;wmjzpfyg
w,f? NLD tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ ESpyf wfvnfae@tcrf;tem;udk wufa&mufz@kd jyifqifaecsed rf mS tcsed u f u kd +f yD;
vma&mufac:,lzrf;qD;oGm;wmjzpfygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh aemufw&ufjzpfwhJ pufwifbm-28 &ufae@
rSmyJ/ usef 88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGu a=unmcsux f w k +f yD; zrf;qD;cH&ol (3) OD; jyef
v$waf y;a&;awmif;qdck yhJ gw,f? ‘zrf;qD;cH&ol udrk if;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd uD;eJ@ udak X;ºuG,w f @kd awG[m t
rsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf ud, k u f sK;d rzuf wufºuGpmG aqmif&u G f aeolawGomjzpfw,f’
vd@k vJ a=unmcsux f rJ mS azmfjycJyh gw,f? (3) &uft=um pufwifbm-30 &ufae@rmS awmh ðyH;csKed @J rif;
aZ,smwd@k uykd g etz u qufvufzrf;qD;cJyh gw,f? atmufwb kd mvqef;xJrmS awmh/ etz owif;pm
rSm ‘e,fpyfa'orSma&mufaewJh AuotzG@J 0if aZmfaZmfatmifu rif;udEk ikd ef @J udu k }kd u;D xHay;wJph mw
apmifukd +yD;cJw h EhJ pS u f ek yf ikd ;f uzrf;rdxm;wma=umifh ac:,lppfaq;aewm’ vd@k azmfjycJo h vd/k atmufwkd
bm-3 &ufae@owif;pmrSmawmh rif;udEk ikd ef @J &pS q f ,f&h pS f rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGukd
ac:,lxed ;f odr;f xm;wm[m qlyt l =urf;zufre_ @J azmufczJG suq f ;D r_awGray:ayguaf pzd@k v@kd azmfjyajym
qdjk yefygw,f? tJ'o D wif;pmxJrmS yJ ‘jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if t H rsK;d om;aumifpeD @J ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygww D @kd uae a&;qGaJ ewJh vlxw k u kd yf aJG zmfaqmifa&;pDrcH surf mS rsK;d qufausmif;om;tzG@J vJ yg0ifae
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w,fv@kd pGypf jJG yefygw,f? tJ'v D kd pGypf aJG zmfjycsuaf wGe@J ywfouf+yD; ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;tzG@J ’
u atmufwb kd m-3 &ufae@ ae@peJG @J yJ a=unmcsuw f apmifxw k +f y;D jyefvnfjiif;qdck yhJ gw,f? ‘ausmif;
om;acgi;f aqmif (5) OD;udk vma&mufac:aqmifcsed u f tm%mydik rf sm;eJ@ awG@qaHk qG;aEG;&eftwGuq f kd
+yD; ac:aqmifomG ;wmjzpfa=umif;’ eJ@ ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;awG[m qlyt l =urf;zufr_ azmufcJG
zsuq f ;D r_rsm;eJ@ oufqikd jf cif;ywfoufjcif;r&S’d vd@k wke@f jyefazmfjycJo h vd/k ‘etzowif;pmrSm azmfjy
xm;wJt h zG@J tpnf;awGe@J vJ qufpyfywfoufjcif;r&S’d vd@k twdtvif;wke@f jyefazmfjycJyh gw,f? rif;udk
Edik /f udu k }kd uD;/ aX;ºuG,w f @kd tzrf;cH&+yD;aemufrmS ’ 88-rsK;d quf ausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J ’ udk ðyH;csK/d rif;
aZ,smeJ@*sirf w D @kd u acgi;f aqmifc=hJ u+yD;/ ðyH;csKed @J rif;aZ,smwd@k yg tzrf;cHomG ;&+yD;aemufrmS awmh jr
at;eJ@ tHb h , G af usmw f @kd u qufvufacgi;f aqmifcyhJ gw,f?
‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;’ jzpf=uwJh rif;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd u;D / rif;aZ,sm/ aX;ºu, G /f
ðyH;csKw d @kd (5)OD; zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f cH&r_e@J ywfouf+yD; jynfwiG ;f y Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@ vl@tcGit hf a&;
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;u etz ppftpd;k &tay: jypfwif±w _ cf swmeJ@ jyefvnfvw $ af y;zd@k awmif;qd=k uwmawG
ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? tar&duefe@J ,al uwd@k uae uruxðywifoiG ;f wJh jrefrmEdik if eH @J ywfoufwq hJ ;Hk
jzwfcsurf =l urf;tay: ukvor*~vðHk cHa&;aumifpu D rJcq JG ;Hk jzwf&ef pDpOfaepOfumvtwGi;f 2007
ckEpS /f Zefe0g&-D 10 &ufae@rmS awmh udrk if;udEk ikd t f ygt0if &Spq f ,f&h pS f rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif
awGukd etz u jyefvw $ af y;cJyh gw,f? jrefrmEdik if u H pd t
P ay: ukvorr*~vðHk cHa&;aumifprD mS / rJcJG
qk;H jzwfa&;vkyaf qmifvmcsed rf mS w±kwEf ikd if eH @J ±k&mS ;Edik if w H @kd uae ADwo kd ;Hk y,fcsvu kd w f thJ cgrmS awmh
rif;udEk ikd ef @J ‘&Spq f ,fh &Sprf sK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;’ u w±kwEf ikd if eH @J ±&k mS ;Edik if w H @kd ukd etz ppftpd;k &zuf
u ADwo kd ;Hk &yfwnfaxmufcaH y;cJch sut f wGuf ±_wcf sc=hJ uygw,f? 2007 ckEpS -f =o*kwv f xJrmS etz
ppftpd;k &u "mwfqeD @J 'ZD ,fqaD ps;awGukd ±kww f &ufaps; (5) qeD;yg; jri‡ w hf ifvu kd w f t hJ wGuf o,f,yl @kd
aqmifc/ um;ceJ@ taxGaxGuek af ps;E_e;f awGvJ [ke;f ueJx;kd wufvm&&mrSm ppftpd;k &&JŒ ravsmu f ef
rr#wwJv h yk af qmifvmr_ukd qef@usiu f ef@uu G =f uwJt h aeeJ@ ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;’ [m
vlx}k uD;udk ‘bwfpu f m;rpD;bJ vrf;av#mufjy=uzd@k ’ pnf;¶H;k v_@H aqmf+yD; +idr;f csr;f pGmvrf;av#muf
qENjyyGaJ wGukd azmfxw k jf yoOD;aqmifc=hJ uygw,f? vrf;av#mufqENjyoyGaJ wG ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f?
2007 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f -21 &ufae@rmS rif;udEk ikd t f ygt0if &Spq f ,f&h pS f rsK;d quf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif
wcsKŒd [m etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ zrf;qD;jcif;udck v H u kd =f u&ygw,f? ae&mtES@H rmS oDwif;ywfaygi;f rsm;pGm
qufvufay:xGuv f maewJh vrf;av#mufqENjyoyGaJ wGukd ppftpd;k &tm%mydik rf sm;eJ@ tm%mydik rf sm;
&JŒ vufuikd w f w k -f =uzhH wG pf rG ;f tm;&Sirf sm;uae =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;òzcd JG zrf;qD;wmawG vkyaf qmifc+hJ y;D
‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J 0if’ awGukd vdu k v f zH rf;qD;cJyh gw,f? tif;pdeaf xmiftwGi;f rSm
wESpaf usmaf vmuf¶;kH wifppfaq;jcif;rðybJ zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f xm;&mrS 2008 ckEpS /f =o*kw-f 27 eJ@
pufwifbm -2 &ufae@rmS awmh &Spq f ,f&h pS f rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGe@J yg0ifc=hJ uol
‘&Spq f ,f&h pS f rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;’ tzG@J 0ifawGukd etz ppftpd;k &tm%mydik rf sm;uae ¶H;k wifw
&m;pGq J w kd mawG vkyaf qmifcyhJ gawmhw,f? SB uae w&m;vdðk y+y;D tr_aygi;f rsm;pGmcGu J m yk'rf aygi;f rsm;
pGmwyf+yD; ¶H;k wifw&m;pGq J ckd jhJ cif; jzpfygw,f? ¶H;k wifw&m;pGq J jkd cif;cHc&hJ wJh ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;
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rsm;tzG@J ’ rS acgi;f aqmife@J tzG@J 0ifawGuawmh (1) rif;udEk ikd /f (2) udu k }kd uD;/ (3) ðyH;csKd (ac: ) aX;0if;
atmif/ (4) rif;aZ,sm/ (5) jrat;/ (6) *sirf D (ac: ) ausmrf if;,k/ (7) aZ,s/ (8) ausmaf usmaf xG;
(ac: ) rmuD;/ (9) tHb h , G af usm/f (10) y¾dwx f eG ;f / (11) aZmfaZmfrif;/ (12) oufaZmf/ (13) ^m%f
vif;/ (14) oef;wif (ac: ) =unfoef;/ (15) pENm0if;/ (16) aX;ºuG,/f (17) vSrsK;d aemif/(18) atmif
ol/ (19) rsK;d atmifEikd /f (20) oif;oif;at; (ac: ) rD;rD;/ (21) oufoufatmif/ (22) av;av;rGe/f
(23) Edb k ,fvaf t;/ (24) pef;pef;wif/ (25) o&zDord o hf rd x
hf eG ;f / (26) at;oDwm/ (27) rEd;k Ed;k / (28)
aZmfxufuu kd /kd (29) cspu f v kd if;/ (30) aomfZifxeG ;f / (31) atmifou kd pf ;kd / (32) apmrsK;d rif;v_id /f (33)
wifx;l atmif/ (34) ode;f oef;xGe;f / (35) rif;[efw@kd yJ jzpfygw,f? trsK;d om;u (26) OD;/ trsK;d orD;u
(9) OD; pkpak ygi;f (35) OD; jzpfygw,f?Ù31
'D ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif’ rif;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd u;D wd@k tygt0if ¶H;k wifw&m;pGq J ckd &H
ol ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif’ awGukd etz ppftpd;k &[m tòid;}uD;}uD; xm;+yD; Edik if w H
umuyg tH=h ooGm;&avmufwt hJ xd ESp&f n S af xmif'%f}uD;awG csrw S jf ycJyh gw,f? rif;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd uD;
wd@k tyg t"du ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifreS o f r# axmif'%f (65) ESpt f xd awmifcsrw S jf cif;cHvu kd f
=u&ygawmhw,f?
rif;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd uD;wd@k tygt0if txufazmfjyygausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG tzrf;qD;cH
axmifcscaH e&pOfrmS ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;’ tzG@J ukd qufvufacgi;f aqmifc=hJ uolawGuawmh
reDvmode;f / xGe;f jrifah tmife@J pd;k xGe;f wd@k yjJ zpf=uygw,f? wAdv k u f s wAdv k w f ufpepfe@J ‘88-rsK;d quf
ausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J ’ &JŒ *k%af &mifukd tarS;rSed rf cH/ tysurf cH qufvufo,faqmifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h u
ygw,f? rif;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd u;D wd@k tygt0if t"du ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif}u;D awGtrsm;pk tzrf;tqD;
cHomG ;=u&pOfup+yD; wdr;f a&Smifyek ;f atmif;&if; ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;’ tzG@J &ŒJ tvHukd quf
vufo,faqmifwm0ef,v l y_ &f mS ;aecJw h hJ ‘reDvmode;f ’ [mvJ wESpaf vmuft=umrSm tzrf;tqD;cH
oGm;&jyefwt hJ cgrmS awmh xGe;f jrifah tmife@J pd;k xGe;f wd@k uyJ qufvufwm0efcv H y_ &f mS ;cJ&h ygawmhw,f?
‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J ’ [m wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;t=uyft
wnf; jy\emaygi;f pku H kd rSerf eS u f efuefajz&Si;f Edik af &;rSonf trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;qDtxd
&nfreS ;f csux f m;+y;D +ird ;f csr;f wJeh nf;vrf;aygi;f pkt H ok;H ðy+y;D ppftm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pD
Edik if aH wmfopf ay:xGe;f a&;twGuf vlx}k uD;eJ@twl tqufrjywfwu kd yf 0JG ifcw
hJ hJ tzG@J }uD;wzG@J jzpfyg
w,f? &nfreS ;f csuf yef;wdik u f kd ra&mufrcsi;f wAdv k u f swAdv k w f ufpepfe@J qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifaeqJ
tzG@J }uD;vJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tar&duefq&mrsm;toif;csKyf (American Federation of Teach-
ers) uae ‘2008 ckEp S /f Edik if H wum 'Dru kd a&pDq’k udk rif;udEk ikd af cgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;
om;rsm;’ tzG@J ukd *k%ðf yay;tyfcs;D jr‡iahf =umif; a=unmcJyh gw,f?
rif;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd uD;wd@k acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J ’ &JŒ trnfemr[m
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329
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ArmjynfEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm Armjynf ppftm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;
wduk yf oJG rdik ;f rSm av;av;eufeuftodtrSwðf y rSww f rf;xm;&r,ft h zG@J }uD;w&yf jzpfygw,f?
H ;Hk qdik &f m oHCmhwyfaygif;pk
All Burma Monks' Alliance (ABMA)
‘jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m oHCmhwyfaygi;f pk (ABMA)’ udk 2007 ckEpS -f pufwifbmvxJrmS
pwif zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f?
jrefrmEdik if aH e&mtES@H tjym;u &[ef;ysKo d C H mi,fawGukd pkpnf;aygi;f ¶H;k +y;D &[ef;awmf ‘OD;*rB&D ’
u OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifum wjcm;OD;aqmifoC H mawmf (5) yg;eJ@twl v#KŒd 0Supf wifz@JG pnf;v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uwm
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tcef;[m a&SŒqk;H wef;udk a&muf&v dS m&ygawmhw,f?
pufwifbm-5 &ufae@rmS yckuLU oHCmawmfrsm;ta&;tcif; ay:ayguv f mcJ&h +y;D pufwifbm-
9 &ufae@rmS topfjyefvnfz@JG pnf;vdu k w f hJ ‘jrefrmEdik if v
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&d,/ t&Six f m0&wd@k vJ yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
H umutxd ‘Saffron Revolution’vd@k todtrSwðf ycJ&h wJh 2007-pufwifbm ‘a&G0g
Edik if w
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0ifa&mufzrf;qD;ESyd u f yG w
f mawG ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh ucsijf ynfe,f jrpf}uD;em;/ Aef;armf
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omru urBmuyg tH=h owkev f y_ pf &mjzpfc&hJ ygw,f? b,fawmhrS acszsuv f @kd r&Edik af wmhr,fh ordik ;f 0if
trJpuf&mZ0wfr}_ u;D jzpf¶rHk u a=umufrufz, G f bmomzsuf omoemzsuf "rR Eœ&m,fr}_ u;D vJjzpfc&hJ
ygw,f?
2007 ckEpS /f pufwifbm-17 &ufae@rS (30) &ufae@twGi;f wdik ;f eJ@jynfe,fòrdŒ (17) ckrS
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ qkawmif;arwWmyd@k pDwef;vrf;av#mufqENjyyGaJ ygi;f (349) }udr&f cdS +hJ yD; ppf
tpd;k &&JŒ t=urf;zufzEd ydS òf zdccJG rhJ a_ =umifh oHCmeJ@jynfov l xl pk pk ak ygi;f (100) ausmcf ef@ aoausxcd u kd f
'%f&m&cJ&h um oHCmeJ@ov D &Siaf ygi;f (2000) cef@tygt0if vlaygi;f (7000) 0ef;usicf ef@ tzrf;tqD;
cHc=hJ u&w,fv@kd cef@reS ;f ok;H oyf=uygw,f? ppftpd;k &&JŒydu k pf yd wf u kd f vdu
k v f zH rf;qD; ta&;,lErdS ef if;r_awG
a=umifh xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifc=hJ u&wJh &[ef;oHCmawmfawGvJ tajrmuftrsm;&Scd yhJ gw,f?
jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m oHCmhwyfaygi;f pk&ŒJ t"duOD;aqmifq&mawmf t&Si*f rB&D udk etz ppf
tpd;k &u 2007 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbm-4 &ufae@rmS zrf;qD;Edik cf +hJ yD;aemuf ¶H;k wifw&m;pGq J ukd m axmif'%f
ESp&f n S cf srw S cf yhJ gw,f?
t&Si*f rB&D zrf;qD;cH&+yD;wJah emuf jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f moHCmhwyfaygi;f pk}uD;udk useo f C H mh
acgi;f aqmifrsm;u qufvufO;D pD;acgi;f aqmif v_y&f mS ;aecJ=h u+yD; &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tay: usL;
vGeaf pmfum;cJrh r_ sm;twGuf etz taejzifh 0efcsawmif;yef&efe@J 0efcsawmif;yefrr_ ðyygu 2009
ckEpS /f oDwif;u|wv f jynfah e@rmS wwd,t}urd af jrmuf ywWeu d KU Z…euHaqmifrð_ yvkyu f m oydwaf rSmuf
uHðyoGm;rSmjzpfa=umif; a=unmcsux f wk jf yefc=hJ uygw,f? etz zufu vk;H 0awmif;yefjcif;rðyvkycf w hJ hJ
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jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f rSm ‘a&$0ga&mif oHCmhvy_ &f mS ;r_}uD;’ [m &Spaf v;vk;H
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wifay;&rSmjzpfovd/k a&$0ga&mif oHCmhvy_ &f mS ;r_}u;D ta=umif; armfueG ;f wif&r,fq&kd if jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk
qdik &f m oHCmhwyfaygi;f pk}u;D [m rygrjzpf rSww f rf;wifay;&r,fh wu,fOh ;D pD;OD;aqmif oHCmhtzG@J }u;D
wckjzpfcyhJ gw,f?
(55) omoemhOao#mif tjynfjynfqikd &f m jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm;tzG@J csKyf

