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Author: Subject: toluene --> benzaldehyde
CycloKnight posted on 26-1-2005 at 04:56

Harmless
Benzaldehyde via Cl2/toluene
Hi folks,
Posts: 45 what follows is some discouragement for the Cl2/toluene method and then a procedure for making benzaldehyde using electricity.
Registered: 4-8-2003
Location: United States of I would just like to add that anyone attempting to make benzaldehyde using the toluene chlorination route to think again, unless you know EXACTLY what you are doing. It is a bitch and a half.
Britainnia I've done it, twice. It will take months to get rid of the benzyl chloride smell off the glassware & general lab area.
Member Is Offline
First time I did this experiment, my method for checking the progress of the chlorination was to intermittently weigh it out (and measure the volume), to measure the density. It works, but the stuff is tear
Mood: Experimental
gas'n a half. Within seconds of opening the reaction vessel, my eyes were involuntarily fused shut, with tears running down my face...Ahh the joys of chemistry. I would say working with benzyl chloride is
about 5 times worse than working with chlorine, at least.
By the end of the first experiment, I'd been chlorinating for days and I had fairly pure benzyl chloride (at least 70%, pre distillation) which is only half way there - "To hell with this!" I thought. I dumped my
benzyl chloride, only to learn a month later that I could have reacted it with my Kg of hexamine to make benzaldehyde!!!!! (Instead of the benzal chloride route I was aiming for.)
During the second experiment, I used a hydrometer actually inside the 3L 3neck RBF to measure the density without actually having to open the RBF. This is a genuinely good idea. It was held in place by
allowing the top couple inches of the hydrometer to fit inside a large tube that was fixed to the cork of the middle neck. The idea is that as the hydrometer bobs around (up and down) inside the refluxing
flask it can't go anywhere but up and down (so it can't smash against the side of the flask during reflux).
But, in the end I got fed up and decided to go electrochemical instead.
At first the chlorination thing seemed quite tempting, but halfway through I thought the electrochemical route (which I'd done before) was like a dream come true! And it is by comparison, unless you live in a
desert like Mendeleev said.
A good way of doing this reaction is by using US patent 808095. Its the electrochemical route, but runs 24 hours a day, and with my 2amp DC power supply, takes around 60 hours to fully regenerate. It
produces around 100ml benzaldehyde per run (based on 1Kg of regenerable oxidizer).
I've done this many times, and it works like a charm. Basically, I do it in a giant 3L pyrex beaker, with 2 lead electrodes (the positive anode is larger with a much larger surface area than the cathode). This
requires no membrane!
It is absolutely fool proof! If anyone wants to see pictures, I will take them and post them here - just say.
I use approximately 1Kg of manganese ammonium alum, made by adding manganese sulfate to sulfuric acid (60%+) which already has an excess of ammonium sulfate dissolved in it. The molar ratio for
MAA is 2 moles manganese sulfate to 1 mole ammonium sulfate. It is a orangy-yellow precipitate. When you pass a current through it - it oxidizes and turns dark red. Its really cool to watch, you see the
dark red pouring off the anode, gradully turning the yellow mix dark red. It lasts a long time, I've never worn it out - getting used over and over and over again!
The ratios (from the patent, scale down accordingly) are: 47.5 Kg mangano-ammonium sulfate, 45 Kg water, 79Kg of 98% sulfuric acid.
The reaction mix is heated to 50 C, and with stirring 4Kg toluene are added. When the dark red solution has turned yellow again - reaction is finished!!! The solution REAKS of cherries!
The patent says steam distil, but don't. Use solvent extraction, the steam will leach out your acid from the mixture. The product (from 4kg toluene) is 3.7Kg benzaldehyde, 0.6 Kg toluene, of course if you
are using 1Kg of oxidant instead of 47.5 then you will get about 100ml or so.
My experience is that this is a little on the high side, but that may be due to the impurity of the MAA I'm using (i didn't isolate the yellow precipitate before making up my electrochemical solution, I just added
molar ammount of manganese sulfate to excess of ammounium sulfate in sulfuric acid)
Now, what is brilliant about this electrochemical cell is that is can be used for all kinds of oxidations! It can turn alcohols into aldehydes, ie formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, eugenal into vanillin (haven't tried
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that yet), etc. It can also be used for producing organic acids by adjust the reaction temperature and acid concentration.
The only things this cell consumes is reactant (ie. toluene, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, etc) and electricity...My point exactly.
I see that people are looking for non-electrochemical methods for making benzaldehyde, but I suggest taking a closer look at this procedure, I've used it many, many times and it is quite versatile. It is the
real mckoy.
I made my manganese sulfate from dismantled D size alkaline batteries, by reacting the MnO2 (100g per battery) with HCl to make the chloride (vent chlorine outside!), and then reacting the chloride with
sulfuric acid to make the sulfate.
BTW, I then used most of that sulfate to make the carbonate (by reacting it with sodium bicarbonate) and then with acetic acid to form the acetate, but that is for another experiment that I won't go into detail
here....Maybe down at the hive when it's up and running again. Hey hive guys, I'm wondering if this oxidizer (MAA) can be used to react benzene+acetone in the same way manganese(III)acetate can. That
is my next project.
Anyway, the sulfate isn't hard to make from scratch, and ammonium sulfate from the garden centre was first purified by doing the following:
The crude brown ammounium sulfate was dissolved in water (almost saturated), then vacuum filtered (any filter will do, really) a couple of times to remove most of the gunk. Then I boiled it down to a
mushy mix with constant stirring, then let it cool a bit. Then I added methylated spirits (or denatured alcohol if you are in the US) and all that brown crap just floats to the top, carefully remove it with a
baster/syringe/dropper. I used a dropper, which took a while!
When your crystals are reasonably white, just boil off all the alcohol, done!! You can use your purified ammonium sulfate (as is)for the electrochemical cell. That wasn't hard, was it?
I made my electrodes by making a form out of Al foil, and then melting lead in a crucible made from a STEEL deodorant can cut in half, with a handle made from a C-clamp stuck on the top. I used a blow
lamp to melt the lead (I put the lead fishing weights in the can and heated), then just poured the lead into the Al foil mold on a disused wooden breadboard, mmm - I love the smell of burnt wood.
Or you could just buy lead sheet, but I couldn't be bothered.
[Edited on 2-13-2005 by Polverone]
Organikum posted on 26-1-2005 at 05:27

clandustrial priest
The electrolytic method described is the one presented by Uncle Fester, patent US808095.
It has the same drawback like many electrolytic pathways and like the ammonium-persulfate method:
Posts: 1984 The amounts of oxidant etc. used are a little large - scaling up to interesting amounts of benzaldehyde - 500ml or more - calls for quite bulky setups, lots of H2SO4 etc.
Registered: 12-10-2002 Ok when you have a spare garage to dedicate for benzaldehyde production though.
Location: Europe
Member Is Offline You can do the math yourself to find this out.
Mood: Missing the old
SCM.... When going technical/continous, the toluene oxidation by air in the gasphase as posted by Polverone are probably much better, when doing batches - we will see.
I agree that BzCl is a bitch. Therefor I by now experiment to find and later to present a WORKING OTC kitchen method with MnO2 (pigment quality - pyrolusite) in the 100ml product range.
/ORG
Attachment: us808095_bdehyde_alectro1908UF.djvu (66kB)

This file has been downloaded 1002 times
The USA are not the center of the world.
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Harmless
Electric benzaldehyde
Yes, i agree that there is a vast excess of oxidant. Though, it is perfectly regenerable and not too much of a bother - but scaling up is a problem...for single batch runs. My cell holds exactly 2.2 litres of
Posts: 45 acid-oxidant mix, I don't think it's alot of work for 100ml - though that does depend on what you want it for. It's really just a case of switch on, and let stir on the stirrer plate. A couple days later react and
Registered: 4-8-2003 extract. Practically a one pot synth, and able to produce all kinds of compounds. If you need such a unit to produce formaldehyde, why not use it to make benzaldehyde as well? Or benzoic acid? I did a
Location: United States of little bit of critical path management, and I ended up with the above method as the path of least resistance (For me, at least).
Britainnia Also, should you get busted - your lawyer could always argue that you use the cell for making formaldehyde...Or whatever, there is a long list to choose from.
Member Is Offline
Mood: Experimental I am thinking of working on some kind of 2 phase oxidizing mixture, whereby the cell (stirred) is continuously run with a very large excess of toluene floating on top which is continously removed and
extracted (distilled).
Excess toluene simply being returned to the cell. The benefit of this is that the cell runs constantly, but only needs a relatively TINY amount of acid-oxidant mix (tiny compared to industrial sized single
batches). Intead of having the large excess of oxidant that sits in the bottom of the beaker, only enough that dissolves is necessary here, since it's continuously regenerated!
Larger current means more mix (or larger + electrode) - but you see my point. Also, the lead electrodes do not corrode. At least not to an obvious extent - they change from shiny to grey.
Over time alot of benzaldehyde could be made and the process could be made mostly maintenance-free. Occasionally acid and oxidant carryover will need to be removed from the benzaldehyde
extractor/distiller, but that's not much maintentenance. This process (if workable) is mainly limited by the anode surface area and the amount of current you are able to supply! (and corresponding cooling
of course...)
However, after a trial run it may be found that the oxidant needs to be toluene-free when it is regenerated by the anode, which would mean a separate vessel (with heating and cooling inbetween to drive
off toluene prior to regneration) for regenerating. I suspect that benzoic acid by-product could be generated if toluene is present in the mix while current is passed - but I don't know yet.
Maybe someone else knows?
Polverone posted on 26-1-2005 at 13:41

Super Administrator
Pictures!
Yes, let's see some pictures. I always enjoy gazing upon others' DIY setups. Upload to the "scipics" account as described here so that you can place multiple, inline images in your post instead of using
Posts: 2300 attachments.
Location: The Sunny
Pacific Northwest
Member Is Offline
Mood: walking on PGP Key and corresponding e-mail

sunshine
Tetramer posted on 26-1-2005 at 15:58

Harmless
Quote:
Posts: 2
Registered: 25-1-2005 Originally posted by Icarus
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There is another oxidant worth trying: persulphates are used in electronics etching and easy available. I read a patent that used persulphates and compounds of
copper, silver, or iron as catalysts for the toluene->benzaldehyde. I tried without succes before using ammonium persulphate like patent.
Tetramer, I am not quite sure of your answer.
Are you stating that this reaction was successful?
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Reaction worked some. I smell benzaldehyde. I was unable to isolate it but I think I make mistakes. Persulphate is oxidant and other metals are catalyst. I use ammonium persulphate since I had not sodium
persulphate. Maybe this is part of my trouble. I want to try again but cannot find lost patent
I wasn\'t born a threat, but I was born to be one.

clandustrial priest
Posted by Osmium at the-hive:
Posts: 1984 Quote:

Location: Europe
Member Is Offline
Benzaldehyde
SCM.... Ferrous-Copper Catalyst: Toluene (7.6 g.), water (35 ml.), ferrous sulphate
(0.110 g.) heptahydrate, cupric acetate (0.072 g.) and methanol (8 ml.) are
placed in a 250 ml. reactor.
Sodium persulphate (47.05 g.) in an aqueous-methanol solution of sodium

persulphate is added slowly to the mixture which is maintained at 70.degree.
C., in an atmosphere of nitrogen and under agitation.
The organic phase is separated after two hours and the aqueous phase is
extracted with ethyl ether.
The combined organic phases are distilled to afford 8.29 g. (95% yield) of
very pure benzaldehyde (compared against a pure sample).
US-Pat 4,146,582
/ORG
PS: Ammonium-persulfate should work too. Pleasse notive the big amount of persulfate needed. Smell of bitter almonds doesnt say much - it smells already in strong in traces in special when warm and
with water.
[Edited on 27-1-2005 by Organikum]
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S.C. Wack posted on 27-1-2005 at 01:01

bibliomaster
misc.
NiO2: Eng. Pat. 22887, 1900

Posts: 973 MnO2, H2SO4, and catalyst: GB138999
Belongs in the chlorination thread, if anywhere: GB816253
Location: Cornworld,
Central USA H2O2 and catalyst: US3531519
Member Is Offline benzyl bromide and sodium nitrate: US1272522
Mood: Enhanced

Harmless
{img}http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/anode.jpg{/img}
Posts: 45 [Edited on 29-1-2005 by CycloKnight]

Location: United States of
Britainnia
Member Is Offline
Mood: Experimental
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Icarus posted on 27-1-2005 at 19:56

