Structural Analysis (DS) .Doc09 - 10

Statically determinate structures
Department of Civil Adeola A Adedeji

Engineering,
University of Ilorin This course deals with statically determinate
+2348033774616 structures. In this volume theories are stated
aaadeji@unilorin.edu. and problems are solved. In general, the
ngaadeoladeji@yahoo. analyses involved beams, trusses, frames and
polygons element are discussed here.
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A A Adedeji Statically Determinate Structures
Department of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Technology
University of Ilorin, Ilorin
Kwara State, Nigeria
www.unilorin.edu.ng
Course: CVE 365 -Structural Analysis I

( 2 Credits/Compulsory)
Lecturer: A A Adedeji
M.Sc. (Prague), Ph.D. (ABU, Zaria),
MNIEM., MNICE, R. Engr. MIAENG
E-mail: aaadeji@unilorin.edu.ng;
aadeoladeji@yahoo.com
Office Location: Block 8, F29, Main Campus,
University of Ilorin, Ilorin
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© 2010 A
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A A Adedeji
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN
2010
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Contents Page
PREFACE 6
CHAPTER ONE 7
INTRODUCTION 7
CHAPTER TWO 10
STATICALLY DETERMINATE
STRUCTURES 10
2. ESTABLISHING DEGREES OF STATIC
DETERMINACY OF STRUCTURES 10
2.1 Plane system 10
2.2 Joint for component systems 13
2.3 Degree of statistical indeterminate
(or determinate) in a plane 14
2.4 Statical and form-determinate system
of joint and rigid member 16
2.5 Degree of statical indeterminacy/
determinacy in space 22
2.6 Statical and form-kinematical
determinacy of trusses with hinge joints 24
2.7 Graphical method of analysis 28
2.7.1 Characteristics of statically
indeterminate structure 28
CHAPTER THREE 34
REACTIONS AND SUPPORTS
OF ELEMENTS 34
3.1 Reactions by calculation 34
3.2 Graphical solution for obtaining
system reactions 34
3.3 Examples 3.1 to 3.3 35
3.4 Calculation of reactions of a rigid body 43
3.5 Reactions of a three-hinged frame 49
3.5.1 Three-hinged frame 50
3.5.2 Continuous (Gerber’s) beam 58
4
3.6 Calculation of reactions for

complex systems with 3 or more
rigid members and joints 61
CHAPTER FOUR 67
BEAM ELEMENTS 67
4.1 Straight beam 67
4.2 Simple beam 69
4.2.1 Examples 4.1 to 4.2 69
4.3 Cantilever beam 70
4.3.1 Examples 4.3 – 4.6 71
4.4 Inclined load and beam 72
4.4.1 Examples 4.7 to 4.10 72
Annex A 77
Course Programme 77
Annex B 79
Lectures 79
Annex C 84
Practicals 84
Bibliography 85
5
PREFACE
(CVE 365 Structural Analysis I)
This book is an instructional text relating to the structural

analysis of statically determinate structures for 30hrs period.
The course is prerequisite to engineering mechanics, for the
students of civil and related engineering courses in the Faculty
of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin,
Nigeria.
The book has been planned to serve as a basic and thorough

knowledge in structural mechanics. The course is sectioned to
be followed sequently.
The structural analysis (I) is a course of study that deals with

statically determinate structures of plane, special, truss, free-
polygon and centenary.
In this student’s edition, theories are taught and problems are

solved for the statically determinate structures. In general, the
analyses apply to beams, trusses, frames and polygons are
discussed here. Graphical solutions to problems are presented
to enhance student’s understanding of the application of
technical drawing knowledge.
A.A. ADEDEJI
©2010
First produced 2006
6
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
In a statically determinate structure it is sufficient to compute,
correctly, required reactions, forces and moments by simply
applying the conditions of equilibrium. In this analysis we do
not have to know the sectional dimensions and materials
properties of the elements under consideration. Such
quantities can be computed until only that time when we
have to calculate the deformations of the structural elements.
If, in a considered structure with joints, more degrees of

freedom are restrained than what its individual free elements
of the structure have, we talk of statically indeterminate
member systems, and we should further engage in their
calculation. In the statically indeterminate structures, the
internal forces and reactions cannot be calculated only by the
conditions of equilibrium, therefore further equations for
deformation of structures have to be involved. An
indeterminate or redundant structure is one that possesses
more unknown member forces or reactions than the available
equations of equilibrium. These additional forces or reactions
are termed redundants. To determine the redundants,
additional equations must be obtained from conditions of
geometrical compatibility. The redundants may be removed
from the structure, and a stable, determinate structure
remains, which is known as the cut-back structure. External
redundants are redundants that exist among the external
reactions. Internal redundants are redundants that exist
among the member forces.
Under the concept of a building structure it is understood

that a structural system is composed of basic elements - bar,
beam, plate (slab), wall, shell etc and are joined together by
bonds (rigid joint, movable placement, hinges etc) so as to
7
withstand, safely, the presumed or applied loads. In this

analysis we discussed only the structures having members
with straight, constant or variable sectional elements. Such
structures are referred to as elemental systems.
In order to stabilize the support of an object, number of joints

and its arrangement must be used so that it can eliminate all
its degree of freedom. If a structural object has m degrees of
freedom and its reactions eliminates r degrees of freedom
then the difference:
S= m - r (1.1)
This is the degree of shape variability of the object supports.

A reaction forming in a determinate joint occurs by the
number of the unknown parameters, i.e. how much is the
degree of freedom of the joint? The unknowns are the values
of the component reactions, their sum is equivalent to degree
of freedom r, which can prevent a joint from free movement.
The values of statically determinacy of elements with respect
to the support and determinate conditions are shown in Table
1.1.
Table 1.1 Determination of statically determinacy of structural

elements
Determi- Condition Support Determinate
nacy Condition
Form Statical
S= m - r >0 Indeterminate Over- ___
determinate
= 0 Determinate Determinate ∆≠ 0
<0 Over- ___

Determinate Indeterminate
Statically and form-kinematically determinacy are

characterized by the relationship S = O, which is the very
8
condition required for equilibrium, so that determinant of the

system ∆ ≠ 0. And If ∆ = O an exceptional case occurs. An
exception case of S support for a load bearing structure is a
disadvantage.
9
CHAPTER TWO
STATICALLY DETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
2. ESTABLISHING DEGREES OF STATIC DETERMINACY OF
STRUCTURES
Structural systems comprising of members (elements) can

have its members joined thoroughly (mostly by the number of
external or internal joints) at their ends. This may not
necessarily be important for the stability of the support
(stable structures).
2.1 Plane system

Placing a joint material in a plane can be expressed as two
components (projection to x, y-axis). It has two degrees of
freedom, that must be eliminated or restrained in order to get
a stable support or joint by removing one degree of freedom
and drawing-in one component reaction. These are:
(a) Swinging member:– member with reactions acting
along the axis of the member Fig. 2.1.
(a) Column on balls (b) Beam-column ( c) Schematic

representation
Fig. 2.1 Swinging members
10
(b) Member supported on rollers (or movable hinge) –

reaction acting perpendicular to the placement. Fig.
2.2
(a) A member (b) A member (c ) Diagramatical

on a roller on rollers Representation
Fig. 2.2 Rollers (Movable hinges)
(c) Member placed in a movable guide (along a line or

curve) – its reaction is acting perpendicular to guide.
- Double – removes two degrees of freedom and
draws in two component reactions. This involves
a movable fixed-end support. Fig. 2.3.
Pin supports
Schematic representation
Fig.2.3 Pin supports
11
Triple – removes three degrees of freedom. It is

rigidly fixed with rigid plate having its support built-in
(encased or fixed) or rigidly fixed end. It has three
component reactions, two forces and one moment.
Note
If a joint material will be supported as statically determinate
bonds must restrain, rightly, two degrees of freedom. In
supporting a material point in plane, two simple bonds are
used.
A plate in plane (straight element, curve bar, etc) must not

depend on the calculation as a statically indeterminate
element. If we consider such a plate as an independent
object from a freely chosen point a to whichever of the points
(such as point b in Fig. 2.4) we can attain, along the
centerline, more than one path. From a free plate we can
form a simple plate or more sections for some simple plates.
Α b-
- b b -
- a - a
- a β
(a) A closed member (b) a cut in point b (c) cuts in two-point
Fig. 2.4 A closed structure
If supported, a rigid plate could be statically determinate

where bonds must restrain three degrees of freedom and
must be arranged in such a way that it will not form
exceptional cases as when the directions of rays of reaction
12
intersect in one point whereby rotating such a plate. See

