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A Note on Thermal-Hydraulics
*** Single Phase Single Heated Channel Problem ***
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CONTENT
CONTENT ........................................................................................................................................... 3
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 4
THE PROBLEM OF SINGLE HEATED CHANNEL ........................................................................ 5
Governing Equations ........................................................................................................................ 5
Solution Method ............................................................................................................................... 6
Thermodynamic Equations of State for Liquid Sodium ................................................................. 11
Computer Code ............................................................................................................................... 12
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. The problem of single heated channel..................................................................................5
Figure 2. Axial nodalization...............................................................................................................11
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THE PROBLEM OF SINGLE HEATED CHANNEL
The system that we are going to analyzed is one the most basic thermal-hydraulics problems: the
case of single heated channel, in which a single phase fluid flows inside a heated pipe, as depicted
on the following figure:
F
l
u
i
d
f
l
o
w
H
e
a
t
e
d
H
e
a
t
e
d
Figure 1. The problem of single heated channel
We are mainly interested in temperature and pressure of the fluid along the channel.
Governing Equations
To perform the analysis, we will use three balance equations in steady state form as described
below.
Mass balance:
Eq. 1 0
G
z
2
mass flux [kg/m s] G
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Momentum balance:
Eq. 2
2
2
h
G G
G p
f g
z z D
| `
. ,
2
3
2
mass flux [kg/m s]
fluid density [kg/m ]
pressure [Pa]
equivalent hydraulic diameter [m]
friction coefficient
gravity acceleration [m/s ]
e
G
p
D
f
g
Energy balance:
Eq. 3
( )
'( )
p
c T dT
m q z
dz
&
mass flow rate [kg/s]
specific heat capacity [J/kg.K]
' linear power density [W/m]
temperature [K]
p
m
c
q
T
&
The mass balance equation implies that the mass flux (and mass flow rate for constant area channel)
is constant under steady state condition. The energy equation will be solved for coolant temperature,
and the momentum equation will be solved for pressure.
Solution Method
Integrating Eq. 3:
Eq. 4
1 1
( ) '( )
zj zj
p
zj zj
m c T dT q z dz
+ +
&
Applying trapezoid rule:
Eq. 5
, , 1 1
1 1
' '
2 2
p j p j j j
j j j j
c c q q
m T T z z
+ +
+ +
] ] + +
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
&
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Equation of state for
p
c
is as follow:
Eq. 6
2
0 1 2
( )
p
c T a a T a T + +
Where
n
a are some empirical constants.
Substituting Eq. 6 into Eq. 5:
Eq. 7
( ) ( )
2 2
0 1 2 0 1 1 2 1
1
1 1
' '
2 2
j j j j
j j
j j j j
a a T a T a a T a T
q q
m T T z z
+ +
+
+ +
]
+ + + + + ] +
] ] ]
]
] ]
] ]
]
]
&
By rearranging Eq. 7, we get the following equation:
Eq. 8
2 3
0 1 1 2 1 3 1
0
j j j
b b T b T b T
+ + +
+ + +
1 2 3
0 0 1 2 1
2
1 0 2
2 1 2
3 2
' '
2
2
j j
j j j j j
i
i
q q
b a T a T a T z z
m
b a a T
b a a T
b a
+
+
] +
]
]
]
]
]
+
&
Eq. 8 is a nonlinear equation that we need to solve to obtain coolant temperature. We will use the
Newton-Raphson technique to iteratively solve it.
Now lets define
e
F as Energy Function for this case:
Eq. 9 ( )
2 3
1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1
0
e j j j j
F T b b T b T b T
+ + + +
+ + +
Then the derivative of
e
F respect to
1 i
T
+
is:
Eq. 10
2
1 2 1 3 1
1
2 3
e
j j
j
F
b b T b T
T
+ +
+
+ +
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The Newton-Raphson iteration is then performed as follow:
Eq. 11
( )
1
1
1 1
1 old
j
old
e j
new old
j j
e
j
T
F T
T T
F
T
+
+
+ +
+
+
2
1 3 1
1
log
dynamic viscosity [kg/m.s]
j
j
c
c c T
T
+
+
+ +
Reynolds number:
Eq. 14
1
1
Re
h
j
j
GD
+
+
is as follow:
Eq. 19
2 3
0 1 2 3 4
( , ) T p a a T a T a T a p + + + +
Where
n
a are some empirical constants.
Then coolant densities for axial plane
j
and
1 j +
are as follow, respectively:
Eq. 20
2 3
0 1 2 3 4 j j j j j
a a T a T a T a p + + + +
Eq. 21
2 3
1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 j j j j j
a a T a T a T a p
+ + + + +
+ + + +
By substituting Eq. 20 and Eq. 21 into Eq. 18, and rearranging the resulting equation, we will obtain
the following equation:
Eq. 22
1
0 1 1 2 1 2 1
0
j j
b b p b p
+ +
] + + +
]
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( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2 3
1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1
2 4
2
1 1
0 1
2 1
1
1 1
2
2
4 2
1
2
4
j j j
j j i j j
j j
j h j
j j
j j j
h
a a T a T a T
a
z z f g z z
G G
G
b p
D
g z z
b
G G z z f
b G
D
+ + +
+ +
+
+ +
+ + +
]
] + +
]
]
+
Eq. 20 is a highly nonlinear equation, and we will use the Newton-Raphson method again to solve
it. Lets define
k
F as Momentum Function for this case:
Eq. 23 ( )
1
1 0 1 1 2 1 2 1
0
k j j j
F p b b p b p
+ + +
] + + +
]
Then the derivative of
k
F respect to
1 j
p
+
is:
Eq. 24
2
1 2 2 1 2 1
1
k
j
j
F
b b p
p
+
+
] +
]
Liquid specific heat capacity:
Eq. 28
2
0 1 2
( ) [J/kg.K]
p
c T a a T a T + +
0
1
4
2
1630.22
0.83354
4.62838 10
a
a
a
Liquid dynamic viscosity:
Eq. 29 ( ) 10 [kg/m.s] T
220.65
2.4892 0.4925logT
T
+
Saturation temperature:
Eq. 30
6
12130
( ) [K]
ln(9.869 10 ) 10.51
s
T p
p
Computer Code
The method explained on this paper has been programmed in Fortran language, it is freely available
from the following URL: http://wp.me/p61TQ-w8
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