Harmless
"PS: Ammonium-persulfate should work too. Pleasse notive the big amount of persulfate needed. Smell of bitter almonds doesnt say much - it smells already in strong in traces in special when warm and
with water. "
Posts: 12
Registered: 17-12-2004 Someone who has forgoten more about chemistry, than I know about it, once said that there may be issues with the Cu salt and NH 3 complexing.
Location: The
Stratosphere Only one way to find out I suppose.
Member Is Offline
Mood: getting warmer [Edited on 28-1-2005 by Icarus]
[Edited on 28-1-2005 by Icarus]

Harmless
Manganese ammonium alum cell
Okay, as promised here is my photo essay of the mananese-ammonium alum cell, which can be used for the oxidation of various compounds.
Posts: 45
Registered: 4-8-2003 Here is the anode:
Location: United States of (before dark red oxidizer is electrolytically generated, this picture was taken after reaction was complete)
Britainnia
Member Is Offline
Mood: Experimental
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Here is the power supply:
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Here is the overall setup:
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The white powder in the coffee jar is the ammonium sulphate I made from the brown garden stuff using the simple purification procedure I described 2 posts ago in this thread.
Here is the cell a few hours after the reaction has commenced:
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It took about 3 days to convert all of the yellow mangano-ammonium sulphate into the dark red manganese ammonium alum.
Reaction takes place with vigorous stirring (50 degrees C), the 2 phases MUST be mixed for reaction to occur, I used magnetic and manual stirring to whip up the mixture. I let the reaction proceed for 1
day before finishing it up by heating to over 60 C and applying vigorous manual stirring with a nickel lab spatula.
(note the organic top layer, due to incomplete mixing)
During reaction (sealed with foil to minimise losses):
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The orange tinge to the toluene is indicative of the reaction progress. Not sure what the tinge is, condensation products of some kind I suppose?
Reaction is now complete:
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Extraction of the goods:
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Extraction almost finished!! :

[img]http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/last blob.jpg[/img]
Total organics extracted (including a few hundred ml toluene used for extracting):
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Vacuum distillation:
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Product:
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Cell is ready for re-use:

Eggnog anyone? Just kidding - don't drink that!
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It is important to get as much of the organic material out of the cell as possible, otherwise it will get oxidized to the acid. This cell smells a bit like formic acid, due to benzoic acid being gererated when the
current is switched on. It may be wise to do the final extraction with something like ether, so it will boil off easily after wards. Not so with toluene, enough always remains to interfere with the regeneration
process for a while.
Let us have some more!

Sir yes sir, regenerating right away sir!
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Current of 2 amps (at 5 volts) is flowing through the mix.
The black floating bits have nothing to do with this process. They are bits of carbon (dehydrated organics), the result of another experiment that I carried out immediately after the toluene oxidation run.
Please ignore them.
[Edited on 30-1-2005 by CycloKnight]
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Harmless
Yield
Okay, I would just like to say that the yield was a little on the low side, however please take the following into account:
Posts: 45
Registered: 4-8-2003 1) Toluene wasn't toluene, it was a mixture of toluene, hexane and water.
Britainnia 2) The product was not washed prior to distillation, so I ended up with quite alot of black polymerised gunk (which appeared out of nowhere) in my flask.
Member Is Offline
Mood: Experimental
In fact, I ended up with more gunk than product, oops. I thought that by using a vacuum this time I could avoid the high temperatures which would cause the product to degrade - I was mistaken.
The toluene I used for the extractions was wet and had a boiling pt of around 86 C. Since the cell is mostly sulfuric acid it dried it (which I thought was a bonus!), so I didn't want to wash it - I wanted to
recover dry toluene for other purposes.
See what happens when one takes shortcuts? So, most of my product was ruined, oh well - I'll just have to wait another 3 days...
I should also say that toluene is a bit hard for me to get. I've been using this OTC solvent formulation called "Evo-Stik Cleaner 191".
Evo-Stik is a contact adhesive used in the UK, but the cleaning formulation is a mixture of solvents (and water too!). The solvents are toluene, hexane and small amounts of other solvents.
For the reaction carried out in the photo essay above, I used 250ml of Evo-Stik solvent. Then I used a further 150ml or so for the extractions - though I could have extracted a bit more!
I did the extractions by adding the "toluene" to the 3L beaker, mixing it up real good and then just removing the top layer with a dropper. Doing it that way removes the need to pour the whole mix into a
separating funnel and shake. An unnecessary risk (in my opinion).
I would say that as long as everything has been done correctly, the yield is much higher than what I managed, though I can't give a figure because of the lack of control conditions. My last cell contained an
unknown quantity of oxidizer, and this is the first run with my new cell! So, this is the first run I've carried out in about 2 years.
I can say that practically no benzoic acid is produced is the temperature if kept at 50 C and no higher.
The benzaldedhyde odour begins from about 30 sec after the toluene is added to the oxidizer mix.
The reaction takes several hours to complete. The heater on my hotplate isn't functional right now due to a damaged thermocouple probe, so I had to keep putting it on the stove ever few hours to heat it
up a bit. My other hotplate has a weak stirrer and can't properly stir the mix...
In a couple days or so, the cell should be regenerated and I will try again and post the results here.

Harmless
Okay, I did another run last night and it was a success. However, it was only a partial run.
I estimated that the cell was no more than 25% regenerated and I managed to get 25ml of benzaldehyde from the mixture. The cell was only medium pink, as opposed to dark dark red when it is fully
Posts: 45 regenerated. The partial regeneration is due to organic acids which have been generated when the mixture is heated over 60 C.
Registered: 4-8-2003 I washed the toluene extracts twice, and there was negligible degradation of the benzaldehyde during distillation, and no scent of benzoic acid.
Location: United States of I started the distillation under normal pressure, as soon as the toluene was mostly gone (I let it run to 115 C) I then cranked up the vacuum and boiled off the remaining benzaldehyde until orange distillate
Britainnia just started to distill over.
Member Is Offline
There is a small problem I'm trying to work a solution for. Steam distillation is the way around it, but I want to avoid it at all costs.
The problem is that as the cell regenerates, some of the dark red oxidizer forms clumps on the anode, these clumps break off and settle to the bottom.
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Mood: Experimental During the reaction these clumps of oxidizer don't react (unless they have first been pulverized) since they aren't dissolved.
After the toluene has been reacted and the reaction is finished, I have been heating up the mixture to drive off the excess toluene before regenerating. What has been happening is that the "clumps" have
then been reacting at the higher temperature with residual toluene to form benzoic acid which stays in the cell.
I used to use steam distillation, which would just steam distill out all of the garbage, but it also leached out the cell acid - so I am keen to avoid it this time.
The benzoic acid interferes with the regeneration process by acting as a competing current carrier; some of the current produces dark red salt, and some of the current produces oxygen due to the benzoic
acid. Obviously killing the cell efficiency and lengthening the regeneration time considerably.
This evening, I plan to try an ether extraction of the mix, and failing that - I will dump the whole mix into my 3L RBF and steam distill it. I've never tried ether before, I think it is worth a try.
Steam distilling really does drive out all the oils and junk which can accumulate in the cell after a while, but it is not convenient for everyone.
One solution would be to use a glass rod with a flat end to pulverize all oxidizer before reacting with the toluene.
That way, no benzoic acid will be generated when the mixture is heated to drive off any excess solvent.
Another may be to use a more inert solvent (i.e. diethyl ether)to remove the residual toluene before heating it up. That way, the ether should just boil off without reacting with any excess oxidizer still in the
mixture.
Or perhaps, the normal technique I've been using could be applied, the benzoic acid is allowed to form as usual during heating, but is extracted out with another (inert) solvent just before regeneration.
I dare say that another possibility would be to apply a vacuum to the mixture to drive out excess toluene, intead of heating it!
As soon as I have found a working way around this (and it will be soon), I will post more pictures.
frogfot posted on 1-2-2005 at 03:56

Hazard to Others
That was very interesting, CycloKnight. One thing I wonder, can you tell the amounts of MnSO4, (NH4)2SO4 and 60% H2SO4 that you've used to prepare manganese ammonium alum? It's quite ignorant
question but I'm low on the precursors and wanna do this with bigger yields.. Also the patent didn't describe this in detail eather..
Posts: 212
Registered: 30-11-2002 If I understand correctly manganese ammonium alum is MnSO4*1/2(NH4)2SO4, right? Couldn't one than simply use a mixture of these two salts? They dissociate in water anyway..
Location: Sweden
Member Is Offline Extracting with a solvent would be very convenient nearly for anyone.. Instead of ether one could use ethyl acetate of low boiling petroleum distillate..
Mood: happy
Only thing I could suggest to the synth is using a mechanical stirrer overhead instead of magnetic..

Harmless
For the manganese-ammonium sulphate mixture, the ingredients I have used are based on the patent ratios and are approximately as follows:
Posts: 45 680g MnSO4

Registered: 4-8-2003 310g (NH4)2SO4
Location: United States of 700g H2O
Britainnia 1850g 91% H2SO4
Member Is Offline
Mood: Experimental this requires approximately 120 amp hours to fully regenerate.
These are the figures I recorded, though I had carried out an "on the spot" conversion of the patents 98% acid ratio to my 91% ratio, since 91% was all the hardware store had.
But a little bit more ammonium sulphate was added, and I've since had to add a little bit more water(200 ml approx). If the acid concentration is too high, you will know because only hydrogen and oxygen
will form at the electrodes, no dark red oxidizer at the anode. Even if you have alot of organic acid in the mix, you will still see SOME red oxidizer forming so if you don't see any - then add more water.
I'm unsure why I had to add more water to get the cell to produce oxidizer, it is either because more sulphuric acid was generated in the cell (perhaps from excess sulphate), or the organic acid that was
produced after the first run adds to the overall acidity in such a way as to require dilution in order to produce oxidizer?
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I made the mixture up by first adding the ammonium sulphate to the acid/water(the acid was added to only about half of the water) mix, allowing it all to dissolve. Then to that I added the manganese
sulphate, the mix will then turn yellow as the manganese-ammonium sulphate precipitate forms. Then I added the rest of the water. One piece of advice here - grind up the manganese sulphate BEFORE
adding it to the ammonium sulphate/acid mix. Or you will spend all night trying to get it to dissolve and form the precipitate.
I have learned that when reacting the final oxidizer and toluene, the reaction will take place in minutes rather than hours if the mixing is thorough enough. I managed to get the last batch to fully react within
about an hour at 50 C by manually mixing the two phases quite aggressively with a nickel spatula.
Overhead stirring is definitely recommended. I don't yet have that as an option, but if I had it I would definitely use it. For a 2L size, magnetic stirring is quite insufficient and leads to long reaction times.
Strong stirring is essential for scaling up.
This evening I was going to use ether to extract out the last of the organic acid (benzoic, mostly) from the mix, however I have come home to find that the cell is functioning just fine, several shades of pink
darker that it was this morning - which is typical.
What I think I will do is make sure that ALL of the OXIDIZER is reacted before heating to drive off the excess solvent before regeneration (from now on). I will melt up a section of glass tubing, giving one
end a flat surface so I can grind up all the little chunks of oxidizer, before doing the aldehyde reaction. That way no benzoic acid will form at any time (in theory, we shall see...).
My plan is to:
1) Let my cell regenerate as usual, should take another couple days at most.
2) Do the toluene reaction only this time make sure no oxidizer is left unreacted, accomplished by grinding up everything before doing the reaction.
3) Extract with toluene (or toluene hexane mixture) until no yellow/reddish tinge to the extract.
4) Heat it up to drive off the excess solvent.
5) Confirm that both A) no benzoic acid (or any other organic acid) was formed during the heating and that B) no oxidizable solvent is left in the mix.
6) Electrically regenerate.
7) Repeat steps 2-6 until my 5L pail of toluene/hexane is exhausted...
If this works, then that is a perfectly workable procedure, quite easy to scale up. If not, I will try using other solvents to finish up the extraction of the benzaldehyde and toluene, before regeneration.
In a day or two, the cell should be ready.
Then I will do another run, and post lots of pictures!
Coincidentally, my 1Kg of cinnamon oil just arrived in the post today, the smell permeating the container has made my house smell wonderful.
And, I've been trying to think up a use for my 1Kg of sodium carbonate for months, that I haven't even opened yet.
Yes indeed, if all goes well this place is going to smell like the magical cherry kingdom.

