TOURISM CONCEPTS

AND IMPACTS
 WHAT IS TOURISM ?

Tourism is a socio-economic phenomenon

Tourism accounts for the single largest peaceful

movement of people across cultural boundaries of the
world.

Dictionary says:
The activity of visiting places for pleasure is
tourism
 CONCEPT
Tourism as a phenomenon involves the movement of people within
their own country or across the national borders.
It is composed of three elements, namely, (S. Wahab)
– man (the human element as the creator of the act of tourism),
– space (the physical element to be necessarily covered by the
act itself), and
– time (the temporal element which is composed by the trip
itself and the stay at the destination).

These elements constitute the essential conditions for the existence of the
phenomenon of tourism. There could be no tourism act without them.
CONCEPT CONTD..

Elements of Tourism ( Ray Youell)

 Travel between a tourist home area and a destination

 Temporary and short term visit
 Use variety of tourist facilties
 Will undertake activities associated with toursm,
including visit for business or VFR
 Results in positive or negative impacts.
WHY DEFINE TOURISM? CONTD......

 First, travel research requires a standard definition in

order to establish parameters for research content

 Second, without standard definitions, there can be no

agreement on the measurement of tourism as an
economic activity or its impact on the local, state,
national or world economy.
It was found that there are forty- three definitions for the
three terms – TRAVELLER, TOURIST AND VISITOR.
DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..

Etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin word

TORNARE/ TORNUS and the Greek word TORNOS,
meaning, to represent 'one's turn'.

 The suffix -ism is defined as an action or process

 While the suffix -ist denote 'one that performs a given action.‘
DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..

Two main groups or classifications of tourism definitions:

 Technical Definitions: -
– to identify different types of tourist
– to identify different tourism activities,
– normally for statistical or legislative purposes
– as those put forward by League of Nations and then by the
United Nations.
DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..

Two main groups or classifications of tourism definitions:

Technical Definitions: -
– to identify different types of tourist
– to identify different tourism activities,
– normally for statistical or legislative purposes
– as those put forward by League of Nations and then by the
United Nations.
Conceptual Definitions:
– an essentially anthropologically perspective.
– to understand the meaning and role of tourism
– impacts
DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..

 1910, Herman V. Schullard, defined it as,

"Tourism is the sum total of operators,
mainly of an economic nature which directly
relate to the entry, stay and movement of
foreigners inside and outside a certain
country, city or region".
DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..

 1910, Herman V. Schullard, defined it as, "Tourism is the

sum total of operators, mainly of an economic nature
which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement
of foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city
or region".

 1936, the committee of Statistical Experts of the League

of Nations, first proposed that a 'foreign tourist' is one
who 'visits a country other than that in which he
habitually lives for a period of at least twenty four
hours'.
DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..

 1942, Swiss Professors Hunziker and Krapf -

Conceptually, tourism is defined as "the sum
of the phenomenon and relationships arising
from the travel and stay of non residents in
so far as they do not lead to permanent
residence and are not connected with any
earning activity".
DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..

 1942, Swiss Professors Hunziker and Krapf -

Conceptually, tourism is defined as "the sum of the
phenomenon and relationships arising from the travel
and stay of non residents in so far as they do not lead to
permanent residence and are not connected with any
earning activity".

 The International Union of Official Travel Organisation

(IUOTO) broadened the concept to include various
form of business and vocational travel as well.
DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..

 In the year 1945, the United Nations (which had replaced

League of Nations) endorsed the proposed definition of
1935, but added to it a maximum duration of stay of
less than six months.

 1963, Rome conference on Tourism recommended that a

new word "visitor" be adopted which define a tourist as
"any person visiting a country other than that in which
he has his usual place of residence, for any reason other
than following an occupation remunerated from within
the country visited."
DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..

 Jafari, who states "tourism is study of man

away from his usual habitat, of the industry
which responds to his needs and of the
impacts that both he and the industry have
on the host-socio cultural economic and
physical environments.“
DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..

 Jafari, who states "tourism is study of man away from his

usual habitat, of the industry which responds to his
needs and of the impacts that both he and the industry
have on the host-socio cultural economic and physical
environments.“

 Wanhill defines 'tourism' as the temporary, movement of

people to destinations outside their normal places of
work and residence and the activities undertaken during
the time spent at those destinations.
DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..

