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SGG 2443

PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SCIENCE

LECTURE 4 – SUBSYSTEMS IN GIS

Assoc Prof Mohamad Nor Said


m.nor@utm.my
LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS

Lecture Outline:

• Introduction
• Subsystem For Data Input
• Subsystem For Data Storage &
Management
• Subsystem For Data
Manipulation & Analysis
• Subsystem For Data Output

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS

ArcView

GIS - 4 SUBSYSTEMS

Data Storage Data Data


Data Input & Manipulation Display
Management & Analysis (Output)

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input
• raw data is converted into digital
• data: spatial & non-spatial (attribute)
• requires correction; verification; updating
• spatial data entry is more critical
– quality; cost; time; availability

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input (cont’d.)

Manual Digitizing

• records map coordinates in digital


format
• data recorder (device) – digitizer
• now: head-up (on-screen) digitizing
• object: point; line; polygon
• mode: point; stream

Field Surveying

• field data recorder: e.g. Total Station


• observation: distance; bearing;
vertical angle
• data: coordinates; elevation
• digital file: import into GIS
SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science
LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input (cont’d.)
Photogrammetry

• uses aerial photographs


• maps produced from stereomodel
(2 overlapping photos)
• requires geometric correction
(rectification)
• mosaic (stitched photos) = orthophoto
• now: digital photogrammetry

Remote Sensing
• data from satellite images
• every single object reflects different
frequencies
• image classified digitally
• correction: radiometric & geometric
• format: raster; vector conversion
• image interpretation: done digitally

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input (cont’d.)
Photogrammetric Mapping

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – Remote Sensing
Remote Sensing Satellite Remote Sensing Image

Solar Panel
Sensor
Image :
Ground surface being scanned a) Panchromatic
b) Color:
• True color
• False color

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – Remote Sensing

Earth observation satellites usually follow the sun synchronous orbits.


A sun synchronous orbit is a near polar orbit whose altitude is such that the satellite
will always pass over a location at a given latitude at the same local solar time.
In this way, the same solar illumination condition (except for seasonal variation) can
be achieved for the images of a given location taken by the satellite.

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – Remote Sensing

Landsat 4,5 (USA) SPOT (France) IRS (India)


• Sun-synchronous • Sun-synchronous • Sun-synchronous
• optical/ infra red • optical/ infra red • optical/ infra red
• 705 Km altitude • 832 Km altitude • 817 Km altitude
• 16 days repeat cycle • 26 days repeat cycle • 24 days repeat cycle
• resolution • resolution • resolution
– Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) 80m – Panchromatic 10m – Panchromatic 10m
– Thematic Mapper (TM) 30m – Multispectral 20m – Multispectral 23m
– Thermal Infra Red 120m
• ground swath 185Km • ground swath 60Km • ground swath 140Km

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – Remote Sensing

ERS (Europe) JERS-1 (Japan)


• Sun-synchronous • Sun-synchronous
• microwave • microwave
• 782 Km altitude • 568 Km altitude
• 35 days repeat cycle • 44 days repeat cycle
• resolution 30m • resolution 18m
• ground swath 100Km • ground swath 75Km

RADARSAT (Canada)
• Sun-synchronous
• microwave
• 798 Km altitude
• 24 days repeat cycle
• resolution: mode dependent
• ground swath: mode dependent

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – Remote Sensing

A sample of IKONOS’s image – 1metre data


merged with 4-metre multi-spectral data

IKONOS Satellite
Orbit: Sun-synchronous
Altitude: 423 miles (680 Km)
Speed: 17,500 mph (28,500Km/h)
Resolution: Multispectral 4m; Panc 1m
Weight: 720 Kg

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – Remote Sensing

Satellite images produced by IKONOS satellite

World Trade Centre, New York – 12 Sept 2001 The Pentagon – 12 Sept 2001

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – Remote Sensing
Satellite image used to support GIS analysis
Example: Flood Mitigation Study

Satellite Image captured from Google Earth Quickbird Image of Johor Bahru

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – Remote Sensing
QuickBird – The latest Remote Sensing satellite

Launching date: 1999


Orbit: medium-inclination
Altitude: 600 Km
Repeat cycle: 1 to 4 days (depending on latitude)
Resolution: 1m (can reach 0.6 meter)
Weight: 1800 pounds (10 feet)
Data collection: simultaneous collection of
panchromatic & multispectral
On-board data storage: 137 Gb (min of 64 images)

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – Remote Sensing
QuickBird – The latest Remote Sensing satellite

A panchromatic image sample – A multispectral image sample –


Bangkok (0.61 meter resolution) Washington DC (0.61 meter resolution)

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – Remote Sensing

Malaysian Center For Remote Sensing (MACRES)


Now: Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – Remote Sensing
Malaysian Ground Receiving Station
(Temerloh, Pahang)

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – GPS
Satellite 2
Satellite 3
Satellite 1

Receiver

Global Positioning System (GPS)

• ground coordinates determined from


satellite signals Data Logger
• satellite: NAVSTAR & GLONASS - store coordinates
- download to computer/ GIS
• accuracy depends on measuring - reformat
techniques (1 centimeter - 100 meters) - coordinate transformation
• requires coordinate transformation
SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science
LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – GPS

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – GPS

http://www.e-trimblegps.com
SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science
LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – GPS

GPS receivers convert SV (Space Vehicle) signals into position,


velocity, and time estimates.

Four satellites are required to compute the four dimensions of X,


Y, Z (position) and Time.