Harmless
Benzaldehyde
Toluene oxidation...
Posts: 45 Take 3.
Location: United States of Okay, regeneration is nearly complete.
Britainnia
Member Is Offline
Mood: Experimental
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This toluene will be used for the reaction, note the considerable excess.
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This will be the oxidizing mixture.
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This is my glass rod I made for crunching up the little oxidizer grains.
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The toluene has been mixed with the oxidizer and has been heated to 50 C, the mixture will be mixed vigorously for the next 60 minutes.
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A closer look at the toluene layer...
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Reaction is nearly complete.
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This is the first extract, it smells very strongly of benzaldehyde. In fact, the whole house smells strongly of benzaldehyde...
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All in all, I have about 80g of product, which still contains a little bit of toluene - but I won't redistill it - I'll gather it all up with the rest and then distill it all at once.
However, my interest has been shifted in two ways, in one way I'm really fascinated by the curious oxidizing powers of the dark red salt (manganese ammonium alum), and in another way I'm overwhelmed
by the ease by which benzandehyde can be made from cinnamon oil! I'll post those pics in just a few minutes.
Anyway, I observed that there are ways the solid oxidizer can be isolated from the mix, then reacted on its own with the toluene to form a much more managable reaction mix. Judging by the odour
generated by small amounts of oxidizer/toluene - it may even be more efficient - I don't know for sure yet.
It is possible to use a far lesser quantity of sulfuric acid, but it means that the mixture is a paste, not a liquid. But, the paste has a much smaller volume and hence can be "worked" in a small vessel with
less labour than stirring a much larger two phase mix!
The dark red oxidizer can't be isolated on its own without decomposing, but large chunks at a time are easy to separate from the cell during regeneration (still wet with cell acid, of course). I'm quite sure
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that an acidic slurry can be regenerated in a special cell (i.e. bottom of the vessel is the anode), making the reaction much easier - and less dangerous due to the lesser quantity of acid and hence better
for scaling up!
As I type, my cell is settling. That is, the manganese-ammonium sulfate is settling to the bottom. I will later pour off the top clear solution and try to regenerate the manganese-ammonium sulfate paste in the
bottom of the cell, it will be an interesting experiment.
The reason for the fascination is simple, this dark red salt produces benzadhyde on contact with toluene. Mix the two together at room temperature and the characteristic cherry odour is noticed almost
within seconds.
I can't help but think "what a handy little oxidizer.."
Heat it up and it oxidizes to the acid, keep it at 50 and it oxidizes just to the aldehyde, for toluene at least.
I'm just not crazy about the large volume of sulfuric acid, manipulations involving this cell are dangerous. The acid is concentrated enough to dissolve cotton cloth ON CONTACT, if my 3L beaker cracked
and shattered on my stove during heating, I'd hate to think of the clean up operation! What a mess.

Harmless
Benzaldehyde from Cinnamon Oil.
Okay, this is my latest experiment, and let me say - it truly works wonders.
Posts: 45 If you are looking for benzaldehyde, and have access to simple lab equipment, then you've got to try this one on for size.
Location: United States of This procedure was posted by Mendeleev and reference to the patent was given,US Patent 4,716,249.
Britainnia I had been hunting this procedure for a while, but never knew how it was done. Thanks Mendeleev.
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I ordered 1 Kg of cinnamon oil the same day.
Mood: Experimental
This reaction converts cinnamon oil in high yields, my cinnamon oil cost me less than $30 for the Kg I ordered and contains close to 90% cinnamon aldehyde and I've used it for this procedure without
altering it in any way. This procedure only requires refluxing equipment, water, sodium carbonate, and cinnamon aldehyde (cinnamon oil, cassia oil, cinnamaldehyde, etc).
I haven't yet isolated the benzaldehyde from the mixture, because I am running 3 batches, the third has just been started with 2 already complete. I will separate the benzaldehyde in one single step later
on, I will report back the yield, and the extracton/purification method I've used.
As far as yields go, what I can say is that the distinctive cinnamon aroma has been replaced with a sharp, piercing benzaldehyde aroma - no mistaking it. I think I can smell a TRACE of cinnamon, so I'm
sure it must be pretty darned good!
This is the magic reagent:
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And this is what 60 grams of sodium carbonate looks like:
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And this is what 200g of cinnamon oil looks like:
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In the oil goes:
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Splash goes the oil:
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Now reflux for 7+ hours:

(don't forget to use a condenser for refluxing!)
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It's really simple, set up your apparatus for reluxing. I've used a 3L mantle heater set up for reflux - the thermometer is not necessary.
I've boiled 2L of WATER in a kettle. Some of which is used to dissolve 60g of SODIUM CARBONATE, the rest will be added later. Once the sodium carbonate is dissolved, the solution is poured into the 3L
3 neck flask. Then the 200g of CINNAMON OIL is added. Then pour in the rest of the hot water.
Add bumping granules, set up for refluxing and gently reflux for at least 7 hours. Reaction done.
Extraction of the goods should not be a problem. Reportedy, the main by-product of this reaction is cinnamon aldehyde, whcih boils at 246 C. Benzaldhyde boils around 178 C.
From literature, the reaction should produce a mixture of 70% benzaldehyde and 30% cinnamon aldehyde.
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And it sure smells like it.

I'm hoping the separation won't be difficult. I think I'll simply going to have to recommission the 'ole vigreux column for this one. If distillation is ineffective, I will need to form the addition product to extract the
benzaldehyde. I'm hoping distillation will do just fine, though I'll probably use vacuum distillation to minimise decomposition.
After I have finished the third reaction run, I should have produced around 350 ml of benzaldehyde.
I should then have just enough recovered cinnamon aldehyde to run another batch and turn 70% of that into more goodies. To yield 400ml - 450ml benzaldehyde, perhaps.
And it is alot easier and quicker than the acid cell method - though you can't use this procedure to make formaldehyde...
I am very pleased that this reaction actually works - and from cheap, common cinnamon oil.
Here you have it, benzaldehyde by the gallon - if that's what you want.
I'll report back the actual, final yield later on.
This reaction simply proves that things that seem too good to be true, aren't always.
Though, I hope that making benzaldehyde from cinnamon oil isn't considered "cheating..".
On one hand the chemistry is magic, but then on the other hand, perhaps making cherry flavouring from cinnamon flavouring isn't so big a deal, I suppose...
Any comments?

Harmless
Cinnamon oil experiment update.
The cinnamon oil to benzaldehyde conversion experiment is not yet complete.

Posts: 45 So far I have extracted and distilled all of the product from the reaction mixture.
Registered: 4-8-2003 From the 600g cinnamon oil I started with, I've managed to obtain a 500ml RBF filled to within 1 inch from the top with crude product.
Location: United States of The crude product is a mixture of benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde (and lesser quantitiesof other by-products).
Britainnia
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What follows are the photos I've taken of the experiment so far.
Mood: Experimental
This is the cinnamaldehyde fraction mixing with the benzaldehyde fraction in the 500ml receiving flask, this is the crude product.
Perhaps this photo sums up why we all love organic chemistry the best.
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The photo does not do it justice. To see this process occurring in 3 dimensions with all moving "swirlies" is more information than the human brain is designed to take in at one time. Total visual overload. I
think it compares with even the best sunsets I've ever seen...Only this is smaller - in this instance a magnifying glass achieves wonders!
And it makes a good desktop theme, at least on my 17".
I only wish I took one of higher resolution.
More swirlies..
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Pure liquid glass.
And again..
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Anyway, some photos of the extraction process are as follows:

Soon after the 7 hour reaction was complete.
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DCM appears to be a more effective solvent than toluene for this extraction.
DCM extraction #1
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DCM extraction #2
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DCM extraction #3
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DCM coming over...
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I repeated the above, 4 times for all 6 litres. So, that's 24 extractions...That took several hours to complete. That does not include the first extraction I did with toluene.
I would suggest to start the extractions after each reaction, rather than waiting until the end, like I did. It's alot of work and time.
However, I did have some issues with emulsions which would only break after strong HCl was added, brine alone would not break the emulsions. I had to keep adding more solvent, until a decent
separation occurred.
Have a look:
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This one has just been broken and is on the retreat
(top layer is toluene)
Benzaldehyde fraction.
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Distilling flask at the end of the vacuum distillation:
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I am unclear whether the cinnamaldehyde is degrading or if this is the other 11% of the cinnamon oil + reaction by-products.
My diaghram vacuum pump needs overhauling, the vacuum is quite poor, the temperature in the above flask is well over 200 C.
This is why I have not carried out the final distillation of my product, it's just too valuable to risk. I will overhaul my pump, THEN do the final vacuum distillation.
Distillation apparatus. The vigreux column was used for evaporating the solvents to minimise losses.
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This is the pet store aquarium valve I use to control my vacuum distillations - it works very well. They cost about £1.20 each (couple bucks a piece) .
They are used to regulate the air from aquarium air pumps.
I thought I would include this since I keep hearing of how "difficult" it is to regulate a vacuum during distillations. It is simple, try it and I'm sure you will agree.
For the final benz./cinna. separation, I intend to use the column shown ealier but I will need a much stronger vacuum to do it. And I will probably need to insulate the column to avoid excessive reflux.
Vacuum pump overhaul is next on the agenda.
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Harmless
Manganese-Ammonium cell images
"You tell me man, I only work here." - Hudson, Aliens

Posts: 45
Britainnia
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Mood: Experimental
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These are what I call "anodemites".

They grow on the anode when the electrolysing solution is already saturated.
Potentially, this is a means of extracting PURE oxidizer from the cell. This is important since some cells (including mine) have other impurities present.
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Forming the oxidizing paste, without stirring.
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With the pasage of more current, the red spreads to envelope the whole cell, by which time the regeneration is complete.
Another shot of the regeneration process.
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The light coloured material on the electrodes is manganese-ammonium sulfate "silt" which has coated the electrodes during stirring. In time it will all be converted to dark red manganese-ammonium alum.
What I would like to do, is make an electrode that covers the entire bottom of the vessel (anode) so that the oxidizer will form from the bottom up into a solid red mass of crystals, which can then be
removed from the acid easily, to effect toluene oxidation with minimal stirring required.
This way, I believe no stirring is required duing the regeneration. This has yet to be substantiated. I am not making THAT electrode like I did the other 2, so I will need to actually BUY some lead sheet from
somewhere, and make the bottom anode. I really want this "paste" variation to work, since it would be so easy to scale up.
A cameras detailed impression of a "Still Experiment".
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Note the headline on the newspaper, that poor guy?

Harmless
Cinnamon experiment complete
Fractional distillation of the crude product has now been completed.

Posts: 45 The fractional distillation was carried out under vacuum, and employing a vigreux column.
Registered: 4-8-2003 The vacuum I was pulling brought the benzaldehyde over at 85 C, and the cinnamaldehyde over at 135 C.
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Britainnia
Member Is Offline Benzaldehyde coming over...
Mood: Experimental
Cinnamaldehyde coming over...
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Thermometer reads 135 C.

Column insulated for this fraction.
Benzaldehyde condensation in the still head.
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Benzaldehyde collecting in receiver.
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Cinnamaldehyde collecting in receiver, in it's usual, rather vibrant form.
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End product.
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(cinnamon left, cherry right)
Total product is :
200g benzaldehyde
128g cinnamaldehyde
The cinnamaldehyde fraction was collected until it just started to turn orange. Despite the colour, it is probably reasonably pure.
The benzaldehyde is quite pure, the suspended bubbles are droplets of solvent that came over at the very start of the vacuum distillation.
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The benzaldehyde fraction was stopped when the temperature increased from 85 C to 90 C. Everything from 90 to 135 C is in the cinnamaldehyde fraction.
There is very little cinnamaldehyde in the benzaldehyde fraction, but there is bound to be a fair quantity of benzaldehyde in the cinnamon fraction (few to several ml?).
Bumping was quite a problem during this vacuum distillation, even though the vacuum was constant, I had to stop the distillation 4 times, to add more anti-bumping granules. I used both glass AB granules
and ground pumice AB granules. This could prove to be a problem for larger batches (distillations) when magnetic stirring is not employed. My electric heating mantles don't have magnetic stirring.
Once the cinnamaldehyde has also been converted to benzaldehyde, the total yield should be around 300g benzaldehyde.
The yield isn't as high as I rather optimistically had hoped. However, I am very pleased with the way this experiment has turned out, especially considering that there are obvious ways the procedure can be
improved.
This is the most benzaldehyde I've ever produced at one time, and from a first try!
Improvements I'm going to undertake are as follows:
1) Distill cinnamon oil before using it in the reaction, I think this may really help to avoid emulsions forming during the extraction phase. Garbage in = garbage out. The non-cinnamaldehyde fraction of the
cinnamon oil really makes a mess. The tar that is left after the distillations is completely insoluble in spirits, soluble in toluene, but far more so in DCM, which was used to remove it from the flasks.
Removing the non-cinn. fraction (dark-brown/black) in the beginning will help to distinguish between reaction by-products and aldehyde that may be degrading at different times during the extractions. If
product is degrading, it is important to narrow down the cause.
The crude DCM extracts of the reaction mix were not washed before distillation, so some sodium carbonate will have been present - this may have degraded a fair amount of product. The extracts were not
washed because of the emulsions issue, if this is remedied by removal of the non-cinn. fraction in the beginning, then the extracts can be washed with good separations.
2) Use magnetic stirring during the 7 hour reaction. This is based on previous experience of reacting 2 phase mixtures during reflux, yields generally suffer markedly when proper mixing is not employed;
reflux alone is not enough to break up those oily droplets.
I will need to make up an oil bath so I can use my mag. stirrer/hotplate during the 7 hour reaction.
3) Use of toluene will be avoided during the extraction. DCM will be used only.
By applying the above improvements, I think the overall yield for this procedure can be drastically improved.
chloric1 posted on 6-2-2005 at 14:48

International Hazard
LOVE the picks
I understand fully about the beauty of the reaction! The pink chewed up electrode was a surreal site. Could imagine it as broken tabel leg encased in bubble gum or a stub of a human arm in the garbage
Posts: 1015
disposal. YUK! But you bring a whole new meaning to digital photgraphy!
Location: closer to the
anode
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Mood: Strongly alkaline In the theater of life its nice to know where the exit doors are located.
Darkfire posted on 6-2-2005 at 14:51

National Hazard
Cyclo this is an awsome thread and your pictures are amazing but, it would be best to link them instead of embeding them in the thread. They stretch the page and take several minutes to load evn on dsl.
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This thread is likley not even loadable to people on narrrowband.

