DSLR

DIGITAL SINGLE LENS REFLEX

SUBMITTED BY

I N D U C H O O D A N. R
07047 EC
ROLL NO 22
TYPES OF DIGITAL CAMERAS

3 Main classifications

 Point and Shoot

 Prosumer/hybrid

 Digital SLR
Point and Shoot digital Cameras (P&S)

Commonly referred to as “consumer”

digital cameras.

Represent probably 90% of all digital

cameras on the market

Typically small, compact and lightweight

Targeted at broad majority

Typically very User-Friendly

Image Quality has improved drastically

Hybrid Digital Cameras
Not technically its own specification

 Common term used to describe advanced

models of P&S(now also used to describe
many entry level DSLR's)

Similar in shape and appearance to Digital

SLR's

 Typically have extended zoom range (8-

12X Optical Equivalent)

Typically combine user friendly P&S

features with more advanced manual
features.
Advantages and Disadvantages of P&S and hybrid models

■Resolution Wide-angle lenses ■

■Color space Prints ■

■Aliasing Battery drain ■

■Highlight disaster Price ■

■Delays
Digital SLR (DSLR)
SLR Stands for Single Lens Reflex

 Have larger sensors, resulting in greater

image quality

 Tend to favor manual control, lacking many

automatic settings found on P&S

 Much larger and heavier

 Ability to interchange system lenses

BASIC dSLR MODEL
 INTERNAL DIAGRAM

(1)lens assembly 5)screen

(2)reflex mirror (6) condensing lens
(3) focal-plane shutter (7)pentaprism
(4)sensor (8)eyepiece
Most of the entry level DSLRs use a pentamirror instead of the traditional pentaprism
DESIGN OF A DSLR
When DSLR is not Capturing Image

The photographic lens located in

front of the camera directs lights into the
camera body. Light is then reflected by
the mirror to the pentaprism and finally
travels to the viewfinder where
photographers can observe the scene.
Notice that the mirror is flipped down and
the shutter covers the image sensor from
recording lights.
DESIGN OF A DSLR
When Capturing an Image

The image capturing process

starts when the shutter release
button is pressed. Notice the
mirror is flipped up from its
original position, allowing light to
travel to the sensor area. The
shutter that covers the image
sensor is now fully opened, and
the image sensor is exposed under
light and will be capturing the
image.
The Image Sensor – The Introduction

Image Sensor is the key

device in DSLR, and
serves the same function
of capturing images as
traditional films
Image sensor is basically
a silicon chip containing
millions of light sensitive
element called photosite,
and is covered by a layer
of color filter
The CCD Image Sensor
 invented in 1969 and introduced
to the public in 1974.

 most common sensor used for TV cameras.

 When reading from such a

sensor, the pixel values (charges) are transported
across the sensor, line by line, and
then shifted into an analog-to-digital converter,
turning each pixel’s value into a digital value
 two specific problems:
> manufacturing
Producing CCD sensors is very expensive, as special
laboratories and machines are
required to manufacture these sensors.
>power drain
CCD sensors also consume power at a rapid rate. Even
though the CCD chips in consumer-
level cameras are only 1/3-inch across, they still drain
power quickly.
The Image Sensor – The Bayer Layer
The upper layer is the Bayer
layer. The lower layer is the
image sensor.
Bayer Layer is a common type of
color filter used in a DSLR.
It refers to a specific arrangement
for the red, blue, and green color
filters.
Bayer Layer contains twice as
many green filters as blue and red
to best simulate the human sight.
It is because human eyes are most
sensitive to green lights.
Once the incoming light hits the
Bayer Layer, each single color
filter on the layer will allow one
specific color to pass through to
the image sensor.
The Image Sensor – The image capturing process

Once the light passes

through the Bayer layer, the
photosites located beneath will
start recording the brightness
of the light by accumulating a
charge. The charge goes higher
when the image sensor is
exposed longer under lights.
Each charge will become a
single pixel after processing,
and all pixels will finally form a
digital image and be stored in
the memory card for future
reconstruction and editing.
 The Image Sensor – The size

There are two common sizes of

image sensor used by DSLR.
135 size image sensor has a
dimension of 36mm × 24mm
and is also called the full-frame
sensor.
APS-C size image sensor has a
dimension of 22mm × 15mm.
The size of an image sensor has
no effect on the size of the
captured image, but affects the
size of scene that will be
This diagram illustrates the different sizes of scene that a full
captured.
frame and an APS-C sensor are able to capture. The gray
circle indicates the total view, or the field of view, of the
camera.
The Image Sensor – The size

The image displayed on the left

illustrates a real example of the
different fields of view that a full
frame size sensor and an APS-C size
sensor are able to capture.
The image inside the box is equivalent
to the scene captured by an APS-C
sensor
The overall image is equivalent to the
scene captured by a full frame size
sensor.
Full frame size sensor has the
advantage in wide-angle shooting. It is
able to capture wider scene, and is
often used for landscape photography.
APS-C sensors capture narrower view,
so objects in the image appear to be
larger. It gives APS-C an advantage in
long-distance shooting such as bird
portraits because it is easier to
emphasize on the photographed
subject.
How the digital sensor works
- Each digital image is made from millions of tiny squares, known as
pixels.

- Essentially, an image is recorded by tiny microlenses (pixels)

which make up the cameras sensor
 Megapixels – Determine the total size (Dimensions) of the image
recorded by camera

- More MP does not always mean a better picture

- Digital Image dimensions do not equal print dimensions

- For example a full quality image from an 8 megapixel camera

will produce a digital image measuring approximately 9X14 inches but
printing standards say that you should not print to “Photo Quality” any
larger than 8X10
USE OF LENSES
COMPARISON OF USE OF ZOOM OPTION IN A DSLR
 FEATUR ES &TECHNOLOGIES
Movement Compensation
Nikon – VR – Vibration Reduction
Canon – IS – Image Stabilization
Pentax – SR – Shake Reduction
Sony – SSS – Super Steady-Shot
Live View
Shots can be composed
even while holding the
camera away from your face
Dust Reduction
>due to changing lenses
>difficult to remove
>cameras sensor to free
any clinging dust particles
>anti-static coatings or filters
may also be used
Facial Recognition
>detects faces in your frame
>Focus adjusted so detail is high
>adjusted to create pleasing skin tones
 METERING MO DES
>Matrix (evaluative) metering
>Center-weighted metering
>Spot metering
>Partial metering

SCENE MODES

Fireworks Sports.
Macro Night Scene
Landscape Party
Portrait Night Portrait
ADVANTAGES
 Greater lens versatility
 Almost always better image quality
 Better performance
 Usually a more functional "shooter's" designGreater flexibility

DISADVANTAGES
 Increased complexity
 Generally bigger and heavier
 Higher price
 Generally inconvenient to use the LCD for framing
LEADING BRANDS
GOT BANKRUPT AND ECLIPSED THEMSELVES FROM THE MARKET

NO GOVT. RUN LABS HAS ACHEIVED SUCCESS AS THE PRIVATE

COMPANIES UNLIKE IN PC BUSINESS
 CONCLUSION

DSLRs ARE WIDELY USED IN ALL FIELDS

Ranging from home uses to space exploration
From photographers to industries
The digital single-lens reflex (dSLR) is the great step upward for
photographers who want to expand their creative horizons
— or simply just get better pictures. Whether you want to become a
serious photo hobbyist, have a hankering to turn pro, or want to take
advantage of the improved control that digital SLRs give you over your
photography, discovering how to use this tool of the future should be
high on your priorities list.
THANK YOU