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Trademark Acknowledgement
Mentum, Mentum Planet and Mentum Ellipse are registered trademarks owned by Mentum S.A.
MapInfo Professional is a registered trademark of PB MapInfo Corporation. RF-vu is a trademark
owned by iBwave. WaveSight is a trademark of Wavecall. This document may contain other
trademarks, trade names, or service marks of other organizations, each of which is the property of its
respective owner.
Contents
MENTUM List of products 2
PRODUCTS
CHAPTER 1
Overview of Understanding W-CDMA networks 14
W-CDMA W-CDMA features 14
Multi-technology planning features 14
W-CDMA analyses 15
W-CDMA reports 16
Scrambling code planning 16
Workflow for W-CDMA network planning 16
Suggested reading 18
CHAPTER 2
Creating a Mobile Understanding Mobile Technology projects 20
Technology Workflow for creating a Mobile Technology project 20
Project for W- Gathering project information 20
CDMA
Creating a project for W-CDMA 20
To create a project for W-CDMA 21
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Opening a project 23
To open a project 23
Creating a default settings file for W-CDMA 24
To create a default settings file for W-CDMA 24
CHAPTER 3
Defining a W- Understanding W-CDMA network configuration settings 28
CDMA Network Workflow for defining a W-CDMA network configuration 28
Configuration Defining network operators for W-CDMA 29
To define network operators for W-CDMA 29
Allocating spectrum and defining carriers for W-CDMA 30
Spectrum allocation for W-CDMA 30
W-CDMA carriers 31
To create a new W-CDMA technology band 32
Defining W-CDMA network settings 33
General settings for W-CDMA 33
Correlation model settings for W-CDMA 34
Power control settings for W-CDMA 35
Carrier settings for W-CDMA 35
To define general settings for W-CDMA 36
To define correlation model settings for W-CDMA 38
To define power control settings for W-CDMA 39
To define carrier settings for W-CDMA 40
To define HSDPA network settings for W-CDMA 42
To define HSUPA network settings for W-CDMA 44
CHAPTER 4
Defining W-CDMA Understanding W-CDMA subscribers 48
Subscribers W-CDMA subscriber types and rapid planning 49
Importing and exporting subscriber information 50
To import pre-defined subscriber information 50
To import or export subscriber information 51
Workflow for creating W-CDMA subscriber types 51
Defining clutter types for W-CDMA 52
To define clutter types for W-CDMA 54
To assign clutter classes to clutter types for W-CDMA 56
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CHAPTER 5
Configuring and Understanding W-CDMA sites and sectors 84
Placing W-CDMA Considerations for multi-band networks 84
Sites Workflow for configuring and placing W-CDMA sites 85
Creating W-CDMA sites 85
To create a W-CDMA site 85
Calculating base station link budgets for W-CDMA sectors 87
Losses and gains 87
To calculate base station link budgets for W-CDMA sectors 89
Globally editing base station link budget settings for W-CDMA
sectors 92
To globally edit base station link budget settings for W-CDMA
sectors 93
Defining W-CDMA sector settings 96
Hardware settings for W-CDMA 96
Resource settings for W-CDMA 97
Implementation settings for W-CDMA 97
Quality settings for W-CDMA 98
Power settings for W-CDMA 99
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CHAPTER 6
Adding Repeaters Understanding W-CDMA repeaters 114
to W-CDMA Repeaters and W-CDMA predictions 115
Sectors Workflow for adding repeaters to W-CDMA sectors 115
Adding repeaters to W-CDMA sectors 115
To add repeaters to W-CDMA sectors 116
To define service antenna settings for repeaters 119
To define donor antenna settings for repeaters 121
To define repeater prediction settings 123
To define repeater equipment settings 125
To define repeater carrier settings 127
To edit repeater settings 127
Locating repeaters in a Map window 128
To locate repeaters in a Map window 128
CHAPTER 7
Generating Rapid Understanding rapid planning for W-CDMA 130
Planning Prediction view files for W-CDMA analyses 130
Analyses for W- W-CDMA analysis layers 130
CDMA
Understanding data rate negotiation 131
Data rate downgrading 132
Analyzing the results of data rate negotiation 132
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CHAPTER 8
Generating Monte Understanding Monte Carlo analyses for W-CDMA 148
Carlo Analyses Monte Carlo phases 148
for W-CDMA Defining the number of Monte Carlo runs 150
Understanding data rate negotiation 154
Data rate downgrading 155
Analyzing the results of data rate negotiation 155
Understanding W-CDMA analysis layers 157
CPICH analysis 157
Downlink interference analysis 160
Uplink interference analysis 161
Handover analysis 162
Other analysis 164
Workflow for generating a Monte Carlo analysis for W-CDMA 164
Optimizing W-CDMA analyses 165
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CHAPTER 9
Generating Understanding HSDPA in Mentum Planet 202
HSDPA and HSDPA Monte Carlo analysis 203
HSUPA Analysis Downlink analysis 204
Layers
Uplink analysis 205
HSDPA analysis layers 206
Workflow for generating HSDPA analysis layers 209
Understanding HSUPA in Mentum Planet 209
HSPA Rapid Planning analysis 211
HSPA analysis 211
Workflow for generating HSPA analysis layers 213
CHAPTER 10
Creating Understanding scrambling code planning 216
Scrambling Code Workflow for scrambling code planning 216
Plans Creating a scrambling code plan 216
To create a scrambling code plan 217
Defining general scrambling code plan settings 218
To define general settings 218
Defining scrambling code plan exceptions 220
To define scrambling code planning exceptions 221
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CHAPTER 11
Generating W- Understanding W-CDMA reports 226
CDMA Reports W-CDMA Monte Carlo simulation data 226
W-CDMA analysis layer data 227
Using report data to help in W-CDMA network analysis 228
Predefined report designs 228
System-mobile-simple report 228
Carrier-sector-mobile report 229
Carrier-sector 229
System-mobile 229
Throughput 229
Columns in predefined reports 229
Workflow for generating W-CDMA reports 239
Generating a W-CDMA report using a predefined report design 240
Modifying a predefined report design 240
To generate a W-CDMA report using a predefined report design 240
Designing a W-CDMA report 241
To design a W-CDMA report 241
To define the data columns for a W-CDMA report 244
To define the export settings for a W-CDMA report 245
To save the W-CDMA report design 247
To modify an existing W-CDMA report design 247
To delete a W-CDMA report design 247
Generating a W-CDMA report 247
To generate a W-CDMA report 248
Calculating statistics for W-CDMA analysis layers 248
To calculate W-CDMA layer statistics 249
To display W-CDMA layer statistics in table format 253
To add W-CDMA layer statistics to a report design 254
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CHAPTER 12
Overview of Understanding cdma2000 technology 258
cdma2000 cdma2000 features 259
Multi-technology planning features 259
cdma2000 analyses 259
cdma2000 reports 260
PN offset planning 260
Workflow for cdma2000 network planning 260
Suggested reading 262
CHAPTER 13
Creating a Mobile Understanding Mobile Technology projects 264
Technology Workflow for creating a Mobile Technology project 264
Project for Gathering project information 264
cdma2000
Creating a project for cdma2000 264
To create a project for cdma2000 265
Opening a project 267
To open a project 267
Converting cdma2000 projects from previous versions 268
Creating a default settings file for cdma2000 268
To create a default settings file for cdma2000 268
CHAPTER 14
Defining a Understanding cdma2000 network configuration settings 272
cdma2000 Workflow for defining a cdma2000 network configuration 272
Network Defining network operators for cdma2000 273
Configuration
To define network operators for cdma2000 273
Allocating spectrum and defining carriers for cdma2000 274
Spectrum allocation for cdma2000 274
cdma2000 carriers 275
To create a new cdma2000 technology band 276
Defining cdma2000 network settings 277
General settings for cdma2000 277
Correlation model settings for cdma2000 278
Power control settings for cdma2000 279
Carrier settings for cdma2000 279
To define general settings for cdma2000 280
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CHAPTER 15
Defining Understanding cdma2000 subscribers 290
cdma2000 cdma2000 subscriber types and rapid planning 291
Subscribers Importing and exporting subscriber information 292
To import pre-defined subscriber information 292
To import or export subscriber information 293
Workflow for creating cdma2000 subscriber types 293
Defining clutter types for cdma2000 294
To define clutter types for cdma2000 296
To assign clutter classes to clutter types for cdma2000 298
Defining cdma2000 bearers 299
cdma2000 bearers 300
To define cdma2000 bearers 302
To define EV-DO bearers 305
Defining subscriber equipment types for cdma2000 307
To define subscriber equipment types for cdma2000 307
To define subscriber equipment bands for cdma2000 307
Defining session types for cdma2000 309
To define session types for cdma2000 310
Defining quality types for cdma2000 312
To define quality types for cdma2000 312
Defining service types for cdma2000 314
To define circuit-switched service types for cdma2000 314
To define packet-switched service types for cdma2000 317
Defining subscriber types for cdma2000 321
To create a subscriber type for cdma2000 322
To define usage types for cdma2000 325
CHAPTER 16
Configuring and Understanding cdma2000 sites and sectors 328
Placing cdma2000 Considerations for multi-band networks 328
Sites Workflow for configuring and placing cdma2000 sites 329
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CHAPTER 17
Adding Repeaters Understanding cdma2000 repeaters 362
to cdma2000 Repeaters and cdma2000 predictions 363
Sectors Workflow for adding repeaters to cdma2000 sectors 363
Adding repeaters to cdma2000 sectors 363
To add repeaters to cdma2000 sectors 364
To define service antenna settings for repeaters 367
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CHAPTER 18
Generating Rapid Understanding rapid planning for cdma2000 378
Planning Prediction view files for cdma2000 analyses 378