International Burmese Monks Organination (IBMO)
‘omoemhOao#mif tjynfjynfqikd &f m jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm;tzG@J csKyf (IBMO)’ udk 2007

ckEpS /f atmufwb kd m-27 &ufae@rmS tar&duefjynfaxmifpk awmifumvDz;kd eD;,m;jynfe,f avmhpf
tde*f s,v f pd òf rdŒrSm pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
2007 ckEpS -f pufwifbmrSm ay:xGe;f cJw h hJ ‘a&$0ga&mif awmfveS af &;}uD;’ t+yD;/ Ak'o < moem
tay: usa&mufvmcJw h hJ ab;tEœ&m,frsm;udk jynfya&muf omoemðyq&mawmf}u;D rsm;u 0dik ;f 0ef;
apmifah &Smufay;=uyg&ef/ jynfwiG ;f jynfy&[ef;awmfwcsKŒd &JŒ yef=um;vmcsut f &/ ‘omoemharmVd’
(ac: ) omoemhOao#mif ‘tjynfjynfqikd &f m jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm;tzG@J csKyf’ }uD; zG@J pnf;ay:ayguf
vmcJ&h wmjzpfygw,f? tar&duefEikd if aH &muf rpd;k &drq f &mawmf}uD;udk trSL;ðyem,uxm;+yD;/ yDeq H
&mawmf}uD; ‘b'NEyœ nm0Ho’ u OuUÏtjzpfO;D aqmifum/ 'k-OuUÏ OD;aum0d'/ twGi;f a&;rSL;
b'NEœ OwW&wd@k jzifh pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? Ak'o < moemwd;k wufjyef@ymG ;a&;eJ@ omoemudk
xdyg;wJt h Eœ&m,frS umuG,w f m;qD;&ef/ urBmol urBmom;rsm;tusK;d pD;yGm;eJ@ csr;f omokc&&Sad &;
aqmif&u G &f efqw kd hJ &nf&, G cf suaf wGe@J z@JG pnf;cJwh mjzpf+yD; OuUÏq&mawmf yDeq H &mawmf}uD;u ‘tpd;k
&r[kww f hJ NGO tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ bmoma&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJ@ qufpyfvyk f
aqmifomG ;r,f’ vd@k rde@f =um;zGi[ hf cJyh gw,f? zG@J pnf;+yD;r=umciftwGi;f xdik ;f -t*Fvef pwJjh ynfyEdik if H
wcsKŒd rSmvJ tjynfjynfqikd &f m jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm;tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ tzG@J cJG XmecGaJ wGuv kd J wd;k csŒJ zGivhf pS Ef ikd cf hJ
ygw,f?
2008 ckEpS -f arvrSm jrefrmEdik if rH mS em*pfrek w f ikd ;f oifch v H u
kd &f +y;D wJah emufyikd ;f em*pfrek w f ikd ;f oifh
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l w D mawG vkyaf qmifcyhJ g
w,f?
a&$w*d b Hk &k m;ajcawmf&if;rSm ppftpd;k &u oHCmawmfrsm;tm; aoG;ajrusapcJw h ahJ e@/ pufwif
bm-26 &ufae@e@J wu kd qf ikd +f yD; (2) ESpaf jrmuftxdr;f trSwðf y v_y&f mS ;r_tjzpf tar&duefEikd if H yJef
qefaA;eD;,m;jynfe,f ypfpb f wfòrŒd rSm urBmx h yd o f ;D Edik if }H u;D awG&ŒJ (G - 20) tpnf;ta0; usi;f yaecsed f
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332
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'k-OuUÏ q&mawmfO;D aum0d'OD;pD;+yD; 26-9-2009 ae@rmS vJ e,l;a,mufòrdŒrSm +idr;f csr;f pGmqENjyv_yf
&Sm;r_wck ðyvkyt f xdr;f trSwðf ycJ=h u&if;/ urBmu rarhravsmt h rSw&f atmif ðyvkyjf ycJ=h uygw,f?
2009 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm-4 &ufae@rmS 'kw, d t}udraf jrmuf oHCmhnv D mcHukd e,l;a,mufòrdŒrSm
usi;f ycJ=h u+yD; etzppftpd;k &u usi;f yðyvkyaf y;r,fqw kd hJ 2010 a&G;aumufyeJG @J ywfouf+yD; arwWm
&yfccH suw f apmifukd xkwjf yefa=unmcJ=h uygw,f? ‘av;eufpmG arwWm&yfccH su’f vd@k acgi;f pOfwyfxm;
wJh (4-12-2009) ae@peJG @J xkwjf yefvu kd w f hJ tJ'aD =unmcsuu f kd tjynfjynfqikd &f m jrefrm&[ef;awmf
rsm;tzG@J csKyf OuUÏ yDeq H &mawmf}uD; OD;ynm0Ho ud, k w f ikd vf ufrw S af &;xd;k azmfjyxm;+yD; “ 2010
a&G;aumufyo JG nf ygwaD ygi;f pkH ,SOòf yid Ef ikd cf iG &hf rdS o
S m jynfow l @kd vt kd ifqENEiS u hf u kd n
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jynfo@l a&G;aumufy[ JG k ac:qdEk ikd rf nf? ygwaD ygi;f pkyH g0if,OS òf ydiEf ikd o f nfh a&G;aumufyrJG sK;d jzpfvmEdik af &;
twGuf rysurf uGuf aqmif&u G af y;yg&ef wm0ef&dS etz tzG@J 0ifw@kd tm;av;eufpmG wdu k wf eG ;f arwWm
&yfcv H ukd yf gonf” vd@k tESpcf sKyftm;jzifah zmfjyxm;wm awG@&ygw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfe@J
a':atmifqef;pk=unfyg0ifciG hf r&atmifvyk af qmifxm;r,fh ryg0ifEikd w f ahJ &G;aumufyrJG sK;d [m rrSeu f ef
Edik /f 'ga=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd jyefvw $ af y;zd@k e@J vufcyH g0ifEikd af tmif vdt k yfwmawGukd
vkyaf qmifay;zd@k &nf&, G af wmif;qdv k u kd w f hJ arwWm&yfccH suyf J jzpfygw,f?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm;tzG@J csKyf[m jynfya&muf jrefrm&[ef;awmfawGe@J
jrefrmEdik if o H m;rsm;=um;rSm xif&mS ;wJh oHCmhtzG@J tpnf;}uD;wckjzpfwt hJ jyif jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ ta&;/
jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ bmoma&;/ omoema&;awGtwGuf a&$0ga&mifawmfveS af &;uae jrpfzsm;cHxu G af y:
vmcJw h hJ oHCmhtzG@J tpnf;w&yfv@kd yJ rSww f rf;wifxm;&ygvrd rhf ,f?
(56) ytd0k ;f trsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J csKyf

PaO National Liberation Organization (PNLO)
‘ytd0k ;f trsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J csKyf (PNLO)’ udk 2009 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm-8 &ufae@rmS
zG@J pnf;vdu k yf gw,f?
(2009 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm-7 &ufae@rS (9) &ufae@txdtwGi;f ytd0k t hf zG@J tpnf;rsm;pGm wuf
a&mufc=hJ uwJh uGezf &ifw h &yfusi;f y+yD; ytd0k v
hf w
G af jrmufa&;óud;yrf;r_ ESpf (60) ajrmuf tcrf;tem;
usi;f y=u+y;D / 'DZifbm-8 &ufae@rmS xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfrmS ‘ytd0k ;f trsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J csKy’f
udk atmifjrifpmG zG@J pnf;cJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f? ytd0k ahf wmfveS af &;pwifpumvu ok;H pGcJ zhJ ;l wJh ‘ytd0k t hf
rsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J ’ qdw k hJ ordik ;f 0ifemrnfukd jyefvnfc, H ol ;Hk pGv
J u kd +f yD;/ topfwzeftjzpf
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wdu k zf suaf &; aºuG;a=umfoeH @J twl 1949 ckEpS rf mS pwifay:ayguv f mcJ&h mu/ 1957-58 ckEpS rf mS
333
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a&; jyefqif;cJ=h u&if; 1976 ckEpS x f rJ mS Auy udv k v kd m;wJh ytd0k ehf t D jzpf ‘&vvz (SNPLO)’ tzG@J
eJ@ uGejf rLepfuq kd ef@usiw f hJ ytd0k jhf zL ‘ytd0k t hf rsK;d om; tzG@J csKyf (PNO)’ tzG@J q+kd yD; ESpyf ikd ;f ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;
&ygw,f? 1991 ckEpS -f ESppf ydik ;f rSmyJ OD;atmifcrf;xDacgi;f aqmifwhJ (PNO) u e0w ppftpd;k &eJ@+ird ;f csr;f
a&;vky+f yD; typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lomG ;wJt h wGuf e0w eJ@ typftcwf &yfpaJ &;vkyw f mtay:
vufrcHEikd w f hJ cGeOf uUmOD;aqmifwhJ ‘ytd0k jhf ynfo@l vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J (PPLO)’ ay:ayguv f mcJyh g
w,f? ytd0k ehf v D @kd ac: =uwJh OD;wmuv,facgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘&vvz (SNPLO) tzG@J }uD;uvJ 1994
ckEpS rf mS e0w tpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lomG ;jyefwt hJ cg/ 2007 ckEpS rf mS cGex f ad qmif/ cGeo f &l ed f
acgi;f aqmifwt hJ iftm;pk[m &vvz tzG@J }uD;uaecGx J u G vf mcJ+h yD; (24-2-2008) &ufae@rmS
PNLO tzG@J tjzpf jyefvnfz@JG pnf;cJy h gw,f? 8-12-2009 ae@rmS awmh ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;tm;vk;H w
pnf;wvk;H wnf;eJ@ wckwnf;aom cdik rf mawmifw h if;wJh awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;}uD; jzpfay:vma&;
twGuf cGeOf uUmOD;aqmifwhJ ytd0k jhf ynfo@l vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J }uD;eJ@ cGex f ad qmif/ cGeo f &l ed w f @kd acgi;f
aqmifwhJ ytd0k t hf rs;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J }u;D wd@k tjyeftvSeef m;vnfre_ @J jyefvnf ndE‡ id_ ;f yl;aygi;f
vdu k =f uum “ytd0k ;f trsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J csKyf” }uD;udk topfwzef xlaxmifz@JG pnf;vdu k f
=ujcif;yJjzpfygw,f? ‘tck PPLO qdw k mvJ r&Sad wmhb;l / t&if PNLO qdw k mvJ r&Sad wmhb;l / w
jcm;b,fawmfveS af &; ytd0k v hf ufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;rSr&Sad wmhbJ (PNLO) topftjzpfz@JG pnf;vdu k f
wmjzpfw,f’ vd@k OD;cGeOf uUmu zGiq hf ykd gw,f)?
topfz@JG pnf;vdu k w f hJ “ytd0k ;f trsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J csKyf PNLO” tzG@J tpnf;}uD;&JŒ
OuUÏuawmh OD;cGeOf uUmjzpf+y;D / Adv k rf LS ;csKyf cGex f ad qmif 'k-OuUÏ/ cGejf rifx h eG ;f taxGaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;
rSL;/ Advk rf LS ;}uD;cGeo f &l ed f wGb J uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; (1)/ cGerf sK;d wGb J uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
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aygi;f A[dt k vkyf tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if (15) OD; &Syd gw,f?
topfjyefvnfz@JG pnf;vdu k w f hJ wckwnf;aom PNLO tzG@J }uD;[m etz eJ@ typf&yfxm;wJh
OD;atmifcrf;xDO;D aqmifwhJ PNO tzG@J rS etz vufatmufrcHvo kd l ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;awGtwGuv f J
wHcg;zGix hf m;um apmifóh udaeovd&k adS e+yD; oifw h ifah vsmufywfwhJ tus,t f 0ef;&Sd ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;
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qufvufqifEo J$ mG ;zd@k qk;H jzwfxm;w,fqykd gw,f? etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ 2008 ckEpS /f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk
tajccHOya'udk vufrcHEikd b f J 2008 ckEpS /f zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya't& ðyvkyrf ,fh etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ
‘2010 a&G;aumufy’JG udv k J qef@usio f mG ;r,f qdyk gw,f?
etz ppftpd;k &udk jywfjywfom;om;qef@usiaf e=uwJh awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;awGxrJ mS
‘ytd0k ;f trsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&;tzG@J csKyf’ [m rSww f rf;wifxm;&r,fh wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd f
tzG@J tpnf;w&yf jzpfygw,f? etzppftpd;k &udk qef@usiw f eG ;f vSew
f u kd yf 0JG ifae=uwJh ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;
tzG@J tpnf;tm;vk;H udk wpkwpnf;wnf;tjzpf topfwzef jyefvnfppk nf;aygi;f ¶H;k vdu k Ef ikd w f hJ wck
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tzG@J tpnf; rsm;eJ@ywfouf+yD; æ)
Ù 1 - &[ef;ysKo d r*~OuUÏ OD;acrmpm&eJ@ acwfòydit f ifwmAsL; trSwf 66-Ed0k ifbm-1998 acwf