Fig. 2.5.
Fig. 2.5 Rigid bodies
Simple plate, in plane, has three degrees of freedom :

 Supports of fixed end (encastre’) removes three degrees
of freedom (internal built-in),
 Bond by a moving hinge (along a line or curve) restrains
possible transfer in the direction of normal to the line or
curve. It removes one degree of freedom.
 Swinging member restrains a possible transfer in the
direction of joint of the hinges of the member and one
degree of freedom could be removed.
 Movable fixed end will restrain a plate rotating and
moving in the direction of normal to the direction of such
movement and two degrees of freedom could be
removed.
2.2 Joint for component systems

Bonds are used to stiffen supports or rigid plate and joint
material (rigid hinge, movable hinge placement, swinging
members).
13
Bonds can be either external or internal. External bonds are

referred to as ones that join parts of system rigidly with
supports while the internal bonds join one part to another.
Component systems can form a movable mechanism. From
movable mechanism for a building structure and it is better to
use only the fibre polygons and chains in this respect.
Building structures should be immovable (static) systems that

is why we must not go about systems that can exert virtual
movement or movable and dimensions even if it is in
accordance with the calculations of form – kinematical
determinate or over-determinate.
Systems can be either free without external bond or

supported with external bonds. Free rigid plate has in plane
three degrees of freedom, material point two. If the
component system is established of β (material point) and δ
(rigid plate), then degree of freedom
m = 2β + 3δ (2.1)
Note
Bond, which restrains only one degree of freedom is a simple bond.
This includes swinging members, movable hinge, and movable guide
along line or curve. Stiff hinge if it joins two parts (2 rigid plates or a
rigid plate and a rigid support) is double bond and so restrains two
degrees of freedom we say it is a simple hinge. If one hinge
replaces two or more simple hinges, lying infinitely near each other.
It is better to replace it (n-1 ) by a simple hinge ( a  n  1 ),
2
where n is the number of joined rigid plates, a is the built–in joining
two parts (elements, rigid plates) is of three bonds which restrains
three degrees of freedom.
2.3 Degree of statistical determinacy in a plane

If parts of a component system are in between each other
and are placed on supports 1 (simple or one bond), 1
14
(double bond/joint) and 3 (triple bond), then the restraint is

expressed as,
r = 3α 3 + 2α 2 + 1α1 + 2α (2.2)
The system has degrees of freedom:
δ = 2β + 3α 2 – ( 3α 3 + 2α 2+ 1α 1+ 2α ) = m + r (2.3)
where β = number of points (material points ) of an ideal

form, δ = number of plates(bodies), α3 = number of fixed-
ends (built–in ) bond, α2 = number of simple hinge joint, α1 =
number of movable hinges, pin joint or swinging members,
and α = number of movable fixed-ends.
Conditions
 If s > 0, then the system forms movable mechanism and
then it is referred to as form– kinematically indeterminate
and statistically over-determinate.
 If S= 0, then the system is immovable, then it is
form- kinematically and statically determinate if only
their e is no conditional case (if Δ = 0)
 If s < 0, then the system is unsuitable, structure is
deficiently bonded, in general, acting force can set
the structure in motion
 Conditions that S = 0 > are not enough to say that the
system is stable.
Further conditions are:

a) External and internal bonds are included in the
computation of bond.
b) Minimum of three units of bonds must be applied to
external rigid formation (1 built-in; 1 hinge + 1 movable
bond; 3 movable bonds)
15
c) No part of a system must be form-kinematically

indeterminate – must not have deficiency bonding,
even if a part was unnecessarily (abundantly) bonded
d) External and internal bonds must not form conditional
cases (identified by formulation of large forces in
bonds).
Equation for obtaining static and form-kinematic

indeterminacy can also be expressed as shown in Fig. 2.6.
S = 2β + 3 – 33 + 22 + 1 + 2 (2.4)
No. of degree of freedom - No. of restraints for degrees of freedom by

bond
No. of condition of equilibrium - No. of unknown component reaction
Fig. 2.6 Determination of degree of freedom in structures
2.4 Statical and form-determinate system of joint

and rigid member
Example 2.1
Obtain the statical and form-kinematical determinacy of the

following component system. See Fig.2.7.
16
OI,V OIII,V
II d III
c e
i ii iv vi
f g
I
iii v
Fig. 2.7 A component system
Solution 1
a) The system has: δ = 4 (plates I to IV), β= 2 ( material
points, f, g), α2= 5 (stiff hinges a, b, c, d, e,) and α1= 6
(swinging members, i to vi), therefore degree of freedom
s = 3 x 4 + 2 x 2 – ( 2 x 5 + 1 x6) = 16- 16 = 0.
Therefore the hinge at 0II,III virtual hinges at 0III,V and
0III,V did not lie on one line. The system is statistically and
form-kinematically determinate.
Solution 2
b) The unloaded rigid plates I and IV can be used as
swinging members (i to vi + I and IV) and 1 stiff hinge so
that the degree of freedom s = 3 x 2 + 2 x 2 – (2 x 1
+ 1 x 8) = 10 –10 = 0. The system is statistically and
form-kinematically determinate.
Example 2.2
Obtain statical and form kinematical determinacy of the
system shown in Fig.2.8.
17
b c
a (iv d
(ii (v)
(ii (x (ix (viii) (vii) (vi
(i) I II
(xi) (xii
Fig.2.8 Truss system

Solution
The system has: 2 member decks (i.e. I, II) = δ, 4 material
points β (a-d), 1 stiff hinge α2, 12 swinging members α1 (I-
XII) so that, δ= 3x2 + 2x4 – (2x1 + 1x1) =14 – 14 = 0.
Therefore the system is statically and form-kinematically
determinate.
Example 2.3
Obtain statical and form-kinematical determinacy of the
system in Fig. 2.9a.
δ II,
IV III
c I
II, III,
III IV
a b
b
IV
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.9 Frame object and its analysis
18
Solution
See Fig.2.9b
The system has: 3 plates (5 labs) or members - δ (I, II, III),

3 stiff hinges (α2) and 3 swinging members (α1) so that
S = 3 x 3 - (2 x 3 + 1 x 3)
= 9–9=0
The Virtual hinges 0II,IV; 0II,III; 0III,IV do not lie on a line.