Analyses for cdma2000 analysis layers 378
cdma2000
Understanding data rate negotiation 379
Data rate downgrading 380
Analyzing the results of data rate negotiation 380
Workflow for generating a rapid planning analysis for cdma2000 381
Defining default cdma2000 rapid planning analysis settings 381
To define default cdma2000 rapid planning analysis settings 382
Creating a rapid planning analysis for cdma2000 382
To create a new rapid planning analysis for cdma2000 383
To add an existing analysis to the cdma2000 Analyses node 384
Defining rapid planning system settings for cdma2000 384
To define rapid planning system settings for cdma2000 384
Choosing subscriber types for cdma2000 rapid planning 386
To choose a defined subscriber type for cdma2000 rapid planning 387
To choose a nominal subscriber for cdma2000 rapid planning 387
Defining rapid planning analysis area settings for cdma2000 391
To define rapid planning analysis area settings for cdma2000 392
Generating a rapid planning analysis for cdma2000 393
To generate a rapid planning analysis for cdma2000 393
Generating analysis layers for flag-specific information 393
To generate an analysis for sectors chosen by flags 393
Viewing cdma2000 analysis layers 394
To view cdma2000 analysis layers 394
Deleting analyses 394
To delete analyses 394
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CHAPTER 19
Generating Monte Understanding Monte Carlo analyses for cdma2000 398
Carlo Analyses Monte Carlo phases 398
for cdma2000 Defining the number of Monte Carlo runs 400
Understanding data rate negotiation 404
Data rate downgrading 405
Analyzing the results of data rate negotiation 405
Understanding cdma2000 analysis layers 407
Pilot analysis 407
Forward link interference analysis 411
Reverse link interference analysis 412
Handoff analysis 413
Other analysis 415
Workflow for generating a Monte Carlo analysis for cdma2000 415
Optimizing cdma2000 analyses 416
To define CDMA Analysis Optimization settings 417
Defining default cdma2000 Monte Carlo analysis settings 418
To define default cdma2000 Monte Carlo analysis settings 419
Defining default analysis layers for cdma2000 419
To define the default cdma2000 analysis layer list 420
Creating a Monte Carlo analysis for cdma2000 420
To create a new Monte Carlo analysis for cdma2000 421
Defining Monte Carlo analysis settings for cdma2000 422
To define Monte Carlo system settings for cdma2000 422
To choose the subscriber types for a cdma2000 Monte Carlo
analysis 425
To define Simulation Area settings for cdma2000 425
To define runtime parameter settings for cdma2000 427
To define Monte Carlo Analysis Area settings for cdma2000 429
Defining discrete subscriber display settings for cdma2000 431
To define discrete subscriber display settings for cdma2000 432
Generating a Monte Carlo analysis for cdma2000 433
To generate a Monte Carlo analysis for cdma2000 433
Adding an existing analysis to the cdma2000 Analyses node 434
To add an existing analysis to the cdma2000 Analyses node 434
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CHAPTER 20
Generating EV- Understanding EV-DO analysis layers 454
DO Analysis Forward link analysis 454
Layers Reverse link analysis 457
EV-DO analysis layers 458
Workflow for generating EV-DO analysis layers 462
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CHAPTER 21
Generating PN Understanding PN offset planning 464
Offset Plans How PN codes are assigned in Mentum Planet 464
Preparing input data for PN offset planning 466
Neighbor list 466
Interference matrix 466
Workflow for generating PN offset plans 467
Creating PN offset plans 467
To create a PN offset plan using current sector settings 468
To create a PN offset plan using the PN Offset Planning tool 468
Working with PN offset plans 473
To view or edit the properties of a plan 473
To copy a PN offset plan 473
To delete a PN offset plan 474
To display PN offset assignments in the Map window 474
To edit the PN offset assignments in a plan 474
To add a PN offset plan to a project 474
To export PN offset assignments 475
Analyzing PN offset plans 475
To analyze a PN offset plan 476
To view PN offset plan analysis layers in a Map window 478
To display a PN offset plan analysis report 478
Displaying PN offset reports 478
To display a PN offset report 479
Applying PN offset plans 479
To apply a PN offset plan to a project 480
CHAPTER 22
Generating Understanding cdma2000 reports 482
cdma2000 cdma2000 Monte Carlo simulation data 482
Reports cdma2000 analysis layer data 484
Using report data to help in cdma2000 network analysis 484
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APPENDIX A 511
Modeling W-
CDMA Networks
APPENDIX B 521
W-CDMA Discrete
Subscriber Table
Format
APPENDIX C 523
W-CDMA
Operating Points
Table Format
APPENDIX D 533
Modeling
cdma2000
Networks
APPENDIX E 543
cdma2000
Discrete
Subscriber Table
Format
APPENDIX F 545
cdma2000
Operating Points
Table Format
INDEX 555
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xviii
Mentum Products
This chapter contains the The Mentum Product portfolio provides a range of
following section:
products for planning and maintaining wireless
■ List of products
networks.
1
Mentum Products
CDMA User Guide
List of products
The following table describes wireless network planning and optimization
products. The table does not provide details about specific features and tools.
For more information, see the introductory chapters in the User Guide for the
specific product or visit the Mentum web site at http://www.mentum.com.
Product Description
Mentum Planet A Windows-based wireless network planning and analysis tool. You can
add technologies and tools to support the planning functions that you
require. Depending on the options that you choose, Mentum Planet
provides support for the following technologies:
■ TDMA/FDMA—GSM (including GPRS and EGPRS), IS-136, AMPS,
NAMPS, and iDEN
■ CDMA—W-CDMA (UMTS, including HSPA), cdma2000 (including
IS-95, 1xRTT, EV-DO)
Specialized modules
Measurement Test mobile and scan receiver functionality that can be added to Mentum
Data Package Planet so that you can import and analyze measurement data and
increase the accuracy of predictions.
Indoor/Outdoor Indoor/outdoor module that links Mentum Planet with iBwave RF-vu™
allowing you to view and plan indoor/outdoor networks and manage RF-
vu projects using the Mentum Planet Data Manager.
Optimization applications
Mentum An integrated software solution for the optimal planning and design of
Ellipse® point-to-point and point-to-multipoint radio transmission links.
Renaissance Frequency planning tool that uses evolutionary algorithms to find the
very best frequency plan that will minimize interference across the
network.
2
Contacting
Mentum
3
Contacting Mentum
CDMA User Guide
Asia Pacific
Phone: +852 2824 8874
Fax: +852 2824 8358
Email: support.apac@mentum.com
Hours: 9am – 6pm HKT (Monday-Friday, excluding local holidays)
When you call for technical support, ensure that you have your product ID
number and know which version of the software you are running. You can
obtain this information using the About command from the Help menu.
When you request technical support outside of regular business hours, a
Product Support Specialist will respond the next working day by telephone or
email, depending upon the nature of the request.
4
Introduction
This chapter contains the This user guide provides the necessary information to
following sections:
plan W-CDMA and cdma2000 networks. It is
■ Using this documentation
■ Organization of this user divided into two sections. Section 1 focuses on the
guide workflow and tasks required to plan and analyze a
W-CDMA network while Section 2 focuses on the
workflow and tasks required to plan and analyze a
cdma2000 network. For more information, see
“Organization of this user guide” on page 10.
5
Chapter 3
CDMA User Guide
Online Help
From the Help menu, you can access online Help for Mentum Planet software
and for MapInfo Professional. This section describes the structure of the
Mentum Planet online Help.
The online Help provides extensive help on all aspects of software use. It
provides
■ help on all dialog boxes
■ procedures for using the software
■ an extensive Mentum Planet documentation library in PDF
format
■ User Guides
The following sections provide details about the resources available through
the online Help.
Resource Roadmap
When you first use the online Help, start with the Resource Roadmap. It
describes the types of resources available in the online Help and explains how
best to use them. It includes a step-by-step guide that walks you through the
available resources.
6
Introduction
CDMA User Guide
Printing
You have two basic options for printing documents:
■ If you want a good quality print of a single procedure or section,
you can print from the Help window. Click Print in the Help
window.
■ If you want a higher quality print of a complete User Guide, use
Adobe Reader to print the supplied print-ready PDF file
contained in the Mentum Planet documentation library. Open the
PDF file and choose File ➤ Print.
Library Search
You can perform a full-text search on all PDF files contained in the Mentum
Planet documentation library if you are using a version of Adobe Reader that
supports full-text searches. The PDF files are located in the Mentum
Planet 4\Help folder.
You can also perform a search on all online Help topics by clicking the
Search tab in the Help window. Type a keyword, and click List Topics to
display all Help topics that contain the keyword. The online Help duplicates
the information found in the User Guide PDF files in order to provide more
complete results. It does not duplicate the information in the Release Notes,
or Glossary.
7
Chapter 3
CDMA User Guide
Documentation library
Mentum Planet comes with an extensive library of User Guides in PDF
format. The following table provides details about the documentation
supplied with Mentum Planet.
Grid Analysis User Guide Perform operations on spatial data that is stored
in grids, and display, analyze, and export digital
elevation models (DEM) and other grid-based
data.
Data Manager User Guide Learn how to use the Data Manager.