òydi*f sme,frS
Ù 2 - &[ef;ysKo d r*~OuUÏ t&Siaf crmpm&&JŒ ‘rpPwm[dak q;&mrd@k (pf)a[mfwmod@k tdwzf iG ahf y;pm’
rS æ trSwf (40-ZGe-f 2003) rd;k óud;owif;pm?
Ù 3 - wpn wGb J uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;cifarmif}uD;&JŒajymqdck surf S (&efuek rf mS 24-9-
2009 ae@ wpn wnfaxmifjcif; (21) ESpaf jrmuf tcrf;tem;owif;yg æ)?
Ù 4 - Advk rf LS ;csKyf ausmq
f ef;&JŒ &Si;f vif;csurf S (etz owif;xkwjf yefa&;tzG@J &ŒJ 15-3-2005 ae@
owif;pm &Si;f vif;yGrJ mS æ)
Ù 5 - avhvmolwOD;&JŒ ‘jrefrmtar&duefqufqaH &;ordik ;f ’ pmrsuEf mS - 267
Ù 6 - avhvmolwOD;&JŒ ‘jrefrmtar&duefqufqaH &;ordik ;f ’ pmrsuEf mS - 267
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Ù 7 - OD;cGerf wf&u f bkd ef&ŒJ ‘ppfreS af om zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;qD od@k æ’ pmtkyf
pmrsuEf mS 28
Ù 8 - OD;atmifapmOD;&JŒ ‘vGwv f yfa&; a&$&wk’ pmrsuEf mS - 507
Ù 9 - ol&, d om&&JŒ ‘vl@abmifukd b,fvo kd pfrvJ’ aqmif;yg;/ opPm&DAsL;pmapmif - trSwf (2)
azazmf0g&D -rwf-1992
Ù 10 - (1-11-2007) ru'w (19) ESpaf jrmuf xkwjf yefcsurf S æ
Ù 11 - (12-2-2008) ae@pyJG g ru'w &JŒ oabmxm;xkwjf yefcsurf S æ
Ù 12 - Adv k cf sKyfjreJ@ acwfòydit f ifwmAsL;/ 'DatbD (10) ESpaf jrmufr/S trSwf 66/ Ed0k ifbm/ 1998/
acwfòyif*sme,f
Ù 13 - r'rc pnf;¶H;k a&;ESihf jyef=um;a&;Xme&JŒ 22-8-89 ae@pyJG g E_;d aqmfwu kd w f eG ;f csurf S æ
Ù 14 - (14-1-94) ae@pyJG g 'DatbD &JŒ ta&;ay: A[dak umfrw D t D pnf;ta0;xkwjf yefcsurf S æ
Ù 15 - (23-6-2005) cse;f acgiu f ;kd um;-w±kwo f wif;pmyg/ owif;axmuf use;f ,Giahf zh&ŒJ
‘avmfppf[efe@J tifwmAsL;’ rS æ avmfppf[efu, kd wf ikd af jymjycsurf S æ
Ù 16 - OD;cGerf wf&u f b kd ef&ŒJ ‘ppfreS af om zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk Edik if aH wmfopfwnfaqmufa&;qDo@kd
æ’ pmtkypf mrsuEf mS - 338
Ù 17 - (1-12-2004) ae@pyJG g UWSP A[dak umfrwD&ŒJ ‘rsuaf rSmufjynfwiG ;f tajctaeeJ@ ywfoufwhJ
xkwjf yefcsut f csKŒd ’ acgi;f pOfyg xkwjf yefcsurf S æ
Ù 18 - (14-11-2005) ae@pyJG g OD;va,mufaZvGe;f tzG@J &ŒJ ‘taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh wifjyjcif;’
trnf&dS pmrsuEf mS - 32/ rsuEf mS yg pmwrf;rS æ
Ù 19 - +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDwyfO;D &JŒ 30-10-1989 ae@pyJG g pmrS æ
Ù 20 - PDF &JŒ 18-10-2007 ae@pyJG g xkwjf yefa=unmcsurf S æ
Ù 21 - rif;xufausmf (OD;0if;ud)k &JŒ ‘vGwaf jrmufe,fajra&muf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf’
aqmif;yg;/ NLD-LA xkwf æ a&$carmuf rSww f rf;v$m/ trSwf (9)/ rwfv/ 1998 rS æ
Ù 22 - (27-5-96) ae@pjJG zifh xkwjf yefcw hJ hJ ‘NCUB pwkwt W }urd af jrmuf nDvmcH xkwjf yefa=unmcsu’f rS
Ù 23 - Adv k cf sKyf}uD; apmbdjk reJ@ tifwmAsL;/ acwfòydi*f sme,f/ trSwf (66) Ed0k ifbm/ 1998 rS æ
Ù 24 - NDD rS xkwaf 0wJh ‘jynfcikd òf zd; od@k r[kw’f pmtkypf mrsuEf mS - 12/ rwfv-2008 xkwpf m
tkyrf S æ
Ù 25 - BLC taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;atmifx;l &JŒ ‘jrefrmEdik if aH &SŒaersm; aumifp’D pmwrf;rS
Ù 26 - jrefrmtrsK;d orD;or*~&ŒJ vufurf;pmapmif - 2009 rS æ
Ù 27 - (17-9-1998) ae@xw k f jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu,kd pf m;ðy aumfrwD. a=unmcsuf trSwf (1) rS
Ù 28 - (8-12-1998) ae@pyJG g CRPP &JŒ a=unmcsuf trSwf (7) rS æ
Ù 29 - rd;k óud;owif;pOf trSwf (39)/ arv/ 2003 rS æ
Ù 30 - O'ge;f r*~Zif;/ trSwf (1)/ arv/ 2004 xkwrf S æ
Ù 31 - AAPP xkwf 'The Future in the dark' pmtky/f pmrsuEf mS 27 rS æ
336
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(130) eD;yg; YMBA up+yD; a&wGu=f unfrh ,fq&kd if ESpaf ygi;f (100) ausmt f wGi;f ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d /
&nf&, G cf sutf rsK;d rsK;d / vdt
k yfcsut f rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ zG@J pnf;ay:ayguaf y:xGe;f vmcJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J t
pnf;toif;tyif;aygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGmxJuae Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;aygi;f (200)
eD;yg;&JŒ ta=umif;awGukd wckcsi;f tvdu k f azmfjyrSww f rf;wif !¸e;f qdw k ifjy+yD;+yDjzpfygw,f?
Armjynf Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f a=umif;udk jyefajymif;wl;azmf &SmazGo;Hk oyfavhvm=uwJt h cg
rvGrJ aoG xdawG@=um;jrifñuHqv Hk m&r,fh Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;trnfemrawGxu J
tc&mtusq;Hk / od&edS m;vnf oabmaygut f xm;oifq h ;Hk / rodrjzpf ta&;tygq;Hk / ta&;t}uD;qk;H
vd@k ,lq&wJh Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;awGuykd J t"duaZmif;ay;+yD; wwfEikd o f r# r
ºuGi;f use&f pf&atmif tav;wif;azmfjy !¸e;f qdx k m;wmjzpfygw,f? 'D=um;xJuyJ ºuGi;f use&f pfwm/
337
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ae&pfwmawGtay: oabmxm;tjrif rnDr#Eikd w f mawGv&J EdS ikd yf gw,f? ‘!¸e;f qdðk ypko’l &JŒ oabm
xm;tjrift& ajym&r,fq&kd if wwfEikd o f r# "rR"Xd mefusatmif pOf;pm;ok;H oyf+y;D Edik if aH &;t&tav;
xm;=unfjh rifum a&G;cs,af zmfjy pkpnf;ay;cJw h m jzpfygw,f?
ed*;Hk csKyftm;jzifh xyf+y;D ajymqdck siw
f muawmh tcka&G;cs,af zmfjy pkpnf;aygi;f csKyfðypkay;vdu k w
f hJ
“Armjynf Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm; t!¸e;f ” [m ‘t!¸e;f ’ r#yJ jzpfygw,f?
'D ‘t!¸e;f ’ r#tay:uae rdrw d @kd &ŒJ vdt
k yfcsuf pdw0f ifpm;csu/f od&edS m;vnfvckd suaf wG&ŒJ
twdrt f euf/ twdik ;f twm/ tusO;f tus,t f vdu k f qufvufcsŒJ xGif wl;azmf=unfjh rifomG ;=uzd@k u
awmh oufqikd &f myk*Kd~ vf tzG@J tpnf;awG&ŒJ tvdq k ENtwdik ;f yJ jzpfygw,f? ‘t!¸e;f ’ uawmh ‘t
!¸e;f ’ r#yJ jzpfygw,f?
0if;wifx
h eG ;f
31-12-2009
usr;f ud;k pm&if;
rSD - jirf; - ud;k um; pmtkyrf sm;
(1) Edik if aH &; tbd"mef - Adv k rf LS ;cspaf umif;

(2) ESpf (200) jrefrmEdik if o H rdik ;f tbd"mef - OD;pdejf rifh
(3) udv k ekd aD cwf jrefrmhordik ;f tbd"mef - jr[ef
(4) wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k ordik ;f - (yxrwG/J 'kw, d wG)J ordik ;f ðypka&; tzG@J
(5) ud, k w f ikd af &; twWKy`wdW - Adv k rf LS ;csKyfa[mif; ausmaf Zm
(6) ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f - atmifxeG ;f
(7) vGwv f yfa&; a&$&wk - atmifapmOD;
(8) jrefrm-tar&duef qufqaH &;ordik ;f - avhvmolwOD;
(9) jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;óud;yrf;r_ &ufpOfordik ;f - zd;k atmifav;
(10) wyfrawmfordik ;f - (pwkww W /JG yÌrwG/J qXrwG/J owWrwG)J
(11) jynfwiG ;f aomif;use;f r_ ordik ;f (tydik ;f - 3) - &Jabmf opfarmif
(12) 1948 rS 1988 twGi;f jzwfoef;vmaom jrefrmhordik ;f tusO;f ESihf wyfrawmfu¾ (yxrwG/J
338
'kw, d wG/J wwd,wG)J -
(13) jrefrmhEikd if aH &; pepfajymif;umv ('kw, d wG)J - OD;pH+idr;f ESihf OD;jr[ef
(14) jrefrmhEikd if aH &;pepfajymif;umv (wwd,wG)J - OD;ode;f vdi_ Ef iS hf a'guwf mcifv[S ef
(15) a&$jynfawmf ar#mrf a0;+yDr@kd - pnfoal tmif/ armifrw S f
(16) ordik ;f rSeu f u l uG rf sm; - jynfo@l bufawmfom;rsm;
(17) wmawpaeom; - OD;Ek
(18) jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;wdu k yf EJG iS hf ocifApdef - wuUov kd f pdew f if
(19) awmfveS af &;c&D;vrf;0,f - bkaH yguo f mausmf
(20) 'Dru
kd a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmfopfwnfaqmufa&;qDo@kd æ - cGe;f rwf&u f bkd ef
(21) bde;f bk&if cGeq f m - apma'gi;f ndK
(22) ‘jynfcikd òf zd; (od@k r[kw)f ’ - NDD
t*Fvyd b
f momeJ@ pmtkyrf sm;
(1) The Shan of Burma - Eugene Thaike

(2) The future in the dark - AAPP
(3) Living Silence - Christina Fink
(4) Burma (Chronology of events 2004) - ABSDF
r*~Zif;/ *sme,f/ pmapmifpmwrf;rsm;
(1) jynfo@l tm%m *sme,frsm;

(2) rd;k *sme,frsm;
(3) oElx;l *sme,frsm;
(4) rd;k óud; owif;pOfrsm;
(5) acwfòydif *sme,frsm;
(6) O'ge;f r*~Zif;
(7) SHAN owif;pOfrsm;
(8) a'gi;f td;k a0 pmapmifrsm;
(9) a&$carmuf rSww f rf;v$mrsm;
(10) csK;d vif;jym pmapmifrsm;
339
0if;wifhxGef;
aemufqufwJG
2010 jynfEh pS -f taxGaxGa&G;aumufyrJG mS yg0if,OS òf yif=uzd@k

zG@J pnf;ay:aygufvmcJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;rsm;
340
aemufqufwJG
2010 jynfEh pS -f taxGaxGa&G;aumufyrJG mS yg0if,OS òf yif=uzd@k zG@J pnf;ay:aygufvmcJ=h uwJh

ygwDa[mif;rsm; æ
(1) wkid ;f &if;om; pnf;vH;k nD!w

G af &;ygwD (wpn) National Unity Party (NUP)
(2) jynfaxmifpk u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;tzG@J csKyf Union Karen League (UKL)
(3) òrd (ac: ) crDtrsK;d om; nD!w G af &;tzG@J (rcrnz) Mro or Khami National Solidarity
Organization (MKNSO)
(4) vm;[l trsK;d om;zG@H òzd;wd;k wufa&;ygwD Lahu National Development Party (LNDP)
(5) ud;k uef@'rD u
kd a&pDEiS fh nD!w
G af &;ygwD Kokang Democracy and Unity Party (KDUP)
ygwDopfrsm; æ
(1) 88 rsKd ;qufausmif;om;vli,frsm; (jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if )H 88 Generation student Youths

