Integration

SUBSTITUTION II .. 1
f (x) · f 0 (x)

Graham S McDonald
and Silvia C Dalla

A Tutorial Module for practising the integra-

1
tion of expressions of the form f (x) · f 0 (x)

● Table of contents
● Begin Tutorial

c 2004 g.s.mcdonald@salford.ac.uk
 Table of contents
1. Theory
2. Exercises
3. Answers
4. Standard integrals
5. Tips
Full worked solutions
Section 1: Theory 3

1. Theory

Consider an integral of the form

Z 0
f (x)
dx
f (x)
du
Letting u = f (x) then = f 0 (x) , and this gives du = f 0 (x)dx
dx
So
f 0 (x)
Z Z
1
dx = · f 0 (x) dx
f (x) f (x)
Z
du
=
u

= ln |u| + C

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Section 1: Theory 4

The general result is

R f 0 (x)
f (x) dx = ln |f (x)| + C

This is a useful generalisation of the standard integral

Z
1
dx = ln |x| + C ,
x

that applies straightforwardly when the top line of what we are inte-
grating is a multiple of the derivative of the bottom line

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Section 2: Exercises 5

2. Exercises
Click on EXERCISE links for full worked solutions (there are 11 ex-
ercises in total).

Perform the following integrations:

Exercise 1.
Z
10x + 3
2
dx
5x + 3x − 1
Exercise 2.
3x2
Z
dx
x3 − 6
Exercise 3.
4x2
Z
dx
x3 − 1

● Theory ● Standard integrals ● Answers ● Tips

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Section 2: Exercises 6

Exercise 4.
2x − 1
Z
2
dx
x −x−7
Exercise 5.
x−1
Z
dx
x2 − 2x + 7

Exercise 6.
Z
8x
dx
x2 − 4
Exercise 7.
x2
Z
3
dx
x +2

● Theory ● Standard integrals ● Answers ● Tips

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Section 2: Exercises 7

Exercise 8.
Z
sin x
dx
cos x

Exercise 9.
Z
cos x
dx
sin x

Exercise 10.
Z
cos x
dx
5 + sin x

Exercise 11.
Z
sinh x
dx ,
1 − cosh x

● Theory ● Standard integrals ● Answers ● Tips

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Section 3: Answers 8

3. Answers

1. ln |5x2 + 3x − 1| + C ,
2. ln |x3 − 6| + C ,
4
3. 3 ln |x3 − 1| + C ,
4. ln |x2 − x − 7| + C ,
1
5. 2 ln |x2 − 2x + 7| + C ,
6. 4 ln |x2 − 4| + C ,
1
7. 3 ln |x3 + 2| + C
8. − ln | cos x| + C ,
9. ln | sin x| + C,
10. ln |5 + sin x| + C ,
11. − ln |1 − cosh x| + C .

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Section 4: Standard integrals 9

4. Standard integrals
R R
f (x) f (x)dx f (x) f (x)dx
n xn+1 n 0 [g(x)]n+1
x n+1 (n 6= −1) [g (x)] g (x) n+1 (n 6= −1)
1 g 0 (x)
x ln |x| g(x) ln |g (x)|
x ax
e ex a x
ln a (a > 0)
sin x − cos x sinh x cosh x
cos x sin x cosh x sinh x
tan x − ln
 |cos x| tanh x ln cosh x 
cosec x ln tan x2  cosech x ln tanh x2 
sec x ln |sec x + tan x| sech x 2 tan−1 ex
sec2 x tan x sech2 x tanh x
cot x ln |sin x| coth x ln |sinh x|
sin2 x x
2 −
sin 2x
4 sinh2 x sinh 2x
4 − x2
cos2 x x
2 +
sin 2x
4 cosh2 x sinh 2x
4 + x2

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Section 4: Standard integrals 10

R R
f (x) f (x) dx f (x) f (x) dx
 
1 1
tan−1 x 1 1  a+x 
a2 +x2 a a a2 −x2 2a ln  a−x  (0 < |x| < a)
 
1 1  x−a 
(a > 0) x2 −a2 2a ln  x+a  (|x| > a > 0)

 √ 
2 2
√ 1 sin−1 x √ 1 ln  x+ aa +x  (a > 0)

a2 −x2 a a2 +x2
 √ 
2 2
(−a < x < a) √ 1 ln  x+ xa −a  (x > a > 0)

x2 −a2

√ a2
√ a2
h √ i
sinh−1 x a2 +x2
 −1 x

x


a2 − x2 2 sin a a2 +x2 2 a + a2

√ i √ h √ i
a2
a2 −x2
− cosh−1
2 2
+x x
+ x xa2−a


a2 x2 −a2 2 a

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Section 5: Tips 11

5. Tips

● STANDARD INTEGRALS are provided. Do not forget to use these

tables when you need to

● When looking at the THEORY, STANDARD INTEGRALS, AN-

SWERS or TIPS pages, use the Back button (at the bottom of the
page) to return to the exercises

● Use the solutions intelligently. For example, they can help you get
started on an exercise, or they can allow you to check whether your
intermediate results are correct

● Try to make less use of the full solutions as you work your way
through the Tutorial

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Solutions to exercises 12

Full worked solutions

Exercise 1.
Z Z 0
10x + 3 f (x)
dx is of the form dx = ln |f (x)| + C.
5x2 + 3x − 1 f (x)
du
Let u = 5x2 + 3x − 1 then = 10x + 3, and du = (10x + 3)dx
dx
Z Z
10x + 3 du
∴ 2
dx =
5x + 3x − 1 u

= ln |u| + C

= ln |5x2 + 3x − 1| + C .