The Data Manager enables users to work with
centralized Mentum Planet data stored in an
Oracle or Microsoft SQL Server database.
Data Manager Server Learn how to install and configure the Data
Administrator Guide Manager Server on database and file servers in a
network environment, and how to manage
access to project data.
Release Note Learn about new features and known issues with
the current release of software.
8
Introduction
CDMA User Guide
Data Manager Server Release Learn about new features and known issues with
Note the current release of Data Manager Server
software.
Notational conventions
This section describes the textual conventions and icons used throughout this
documentation.
Textual conventions
Special text formats are used to highlight different types of information. The
following table describes the special text conventions used in this document.
bold text Bold text is used in procedure steps to identify a user interface
element such as a dialog box, menu item, or button.
For example:
In the Select Interpolation Method dialog box, choose the
Inverse Distance Weighting option, and click Next.
courier text Courier text is used in procedures to identify text that you must
type.
For example:
In the File Name box, type Elevation.grd.
bright blue text Bright blue text is used to identify a link to another section of
the document. Click the link to view the section.
Icons
Throughout this documentation, icons are used to identify text that requires
special attention.
9
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10
Section 1: W-CDMA
Section 1
W-CDMA
This section explains how to use the W-CDMA technology provided with
Mentum Planet.
1. Overview of W-CDMA
This chapter contains the This chapter provides an overview of W-CDMA and
following sections:
presents a typical workflow for W-CDMA planning.
■ Understanding W-CDMA
networks
■ W-CDMA features
■ Workflow for W-CDMA
network planning
■ Suggested reading
13
Chapter 1
CDMA User Guide
W-CDMA features
Mentum Planet enables you to plan and assess the coverage and performance
of your multi-layer (2G and 3G) and multi-technology networks using
features described in the following sections.
14
Overview of W-CDMA
CDMA User Guide
W-CDMA analyses
You can generate analyses using one of two methods:
■ Monte Carlo
■ rapid planning
Monte Carlo
The Monte Carlo option enables you to perform a detailed analysis of the
network using Monte Carlo simulation techniques to analyze a set of
randomly generated points (i.e., subscribers) distributed according to traffic
maps. For more information, see “Chapter 8: Generating Monte Carlo
Analyses for W-CDMA” on page 147.
Rapid planning
The rapid planning option provides a faster alternative for generating analysis
layers based on user-defined levels of network loading on the uplink and
downlink. The simulation runs only once, and does not generate the detailed
operating points that the Monte Carlo simulation generates. This option is
useful when you want a quick overview of your network. You can then use the
Monte Carlo option for a more detailed view. For more information on rapid
planning, see “Chapter 7: Generating Rapid Planning Analyses for W-
CDMA” on page 129.
W-CDMA analysis layers
Analysis layers are generated for both the Monte Carlo and rapid planning
options. Analysis layers enable you to compare and query layers of
information for details on interference, coverage, and handover. For example,
the generated analysis layers can help you to determine:
■ common pilot channel (CPICH) coverage
■ uplink interference
■ downlink interference
■ throughput
■ handover states and constraints
■ path balance between the downlink and the uplink
You can generate analysis layers for the entire network or for a particular
geographic region within the network. For more information, see
“Understanding W-CDMA analysis layers” on page 157.
15
Chapter 1
CDMA User Guide
W-CDMA reports
The Report Designer enables you to view data from antenna patterns, sector
settings, Monte Carlo simulations, and W-CDMA analysis layers in a report.
You can output reports to a Microsoft® Excel (.xls) file, MapInfo (.tab) file, or
HTML (.htm) file.
You can also calculate statistics for W-CDMA analysis layers and obtain
per-pixel information about W-CDMA analyses. For more information, see
“Chapter 11: Generating W-CDMA Reports” on page 225.
16
Overview of W-CDMA
CDMA User Guide
17
Chapter 1
CDMA User Guide
Suggested reading
Holma H., A. Toskala. HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access
for Mobile Communications, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2006.
Laiho, J. , A.Wacker, T. Novosad. Radio Network Planning and Optimization
for UMTS, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2006.
Nawrocki, Maciej J., Mischa Dohler, A. Hamid Aghvami, Understanding
UMTS Radio Network Modelling, Planning and Automated Optimization,
John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2006.
Kim, Kyoung Il. Handbook of CDMA System Design, Engineering, and
Optimization, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1999.
Lee, Jhong Sam & Leonard E. Miller. CDMA Systems Engineering
Handbook. Artech House Publishers, 1998.
Yang, Samuel C. CDMA RF System Engineering. Artech House Publishers,
1998.
18
Chapter 2: Creating a Mobile Technology Project for
2.
W-CDMA
Creating a Mobile
Technology Project
for W-CDMA
This chapter contains the This chapter explains how to create a Mobile
following sections:
Technology project.
■ Understanding Mobile
Technology projects
Once you have created a project, you can define
■ Workflow for creating a Mobile
Technology project network settings and carrier settings, as described in
■ Gathering project information the following chapters.
■ Creating a project for
W-CDMA
■ Opening a project
■ Creating a default settings file
for W-CDMA
19
Chapter 2
CDMA User Guide
Step 2 Create the Mobile Technology project. See “Creating a project for
W-CDMA” on page 20.
20
Creating a Mobile Technology Project for W-CDMA
CDMA User Guide
You can use remote project folders to store and access Mentum Planet project
data. For example, you can use shared project folders for the following types
of project files to conserve disk space on your local computer:
■ bin files
■ signal (field) strength files
■ prediction view files (CDMA technologies only)
By default, these files are saved in the local project folder. If you use shared
project folders, the project files are stored in the shared folders, instead of the
local project folder. The shared folders must have read/write access
permissions for all Mentum Planet users accessing the shared folders.
If you are using shared folders and do not enable the corresponding
check box in the Sharing section of the Advanced Options tab in the
Project Settings dialog box, the shared path is not stored in Data Manager
when you check in the project. For any Data Manager users who perform a
Get on the project, all data will be stored within their local project folder.
You can choose to use a workspace to save your Map window settings,
although this is not required. For more information on workspaces, see
Chapter 1, “Getting Started with Mentum Planet”, in the Mentum Planet User
Guide.
21
Chapter 2
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22
Creating a Mobile Technology Project for W-CDMA
CDMA User Guide
Sharing section, enable the check boxes for each of the file types that
reference shared project data.
For information about the other options on the Advanced Options tab,
press the F1 key. For more detailed information, see “Defining output
settings” in Chapter 8, “Generating Predictions”, in the Mentum Planet
User Guide.
For information about the CDMA Analysis Optimization settings, see
“Optimizing W-CDMA analyses” on page 165.
13 Click OK to save your Mentum Planet project.
The Project Explorer opens, docked at the left edge of the application
window.
To open the Project Settings dialog box once a project is open, choose
Edit ➤ Project Settings, or click the Project Settings button on the
Analysis toolbar.
Opening a project
You must close an open project before opening a new one. Only projects you
have recently worked with appear in the Open Mentum Planet Project dialog
box.
To open a project
1 Choose File ➤ Open Project.
The Open Mentum Planet Project dialog box opens.
23
Chapter 2
CDMA User Guide
2 If you want to see the paths in the Most Recently Used Projects list,
enable the Show Path check box.
3 Do one of the following:
■ Choose a project in the Most Recently Used Projects list and
click Open.
■ Click Browse, locate the project you want to open and then click
Open.
If you are opening a project that contains predictions from an earlier
version of Mentum Planet, see “Opening and closing projects” in Chapter
1, “Getting Started with Mentum Planet,” in the Mentum Planet User
Guide.
24
Creating a Mobile Technology Project for W-CDMA
CDMA User Guide
25
Chapter 2
CDMA User Guide
26
Chapter 3: Defining a W-CDMA Network
3.
Configuration
Defining a W-CDMA
Network
Configuration
This chapter contains the This chapter describes how to define a W-CDMA
following sections:
network configuration.
■ Understanding W-CDMA
network configuration settings
■ Workflow for defining a
W-CDMA network
configuration
■ Defining network operators for
W-CDMA
■ Allocating spectrum and
defining carriers for W-CDMA
■ Defining W-CDMA network
settings
27
Chapter 3
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28
Defining a W-CDMA Network Configuration
CDMA User Guide
29
Chapter 3
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You can also access the Mobile Technology - Network Settings dialog
box by clicking the Network Settings button on the Mobile Technology
toolbar.
30
Defining a W-CDMA Network Configuration
CDMA User Guide
bands or blocks of spectrum within one band, but not contiguous carrier
numbers. You can define as many as 15 bands.
If you have more than one band defined for W-CDMA, and you want to
generate predictions that include carriers from two different bands, you
need to ensure that your sectors are configured correctly. For more
information, see “Considerations for multi-band networks” on page 84.
W-CDMA carriers
Carriers are the frequencies that carry signals for each band. When you add a
technology band, a new set of carriers is added automatically and spaced
along the band.
You assign carriers when you define W-CDMA sectors for your project. For
more information, see “Defining W-CDMA sector settings” on page 96.
31
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32
Defining a W-CDMA Network Configuration
CDMA User Guide
The frequency values entered in the Start and End boxes in the
Downlink Center Frequency column are the center frequencies of the
first and last carriers in the list you are allocating. The Spectrum graph shows
the actual spectrum occupied by all these carriers. Therefore, the start
frequency displayed in the graph is half the carrier bandwidth lower than the
center frequency defined for the first carrier, and the end frequency is half the
carrier bandwidth higher than the center frequency defined for the last carrier
in the table.