(Union of Myanmar)
(2) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsKd ;om;Edik if aH &;tzG@J csKyf Union of Myanmar Federation of National
Politics
(3) 'Dru
kd &ufwpfygwD (jrefrm) Democratic Party (Myanmar)
341
0if;wifhxGef;
(4) u&ifjynfo@l ygwD Karen People’s Party
(5) trsKd ;om;Edik if aH &; r[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J csKyf National Political Alliances (NPA)
(6) ytd0k t hf rsKd ;om;tzG@J csKyf Pa-O National Organization (PNO)
(7) ucsijf ynfe,f wd;k wufa&;ygwD Kachin State Progressive Party (KSPP)
(8) jrefrmhv@l abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD Myanmar New Society Democratic Party
(9) rwlujJG ym;jcif;ESihf +idr;f csr;f a&;ygwD Peace and Diversity Party
(10) acwfopfjynfo@l ygwD Modern People Party
(11) csi;f trsKd ;om;ygwD Chin National Party
(12) jynfaxmifpk 'Dru kd a&pDygwD Union Democracy Party
(13) &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD Shan National Democratic Party
(14) watmif; (yavmif) trsKd ;om;ygwD Ta aung (Palaung) National Party
(15) 0Homek NLD (jrefrmEdik if )H Wunthanu NLD ( Union of Myanmar )
(16) ‘0’ 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD Wa Democratic Party
(17) zvk-H pa0: 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD PhaLon - Sawaw Democratic Party
(18) &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f wd;k wufa&;ygwD Northern Shan State Progressive Party
(19) csi;f wd;k wufa&;ygwD Chin Progressive Party
(20) u,ef;trsKd ;om;ygwD Kayan National Party
(21) trsKd ;om;zGH òh zd;wd;k wufa&; 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD National Democratic Party for Development
(22) jrefrmEdik if H &cdik jf ynfe,ftrsKd ;om;tiftm;pk Rakhine State National Force
(23) jynfaxmifp=k uHch ikd af &;ESihf zGH òh zd;a&;ygwD Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP)
(24) 0 trsKd ;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;ygwD Wa National Unity Party
(25) tif; trsKd ;om;zGH òh zd;wd;k wufa&;ygwD Inn National Development Party
(26) rGeaf 'ovk;H qdik &f m 'Dru kd a&pDygwD All Mon Region Democracy Party
(27) nD!w G af om 'Dru kd a&pDygwD (ucsijf ynfe,f) United Democracy Party (Kachin State)
(28) nD!w G af om 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD United Democratic Party (UDP)
(29) &cdik w f ikd ;f &if;om;rsm; wd;k wufa&;ygwD Rakhine Nationalities Development Party
(30) 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf +idr;f csr;f a&;ygwD Peace and Democracy Party
(31) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm; zGH òh z;d wd;k wufa&;ygwD Ethnic National Development Party (ENDP)
(32) jrefrm'Dru kd a&pDueG *f &uf Myanmar Democracy Congress (MDC)
(33) crDtrsKd ;om; zG@H òzd;wd;k wufa&;ygwD
(34) òrd wdik ;f &if;om;ygwD
(35) trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pk National Democratic Force (NDF)
342
aemufqufwJG
2010 jynfEh pS -f taxGaxGa&G;aumufyrJG mS yg0if,OS òf ydi=f uzd@k zG@J pnf;ay:aygufvmcJ=h uwJh

1988 ckEpS /f Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w Hk ifOya't& Edik if aH &;ygwt D ajrmuftrsm; ay:xGe;f vmcJh
ayrJ/h 1990 jynf-h ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD;+yD;wJah emufyikd ;f etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ
t a=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jy rw&m;ojzifh zsuo f rd ;f y,fzsuyf pfvukd rf a_ =umifh 2010 jynfEh pS t
f xd (etz
ppftpd;k &&JŒ owfrw S cf sut f &) w&m;0ifEikd if aH &;ygwt D jzpf use&f pfcw hJ m[m (10) ygwyD J &Syd gawmh
w,f? 'DygwaD [mif; (10) ygwx D uJ (5) ygw[ D m etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ (8-3-20 10) ae@rmS xkwjf yef
a=unmvdu k w f hJ ‘Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf Hk wifjcif; Oya'’ t&/ &ufaygi;f (60) twGi;f topfjyefvnf
rSwyf wHk ifc=hJ uygw,f? tJ'ED ikd if aH &;ygwaD [mif; (5) ck tygt0if Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;opfawGvJ
tv#Kt d v#Kd xyfrx H u G af y:vmcJyh gw,f? etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ ‘2008 zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'’
udk xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf vdu k ef mrnfjzpfa=umif; óudwif0efccH suf vufrw S af &;xd;k um etz u
OD;pD;usi;f yay;r,fh ‘2010 jynfEh pS -f ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy’JG rSm yg0if,OS òf ydit f a&G;
cs,cf =H ur,fh Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;awGtjzpf ay:ayguv f mwmjzpfygw,f? ygwaD [mif; (10) ck
xJu xyfrrH w S yf w Hk if&yfwnfvmcJw h hJ ygwaD [mif; (5) ckuawmh æ æ æ
(1) wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vk;H nD!w

G af &;ygwD (wpn)
National Unity Party (NUP)
&Spaf v;vk;H vlxt k a&;awmfy}Hk uD;a=umifh Edik if aH &;ZmwfcaHk y:uae emrnfq;kd eJ@òydus aysmuf
uG,f qif;ajy;oGm;cJ&h wJ/h rqv ygwD trmcHacgi;f aqmifa[mif;awGe@J zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wJh
ygwjD zpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh trsm;xku 'Dygwu D kd ‘rqv wjzpfvJ wpnygw’D vdk h ac:a0:uifyeG ;f wyfchJ
=uygw,f? ,cif wpnygwOD uUÏ OD;omausmf r&Sad wmhwt hJ wGuf tcktopfwzef rSwyf w Hk ifz@JG pnf;
ay:ayguv f m&csed rf mS awmh/ OuUÏtjzpf OD;xGe;f &D (Adv k cf sKyaf [mif;)/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;oef;wif/
wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;cifarmif}uD;/ tzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf OD;cspv f id_ /f ol& OD;apmjzL/ OD;vSxeG ;f /
OD;[efa&$/ OD;ode;f xGe;f pwJyh *k Kd~ vaf wGe@J O;D aqmifz@JGpnf; &yfwnfay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? (29-3-2010)
ae@rmS topfwzefjyefvnf rSwyf w Hk ifav#mufxm;cJ+h y;D (29-4-20 10) ae@rpS +y;D rSwyf w Hk ifciG ðhf ya=umif;
jynfaxmifpk a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sirf S w&m;0ifa=unmcsuf xkwjf yefa=unmay;cJyh gw,f? ygwrD w S yf Hk
wiftrSwrf mS (2) jzpfygw,f? ygw±D ;Hk csKyfziG v hf pS x
f m;&m ae&muawmh &efuek w f ikd ;f / A[ef;òrdŒe,f/
343
0if;wifhxGef;
a&$awmif=um; (1) &yfuu G /f atmifaZ,svrf;/ trSwf (24) jzpfygw,f? wpnygw&D ŒJ w&m;0ifajym
a&;qdck iG &hf o
dS l OD;[efa&$tqdt k & ygw0D if (5) ode;f cef@&w dS ,fqykd gw,f?
1990 jynf-h a&G;aumufyw JG ek ;f u t±_;H }u;D ±_;H cJ&h ayrJh 2010 a&G;aumufyrJG mS awmh tEdik &f Edik zf ,
G f
&Sw
d ,fv@kd ar#mv f ifw
h u
G qf xm;wJh ygwjD zpfygw,f?
(rSwcf su?f ?,cifazmfjyxm;+yD; ‘wpnygw’D ta=umif;eJ@twl wGzJ uf=unfyh g&ef æ)
(2) jynfaxmifpk u&iftrsK;d om;rsm; tzG@J csKyf

Union Karen League (UKL)
90 jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumufyuJG wnf;u yg0ifwnf&cdS w hJ hJ Edik if aH &;ygwaD [mif;jzpfygw,f? (8-

4-2010) ae@rmS topfwzef jyefvnfrw S yf w
Hk ifcyhJ gw,f? OD;apmarmifacsm/ OD;apmoef;atmifw@kd u
OD;aqmif zG@J pnf;cJw
h m jzpfygw,f? &efuek /f =unfjh rifwikd òf rŒd e,f/ u&iftrsKd ;om;&yfuu G /f OD;vlev
D rf;rSm
ygw±D ;Hk csKyftajc pdu k x
f m;wJh tzG@J jzpfygw,f?
(3) òr (ac:) crD trsK;d om; nD!w

G af &;tzG@J (rcrnz)
Mro or Khami National Solidarity Organization (MKNSO)
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D t+y;D rSm ay:ayguv f mcJwh mjzpf+y;D / 90 jynf-h a&G;aumufyu JG wnf;
u yg0ifwnf&cdS u hJ m tzsuo f rd ;f rcH&yJ use&f adS ecJwh hJ ygwaD [mif;jzpfygw,f? (9-4-2010) ae@rmS
topfwzef jyefvnfrw S yf wHk ifcyhJ gw,f? jynfaxmifpak &G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (28-4- 2010)
ae@peJG @J Edik if aH &;ygwt D jzpf tOD;qk;H rSwyf w Hk ifciG ðhf ya=unmay;cJyh gw,f? a=unmcsut f & ygwrD w S yf w
Hk if
trSwrf mS eHygwf (1) jzpfygw,f? OuUÏ OD;pHomatmif/ twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;vmabGw@kd u acgi;f aqmif+yD;
&cdik jf ynfe,frmS tajcpdu k w f yhJ gwjD zpfygw,f? ygw±D ;Hk csKyfuawmh &cdik jf ynfe,f/ ausmufawmfòrdŒ/
jynfawmfom&yfuu G /f tdrt f rSwf (20) rSm jzpfygw,f?
(4) vm;[ltrsK;d om; zG@H òz;wd;k wufa&;ygwD

Lahu National Development Party (LNDP)
1990 jynf-h a&G;aumufyJG +yD;wJah emufyikd ;f etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ zsuo f rd ;f jcif;rcH&bJ aemufq;Hk
tcsed t
f xd wnf&u dS se&f cdS w
hJ hJ Edik if aH &;ygwaD [mif; (10) ckxu J ygwaD [mif;wckjzpfygw,f? (23-4-
2010) ae@rmS topfwzef jyefvnfrw S yf w
Hk ifav#mufxm;cJ&h mrSm etz jynfaxmifpak &G;aumufyJG
aumfr&Siu f (29-4-2010) ae@rpS +yD; rSwyf w Hk ifciG ðhf ya=umif; a=unmcsuf xkwjf yefa=unmay;cJyh g
w,f? ygwrD w S yf w Hk if trSwu f awmh (3) jzpfygw,f? OD;usm;[m;&S/J OD;a,moyfw@kd u acgi;f aqmifz@JG pnf;
cJw
h mjzpf+yD; &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f tajcpdu k f ygwiD ,fwck jzpfygw,f? ygw±D ;Hk csKyfwnf&mae&muawmh
344
vm;±_;d òrdŒ/ &yfuu
G f (1) yg&rDvrf;/ vrf;oG,f (4)/ trSwf (43) jzpfygw,f?
(5) ud;k uef@'rD u

kd a&pDEiS hf nD!w
G af &;ygwD
Kokang Democracy and Unity Party (KDUP)
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyt Hk +yD; e0w ppftpd;k &&JŒ Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;rSwyf w
Hk ifciG Ohf ya't& ay:
ayguzf @JG pnf;cJw h hJ ygwjD zpfygw,f? 90 jynf-h a&G;aumufy+JG y;D wJah emufyikd ;f tzsuo f rd ;f rcH&bJ qufvuf
use&f cdS iG &hf cJw
h hJ Edik if aH &;ygwaD [mif; (10) ckxu J ygwaD [mif;wckjzpfygw,f? (30-4-2010) ae@rmS
topfwzef jyefvnfrw S yf w
Hk ifciG hf av#mufxm;wifoiG ;f cJyh gw,f? jynfaxmifpk a&G;aumufyaJG umf
r&Siu f (7-5-2010) ae@rpS +yD; Edik if aH &;ygwt D jzpf rSwyf w
Hk ifciG ðhf ya=umif; a=unmcsux f w k jf yefay;cJyh g
w,f?
ygwrD w S yf w Hk if trSwu f awmh (4) jzpfygw,f? ygwXD mecsKyfuawmh &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f / vm;
±_;d òrdŒ/ &yfuu G f (2) e,fajr (6)/ a'gevrf;/ trSwf (c§ 6§ 137) jzpfygw,f?
Ù Ù Ù Ù Ù
txufazmfjyyg Edik if aH &;ygwaD [mif; (5) cktjyif 2010jynfEh pS f Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w
Hk ifjcif;
Oya' qdw
k mt& 2010 ygwpD 'Hk rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyq JG wkd mrSm yg0if,OS òf ydizf @kd tv#Kt d v#Kd
ay:ayguf vmcJ=h uwJh wjcm;aom Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;topfawGuawmh æ
(1) 88-rsKd ;quf ausmif;om;vli,frsm; (jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if )H