 Leiper postulated that "there are three approaches in

defining tourism: economic, technical, and holistic.
 Economic definitions view tourism as both a business and
an industry.
 Technical definitions identify the tourist in order to provide
as common basis by which to collect data.
 Holistic definitions attempt to include the entire essence of
the subject".
DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..

 Leiper postulated that "there are three approaches in

defining tourism: economic, technical, and holistic.
 Economic definitions view tourism as both a business and an
industry.
 Technical definitions identify the tourist in order to provide as
common basis by which to collect data.
 Holistic definitions attempt to include the entire essence of the
subject".
 Smith, developed a more explicit reference to
motivation, a tourist being a temporarily leisure person
who voluntarily visits a place for the purpose of
experiencing a change.
DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..

 According to WTO , tourism is the movement of

people away from their normal place of residence and
work for a period of not less than 24hrs and not more
than 1 year and whose main purpose of travel is other
than the exercise of an activity remunerated from
within the places visited.
 TRAVELLOR TYPOLOGY

TRAVELLERS

VISITORS OTHER TRAVELLERS

TOURISTS SAME DAY VISITORS

 TRAVELLERS

VISITORS OTHER TRAVELLERS

TOURISTS SAME DAY VISITORS

(OVERNIGHT VISITORS) (EXCURSIONST)

RESIDENTS NON RESIDENTS RESIDENTS NON RESIDENTS

LEISURE/RECREATION BUSINESS/ PROFESSIONAL OTHER

COMMUTERS NOMADS TRANSIT ARMED FORCES

PASSENGERS
MIGRANTS REFUGEES DIPLOMATS DAILY/ ROUTINE TRIPS
 TOURISM – AN INDUSTRY?
 Robert Chirstie Mill states that 'Tourism is not an
industry, although tourism gives rise to a variety of
industries. Tourism is an activity engaged by people
who travel".

 Wahab, states that "the appellation of the term

'industry' to tourism is justified because of the modern
approach to the definition of industry as a group of
firms producing identical goods, i.e., which the
consumer regards as being substitutes for one another
although they may be physically different.
TOURISM – AN INDUSTRY? CONTD..

 According to Roger Doswell there are three levels of tourism which

work together:
FIRST LEVEL Tourism policy and strategy framework, the
Government Tourism Administration (GTA)
SECOND LEVEL Hotels, Accommodation, Catering, Attraction,
Transportation
THIRD LEVEL Network of supporting services
LEVELS OF TOURISM
 Kaiser has advocated that "there is no such thing as Tourism
Industry, but it is a collection of several industries that function
separately with various types of links with tourists. These links can
be both incidental as well as purposeful, direct or indirect.“
TOURISM – AN INDUSTRY? CONTD..

The UN source identified seven industrial areas, which

could be regarded as belonging in different degrees to the
tourist sector, although for the most part not concerned
exclusively with tourism

accommodation,
attraction management
travel agents and tour operators,
restaurants,
passenger transport enterprises,
manufacturers of handicraft and souvenirs designed for
visitors and related outlets,
agencies concerned with tourism.
TOURISM – AN INDUSTRY? CONTD..

Tourism is not one single industry but an amalgamation of

many industries and allied industries.
(1) Aviation
(2) Transportation (Surface - Rail and Road),
(3) Water Transport,
(4) Hospitality,
(5) Attraction Management (Theme Parks, Monuments)
(6) Communication (CRS, Internet, etc.) and
(7) Travel Facilitators (Travel Consultants, Guides, Escorts,
etc.) come together to form the Tourism Sector.
 Leisure
The time available to an individual
when work, sleep and other basic
needs have been met

Recreation
Pursuit engaged upon during
leisure time

Home Local Regional National International

The recreation activity continuum

Home-based Daily leisure Day trips Tourism

recreation Visiting theatres Visiting Temporary movement to
or restaurants, attraction, destinations outside normal
Reading, home and workplace, the
gardening, sports (as picnicking, etc. activities undertaken during
watching, T.V., participant of the stay, and the facilities
socializing etc. speactator) created to cater for their
socializing, etc needs

HOME
TOURISM SYSTEM

Tourism System
Source: Leiper, 1990
TOURISM SYSTEM CONTD..