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in the CPICH - Pollution Index layer. The CPICH - Pollution Index layer
shows the proportion of traffic likely to be affected by CPICH pollution,
providing a lesser weighting to areas where CPICH pollution may exist but
the affected traffic is low. The curves are used as follows:
■ CPICH Factor Mapping—This curve maps CPICH factors to
CPICH ratios. The CPICH factor is a non-dimensional factor
from 0 to 1. Typically, if the CPICH ratio exceeds 7 dB,
establishing a CPICH is unlikely. If it is less than 7 dB,
establishing a CPICH is more likely. The CPICH factor is high
(close to one) if establishing a CPICH in a bin is unlikely, and
low (close to zero) if establishing a CPICH is likely.
■ Usage Factor Mapping—This curve maps usage factors to user
densities. The usage factor is a non-dimensional factor from 0 to
1 that is determined for each bin in the analysis area. The usage
factor is high (close to one) in bins where the need to establish a
CPICH is high, and low (close to zero) in bins where the need to
establish a CPICH is low.
You can edit the usage and CPICH curves to modify the relationship between
the X- and Y-axes. This relationship affects the final calculated CPICH
Pollution Index values. Adjusting the usage and CPICH curves enables you to
model possible changes to your network or isolate any factors causing CPICH
pollution. For example, if you move the usage curve to the right, higher user
density/average user density ratio values must be met before the bins are
considered to be areas where the need for CPICH coverage is high.
The X-axis of the usage factor curve is in milli-Erlangs per km2. If you
have assigned a traffic map with values in subscribers per km2 to any
subscriber types, the values will be converted to Erlangs per km2 before the
usage factor curve is applied.
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PA Threshold
The PA Threshold value is a soft target for subscribers using Rel 99 bearers.
When you generate an analysis, subscribers will be allocated to carriers
according to the Preference Weightings until either the PA Threshold or Noise
Rise value is reached on a carrier. Then, subscribers will be distributed on
carriers for which a threshold has not been reached. If, however, soft targets
have been reached on all available carriers, then the analysis will carry
subscribers until other hard limits defined in the sector settings are reached.
If you have assigned HSDPA or Rel 99 & HSDPA carriers, the PA threshold is
also used to determine how much power is available for HSDPA channels.
Unused power within the PA threshold is available for HSDPA, after the Rel
99 traffic and common channels have had their share. For example, a PA
threshold of 100% means that all PA power is shared between Rel 99 channels
and HSDPA; a PA threshold of 60% means that 40% of the PA power is
reserved for Rel 99 channels and is unavailable for HSDPA.
For HSDPA only carriers, the PA Threshold is considered a hard limit. The
HS-DSCH power in a carrier is the unused power of the PA up to the PA
Threshold.
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3 In the CPICH Pollution Margin box, type a value to define the power-
to-interference (Ec/Io) margin, relative to the best server Ec/Io, within
which a CPICH signal will interfere with the desired signal, or accept the
default.
4 Type a value in the Downlink Other System Interference box to define
the noise contributed by other systems on the downlink.
5 Type a value in the Uplink Other System Interference box to define the
noise contributed by other systems on the uplink.
6 In the Best Ec Threshold box, type a value to define the threshold for the
CPICH - Best Ec Server analysis layer.
This value is used only for the CPICH - Best Ec Server analysis layer. The
analysis layer shows the best server at each location where the Ec is above
this value. For more information on analysis layers, see “Understanding
W-CDMA analysis layers” on page 157.
7 In the CPICH Factor Mapping section, do one of the following, or
accept the default curve:
■ Click Browse, navigate to the curve file that you want to use,
and then click Open.
■ Click Edit, and in the Curve Editor, create a CPICH Factor
Mapping curve and click OK. For more information on the
Curve Editor, press the F1 key.
The CPICH Factor Mapping curve is used to determine the likelihood of
establishing a pilot for each bin in the analysis area.
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3 Type a value in either of the following boxes to define the power control
deviation:
■ Uplink Power Control Deviation—the standard deviation of
the uplink signal due to power control errors
■ Downlink Power Control Deviation—the standard deviation of
the downlink signal due to power control errors
4 Type values in either of the following boxes to define the power control
error:
■ Mean Uplink Power Control Error—the mean uplink signal
error due to power control errors.
■ Mean Downlink Power Control Error—the mean downlink
signal error due to power control errors.
5 Do one of the following:
■ Click OK to save your settings and close the Network Settings
dialog box.
■ Choose another item in the tree view.
■ Click another tab.
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3 For each carrier listed in the Carrier column, type values in any of the
following columns:
■ Channel Name—an optional user-defined channel name. By
default, the Channel Name is the same as the Carrier. If you type
user-defined channel names in the Channel Name column, they
will be used throughout Mentum Planet instead of the Carrier.
■ PA Threshold—the target percentage of the power at the power
amplifier for all sectors assigned to the carrier. For more
information, see “PA Threshold” on page 36. For information on
assigning carriers to sectors, see “To assign carriers to sectors”
on page 99.
■ Noise Rise—the noise rise target for all sectors assigned to the
carrier. This value is a soft target. When you generate an
analysis, subscribers will be allocated to carriers according to the
Preference Weightings until either the PA Threshold or Noise
Rise value is reached on a carrier. Then, subscribers will be
distributed on carriers for which a threshold has not been
reached. If, however, soft targets have been reached on all
available carriers, then the analysis will carry subscribers until
other hard limits defined in the sector settings are reached.
■ Preference Weightings—a relative weighting value for the
carrier that represents the distribution of preferred use for the
carriers listed in the Carrier column. When you assign
weightings for carriers, the Preference column will automatically
update to display the percentage of use for each carrier. If you
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2 On the HSDPA General tab, enable any of the following check boxes:
■ Conversational—quality of service class that is guaranteed.
This class is given priority over all other traffic when allocating
traffic or negotiating data rates.
■ Streaming—quality of service class used for such activities as
web casts.
■ Interactive—quality of service class reserved for interactive
activities.
■ Background—the last quality of service class to be considered
when allocating traffic or negotiating data rates.
The traffic classes you enable affect how traffic is allocated and how data
rates are negotiated.
3 Click the TFRCs tab.
4 In the Use Data Rates With section, enable the check boxes for the
number of codes you want to use for the chosen Transport Format and
Rate Combinations (TFRCs). The number of codes you enable affects the
available data rates.
For example, if you enable 1 Code and 5 Codes, and enable TFRCs 1, 2,
and 3, then only the data rates for 1 Code and 5 Codes will be available
for TFRCs 1, 2, and 3. The maximum available data rate would be 1.78
Mbps (with TFRC 3). For information on HSDPA data rates, see
Table 9.1 on page 205.
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5 Enable the check box beside each TFRC (Transport Format and Resource
Combination) that you want to use and type a value in the corresponding
Ec/Nt for Max Data Rate column or accept the defaults.
The Ec/Nt Code value represents the ratio of the HS-DSCH channel
symbol energy to the total spectral noise density.
6 Click the Terminal Downlink Data Rates tab.
7 From the Terminal Category list, choose the terminal category you want
to use.
In this release, only HSDPA terminal categories 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12
are modeled.
8 In each field of the Data Rate (kbps) column, type a new value or accept
the default.
9 From the Modulation list for each data rate, choose the corresponding
modulation.
10 From the Codes list, choose the corresponding codes.
11 In the Ec/Nt (dB) column, for each data rate, type a new Ec/Nt value or
accept the default.
12 To delete a data rate, choose a row in the table and click Remove.
13 To add a new data rate, choose the data rate above which you want to
insert a new data rate and click Add.
14 Do one of the following:
■ Click OK to save your settings and close the Network Settings
dialog box.
■ Choose another item in the tree view.
■ Click another tab.
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46
Chapter 4: Defining W-CDMA Subscribers
4. Defining W-CDMA
Subscribers
This chapter contains the This chapter describes how to use the Subscriber
following sections:
Manager to define the subscribers in your network.
■ Understanding W-CDMA
subscribers
Subscribers are categorized into types, which are
■ Importing and exporting
subscriber information used when you generate an analysis of your
■ Workflow for creating W-CDMA network. Creating subscriber types that
W-CDMA subscriber types
■ Defining clutter types for account for the possible variations of subscribers
W-CDMA enables you to generate reliable and comprehensive
■ Defining W-CDMA bearers
analyses of your W-CDMA network.
■ Defining subscriber
equipment types for W-CDMA
■ Defining session types for
W-CDMA
■ Defining quality types for
W-CDMA
■ Defining service types for
W-CDMA
■ Defining subscriber types for
W-CDMA
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Subscriber Types
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Step 2 If required, define clutter types. See “Defining clutter types for
W-CDMA” on page 52.
Step 4 If required, define session types, and then define service types,
assigning session types to packet-switched services. See
■ “Defining session types for W-CDMA” on
page 66
■ “Defining service types for W-CDMA” on page 70
Step 5 If required, define quality types. See “Defining quality types for
W-CDMA” on page 69.
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clutter type, and the Urban and Dense Urban clutter classes are grouped into
the Populated Areas - High Density clutter type. Figure 4.2 also provides
example settings for each clutter type. These settings are typical of urban and
suburban environments.