88 Generation student Youths (Union of Myanmar)
&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyu Hk mvtwGi;f a&SŒwef;uxGuaf y:vmcJ=h uwJh ausmif;om;acgi;f

aqmif udrk if;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd uD;wd@k awG[m axmifu vGwaf jrmufvmcJ=h u+yD;aemufyikd ;f (2006) ckEpS f
avmufup+yD; ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J ’ qdw k t hJ rnfe@J ppftpd;k &qef@usiaf &; Edik if aH &;
v_y&f mS ;r_awG pwifvy_ &f mS ;vm=ucsed rf mS / udrk if;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd u;D wd@k acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;
om;rsm;tzG@J ’ qdw k ehJ mrnfe@J qifw, l ;dk rm;tjzpf ‘88-rsK;d quf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;’ tzG@J ukd
udak t;vGiu f acgi;f aqmifz@JG pnf;v_y&f mS ;vmcJyh gw,f? udrk if;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd uD;wd@k acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘88-
rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J ’ u ppftm%m&Sipf epf qef@usiaf &;/ ppftpd;k &qef@usiaf &;udk OD;wnfa&SŒ
aqmifvy_ &f mS ;cJah yrJ/h udak t;vGiaf cgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;vli,frsm;’ tzG@J uawmh
ppftpd;k &tóuduf ppftpd;k &tvdu k svy_ &f mS ;r_awGuykd J OD;wnftaumifxnfazmf ajymqdv k y_ &f mS ;cJ+h yD;
Edik if aH &;&yfwnfcsut f & jy'g;wvrf;oHwvrf;toGif odomay:vGiaf ecJyh gw,f? udrk if;udEk ikd /f udu k kd
}uD;wd@k acgi;f aqmifwhJ ppfreS w f hJ ‘88-rsK;d quf ausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J ’ 0ifawG[m ppftpd;k &&JŒ ydu k pf yd f
345
0if;wifhxGef;
wdu k &f mS azGzrf;qD; tjypfay;ta&;,lwmawGukd jyif;jyif;xefxefccH &hJ ayrJ/h udak t; vGiw f @kd &ŒJ ‘88-
rsK;d quf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;’ tzG@J uawmh etz&JŒ vdik pf if&tzG@J wzG@J ozG,jf zpfcyhJ gw,f? 2010
jynfEh pS f a&G;aumufyðJG yvkyaf y;zd@k (8-3-2010)ae@rmS Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w Hk ifjcif;Oya' udk etz
tpd;k &u xkwjf yefa=unmvdu k wf t
hJ csed rf mS awmh yxrqk;H OD;ODzsm;zsm; rSwyf w Hk ifciG hf av#muf xm;wJh
ygw[ D m ‘88 rsK;d quf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tzG@J (jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if )H ’ yJ jzpfygw,f? OD;at;
vGiu f ‘jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;tzG@J csKyf’ trnfe@J ygwaD xmifrmS jzpfwt hJ wGuf
ol@&ŒJ nD OD;&JxeG ;f u OuUXtjzpf wm0efczH @JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? OD;&JxeG ;f yg (27) OD;eJ@ OD;aqmifz@JG pnf; vdu k f
wJh ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;vli,frsm; (jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if )H ’ [m (22-3-2010) ae@rmS rSwyf Hk
wifciG hf tOD;qk;H pwifav#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (22-4-2010) ae@rmS ygwD
wnfaxmifciG hf cGiðhf yrde@f pwifcsay;cJyh gw,f? ygw&D ŒJ emrnfom qifw, l ;dk rm;jzpfcw hJ mr[kw/f ygww D
&m;0ifaxmifawmhvJ ygwu D tok;H ðyr,fh tvHe@J wq H yd w
f ;Hk awGu ordik ;f 0ifausmif;om; or*~tvH
cGyaf 'gi;f tvHe@J ordik ;f 0if BIA trSww f q H yd f a'gi;f wHqyd yf Hk jzpfaewJth wGuf qifw, l ;dk rm;vkyf ykrH mS ;
±ku
d t f ok;H csxm;ovdjk zpfaewJt h wGuf q&m'*kew f m&m/ vlxOk ;D pde0f if;/ OD;rk;d olw@kd vkd pma&;q&m
}uD;awGtygt0if pmaytEkynm&Sif (90) ausmef @J Auo/ tuo tygt0if jynfwiG ;f jynfy&Sd
ausmif;om;or*~tzG@J tpnf;awG/ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGuvJ 'Dygwu D kd jyif;jyif;xefxef
±_wcf suef@uu G qf ef@usiaf =umif; enf;rsK;d pkeH @J azmfjycJ=h uygw,f? etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ tvdu k svy_ &f mS ;r,fh
etz ppftpd;k &&JŒaemufvu kd f atmufqyJG gww D &yftjzpf trsm;pk}uD;&JŒ ±_Œjrifo;Hk oyfcef@reS ;f ajymqdk
a0zefoaH wG yGuaf vm±ku d af tmif xGuaf y:aecJyh gw,f? awmfawmfrsm;rsm;&JŒ jypfwif±w _ cf suef@uu G rf _
a=umifh ordik ;f 0if cGyaf 'gi;f tvHukd ‘88-rsK;d quf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tzG@J (jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if )H ’
qdw k m&JŒ ygwt D vHtjzpf tok;H ðyvdrk u _ akd wmh aemufq;Hk rSm zsuo f rd ;f ajymif;vJay;vdu k &f ygw,f?
(2) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;tzG@J csKyf

Union of Myanmar Federation of National Politics
‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;om;vli,frsm;’ tzG@J &ŒJ rlvOuUÏ OD;at;vGi[ f m ‘88-rsK;d qufausmif;

om; vli,frsm; (jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if )H ’ ud/k nDjzpfol OD;&JxeG ;f eJ@ ajymif;vJwm0ef,zl @JG pnf;ap+yD;
aemuf olu, kd w f ikd f OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,zl @JG pnf;vdu k wf thJ zG@J tpnf;uawmh ‘jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H
trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;tzG@J csKyf’ yJ jzpfygw,f? OuUÏ OD;at;vGiyf g (28) OD;eJ@ acgi;f aqmifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpf+yD;
nDjzpfol OD;&JxeG ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘88-rsK;d quf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tzG@J (jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if )H ’
eJ@twl (22-3-2010) ae@rmS yJ/ wae@wnf;w&ufwnf; òyid w f l OD;OD;zsm;zsm; rSwyf wHk ifciG ahf v#mufxm;cJh
&m (22-4-2010) ae@rmS yJ a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f ygww D nfaxmifciG ðhf ya=umif; a=unmay;cJyh g
w,f? tzG@J &ŒJ XmecsKyf±;Hk pdu k &f mae&muawmh &efuek w f ikd ;f / A[ef;òrdŒe,f/ wdu k f (tufz)f tcef;
(301) ykvJ uGe'f rkd eD , D /H urBmat;bk&m;vrf;rSm jzpfygw,f? OD;at;vGiw f @kd tqdt k &uawmh jynf
axmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;tzG@J csKyf[m ygw0D if (1) ode;f cGaJ usmf &Sw d ,fqykd gw,f?
346
(3) 'Dru
kd &ufwpfygwD (jrefrm)
Democratic Party (Myanmar)
OD;oka0u OuUÏtjzpfwm0ef,+l yD;/ ,cif0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;awG&ŒJ orD;awGjzpf=uwJh a':oef;

oef;Ek (OD;Ek&ŒJ orD;)/ a':csKcd sKad usm+f idr;f (OD;ausm+f idr;f &JŒorD;)/ a':ae&DAaqG(OD;AaqG&ŒJ orD;) wd@k tyg
t0ifppk ak ygi;f (21) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? OD;oka0[m &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyHk
umvtwGi;f u eJ@1990 jynf-h a&G;aumufyu JG mvwke;f uvJ ‘'Dru kd a&pDygw’D qdw k ehJ mrnfe@J ygwD
zG@J pnf; acgi;f aqmifvy_ &f mS ;cJzh ;l ao;+yD;/ tckwcgawmh ‘'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD (jrefrm)’ qdw k ehJ mrnfe@J
ajymif;vJz@JG pnf; v_y&f mS ;vmwmjzpfygw,f? 2008 ckEpS /f em*pfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya'udk t
ouf0ifatmifðyvkyaf y;r,fh etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ 2010 jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumufy[ JG m twkta,mifa&G;
aumufyw JG &yfomjzpf+yD;/ ppftm%m&Sipf epf &moufyef oufq;kd &Snaf &;twGuf ppftpd;k &u t
cdik tf rmajcvSr;f vSr;f vmwmomjzpfw,fv@kd ppfreS w f hJ 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk0ifawGu a0zefo;Hk oyf
±_wcf s ajymqdak e=ucsed rf mS / 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD OuUÏ}uD;OD;oka0uawmh ppftpd;k &[m ppfwyfyyD pD epf
wus aemufqw k af y;aewmjzpfw,f/ 'Dvakd &G;aumufyðJG yvkyaf y;vmr_[m aumif;w,fv@kd ok;H oyf
ajymqdck +hJ yD; a&G;aumufyt JG ay: taumif;jrifoabmxm; pdu k x
f al ºuG;a=umfco hJ l jzpfygw,f? (30-
3-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf w
Hk ifz@kd av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD; (29-4-10) ae@rmS a&G;aumufyJG aumf
r&Si&f ŒJ ueOD;tqifw h qifjh zpfwhJ ygww D nfaxmifciG u hf &kd cJyh gw,f? 'Dru kd &ufwpfygw&D ŒJ ±k;H pdu k &f mXm
ecsKyfae&muawmh &efuek /f ykZeG af wmifòrdŒe,f/ trSwf (6)/ (7) &yfuu G /f uGuo f pfvrf; jzpfygw,f?
ppftpd;k &u owfrw S xf m;wJh v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af vmif;wOD;csi;f pD ay;oGi;f &r,fah iGa=u;yrm%
u rsm;jym;vSwt hJ wGuf rJqENe,ftm;vk;H rSm yg0if,OS òf ydit f a&G;cs,cf EH ikd rf mS r[kwb f /J rJqENe,f
wcsKŒd w0ufavmufom yg0if,OS òf ydiEf ikd rf ,fh tajctae&Syd gw,f?
a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f ae ‘'Dru
kd &ufwpfygwD (jrefrm)’ udk (20-5-2010)ae@up+yD; Edik f
iHa&;ygwt D jzpf rSwyf w Hk ifciG uhf kd w&m;0iftwnfðyay;cJyh gw,f? ygwrD w S yf w
Hk iftrSwrf mS (6) jzpfyg
w,f?
(4) u&ifjynfo@l ygwD

Karen People's Party
u&ifjynfo@l ygwu D kd OD;xGe;f atmifjrifyh g (16) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? OuUÏtjzpf OD;xGe;f
atmifjrif/h 'k-OuUÏ (1) tjzpf a'guw f mapmpdik ;f rGeo
f m/ 'k-OuUÏ (2) apmat;ud/k 'k-OuUÏ (3) uuf
eufa0aomf/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf apmap;0g;wd@k uOD;aqmif+yD; (30-3-2010) ae@rmS w
&m;0ifygwt D jzpf rSwyf w
Hk ifciG ahf v#mufxm;cJyh gw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (29-4-2010) ae@rmS
347
0if;wifhxGef;
ygww D nfaxmifciG hf pwifciG ðhf ycJ+h yD;/ ygwXD mecsKyfwnfae&muawmh &efuek w f ikd ;f / a&$jynfomòrdŒ
e,f/ &yfuu G f (3) awmf0ifvrf;/ trSwf (50) jzpfygw,f? u&iftrsK;d om;awGtrsm;tjym;&S&d m u
&ifjynfe,f/ {&m0wDwikd ;f / &efuek w f ikd ;f / yJc;l wdik ;f eJ@ rGejf ynfe,fawGrmS 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydirf mS jzpfw,fv@kd
qdyk gw,f?
(5) trsK;d om;Edik if aH &; r[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J csKyf

National Political Alliances (NPA)
OD;wifxeG ;f armifyg (15) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf; rSwyf w Hk ifa&;vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;
r[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J csKyfrS OD;wifxeG ;f armif/ OD;=unf0if; pwJah cgi;f aqmifawG[m ,cif NLD tzG@J 0ife@J
a&G;aumufcH v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGjzpfc=hJ u+y;D NLD tzG@J csKyfe@J &yfwnfro _ abmxm; qef@usif
uGv J cJG =hJ uwma=umifh 1999 ckEpS x f rJ mS tzG@J csKyfuae xkwyf ,fypfjcif;cHc&hJ ol ppftpd;k &&JŒ trsK;d om;
nDvmcHukd qufvufwufa&mufc=hJ uolawGjzpfc=hJ uwJt h wGuf t=urf;zsi;f tm;jzifh ,cif NLD rS
xkwyf ,fc&H olrsm;tzG@J v@kd ,lqowfrw S Ef ikd yf gw,f? NLD u xkwyf ,fccH &hJ olawGe@J ppk nf;xm;wJh
wjcm;aomtpktzG@J rsm; (Oyrmtm;jzifh 0HomEk NLD) vdk a'otoD;oDu tpktzG@J rsm;eJ@aygi;f pyf
pkpnf;=u+yD; trsK;d om;Edik if aH &; r[mrdwt f zG@J csKyftjzpf v_y&f mS ;Edik zf @kd pikd ;f jyif;cJ=h uygw,f? Edik if aH &;ygwD
rsm; rSwyf w Hk ifciG Ohf ya' w&m;0ifxw k jf yefjcif; r&Sad o;cifumvutxd tpktzG@J aygi;f (9) ckavmufe@J
r[mrdwzf @JG ppk nf;Edik cf ahJ yrJh wu,fEikd if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w Hk ifciG Ohf ya' xGuaf y:vmcsed rf mS awmh t
zG@J tpk (4) cku oD;jcm;Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGtjzpf oD;jcm;cGx J u G f rSwyf wHk ifomG ;=uwJt h wGuf uset f pktzG@J
rsm;eJ@om pkaygi;f pyfaygi;f r[mrdwzf @JG wnfaxmifxm;&wJh r[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J csKyfwck jzpfygw,f?
(1-4-2010) ae@rmS rSwyf w Hk ifav#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJyh gw,f? OD;wifxeG ;f armif OuUÏ/ OD;=unf
0if; 'k-OuUÏ/ OD;wif0if; twGi;f a&;rSL;wd@k tjyif OD;ode;f =unf (awmifwiG ;f }uD;)/ OD;vSp;kd (rif;bl;)/
OD;jrv_id f (wGaH w;) pwJh yk*Kd~ vfawGtygt0if pkpak ygi;f (15) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf;av#mufvm$ wifcyhJ gw,f?
a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (29-4-2010) ae@rmS w&m;0if ygww D nfaxmifciG ðhf yay;cJyh gw,f? ygwD
XmecsKyfuawmh &efuek w f ikd ;f / vrf;rawmfòrdŒe,f/ (16) vrf;/ wdu k (f 49)/ tcef; (7§u) jzpfygw,f?
(6) ytd0k t
hf rsK;d om; tzG@J csKyf
Pa-O National Organization (PNO)
ppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vkyaf qmifcw hJ hJ vufeufuikd t f ypf&yf +idr;f tzG@J tpnf;wckt
jzpfuae ajymif;vJjzpfay: zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJwh hJ tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfygw,f? ytd0k ahf cgi;f aqmif
OD;atmifcrf;xD&ŒJ typf&yf+ird ;f tzG@J tpnf;uae/ OD;pHviG yf g (15) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf; rSwyf w
Hk ifciG ahf v#muf
348
xm;cJyh gw,f? (2-4-2010) ae@rmS pwifav#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (23-
4-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG hf cGiðhf ycJu h m (13-5-2010) ae@up+yD; w&m;0ifygwt D jzpf rSwf
ykw
H ifciG ðhf ya=umif; a=unmcsut f rSwf (42§2010) jzifh twnfðya=unmay;cJyh gw,f? ytd0k t hf rsK;d
om;tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ ygwrD wS yf wHk iftrSwu f awmh (5) jzpfygw,f? ytd0k ahf 'otwGi;f rSm 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydif
ta&G;cs,cf rH mS jzpf+yD; ygwXD mecsKyftajcpdu k &f muawmh &Sr;f jynfe,f/ awmif}uD;òrdŒ aps;ydik ;f &yf/ t
aemufòrdŒywfvrf;/ trSwf (18) jzpfygw,f?
typf&yfvufeufuikd f +idr;f tzG@J tpnf;wckuae 2010 a&G;aumufyrJG mS 0ifa&mufta&G;cs,f
cHr,fh w&m;0if rSwyf w Hk ifEikd if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf ul;ajymif;a&muf&o dS mG ;&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
OD;atmifcrf;xD&ŒJ vufeufpeG @f ytd0k yhf gwt D jzpfe@J yJ vlord sm;ygw,f?
(rSwcf su?f ? ,cifazmfjycJ+h yD; ytd0k t hf rsK;d om;tzG@J csKyf (PNO)eJ@ qufpyf,OS wf JG zwf±y_ g&ef æ)?
(7) ucsijf ynfe,f wd;k wufa&;ygwD

