IT Infrastructure, Emerging

Technologies And
Telecommunications
Presented By:
Deepali Bhardwaj
 IT Infrastructure
• Defining IT infrastructure
• Evolution of IT infrastructure: 1950-2009
• Electronic accounting machine era: 1930-1950
• General-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era:
1959 to present
• Personal computer era: 1981 to present
• Client/server era: 1983 to present
• Enterprise Internet computing era: 1992 to present
• Cloud computing era: 2000 to present
Multi-Layered C/S Network

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 Technology Drivers Of Infrastructure
Evolution
• Processing power has increased over the years
• From 75 megahertz to 4 gigahertz
• Over the years, cost of Digital Storage has decreased and
capacity increased
• Network economics
• Social and business value of digital networks enables rapid
multiplication of links among network members
• Power of network grows as a function of number of people
in the network
• Increasing returns to scale for the members
• Declining communications costs and the Internet
• Standards and network effects
 Infrastructure Components
Internet H/W
Data
Mgmt

O/S

SIs

S/W
Apps
N/W
Telecom
Hardware Platform Trends And Emerging
Technologies
• While cost of computing is lower, infrastructure costs
have expanded
• The emerging mobile digital platform
• Cell phones, smartphones (BlackBerry, iPhone) have
assumed data transmission, Web surfing, e-mail and IM
duties
• Netbooks: small, low-cost lightweight notebooks
optimized for wireless communication and core
computing tasks
H/W Platform Trends and Emerging
Technologies
• Cloud computing (utility computing)
• Data permanently stored in remote servers, accessed and
updated over the Internet by users
• Purchase computing power and pay as per use (on-
demand or utility computing)
• Reduces risk of over-investment
• Flexible infrastructure
Salesforce.com
Hardware Platform Trends and Emerging
Technologies
• Virtualization and multicore processors
• Presents computing resources so that they can be
accessed in ways that are not restricted by configuration
• Simultaneously run more than one operating system on
the same machine
• Increases server utilization rates from 10-15 to 70 percent
of capacity
• Multicore processors: reduced power requirements,
enhanced performance
 H/W Platform Trends and Emerging
Technologies
• Grid computing
• Connects geographically remote computers into a single
network to combine processing power and create virtual
supercomputer
• Provides cost savings, speed, agility
• Autonomic computing
• Systems that can configure, optimize themselves, heal
themselves when broken, and protect themselves from
outside intruders
• Similar to self-updating antivirus software; Apple and
Microsoft both use automatic updates
Software Platform Trends and Emerging
Technologies
• Linux and open-source software
• Java is everywhere
• Object oriented programming language
• Platform independent
• Software for enterprise integration
• Data exchange for multiple systems through single software hub
• Web services and service-oriented architecture (SOA)
• XML(eXtensible Markup Language): applies self-describing tags to data in web
documents
• Allows automatic transfer of data, manipulation of data and execution of
operations

• Ajax, Mashups, Web 2.0, and Web-based software applications

Software Outsourcing
• Software packages and enterprise software
• Software as a service (SaaS)
• Software outsourcing
 Management Issues
• Dealing with infrastructure change
• Management and governance
• Making wise infrastructure investments
• Competitive forces model for IT infrastructure investment
• Total cost of ownership of technology assets
• Cost components: hardware / software acquisition, installation,
training
• Hidden costs: support, maintenance, downtime, utility costs
Management Issues
Competitive Forces Model for IT Infrastructure

There are six factors you can use to answer the question, “How much should our firm spend on IT
infrastructure?”
Telecommunications
Corporate Network Infrastructure

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 Communications Networks
• Signals: digital vs. analog
• Types of networks
• Local area networks
• Metropolitan and wide area networks
• Physical transmission media
• Twisted wire
• Coaxial cable
• Fiber optics cable
• Wireless transmission : radio signals
• Long distances
• Satellites, relay stations to microwave signals

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 The Internet
• Internet addressing and architecture
• Each computer on Internet given a numeric IP address
• The Domain Name System: converts IP addresses to
domain names
• 195.128.15.11 to an easily read address such as
www.USAToday.com
• Internet architecture and governance
• Transcontinental high-speed backbone of networks in the
range of 45 Mbps to 2.5 Gbps
• Internet architecture board, Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers, World Wide Web
Consortium

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 The Internet
• The future Internet: IPv6 and Internet2
• 128 bit addresses in IPv6
• Internet2 – a new, robust high band width version of
Internet
• Digital libraries, effective routing practices, different levels
of service
• Internet services
• E-mail, instant messaging, chatting, Telnet, FTP, WWW

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 The Internet
• The World Wide Web
• Hypertext
• Web servers
• Searching for information on the Web
• Internet based groupware and electronic conferencing
software
• Web 2.0 : Wiki, Blogs, RSS

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 The Internet
• Intranets and extranets
• Technologies and tools for communication and
e-business
• E-mail, chat, instant messaging, Usenet, and electronic
discussions
• Groupware for collaboration
• Internet telephony : VoIP
• Virtual private networks
• Secure, encrypted private network
• Point to point tunneling
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 The Wireless Revolution
• Cellular network standards
• Global System for Mobile Communication(GSM)
• Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA)
• Cellular Generations
• 1G: Analog networks
• 2G: Digital, circuit switched networks, primarily used for voice transmission
• 2.5G: Packet switched, data transmission speed 50 – 144 Kbps
• 3G : Digital, high speed, high bandwidth, 384 Kbps for mobile users and 2
Mbps for stationary users
• Mobile wireless standards for Web access
• Wireless Application Protocol(WAP)
• iMode

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 The Wireless Revolution
• Wireless computer networks and Internet access
• Bluetooth (802.15) for personal area networks
• Wi-Fi (802.11) for LANs
• 802.11b: wireless Internet access; vulnerable security
• Access point is a box consisting of a radio receiver / transmitter and
antennas that links to wired network
• Wireless Network Interface Cards
• WiMax (802.16) access range of 31 miles; suitable for providing
broadband Internet access; robust security
• Broadband cellular wireless and emerging wireless services
• RFID and wireless sensor networks
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Assignment – Sec A
Roll Nos 1 – 15 : Salesforce.com, Q2
Roll Nos 16 – 30 : Salesforce.com, Q4
Roll Nos 31-46: Amazon case, Q2
Roll Nos 47 – 60, Amazon case, Q1

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Assignment – Sec B
Roll Nos 62 – 77 : Salesforce.com, Q2
Roll Nos 78 – 93 : Salesforce.com, Q4
Roll Nos 94- 109: Amazon case, Q2
Roll Nos 110 – 122, Amazon case, Q1

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Q&A