Village
Dense urban
Urban
Suburban
Outdoor Outdoor
fast fading: 6 dB fast fading: 7 dB
penetration loss: 0 dB penetration loss: 0 dB
Indoor Indoor
fast fading: 0 dB fast fading: 0 dB
penetration loss: 9 dB penetration loss: 11 dB
When you run a Monte Carlo simulation, if an environment does not apply to
a particular type of clutter (for example, in Figure 4.2, the deep indoor
environment does not apply to the Populated Areas - Low Density clutter
type), the simulation will not place any subscribers in that type of clutter in
that environment. In the example in Figure 4.2, no subscribers would be using
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Penetration loss 0 dB 7 dB 10 dB 20 dB
For Downlink Orthogonality, the default value is 100%, and for Slow Fading
Standard Deviation, the default value is 7 dB.
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6 Enable any of the following check boxes to choose environments for the
clutter type and define the fast fading margin and penetration loss specific
to the environment:
■ Enable Outdoor—enables the outdoor environment for the
clutter type
■ Enable Vehicular—enables the vehicular environment for the
clutter type
■ Enable Indoor—enables the indoor environment for the clutter
type
■ Enable Deep Indoor—enables the deep indoor environment for
the clutter type
For more information on the settings associated with these environments,
press the F1 key.
7 If you enabled the Vehicular environment, type a value in the Vehicular
Speed box or accept the default.
The speed is used in conjunction with the sector settings to determine
whether a subscriber will be served by a sector. Subscribers that exceed
the maximum speed for a sector will not be served by the sector. For more
information, see “Quality settings for W-CDMA” on page 98
8 Click OK.
You can modify the properties of an existing clutter type from the
Subscriber Manager by right-clicking the clutter type and choosing Edit.
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2 Choose a clutter type from the Clutter Types list, and then choose one or
more clutter classes from the Unassigned Clutter Classes list, and click
Assign.
The clutter classes in the Unassigned Clutter Classes list are defined in the
clutter grid file for the project. For more information, see Chapter 1,
“Getting Started with Mentum Planet”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
The W-CDMA Simulation tool will use default settings for any
unassigned clutter classes.
3 Click Save and then click Close.
You can create a new clutter type by clicking New in the Assign Clutter
Classes dialog box. To modify the properties of the new clutter type,
click Edit. The Edit - Clutter Type dialog box opens.
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W-CDMA bearers
W-CDMA bearers are configured with
■ direction (uplink or downlink)
■ service and channel data rates
■ signal-to-noise ratio (Eb/No) to frame erasure rate (FER)
mapping table
■ downlink channel elements
■ downlink DPCH power offsets
Bearer Eb/No to FER
The Eb/No to FER mapping is defined using a curve that can be created or
edited using the Curve Editor. When you generate analysis layers, this
mapping is used to calculate the Downlink Service FER value from the
Downlink - Eb/No analysis layer. For information on the Downlink - Eb/No
layer and the Downlink Service FER value, see “Understanding W-CDMA
analysis layers” on page 157.
To ensure that borderline Eb/No values are accounted for, the points you
define for the curve should exceed the Eb/No values that you are interested in
analyzing. If values generated by the analysis exceed your defined range, they
will be represented by the last defined point.
The Curve Editor interpolates values linearly, based on Eb/No and FER pairs.
The FER values are calculated as follows:
■ For Eb/No values greater than the highest point in the curve, the
FER at that highest point is assigned. In the example in
Figure 4.3, for Eb/No values over 8.7 dB, a FER value of 0% is
assigned.
■ For Eb/No values defined in the range of the curve, the Curve
Editor linearly assigns a FER value based on the two nearest
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Figure 4.3 Curve Editor displaying the linear relationship between Eb/No and FER
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You can modify the properties of an existing bearer from the Subscriber
Manager by right-clicking the bearer and choosing Edit.
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Time
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When you define session types using the Session Type dialog box, the
following values in the dialog box refer to the ETSI model:
■ Mean No. of Packet Calls (Npc)
■ Mean Reading Time (Dpc)
■ Mean No. of Packets Within a Packet Call (Nd)
■ Mean Interarrival Time Between Packets (Dd)
■ Packet Timeout
Values used in the ETSI model are displayed in brackets following the label.
For example, Mean No. of Packet Calls refers to the Npc value in the ETSI
model.
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4 To define the packet settings, type a value in any of the following boxes
(see Figure 4.4 for details about how these values are modeled):
■ Mean No. of Packet Calls (Npc)—the mean number of packet
calls in a packet service session
■ Mean Reading Time (Dpc)—the mean reading time between
packet calls in seconds.
■ Mean No. of Packets Within a Packet Call (Nd)—the mean
number of packets in a packet call
■ Mean Interarrival Time Between Packets (Dd)—the mean
interarrival time between packets
■ Packet Timeout—the time between the last packet in a packet
call and the designated end of the packet call (i.e., before the
reading time starts)
5 In the Packet Size Distribution section, choose an option to model the
distribution of packet sizes:
■ Pareto—uses a Pareto distribution model
■ Poisson—uses a Poisson distribution model
6 To define the packet size based on distribution type, do one of the
following:
■ If you chose Pareto as the distribution type, type a value in all of
the following boxes to define the packet size:
■ Packet Size Alpha—the Alpha packet distribution
parameter for Pareto distributions
■ Minimum Packet Size—the minimum size of a packet
■ Maximum Packet Size—the maximum size of a packet
■ If you chose Poisson as the distribution type, type a value in the
Mean Packet Size box to define the mean packet size.
7 Click OK.
You can modify the properties of an existing session type from the
Subscriber Manager by right-clicking the session type and choosing
Edit.
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between the guaranteed and maximum data rate is not available, the
subscriber cannot be served.
5 To define the downlink data rate, type values in any of the following
boxes:
■ Guaranteed Downlink Data Rate—the guaranteed downlink
data rate required by the quality type
■ Maximum Downlink Data Rate—the maximum downlink data
rate required by the quality type. This value cannot be lower than
the value specified for the Guaranteed Downlink Data Rate.
The guaranteed downlink data rate is used in a Monte Carlo analysis to
determine a suitable bearer for the downlink. If a bearer with a rate that
falls between the guaranteed and maximum data rate is not available, the
subscriber cannot be served.
6 In the Traffic QoS Class section, choose the traffic class that applies to
the quality and its associated data rates.
7 Click OK.
You can modify the properties of an existing quality type from the
Subscriber Manager by right-clicking the quality type and choosing
Edit.
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3 In the Name box, type a name for the circuit-switched service type.
4 In the Comments box, type a description for the circuit-switched service
type.
5 In the Erlangs per Subscriber box, type a value to define the number of
Erlangs generated by each subscriber type associated with this service.
During a Monte Carlo analysis, when subscribers are distributed using the
traffic map associated with the subscriber type, this value determines the
number of subscribers that are distributed per service. For example, a
value of 1 in this box results in one subscriber distributed for each
subscriber in the traffic map. A value of 0.5 results in half the number of
subscribers that are in the traffic map being distributed.
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the Downlink - Best Server, Uplink - Best Server, and Other - Path
Balance layers.
For a Monte Carlo analysis, increasing this value may mean that some
locations with discrete subscribers will no longer be regarded as covered.
The discrete subscribers not being served will cause less downlink service
power to be transmitted by the sector. Because the sector downlink
service power is an input to the layer generation, the decrease in power
will affect many layers, including CPICH - Ec/Io.
10 To define the maximum FER/PER at which this service is able to
function, type values in either of the following boxes:
■ Required Uplink FER/PER—the required FER/PER at the
uplink
■ Required Downlink FER/PER—the required FER/PER at the
downlink
11 To define the number of circuits from one server that are available to the
subscriber type associated with this service type, type a value in the
Number of Downlink Connections box.
12 Click OK.
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3 In the Name box, type a name for the packet-switched service type.
4 In the Comments box, type a description for the packet-switched service
type.
5 In the Input Load section, do one of the following to define the mean
input load:
■ To define the mean input load in kilobits per hour, choose the
Kilobits/Hour option and type a value in the box at the right of
the section.
■ To define the mean input load in sessions per hour, choose the
Sessions/Hour option and type a value in the box at the right of
the section.
■ To define the mean input load in Erlangs per subscriber, choose
the Erlangs/Subscriber option and type a value in the box at the
right of the section.
These values represent the average input load over a sustained period, not
a peak or instantaneous load.
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6 From the Session Type list, choose a session type for this service type.
For more information on session types, see “Defining session types for
W-CDMA” on page 66.
7 In the Symmetry section, do one of the following to define the primary
and non-primary traffic on the channel:
■ Choose the Uplink option as the primary direction of traffic, and
then type in the Link Asymmetry Factor box a multiplier to
define the asymmetry factor between the primary and non-
primary directions.
■ Choose the Downlink option as the primary direction of traffic,
and then type in the Link Asymmetry Factor box a multiplier
to define the asymmetry factor between the primary and non-
primary directions.
The asymmetry factor defines the relationship between primary traffic
and non-primary traffic. For example, choosing Downlink as the primary
direction and defining an asymmetry factor of 0.1 would set the uplink
traffic to be 0.1 times that of the primary downlink direction.
8 To define the overhead factor for retransmit and control of traffic, type
values in either of the following boxes:
■ Uplink Retransmit and Control Overhead—retransmit and
control overhead for uplink traffic
■ Downlink Retransmit and Control Overhead—retransmit and
control overhead for downlink traffic
9 To define the priority of the service type, type a value in the Priority box.
Priorities are defined in decreasing order, with 0 being the highest
priority, and indicate the order in which services are allocated resources
when network capacity is limited. You can also assign a priority to
subscriber types. If you assign a priority to a subscriber type, and enable
the Use Priority check box for the subscriber type, when you generate a
Monte Carlo analysis, the subscriber type priority will override the
service priority for that subscriber type.