Kachin State Progressive Party (KSPP)
2009 ckEpS -f =o*kwv f xJrmS KIO 'k-OuUÏ a'guw f mrerfw;l *sm tygt0if KIO acgi;f aqmif
(5) OD;[m KIO tzG@J }uD;uae w&m;0ifEw _ xf u G cf =hJ u+yD;wJah emuf 2010 jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumufyrJG mS
Edik if aH &;ygwo D pfwck zG@J pnf;,SOòf ydiEf ikd af &;twGuf pwifv;Hk yrf;jyifqifc=hJ u&mu ‘ucsijf ynfe,f
wd;k wufa&;ygw’D pwifoaE<wnfvmcJyh gw,f? ucsijf ynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd ucsiEf ikd if aH &; tzG@J tpnf;
awGjzpfwhJ KIO/ (NDA-K)/ NDA cGx J u G f OD;va,mufaZvGe;f tzG@J w@kd u acgi;f aqmifa[mif;awGe@J
pwifppk nf;um Edik if aH &;ygwo D pfwcktjzpf ay:ayguEf ikd zf @kd jyifqifc=hJ uygw,f? etzppftpd;k &u (8
-3-2010) ae@rmS Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;rSwyf w Hk ifjcif;Oya'udk xkwjf yef+y;D Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; zG@J pnf;cGiahf v#muf
v$mawGwifoiG ;f =uzd@k a=unmvdu k w f thJ csed rf mS awmh OuUÏ a'guw f mrerfw;l *smyg (15) OD; acgi;f aqmif
wJh ‘ucsijf ynfe,fw;kd wufa&;ygw’D [m (5-4-2010) ae@rmS Oya'eJ@tnD ygwrD w S yf w
Hk ifciG ahf v#muf
v$mudk w&m;0ifwifoiG ;f cJyh gw,f? wjcm;aom Edik if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒ ygwrD w S yf w Hk ifciG hf
av#mufxm;csuaf wGukd wcsKŒd wywftwGi;f wcsKŒd &ufyikd ;f twGi;f (etz&JŒ =uHch ikd zf @HG òzd;a&;ygwu D q
kd kd
v#if 5 &ufe@J awmif) ygwD wnfaxmifciG ðhf ya=umif; cGiðhf ycsucf srw S af y;cJah yrJh a'guw f mwl;*smwd@k &ŒJ
‘ucsijf ynfe,fw;kd wufa&;ygw’D udak wmh wvausm=f umvmwJt h xd ueOD;tqifjh zpfwhJ ygww D nf
axmifciG u hf akd wmif w&m;0ifcsrw S rf ay;ao;bJ xpfxm;jcif;cH&ygw,f? ucsijf ynfe,f wd;k wufa&;yg
wD[m t"dutm;jzifh ucsijf ynfe,ftwGi;f rSmyJ tm;ðyv_y&f mS ;yg0if,OS òf ydirf ,fh ygww D &yfjzpf+yD;
ucsijf ynfe,ftwGi;f rSmawmh xdu k o f ifw h hJ t&Sed =f oZm&Sw d hJ ygwwD &yfjzpfygw,f? ucsijf ynfe,fxrJ mS
v$waf wmf (3) &yfv;Hk rSm yg0if,OS òf ydizf @kd &nf&, G x f m;w,fqykd gw,f?
(rSwcf su?f ? Edik if aH &;ygwt D jzpf cGiðfh y rðyawmif rod&ao;yg?)
349
0if;wifhxGef;
(8) jrefrmhv@l abmifopf 'Dru

kd &ufwpfygwD
Myanmar New Society Democratic Party
OD;Zifatmifu OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,+l yD;/ OD;Zifatmifyg (17) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf;vdu k w f hJ ‘jref
rmh vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygw’D [m (5-4-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf w
Hk ifciG ahf v#mufvm$ wif
oGi;f cJ+h yD; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (29-4-2010) ae@rmS ueOD;tqift h jzpf ygww D nfaxmifciG u hf kd
cGiðhf ycsucf srw S f a=unmay;cJyh gw,f? &efuek w f ikd ;f / oHvsiòf rdŒe,f/ Advk cf sKyfae0if;vrf; trSwf (150)
rSm tajcpdu k Xf mecsKyf zGiv hf pS xf m;ygw,f? (&Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ tusK;d qufwcktjzpf
1988 ckEpS u f mv ausmif;om;vli,frsm;&JŒ xif&mS ;wJh Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpfwhJ ‘vl@abmif
opf'rD u kd &ufwpfygw’D ay:xGe;f cJo h vdk tJ'v
D @l abmifopf'D rdu k &ufwpfygw[ D m ppftpd;k &&JŒzdEydS f
ESyd u
f yG rf a_ wGa=umifh jynfwiG ;f rSm qufvufvy_ &f mS ;Edik zf @kd rjzpfEikd af wmhwt hJ cg ygw&D ŒJ tvHukd vufeuf
udik af wmfveS af &;e,fajrod@k a&$Œajymif;pdu k x
f cl &hJ +yD; ‘vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD (vGwaf jrmuf
e,fajr)’ tjzpf qufvufvy_ &f mS ;wnf&adS ecJ&h m uae@tcsed t f xd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; wnf&adS ewke;f jzpfyg
w,f? tJ'o D rdik ;f 0if ouf&x dS if&mS ; vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygw&D ŒJ trnfe@J qifw, l ;dk rm; ,l
iifo;Hk pGx J m;wJah &SŒrSm ‘jrefrm’ qdw k hJ pum;vk;H av;udyk J wd;k jznfx h nfoh iG ;f ok;H pGx J m;wJh ‘jrefrmhv@l abmif
opf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygw’D tay: uef@uu G q
f ef@usi=f ur_awG &Scd yhJ gw,f? ygweD mrnfomru ygw&D ŒJ tvH
tjzpf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Six f oH @kd yxrqk;H wifjy&mrSmvJ rlvvl@abmifopfygw&D ŒJ tvHe@J qifw, l ;dk
rm; vkyaf qmifwifjyxm;wJt h wGuf rlvvl@abmifopf'rD u kd &ufwpfygw&D ŒJ OuUÏjzpfco hJ l udrk ;kd oD;ZGef
tygt0if vuf&v dS @l abmifopf'rD u kd &ufwpfygw&D ŒJ wm0ef&o dS al wGu uef@uu G qf ef@usif jypfwif±w _ f
csc=hJ uygw,f)?
(9) rwlujJG ym;jcif;ESihf +idr;f csr;f a&;ygwD

Peace and Diversity Party
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;aersK;d a0u wm0ef,+l yD; OD;aersK;d a0yg (17) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf;
ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? (6-4-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf w
Hk ifciG hf av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD; a&G;aumufyJG
aumfr&Siu f (29-4-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG u hf kd cGiðhf yay;cJyh gw,f? OD;ndKrif;vGi/f OD;wifarmif
at;/ a':pENmOD; pwJyh *k Kd~ vfawGvyJ g0if=u+yD;/ {&m0wDwikd ;f bdu k av;òrdŒeJ@ &efuek w f ikd ;f twGi;f u
òrŒd e,fwcsKŒd rSm yg0if,OS òf yid t
f a&G;cs,cf =H urSm jzpfw,fv@kd qykd gw,f? ygwt D aeeJ@ &efyaHk iGvt kd yfaewm
a=umifh ppftpd;k &u w&m;0ifaiGa=u; tultnDay;r,fqv kd #if vufc&H ,lomG ;rSmjzpfw,fv@kd vJ
ygww D m0ef &So d wl OD;uqdyk gw,f? OuUÏ æ OD;ndKrif;vGif jzpfygw,f?
350
(10) acwfopf jynfo@l ygwD
Modern People Party
ocifp;kd &JŒ ud, k af &;twGi;f a&;rSL;vkycf o hJ l tvHeaD [mif; OD;xGe;f atmifausmu f acgi;f aqmif+yD;
zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? OD;xGe;f atmifausm[ f m &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;&JŒ&v'fwcktjzpf
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; zG@J pnf;cGi&hf csed f 1988-89 ckEpS w f ek ;f uvJ ocifp;kd udk em,utjzpfxm;zG@J pnf;cJw h hJ
‘nD!w G af &;ESihf zG@H òz;d wd;k wufa&;ygw’D &JŒ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfc+hJ y;D 1990 jynf-h a&G;aumufyrJG mS
rJqENe,f (10) ckrmS yg0if,OS òf ydicf zhJ ;l ygw,f? wae&mrStEdik rf &cJb h J 1992 rSm ygwzD suo f rd ;f jcif; cH
vdu k &f ygw,f? ‘acwfopfoyd H` Edik if aH &;abm*aA' avhvma&;ausmif;awmfom;pk’ qdw k m&JŒ OuUÏ
tjzpfvaJ qmif&u G cf +hJ yD; OD;xGe;f atmifausmf (rmefatmif)/ atmifr;kd pH/ atmifaZrif; pwJu h avmif
emrnfawGe@J e0w-etz owif;pmawGrmS tpd;k &udk axmufcw H ahJ qmif;yg;awG a&;om;cJo h jl zpfyg
w,f? (6-4-2010) ae@rmS ‘acwfopf jynfo@l ygw’D udk Edik if aH &;ygwt D jzpf ygwrD w
S yf w
Hk ifciG ahf v#muf
xm;cJ&h mrSm a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (29-4-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG ðhf ya=umif; a=unm
ay;cJyh gw,f? OD;xGe;f atmifausmyf g (34) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf;vdu k w
f hJ acwfopfjynfo@l ygw[ D m ygw&D ŒJ
eHygww f pfacgi;f aqmif OD;xGe;f atmifausm&f ŒJ tqdt k & ygw0D if (2) ode;f ausmf &S+d yD; {&m0wDwikd ;f udk
OD;pm;ay;rJqENe,ftjzpf t"duxm;0ifa&muf,OS òf yid o f mG ;rSmjzpfw,fqykd gw,f? ygw&D ŒJ aºu;G a=umfoH
uawmh ‘tºuGi;f rJh +idr;f csr;f a&;vrf;pOfjzifh 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if x H al xmifa&;’ vd@k qdyk gw,f? &efuek w f ikd ;f /
ausmufww H m;òrdŒe,f/ (8) &yfuu G /f 39 vrf;eJ@ vrf; (40) =um;/ trSwf (255)/ (5v$m§bD) rSm ygwD
XmecsKyf zGiv hf pS x
f m;ygw,f?
(11) csi;f trsKd ;om; ygwD

Chin National Party
OD;Zrfusiaf y: (c) OD;ZdZk rfu OuUÏtjzpfaqmif&u G +f yD; pkpak ygi;f tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(16) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
(7-4-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf w
Hk ifciG hf av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f
(3-5-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG u hf kd cGiðhf ya=unmay;cJyh gw,f? csi;f jynfe,f (9) òrdŒe,frmS
yg0if,OS òf yid o
f mG ;zd@k zG@J pnf;wmvd@k qykd gw,f? ygwXD mecsKyfuawmh &efuek w f ikd ;f / tif;pdeòf rŒd e,f/ taemuf
óudŒuke;f / bDyt D ikd v f rf;/ trSwf (277) rSm jzpfygw,f?
(12) jynfaxmifpk 'Dru

kd a&pDygwD
Union Democracy Party
&Sr;f trsK;d om; Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;}uD; OD;a&$tek ;f uacgi;f aqmif+yD; OD;a&$tek ;f yg (15) OD;eJ@
351
0if;wifhxGef;
tvkyt f r_ aqmiftzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;cJyh gw,f? OD;a&$tek ;f udk em,utjzpfxm;+yD;/ OuUÏ udòk zd;rif;ode;f /
'k-OuUÏ OD;aX;wd@k awGe@J zG@J pnf;cJw
h mvd@k qykd gw,f? (8-4-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf w
Hk ifciG hf av#mufvm$
wifoiG ;f cJ+h y;D a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (4-5-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG uhf kd cGiðhf ya=unmay;cJyh g
w,f? ygwXD mecsKyfukd &efuek w f ikd ;f / A[ef;òrdŒe,f/ OD;cspaf rmifvrf;/ trSwf 123 (bD§3) rSm zGiv hf pS f
xm;&Syd gw,f?
(13) &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru

kd &ufwpfygwD
Shan National Democratic Party
,cif ‘&Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (SNLD)’ rSm taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; vkyf
cJzh ;l ol OD;pdik ;f tdu
k af ygi;f u OD;aqmif+y;D pkpak ygi;f tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if (15) OD;eJ@ ‘&Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;
'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD SNDP’ udk zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? (1990 jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumufyrJG mS wjynfv;Hk t
wdik ;f twmeJ@ trwfae&m 'kw, d trsm;qk;H tEdik &f cJw h hJ SNLD u etz ppftpd;k &&JŒ rw&m;ojzifh
trde@f Oya'awGatmufrmS ygwu D kd jyefvnfrw S yf rHk wifz@kd q;Hk jzwfc+hJ yD; rSwyf rHk wifa=umif; (3-5-
2010) ae@rmS w&m;0ifa=unmcsuf xkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f)?
OuUÏ OD;pdik ;f tdu k af ygi;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘&Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd &ufwpfygw’D [m (8-4-
2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf w Hk ifciG hf av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (3-5-2010)
ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG u hf kd cGiðhf yay;cJyh gw,f?
'k-OuUÏrSm OD;pdik ;f apmifpD jzpfygw,f? &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd (55) òrdŒe,fteuf òrdŒe,f (40)
avmufrmS yg0if,OS òf ydit f a&G;cs,cf o H mG ;Edik zf kd h &nf&, G x f m;w,fqykd gw,f?
(14) watmif; (yavmif) trsK;d om; ygwD