Posts: 292
Location: California
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\"I love being alive and will be the best man I possibly can. I will take love wherever I find it and offer it to everyone who will take it. I will seek knowledge from those wiser and teach those who wish to learn
Mood: Wondering
from me.\" Duane Allman
chloric1 posted on 6-2-2005 at 14:56

Well Darkfire I ahve to agree about loading speed but these are pictures that only the finest resolution could do justice. Maybe Cycloknight could use smaller image size with the smae pixel rating. I know
sometimes I take fine resolution in small sizes to email them.
Posts: 1015
Location: closer to the
anode
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In the theater of life its nice to know where the exit doors are located.
Mood: Strongly alkaline
Eclectic posted on 6-2-2005 at 15:25

Why not steam distill the benzaldehyde and acetal from the cinnamon oil, base mixture as it forms? Anyone have an idea how much water is needed to steam distill 100g benzaldehyde vs 100g
Posts: 725 cinnamaldehyde?
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Mood: Obsessive

Harmless
Benzaldehyde
Thanks for the compliments, I really enjoyed taking the pictures, I'll try to take more of future experiments.
Posts: 45
Registered: 4-8-2003 I have a narrow band internet connection, although the first time loading the page is slow - it is quite accessible. Future visits to the page just involves loading the new picture(s) recently added. Each
Location: United States of image is only about 150kb average. Maybe I should have put at the top of the first page "Narrow band users, stick the kettle on for a cuppa'. "
Britainnia After all, a watched page never loads...
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However, I will do something with the image size, from now on. At first I thought the pictures were expanded by this page, but it turned out to be the other way around..
Mood: Experimental
For any detailed images that are best displayed in a large format, I will simply include the scipics link to click on. That should tidy things up a bit.
Eclectic, I believe that cinnamon oil itself is produced by steam distillation of the plant material, as are most essential oils. Steam distillation of the reaction mixture will distill out everything except the sodium
carbonate and bumping granules.
However, if pure cinnamaldehyde was used at the start of the reaction, I'm reasonably sure steam distillation could be used at the end of the reaction to drive out the reaction products. But it would take at
least a couple gallons of water (steam) to be put through each 2L quantity of reaction mixture to get out all of the aldehyde. This would be good for processing industrial sized batches, without consuming
industrial quantities of solvents.
I may experiment with using a more concentrated solution of sodium carbonate, that way things can be scaled up greatly. I'm quite tempted to process 1L of cinnamaldehyde in 1 reaction just to see what
happens. Or maybe 500ml to start with.
The same quantity of sodium carbonate would be added, just less water.
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I'm curious to see what effect that would have on overall yield.

I'm thinking that the benzaldehyde would steam distill much faster than the cinnamaldehyde. The water layer could be automatically recycled back into the reaction mixture, and if the condenser temp was
Posts: 725 held at 30-40 C, the acetaldehyde should leave the reaction, forcing it to completion. Think of it as an azeotrope with water. It might be worth a test run to see what king of separation you get with a mix of
Registered: 14-11-2004 water, benzaldehyde, and cinnamon oil. Also the patent recomends a surfactant, lecithin would be good for making food grade flavoring.
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Mood: Obsessive

Also, the sodium carbonate is just a basic catalyst for the reverse Diels-Alder addition of water to cinnamaldeyde to split it into benzaldehyde and acetaldeyde. You could just as well start with a few
Posts: 725 tablespoons of baking soda (bicarb).
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Mood: Obsessive
trilobite posted on 7-2-2005 at 09:06

Hazard to Others
Retro-aldol, not Diels-Alder.

Posts: 148
Location: The Palaeozoic
Ocean
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Mood: lonely

Thanks, my bad. :-)

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Mood: Obsessive

Harmless
Increasing yield..
It would be good if it were possible to extract the benzaldehyde out as it forms, it would certainly increase the overall conversion.
Posts: 45 But, if it is possible to get a near total conversion using simple means, then it won't be necessary to extract out the benzaldehyde. Perhaps stirring will result in a much higher conversion.
Registered: 4-8-2003 I will find out soon enough, this evening I distilled out the cinnamaldehyde from the rest of the cinnamon oil. Tomorrow, I will add the other 128g to the 300 ml (I haven't weighed it yet) I've just distilled.
Location: United States of What do you folks think will happen if the dilution is decreased?
Britainnia I'm considering reacting the roughly 430g I have left, in one reaction in a 3 L RBF. If I fill the 3 L RBF with 2.5 L of liquid, then that is a dilution of approx. 40%.
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I can also let it react for a few hours longer, I don't yet have any reason to think that would do any harm.
Mood: Experimental Any ideas?
Here are a couple photos I took of the cinnamon distillate earlier this evening:
http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/cycloswirlies.jpg
http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/cycloswirlies2.jpg

Use a surfactant and stir. More surface area between cinnamon oil and water should speed up conversion. Use hot water for reflux if you don't want to try the steam azeotrope distillation idea, as that will at
least allow the acealdehyde to escape.
Posts: 725
Registered: 14-11-2004 If you use a distillation column and distill off the benzaldehyde as if forms, you won't need to do an extraction or distillation later. You might need some way to return the upper water layer to the boiler
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automatically though. I don't have the composition of the steam/benzaldehyde at hand, and it could be a lot of water for a small amount of product.
Mood: Obsessive

Harmless
Benzaldehyde
If all goes well, I should have the last batch of cinnamaldehyde (to benza.)started this evening.
Posts: 45 I'm leaning towards carrying it out using the higher concentration of sodium carbonate that I mentioned before. That would really speed things up. Could you imagine processing 3 litres of cinnamon oil?
Registered: 4-8-2003 That would require a 7 hour reflux for 30 litres! With good mixing remember..
Location: United States of With these new concentrations, it would only require around half of that, not too bad.
Britainnia
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I'm very much looking forward to see what kind of yields can be expected from now on using this more concentrated variation.
Mood: Experimental Things would be more scientific if I were to do exactly what I did before except this time apply the improvements I mentioned. I intend to apply those improvements AND using the higher concentration (less
water).
If things turn out bad, it could be difficult to narrow down the cause.
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But, I'm in a rather optimistic mood - go for gold shall I?

If anyone can see any reason why I could end up ruining all of my remaining cinnamaldehyde based on the changes I've proposed, please speak now,
or forever hold your peace...
I'm going to use:

1) approx. 430g cinnamaldehyde
2) 125g NaCO3
3) >2L of boiled water
If I use 2 L of water, then I've more than doubled the concentration from before.
Shall I start with say, a 10 hour stirred reflux? Or perhaps I should increase it to 14?
Magnetic stirring will be as rapid as I can get it, as long as the stir bar remains stable.
I dare say, that it may be possible to increase the conversion rate, by adding a solvent to help dissolve the cinnamaldehyde (or the original oil). Such as 10% ethanol?
I won't do that this time though, too many unknown variables.
Maybe next time, depending on the yield I can manage this time.
Now on to the toluene oxidation.
Just as a reminder to those just joining this page, MAA = manganese-ammonium alum, and MAS = manganese-ammonium sulphate. MAA is the dark red oxidizer.
Yellow MAS is converted to dark red MAA in the acid cell when current is applied.
The toluene oxidation cell experiment is still ongoing, and will be for a while. However, I've been observing some rather bizaare things going on. I don't yet have any pictures of this. I am for the first time,
now starting to find oxidizer masses growing on the cathode, this happened when the cathode was submerged in MAS silt. I have also observed little masses of oxidizer growing on the sides of the
beaker...
Also, when the "anodemites" are allowed to form when STIRRING has been applied, the unoxidized silt gets "cemented" into the precipitating oxidizer as well, to form a wierd, solid conglomerate of MAA,
and MAS.
Also, if the anode doesn't have any oxidizer deposit on it, then it takes quite a while for some to form.
But, if there is an oxidizer deposit already formed, then that deposit rapidly grows larger - towards the cathode, with the passage of more current.
I think I may have found a simple, working solution for making up the oxidizing paste.
Basically, a saturated cell (dark red/violet, like blackcurrent juice) is used to turn manganese-ammonium sulphate into MAA which immediately precipitates out. My cell is saturated, any more MAA that
forms, just precipitates out or forms on the anode.
Once the cell is made, enough MAS is added so that when enough current has been passed, you will have a saturated solution of MAA.
If too much MAS is added, you will have MAA precipitate, so it is not a problem.
With the saturated cell made up, start oxidizing kg quantities of MAS, that was prepared earlier.
Once it has been converted to the dark red salt, pour off as much of the acid/oxidizer mixture as possible. Remove the dark red salt and store in a sealed acid-proof container until ready to use, then pour
the cell acid (that you poured off) back into the cell.
Some of the acid will still be in the dark red "paste" you just removed, that is good since without it the MAA will decompose into MnO2 - but after a few runs there will be no acid left in the cell!
That is fine if you only want a few kg of MAA, but if you want to make more more - you will need to replace that acid, and make sure the acid concentration is unchanged. The occasional titration wouldn't
do any harm to work out the acid concentration, over time it will be altered by moisture, and water loss due to electrolysis. I'm reasonably confident this will work, because it's essentially the same process
I've been applying all along, only without the benzoic acid issues. But having to replace consumed acid, that's all.
So, you see - with this variation the saturated cell is just used as a "converter", converts MAS into MAA.
This way, no benzoic acid is ever formed!
The cell is NEVER heated! Before returning spent MAA (not MAS) back to the cell, make sure it is clean, and free of organics or you will end up with the benzoic acid complications I encountered before.
Avoid it. To clean up the MAS before regeneration, you can :
A) use low boiling solvents to clean up the mixture, then evorate at low temp.
or
B) Use steam distillation just for cleaning up the mix, but you will lose some of your sulphuric acid. The loss isn't that bad actually, but over time you will have to keep replacing it.
I haven't yet tried my pH meter to work out the cell acid concentration, I would have thought that 60% H2SO4 is right off the scale...
Here is a photo of the MAA that I've been removing from the anode:
http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/oxidizingpaste.jpg
The next thing to do, is to work out a procedure for producing the MAS complex, without losses. This will involve mixing up stoichiometric proportions of manganese sulphate and ammonium sulphate in
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sulphuric acid solution.

Again, the same solution (saturated) can be used over and over for making larger quantities of MAS, I'm sure. Otherwise, you will make up you sulphuric acid, then precipitate your MAS (by adding MS to
an excess of AS in sulphuric acid), and then what are you going to do with that acid solution, throw it away? Make some diethyl sulphate? Who knows. It would be good to be able to use the same acid
solution for making up ALL of your MAS.
When I first made my cell, like I explained in an earlier post - I simply added MS to an excess of AS in the cell. My justification for doing this was this :
"Well, if I make up the acid solution and collect the yellow MAS precipitate, I need to keep it wet so I still can't weigh it to work out the exact quantity of oxidizer.."
But, if you use the acid solution, you may not know the exact quantity each time, but you can be pretty sure that it is reasonably pure. Again, and again and again - without building up ammonium sulphate
in your cell. If ammonium sulphate precipitates in the MAS acid solution, then it should be obvious by it's colour.
However, I have 2 slight problems when it comes to scaling up:

1) I'm all out of MnSO4 reagent.
and
2) My transformer only puts out 2 amps.
I've been putting alot more than 120 amp hours to get a decent conversion. Probably due to organic acid that is still in the mix.
Needless to say, I won't be heating my cell to drive off solvent any more. Heating just cause more problems than it solves..
Believe me, I would only be too happy to make a 5 batch, 5 Kg, double-regenerating cell system, working on a rotating shift. Everything would be recycled, and this process would run 24/7.
Heck, the more cells the better.