10 To define the probability of coverage required for a subscriber or bin to be
regarded as covered, type a value in the Cell Edge Coverage Probability
box.
The Cell Edge Coverage Probability value is used when you generate a
Monte Carlo or rapid planning analysis to calculate service coverage for
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the Downlink - Best Server, Uplink - Best Server, and Other - Path
Balance layers.
For a Monte Carlo analysis, increasing this value may mean that some
locations with discrete subscribers will no longer be regarded as covered.
The discrete subscribers not being served will cause less downlink service
power to be transmitted by the sector. Because the sector downlink
service power is an input to the layer generation, the decrease in power
will affect many layers, including CPICH - Ec/Io.
11 To define the FER/PER at which this service is able to function, type
values in either of the following boxes:
■ Required Uplink FER/PER—the required FER/PER at the
uplink
■ Required Downlink FER/PER—the required FER/PER at the
downlink
12 To define the number of circuits from one server that are available to the
subscriber type associated with this service type, type a value in the
Number of Downlink Connections box.
13 If you want to view information about the uplink and downlink channel
activity factors, click Illustration.
The Packet Switched Service Illustration dialog box opens. This dialog
box enables you to choose bearers that could potentially be assigned to
this service. When you choose a bearer, the fields update to show the
values that would be used in an analysis for this service type if the bearers
were to be used for this service.
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14 From the Uplink Bearer and Downlink Bearer lists, choose the bearers
for which you want to view statistics.
The other fields in the dialog box automatically display values depending
on uplink bearer and downlink bearer that you choose.
The bearers that you choose in the entries in the Illustration window are
for illustration purposes only. They do not affect the analysis.
15 Click Close to close the Packet Switched Service Illustration dialog
box.
16 Click OK to close the Create New - Packet Switched Service dialog
box.
Example
You might create a subscriber type called Advanced Business that represents
subscribers who use mobiles as their primary business tools. The subscribers
represented by this type use their mobiles for everything from downloading
email to placing cellular calls. After you create the usage types, you can
assign a ratio to determine the proportion of the traffic that is in each of the
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available environments. In addition, you can set the service type and quality
type for each usage type. For example, if you set up four usage types for the
Advanced Business subscriber type, you could assign the weightings, service
types, and quality types shown in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2 Example usage type settings
1 5 5 5 5 Voice 12.2kbps_Conver-
sational
2 1 2 1 0 Video 64kbps_Streaming
3 2 2 4 0 WWW 144kbps_Interactive
4 2 2 4 0 Email 12.2kbps_Back-
ground
In this example, the total weighting value calculated across all usage types is
40. Therefore, the Advanced Business subscriber type uses Usage 1 50% of
the time, Usage 2 10% of the time, Usage 3 20% of the time, and Usage 4
20% of the time.
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for the services, which is defined in the Priority box for both circuit-
switched and packet-switched services.
6 In the Variance section, choose one of the following options to define the
variability of the number of subscribers generated by different Monte
Carlo runs:
■ Mean—the same mean number of subscribers will be used on
every run.
■ Poisson—a Poisson distribution of subscribers will be used.
■ User Defined—choose this option to define a custom Poisson
distribution with modified variability. A value of 1 is a standard
Poisson distribution.
7 From the Subscriber Equipment Types list, choose the equipment type
of the subscriber type.
For more information on creating a subscriber equipment type, see
“Defining subscriber equipment types for W-CDMA” on page 63.
8 From the Traffic list, choose the traffic map that you want to associate
with the subscriber.
You can only choose traffic maps in subscribers/km2 or Erlangs/km2.
Traffic maps in Kbps/km2 are not valid. The type of traffic map that you
choose affects the service types that are available in the usage types
section. Packet-switched and circuit-switched services are available if you
chose a traffic map with an output format of subscribers/km2 from the
Traffic list. Only circuit-switched services are available if you chose a
traffic map in Erlangs/km2 from the Traffic list. For information on
generating and adding a traffic map to the project, see Chapter 10,
“Working with Traffic Maps”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
9 Define usage types as described in “To define usage types for W-CDMA”
on page 81.
10 Click OK.
You can modify the properties of an existing subscriber type from the
Subscriber Manager by right-clicking the subscriber type and choosing
Edit.
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You can create traffic maps using the information defined in the
Subscriber Manager. The traffic maps combine the voice and packet
usages for all defined subscriber types. For more information, see Chapter 10,
“Working with Traffic Maps”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
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5 Click in the Quality box and choose a quality type for the usage type
from the list.
For more information about quality types, see “Defining quality types for
W-CDMA” on page 69.
6 To add another usage type, repeat Step 1 to Step 5.
7 Click OK.
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Chapter 5: Configuring and Placing W-CDMA Sites
5. Configuring and
Placing W-CDMA
Sites
This chapter contains the This chapter describes how to configure and place a
following sections:
W-CDMA site, define sector settings specific to
■ Understanding W-CDMA sites
and sectors W-CDMA, and globally edit W-CDMA sector
■ Considerations for multi-band properties.
networks
■ Workflow for configuring and Once you have defined the W-CDMA network
placing W-CDMA sites
■ Creating W-CDMA sites configuration, you can configure and place the sites
■ Calculating base station link in your network.
budgets for W-CDMA sectors
■ Globally editing base station
link budget settings for
W-CDMA sectors
■ Defining W-CDMA sector
settings
■ Editing sites and sectors
■ Deleting sites
■ Viewing W-CDMA carrier
assignment and interference
information
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the PA power and noise limits. For more information, see “To define carrier
settings for W-CDMA” on page 40.
This gives you the flexibility of simulating different scenarios, for example:
■ If all carriers have the same preference weightings, subscribers
will be allocated equally between the two sectors, except for an
area at the fringe where only the stronger sector can work, until
the PA power and noise limits are reached. At this point,
subscribers will be allocated to the remaining carrier or carriers.
■ Carriers on the weaker sector could be given a zero preference
weighting, so that only the stronger sector will be allocated
subscribers until the PA power and noise limits are reached. Any
additional subscribers would then be allocated to the weaker
sector. In this case, more users in the fringe area could be
blocked.
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You can edit the properties of a single site after you place it. In the
Project Explorer, in the Sites category, right-click the site and choose
Edit. In the Site Properties dialog box, edit the properties, click Apply, and
then click Close.
When you generate predictions, the power value used is the value in the ERP
or EIRP box for the sector.
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order of the items on the Base Station Losses & Gains tab in the Base Station
Link Budget dialog box must match the hierarchy of the sector hardware (see
Figure 5.1 and Figure 5.2). By default, the BTS Noise Figure is always the
last item in the list.
Antenna
Antenna Feeder Tail
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
Feeder
Feeder Tail
BTS Amplifier
The Uplink Composite Noise Figure (Composite System Noise Figure (NFs))
is calculated as follows, using the Friis noise formula:
Equation 5.2 Uplink Composite Noise Figure calculation
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f2 – 1 f3 – 1 f4 – 1 fn – 1
f s = f 1 + ------------ - + … + ---------------------------------------------
- + -------------- + --------------------
G1 G1 G2 G1 G2 G3 G 1 G 2 G 3 …G ( n – 1 )
Where:
All terms are in their linear form.
fs is the Composite System Noise Factor (linear ratio).
NF s = 10log 10 f s is the Composite System Noise Figure.
f 1 …f n is the Noise Factor of individual elements (linear ratio).
G 1 …G n is the numerical gain of individual elements (linear ratio).
Note that a loss (in dB) is taken as negative gain:
G ( db )
----------------
10
G = 10
NF ( db )
-------------------
10
f = 10
If you are using an Excel spreadsheet to import base station link budget
settings, you must use the Index column to specify the order of the
items in the Losses and Gains list. For more information, see “Importing and
exporting project data” in Chapter 13, “Working With Network and Project
Data”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
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3 Click in the ERP or EIRP box of the sector you want to modify, and then
click the Base Station Link Budget (...) button.
The Base Station Link Budget dialog box opens with the Uplink tab
selected.
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7 Do the following to define any additional losses and gains for the uplink:
■ Click Add.
■ From the Type list, choose Loss or Gain.
■ In the Name box, type a name for the loss or gain.
■ In the Value box, type a value for the loss or gain.
■ If the type is a gain, in the Noise Figure box, type the thermal
noise associated with the gain.
■ If required, use the Move Up or Move Down buttons to change
the order of items in the list of losses and gains.
8 To remove an item from the Uplink tab, choose the item and click
Remove.
The Uplink Composite Noise Figure box at the bottom of the Base Station
Link Budget dialog box updates to reflect the loss, gain, and noise figure
values.
9 Click the Downlink tab at the bottom of the Base Station Losses &
Gains tab and do the following to modify the Feeder value for the
downlink, or accept the default:
■ From the Type list, choose Loss or Gain.
■ In the Name box, type a name for the loss or gain.
■ In the Value box, type a value for the loss or gain.
10 Do the following to define any additional losses and gains for the
downlink:
■ Click Add.
■ From the Type list, choose Loss or Gain.
■ In the Name box, type a name for the loss or gain.
■ In the Value box, type a value for the loss or gain.