Therefore the system is statically and form-kinematically
determinate.
Example 2.4
Establish degree of statical and form-kinematical determinacy
in the structure. See Fig. 2.10.
(a)
III IV
I II
(b)
Fig. 2.10 Arch structure
Solution
The system has: δ = 4, β = 0, α3 = 4, α2 = 3
:. S = 3 x 4 + 2 x 0 - (3 x 4 + 2 x 3)
= 12 - 18
= -6
19
The structure is 6x statically indeterminate and form-

kinematically Over-determinate.
Example 2.5
Obtain statical indeterminacy of the frame shown in Fig. 2.11
a b
Fig.2.11 A frame
Solution
From Fig. 2.11, δ = 1, α3 = 1, α2 = 1
:. S = 3 x 1 - (3 x 1 + 2 x 1)
=3-5
=-2
The system is 2x statically indeterminate.
Example 2.6
Fig. 2.12 shows a closed frame, find its degree as statical
indeterminacy.
q1 (KN/m)
X2
X3 XI3
q2 (KN/m1)
X1 XI1
XI2
Fig. 2.12 A Closed structure
20
Solution
From Fig. 2.12
S = - (2 x 1 + 1 x 1)
=-3
The structure is 3 times (3 x) statically indeterminate
Example 2.7
Find the degrees of statically indeterminate of the frame
shown in Fig. 2.13
P P
X3 X3 X1
X1
X6
X2 X6
X5 X4 X5 X4
Fig. 2.13 Frame structure

S = 6δ
=6x2
= 12 x statically indeterminate
Exercises 2.8 to 2.13

Obtain degree of statical and form-kinematical determinate or
indeterminate structures Figs 2.14 to 2.15 respectively.
21
(a) 1.8
(b) 1.9
© 1.10 (d) 1.11

Fig. 2.14 Complex structures (Examples 2.8-2.11)
(e) 1.12 (f) 1.13

Fig. 2.15 Frame structures (Examples 2.12 – 2.13)
2.5 Degree of statical indeterminacy/determinacy

in space
Material point has, in space, three degrees of freedom; rigid
body is degrees of freedom. In order that the material object
22
becomes rigidly or freely supported, the degrees of freedom

must be restrained (removed) by bonding. The restraints are:
 Swinging member restrains one degree of freedom and

draws in one
component reaction in the direction of axis of the
member.
 Movable hinge (along area of placement restrains one
degree of freedom and draws in one component reaction
in the direction perpendicular to the bond (guide).
 Spherical hinge restrains three degrees of freedom, draws
in three component reactions (such as in the direction of
coordinate axis) or reaction of unknown size and
direction.
 Prismatic hinge restrains four degrees of freedom. If the
cylindrical hinge, it depends on restraints of three degrees
of freedom along a line of action.
 Fixed-end (Built-in) restrains all the six degrees of
freedom draws in six component reactions (three forces
and three moments).
Table 2.1 shows, at a glance, degrees of statical

indeterminacy S of some structures and bonds in plane and
special structures.
Table 2.1 Degree of statically indeterminacy

Structure Plate Point Built-in Hinge
(fixed-
end)
In plane 30 20 30 20
In space 60 30 60 30 - spherical
40 -cylindrical
Symbols Δ Β α3 α2
23
Table 2.1 continued
members
Swinging
Movable
Movable
Movable
built-in
hinge
hinge
Structure
In plane 10 10 - 20
In space 20 10 10 50
Symbols α1 α1 α1 Α
For degrees of statical indeterminate for a special system
S = 6 + 3 – (63 + 32 + 21 + 11 + 11 + 5) (2.4)
2.6 Statical and form-kinematical determinacy of

trusses with hinge joints
The actual case of component system is a member (truss)
system with hinge bond. Member system with hinge bonds
(connections) is a component of material points (joints)
mutually joined together by swinging elements. We can use,
for obtaining statical and form-kinematical determinacy
members of rigid plates mutually as joint hinges. The degrees
of freedom (Equation 2.4a):
S = 2β – (2α2 + α1) (2.4a)
In the truss (member) systems with hinge bonds sometime in

place of α1 (number of simple external and internal bonds)
we use π + α1, where π denotes the number of members (of
internal bonds-swinging members) and movable number of
simple bonds (swinging members placement). Then:
S = 2β – (π + α1 + 2α2) (2.5)
Places where one element crosses and didn’t join with

another can be represented by arch
24
Example 2.14
Find the number of statical indeterminate/determinate of the
structure in Fig. 2.16
e
f
c g d β = 5(c, d, e, f, g)
π = 10 (no. of members)
:. S = 2 x 5 – (1 x 10)
=0
a The system is statically determinate.
b
Fig. 2.16 Frame structure
Example 2.15
Obtain degrees of statical indeterminacy (determinacy) at the
member system in Fig. 2.17
a c d f
b e
Fig. 2.17 Truss system
Solution:
Member systems with hinge bonds has: α2 = 1, α1 = 1 and
π =10
25
S = 2 x 6 – (10 + 1 + 2 x 1)
= 12 –13
=-1
The system is 1x statically indeterminate
Example 2.16
Find the degrees of statical determinacy of the system shown
in Fig. 2.18.
h g f
Solution
In the system:
β = 11
a c d e b α2 = 1
α1 = 1
π = 20
i j k
Fig. 2.18 Truss system
S = 2 x 11 – (20 + 1 + 2 x 1)
= 22 – 23
= - 1 (i.e 1x statically indeterminate).
Example 2.17
Obtain statical and form-kinematical determinacy of the
component system in Fig. 2.19.
26
a b
c e
d
Fig. 2.19 A component structure

Solution:
The system has:

β = 5(a, b, c, d, e), α = 2(a, b) and π = 4
S = 2β – (π+2α2)
= 2 x 5 – (4 + 2 x 2)
= 10 - 8
=+2
0 x = the system is statically overdeterminate and form-
kinematically indeterminate. It is a movable system (fibre
polygon)
Example 2.18
Obtain the statical and form-kinematical determinacy of the
system in Fig. 2.20
f g i k m
n p r
d e j
h l
o q
c
a b
Fig. 2.20 Truss system framework
27
P2 = 5kN
P1 = 4kN C
2m
1m
0
60 P1 P3= 2kN 6m
2m
B
A
300
1m 2m 1m
Fig. 2.21 A solid element

Solution:
β = 18= 18
α2 = 2(b, j)
α1 = 1
π = 30 = 32
:. S = 2 x 16 – (30 + 1 + 2 x 2)
=-3
The system is 3x statically indeterminate and
form-kinematically over determinate ( - 3 < 0)
2.7 Graphical method of analysis
2.7.1 Characteristics of statically indeterminate structure
Example 2.19
Use graphical (Cullman’s) method, find the reactions in Fig.
2.21
28
Solution A = 2.7 kN
B = 4.2 kN
P C = 2.0 kN
PR = Resultant load
C RR = Resultant reaction
P
P
(2
RR A
(1 (3 R
PR R C
(4 P
B
A B
Fig. 2.21a Graphical solution
Example 2.20
a) Use Cullman’s Method to find reactions in Fig.2.22
P3 = 5kN
0
A (kN) 30 F P2 = 3 kN
2m
600
D
2m
B P1 = 4 kN C (kN)
(a (kN)
2m 3m
Fig. 2.22 An L-section plane structure
29
Solution P3
P2
A
3
6
B
2
C 4
1
5
PR
Fig. 2.23 Vectoring example 2.20
30
2..9 kN
A 10
β
P1 3 kN
1 9
7
O
2C
3
P2 8
5
4 5kN
PR
Fig. 2.24 Solution to example 2.20
Example 2.21
Use resultant line method, find the reactions of the beam
element.
31
P1 = 5 kN
P2 = 10 kN
450
a b
0
Ax 60 1m
2m 8m 2m 2m
B
Ay
P3 = 2kN
Fig.2.25 A simply supported beam
Solution to resultant (Graphical) method:

6.0
P1 P2 kN
AX
B
b A P1
A B 8.2 kN 1
1 1
P2 2
3
Ay
P3 5.6 kN 3
4
P3
2
Fig. 2.26 A simply supported beam Fig. 2.6a Solution to example 2.21
32
Example 2.22
C) Use Cullman’s Method to Solve Example 2.21
P1 P2
Ax
Ay (3)
B
(2)
(1)
P3
Fig.2.27 A beam with loads
Ax Reactions
Ay
P1 Ax = 6.0kN
Ay = 8.9kN
B = 5.6kN
A
(1)
R
(2
P2
P3 Fig. 2.27a Solution to example 2.22
33
CHAPTER THREE
REACTIONS AND SUPPORTS OF

