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‡ History
‡ Epidemiology
‡ Vectors
‡ Classification of Malaria
‡ Etiology
‡ Other modes of Transmission
‡ Clinical Presentation
‡ Complication
‡ Diagnosis
‡ Care for the Malaria Patient
‡ Travelers Information
HISTORY
‡ Most devastating parasitic disease
‡ Described since antiquity
‡ Ref : Vedic writings (1600 BC in India)
Hippocrates (2500 yrs ago)
‡ 1880 ± Laveran ± Identified the causative
agent
‡ Romanowsky, 1891, develop a method of
staining malaria in blood films
‡ 1897 ± Ross ± discovered that mosquito
transmits the disease
‡ 1967 ± WHO ± Global eradication of
Malaria is impossible so shifted to control
of the disease
EPIDEMIOLOGY

‡ 300 ± 500 mill clinical cases each year

‡ Approx. 2.5 mill death
‡ Rainy season disease ± Increased
mosquito abundance
‡ Other factors which contributes to Malaria;
Š Deforestation
Š Migration of population
Š Changes in agricultural practice
VECTORS

‡ Anopheles mosquitoes

‡ Seasonal ± Often rainy season

‡ For transmission ± The mosquito must live

at least 10 days after an infective blood
meal during which it must bite a
susceptible human host
HUMAN HOST

‡ Human reservoir of gametocytes is

necessary to transmit the infection

‡ In areas of high transmission, infants and

young children are more susceptible to
malaria
mLIFE CYCLEm
 CLASSIFICATION of MALARIA

Not
Complicated
complicated
‡ Mild ‡ Se ere
‡ Ca e: . i a ‡ Ca e:
‡ Seldom fatal .Falcipar m
‡ Le ‡ Ofte fatal
i ol eme t of ‡ i
ot er or a i ol eme t of
ot er or a
ETIOLOGY

‡ 4 distinct speciesm
mP. Vivax
mP. Falciparum
mP. Malariae
mP. Ovale
 h
 h  


Benign Malignant

Relapse occurs No relapse

< 1% RBC parasitised ~ 35% RBC parasitised

Gametocyte ± Male & Gametocyte ± Male &

female mature in peripheral female mature in deeper
blood circulation.
Infected RBC clogged in
internal organs.
Other modes of TRANSMISSION

‡ Blood transfusion
‡ Needle-stick injury
‡ Sharing of needle by infected drug addicts
 CLINICAL
PRESENTATION
mAssociated Symptomsm

‡ Mild abdominal discomfort

‡ Constipation
‡ Diarrhea
‡ Less appetite
~PREGNANCY~
‡ Increased risk in 2nd & 3rd trimesters
‡ Low birth weight
‡ Mothers might be asymptomatic

~CHILDREN~
‡ Present with fever and malaise
‡ May also have convulsions, coma,
severe anemia, metabolic acidosis and
hypoglycemia.
COMPLICATION
‡ Cerebral malaria

‡ Hypoglycemia

‡ Pulmonary oedema

‡ Acute renal failure

‡ Metabolic acidosis
DIAGNOSIS

‡ Doctor

‡ In the Lab

‡ Morphological studies
TREATMENT
CARE of MALARIA PATIENT
PREVENTION
TRAVELERS INFOm
‡ Medication should be taken one
week before entering a
malarious area.

‡ Weekly while being there.

‡ Weekly for 4 weeks after

leaving a malarious area.
?