■ If required, use the Move Up or Move Down buttons to change
the order of items in the list of losses and gains.
11 To remove an item from the Downlink tab, choose the item and click
Remove.
The Total EIRP and CPICH EIRP boxes update to reflect the loss or gain
values.
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12 To modify power information for the sector, type values in any of the
following boxes:
■ PA Power—the power at the power amplifier. When you change
this value, the CPICH % of PA Power box updates automatically
to reflect the new ratio of PA Power to CPICH Power. The Total
EIRP box updates automatically to reflect the new Total EIRP
for the power amplifier. You can also modify the PA power on
the Hardware panel of the Sector Settings dialog box. See “To
define hardware settings” on page 99. The two boxes are
interdependent. Changes in one location are reflected in the other
location.
■ CPICH Power—the power of the CPICH channel. When you
change this value, the CPICH % of PA Power box updates
automatically to reflect the new ratio of PA Power to CPICH
Power and the CPICH EIRP box updates automatically based on
Equation 5.1 on page 87.
■ CPICH % of PA Power—the CPICH power as a percentage of
PA power. When you change this value, the CPICH Power
updates automatically to reflect the new ratio and the CPICH
EIRP box updates automatically based on Equation 5.1 on page
87.
■ Total EIRP—the total PA power for the sector (calculated as
PA Power + Downlink losses and gains). When you change this
value, the PA Power box updates automatically to reflect the
change and the CPICH % of PA Power box updates
automatically to reflect the new ratio of PA Power to CPICH
Power.
13 Click OK.
The ERP or EIRP value is updated for the sector.
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For example, you could use the Global Edit (Base Station Link Budget) tool
with a newly created project to define a common set of losses and gains
according to the hardware used most often in your network. Using these
common settings as a base, you could then define individual or unique sector
settings as required.
Before using the Global Edit (Base Station Link Budget) tool, you should be
familiar with the Base Station Link Budget tool. For more information, see
“Calculating base station link budgets for W-CDMA sectors” on page 87.
The Global Edit (Base Station Link Budget) dialog box is not
technology-dependent and will update all of the sectors you choose
with the same settings. Depending on the options you choose, existing
settings may be lost.
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2 From the Action list, choose the type of action that you want to perform:
■ Insert—adds additional losses/gains in the order specified, but
leaves existing settings intact.
■ Remove—removes any losses/gains that match the specified
name/order. You can choose to exclude individual losses/gains.
■ Replace—replaces the values for the specified losses/gains.
■ Update—updates values for losses/gains that match the
specified name/order. You can choose to update the name, the
associated value, or both.
You can only choose one action each time you apply changes to the base
station link budget settings. If you want to perform multiple actions, use
the Apply button each time you define settings for a specific action. If you
choose another action before applying the new settings, the changes for
the current action will be lost.
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Figure 5.3 W-CDMA Sector Settings dialog box showing the Hardware panel
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and, for HSDPA, HS-DSCH Power values should be manually defined for the
sector.
If you do not define these values manually, you can enable the
Override All Cell Loads option on the System panel of the Analysis
Settings dialog box, and define values for DPCH Available Traffic Power, HS-
DSCH Available Traffic Power, HS-DSCH Activity Factor, and Uplink Load.
For more information, see “To define rapid planning system settings for
W-CDMA” on page 136.
The Uplink Noise Rise value is used to calculate equivalent Current Total
Receive Power, which is required to compute all uplink analysis layers. The
DPCH Total Traffic Power and, for HSDPA carriers, the HS-DSCH Power are
used to calculate Total Traffic Transmit Power, which is used to compute most
CPICH, downlink, and HSDPA analysis layers. The Current Total Receive
and Total Traffic Transmit Power are also used to compute the Other - Path
Balance layer.
For more information, see “To define implementation settings” on page 103.
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If you open the Base Station Link Budget tool from the W-CDMA Sector
Settings dialog box, the carrier displayed is the carrier from which the
tool was launched. If the carrier is an EV-DO carrier, the Pilot Power column
and the Percentage column are read only columns.
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To edit a site
1 Do one of the following:
■ In the Project Explorer, in the Sites category, right-click on the
site that you want to edit and choose Edit.
■ Click the Edit Site button on the Site toolbar and then click in
the Map window on the site that you want to edit.
The Site Properties dialog box opens.
2 If there is more than one site at the chosen location, choose the site you
want to edit from the Editing Site list.
3 Do one of the following:
■ Modify any of the site properties and save them as a new
configuration if required. For information, see “Creating
W-CDMA sites” on page 85.
■ Load an existing configuration by choosing
File ➤ Open Configuration.
4 Click Apply to update your project.
5 Click Close.
If you are modifying the W-CDMA power values, you have the option of
viewing data in dBm or Watts. However, if you want to modify the
Average PRACH Interference Power, you will only be able to use the full
range of values available for the field if you are using the dBm option.
If you prefer to use Watts, you can use the Watts option when you are
modifying other power values, and then change the units to dBm before
modifying the value for PRACH.
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Deleting sites
You can delete sites using the Project Explorer or the Map window.
To delete a site
■ Do one of the following:
■ In the Project Explorer, in the Sites category, right-click the
site, choose Delete, and click Yes to confirm the deletion.
■ In the Map window, choose the site, right-click and choose
Delete, and then click Delete to confirm the deletion.
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112
Chapter 6: Adding Repeaters to W-CDMA Sectors
6. Adding Repeaters to
W-CDMA Sectors
This chapter contains the This chapter describes how to add repeaters to
following sections:
W-CDMA sectors in your project.
■ Understanding W-CDMA
repeaters
■ Workflow for adding repeaters
to W-CDMA sectors
■ Adding repeaters to W-CDMA
sectors
■ Repeaters and W-CDMA
predictions
■ Locating repeaters in a Map
window
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Where:
CPICH Power is the pilot power of the first carrier from the W-CDMA Sector
Settings of the donor sector.
Lm is the masked path loss between the base station transmitter and the
repeater.
GD is the repeater donor antenna gain.
LD is the repeater donor antenna system loss (typically feeder loss).
GR is the repeater gain.
LR is the repeater loss.
LS is the repeater service antenna system loss (typically feeder loss).
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4 If you are using an antenna pattern with electrical downtilt, from the
Electrical Tilt list, choose the electrical downtilt pattern that you want to
use.
For information on electrical downtilt antenna patterns, see Chapter 3,
“Working with Antenna Patterns”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
5 Type values in the following boxes:
■ Azimuth—the horizontal direction the service antenna looks
towards. An azimuth value of 0 degrees is true north, 90 degrees
is east, 180 degrees is south, and 270 degrees is west. As you
rotate clockwise, the azimuth increases.
■ Tilt—the number of degrees that a service antenna is tilted
upward or downward. A positive (+) tilt value points the antenna
upwards, while a negative (-) tilt value points the antenna
downwards.
■ Twist—the number of degrees that a service antenna is twisted
counter-clockwise or clockwise. A positive (+) twist value
rotates the antenna counter-clockwise, while a negative (-) twist
value rotates the antenna clockwise.
■ Height—the height of the service antenna from ground level.
6 In the Elevation section, choose one of the following options:
■ Use DEM Elevation—sets the elevation height based on the
repeater location and the project digital elevation model (DEM)
grid file.
■ Manual Entry—enables you to define the elevation height for
the repeater. Type the elevation height in the Elevation box. This
option is useful if the repeater is being used as a microcell for
indoor coverage.
7 In the System Losses box, type a value for the service antenna system
feeder loss or any additional antenna system-related losses.
8 Click Create to save your settings and add the repeater, or choose another
item in the tree view.
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Donor antenna settings only apply if the repeater type is RF. If a fiber-
optic connection is used between the donor and service antenna, the
donor antenna settings do not apply. For more information, see “To add
repeaters to W-CDMA sectors” on page 116.
1 In the tree view of the Repeater Settings dialog box, choose Donor
Antenna.
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4 If you are using an antenna pattern with electrical downtilt, from the
Electrical Tilt list, choose the electrical downtilt pattern that you want to
use.
For details on electrical downtilt antenna patterns, see Chapter 3,
“Working with Antenna Patterns”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
5 In the Height box, type the height of the donor antenna from ground
level.
6 In the Elevation section, choose one of the following options:
■ Use DEM Elevation—sets the elevation height based on the
repeater location and the project digital elevation model (DEM)
grid file. This is the default option.
■ Manual Entry—enables you to define the elevation height for
the repeater. Type the elevation height in the Elevation box. This
option is useful if the repeater is being used as a microcell for
indoor coverage.
7 In the System Losses box, type a value for donor antenna system feeder
loss or any other antenna system-related losses.
The Isolation box indicates the calculated value of isolation between
antennas (masked path loss). For an accurate isolation value, the antenna
patterns assigned to the repeater must have a full definition of the vertical
pattern (all angles).
8 Click Create to save your settings and add the repeater, or choose another
item in the tree view.
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1 In the tree view of the Repeater Settings dialog box, choose Equipment.
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2 In the Carrier Assignment section, enable the check box beside each of
the carriers that you want assigned to the repeater.
All of the carriers assigned to the donor sector are enabled by default.
3 Click Create to save your settings and add the repeater, or choose another
item in the tree view.
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3 If you want to change the donor sector (re-parent), choose a sector from
the Donor Sector list.
4 Modify the other repeater settings as required.
For information, see “Adding repeaters to W-CDMA sectors” on
page 115.