Return to Exercise 1

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Solutions to exercises 13

Exercise 2.
Z 0
3x2
Z
f (x)
dx is of the form dx = ln |f (x)| + C.
x3 − 6 f (x)
du
Let u = x3 − 6 then = 3x2 and du = 3x2 dx
dx

3x2
Z Z
1
∴ dx = du
x3 − 6 u

= ln |u| + C

= ln |x3 − 6| + C .

Return to Exercise 2

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Solutions to exercises 14

Exercise 3.
4x2
Z
3
dx is of the slightly more general form
x −1
f 0 (x)
Z Z 0
f (x)
k dx = k dx = k ln |f (x)| + C,
f (x) f (x)
where k is a constant
i.e. the top line is a multiple of the derivative of the bottom line.
du du
Let u = x3 − 1 then = 3x2 and = x2 dx
dx 3
x2
Z Z
1 du
∴ 4 dx = 4
x3 − 1 u 3
4
= ln |u| + C
3
4
= ln |x3 − 1| + C .
3
Return to Exercise 3
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Solutions to exercises 15

Exercise 4.
Z 0
2x − 1
Z
f (x)
dx is of the form dx = ln |f (x)| + C.
x2 − x − 7 f (x)
du
Let u = x2 − x − 7 then = 2x − 1 and du = (2x − 1)dx
dx
2x − 1
Z Z
du
∴ dx =
x2 − x − 7 u

= ln |u| + C

= ln |x2 − x − 7| + C .

Return to Exercise 4
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Solutions to exercises 16

Exercise 5.
x−1
Z
2
dx is of the slightly more general form
x − 2x + 7

f 0 (x) f 0 (x)
Z Z
k dx = k dx = k ln |f (x)| + C,
f (x) f (x)
where k is a constant

i.e. the top line is a multiple of the derivative of the bottom line.

du
Let u = x2 − 2x + 7 then = 2x − 2 and du = (2x − 2)dx
dx
du
so that = (x − 1)dx
2

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Solutions to exercises 17

x−1
Z Z Z
1 du 1 du
∴ 2
dx = =
x − 2x + 7 u 2 2 u
1
= ln |u| + C
2
1
= ln |x2 − 2x + 7| + C .
2

Return to Exercise 5

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Solutions to exercises 18

Exercise 6.
Z
8x
2
dx
x −4
du
Let u = x2 − 4 then du = 2x dx and = xdx
2
Z Z
8x 1 du
∴ dx = 8
x2−4 u 2

= 4 ln |u| + C

= 4 ln |x2 − 4| + C .

Return to Exercise 6

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Solutions to exercises 19

Exercise 7.
x2
Z
3
dx
x +2
du
Let u = x3 + 2 then du = 3x2 dx and = x2 dx
3
x2
Z Z
1 du
∴ dx =
x3 + 2 u 3
1
= ln |u| + C
3
1
= ln |x3 + 2| + C .
3

Return to Exercise 7

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Solutions to exercises 20

Exercise 8.
R sin x
cos x dx

du du
Let u = cos x then dx = − sin x and (−1) = sin x dx

Z Z
sin x 1 du
∴ dx =
cos x u (−1)
Z
du
= −
u
= − ln |u| + C

= − ln | cos x| + C.

Return to Exercise 8

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Solutions to exercises 21

Exercise 9.
R cos x
sin x dx

du
Let u = sin x then dx = cos x and du = cos x dx

Z Z
cos x 1
∴ dx = du
sin x u

= ln |u| + C

= ln | sin x| + C.

Return to Exercise 9

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Solutions to exercises 22

Exercise 10.
Z
cos x
dx
5 + sin x
du
Let u = 5 + sin x then = cos x and du = cos x dx
dx
Z Z
cos x du
∴ dx =
5 + sin x u

= ln |u| + C

= ln |5 + sin x| + C .

Return to Exercise 10
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Solutions to exercises 23

Exercise 11.
Z
sinh x
dx
1 − cosh x
du
Let u = 1 − cosh x then = − sinh x and −du = sinh x dx
dx
Z Z
sinh x 1
∴ dx = · (−du)
1 − cosh x u

= − ln |u| + C

= − ln |1 − cosh x| + C .

Return to Exercise 11
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