ELEMENTS
3.1 Reactions by calculation

Primary external forces (loads) and secondary external forces
(reactions) act on a rigid plate must be in equilibrium system
of force.
a) Total sum (directional) condition of equilibrium along x-

axis is written as:
n r
X : ∑ Fix + Σ Rjx = 0 (3.1)
i=1 i=1
b) Total sum (directional) condition of equilibrium along

y-axis
n r
y : ∑ Fiy + Σ Rjy = 0 (3.2)
i=1, j=1
c) Moment condition of equilibrium, for instance to the

origin of the coordinate system (0) is written as
n r
0 : ∑ (Xi F iy - y i F iy) + ∑ (Xj Rjy – Yj Rjx) = 0 (3.3)
i=1 j=1
3.2 Graphical solution for obtaining system

reactions
Graphical solution to obtain reaction of a system must be a
component of drawings and resultants closed line. This can be
34
obtained using two methods 1) Cullman and 2) Resultant line

methods.
3.3 Examples 3.1 to 3.3

In examples 3.1 to 3.3 use conditions of equilibrium calculate
the reactions.
Example 3.1 (Fig. 3.1).
P3 = 5kN1
A 300
P2 = 3kN
d 600
a
A C
2m 3m
C
B P4= 4kN
Fig. 3.1 A plane object
Solution (See Fig. 3.1)

From the condition of equilibrium
X: – A – P2 Cos 600 + P3 Cos 300 = 0
y: B +C – P1 – P2 sin 600 – P3 sin 300 = 0
a P7 x 2 + P3 sin 300 x 2 + P2 sin 600

x 5 + P2 cos 600 x 2 – C x 5 = 0
Solving simultaneously:
A = 2.03 KN, B = 3.32KN, C = 5.78KN.
35
Example 3.2
Find the control for the results in Example 3.1. Refer to
Fig.3.1 and the solution to Example 3.1
Solution
Using condition of equilibrium, the reactions are:
A=2.03KN, B=3.32KN and C = 5.78 kN
Control:
d :3.32x2 = 5700 x 3 – 2 - 3 x 2 + 5x 0.86 x

2 + 3 x 0.866 x 3 = 0
0.09  0
Computed reactions are OK
Example 3.3
Refer to Fig. 2. 26 (as in Fig. 3.2) in Example 2.2.
P1 =5kN P2 =10kN
45o
1m
Ax
a
b
P3 =2kN
Ay B
2m 3m 2m 2m
Fig. 3.2 A beam element
36
Solution
a : P1 x 2 + P2 x 5 sin 450 – P2 x 1 cos 45 + P8 x 7 sin 600

–Bx9=0
y: Ay – P1 – P2 sin 450 – P3 sin600 + B = 0
x: - P2 cos 450 + P3 sin 600 + Ax = 0
The results of the reactions:

Ax = 6.07 kN, Ay = 8.19kN and B = 5.6 kN
Control :
b : 8.19 x 9 – 6.07 x 1 – 5 x 7 - 7.07 x 4 – 7.732 x 2

1.1 = 0
73.71 – 73.724  0
Example 3.4
Find the reactions and control the results of the element
inclined at angle 30 to the horizontal. See Fig. 3.3
Q P1 = 5 kN
q = 2KN/m’ b
P2 = 1kN
300
Ax B
Ay
2 2m 1 1 1
0
Fig. 3.3 An element inclined at 30 to the horizontal
37
Solution
y = Ay – Q – P1 cos 300 + P2 + B = 0
x = Ax + P1 sin 300
a G x 2 + P1 5 - B x 6 - Px2 x 8 = 0
Cos 300
The reactions are:

Ax = -3.0kN, Ay = 5.1. KN, B = 7 – 1 kN
Control
b = 5.1 x 6 – 8 x 4 – 2 x – 6 (1/ Cos 300 )

+ 6x 3 tan 300 = 0
40. 96 – 40.94 = 0.06  0
P1 = 10 kN P2 = 3 kN
1m
2m
P3 = 4KN
a b Bx1m
By
2m 1m 3m
Fig. 3.4 A structural frame
38
Example 3.5
Find the reactions and control the results of the element. See
Fig. 3.4.
Solution
Condition of equilibrium
Y: A+ By –P1 = 0
x - Bx + P3 – P2 = 0
b: A x 6 – p1 x 4 + p3 x 1 = 0
Reactions :
A = 8k kN, By = 2 kN and Bx = 1 kN
Examples 3.6
Solve (see section 3 – 4 – 1). Also solve for the reaction by calculation
P2 = 5kN
P1 = 4 kN
C
600
1m
1m P3 = 2 kN
2m
A
300
1m 2m 1m
Fig. 3.5 A solid structure under vertical, inclined and horizontal loads
39
Example 3.7
(See section 3 .4 . 1 ) Also calculate the reactions See Fig. 3.6
P1 = 4kN q = 3kN/m P2 = 6kN
8m
7m
B
1m
A
4m 2m 1m
Fig.3. 6 A framed structure with an evenly distributed load (q) and

two concentrated loads
Example 3.8 to 3.10

In examples 3.8 to 3.10 and in Fig. 3.7 to 3.9, using
Cullman’s resultant line methods for each problem, find the
reactions of the structures.
40
3m
3m
P=10KN
b Bx
a
2m
By
A 4m
Fig. 3.7 A frame with one leg longer than

the other
(a) Cullman’s Method Solution
4 Bx A
(5 R (
(3)
b Bx By P
R (7) Fig.3.8b Resultant
line solution
P
A
R Bx
A = 2.5kN
a By Bx = 10kN By
By= 2.5kN
A Fig. 3.8 (a) Cullman’ method
41
Bx
P 1 R P
2 Bx A
By
a 1 2
A By
0
Fig. 3.8 (b) resultant line method
Example 3.11
Find the reactions of the structure shown in Fig. 3 .9
Q7 = 6kN
P1 = 4kN c
2m
C
P2= 2kN
4m
a 450 560
b
2m 2m 2m 1 4m
Fig. 3.9 A framed object
42
Example 3.12
Find the reactions of the structure shown in figure (Fig.) 3.10
P7=70kN
c
7.5m
a
7m
A
30
0
5m
b
2m 3m 4m
Fig. 3.10 Y-shape frame supported by a tensile member
3.4 Calculation of reactions of a rigid body

primary external force (load) a secondary external force
(reaction) acting on a solid body must, togetehr, form
equilibrium system of forces. For solution, six conditions of
equilibrium must be fulfilled. See equations (3.4) t0 (3,6) and
Fig.3.12.
43
x: n r
∑ Fix + ∑ Rjx = 0 (3.4)
i=1 j=1
y: n r
∑ Fiy + ∑ Rjy = 0 (3.5)
i=1 j=1
z: n r
∑ Fiz + ∑ Rjz =0 (3.6)
i=1 j=1
Fi y
Fi
+y
αi
Fix
Fiz
i
yi
+X
Xi
Zi
Xi
+Z
Fig. 3.11 Analysis of a point lying in space
44
Moment Condition of equilibrium to X-axis

n r
X Σ (Yi Fiz - Zi Fiy) + Σ (Yj Rjz - Zj Rjy) = 0 (3.7)
i=1 j=1
Moment Condition of equilibrium to y-axis

n r
Y Σ (Zi Fix - Xi Fiz) + Σ (Zj Rjx - Xj Rjz) = 0 (3.8)
i=1 j=1
Moment Condition of equilibrium to z-axis

n r
Z Σ (αi Fiy - Yi Fiz) + Σ (Xj Rjy - Yj Rjz) = 0 (3.9)
i=1 j=1
where: Fi = axial forces, Rj = reactions
Example 3.12
Find the reactions of the body shown in Fig.3.12.
+y
1
x D
1.5m
P1=4kN
C
2m
2m
6
2m
Ax a= 0 B
+x
Az
Ay 3m P2=8kN
+Z
Z
Fig.3.12 A structural element loaded by horizontal load
45
Solution
Condition of Equilibrium
x: Ax + D + P1 = 0
y Ay- B - P2 = 0
z: - Az - C = 0
x: P2 x 4 + B x 2 = 0
y: P1 x 2.5 + D x 4 – C x 3 = 0
z: P1 x 2 + D x 2 + B x 3 = 0
In order that the system equation has one result, the
determinant of such system must not be equal to zero.
The system determinant is expressed as:

