Unit 2 Study Guide Part A

2010
Growth and Reproduction
 What and How to Study
Study the PowerPoint lectures and their review
questions.
Read the chapters assigned in the text.
Know the key vocabulary terms (lists at the end
of each chapter and/or the glossaries).
Prepare frequently prior to the test. Review the
film study questions where applicable.
These statements apply to all of the unit tests
and exam.
 Please Note
• The study guide question project is a work
in progress, and accordingly, it is
incomplete. Therefore none of the study
question sets should be considered a
“substitute” for a complete and exhaustive
test preparation. This applies to all four of
the study guide question sets.
 Mitosis
• Study Guide Questions
 Q1
• Define the word reproduction.
 A1
• The production of a new generation of
cells or a multi-cellular organism
similar to itself.
 Q2
• Mitosis and meiosis refer to the division of
the cell's __________.
 A2
• Mitosis and meiosis refer to the division of
the cell's __nucleus (DNA)________.
 Q3
• Distinguish between somatic cells and
germ cells as to their location and function.
 A3
• Distinguish between somatic cells and
germ cells as to their location and function.
Somatic cells are body site of mitosis
(2n); Immature reproductive cells (site
of meiosis)
 Q4
• The eukaryotic chromosome is composed
of __________ and __________.
 A4
• The eukaryotic chromosome is composed
of __DNA________ and
__Proteins________.
 Q5
• The two attached threads of a duplicated
chromosome are known as sister
__________.
 A5
• The two attached threads of a duplicated
chromosome are known as sister
______chromatids____.
 Q6
• Characterize the organization of
chromosomes using the terms histones
and nucleosome.
 A6
• Characterize the organization of
chromosomes using the terms histones
and nucleosome. At reg. intervals
double stranded DNA is wrapped
around proteins called histones; DNA-
histone spools look like beads on a
string. Each bead is a nucleosome.
 Q7
• The __________ is a small region with
docking sites for the microtubules with
roles in nuclear division.
 A7
• The ____centromere______ is a small
region with docking sites for the
microtubules with roles in nuclear division.
 Q8
• Each species has a characteristic
__________ number, the sum total in cells
of a given type.
 A8
• chromosome
 Q9
• Any cell having two of each type of
chromosome characteristic of a species is
a __________ cell; eggs and sperms of
such organisms have only one of each
type of chromosome and are said to be
__________
 A9
• Any cell having two of each type of
chromosome characteristic of a species is
a ___diploid_______ cell; eggs and
sperms of such organisms have only one
of each type of chromosome and are said
to be _haploid_________
 Q 10
• Interphase of the cell cycle consists of G1,
__________, and G2.
 A 10
• Interphase of the cell cycle consists of G1,
____S______, and G2.
 Q 11
• Describe the structure and function of the
spindle apparatus.
 A 11
• Describe the structure and function of the spindle apparatus.
• The spindle apparatus moves the chromosomes.
• The spindle apparatus is composed of two sets of
microtubules.
• Microtubules (components of the cytoskeleton) extend
from the two “poles” of the cell and overlap at the cell equator.
• Microtubules are composed of numerous subunits called
tubulins.
• Some microtubules extend from the centromeres to one of
the two poles; others extend from the poles, overlap in the
middle of the cell, but do not contact the chromosomes.
• Microtubules attached to the centromeres shorten and pull the
chromosomes toward the poles.
• Other microtubules at the spindle poles ratchet past each
other to push the two spindle poles apart.
 Q12
• Describe the number and movements of
centrioles in the cell division of some cells.
 A 12
• Describe the number and movements of
centrioles in the cell division of some cells.
The centrioles, which have duplicated
by the time prophase is underway, are
moved by the microtubules to the
opposite poles of the cell.
 Q 13
• The "__________" is a time of transition
when the nuclear envelope breaks up into
tiny, flattened vesicles prior to metaphase.
 A 13
• The "__prophase________" is a time of
transition when the nuclear envelope
breaks up into tiny, flattened vesicles prior
to metaphase.
 Q 14
• Be able to give a detailed description of
the cellular events occurring in the
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase of mitosis.
 A 14.1
• A. Prophase: Mitosis Begins
• 1. Chromosomes become
visible as rodlike units, each consisting of two sister
chromatids.
• 2. In the cytoplasm, the
microtubules of the cytoskeleton break apart and
begin reassembling near the nucleus.
• a. Microtubules are
composed of numerous subunits called tubulins.
• b. Some microtubules
extend from the centromeres to one of the two
poles; others extend from the poles, overlap in the
middle of the cell, but do not contact the
chromosomes.
 A 14.2
• 3. The nuclear envelope begins to
disintegrate.
• 4. The centrioles, which
have duplicated by the time prophase
is underway, are now moved by the
microtubules to the opposite poles of
the cell
 A 14.3
• B. Transition to Metaphase
• 1. The nuclear membrane
now breaks up completely in the transition
between pro- and metaphase.
• 2. Sister chromatids, each
attached to microtubules, become oriented
toward opposite poles.
• 3. When all the
chromosomes are aligned at the cell’s
equator, halfway between the poles, we call
the stage metaphase.
 A 14.4
• C. From Anaphase Through Telophase
• 1. Sister chromatids separate
and move toward opposite poles.
• a. Microtubules attached
to the centromeres shorten and pull the
chromosomes toward the poles.
• b. Other microtubules at
the spindle poles ratchet past each other to push the
two spindle poles apart.
• c. Once separated, each
chromatid is now an independent chromosome.
 A 14.5
• 2. Telophase begins when the
two daughter chromosomes of each original
chromatid pair arrive at opposite poles.