Harmless
Mass Production
For mass production of benzaldehyde from toluene, the air oxidation of toluene isn't so bad.
Posts: 45 Probably alot easier for some than for others.
Location: United States of But if one wanted to go the electrochemical route, here is one way:
Britainnia
Member Is Offline
I should emphasise that this assumes recycling of the oxidizer. It is kinder to the environment to recycle the oxidizer, but not at all essential. It could be skipped if one were in a hurry, simply by following the
Mood: Experimental steps outlined in the last post to make a suitable quantity of MAA for a single reaction - to make the desired quantity of benzaldehyde. That would shorten the following process greatly.
For 24/7 mass production, there are 9 main steps involved in this process, and some can be carried out at the same time (multi-tasking = good time management!), and others can be combined - more on
that later. Here they are:
1) MAA regeneration. May contain many individual cells, working in shift, with say 1 complete every 2 hours.
2) MAA settling. Pour cell mix into acid-proof container container, it must be left undisturbed for at least several hours to allow the MAA to settle out at the bottom. This stage may be made up of a few
containers, each holding one batch. When one is added for settling, one is transfered to the next stage.
3) Pour off the saturated acid/MAA. This liquid will now go back to the cell for the next regeneration. You will now be left with a batch equivalent of dark red paste, it will probably still have an inch of liquid
on top, it will not interfere.
4) Put into storage container. It would be a good idea to make this container have a several "batch" capacity. So, lets just say that each "step" involves 1Kg batches. Then build up a "buffer" inventory in
this storage container of perhaps a few to several Kg of MAA. That way, if an accident occurs or the power goes out, you can still process toluene 'round the clock; this inventory will act as a buffer for your
system - though not essential. Steps 1,2 and 3 simply add to this container, remove oxidizer in portions you are able to react at a time, maybe 3kg reactions at a time will be possible? Probably easier than
3 separate, time consuming 1kg reactions at 50 C.
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5) Remove predetermined portion of MAA from storage container, and place in acid proof reaction vessel. This vessel must be fitted with some form of overhead mechanical stirring. It should at lest have a
partiall sealed top, to help contain odours (and minimise evaporation of your toluene). A large excess of DRY TOLUENE is added. A large excess will be necessary if you are going to use mechanical
stirring. This stirring mechanism would not be hard to make, easy from a power drill and an acid resistant rod. A fast spinning axle with a small impeller should be good for really whipping up the reaction
mixture into a toluene/MAA milkshake. (The lower the temperature this reaction can be made to happen, then the better it probably will be).
6) Solvent (with large amount of dissolved benzaldehyde) is poured off. You may wish to add additional toluene to extract out as much of the benzaldehyde as possible. Use the mechanical mixer for each
extraction.
7) Washing the solvent. Wash with water to remove excess acid. You may wish to back extract this water to reclaim some residual benzaldehyde/solvent. You could use a different solvent for the back
extraction to conserve toluene. The water extracts could be fractionally distilled to recover some cell acid.
***This benzaldehyde laden solvent is the output from this process, it is put into a storage container and is removed when practical to do so, for the distillation process.***
8) MAS is transferred to solvent removal stage. This could be a vacuum vessel, or some kind of evaporator, or a solvent extraction using a low boiling solvent. Preferably low boiling as in < 50 C low
boiling, maybe a higher pb could be used, uncertain at this time. A combination of (low boiling point) solvent extraction with subsequent vacuum evaporation could be used, or just plain old evaporation in a
lowe humidity area, on a large acid resistant sheet could be used? Lots of possibilities.
9) MAS goes straight back into saturated MAA cell solution (from step 3) for regeneration, in 1 or more separate cells.
***Distillation process is run under vacuum. The first distillation could be run at normal pressure to drive off the toluene, then what remains is transferred to the vacuum distillation stage. Even a rather small
vessel could do this, it would not have to be very big. I'm sure even a 250ml vessel could handle the output from this process, unless your regen cells were pumping out one heck of a current...No need for
large vac. vessels***
Okay, I bet you're thinking this all sounds kinda complicated, well - it doens't have to be. Some of the steps can not only run at the same time, they can be combined.
For instance, 1 very large single cell could be run with a large hold up, say a few Kg solid material. Then, 1 Kg at a time can simply be removed when needed for the reaction, and the expended oxidizer
from the last reaction (MAS) put back into the cell when convenient to do so.
Using that approach solves alot of practical issues, it just means that the cell will never be 100% regenerated at any given time - but who cares? Just keep an eye on the colour of the mix, keep it a dark-ish
red, and make sure you keep organic solvent out of the regenerating mixture.
That large cell could also be the settling tank as well. Just switch it off for a while, it will settle pretty good in just a couple hours - if you are in a hurry. A scoop can retrieve the red paste or sludge from teh
bottom, it's not difficult, believe me.
For a large single cell, some kind of overhead stirring would be a good idea -though I'm unclear how essential it would be (at this time).
Chunks of oxidizer that collect on the anode could either be A) broken off and mixed EVENLY with the solid material or B) maybe collected and used as the oxidizer. This would avoid the need to switch it
off.
It is perhaps worth noting that this roto-batch style process - like most processes - has it's continual process equivalent, I think people oten refer to that as "going technical"
The continual process equivalent would use a MAA saturated solution of cell acid, that is pumped via the process equivalent of all the above steps/stages.
Only that instead of working with a solid mixture, you would be working with an acid solution (at some stages red, at others yellow), which is not without it's own set of challenges...ie. acid-resistant pipes,
pumps, level regulators, flow controllers, etc. would need to be obtained.
Or the batch system could be miniaturised to produce benzaldehyde more regularly, only on a more manageable scale.
Doing EVERYTHING in single individual stages is alot of work.

Although the above proposal may have a solid material (MAA and MAS) holdup of perhaps 8 or 10Kg, running 10kg batches in single steps would be a nightmare, and very slow. It would be frustrating
doing nothing, but waiting for your 10kg to regenerate.
If you were actually able to work with 10Kg batches, you would be thinking, hey I could be reacting another 10kg right now, and then extracting 10Kg, and then washing...
Maybe someone will actually do that, there's an idea?
10 sounds a lot better than 1.
75 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

Harmless
Update
This is just an update on the reaction I started this evening.

Posts: 45
Registered: 4-8-2003 Chemical used:
Britainnia ~430g Cinnamon aldehyde
Member Is Offline 120g sodium carbonate
2L boiled tap water
Mood: Experimental
The 2 flasks at the front contain (from left to right) cinnamaldehyde and benzaldehyde. At the back: cinnamonaldehyde (green, freshly distilled), undistilled toluene, and benzaldehyde from the last toluene
oxidation run. Note the colour change of the cinnamaldehyde, it has changed from orange to burgandy, since it was distilled 2 days ago.!
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Fancy a cuppa' benzaldehyde anyone? Great! I'll just pop the kettle on!
The 120g sodiumcarbonate is still dissolving in the dish of hot water.
The magic ingredients. http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/2magicingredients2.jpg

Yes, thats right - I shop at Tesco supermarket, the best for quality low prices.
77 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

Not as high tech as my Heidolph MR 3003, but it will do the job.
Bumping granules. Pumice granules are generally much better for oily mixtures. I found a large lump of pumice in a field, and smashed it to powder with a hammer.
(Glass left, pumice right)
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Making up the oil bath.
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A closer look at the oily mixture:

http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/2cyclooilydroplets.jpg
A dude's eye view of the overall setup:

http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/2cyclosetup.jpg
80 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01


Harmless
Cinnamon experiment #2, update
I refluxed the mixture for 12 hours straight.

Posts: 45 I started the reflux yesterday at 20:00,
Registered: 4-8-2003 and I switched off the hotplate at around 08:30 this morning. I came home from work at lunchtime and switched on the heating only for about 30 minutes and after work I switched off the stirrer at 18:30.
Britainnia Eclectic had suggested that I try steam distilling the mixture instead of using solvents to do the extraction directly.
Member Is Offline
This is what I'm doing just now.
Mood: Experimental
There are many ways this could benefit the process.
If benzaldehyde distils off much faster than the residual cinnamaldehyde, then steam distilling will help to get the remaining cinnamaldehyde reacted. At this time, this does APPEAR to be happening.
The magnetic stirring was a fairly subtle process, and I'm sure that any droplets that didn't get broken up overnight, sure are atomised now.
This is the reaction mixture just before I started the steam distillation.
A closer look at the mixed top layer after the reaction, just before the steam distillation.
http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/2cyclotoplayermixed.jpg
This is the pot for the pressure cooker that I use to generate the steam.
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This is an essential tool for steam distillation. It is just a bent glass tube connected to some rubber tubes, this makes it flexible and so won't get damaged by the very turbulent mixture. The tube is bent 180
deg at the end to prevent rather disturbing back pressures that are produced when a large bubble of steam is sudddenly released, this way the steam is always moving upwards through the mixture. This
really helps to maintain a constant flow of steam.
http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/2steamdistillationtool.jpg
Here is the overall steam distillation setup. I'm sure it fairly self explanatory.
http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/2cyclosteamdistillation2.jpg
Same again.
http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/2Cyclosteamdistillation.jpg
The steam is distilling through at a moderate rate.

http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/2cyclo3neck2.jpg
Oily droplets can be seen running down the inside of the 1L volumetric flask.
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A closer look at the oil droplets.

http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/2cyclooildroplets.jpg
Here is the liquid that has been collected so far. This is the total amount of steam that has been condensed.
I guess the question is: Has the reaction been a success?
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I could be real scientific (yawn..) and say that we will have to wait 'till the experiment is finished and the product distilled to work out the composition.
I've tasted the steam condensate a few times, and I can say right now that the steam condensate tastes considerably "hotter" than the pure cinnamaldehyde I started off with!
That must be a good sign.
There is clearly only a small percentage of total oil in the condensate.
Here are the latest images:
These pictures were taken just as the first litre had finished coming over, the oil at the bottom is approximately 50ml or more.
http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/cyclodrip.jpg
http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/sideview.jpg
http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/yield.jpg
http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/yield2.jpg
At one stage the cooling water stopped flowing because some of the cooling water boiled in the condenser.
When this occurred the benzaldehyde laden steam didn't condense and filled up the house with a seriously eye stinging cherry aroma, in just several seconds.
I may have just found the world's most wonderful smelling tear gas.
It is now after 11pm where I live, and I will need to continue this tomorrow evening. So far exactly 2 litres have been condensed. It contains at least 100ml of free benzaldehyde laden oil, though I think that
is a conservative estimate - it may be as high as 200ml.

Harmless
Cinnamon experiment #2 results
Steam distillation has now been completed.

Posts: 45
Registered: 4-8-2003 This is the mixture before I resumed the steam distillation this evening.
Britainnia
Member Is Offline
Mood: Experimental
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Rubber tubing dissolved, just used a straight glass tube for the remainder of the distillation. The tube on the left is the same time of tube before being exposed to benzaldehyde, and the tube on the right it
how it looks now. Benzaldehyde has turned the rubber tube in a cherry lollipop.
If I didn't know better, I would eat it.
http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/dissolvedrubber.jpg
Earlier I added approximately 3g of lecithin. As you can see, some foaming did occur. This was no problem, my vigreux made swift work of it.
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This is approximately 80% of the total oil product, not including the oil still mixed with the water. The condensate has yet to be extracted.
After the above photo was taken, about another 40ml of oil was recovered from further condensate.
In total, about 200ml of free oil has been recovered from the steam distillation. With each litre of condensate, there is about a tablespoon of more product. So, here the point of diminishing returns is
approaching..
I don't know how much benzaldehyde is still held up in the water, so far - I've condensed 6 litres (~1.5 gal.) of water, which has removed most of the product. There is about another 200ml of oil
unaccounted for.
I am quite certain that the free oil so far collected is almost pure benzaldehyde. If there is any cinnamaldehyde in it, it must be less than 5%. It is not even slightly noticable.
If the other 200ml has been degraded and is still in the mix then it could be due to either the increased concentration, or it could be down to the steam distillation - I am unsure.
I could try the reaction again, only shortening the reaction time to 4 hours or less, then start steam distilling. Perhaps a 12hr reaction + a day stirring + steam distillation for 4 hours + cooled + steam
distilled again the next day for another 4 hours is a bit too aggressive for the aldehyde mixture. I will do it again, but I will need to wait until I get more cinnamon reagent.
Once I have extracted the 6L of water, I should have a better idea of the overall reaction efficiency.
I think this reaction is a good one to do while you wait for your cell to regenerate.
Speaking of which, now on to the toluene oxidation..
This is a picture of the cell + the pure oxidizer I have been removing from the anode.
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Aren't they both so cute? The chemical equivalent of Dr. Evil and Mini Me.
They will both get put to work soon enough.
Note the colour, this is the colour of a fully regenerated cell. If I wanted to run a bigger reaction, all I would need to do is separate the saturated MAA solution from the MAA, then add MAS and electrolyse
and repeat until I had the total quantity I desired, topping up with acid solution when necessary.
It just so happens I don't have the reagents to make up more MAS, at the moment at least.
Here is a recent shot of the anode, still encrusted with MAA oxidizer.
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Note, that even with constant passage of over 2 A electrical current since this thread was started, there is still no discernible corrosion on either electrode.
Only some discolouring is visible. These electrodes will last a very, very long time.
I may just keep my steam distillation apparatus assembled and use it to recover my benzaldehyde from the next toluene oxidation run, just like I used to do. Having to replace some leached out acid now
and again, isn't so bad really.

