M231- Outline

Dr.Huda M. Zahawi, FRC.Path.

(Co-ordinator)
 Lecture Topics :
 Cell Injury
 Inflammation & Repair
 Neoplasia
 Hemodynamic Disorders,Thrombosis &
Shock
 Book :
 Robbins Basic Pathology
 Labs :
 2-3 Labs / topic
 Clinical cases for discussion
 Web Path Internet teaching used
 Not more than 1/3 of all sessions absence
 Exams :
 First , Second & Final Exams
 MCQ format
 Lab questions with pictures included in
each exam
 Marks : 40 / 40/ 60
 Make up is usually in short essay format
Introduction to Pathology
Dr.H.Zahawi,FRC.Path
2010
What is Pathology ?
 Study of disease by scientific methods
 Individual’s reaction to injury & its effect on
body
 Effect recognized by structural &functional
changes  PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 Result is either compensated , decompensated
or causes death .
 Links basic science to clinical practice
Branches of Pathology
 Anatomic pathology : Study of tissues or cells
- Postmortem Examination ( autopsy )
- Forensic Pathology
- Surgically removed specimens
- Cytology of smears, Fine Needle Aspiration
 Clinical pathology :
- Clinical chemistry
- Hematology
- Microbiology
- Immunology
- Genetics
 How Pathology is taught
 General pathology : studies mechanism & the
characteristics of principle types of disease processes e.g.
- cell injury
- inflammation
- neoplasia
 Systemic pathology : studies specific diseases in specific
organ systems. e.g.
- lung abscess
- breast cancer
 Steps in study of diseases
 Epidemiological aspects
 Etiology: identifiable cause of disease
- Intrinsic : genetic
- Extrinsic : acquired
- Idiopathic
 Pathogenesis : Sequence of events in the response
of cells& tissues to the etiological agent, from the
initial stimulus to the final expression of disease.
This response can be studied morphologically,
biochemical, immunologically or at molecular level.
 Pathological & clinical features including
biochemical tests, radiological findings
INTEGRATE ALL INFORMATION !!!!!

 Complications & sequelae :

Events taken during the disease process that
may impair full recovery

 Treatment

 Prognosis :
A forecast as to the probable result of an
attack of disease and the prospect of
recovery.
To aid diagnosis , study morphology :
 Samples for study include cells, biopsy or
whole organ :
- Gross or macroscopic appearance
- Histological or microscopic appearance
- Electron microscopy or ultrastructure

 Genetic & molecular methods may aid

diagnosis
 Sample case
A 60 year old woman with a lump in the
neck of 6 months duration.
Patient has fever & raised BMR ( ESR)
On examination she also had enlarged
inguinal lymph nodes.
Further investigations were within normal
 Biopsy was taken
i.e. tissue removed for microscopic
examination
Follicular Lymphoma
 Genetic Studies :
 Translocation t18: 14
 Diagnosis :
 Follicular Lymphoma
 Treatment : Chemotherapy
 Prognosis : Good
 Therefore :
PATHOLOGY AIDS IN DIAGNOSIS
& MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE
PROCESSES
Cellular Injury
(year 2010 )

Dr. Huda M.Zahawi, FRC.Path.

 Topic Outline
 Causes of cell injury
 Types of Injury
 Priciples & Mechanisms of cell injury
 Outcome : ?Reversible ? Irreversible
 Morphology
 Adaptation to Injury
 Patterns & types of Cell Death
 Process of Aging
 Cellular Injury & Adaptation
 Normal cell is in a steady dynamic state
“Homeostasis” :

 The ability or tendency of an organism or

cell to maintain internal equilibrium by
adjusting its physiological processes.
 Cells are constantly exposed to stresses.

 Normal physiologic stress

 Severe stresses: injury results, and alters

the normal steady state of the cell,

consequently,
 It can survive in a damaged state and adapt to
the injury
(reversible injury or adaptation)
 It can die

(irreversible injury or cell death).

 STRESS INJURY

NORMAL
CELL

Reversible Irreversible
Adaptation
injury injury
Atrophy
Hypertophy
Hyperplasia Cellular swelling Necrosis
Metaplasia Vacuolar change
Fatty change Apoptosiss
 Causes of Cell Injury

 Hypoxia and ischemia

 Free radicals
 Chemical agents
 Physical agents
 Infections
 Immunological reactions
 Genetic defects
 Nutritional defects
 Aging