• a. Chromosomes
return to the threadlike form typical of
interphase.
• b. The nuclear
envelope reforms from the fusion of small
vesicles
• c. Each daughter cell
has the same number of chromosomes as
the parent cell; mitosis is complete.
 Q 15
• Compare and contrast cytokinesis as it
occurs in plant and animal cell division;
use the following concepts: cleavage
furrow, microfilaments at the cell's
midsection, and cell plate formation.
 A 15.1
• A. Cell Plate Formation in
Plants
• 1. Because of the rather
rigid cell wall, the cytoplasm of plant
cells cannot just be pinched in two.
• 2. Instead vesicles
containing remnants of the
microtubular spindle form a disklike
structure during cell plate formation.
 A 15.2
• B. Cytoplasmic Division of Animal
Cells
• 1. The flexible plasma
membrane of animal cells can be
squeezed in the middle to separate the
two daughter cells–a process called
cleavage.
 A 15.3
• Parallel arrays of contractile
microfilaments slide past one another
at the cleavage furrow, pulling the
plasma membrane inward.
 Q 16
• Explain how cells from Henrietta Lacks
continue to benefit humans everywhere
more than forty years after her death.
 A 16
• Explain how cells from Henrietta Lacks
continue to benefit humans everywhere
more than forty years after her death.
• Her cells live on in the cell biology
laboratories of the world where they
help cellular biologists understand cell
division, both normal and abnormal.
 Meiosis
• Study Guide Questions
 Q1
• Distinguish between germ cells and
gametes.
 A1
• Germ cells are 2n while gametes are n
(haploid). Germ cells produce gametes.
Gametes fuse to form a zygote.
 Q2
1. "One parent alone produces offspring,
and each offspring inherits the same
number and kinds of genes as its parent"
describes __________ reproduction.
 Q2
• asexual
 Q‘s 3, 4, and 5
• __________ reproduction involves meiosis,
gamete formation, and fertilization.
• __________ divides chromosomes into
separate parcels not once but twice prior to
cell division.
• Describe the relationship between the
following terms: homologous chromosomes,
diploid number, and haploid number.
 A’s 3, 4, and 5
• Sexual; Meiosis
• Homologous chromosomes line - up (even
unequally matched sex chromosomes!)
during meiosis.
• These homologous chromosomes are in
pairs so that each nucleus is diploid prior to
anaphase I of meiosis.
• After anaphase I, the resulting daughter
nuclei are haploid (having only one of each
type of chromosome).
 Q’s 6, 7, and 8
• If the diploid chromosome number for a
particular plant species is 18, the haploid
gamete number is __________.
• During interphase a germ cell duplicates its
DNA; a duplicated chromosome consists of
two DNA molecules that remain attached to a
constriction called the __________.
• As long as the two DNA molecules remain
attached, they are referred to as __________
__________ of the chromosome.
 A’s 6, 7, and 8
• 9
• centromere
• sister chromatids
 Q’s 9, 10, and 11
• During meiosis I, homologous
chromosomes pair; each homologue
consists of __________ chromatids.
• During meiosis II, the two sister
__________ of each __________ are
separated from each other.
• Interphase of the cell cycle consists of
G1, __________, and G2..
 A’s 9, 10 and, 11
• two
• chromatids; chromosome
• S
 Q’s 12 and 13
• The __________ attachment and
subsequent positioning of each pair of
maternal and paternal chromosomes at
metaphase I lead to different
__________ of maternal and paternal
traits in each generation of offspring.
• Meiosis in the animal life cycle results in
haploid __________; meiosis in the plant
life cycle results in haploid __________.
 A’s 12 and 13
• random; combinations

• gametes; gametophytes
 Q 14
• Using the special terms for the cells at the
various stages, describe spermatogenesis
in male animals and oogenesis in female
animals
 A 14.1
• Gamete Formation in Animals
• 1. The life cycle of multicelled
animals proceeds from meiosis to gamete formation
>>> fertilization >>> growth by mitosis.
• 2. In males, meiosis and gamete
formation are called spermatogenesis.
• a. Germ cell (2n) >>>
primary spermatocyte (2n) >>> MEIOSIS I >>> two
secondary spermatocytes (n) >>> MEIOSIS II >>>
four spermatids (n). b. Spermatids change in
form; each develops a tail to become mature sperm.
 A 14.2
• 3. In females, meiosis and gamete formation
are called oogenesis.
• a. Germ cell (2n) >>>
primary oocyte (2n) >>> MEIOSIS I >>>
secondary oocyte (n, and large in size) plus
polar body (n, and small in size) >>> MEIOSIS
II >>> one large ovum (n) plus three polar
bodies (n, small).
• b. The single ovum is
the only cell capable of being fertilized by a
sperm; the polar bodies wither and die.
 Q’s 15 and 16
• Crossing over, the distribution of random
mixes of homologous chromosomes into
gametes, and fertilization contribute to
__________ in the traits of offspring.
• Mitotic cell division produces only
__________; meiotic cell division, in
conjunction with subsequent fertilization,
promotes __________ in traits among
offspring.
 A’s 15 and 16
• variation
• identical cells, variation
 Q 17
1. Be able to list three ways that meiosis
promotes variation in offspring.
 A 17
• The variation present at fertilization is from
three sources:
• a. Crossing over
occurs during prophase I.
• b. Random alignments
at metaphase I lead to millions of
combinations of maternal and paternal
chromosomes in each gamete.
• c. Of all the genetically
diverse gametes produced, chance will
determine which two will meet.
The End of Unit 2 Part A Study
Guide