Ax Ay Az B C D
1 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 -1 0 0
= 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 = +12
(3.10)
0 0 0 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 -3 4
0 0 0 3 0 2
From the above the reactions:
Ax= -24kN; Ay 8kN; Az = -30kN

B = -16kN; C =30kN; D=20kN
Control
x1: 4Ay - 2Az - 2B - 2C = 0
y1: 2D + 0.5P1 - 2Az + 3Az = 0
Results OK
46
Example 3.11
Find the reaction of the body shown in Fig. 3.13 P2 lies in
plane x
+y
P7 =70KN
E
c C
3m
D
2m
b F +x
a
30
P2=5KN
A
2m 2m
Fig. 3.13 A structural body with horizontal and inclined loads supported
by swinging members
Solution
From the condition of equilibrium:
X: F+C+P1+P2cos 300 = 0
y: A-B-D = 0
Z 0 = -E+ P2 sin 300
X Dx2=0
y C x 2 + P2 x 2 sin 300 = 0
47
Z B x 4 +P1 x 3 = 0
Determinant : = + 16
Results of the reactions
A = -7.5KN, B =7.5KN, C = -2.5KN
D = 0KN, E =2.5KN, F = -77.83KN
Example 3.12
Calculate the reaction of the special structure supported by
rigid body and loaded as shown in Fig.14
+y
-z
+x
e D
3m
C
3m
P2=3kN
2m
x1
a b
Az 0
60
P7=4kN
Ay B
2m 3m
5m
Fig. 3.14 A body loaded by an inclined load supported by

swinging members
48
3.5 Reactions of a three-Hinged Arch

In a compound system of two members, the members are
joined together mutually with the support of three rigid
hinges (even virtually). This is unknown shape, three-hinged
arch, even, in a case when the center-line is not curved (see
Fig. 2.15 where hinge b is virtual). Hinge c joining mutually
the two members is the “Tip hinge” and hinges a, b joining
embers to the supports is the base hinge”. But if hinges a, b
and c lie on a line, the system is treated as special.
a b
Fig. 3.15 A structure supported by an hinge, a swinging and a
roller
In order to obtain components of reactions e can write for

each member, three (3) conditions of equilibrium, or each
from both members must be in equilibrium. From such
system 6 equations must be obtained b 6 component
reactions (2-internal and 4-external). Apart from that, we can
write only 3 conditions of equilibrium as a whole which is
linearly dependent on the previous 6 which can be used as
control. If we want to obtain only the component of external
reactions, we use the three conditions of equilibrium as a
system of the whole moment conditions of equilibrium. From
49
such, 4 equations are obtained with 4 unknown components

of external reactions.
In graphical method, we divide it into two cases, when it is

loaded only by one element and again by the two elements.
3.5.1 Three-hinged frame
Examples 3.12 to 3.13

Find the reactions in each of the following examples (3.12 to
3.13) of the structures as loaded. Use Cullman’s and
Resultant line methods. See Fig. 3.16.
Q q
C 4.5m
3m
2m
Bx
0
30
b
3m
P=6kN By
4x
4y
3m 4m
Fig. 3.16 (a) A frame with a hinge joint in the roof
50
Cullman’s Method
Refer to Fig.3.17 ( c)
(0)
PRI (8)
(2) Q2
Q1 =PRI
(1)
C
b
P
BI
BIV
a
AII Fig. 3.16(b) Cullman’s method
AI
Procedure
1) Superposition from 2 leading systems for the member
I, we obtain reactions AI, BI, CI, then AII, BII, CII
2) Total sum of reactions I and II.

3) See Fig.3.17(b)
51
P (1)
Q1
(3)
PRI
(2)
AI
A (4)
(5)
AII
(O) BI
B (C)
AII Q2
Fig. 3.16© Cullman’s solution
(II)
(O)
BII
52
Example 3.13
Using Resultant Line method and given: P=6kN, Q=18kN,
q=2kN/m1
Q1 Q2
C
(7)
(8)
P
b
(5)
a B
(6)
P
(10)
(7) A (2) (7)

12 (6)
A=7.7kN, B=8.5kN,
(5) Q1
C=4.6kN O2
O1
(3) (8)
(13)
O
(b)
(4) (9) Q2
11
Fig. 3.17 Resultant line solution
B
53
Example 3.14
(By calculation) Refer to Fig. 3.17a.
Solution
Q=2kN/m1, …..Q=10kN, P=6kN
Statical determinacy: δ=2, α2=3, so that s=3x2-(2x3)=0

From the conditions of equilibrium as a whole:
x: Ax-Bx+Pcos 300=0
y: Ay+By+Pcos 300-Q=0
b: 7Ay-2Ax+7Psin 300+7Pcos 300-4.5Q=0
Taking left hand side of the structure (Refer to Fig. 3.17a).
x: Ax+Pcos300-Cx=0
y: Ay+Psin 300- 5q+ cy=0
c 3Ay –5Ax-2Psin 300+3Psin 300-5xqx2.5=0
Also for the right part:

A=-0.693kN, Ay=7.65kN,
BX=4.50kN By=7.36kN
54
Example 3.14
(use graph and find the reactions). See fig. 3.18.
Q
q
c P2 Given that:
3m
P1 = 3kN
M P2 = 6kN
P1 W
M = 7kNm
7m
e q = 2kN/m1
d S W Q = 6kN
w = 7kN/m1
2m
b W = 4kN
a Ax
Ay B
3m 1m 1m
Fig. 3.18 A frame a tensile force and an inclined support

system
Example 3.15
Calculate the reactions for both Figs 3.18 and 3.19. Use all
methods of analyses. 1
q=7kN/m
c
2m
I II
3m
P =4kN M=6kNm1
2m 1m
d
III
3m
2m 3m
a 1m 2m 2m
Fig. 3.19 A structural frame with a tensile force
and a hinge in55the roof
Example 3.16
Use conditions of equilibrium to calculate the reactions of the
structures shown in Figs 3.20. 1
q=7kN/m
1
q=7kN/m c
2m
e1 C
f
3m
P= I
4kN
d
600 c1
D II
3m
1m 2m
a 300 b
600
Note:
B
A Virtual hinges:
6m 2m d1, e1, c1
Fig.3.20 supported with multiple supports

q
Cy
Cy
300
P
Ay
Ay
Fig.3.21 (a)
56
Solution
From Fig. 19.
δ = 2 (separate plates)
α = 6 (supports of one restraint)
Then:
s= 3x2 - (6x7) = 0
The system is statically and form-kinematically determinate.

The virtual hinges (d1, e1, and c1) do not lie in the same line.
From the conditions of equilibrium for the whole system
(Fig.3.21a):
x: -D – P cos600 + B cos600 = 0
y: A- 4q + C + B sin600 – P sin600 - 2q = 0
a: 2 x 4q +7x 2q - 8C - 6B sin600-3B cos600 + 2P sin600
=0
Condition of equilibrium for the plate II
E
d
D
Fig. 3.21 (b)
x: -F cos450 - P cos600 + B cos600=0

y: C + B sin600 – F sin450 + E – P sin600 -qx2=0
e: -5C - 3B sin600 - 5B cos600 + 4q x2 + 2P cos600-
7P sin600=0
57
3.5.2 Continuous (Gerber’s) beam
Examples 3.17
Find the reactions in Fig 3.22 of the structures as loaded. Use
both the graphical and computation methods.
2m 1 1
q =7kN/m/
P= 3kN P=3kN q=1kN/m1
Ax 1m
a I b e II f III d M=4kNm
Ay B P=3kN C D
4m 1m 4m 1 4m 1m
Fig. 3.22 A continous beam