Regulatory
Framework
DEMAND SUPPLY

Tourist
Domestic
Destinations
Influences on and Tourism
and
Demand International Impacts
Facilities
Tourists

Tourism
Intermediaries

A simplified model of Tourist Activity

Source: Ray Youell
 SIMILARITY WITH
CONSUMER GOODS

 Customer Satisfaction
 Profit Generation
 Service element
 CHARACTERISTICS

 Intangibility
 Perishability
 Heterogeneity / variability
 Inseparability
 Lack of ownership
 NATURE

 Fragile
 Risky
 Demand based
 Seasonal
 COMPONENTS OF TOURISM
 Attraction or Tourism Patrimony
 Man made
 Natural
 Hybrid
COMPONENTS OF TOURISM CONTD..

 Attraction or Tourism Patrimony

 Accessibility
 Surface
 Water
 Air
 Space
COMPONENTS OF TOURISM CONTD..

 Attraction or Tourism Patrimony

 Accessibility
 Accommodation
 Organised
 Unorganised
COMPONENTS OF TOURISM CONTD..

 Accommodation
 Organised
– Hotels
 Heritage
 Luxury
– House boats
– Guest houses
– Resorts
– sPas
 Unorganised
– Paying guest
– Charitable organisations
– Others
COMPONENTS OF TOURISM CONTD..

 Attraction or Tourism Patrimony

 Accessibility
 Accommodation
 Amenities
COMPONENTS OF TOURISM CONTD..

 Attraction or Tourism Patrimony

 Accessibility
 Accommodation
 Amenities
 Activities
COMPONENTS OF TOURISM CONTD..

 Attraction or Tourism Patrimony

 Accessibility
 Accommodation
 Amenities
 Activities
 Available packages
FORMS OF TOURISM
INTERNATIONAL
D
O
M
E
INTERNAL S
T
I NATIONAL
C

OU
TB
D OU
O UN ND
INB

INTERNATIONAL

Source: World Tourism Organisation

 TYPES OF TOURISM
1. On the basis of Origin and Destination
·       Incoming tourism
·        Outgoing tourism
·        Internal Tourism
2. On the basis of Movement Patterns
·       Residential Tourism
·        Seasonal tourism
·        Roving tourism
3. On the basis of Seasonal Character of Tourism
·       Winter tourism
·        Summer tourism
·        Circumstantial tourism
TYPES OF TOURISM
4.On the basis of the Incentives
·     Recreational tourism
·        Pleasure tourism of Leisure tourism
·        Sporting tourism
·        Business or Technical tourism
5.On the basis of Socio-economic aspects of demand
·     Self financing tourism
·        Juvenile tourism
·        Social tourism
6.On the basis of Range
·     Domestic tourism Or Internal tourism
·        International tourism
TYPES OF TOURISM

7.On the basis of Sociological Aspects

·     Mass tourism
·        Popular tourism
·        Social tourism
8. On the basis of Purpose of Visit
·     Holiday tourism
·        Business tourism
·        Common Interest Tourism
TYPES OF TOURISM

PROPOSED BY THE UN (Based on purpose of travel)

1.                 Leisure recreation and holidays

2.                 Visiting friends and relatives
3.                 Business and profession
4.                 Health treatment
5.                 Religion/pilgrimage
6. Other (sports, crews of public carrier)
 PURPOSE OF TRAVEL

TRAVEL

BY OBLIGATION FOR PLEASURE

VFR
Health
Religion Pilgrimage
Other

BUSINESS AND MAINSTREAM,

ROFESSIONAL SECIAL INTEREST,
ALTERNATIVE TOURISM
 TYPOLOGY OF TOURISTS
TOURIST TYPOLOGY

INSTITUTINALISED NON INSTITUTIONALISED

TOURISM TOURISM

ORGANISED INDIVIDUAL EXLORER DRIFTER

MASS TOURIST MASS TOURIST • Independent • Away from all
 Readymade • Environmental • Off beat track things familiar
tour bubble
• Environmental • No fixed itinerary
 Environmental • Personal choice bubble or
bubble
• Cultural
• Less real safety
 Guided tour
experience
experience
 Little contact • No connection
 No adventure with the industry
ENVIRONMENTAL BUBBLE

H
TOUR OPERATORS O
S
E P
S I

C TOURIST T
A
O L
R I
T T
Y
PERSONAL BELIEFS
 CLASSIFICATION OF TOURISTS
 PSYCHOCENTRIC
– Concentrate on self
– Safe destination
– Conservative in travel pattern
– Small problem areas of life
– Return trip
 ALLOCENTRIC
– Varied in form
– Adventurous
– Travel or discover new places
– Rarely return to the same place
 MIDCENTRIC
– SOMEWHERE IN BETWEEN