Harmless
Okay, this is what the mix looks like after the steam distillation.
http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/2finishedproduct.jpg
Posts: 45
Britainnia
Member Is Offline
Mood: Experimental
This is the total product, the free oil is on the left, the total DCM extract of the condensate is on the right.
88 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

This is the total extract from the condensate, after the DCM was boiled off. The oil weighs approximately 65 grams.
This is a photo of the benzaldehyde distillate, if you look closely you can see it was taken immediately as a drop had splashed into the benzaldehyde.
http://www.sciencemadness.org/scipics/2drophit.jpg
89 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

200g from previous experiment was added to the oil obtained from the steam distillation. Yield from this experiment is approximately 183g in very pure form.
Final product, 383g pure benzaldehyde
The true total is probably closer to 400g, however I let some of the benzaldehyde distil over with the toluene so I would have pure benzaldehyde without any toluene. I added about 50ml toluene to dry the
benzaldehyde, hence the water-clear appearance.
183g from 430g isn't too bad. I did not plan to steam distil, it was a last minute decision.
Using a much shorter reflux time, and then steam distilling will no doubt produce much higher yields, IMO. I think it is definitely worth another try.
After I add in the benzaldehyde from my recent toluene oxidation experiments, I will have over 500ml of pure benzaldehyde.
Time well spent, I'd say.

Harmless
Not too shabby!
Well, there you have it folks - the end of chapter 1. Now go forth and be fruitful!
Posts: 45
Registered: 4-8-2003 I would be very interested to know if anyone else manages to carry out either of these processes.
Britainnia The more who do, the better. Purely for the benefit of the advancement of amateur science, that is. We amateurs have to look after ourselves ya' know?
Member Is Offline
Mood: Experimental
Please don’t hesitate to PM me if you have any questions I can help with.
I will carry out another scaled up variation of the cinnamon experiment at some point in the future, but it won't be for a little while yet. It will probably be another steam distillation variation and then I’ll leave
this process alone. It’s been done enough, by me at least.
In the mean time, I will be compiling another photo essay for a completely different process for a different thread. I will post it only when it has been completed.
If all goes well, it should make very interesting viewing .
90 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

psychokitty posted on 12-2-2005 at 23:19

Harmless
You may want to read this before your last trial
( 1 of 1 )
Posts: 10
Registered: 5-12-2004 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Member Is Offline United States Patent 4,673,766
Buck , et al. June 16, 1987
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Method of producing benzaldehyde
Abstract
A method is disclosed for producing benzaldehyde by fractionally steam distilling benzaldehyde from cinnamaldehyde in the presence of hydroxide catalyst and at a pH on the order of about 11 to about 13.
Conversions of cinnamaldehyde to benzaldehyde can be achieved on the order of about 75% or more.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inventors: Buck; Keith T. (Cincinnati, OH); Boeing; Anthony J. (Cincinnati, OH); Dolfini; Joseph E. (Cincinnati, OH)
Assignee: Mallinckrodt, Inc. (St. Louis, MO)
Appl. No.: 856595
Filed: April 25, 1986
Current U.S. Class: 568/433; 568/458

Intern'l Class: C07C 045/51
Field of Search: 568/433,458
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References Cited [Referenced By]
Other References
Guthrie et al., Can. Jour. Chem., vol. 62 (1984), 1441-1445.
Primary Examiner: Helfin; Bernard

Attorney, Agent or Firm: Wood, Herron & Evans
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Claims
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What is claimed is:
1. A method of making benzaldehyde com- prising
dispersing cinnamaldehyde in water,
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converting the cinnamaldehyde to benzaldehyde under the action of heat in the presence of a catalytic amount of hydroxide ion and at a pH of about 11 to about 13,
fractionally steam distilling benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde from the cinnamaldehyde, and
recovering benzaldehyde from the distillate.
2. The method of claim 1 which is conducted at a pH in the range of about 12 to about 12.5.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the benzaldehyde distillate resulting from the steam distillation is fractionally distilled for separation of the benzaldehyde in substantially pure form.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the acetaldehyde is vaporized during the course of the conversion while the benzaldehyde is condensed.
5. The method of claim 1 conducted in the presence of an anionic surfactant.
6. The method of claim 1 conducted under shearing agitation to facilitate the dispersion of the cinnamaldehyde in the water.
7. A method of making benzaldehyde com- prising
dispersing cinnamaldehyde in water in the presence of an anionic surfactant,
agitating the dispersion under the action of heat in the presence of a catalytic amount of hydroxide ion and at a pH of about 12 to about 12.5 for the conversion of cinnamaldehyde to benzaldehyde,
fractionally steam distilling benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde from the cinnamaldehyde in a still having a pot temperature of about 105.degree. C. and a column temperature of about 99.degree. C., and
fractionally distilling the benzaldehyde from the distillate for the separation of substantially pure benzaldehyde to obtain a yield of at least about 75% based upon the cinnamaldehyde.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein cassia oil is employed as a natural source for the cinnamaldehyde employed in the conversion.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Description
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The retroaldol reaction of cinnamaldehyde is well known. In this reaction, cinnamaldehyde is converted to benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde with various potential side reactions. Recently, for example, an
investigation of the kinetics of the retroaldol reaction of cinnamaldehyde has been reported by J. Peter Guthrie, et al, Can. J. Chem., Vol. 62, pp. 1441-1445 (1984). While the conversion of the
cinnamaldehyde to benzaldehyde has been long known and well studied, it has not been heretofore known to produce benzaldehyde from cinnamaldehyde in substantial yields and favorable reaction
conditions for production of such yields have not been reported.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention is directed to a method of making benzaldehyde by conversion of cinnamaldehyde in the presence of water with surprisingly high yields heretofore unachieved. The invention involves the
dispersion of cinnamaldehyde in water and, in the presence of an effective catalytic amount of hydroxide ion, fractionally steam distilling benzaldehyde from the cinnamaldehyde. The reaction is conducted
at a pH on the order of about 11 to about 13 and, unexpectedly, within this pH range it has been discovered that a substantial conversion of cinnamaldehyde to benzaldehyde can be achieved on the order
of about 75% or more. It has also been found that the conversion may be achieved at such a high pH without adverse side reactions.
In a preferred mode of conducting the method, the cinnamaldehyde is dispersed in the water in the presence of shearing agitation and a surfactant. In another aspect of this invention, it is preferred to
employ an anionic surfactant such as sodium lauryl sulfate. Preferably, the hydroxide ion is furnished by means of sodium hydroxide which also achieves the pH in the range of about 11 to about 13. It has
critically been determined that the fractional steam distillation of benzaldehyde from the cinnamaldehyde must be conducted at a pH within the range of about 11 to about 13, preferably about 12 to about
12.5. Below and above this pH range, very poor conversions are obtained of 50% or far less and competing reactions interfere with the production of benzaldehyde. Outside of this critical pH range, side
reactions, polymerization and other adverse reactions prohibit any significant yield of benzaldehyde. Yet, within the pH range of about 11 to about 13, especially about 12 to about 12.5, significant yields on
the order of 75% or greater are achieved and benzaldehyde is recoverable in substantially pure form free of side reaction products. These results are considered to be unexpected especially at the high
pHs of the reaction where it may have been expected that side reactions would have significantly lessened or prevented the yield for the desired product.
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During the course of the fractional steam distillation of benzaldehyde from the cinnamaldehyde, acetaldehyde is also vaporized and removed. The removal of acetaldehyde thus prevents the forward
polymerization reaction which otherwise competes in the presence of the catalyst. The benzaldehyde which has been steam distilled is then subsequently fractionally distilled for separation of the
benzaldehyde from other components in the distillate such as minor amounts of acetaldehyde, terpenes and orthomethoxybenzaldehyde. It has also been found that a natural source for the
cinnamaldehyde such as cassia oil may be employed containing a substantial amount of the natural cinnamaldehyde. Thus, a natural product such as cassia oil may be employed in the fractional steam
distillation method of this invention and still the significant yields on the order of about 75% or more are achieved.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following detailed operating example illustrates the practice of the invention in its most preferred form, thereby enabling a person of ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention. The principles of
this invention, its operating parameters and other obvious modifications thereof will be understood in view of the following detailed procedure.
OPERATING EXAMPLE
A solution was made up from 38.6 lbs. sodium hydroxide, 4 lbs. sodium lauryl sulfate and 10 liters antifoam agent in 760 gallons of water. The solution was stirred until a homogeneous solution was
obtained. Then, 1320 lbs. of cassia oil were placed in a 1150 gallon still. The oil contained approximately 72% by weight of cinnamaldehyde. The still had a pot volume of about 1150 gallons onto which
was mounted a 4 foot fractionating column containing 1".times.1" ceramic tubes and a water cooled condenser was thereafter connected in series for condensing the benzaldehyde-water azeotrope.
The above prepared sodium hydroxide solution was then added to the cassia oil and introduced into the pot of the still. The pot was equipped with a stirrer. Using pressurized steam and vigorous stirring,
the pot was heated to reflux with a pot temperature of 105.degree. C. Reflux was established with a column head temperature of about 99.degree. C. Once reflux was established, it was continued for
about 1 hour. During the course of the conversion of the cinnamaldehyde in the cassia oil to benzaldehyde, pH was monitored and was maintained at about 12 to about 12.5. In the event the pH fell below
about 12, sodium hydroxide was added to bring the pH back up to the range of about 12-12.5. After refluxing for about 1 hour, take-off of the water-benzaldehyde azeotrope was initiated. The water cooled
condenser was operated at 100.degree. F. thereby enabling the water-benzaldehyde azeotrope to be condensed and collected in a chilled receiver. The acetaldehyde by-product was principally vaporized
at the temperature of the condenser and was taken off as vapor. The distillate principally containing benzaldehyde in an amount of about 75% or more with minor amounts of cinnamaldehyde, terpenes,
orthomethoxybenzaldehyde and acetaldehyde was obtained. The crude benzaldehyde was thus collected in a chilled receiver and, in a continuous feed operation the condensed water was continuously
fed back to the still to replace what had been taken off and the distillation of the azeotrope continued. The fractional steam distillation of the crude benzaldehyde continued until about 670 lbs. of crude
benzaldehyde were obtained. The crude distillate containing benzaldehyde was then dried under vacuum and fractionally distilled under vacuum of about 29" thereby providing a boiling point for the
benzaldehyde at about 70.degree. C. in order to obtain a substantially pure benzaldehyde free from residual terpenes and other impurities.
Thus, by means of practicing the above process, the objectives of this invention are achieved in that cinnamaldehyde is converted into benzaldehyde in substantially pure form even from the natural source
of cassia oil. Surprisingly, it has been found that substantial yields in excess of 75% or more of substantially pure benzaldehyde are achieved by this method. Moreover, it has been found that there is a
surprising window of high pH at which the conversion may take place in a fractional steam distillation column in order to separate the benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde from the reaction mixture and still
avoid the adverse side reactions from occurring.
Having described this invention and its operating parameters, variations may be achieved without departing from the spirit and scope hereof.
*****
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Harmless
Another leap forward...
Very good work psychokitty!