Solution
δ = 3, α1 = 3, α2 = 3, then: s = 3x3 - (3 + 2x3) = 0
The system is statically and kinematically determinate without
a movable mechanism. We can then start to find the reactions
of the plate III or any part with three component reactions,
so as to form 3 conditions of equilibrium
P (kN) q (kN/m)
Fx M
f d
III Fy
4m 7m
Fig. 3.22 (a) Left hand portion
58
q
P
Fy Fx
II
Fy
Fy
1m 2m
1m 1m
Fig 3.22 (b) Right hand portion
See Fig. 3.22 (a)

x: -Fx=0,  Fx=0
f: -4D + M + 5 x 2q.5 = 0, D = 4.725kN
a: 4Fy - 4P – 5 x 1.5q5 + M =0,
 Fy = 3.875kN
If we know the internal reaction of the hinge (f) in

the part II members, we are left with 3 unknowns.
See Fig. 3.22(b).
x: Ex+ Fx=0,  Ex = Fx = 0kN
y: Ey + C - Fy + P- P -1q=0,  C=4.444kN
e: -4C + 5Fy - 3P + 1P + 1 x 4 x 5q = 0,
 Ey = 0.431kN
59
Examples 3.18 to 3.20

In examples 3.18 to 3.20, use conditions of equilibrium,
calculate the reactions of the structures as shown in Figs.
3.23, 3.24 and 3.25 respectively.
q (kN/m)
Ax b e Ex
a
I
Ay B Ey
3m 1 1
Fig. 3.23 A simply placed beam
x: Ax + Ex=0,  Ax=0kN
y: Ay + BFq – Ey =0
a: -4B + 5Ey + 3 x 1 x q.5 = 0
 B =1.664kN
b: 4Ay + 1Ey + 3 x 2q.5 =0
 Ay=1.76kN
To control the result, we can employ the whole system.
y: Ay + Bc + D -3q - 6q – P = 0= 12 – 12 =0
Example 3.19 q = 4kN/m
a
e f c g d
b
3 3 2 2 2 2 (all in m)
Fig. 3.24 A beam hinged in three places
60
Example 3.20
q = 1kN/m q = 1kN/m
e
d
a b c
3m 2m 2m 3m
Fig. 3.25 A beam hinged at e
3.6 Calculation of reactions for complex systems

with three or more rigid members and joints
When we have 3 or more rigid members and joints, we can
solve for the reactions using conditions of equilibrium by part.
From each part we should solve for the reactions from the
condition of equilibrium directly. In other words, we can
reduce the number of the unknowns. The unknowns which
otherwise must be solved by system equations. The following
examples are self-explanatory:
Example 3.21
Calculate the reactions of the structure in Fig. 3.26
f1 f g
I
300
1m
e

1m
P = 100 kN
d
II
2m
Ax e1 c b
a
III
Ay 3m 2m 2m
Fig.3.26 A Complex structure
61
Solution
Statical determinacy
δ =3, α1=3, α2=3
Then:
S=3x3-(3+2x3)=0
The system is statically & kinimatically determinate. For solution in

external and internal reaction is distributed into individual part of
the whole system. Let us take the system by parts.
f1 F f g
Dx d
Dy
Fig. 3.26(a) Analytical solution
62
Example 3.22
Calculation the reactions of the Structures in Fig. 3.27.
q = 2kN/m
P= 8kN 7
3m
1m
q
2
0
30
9
5m
a Bx b c Cx
Cy
A By 4m
3m 4m
Fig. 3.27 A frame
Solution
(I) f
If δ = 3, α1 = 3, α2 = 3 P F
so that:
d D
s=3x3-(3+2x3)=0
the structure is stable and

statically determinate. a
A
Fig. 3.27(a) Analytical solution
63
From the condition of equilibrium (I)
x: D+P cs30=0  D= - 6.93kN

y: A- F – P sin300 - 7q = 0,  A = 9.02kN
d: 7F+2x7x3.5 + 2Pcos300=0,  F = - 8.78kN

F q
Gx
D e g
Fx
f
Fy
(II) Gy (III)
Bx Cx
b c
By Cy
Fig. 3.27(b) Analytical solution
Solving as a whole in Fig. 3.27b
y: By+ Cy + F- q x 4=0
x: Bx – Cx - D=0
c: By x 8 D x 5 + F x 4 q x 4 x 2=0
Moment condition of part II:
g: 4By - 5Bx = 0
So that:
By=2.16 kN, Bx=7.73 kN, Cx=8.66 kN and Cy=74.82 kN.
From the sum total condition of part II, we can obtain
the internal reaction:
64
x: Bx – D – Gk = 0,  Gx =8.66kN
y: By + Gy = 0,  Gy = -2.76kN
Control: y: A + By + C - Psin300 - 77.q = 0, i.e., 0=0
Example 3.23
Find the reactions in Fig. 3.28 and 29.
q = 7kN/m
2m
f (III) (IV)
P = 5kN
3m
e
g 2q 2q
w (II) b i
1m
(I)
4m
b c d
a
2m
4m 1 1 2m 2m 1m
(a) 1 1m
Fig. 3.28 A complex frame structure
3m
q
a I e b III
F g c II
A B D
Cy
2m 2m 1m 3m 1m 2m 1m
(b)
Fig. 3.29 A structure with multiple rigid joints

65
Example 3. 24
Find the reactions of the system shown in Fig. 3.30.
Ma q= 2kN/m
I
Ax b II
Ay 2m
1m 2m 1m 1m 2m
Fig. 3.30 A truss system
Example 3.25
Find the reactions of the system shown in Fig. 3.31.
P = 4kN
q=2kN/m
W = 1kN/m
e
d
2m
I II
1 2 3 4
2m
a b
4m 4m 4m 4m
Fig. 3.31 Triangular frame
66
CHAPTER FOUR
BEAM ELEMENTS
4.1 Straight beam
Straight beams are the real cases of the so called rigid
members. Their reactions are obtained as in the previours
chapter.
Beam can be sectioned perpendicular to the axis of the

member into 2 mutual independent parts and should be
analysed for the removing part of the internal forces
reactoins at the internal fixed end. The internal forces in each
section are 3: Bending Moment (M), Shearing Force (V) and
Normal Force (N).
Bending Moment, in a section of a beam, is equal to the

algebraic sum of statial moments of all forces acting in one
side of the beam section, with respect to its centre of gravity.
This is true also for V and N.
See Fig. 4.1.
M
V M
N N
V
Fig.4.1 Bar analysis
From the condition of equilibrium of the element which is

loaded by elementary part of the load intnesity it can obtian
the relatioship between the load intensity q, shear force,
normal force and bending moment. See Fig. 4.2.
67
V dx +y
2
q(x)
q + dx M + dM
+x
N qndx N + dN
dx
V + dv
Fig. 4.2 Condition of equilibrium
Refer to Fig. 4.2.

From the conditions of equilibrium along x-axis, we have:
qn = dN
dX (4.1)
From the total conditions along y-axis
qt = -dV
dX (4.2)
From the moment condition, for instance, to point ‘O’

neglecting small addition in 2nd series.
V = dM
dX (4.3)
This is the Schwedler Theorem
The first derivation (differentiation) of bending monemnt,

with respection X-axis is equal to the shear force.
68
Note that maximum moment is in the posiiton where 1st

derivation function is equal to zero.
dM = 0
dX (4.3a)
or rather, in a position (point) where the shear force changes

its sign (under point load). The point of maximum moment is
called “Transitive Section”.
4.2 Simple Beam

Simple beam is a straight beam supported on one end by a
rigid hinge and at the other end by a sliding support along
the axis of the beam (also gliding support perpendicular to
the beam axis).
4.2.1 Examples 4.1
Find the bending moments shear forces for the strucutre

loaded as shown in Figs. 4.3.
P=5kN
Ax x b Solution:
(a) Reactions:
Ay B x: Ax = 0
2m 3m  Ax=0kN
a: 2P - 5B = 0
x X  B=2.0kN
y: Ay + B – P = 0
Fig. 4.3 A simply supported beam  Ay=3kN
(2) Forces/Moments
(a,1) Mx = Ax i.e. Ma1 = 0, M1a = 6kN
Vx = A i.e. Va1 = V1a= 3kN
69
Nx = 0 i.e. Nx = 0
(1,b) Mx = Ax - P(x-2); M1b = 6kNm