Ta aung (Palaung) National Party
,cif PSLA OuUÏa[mif; OD;tdu k rf ek ;f u acgi;f aqmif+y;D OD;/ tku d rf ek ;f yg tvkyt

f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if
(15) OD;eJ@ watmif; (yavmif) trsK;d om;ygwu D kd zG@J pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? (PSLA tzG@J [m 1991
arvrSm e0wppftpd;k &eJ@ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;,lc&hJ +y;D typf&yf (+ird ;f ) tzG@J wcktjzpf &yfwnfaecJ&h m/
uae ppftpd;k &&JŒ zdtm;ay;r_tvDvaD =umifh 2005-{+yv D rSm vk;H 0 vufeufpeG f t h zG@J jzpfomG ;cJ&h &mu
,ckEikd if aH &;ygwt
D jzpf rSwyf w
Hk ifz@JG pnf;vmcJjh yefwm jzpfygw,f?
PSLA a[mif;rsm;jzifh t"duxm; zG@J pnf;vdu k w f ohJ abmjzpfygw,f? typf&yfrS vufeufpeG @f /
vufeufpeG @f rS rSwyf wHk ifygwt D jzpf ul;ajymif;jzpfay:vm&wJh taetxm;rsK;d jzpfygw,f)?
watmif; (yavmif) trsK;d om;ygwu D kd OuUÏ rdik t f u kd rf ek ;f / taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; rdik t f ek ;f cdik f
352
wd@k u wm0ef,+l y;D (8-4-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w
S yf wHk ifciG hf av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJyh gw,f? a&G;aumufyJG
aumfr&Siu f (23-4-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG ðhf ycJyh gw,f? yavmiftrsK;d om;awG trsm;t
jym;&S&d m yavmifa'oeJ@ &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f wd@k rmS t"duxm;+yD; a&G;aumufyrJG mS yg0if,OS òf ydif
ta&G;cs,cf o H mG ;rSm jzpfygw,f? yavmifa'orSmawmh tawmftwef=oZm&Sw d hJ tzG@J tpnf;wck
jzpfygw,f?
(rSwcf su?f ?,cifazmfjycJ+h yD; PSLO/PSLA tzG@J ta=umif;eJ@twl qufpyf,OS w f JG zwf±y_ g&ef æ)
(15) 0HomEk NLD (jrefrmEdik if )H

Wunthanu NLD (Union of Myanmar)
OuUÏtjzpf OD;&Jrif;uaqmif&u G +f yD; OD;&Jrif;yg (21) OD;eJ@ zG@J pnf;xlaxmif rSwyf w

Hk ifcw
hJ mjzpfyg
w,f? rEœav;wdik ;f NLD E_wx f u G af [mif;awGe@J pwifz@JG pnf; ay:ayguv f mcJw
h mjzpfygw,f? (9-
4-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf w
Hk ifciG hf av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (23-4-
2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG u hf kd cGiðhf ya=unmay;cJyh gw,f? ygwXD mecsKyfuawmh eefO;D vGif
aus;&Gmtkypf /k ykord }f uD;/ rEœav;wdik ;f jzpfygw,f?
(16) ‘0’ 'Dru

kd &ufwpfygwD
Wa Democratic Party
OuUÏtjzpf OD;cGex f eG ;f vluacgi;f aqmif+yD; OD;cGex

f eG ;f vlyg (15) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf;vdu k w f hJ ygwD
jzpfygw,f? ‘0’trsK;d om;ygww D ckjzpf+yD;/ (9-4-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf w
Hk ifciG hf av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f
cJyh gw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (28-4-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG u hf kd cGiðhf yay;cJyh gw,f?
(17) zvk-H pa0: 'Dru

kd &ufwpf ygwD
PhaLon - Sawaw Democratic Party
OD;apmcifarmifjrifu h acgi;f aqmif+yD; tvkyt

f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if (15) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf; ay:ayguf
vmwm jzpfygw,f? vlenf;pktrsK;d om; u&ifwikd ;f &if;om;ygwiD ,fwckjzpf+yD; (23-4-2010) ae@rmS
ygwrD w
S yf w
Hk ifciG hf av#mufxm;cJyh gw,f? 2010 a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (4-5-2010) ae@rmS ygwD
wnfaxmifciG hf cGiðhf ya=umif;udk a=unmay;cJyh gw,f?
353
0if;wifhxGef;
(18) &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f wd;k wufa&;ygwD

Northern Shan State Progressive Party
,cif KIO Edik if aH &;rSL;a[mif;wOD;jzpfol OD;csr;f acg OuUÏtjzpfwm0ef,+l yD; tvkyt f r_

aqmiftzG@J 0if pkpak ygi;f (15) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? (23-4-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf wHk ifciG hf
av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJah yrJ/h wjcm;aomygwrD sm;vdk vG,v f ,
G uf u l l ygww D nfaxmifciG u hf srvmcJb h J
xpfxm;jcif;cH&ygw,f? KIO 'k-OuUÏa[mif; a'guw f mwl;*smacgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘ucsijf ynfe,fw;kd
wufa&;ygw’D xpfxm;jcif;cH&ovd/k ,cif KIO a[mif;awGyg0ifz@JG pnf;xm;wJh ‘&Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f
wd;k wufa&;ygw’D vJ tvm;wl xpfxm;jcif;cH&ygw,f? ucsiv f rl sK;d rsm;[m ucsijf ynfe,fxo J mru
&Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f xJrmS vJ ysŒH ES@H wnf&adS exdik =f uovdk KIO tzG@J tpnf;[mvJ ucsijf ynfe,fxo J m
ru &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f xJrmS vJ wnf&adS ewJt h jyif ucsit f wdik yf ifcaH umifprD mS yg0ifc=hJ uzl;olawGe@J yg
yg0ifz@JG pnf;xm;wmjzpfwt hJ wGuf tckvkd xpfxm;jcif;cH&wmjzpfEikd w f ,fv@kd Edik if aH &;tuJcwfawGu
awmh wGucf sucf ef@reS ;f ok;H oyfae=uygw,f?
(19) csi;f wd;k wufa&; ygwD

Chin Progressive Party
OD;ay:v#vH iG u
f OuUÏtjzpfO;D aqmif+yD; OD;ay:vH#viG yf g (22) OD;eJ@ csi;f wd;k wufa&;ygwu D kd zG@J
pnf;cJw
h m jzpfygw,f? (23-4-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf w
Hk ifciG hf av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD; a&G;aumufyJG
aumfr&Siu f (4-5-2010)ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG ðhf ya=umif; a=unmay;cJyh gw,f?
(20) u,ef;trsK;d om; ygwD

Kayan National Party
OD;cl;,l*si;f u acgi;f aqmif+yD; OD;cl;,l*si;f yg tvkyt f r_aqmifaumfrwD0if (17) OD;eJ@ zG@J pnf;wnf
axmifvu kd w f hJ u,ef;trsK;d om;ygwD jzpfygw,f? (26-4-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf w
wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (4-5-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG uhf kd cGiðhf ya=unmay;cJh
ygw,f? &Sr;f jynfe,f/ z,fcòHk rdŒ/ trSwf (n§125) anmifuek ;f (3) &yfuu G /f odik ;f A[efvrf;rSm ygwD
XmecsKyfziG v hf pS xf m;wJh ygwjD zpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f u,ef;trsKd ;om;ygwu D kd (20-
5-2010) ae@rpS +yD; ygwrD w S yf wHk ifciG hf cGiðhf ya=umif; twnfðya=unmay;cJyh gw,f? ygwrD w S yf w
Hk if
trSwu f awmh (7) jzpfygw,f?
354
(21) trsK;d om;zG@H òz;wd;k wufa&; 'Dru
kd &ufwpfygwD
National Democratic Party for Development
OD;vSoed ;f uacgi;f aqmif+yD; OD;vSoed ;f yg tvkytf r_aqmiftzG@J 0if (21) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf;wnf
axmif vdu k w
f yhJ gwjD zpfygw,f? (26-4-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf w
Hk ifciG ahf v#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD;
a&G;aumufyJG aumfr&Siu f (4-5-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG u hf ckd iG ðhf ya=umif; a=unmay;cJyh g
w,f?
(22) jrefrmEdik if H &cdik jf ynfe,ftrsK;d om;tiftm;pk

Rakhine State National Force
2003 ckEpS u f acwfopfoyd H` Edik if aH &;abm*aA' ausmif;awmfom;rsm;tzG@J rmS A[dak umfrwD0if

jzpfczhJ ;l wJh OD;at;óudiu f OD;aqmif+yD;/ OD;at;óudiyf g (15) OD;eJ@ A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;cJyh g
w,f? OuUÏtjzpf OD;at;óudi/f twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;jrifah Zmfjzpfygw,f? OD;at;óudi&f ŒJ tqdt k &
ygw0D ifaygi;f (2) ode;f / (4) aomif;ausm&f +dS y;D &efuek rf mS &Sw d hJ &cdik t
f rsKd ;om;awGuv kd J tzG@J 0iftjzpfpnf;
±k;H cJwh ,fqykd gw,f? XmecsKyfuawmh &efuek f wmarGòrŒd e,f/ tmaomuvrf; trSwf (16) yxrxyfrmS
zGiv hf pS x
f m;&S+d yD; t"dutm;jzifh &cdik jf ynfe,frmS yJ 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydit f a&G;cs,cf o H mG ;r,fh ygwjD zpfyg
w,f? (28-4-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf w Hk ifciG hf av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f
(4-5-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG u hf kd cGiðhf ya=umif;a=unmay;cJo h vdk (20-5-2010) ae@rpS +yD;
ygwrD w S yf w
Hk ifciG u
hf kd w&m;0iftwnfðy a=unmay;cJyh gw,f? ygwrD w S yf w
Hk iftrSwu f awmh (8)
jzpfygw,f?
(23) jynfaxmifp=k uHch ikd af &;ESihf zG@H òz;a&;ygwD

Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP)
e0w-etz ppftpd;k &uae tpd;k &&JŒausmaxmufaemufcðH ytzG@J tpnf;w&yftjzpf =uHzh @HG t

oif;}uD;udk pwifz@JG pnf; xlaxmifay:ayguv f mpOfup+yD; wav#mufv;Hk ‘vlra_ &;oufoufuo kd m
aZmufcsvyk u f ikd rf ,fh vlra_ &;toif;}u;D omjzpfygw,f? usO;f ajrmif;wJh ygwED ikd if aH &;rsK;d udk vkyrf ,ft h zG@J
tpnf;rsK;d r[kw/f us,jf yefwhJ trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;udo k m vkyaf qmifr,ft
h zG@J }uD;omjzpfw,f’ qd+k yD;
tmabmiftm&if;oefoefe@J aºuG;a=umfatmf[pfvmcJ&h mu t&Surf &Sd rsuEf mS ajymifwu kd u f m
‘jynfaxmifpk =uHch ikd af &;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;toif;’ (=uHzh @HG toif;) qdw k muae “jynfaxmifp=k uHch ikd af &;ESihf
zG@H òz;d a&;ygw”D (=uzhH @HG ygw)D tjzpf ajAmifvrd af jAmifpm; ay:ay:xifxif ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJw h hJ
ygwD jzpfygw,f?
etz ppftpd;k &0ef}uD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ode;f pdet
f ygt0if ppfwyfxyd o f ;D Adv
k cf sKyf/ Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf/
355
0if;wifhxGef;
Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;aygi;f ta,muf (20) ausm[ f m (26-4-2010) ae@rmS abmif;bDc|wf vl0wfvv J u
kd =f u+yD;
wJah emuf (29-4 2010) ae@rmS ‘jynfaxmifp=k uHch ikd af &;eJ@ zG@H òzd;a&;ygw’D qdw k mudk Edik if aH &;ygwt D jzpf
rSwyf w Hk ifav#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJyh gw,f? (5) &uft=um (4-5-2010) ae@rmS yJ a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sif
qdwk mu w&m;0ifEikd if aH &;ygwt D jzpf ygww D nfaxmifciG u hf ckd iG ðhf ya=umif; oGuo f uG v f ufvuf a=u
nmay;cJyh gw,f? =uHzh @HG ygwu D kd Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;ode;f pdeu f , kd w
f ikd af cgi;f aqmif+yD; OD;ode;f pdeyf g
(27) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f?
etz ppftpd;k &tzG@J 0if xdyo f ;D }uD;awGu, kd wf ikd yf g0ifwhJ etztvdu k s etz&JŒygwt D jzpf
tm%m&ygww D ckozG,f pwifay:ayguv f mcJw h mjzpfovdk =uHzh @HG toif;wjzpfvJ =uHzh @HG ygwjD zpfwhJ
twGuf b¾maiGa=u;eJ@ tzG@J 0iftiftm;yg tawmifw h if;qk;H trsm;jym;qk;H tzG@J }uD;tjzpfe@J vJ t
ay:pD;uae ay:ay:vGiv f iG f jzpfwnf wnf&v dS mcJyh gw,f?
‘=uHzh @HG toif;’ b0uwnf;u wzufowf rJq, G pf nf;±k;H v_y&f mS ;wmawG cyfajymifajymifvyk f
aqmif v_y&f mS ;cJo h vdk ‘=uHzh @HG ygw’D tjzpf xlaxmifay:ayguv f mawmhvJ Edik if w H 0Se;f ae&mtES@H rmS
xifovdk rJq, G pf nf;±k;H v_y&f mS ;Adv
k u f sEikd cf iG hf &cJyh gw,f? jynfwiG ;f jynfy b,foal wGu b,fvykd aJ jym
ajym/ 2010 jynfEh pS -f a&G;aumufyrJG mS enf;vrf;rsK;d pko H ;Hk +yD; rEdik f Edik af tmif tEdik &f atmifvyk rf ,fyh gwD
tjzpf trsm;xk}u;D &JŒ ±_jrifo;Hk oyf tuJjzwfa0zefoaH wG odoo d momay:xGuaf eygw,f? tm%m&
ygw/D tcGix hf ;l cHygw/D rsuEf mS ajymifwu kd yf gwt D jzpf odomay:vGiaf eygw,f? v$waf wmf (3) &yfv;Hk /
rJqENe,ftm;vk;H rSm uGujf ynfeh if;+y;D ,SOòf yid Ef ikd rf ,fyh gw}D u;D [m vuf&t dS aetxm;awGt& =uzhH @HG ygwD
wckwnf;yJ&ydS gvrd rhf ,f?
(rSwcf su?f ?‘jynfaxmifp=k uHch ikd af &;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;toif; (=uHzh @HG toif;)’ qdw k meJ@yg twlqufpyf
,SOw f JG zwf±y_ g&ef æ)?
(24) ‘0’ trsK;d om; pnf;vk;H nD!w

G af &;ygwD
Wa National Unity Party
‘0’ trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;ygwu D kd OD;apmzdvpfuOD;aqmif+yD; tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if (15)

eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf;cJw
h mjzpfygw,f? (29-4-2010) ae@rmS ygwzD @JG pnf;a&;twGuf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr
&Sixf H pwifav#mufxm;cJ+h yD; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (4-5-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG hf
ðya=umif; cGiðhf ya=unm ay;cJyh gw,f? &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f rSm tajcpdu k w f yhJ gww
D ckjzpf+yD; vm;±_;d òrdŒ/
&yfuu G f (1)/ e,fajr (2)/ AsL[mvrf;/ trSwf (17) rSm ygwXD mecsKyf zGiv hf pS x
f m;ygw,f? OD;apmzdvpf
acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘0’ trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;ygw’D [m 1990 jynf-h a&G;aumufyaJG emufyikd ;f
qufvufuse&f cdS iG &hf Edik if aH &;ygwaD [mif; (10) ckteuf wckjzpfwhJ ‘0’ zG@H òzd;wd;k wufa&;ygw’D tm;
trnfajymif;vJz@JG pnf;cJw h yhJ gwD jzpfygw,f? ESpaf ygi;f (20) ausmt f wGi;f rlvygwaD [mif;rS yk*Kd~ vfwcsKŒd
aoqk;H oGm;=uwm&So d vdk wcsKŒd tdrk if; t&G,&f ifo h mG ;=u+yDjzpfwt
hJ wGuf rlvygwaD [mif;rSvyk Ef ikd f
356
udik Ef ikd &f nf&dS tzG@J 0ifwcsKŒd eJ@ aemufxyftopfawG xyfrjH znfph u
G af ygi;f pyfum emrnftopf,+l yD;
ajymif;vJjyifqifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJw
h yhJ gwD jzpfygw,f?
(25) ‘tif;’trsK;d om; zGH òh z;wd;k wufa&;ygwD

Inn National Development Party
OD;atmif=unf0if;u OD;aqmif+y;D tr_aqmiftzG@J 0if (15) OD;eJ@ pwifz@JG pnf;ay:ayguv f mygw,f?

