Done By:

MAJED SULLAIYM SAIF AL-SHABNOTI

SAEED ALI SAEED AL-NAAMANI
33363
SHAKHABOUT HUMAID AL-KAABI

ABDULLAH MASUOD HAMED AL-KALBANI

31978

1
 • PROJECT SUPERVISOR:
ENGR. SAYYED AQEEL ASHRAF.
CONTENTS: -
Page No: -

ACKNOWLEDGEMWNT
3
ACTION PLAN
4
CHAPTER-1: INTRUDACTION
5
CHAPTER-2: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
6
CHAPTER-3: PICTURE OF OUR
PROJECT 7
CHAPTER-4: IC, 4017
8
CHAPTER-5: IC, 555 TIMER
9
CHAPTER-6: 1N914
12
CHAPTER-7: LED 9 V, RED,
YELLOW, GREEN COULOR
13
CHAPTER-8: TRANSISTORS, 2N3904
14
CHAPTER-9: 180, 47K, 10K Ohms
RESISTORS 16
2
 CHAPTER-10: CAPACITOR, 10 µF, 30V
17
CHAPTER-11: 9 -Volts Battery
18
CHAPTER-12: CONCLUSION
19
REFERENCE.
20

AKNOWLEDGMENT
In the praise of almighty ALLAH,
the beneficent, the merciful who
showed the path of righteous ness
and blessed me the strength to
embark this task.

We would like to express our deep

appreciation to our project
supervisor Eng.Sayyed Aqeel Ashraf
for his incisive comments and skillful

3
guidance throughout the design
process.

We are also thankful to Dr. Salim

Dhofar for his valuable suggestions.

We wish to express our thanks to the

HOD, and the Dean of our college for
their encouragement and for making
the facilities available.

Finally we are thankful to Mr. Hani

Jobron and Mr. Saeed Al-Mahri for
their help in experimental studies.

4
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 ACTIOT
PLAN

Chapter 1
Introduction

Solid-state LED light sources are

known as p-n semiconductor devices.
By doping a substrate material with
different materials, a p-n junction is
formed within the semiconductor
crystal. The do pant in the n region
provides mobile negative charge
carriers (electrons), while the do
pant in the p region provides mobile
positive charge carriers (holes).
Within a semiconductor crystal, when
a forward voltage is applied to the p-
n junction from the p region to the n
region, the charge carriers inject
across the junction into a zone where
they recombine and convert their
excess energy into light. The
materials used at the junction
determine the wavelength of the
emitted light. A clear or diffuse
epoxy lens covers the semiconductor
chip and seals the6 LED. It also
provides some optical control to the
emitted light; LEDs come in a variety
of angular distributions.

Chapter 2
Circuit Diagram

7
 Chapter 3
Picture of Our project

8
 Chapter 4
IC, 4017-Decade Counter

The count advances as the clock

input becomes high (on the
rising-edge). Each 9output Q0-Q9
goes high in turn as counting
advances. For some functions
(such as flash sequences)
outputs may be combined
The reset input should be low (0V) for
normal operation (counting 0-9). When
high it resets the count to zero (Q0
high). This can be done manually with
a switch between reset and +Vs and a
10k resistor between reset and 0V.
Counting to less than 9 is achieved by
connecting the relevant output (Q0-Q9)
to reset, for example to count 0,1,2,3
connect Q4 to reset.
The disable input should be low (0V)
for normal operation. When high it
disables counting so that clock pulses
are ignored and the count is kept
constant.
The ÷10 output is high for counts 0-4
and low for 5-9, so it provides an
output at 1/10 of the clock frequency. It
can be used to drive the clock input of
another 4017 (to count the tens).

10
 Chapter 5
IC, 555 Timers

The circuit symbol for a 555 (and

556) is a box with the pins arranged to
suit the circuit diagram: for example
555 pin 8 at the top for the +Vs supply,
555 pin 3 output on the right. Usually
just the pin numbers are used and they
are not labeled with their function.
The 555 and 556 can be used with a
supply voltage (Vs) in the range 4.5 to
15V (18V absolute maximum).
Standard 555 and 556 chips create a
significant 'glitch' 11
on the supply when
their output changes state. This is
rarely a problem in simple circuits with
no other ICs, but in more complex
circuits a smoothing capacitor (e.g.
100µF) should be connected across the
+Vs and 0V supply near the 555 or 556.

Pin connections and functions: (See

schematic below for basic circuits)

Pin 1 (Ground) - The ground (or

common) pin is the most-negative
supply potential of the device, which
is normally connected to circuit
common when operated from
positive supply voltages.