Mb1 = 0kNm
Vx = A - P V1b = Vb1 - 3kN
Nx=0
Let’s take the calculation at b-1
(b,1) Mx1 = B x1 i.e. Mb1 = 0, M1b = 6kNm

V x1 = -B i.e. V1b = Vb1 = -3kN
N x1 = 0
Solving example 4.1 using graphical solution (Fig. 4.4)
P = 5kN
Ax a b
Ay
B f=4
A
(1) (2)
3 O2
V
B (2)
O1
P (2) P
M
Mmax
Fig. 4.4 A simple straight beam
4.3 Cantilever Beam

This is a beam with a fixed end support. The internal forces
MiN and N due to the external load lie infinitely near the
support (fixed end). This brings the beam to equilibrium.
70
4.3.1 Examples 4.2
Find and skech the bending moments, shearing and axial

forces of the structures shown in Fig. 4.5.
Example 4.2
P=3kN
Solution
a 2 The internal forces
3m 1m (1,2) Mx1 =0, Nx1 = 0, Vx1 = 0
x x1 (2,a) Mx1 = -P(x1-1)
Nx1 = 0
Vx1 = P
(2,a) Ma2 = -9kNm
M
9.0
M 2a = 0
V a2 = V 2a = 3kN
V
3.0
Fig.4.5 A camtilever ant its bending

moment and shear force diagrams
Example 4.3
Find and sketch the bending moments, shearing and axial
forces of the structures shown in Fig. 4.6.
71
q=3kN/m Solution
Internal forces Mx1 Vx1 Nx
1 2 3
2m 2m (1, 2) M x =-2x  M1,2 = 0,
x1 2
M21=-6kN
x Vx=-qx  V12=0, V21=-6kN
Nx=0
M
18.0
(2, 3) Mx=-q x 2(x-1)
V M23=-6kNm, M32=-18.0kNm
6.0
6.0
Vx=-2q V23=V32=-6kN
Fig. 4.6 Nx=0
Q=3 x 2 = 6kN
Graphical Solution
f=6 0
M =3 x 6 =18
M y=3
Fig. 4.7 Grafical solution
4.4 Inclined load and beam

These are better explained by the following examples
4.4.1 Examples 4.4 to 4.6

Find and skecth the bending moments, shearing forces and
normal forces, as required, in the structures shown in
examples 4.4 to 4.6
72
Example 4.4
P1= 4kN P3= 8kN

50 2 0 450 b 4
a 3 Bx
1 P2= 3kN P4 By
= 2kN
A
1.5m 3m 2m 1m
1m
x x’
2.97
2.0
3.47
3.47
0.09
5.29
2.0
5.2
3.42
2.0
2.0
3.66
3.66
Fig. 4.8 V, M and V diagrams
73
Solution
Reactions
A=338 kN, Bx=-3.66 kN and By =4.77 kN
Internal foxes
(1,a) Mx = - P1 sin 600,
M1a=0, Ma1 = - 5.2kNm
Vx =- P1 sin 600 V1a
Va1=-3.47kN
Nx= P1 cos 600,
N1a=Na1=2kN
(a,2) Mx – P1 sin 600 + A (x - 1.5),

Ma2 = - 5.2kNm, M2a = -5.29kN
Vx = -P1 sin 600 + A
Va2 = V2a = 0.09kN
Nx = + P1 sin 600
Na2 = N2a = 2kN
(2,3) Mx = - P1x sin 600 + A (x – 1.5) + P2(x –2

M23 = - 5.29kNm, M32 =3.42kNm
Vx = -P1 sin 600 + A +P2
V23 = V32 = 2.97kN
0
Nx = P1 cos 60 ,
N23 =N32 = 2kN
(b,3) Mx1 = - P4 x 1 + By (x1-1)

Mb3 = - 2kNm, M3b = 3.42kNm
Vx1 = P4 – By
Vb3 = V3b = - 2.77kN
Nx1 = Bx
Nb3 = N3b = - 3.66kN
(4b) Mx1 = - Px1

M4b =0, Mb4 = -2kNm
Vx1 = - P4
V4b = Vb4 = 2kN
Nx1 = 0
74
Example 4.5
See 4.4.1
P =6kN Q =8kN
300 0 q = 2 kN/m
60
a 2 Bx 3 M= 4 kNm
b
A By
2m 2m 4m 2m
X X
4.2
4.2
7.3
5.2
5.2
x = 5.03m
10.
1.8
4.6
4.0
4.0
2.47
2.73
2.47
Fig. 4.9, M, V N diagrams
75
Example 4.6
See 4.4.1
P =10 kN q = 2 kN/m
1 a 2 b Bx 3 M= 4 kNm
o
45
A By
1.5m 1.5m 2m 1.5m
x x’
Fig. 4.10 A simple beam
76
ANNEX A
COURSE PROGRAMME
A1 Course Content:
Structural analysis of statically determinate structural
elements
A2 Course Description
This course is an instructional piece, relating to the structural
analysis of statically determinate structural elements (30hrs
period: pr to GET 252) for the students of civil and related
engineering courses in the faculty of engineering and
technology of the University of Ilorin, Ilorin-Nigeria. This
volume is strictly for internal circulation.
A3 Course Justification
This book, Structural Analysis, has been planned to serve as a
basic and thorough knowledge in mechanics and structures.
The course is sectioned to be followed sequent.
This course of study deals with statically determinate

structures (plane, special, truss and polygon and centenary).
In this volume theories and problems are solved for the

statically determinate structures. In general, the analyses
apply to beams, trusses, frames and polygons are discussed
here.
A4 Course Objectives
At theend of the course, the students will be able to:
 Determine the statically determinate structure
 Determine the statically indeterminate structure
 Determinate the form-Kinematical Determinacy of
Truss
 Graphical method of analysis
 Solve problem on Cantilever beam
 Draw bending moment and shear force diagram
77
A5 Course Requirements:
 This is a compulsory course for all students studying
civil engineering. In view of this, students are
expected to participate in all the course activities and
have minimum of 75% attendance to be able to write
the final examination.
 Practical analysis will be conducted by the students
 They will also be expected to treat the study
questions and assignments.
 Students are also expected to have e-mail
Methods of Grading:
No Item Score %
1. Class/Assignment/test 40
2. Comprehensive
final examination 60
Total 100
A6 Course Delivery Strategies:

The lecture will be delivered through face-to-face method,
theoretical material (lecturer note) provided during lecture.
Students will be encouraged and required to read around the
topics and follow current issues in the media. Web –
interactions will be employed by requesting each student to
have yahoo e-mail address to enable them participate in the
yahoo discussion group that had been created for the course
(Unilorin/CVE365). Additional materials and links will be
provided on the board. The delivery strategies will also be
supported by tutorial sessions and review of study questions.
78
ANNEX B
LECTURES
B1 Week 1: Introduction
Objective: the student will be able to explain the
basic knowledge in mechanics and structures.
Description: the course outline will be introduced with
emphasis on the objective and delivery strategies, the
definition and scope of structural analysis, career
opportunities and expectation for the study of the
programme.
Study questions
 What is structural analysis?
 Explain by what is meant by statically
determinate structure.
B2 Week 2: Establishing degrees of statically

determinacy of structures
Objective: the objective is for the student to be able
to establish degrees of statically determinacy of
structures.
Description: structural systems comprising of
members (elements) can have its members joined
thorough (mostly by the number of external or
internal joints) at their ends. This is may not
necessarily be important for the stability of the
support (stables structures). Joint for component
system
Study question: Learn on how to establish the degree
of determinacy of the following member; Supports of
fixed end, Bond by a moving hinge, Swinging member
and movable fixed end.
Reading list: Visit the school library and internet
B3 Week 3: Degree of statistical indeterminate (or

determinate) in a plane arrangement
79
Objective: the objective is for the student to be able

to establish degrees of statically indeterminacy of
structures. Statically and Form-Kinematical
Determinacy of truss (member) systems with hinge
joints.
Description: statically and form-determinate system
of joint and rigid member, Degree of Statically
Indeterminacy /Determinacy in special arrangement.
Study question
 Study how to obtain the statically and form
kinematically determinacy in a structure, frame,
closed frame
 Shows the degrees of statically indeterminate S of
some forms and bonds in plane and special
structures
Reading lists: Visit the school library and internet
B4 Week 4: Graphical Method of Analysis