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – GPS

The SVs transmit two microwave carrier signals:


• The L1 frequency (1575.42 MHz) carries the navigation
message and the SPS code signals
• The L2 frequency (1227.60 MHz) is used to measure the
ionospheric delay by PPS equipped receivers.

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – GPS
Space Shuttle – The carrier of Navstar (GPS),
Remote Sensing and other satellites

• thrust : 6.5 million pounds


• fuel consumption: 11 tons per second
• orbital speed: 17,466 miles per hour

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input – GPS

Geodatabase Development
- Field Data Updating With GPS (Satellite Positioning)

An Example of Original Coordinates Captured With GPS


- A Conversion Into Local Coordinate System Is Required

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input (cont’d.)

Scanning

• using scanner - sensor (1/0)


• data format: raster
• accuracy: depends on scanner resolution (dpi)
• problem: editing; volume
• commonly coupled with screen digitizing

Existing Digital Data

• from other mapping packages (e.g. AutoCAD)


• from other GIS packages
• JUPEM’s digital data: CAMS/CALS
• may require: format/ coordinate conversion; editing

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input (cont’d.)

An Example of AutoCad’s Drawing File

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Input (cont’d.)
Raster Data Encoding
• for raster GIS
• cells coded (assigned codes/ attributes)
• varying cell size (number of rows & columns)
• problem: accuracy & volume

Attribute Data
• manual data entry
– table
– data values
– linking the tables
• import from other systems (DBMS)
– Oracle
– Informix
– Ingres
– Dbase
– MS: SQL Server; Access;Excel

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 3: WHAT IS A GIS?
Subsystem For Data Storage & Management
Data
Input

Database Management System

GEOSPATIAL
DATABASE
Query Position of Object
(x,y)
Input
Attributes Topology
(object characteristics) (relationship
between objects)
(DBMS)

Information
Retrieval Output

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Storage & Management

• make use of DBMS functions


• advantageous:
• organized data structure
• relational data model
• able to produce log file
Administrative Boundaries • spatial data
Road Networks • copy; import/ export
Recreational Areas • edit
Public Institutions
• delete
Industrial Areas
Rivers
• attribute
5m Hydrographic Chart • create table(s)
10m Shoreline Sensitivity Index • modify table structure
Birds Sensitivity Index • editing
Fish Sensitivity Index
• direct topological editing
Reptile Sensitivity Index
• edit -> construct topology
• interaction with user
• graphical User Interface (GUI)

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Storage & Management

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Manipulation & Analysis
• spatial data manipulation: example
– change of scale: transformation
– generalization
– change of map projection
– interpolation

• attribute data manipulation:


– linking two data files (tables)
– sorting
– Boolean query: selection & extraction
– computing new data values
– data summarization

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Manipulation & Analysis

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Manipulation & Analysis
The Main Functions
• Information Retrieval
– Browsing
– Windowing
– Query Window Generation
– Multiple Map Sheet Query
– Boolean Attribute Retrieval & Statistical Summary

• Map Generalization
– Coordinate Thinning
– Polygon Thinning
– Dropline & Reclassification of Polygons
– Edge Matching

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Manipulation & Analysis
The Main Functions
• Map Abstraction
– Centroid
– Contour Generation From Spot Heights
– Proximal Mapping
– TIN Generation (from third dimension data)

• Map Sheet Manipulation


– Change of Scale
– Correction of Distortion
– Change of Map Projection
– Coordinate Shift and Rotation

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Manipulation & Analysis
The Main Functions
• Buffer Generation
– Buffer: based on point, line or polygon
– Uniform-distance or varying-distance buffer
– Double-sided or single-sided buffer

• Polygon Overlay & Dissolve


– Polygon (Map) Overlay: Combination of 2 or more polygons
– Polygon Dissolve: Original polygons are dissolve to make one polygon

¾ Map Aggregation
– The reverse of map overlay
– New map extracted from composite map

¾ Polygon Overlay For Calculation of Area


– Area of a map is computed based on other map

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Manipulation & Analysis
The Main Functions

Creating A Buffer For River Corridor – Sg Masai

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Manipulation & Analysis
The Main Functions
• Measurements
– Measurement on point objects (e.g summation)
– Measurement on linear objects (e.g distance)
– Measurement on polygonal objects (e.g area; perimeter)
– Measurement of surface data (e.g. volume)

• Surface Analysis
– Slope/ Aspect
– Viewshed & Watershed Analyses

• Network Analysis
– road, water, telecommunication networks
– examples: shortest or optimal path

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Manipulation & Analysis
The Main Functions

Creating A Chainage Along A River – Sg Melayu

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Manipulation & Analysis
The Main Functions

A 3d Surface Model Showing The Topography In


The Vicinity of Sg Melayu

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Manipulation & Analysis
The Main Functions

A 3d Surface Model With A Proposed New Road Draped On It

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Output
• displays
• results of a query
• results of spatial analysis
• advantageous if:
• able to output on various
Proper
ty Mar
k
peripherals or media
Report et

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• able to generate outputs in
m pad anci
e
S ah B lang
er
Da bah
K interactive & batch modes
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• able to store micros
• can provide various tools for
cartographic design
• able to output other features than
map (e.g. chart, table, etc.)

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Output

An Example A Map As Output From GIS Database

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Output

An Example A Chart As Output From GIS Database

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science


LECTURE 4: GIS SUBSYSTEMS
Subsystem For Data Output

SGG 2443 - Principles of Geographic Information Science

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