Pin 2 (Trigger) - This pin is the input,

which causes the output to go high
and begin the timing cycle.
Triggering occurs when the trigger
input moves from a voltage above
2/3 of the supply voltage to a voltage
below 1/3 of the supply. For
example: using a 12 volt supply, the
trigger input voltage must start from
above 8 volts and move down to a
voltage below 4 volts to begin the
timing cycle. The action is level
12
sensitive and the trigger voltage
may move very slowly. To avoid
retriggering, the trigger voltage
must return to a voltage above 1/3 of
the supply before the end of the
timing cycle in the Monostable mode.
Trigger input current is about 0.5
micro amps.

Pin 3 (Output) - The output pin of the

555 moves to a high level of 1.7 volts
less than the supply voltage when
the timing cycle begins, The output
returns to a low level near 0 at the
end of the cycle. Maximum current
from the output at either low or high
levels is approximately 200 mA.

Pin 4 (Reset): - A low logic level on

this pin resets the timer and returns
the output to a low state. It is
normally connected to the + supply
line if not used.

Pin 5 (Control) - This pin allows

changing the triggering and
threshold voltages by applying an
external voltage. When the timer is
operating in the astable or
oscillating mode, this input could be
13
used to alter or frequency modulate
the output. If not in use, it is
recommended installing a small
capacitor from pin 5 to ground to
avoid possible false or erratic
triggering from noise effects.

Pin 6 (Threshold) - Pin 6 is used to

reset the latch and cause the output
to go low. Reset occurs when the
voltage on this pin moves from a
voltage below 1/3 of the supply to a
voltage above 2/3 of the supply.
The action is level sensitive and can
move slowly similar to the trigger
voltage.

Pin 7 (Discharge) - This pin is an

open collector output, which is in
phase with the main output on pin 3
and has similar current sinking
capability.

Pin 8 (V +) - This is the positive

supply voltage terminal of the 555
timer IC. Supply-voltage operating
range is 4.5 volts (minimum) to +16
volts (maximum).

14
 Chapter 6
1N914

Signal diodes are used to process

information (electrical signals) in
circuits, so they are only required to
pass small currents of up to 100mA.
General-purpose signal diodes such as
the 1N4148 are made from silicon and
have a forward voltage drop of 0.7V.
Germanium diodes such as the OA90
have a lower forward voltage drop of
15
0.2V and this makes them suitable to
use in radio circuits as detectors,
which extract the audio signal from the
weak radio signal.
For general use, where the size of the
forward voltage drop is less important,
silicon diodes are better because they
are less easily damaged by heat when
soldering, they have a lower resistance
when conducting, and they have very
low leakage currents when a reverse
voltage is applied.

Chapter 7
LED 9 V, RED, YELLOW,
GREEN COULOR
Example:

Circuit symbol:

Testing an LED
Never connect an LED directly to a
battery or power supply! It will be
destroyed almost instantly because too
much current will pass through and
.burn it out

16
LEDs must have a resistor in series to
limit the current to a safe value, for
quick testing purposes a 1k resistor is
suitable for most LEDs if your supply
voltage is 12V or less. Remember to
connect the LED the correct way round!

Colures of LEDs
LEDs are
available in
red, orange,
amber, yellow, green, blue and
white. Blue and white LEDs are
much more expensive than the
.other colures
The semiconductor material
determines the colour of an LED, not
by the coloring of the 'package' (the
plastic body). LEDs of all colors are
available in uncolored packages which
may be diffused (milky) or clear (often
described as 'water clear'). The
coloured packages are also available as
diffused (the standard type) or
transparent.
CHAPTER-8
TRANSISTORS, 2N3904

17
 The transistor is considered by
many to be one of the greatest
inventions in modern history, ranking
in importance with the printing
press, automobile and telephone. It
is the key active component in
practically all modern electronics. Its
importance in today's society rests
on its ability to be mass produced
using a highly automated process
(fabrication) that achieves
vanishingly low per-transistor costs.
Although millions of individual
transistors (known as discretes) are
still used, the vast majority of
transistors are fabricated into
integrated circuits (also called
microchips or simply chips) along
with diodes, resistors, capacitors and
other electronic components to
produce complete electronic circuits.
A logic gate comprises about twenty
transistors whereas an advanced
microprocessor, as of 2005, can use
as many as 289 million transistors.
NPN is one of the two types of
bipolar transistors, (or BJTs), the
second being PNP. The letters "N"
and "P" refer to the majority charge
18
carriers inside the different regions
of the transistor. Most transistors
used today are NPN, since this is the
easiest and most cost effective to
make from silicon.
NPN transistors consist of a layer of
P-doped (the doping agent is often
boron) semiconductor (the "base")
between two N-doped (often made
with arsenic) layers. NPN transistors
are commonly operated with the
emitter at ground and the collector
at a positive voltage.