Objective: the objective of the week lecture is for the
student to be able to explain the graphical method of
analysis
Description: Characteristics of statically indeterminate
structure
Study question:
Use graphical (Cullman’s) method finds the reactions
of several structures
Reading List: Visit the school library and internet
B5 Week 5: Reactions of material objects and

compound system
Objective: the main objective is for the student to be
able to find the reactions of material objects and
compound system.
Description: Reactions By calculation, Graphical
Solution for Obtaining System Reactions.
Study question: known how to calculate the
reactions.
80
B6 Week 6: A structural element loaded by

horizontal load
Objective: the objective of the lecture is to describe
the structural element loaded by horizontal load
Description: In order that the system equation has
one result, the determinant of such system must not
be equal to zero
Study question: study on structural element load by
horizontal load
B7 Week 7: Reactions of Three –Hinged Arch

Objective: The student to be able to describe the
react ions of three- hinged arch.
Description: Compound system of two members,
the member are joined together mutually with the
support of three rigid hinges. Cullman’s method
Study question: study on Reactions of Three-Hinged
Arch
B8 Week 8: Continuous Beam (Gerber’s Beam)

Objective: the student to be able to find the reaction
in a continuous beam
Description: Calculation of reactions for continuous
beams and compound systems with 3 or more rigid
members and joints.
Study question: study on continuous beams
Reading Lists: Visit the school library and internet
B9 Week 9: Straight Beam

Objective: the student to be able to find the reaction
in a straight beam.
81
Description: Simple beam; simple beam is a straight

beam supported on one end by a rigid hinge and at
the other end by a sliding support along axis of the
beam.
Study question: study on straight beam
B10 Week 10: Cantilever beam

Objectives: the student to be able to find the reaction
at cantilever beams
Description: this is a beam with a fixed end support.
The internal forces MN and N due to the external load
lie infinitely near the support (fixed end).
Study question: know more about cantilever beam
Study List: Visit the school library and internet
B11 Week 11: Bending moment diagrams

Objectives: the student to be able to identify and
understand the bending moment diagrams
Description: to know the deflection of beams.
Study question: find the bending moments of
structures.
B12 Week 12: Shear Force Diagrams

Objectives: the student to be able to identify and
understand the shear force diagrams
Description: to know the force acting on beams
Study question: find the shear force of structures.
B12 Week 12: Class Test

Description: the students will be assessed on all the
treated topics for 45 minutes
Week 13: Revision
Description: the students will be reminded of what
the course is all about.
82
Course Content: Use of knowledge of leveling and compass

traversing for detailed topographical mapping of areas (2
week duration in harmattan semester break)
90h(P): PR : CVE 351: C
Course Description:
The course is designed to expose students in the department
of civil engineering to practical surveying using various
surveying instruments.
Course Justification:
The course is majorly practical and report is written at the
end and submitted to the department of civil engineering.
Course Objectives:
 Determination of vertical height btw two stations,
 Contouring,
 Planning of roads, and similar services,
 Fixing site levels,
Course Requirements:
 This is a compulsory course for all students studying
Civil Engineering. In view of this, students are
expected to participate in all the course activities and
have minimum of 60% attendance to be able to write
the final examination.
 They will also be expected to treat the study
questions and assignments.
Course Delivery Strategies:

The lecturer introduces the students to the course and
teaches them how to use survey instruments. After then, the
students go the field and carry out the expected work as
required and directed by the lecturer.
83
ANNEX C
PRACTICALS
C1 Week 1: Pacing
Objective: The students are to adopt a moderately
equal length of pace under various
circumstances.
Equipment: Tape
Procedure: 1. Measure long distance with a tape
preferably 50 – 100m on a fairly level ground
2. Pace the same length and know the number
of your pacings.
3. Compute pacing by dividing the known
distance by the number of pacing.
Requirement: each student to calculate his or her
own pacing on
1. A fairly level ground
2. Upward a slope
3. Downwards a slope and compare the result
of the three items.
C2 Week 2: Use of levels

Objective: to know the difference between two
points i.e. two benchmarks (BM) and to draw the
profile along the benchmarks
Equipments: Level, two leveling staffs, umbrella,
chain or tape.
Requirement: the students are to level btw two given
points and do the reduction. Each student is to
draw the profile btw two points.
84
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Hoit , M. I. (1995), Computer assisted structural analysis and

modeling, Upper Saddle River, NJ . Prentice Hall.
Murthy, V. S. and Sood, R. (2009), Question bank in civil
engineering, S. K. Kataria and Sons.
www.katariabooks.com
Structural Analysis in theory and practice, (2009) Butterworth-
Heinemann-imprint of Elsevier, www.elsevierdirect.com
85

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Statically determinate structures

Statically determinate structures

Department of Civil Adeola A Adedeji

Department of Civil Engineering

Course: CVE 365 -Structural Analysis I

Statically determinate structures

3.6 Calculation of reactions for

This book is an instructional text relating to the structural

The book has been planned to serve as a basic and thorough

The structural analysis (I) is a course of study that deals with

In this student’s edition, theories are taught and problems are

If, in a considered structure with joints, more degrees of

Under the concept of a building structure it is understood

withstand, safely, the presumed or applied loads. In this

In order to stabilize the support of an object, number of joints

This is the degree of shape variability of the object supports.

Table 1.1 Determination of statically determinacy of structural

<0 Over- ___

Statically and form-kinematically determinacy are

condition required for equilibrium, so that determinant of the

Structural systems comprising of members (elements) can

2.1 Plane system

(a) Column on balls (b) Beam-column ( c) Schematic

(b) Member supported on rollers (or movable hinge) –

(a) A member (b) A member (c ) Diagramatical

Fig. 2.2 Rollers (Movable hinges)

(c) Member placed in a movable guide (along a line or

Triple – removes three degrees of freedom. It is

A plate in plane (straight element, curve bar, etc) must not

(a) A closed member (b) a cut in point b (c) cuts in two-point

Fig. 2.4 A closed structure

If supported, a rigid plate could be statically determinate

intersect in one point whereby rotating such a plate. See

Fig. 2.5 Rigid bodies

Simple plate, in plane, has three degrees of freedom :

2.2 Joint for component systems

Bonds can be either external or internal. External bonds are

Building structures should be immovable (static) systems that

Systems can be either free without external bond or

2.3 Degree of statistical determinacy in a plane

(double bond/joint) and 3 (triple bond), then the restraint is

The system has degrees of freedom:

where β = number of points (material points ) of an ideal

Further conditions are:

c) No part of a system must be form-kinematically

Equation for obtaining static and form-kinematic

S = 2β + 3 – 33 + 22 + 1 + 2 (2.4)

No. of degree of freedom - No. of restraints for degrees of freedom by

Fig. 2.6 Determination of degree of freedom in structures

2.4 Statical and form-determinate system of joint

Obtain the statical and form-kinematical determinacy of the

Fig. 2.7 A component system

Fig.2.8 Truss system

The system has: 3 plates (5 labs) or members - δ (I, II, III),

The Virtual hinges 0II,IV; 0II,III; 0III,IV do not lie on a line.

The structure is 6x statically indeterminate and form-

From Fig. 2.12

The structure is 3 times (3 x) statically indeterminate

Fig. 2.13 Frame structure

Exercises 2.8 to 2.13

© 1.10 (d) 1.11

(e) 1.12 (f) 1.13

2.5 Degree of statical indeterminacy/determinacy