(29-4-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf w
Hk ifciG hf av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (4-5-
2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG u hf kd cGiðhf ya=umif; a=unmay;cJyh gw,f? &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f anmifa&$
òrdŒ/ r*Fvm&yfrmS tajcpkud yf gw,f?
(26) rGeaf 'ovk;H qdik &f m 'Dru

kd a&pDygwD
All Mon Region Democracy Party
rGet
f rsK;d om;awG&ŒJ toHukd waxmifw h ae&muae azmfjyEdik af &;twGuf zG@J pnf;cJ=h uwmjzpfyg
w,f? (30-4-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifEikd cf iG hf av#mufxm;cJ+h y;D (7-5-2010) ae@rmS a&G;aumuf
yGaJ umfr&Siuf ygwpD wifwnfaxmifciG u hf kd cGiðhf ya=unmay;cJyh gw,f? rGejf ynfe,f/ armfvòrdiòf rdŒ/
òrdiof m,m&yf/ajruGut f rSwf (7)/ vrf; (20)/ OD;ydik f trSwf (2§23) rSm ygwXD mecsKyf zGiv hf pS x
f m;&Syd g
w,f? OuUÏrSm Ekid af iGoed ;f (rGejf ynfe,f ynma&;rSL;a[mif;) jzpfygw,f?
(27) nD!w
G af om 'Dru
kd a&pDygwD (ucsijf ynfe,f)
United Democracy Party (Kachin State)
ucsijf ynfe,ftwGi;f u ygww D ckjzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Six f H (30-4-2010)ae@u

ygwD wnfaxmifciG ðhf yzd@k av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJah yrJh wjcm;aomEdik if aH &;ygwrD sm;vdk Edik if aH &;ygww D nf
axmifciG t hf qifu h akd wmif jrefjrefqefqefusvmjcif;r&Sb d J xpfxm;jcif;cHc&hJ wJh ucsiyf gww D ck jzpfyg
w,f? a'guw f mwl;*smacgi;f aqmifwhJ ucsijf ynfe,fw;kd wufa&;ygw/D OD;csr;f acgacgi;f aqmifwhJ
&Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f wd;k wufa&;ygww D @kd enf;wl nD!w G af om 'Dru kd a&pDygwD (ucsijf ynfe,f) [mvJ
vG,v f ,
G u f ul l ygww D nfaxmifciG rhf &Edik yf J tcsed =f umjrifah ecJ&h ygw,f? ‘nD!w G af om 'Dru
kd a&pDygwD
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awGjzpfygw,f? OD;va,mufZ,fveG ;f eJ@ OD;Zke;f ,dr;f wd@k [m ,cif (NDA-K) &JŒ acgi;f aqmifa[mif;
357
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tm%modr;f yGu J kd acgi;f aqmifc=hJ uolawGjzpfygw,f? etz ppftpd;k &u OD;pckew f rd ,
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&mu ‘nD!w G af om 'Dru kd a&pDygwD (ucsijf ynfe,f)’ udk zG@J pnf;vmcJ=h uwm jzpfygw,f?
(28) nD!w
G af om 'Dru
kd &ufwpfygwD
United Democratic Party (UDP)
a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Six f H (3-5-2010) ae@u ygww D nfaxmifciG hf av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD;
a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f (6-5-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG u hf kd cGiðhf ya=unmay;cJyh gw,f?
ppfuikd ;f wkid ;f 'Dy,
J if;òrdŒrSm tajcpku
d w
f yhJ gwjD zpf+yD; OuUÏrSm OD;bkad rmif jzpfygw,f?
(29) &cdik w
f ikd ;f &if;om;rsm; wd;k wufa&;ygwD
Rakhine Nationalities Development Party
&cdik jf ynfe,ftwGi;f tajcðyv_y&f mS ;r,fh ygww D ckjzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Six f H (4-

5-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG hf av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD; aumfr&Siu f (6-5-2010) ae@rmS yJ
ygwwD nf axmifciG ðhf ya=umif; cGiðhf ya=unmay;cJyh gw,f? OuUÏ - a'guw f m at;armif (wd§arG;uk
q&m0ef) jzpf+yD;/ taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;rSm OD;OD;vSapm (armifcidk af tmif) jzpfygw,f? &ckid jf ynfe,f
ppfawGòrdŒ vrf;rawmf awmif&yfuu G /f acgi;f avmif;ausmif;vrf;rSm ±H;k csKyfziG x
fh m;ygw,f?
(30) 'Dru
kd a&pDEiS hf +idr;f csr;f a&;ygwD
Peace and Democracy Party
a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Six f H (4-5-2010)ae@u ygww D nfaxmifciG hf av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD;

aumfr&Siu f (6-5-2010) ae@rmS yJygww D nfaxmifciG u hf kd cGijhf yKa=umif;a=unmay;cJyh gw,f? OD;atmif
oef; - OuUÏ/ OD;pk;d armif - 'k-OuUÏ/ OD;vSrsK;d jrihf - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;wd@k u OD;aqmif+yD; &efuek f
wdik ;f yef;yJwef;òrdŒe,f/ trSwf (3) &yfuu G /f ukeo f nfvrf;/ trSwf (647) rSm±H;k csKyfziG xfh m;ygw,f?
(31) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm; zG@H òz;wd;k wufa&;ygwD

Ethnic National Development Party (ENDP)
a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Six
f H (26-4-2010) ae@u ygww
D nfaxmifciG hf av#mufxm;cJ+h yD;/ aumfr
358
&Siu
f (11-5-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG u
hf kd cGiðhf ya=umif; a=unmay;cJyh gw,f? csi;f jynfe,f
rwlyòD rdŒrSm tajcpku
d w
f yhJ gwjD zpfygw,f?
(32) jrefrm'Dru
kd a&pDueG *f &uf
Myanmar Democracy Congress (MDC)
a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Six f H (12-5-2010) ae@u ygww D nfaxmifciG hf av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ+h yD;/
(20-5-2010) ae@rmS ygww D nfaxmifciG u
hf kd a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f cGiðhf ya=unmay;cJyh gw,f?
OuUÏ - OD;aumif;jrwfxËG /f taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; - OD;a0rSL;oGijf zpfygw,f? &efuek w f idk ;f A[ef;òrdŒ
e,f/ a&$*wkH idk w
f m0g/ wku
d f (at) tcef; (305) rSm ±H;k csKyfziG x
fh m;ygw,f?
(33) crDtrsKd ;om; zGH òh z;wd;k wufa&;ygwD
aemufxyf crDtrsK;d om;ygwo D pfwck jzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Six f H (17-5-2010)

ae@u ygww
D nfaxmifciG hf av#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJyh gw,f? &ckid jf ynfe,f ppfawGòrŒd rSm tajcpkud yf gw,f?
(34) òr wdik ;f &if;om;ygwD
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crDtrsKd ;om;nD!w G af &;ygw’D tjyif ‘crDtrsK;d om; zG@H òzd;wd;k wufa&;ygw’D qdw k hJ ygwt D opfwck
xyfrH ay:xGuv f m±krH u aemufxyfxyfrzH @JG pnf;vdu k w
f hJ wwd,ajrmufòrdygwu D awmh ‘òrdwikd ;f &if;
om;ygw’D yJ jzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Six f H (19-5-2010) ae@rmS ygwrD w S yf w
pwif wifoiG ;f cJyh gw,f? &ckid jf ynfe,f ppfawGòrdŒ tajcpku d yf gww
D ckjzpfygw,f?
(35) trsK;d om;'Dru

kd a&pD tiftm;pk
National Democratic Force (NDF)
ArmjynfrmS txif&mS ;qk;H aom twdu k t f cHEikd if aH &;ygw}D u;D jzpfw/hJ trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
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usiu f ef@uu
G cf +hJ yD;aemuf/ Edik if w
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tygt0if NLD A[dt k vkytf r_aqmiftzG@J 0ifawG&ŒJ tpnf;ta0;toD;oD;udk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@
ac:,lusi;f ycJuh m (29-3-2010) ae@rmS ygwjD yefvnfrw S yf rHk wifa&;udk wcJeuf wnDw!Gww f nf;
qk;H jzwfcsuf csrw S cf yhJ gw,f?
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vdvk m;ol/ ygwzD @JG pnf;vdo k l yk*Kd~ vfwpkuae (Oya't& ygwjD ynfvnfrw S yf wHk ifa&; owfrw S x f m;csuf
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aqmifaumfrwD0if A[dOk ;D pDtzG@J 0ifawGjzpfc=hJ uwJh OD;cifarmifaqG/ a'guw f moef;+idr;f / OD;ode;f !Ge@f
(armifoed ;f !Ge@f - aumhu&dw)f / a'guw f m0if;Edik /f OD;pdev
f OS ;D wd@k awGu OD;aqmif+y;D ‘trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pD
tiftm;pk’ qdw k mudk zG@J pnf;cJw h m jzpfygw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu tzG@J csKyf&ŒJ qk;H jzwfcsuu f kd
rvdu k ef mbJ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pkz@JGpnf;a&;udk vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G o f mG ;cJ=h uolawGukd ‘wm0ef
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tJ'yD *k Kd~ vf (13) OD;uawmh (1) OD;cifarmifaqG/ (2) a'guw f moef;+idr;f / (3) OD;ode;f !Ge@f (aumhu&dw)f /
(4) a'guw f m0if;Edik /f (5) a'guw f moef;0if; (ajrmufOuUvm)/ (6) OD;omqdik f (wGaH w;)/ (7) OD;pdef
vSO;D / (8) OD;}uD;jrifh (vom)/ (9) OD;wd;k bdk (weoFm&D)/ (10) OD;pd;k 0if; (qdyjf zL)/ (11) OD;wifatmifatmif
(rEœav;)/ (12) udjk rifah iG (a&eHacsmif;)/ (13) udrk sK;d aZmfatmifw@kd awG jzpf=uygw,f?
NDF [m NLD tzG@J csKyftxJuae cGx J u G v f mcJw h hJ ygwrD w S yf wHk if&yfwnfvo kd al wG&ŒJ ygwD
vd@k yJ t=urf;zsi;f tm;jzifh ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f? tapmydik ;f umvawGrmS OD;cifarmifaqG/ a'guw f m
oef;+idr;f / OD;ode;f !Ge@f w@kd awG[m rD', D mawGuaeajym=um;&mrSm ‘NLD &JŒ r+yD;qk;H ao;aomwm0ef
rsm;udk qufvufxrf;aqmif&ef’ qdw k ohJ abm ajymqdck =hJ uwmawG@&ygw,f? ygwrD w S yf rHk wifa&;qk;H
jzwfcsut f wdik ;f tcdik t f rm&yfwnfae=uwJh NLD tzG@J csKyf0ifawGu ‘NDF [m NLD &JŒ ud, k f
yGm;ygww D ckozG,f ajymqdak er_’ udk jypfwif±w _ cf sc=hJ uygw,f? NLD &JŒ txifu&acgi;f aqmifwOD;
jzpfol OD;0if;wifu ‘tckvakd jymqdak er_awG[m a'gi;f a,mifaqmifaom us;D yJ jzpfvrd rhf ,f’ vd@k awmif
ajymqdck yhJ gw,f?
NDF &JŒ t"duacgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfol OD;cifarmifaqG&ŒJ tqdt k & NDF [m vlxak xmufcH
r_jzifh Oya'rsm;udk jyefvnfðyjyifwnfaqmufomG ;+yD; vlxt k ajcðyvGwv f yfciG 0hf g' (Social Liber-
alism) pepfukd azmfaqmifom G ;&ef &nf&, G x
f m;a=umif;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfrmS aps;uGuu f kd tpd;k &uOya'
jzifh xde;f rwfay;Edik w f hJ ‘aps;uGut f ajcðy a&m¹yGr;f pD;yGm;a&;pepf’ udk azmfaqmifomG ;zk@d &nf&, G x f m;
a=umif;od&ygw,f? rl0g'ay:vpDvikd ;f udk OD;cifarmifaqGu wm0efcOH ;D aqmifrmS jzpf+yD;/ ygwv D idk ;f udk
a'guw f moef;+idr;f u acgi;f aqmifrmS vd@k qkyd gw,f?
ureftrsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwDudk OuUÏ - OD;aZmf0if;/ 'k-OuUÏ - OD;vSwdk; wdk@u

acgi;f aqmifz@JG pnf;+yD; (25-5-2010) ae@u rSwyf w kH ifciG afh v#mufvm$ wifoiG ;f cJyh gw,f? &efuek w
f idk ;f
wmarGòrdŒe,f arwWm!Ge@f &yfuu G f jrav;±Hv
k rf;/ trSwf (460) (av;v$m) rSm ±H;k csKyfziG x fh m;ygw,f?
360
ae@opf pmtkyfxkwfa0a&; wm0efcHrsm;
r&if&ifxGef;/ armifudkudk/ udkpkd;atmifESihf0wfr_efOD;/ OD;xGef;+idrf;/

armifrif;aiG/ ausmfol& ZmZmxGef;/ ^m%fxGÉf/ ausmfausmfEkdif
361

ျမန္မာျပည္ႏိုင္ငံေရးပါတီ အဖြဲ႕အစည္း အသင္းအပင္းမ်ားအညႊန္း..

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ျမန္မာျပည္ႏိုင္ငံေရးပါတီ အဖြဲ႕အစည္း အသင္းအပင္းမ်ားအညႊန္း..

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ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ‹tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm; t!

Armjynf EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; toif;tyif;rsm; t!¸ef;

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ocifvy_ &f mS ;r_acwf

(15) wk@d Arm tpnf;t±k;H

zufqpfqef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_acwf

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(1) wkid ;f &if;om; pnf;vH;k nD!w

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tpuawmh 'Dpmtkyt f wGuf trSmpma&;bd@k r&nf&, G cf yhJ gb;l ?

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