Posts: 45
Registered: 4-8-2003 I don't know how you found that, but that looks pretty darned good.
Location: United States of I'll carry out this new procedure for the last trial, with usual pics.
Britainnia 75% yields? Got to be worth a shot.
Member Is Offline
Mood: Experimental
93 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

synthetika posted on 13-2-2005 at 18:14

Harmless
Toluene to Benzaldehyde
Hi all,
Posts: 1 We too, are really interested in this particular subject,
Registered: 13-2-2005 We are now looking at some similar, and some new methods as well,
Member Is Offline
These pictures are just too good, They are sharp, and fruitfull with shit loads of needed, sometimes misunderstood info,
Syn
I believe that the persufate of Ammonia, works very well, having done it a few times, and the yields are very high
http://www.shroogle.org/synthetika
[Edited on 14-2-2005 by synthetika]
Taz posted on 5-3-2005 at 23:28

Harmless
cinnamon oil
Would it matter if the cinnamon oil is

Posts: 9
Registered: 5-3-2005 derived from the bark or the leaves?
Member Is Offline
Polverone posted on 6-3-2005 at 01:41

Super Administrator
Yes
The leaf oil has a much lower concentration of cinnamaldehyde than the bark oil. You want the bark oil (or pure cinnamaldehyde if you can get it).
Posts: 2300
Registered: 19-5-2002 [Edited on 3-6-2005 by Polverone]
Location: The Sunny
Pacific Northwest
Member Is Offline
Mood: walking on
sunshine PGP Key and corresponding e-mail
paccman278 posted on 8-3-2005 at 04:18

Harmless
swip came across some mno2 today, how would one get to mnso4 from the mno2. would heatin it with sulfuric work? swip wants it for the electrocell.
Posts: 13
Member Is Offline
94 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

Mood: do U care?
solo posted on 8-3-2005 at 19:57

Re: Benzaldehyde from toluene
I recently ran into this threads about the current subject which may be of some assistance ........or not,....solo
Posts: 2392
Location: Estados Unidos http://home.ripway.com/2004-11/211899/toluene_benzylchloride_drone....
de La Republica Mexicana
Member Is Offline
http://home.ripway.com/2004-11/211899/everymans_toluene.txt
Mood: ....flashback to the
sunshine
It\'s better to die on your feet, than live on your knees....Emiliano Zapata...\"Prefiero morir de pie que vivir siempre arrodillado.\"
aldol posted on 10-3-2005 at 01:51

Harmless
benzaldahyde
the best way to benz is with bezyl alcohol

Posts: 30
and reacting with mno2 works good
Member Is Offline
garage chemist posted on 1-4-2005 at 10:54

Today I tried to make some benzaldehyde, just because it smells nice.

In reference to the method from neograviton I mixed 0,1mol MnO2 with 0,1mol conc. H2SO4, added water until it was a paste and evaporated the water until white fumes appeared.
Posts: 1506 I added a solution of 10ml H2SO4 in 40ml water and stirred it for a while, it dissolved very slowly. After a while, I poured the black sludge into an erlenmeyer flask and added 20ml toluene (reagent grade,
Registered: 16-8-2004 extra pure) and stirred it rapidly with a magnetic stirrer.
Location: Germany After 30min. at about 50°C, there was not the slightest smell of benzaldehyde. I have no idea what I have done wrong.
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The electrolytic method from CycloKnight is of course ideal for mass production, but the manufacture of the reagents consumes LOTS of H2SO4: first the production of MnSO4, then the ammonium sulfate
(I have to prepare this from H2SO4 and ammonia) and the cell again needs lots of H2SO4.
I considered setting up a small- scale electrolytic cell, but a cell containing 47,5g MAA, 45ml H2O and 79g 98% H2SO4 can, after electrolysis, oxidise only 4g of toluene. Separating this very thin organic
phase from the electrolyte would be very difficult.
Organikum posted another interesting process:

"300kg toluene and 700kg H2SO4 65% are mixed under stirring. 90kg MnO2 are added as fine powder under strong stirring. Temperature is kept at about 40°C. After all MnO2 is added stirring is
continued for some time, toluene and benzaldehyde is recovered by steamdistillation."
Maybe activated MnO2 (obtained by boiling in dilute HCl) is required. I'll try this out soon.
EDIT: Sorry, I didn't read the entire thread. The MnO2 route gives lousy results... hmm, seems like I have no other choice than to use the elektrolytic method.
95 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

Didn't Polverone once speak of a catalytic process where toluene is oxidised with air?
[Edited on 1-4-2005 by garage chemist]

I am going to try out "activated" MnO2 in H2SO4 because nobody here tried this until now.
Posts: 1506 I boiled 20g of MnO2 (sold as "manganese black" from a pigment supplier) with 100ml 2,5% HCl for 1h 30min. There was no detectable chlorine smell, but the chlorine might have dissolved in the very
Registered: 16-8-2004 dilute HCl.
Location: Germany I tried to filter it and it totally clogged the filter, after 3 hours it still wasn't done. A large amount of MnO2 passed through the filter, too.
Member Is Offline I did a second batch and after boiling, I diluted it with 150ml water and I am letting it stand overnight so that the MnO2 can settle. Tomorrow I'll decant it and let it dry.
I'll be away for a week (starting tomorrow evening) so I can't do any experiments.
aldol posted on 2-4-2005 at 14:30

Harmless
benzaldahyde
I no what you mean about hard to filter

Posts: 30 you could try to let it settle out over night and then decant most of the filtrate first then filter.
Registered: 7-3-2005 or use a sintered glass funnell this will help heaps.
Member Is Offline can anyone tell me why the sodium bisulphite addition is not contenplated
for the seperation of the aldahyde .
i no the yeilds are a little bit down but gee's it will make the seperation easier
transmuter posted on 18-4-2005 at 18:57

Harmless
toluene_»benzaldehyde
Thanks Organikum.
Posts: 3
Registered: 17-4-2005 Tried your "neograviton" posting & achieved a result. Only a small amount at this stage as I need to to make a small modification to equipement. Will do another run within about a week looking for better
Location: gwondanaland results. Used MnO2 from a pottery shop, said it was tech grade. Cheap.
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In regards the H2O2 method as per Pat. US 3531519, it makes very small quantities.The concern there seems to be the risk of creating to much benzoic acid. Maybe a hybrid could be developed using
Mood: questioning
H2O2 in place of Mn compounds. Pat. US 780404 & Pat. US 808095 both make the claim that under the conditions perscribed no benzoic acid is formed.
Congratulations CycloKnight you have done a super job & thanks for making your progress available. May try the process at a later stage. One step at a time.
Just a guess but maybe the buildup of your "anodemites" are due to the relatively low current being used as against what is recommended i.e. 2 amps instead of closer to 8.

clandustrial priest
96 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

Posts: 1984
Quote:
Location: Europe
Member Is Offline
Garage Chemist wrote:
Mood: Missing the old I mixed 0,1mol MnO2 with 0,1mol conc. H2SO4, added water until it was a paste
SCM....
This cannot work when you add water and the method didn´t call for this.
The neogravitron method for sure works and it is the only non-electrolytic method known to me which does so with the MnO2 cement pigment of trade as it is available to me.
I am working on reactivating the sulfate with H2O2 by now, as this is OTC here where I live (no good results up to now).
/ORG

So I have to mix the conc. H2SO4 with the MnO2 and heat it.
The problem is how to mix the two substances- I want to conduct the operation in a round bottom flask to minimize fuming from the H2SO4, but a magnetic stirrer is not able to mix the MnO2 under the
Posts: 1506
H2SO4.
Location: Germany Can I use an excess of H2SO4 to decrease the viscosity of the mix and facilitate mixing?
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evil_lurker posted on 20-4-2005 at 00:17

Swim is working on a new route to Benzaldehyde which is completely OTC from patent US 4,146,582.
Posts: 765 Ferrous-Copper Catalyst: Toluene (7.6 g.), water (35 ml.), ferrous sulphate (0.110 g.) heptahydrate, cupric acetate (0.072 g.) and methanol (8 ml.) are placed in a 250 ml. reactor.
Location: United States of Sodium persulphate (47.05 g.) in an aqueous-methanol solution of sodium persulphate is added slowly to the mixture which is maintained at 70.degree. C., in an atmosphere of nitrogen and under
Elbonia agitation.
Member Is Offline
Mood: Bored out of my

The organic phase is separated after two hours and the aqueous phase is extracted with ethyl ether.
mind.
The combined organic phases are distilled to afford 8.29 g. (95% yield) of very pure benzaldehyde (compared against a pure sample).
If this works it will be sooooo easy. The cupric acetate can be made by reacting a 1:2 molar ratio of dissolved copper sulfate (aka septic line root killer) and sodium bicarbonate. The sodium bicarbonate is
dissolved in about 2 liters of water and placed in a 5 gallon bucket. The CuSO4 is dissolved in about 2-3 liters of water and then slooowly poured into the bucket. The stuff is allowed to sit over night while
the Copper Carbonate Cu03 precipitates. The next day the stuff is washed with water by filling up the bucket and again allowed to sit. The water is decanted the day after and again washed. After several
washes, the Cu03 is then filtered out and a wad about the size of a pancake is placed onto a pizza pan sitting on a hot stove eye. The heat breaks down the Cu03 into copper oxide, Cu0. The resulting
finely ground Cu0 is then placed into a stainless steel pot of boiling vinegar. The Cupric Acetate which is formed is thus decanted into a separate dish and then slowly evaporated.
97 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

The Iron Sulfate is prepared by again taking CuSO4 and dissolving it in water. Some unsoaped steel wool is placed in the vessel, and the CuS04 is allowed to react. Copper precipitates as metal out of the
solution and the iron sulfate is left as a green coloring in the water. The iron sulfate is decanted off and dried similarly to the way the cupric acetate was.
The sodium persulfate is obtained at a pool supply store as a shock treatment. If the sodium persulfate is unavailable, it can possibly be substituted with oxone or potassium persulfate and ajusted for
weight.
To make the benzaldehyde, the ingredients are thrown in a pressure cooker large enough to hold many times the original formula. The pressure cooker has been adapted in a manner to take out the
pressure relief plumbing to fit it with a paint stirrer, and the safety relief is removed and equipped with a rubber grommet and thermometer. While nitrogen atnosphere would be nice, it probably would not
be necessary unless one's goal was to minimize over oxidation of the toluene into benzoic acid.
After the reaction the contents of the pressure cooker are handled according to patent.

Harmless
benzaldehyde
Posts: 3 Did another run with neogravitron method. Used a 25 ltr plastic bucket & fixed a drill with metal stirer over the top. Sealed with a garbage bag. Yield ~ 400mls.
Location: gwondanaland
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Mood: questioning

clandustrial priest
A 25 liter bucket? How much H2SO4 did you use?
Posts: 1984 /ORG

Location: Europe
Member Is Offline

SCM....

You may also want to look at this:
Posts: 1506 http://www.designer-drugs.com/pte/12.162.180.114/dcd/pdf/aromatic.a...

Location: Germany
At page 236, various methods for the oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde are described.
Member Is Offline
98 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

Harmless
Hey Organikum, sorry for the late reply.
Used 7.8 ltrs of H2SO4 & ~ 3 kg of oxidant. The process appears to use less oxidant than the CycloKnight/US 808095 approach which would be > 5 kg to get the same outcome.
Posts: 3
Location: gwondanaland Swim has tried to dream up a suitable diaphram for regeneration of the oxidant but the acid levels hinder using anything to conventional.
Member Is Offline Without the ability to regenerate the process would have a relatively high running cost. The "CycloKnight" has a high startup cost but a low running cost (when doing quantity).
One could regenerate enough oxidant with that process to output 1 kg with ~ 100 amps of current. Toroidal transformers are available from electronic component stores & a couple of 500 VA's could be
Mood: questioning used in parallel which after rectification could provide the 100 amps needed at 4-5 volts. The secondary windings would need to be replaced with less but thicker wire to handle the current.
Swim doesnt have any ideas to help with your H2O2 problem but maybe a different angle may work. US 3531519 does a conversion in small quantities the handicap being the risk of benzoic acid
production. Also - Organic Process Research & Development 1998, Vol 2, No 4, 261-269 - converts benzy alcohol to aldehyde + other nunerous oxidations ( incl. THF to GBL ) via H2O2.
Now swim doesnt pretend to have a good background in chemistry but heres some thoughts.
It would appear that the common thread with the manganese methods is a temp. of ~ 50 C & a H2O/H2SO4 ratio of ~ 40/60 creating an environment which minimises benzoic acid formation (an excess of
toluene should also help).
If H2O2 was used in leiu of manganese compounds & drip fed into this environment at approx. 2-4/1 mole ratio of oxidant to reactant + ferric sulpate or Br2 as a catalyistn then maybe ........?........?
Swim has no idea whether H2O2 would handle such an environment & evolve O in an orderly fashion or not. If it was viable it would have the advantage of low cost & far smaller oxidant carrier solution
being needed i.e. less H2O 7 H2SO4.
Does anyone know a way of converting ethyl nitrite to nitroethane other than the asbestos catalyst method ?
UhhKaipShaltaBlet posted on 22-6-2005 at 04:39

Harmless
Is there any straight synth for benzaldehyde from Benzene ? I'm interested in it cause I have good access for benzene ant cheaply.
Posts: 11
Member Is Offline
Mood: Shalta Blet ...
Sandmeyer posted on 23-6-2005 at 01:28