A helpful mnemonic for recognizing

an NPN BJT symbol is to look at the
Emitter region. If the arrow is
pointing away from the Base region,
(i.e. Not Pointing iN), then it is an
NPN BJT. If the arrow is pointing to
the Base region, then it's a PNP BJT.

19
A small current entering the base will
allow a large current to travel across
the collecter-emmitor.

Chapter 9
180, 47K, 10K Ohms
RESISTORS

20
 Some resistors are cylindrical, with
the actual resistive material in the
centre (composition resistors, now
obsolete) or on the surface of the
cylinder (film) resistors, and a
conducting metal lead projecting along
the axis of the cylinder at each
end(axial lead). There are carbon film
and metal film resistors. The photo
above right shows a row of common
resistors. Power resistors come in
larger packages designed to dissipate
heat efficiently. At high power levels,
resistors tend to be wire wound types.
Resistors used in computers and other
devices are typically much smaller,
often in surface-mount packages
without wire leads. Resistors can also
be built into integrated circuits as part
of the fabrication process, using the
semiconductor material as a resistor.
But resistors made in this way are
difficult to fabricate and may take up a
lot of valuable chip area, so IC
designers alternatively use a
transistor-transistor or resistor-
transistor configuration to simulate the
resistor they require.

Chapter 10
21
 CAPACITOR, 10 µF, 30V

An electrolytic capacitor is a type of

capacitor with a larger capacitance per
unit volume than other types, making
them valuable in relatively high-
current and low-frequency electrical
circuits. This is especially the case in
power-supply filters, where they store
charge needed to moderate output
voltage and current fluctuations, in
rectifier output, and especially in the
absence of rechargeable batteries that
can provide similar low-frequency
current capacity. They are also widely
used as coupling capacitors in circuits
where AC should be conducted but DC
should not; the large value of the
capacitance allows them to pass very
low frequencies without carrying DC.
22
 Chapter 11
9-Volt Battery

A PP3 battery, commonly referred

to simply as a nine-volt battery, is
shaped as a rectangular prism and has
a nominal output of nine volts. Its
dimensions are 48 mm × 25 mm × 15
mm (ANSI standard 1604A). It is widely
used in smoke detectors and as backup
batteries for digital clocks or for
personal alarms.
The battery has both the positive and
negative terminals on one end. The
negative terminal is fashioned into a
snap fitting which mechanically and
electrically connects to a mating
terminal on the power connector. The
power connector has a similar snap
fitting on its positive terminal which
mates to the battery. This makes
23
battery polarization obvious since
mechanical connection is only possible
in one configuration. Inside a PP3 there
are six 1.5 volt cells arranged in series.
These are either long cylindrical cells
roughly equivalent to AAAA cells, or
special flat, rectangular cells. The
exact size of the constituent cells
varies from brand to brand -- some
brands are slightly longer than others
-- as does the manner in which they are
joined together. Some brands use
soldered tabs on the battery, others
press foil strips against the ends of the
cells.

Chapter 12
CONCLUSION
The LED traffic Light circuit controls
6 LEDs (red, yellow and green) for both
north/south directions and east/west
directions. The timing sequence is
generated using a CMOS 4017 decade
counter and a 555 timer. Counter
outputs 1 through 4 are wire ORed
using 4 diodes so that the (Red
-North/South) and (Green - East/West)
LEDs will be on during the first four
24
counts. The fifth count (pin 10)
illuminates (Yellow - East/West) and
(Red - North/South). Counts 6 through
9 are also wire ORed using diodes to
control (Red - East/West) and (Green -
North/South). Count 10 (pin 11)
controls (Red - East/West) and (Yellow
- North/South). The time period for the
red and green lamps will be 4 times
longer than for the yellow and the
complete cycle time can be adjusted
with the 47K resistor. The eight 1N914
diodes could be substituted with a dual
4 input OR gate (CD4072).

REFERENCES

1. http://www.electroicsforu.co
m
25
2. http://www.fairchildsemi.co
m/technical_information/datas
heets.html
3. http://www.dir-
electronics.com
4. http://www.kpsec.freeuk.co
m/components/cmos.htm#401
7

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