There is a paper on oxidation of 3,4,5-trimethoxytoluene to the corresponding aldehyde with Co(OAc)2–Mn(OAc)2 as catalyst.
Posts: 642 Kitajima N., Takemura K., Moro-oka Y., Yoshikuni T., Akada M., Tomotaki Y., Taniguchi M., The Selective Liquid-Phase Oxidation of 3,4,5-Trimethoxytoluene to 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde, Bull.
Registered: 9-1-2005 Chem. Soc. Jpn., 61(3), 1035–1037 (1988)
Member Is Offline
Mood: impure
http://i2.tinypic.com/sxf7v5.jpg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaOn1e6sLEc BLU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=podx8Zt7Sck
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bibliomaster
Just a little addition to the Mn acetate/toluene electro-abstracts. Can't believe I missed this before, the reference came from a book. I have a feeling that I've seen this mentioned before:
J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India) 12B, 255-61 (1953)
which is abstracted in CA 47, 12056g (1953).
Posts: 973
Location: Cornworld, The book said that the yield of benzaldehyde was 80% and that the electrodes were PbO2. The abstract says Pb and does not mention yield or amount of toluene. It also says that the H2SO4 used was
Central USA 60%, temp 60-70C, current density 6.8 A/dm2, and the catalyst was Mn2(SO4)3.5H2O (10% by weight, of what it doesn't say) promoted with 1% (mystery weight) Ce(SO4)2. Side products tar and benzoic
Member Is Offline acid.
Mood: Enhanced Found out today (no previous warnings, signs, etc.) that the library has done away with the cards that non-students buy so that we can use the library photocopiers, which also read university ID's. From
now on, only students and staff can use the photocopiers, my non-student ID will not work. The med school library never has allowed non-students to use the computers or check out books, and this is
probably coming soon to the main library - and maybe to a "public" university library near you.
Ephoton posted on 23-7-2005 at 00:27

Hazard to Others
benzaldehyde success not easy but high yeild
ok were to start.
Posts: 180 I would rather go via side chlorination of
Registered: 21-7-2005 toluene then a sommelet reaction of the
Member Is Offline benzyl chloride to benzaldehyde.
then I would steam distill the benzaldehyde out of the mixture.
Mood: bizzy
http://ephoton.50webs.com
to find exact synthesis info
well ask me and I will post or go to organic sythesis volumes and merk index
I will be hangging around to see what happens to the bees so ask and I will post.
neutrino posted on 23-7-2005 at 04:35

If you have anything to say (hard to tell with your grammar), please post it in appropriate thread.
Posts: 1583
Location: USA
Member Is Offline
Mood: oscillating
enima posted on 24-7-2005 at 18:20

Hazard to Self
well the much _easier_ route would be an elb oxidation of toluene using a persulfate salt and a metal catalyst to yield the aldehyde in a 70% yield.
Posts: 98 No nasty benzyl chloride, 1 easy step.

Registered: 1-12-2004 A bisulfite adduct could be used for the puritification of the aldehyde as steam distillation is tedious.
Member Is Offline
But then again who needs benzaldehyde? (those nasty amphetamine chemists thats who).
100 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01


Benzaldehyde synthesis via phenylalanine
Recently Wizard X found this little pearl and made it available over at WD..........solo
Posts: 2392
Location: Estados Unidos
Quote:
Member Is Offline
Mood: ....flashback to the Phenylalanine when heated in 5N sodium hydroxide at 110~115° for 5
sunshine hours, it decomposes forming benzaldehyde.
...........as reported at,
http://www.ajinomoto.co.jp/amino/e_aminoscience/bc/amino_13. html
[Edited on 27-7-2005 by solo]

bibliomaster
Yield? Why no Cannizzaro?

Posts: 973
Central USA
Member Is Offline
Mood: Enhanced
trilobite posted on 27-7-2005 at 14:18

Hazard to Others
Steam distillation to remove the aldehyde as formed?

Posts: 148
Location: The Palaeozoic
Ocean
Member Is Offline
101 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

Mood: lonely
Sandmeyer posted on 27-7-2005 at 14:22

Kornblum is another possibility.
Posts: 642 See also: http://designer-drugs.com/pte/12.162.180.114/dcd/chemistry/halide-c... for another method.

Member Is Offline
[Edited on 27-7-2005 by Sandmeyer]
Mood: impure

Don't know why this quoted reaction would work since we're starting out with an acid (Phenylalanine)......solo
Posts: 2392
Member Is Offline
Mood: ....flashback to the It\'s better to die on your feet, than live on your knees....Emiliano Zapata...\"Prefiero morir de pie que vivir siempre arrodillado.\"
sunshine

bibliomaster
solo: My question was, why would the benzaldehyde formed not react with the conc. hydroxide the second that it is formed? There needs to be a little experimental detail here.
Posts: 973
Central USA
Member Is Offline
Mood: Enhanced

Sorry , I didn't understand the implied question.......I don't know as you can see the reference was given by a chemist working in a pharmaceutical company.....maybe I'll write him and find out a bit
more.......solo
Posts: 2392
Member Is Offline
102 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

Mood: ....flashback to the

sunshine
Antoncho posted on 22-10-2005 at 10:30

Harmless
Persulfate oxidations
Well bees....
Posts: 7
Registered: 22-10-2005 SWIM recently tried that US patent where they speak of oxidazing toluenes with Na2S2O8 with MeOH as a co-colvent and Cu/Fe catalyst.....
Member Is Offline
Unfortunately, SWIM has no methanol so he tried to sbstitute it for a) AcOH b) DMF c) IPA.
With AcOH, the yield was like 10%, the chief product being benzyl acetate That is, as soon as BzOH is produced, it is esterified under the rxn conditions and can no longer oxidize.
With DMF ...... err...... when you mix DMF with persulfate solution, it heats up spontaneously within 10 mins and violently decomposes
Same thing happened with IPA - but SWIM decided to try it again adding IPA separately in portions. Yielded only 30%.
It turned out that ALL of the oxidant disappeared from the rxn immediately after addition (tested with acidic KBr) although with MeOH it's supposed to last for 2 hrs more.
EtOH seems not to bee an option since upon contact with persulfate it produces acetaldehyde at once.
That is, all in all, it looks promising (i.e., don't mind the NH4/Na difference, i assure you), but methanol is the only solv't that could work.
It;s heavily controlled in Russia and no matter how hard a bee tries, he can't get his hands on any. But i assume you guys don't have that problem, do you?
Then i encourage you to give it a try. It's going to work.
Antoncho
[Edited on 22-10-2005 by Antoncho]

How about ethanol instead of methanol? That should be considerably easier to acquire in Russia (distillation from Vodka?).
Interesting thing is that in germany you can buy all the benzaldehyde you'd ever want from chemical suppliers. It's non- regulated and non- scheduled here. Are things so different in Russia?
Posts: 1506
Location: Germany
Member Is Offline
[Edited on 22-10-2005 by garage chemist]

Harmless
103 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

Posts: 7 Ahem.... read my post carefully. I mentioned ethanol.

Member Is Offline

Ah, sorry. Didn't read carefully enough.

But very strange that methanol isn't oxidised while ethanol is. Those alcohols are very similar in their behaviour towards oxidisers!
Posts: 1506
Maybe only a very small part of the ethanol is oxidised to acetaldehyde while the rest can still work as a solvent? Acetaldehyde has a very strong smell, even very small amounts give the mixture the
Location: Germany characteristic apple- like smell.
Member Is Offline

Harmless
I'd say it's not that strange, those alcohols are NOT very similar in their manner of beehaviour towards oxidants: MeOH is much more resistant (being much more "electron-hungry" .
Posts: 7
Registered: 22-10-2005 Anyway, the main point is - there's nothing to bee _talking_ about here - we won't know until someone tries this. The rest of the dicussion is useless crap
Member Is Offline
If anyone wishes, i can post a write-up of SWIM's own experience, so that may bee of help.
frogfot posted on 24-10-2005 at 10:33

Hazard to Others
Any idea on how one could prevent the runaway (mentioned on synthetikal) of this persulfate oxidation?
Posts: 212 I asked the same question on synthetikal without any luck...
Location: Sweden
Member Is Offline
Mood: happy
IPN posted on 24-10-2005 at 10:40

Hazard to Others
Posted at Synthetikal by IndoleAmine:
Posts: 116
Registered: 31-5-2003 Quote:
Location: Finland
Member Is Offline
104 of 105 14.10.2009 04:01

Mood: oxidized
Just wanted to mention that Na2S2O8 oxidations of toluene behave really strange, seen from a kinetic point of view: a 5 mol persulfate oxidation of toluene
seemed to run nicely, until the chemist decided to intetionally crank up the heat control from 65°C to 80°C after having added all the persulfate solution over the
course of 2.5 hours (he really thought it would be a good idea). Result was a really incontrollable exothermic rxn that kicked in suddenly as a certain temp.
threshold was reached, resulting in a giant "whooosh" sound and maybe 3-4 liters of boiling persulfate/toluene/MeOH/BzOH/BzCHO/water solution were shot to
the ceiling in an arm-thick fountain,in a matter of 10-20 seconds (a 29/32 stopper was blown off too, and the fountain actually spit out of the condenser AND one
side neck too - frightening when you consider the rxn vessel nominal volume of 5L..)
--Conclusion: better partition the Na2S2O8 solution into two equal parts when doing large scale oxidations - since the rxn proceeds via an OH intermediate
anyway, this means that you first make BzOH and then oxidize further to BzCHO in two steps. Also make sure to heat to at least 75°C BEFORE dripping in any
oxidant. Hopefully the rxn can be controlled better this way...
I have tried this procedure as well but only got a very low yeild. Probably kept the persulfate solution (MeOH/H2O) too long before using..
bio2 posted on 26-10-2005 at 01:25

National Hazard
...Any idea on how one could prevent the runaway (mentioned on synthetikal) of this persulfate oxidation? .....
Posts: 447 Persalts undergo rapid decomposition at a certain temp and more slowly in contact with moisture. Alcohol also decomposes pesulfate.
Member Is Offline There are two ways to prevent an uncontrolled reaction which work with perborate (decomp ca 65deg). Also if the Oxygen escapes rather than reacts yields will be low.
The problem is an induction period which becomes uncontrollable if too much persalt decomposes at once. The perborate after say about 2moles needs to be added in portions at the rate that sustains the
desired temperature with adequate cooling. Running cooler and longer works well with perborate with only tap water cooling needed.
The other method is as indoleamine indicated and I do know that this procedure works per the patent although the 90% plus yields may be exagerated. If the reaction mix is heated to the decomposition
temp before any persalt is added then there is no induction period and with portionwise addition it's easy to control
the temp. Just remove the heat after it kicks in and place in a water bath with a bucket of ice available to toss in a little at a time.
The cooler, longer method works better for more sensitive compounds and less excess is needed due to minimized O losses.
With a little practice you can fine tune your technique using the method which suits the optimum temperature for your reaction.
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CycloKnight posted on 26-1-2005 at 04:56

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[Edited on 2-13-2005 by Polverone]

Organikum posted on 26-1-2005 at 05:27

Attachment: us808095_bdehyde_alectro1908UF.djvu (66kB)

The USA are not the center of the world.

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CycloKnight posted on 26-1-2005 at 06:39

Polverone posted on 26-1-2005 at 13:41

Mood: walking on PGP Key and corresponding e-mail

Tetramer posted on 26-1-2005 at 15:58

Tetramer, I am not quite sure of your answer.

Are you stating that this reaction was successful?

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I wasn\'t born a threat, but I was born to be one.

Organikum posted on 26-1-2005 at 23:13

Posted by Osmium at the-hive:

Posts: 1984 Quote:

Sodium persulphate (47.05 g.) in an aqueous-methanol solution of sodium

[Edited on 27-1-2005 by Organikum]

The USA are not the center of the world.

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S.C. Wack posted on 27-1-2005 at 01:01

NiO2: Eng. Pat. 22887, 1900

CycloKnight posted on 27-1-2005 at 13:48

Posts: 45 [Edited on 29-1-2005 by CycloKnight]

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Icarus posted on 27-1-2005 at 19:56

Mood: getting warmer [Edited on 28-1-2005 by Icarus]

[Edited on 28-1-2005 by Icarus]

CycloKnight posted on 29-1-2005 at 14:58

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Here is the power supply:

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Here is the overall setup:

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(note the organic top layer, due to incomplete mixing)

During reaction (sealed with foil to minimise losses):

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Reaction is now complete:

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Extraction of the goods:

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Extraction almost finished!! :

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Cell is ready for re-use:

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Let us have some more!

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Current of 2 amps (at 5 volts) is flowing through the mix.

[Edited on 30-1-2005 by CycloKnight]

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CycloKnight posted on 29-1-2005 at 15:30

[Edited on 30-1-2005 by CycloKnight]

CycloKnight posted on 1-2-2005 at 01:29

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