5 Click Apply and then click Close.
You can also access all of the repeaters in your project from the
Repeaters node in the Sites category of the Project Explorer.
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7.
W-CDMA
Generating Rapid
Planning Analyses
for W-CDMA
This chapter contains the This chapter describes how to generate a rapid
following sections:
planning analysis and view results.
■ Understanding rapid planning
for W-CDMA
A rapid planning analysis provides a quick
■ Workflow for generating a
rapid planning analysis for simulation of your network. You can use the results
W-CDMA
of a rapid planning analysis to make adjustments to
■ Defining default W-CDMA
rapid planning analysis your project settings and then run a more detailed
settings
Monte Carlo analysis.
■ Creating a rapid planning
analysis for W-CDMA
■ Defining rapid planning
system settings for W-CDMA
■ Choosing subscriber types for
W-CDMA rapid planning
■ Defining rapid planning
analysis area settings for
W-CDMA
■ Generating a rapid planning
analysis for W-CDMA
■ Generating analysis layers for
flag-specific information
■ Viewing W-CDMA analysis
layers
■ Deleting analyses
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Step 2 Define rapid planning settings for the sectors that you want to
include in your analysis. See “To define implementation settings”
on page 103.
Step 3 If you want to use the same settings for a number of analyses,
define default analysis settings. See “Defining default W-CDMA
rapid planning analysis settings” on page 133.
Step 5 Define the analysis settings and generate the analysis. See
“Defining rapid planning system settings for W-CDMA” on
page 136.
Step 6 View the results of the analysis. See “Viewing W-CDMA analysis
layers” on page 145.
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A Monte Carlo analysis takes more time than rapid planning, but generates
detailed subscriber information that a rapid planning analysis does not. For
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If you want to choose the sectors to use for the analysis, right-click the
analysis under the W-CDMA Analyses node, choose Select Sectors,
and then in the Select Sectors dialog box, choose the group of sectors that
you want to use, and click Continue.
If you do not choose the sectors to use for the analysis, you will be prompted
to do so when you run the analysis. For more information, see “Generating a
rapid planning analysis for W-CDMA” on page 144.
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5 If you want to override the rapid planning settings on the Sector Settings -
Implementation panel for this analysis, enable the Override All Cell
Loads check box.
Typically, you would use the Override All Cell Loads option if you are
doing nominal planning or network dimensioning. If you are optimizing
an existing network using switch statistics, you would use the rapid
planning settings on the Implementation panel for the sector.
6 For each applicable W-CDMA carrier, define the following:
■ DPCH Uplink Load—For Rel 99, Rel 99 & HSDPA, HSDPA,
and Rel99 & HSPA sectors, the percentage of cell loading you
want to target on the DPCH uplink.
■ Total Uplink Load—For Rel 99 & HSPA, and HSPA sectors,
the percentage of cell loading that you want to target for the
uplink. This load percentage is used to update the total noise rise
per sector
■ DPCH Available Traffic Power—For Rel 99, Rel 99 &
HSDPA, and Rel 99 & HSPA sectors, the percentage of the total
power available for the dedicated physical channel (DPCH).
■ HS-DSCH Available Traffic Power—For Rel 99 & HSDPA,
HSDPA, Rel99 & HSPA, HSPA sectors, the percentage of the
total power available for the high-speed downlink shared
channel (HS-DSCH)
■ HS-DSCH Activity Factor—For Rel 99 & HSDPA, HSDPA,
Rel99 & HSPA, HSPA sectors, the downlink shared channel
average activity factor.
The total power available is the remaining PA power after power for the
CPICH and other common channels has been assigned.
7 Choose another item in the tree view.
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3 Enable the check boxes for the subscriber types that you want to include
in the analysis.
4 Choose another item in the tree view.
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3 In the Analysis Resolution box, type a value for the resolution of the
analysis.
For more information on this box, press the F1 key.
4 Choose another item in the tree view.
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You can obtain statistical and composite reports for the analysis layers
using the Layer Statistics Analysis tool. For more information, see
“Chapter 11: Generating W-CDMA Reports” on page 225.
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Deleting analyses
Files generated from a network analysis can take up a lot of hard disk space.
You can delete analyses that are no longer required.
To delete analyses
1 In the Project Explorer, in the Network Analyses category, do any of
the following:
■ Choose one or more analyses, right-click and choose Delete.
■ Expand an analysis node, choose one or more analysis layers,
right-click and choose Delete.
2 In the Mentum Planet dialog box, click Yes.
The analyses or analysis layers you chose are removed from the Project
Explorer and the files are deleted from the project folder.
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8.
CDMA
Generating Monte
Carlo Analyses for
W-CDMA
This chapter contains the This chapter describes how to generate a Monte
following sections:
Carlo analysis for W-CDMA and view results. A
■ Understanding Monte Carlo
analyses for W-CDMA Monte Carlo analysis provides two types of results:
■ Understanding data rate
negotiation ■ information about sectors, carriers and
■ Workflow for generating a subscribers in your network
Monte Carlo analysis for ■ analysis layers
W-CDMA
You can also generate a rapid planning analysis,
■ Optimizing W-CDMA
analyses which provides only analysis layers, but takes less
■ Defining default W-CDMA
time. For more information on rapid planning, see
Monte Carlo analysis settings
■ Creating a Monte Carlo Chapter 7: Generating Rapid Planning Analyses for
analysis for W-CDMA
W-CDMA.
■ Defining Monte Carlo analysis
settings for W-CDMA
■ Generating a Monte Carlo
analysis for W-CDMA
■ Viewing discrete subscriber
information for W-CDMA
■ Generating additional runs for
a W-CDMA Monte Carlo
analysis
■ Generating W-CDMA analysis
layers
■ Analyzing CPICH pollution for
W-CDMA sectors
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User-defined method
Using the Fixed Number of Runs option on the Runtime Parameters panel,
you can define the exact number of runs to complete in the Monte Carlo
analysis.
You need to consider the minimum number of runs that will present an
accurate model of the system; with too few runs, the results will not
accurately reflect the distribution of subscribers within the network. Too
many runs will not degrade the outputs of the analysis, but may take a long
time. If the analysis does not achieve what you consider to be an accurate
model of the network using the number of runs that you specified, you can
generate additional runs. See “To generate additional Monte Carlo runs for
W-CDMA” on page 185.
The number of runs required to achieve a given level of accuracy can vary
dramatically based on several factors, which include the following:
■ the number of bins in the analysis, which is directly proportional
to the analysis area and resolution. The number of bins in the
analysis has an impact as it will provide the number of potential
points for subscribers. The more potential points for subscribers,
the greater the likelihood of variation.
■ the number of subscribers to be spread. This, coupled with the
type of subscriber (for example, high data rate subscribers) and
the traffic map, has potentially the greatest impact on the number
of runs required. If you spread very few subscribers over a large
area, then you need many runs to get a good statistical
representation. If these subscribers are spread in a limited area,
then fewer runs are likely required.
■ the impact of each individual subscriber on the analysis, which is
essentially the required Eb/No. Higher data rate subscribers
create a bigger load and have a bigger impact in all respects.
They are also are more likely to be served or not served.
■ the potential variation in the locations of the subscribers in the
analysis according to the assigned traffic maps. A flat traffic map
will likely require more runs than a map where all of the
subscribers are concentrated.
■ the number of sectors in the analysis. A greater number of
servers, coupled with the potential for overlapping coverage
areas, handover regions, and gaps in coverage, results in a higher
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Convergence method
The Convergence Achieved option on the Runtime Parameters panel enables
you to have more refined control over the simulation process than the Fixed
Number of Runs option.
The distribution of subscribers is affected by the traffic density. The greater
the traffic density, the fewer runs will be required.
Using this approach, the runs continue until the convergence target is reached.
After each run, the tool calculates the convergence factor (see “Convergence
factor calculation” on page 153). When the convergence factor is equal to or
less than the value that you define in the Convergence Achieved box, the runs
are complete.
To achieve results that are statistically valid, you must determine an
appropriate Convergence Achieved value. If you specify a lower value (for
example, 1%), more runs will be required for the solution to converge. A
lower Convergence Achieved value generally requires a higher resolution
digital elevation model (DEM) to ensure accurate results. If the DEM has low
resolution, small variations in the interference calculations between runs
might cause significant differences in the coverage area for a particular site.
The Convergence Achieved option requires a minimum of three runs to
complete.
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⎛ n ⎞
⎜ Si⎟
⎜∑ ⎟
⎝i = 0 ⎠
Mean number of dropped users = Sn = --------------------
n
Equation 8.1 Mean number of dropped users
Where:
S is the mean number of dropped users for a particular run
n is the number of simulation runs
The divergence of consecutive values is continually calculated using the mean
value. For example:
Where:
Max is the maximum number of dropped users
Min is the minimum number of dropped users
S is the mean number of dropped users for a particular run
n is the number of simulation runs
The Sn value from Equation 8.1 and the divergence value from Equation 8.2
are then used to determine the convergence factor, as shown in Equation 8.3.
( Divergence ) ⁄ ( Sn ) × 100
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CPICH analysis
CPICH analysis layers (see Table 8.2 on page 158) enable you to visualize
CPICH coverage and interference over the analysis area.
As a subscriber becomes more distant from the serving site, the path loss
increases, decreasing the CPICH power (Ec). As the subscriber moves away
from the serving site and closer to other sites, interference (Io) occurs. The
boundary of CPICH coverage varies due to load, environmental, and bearer
conditions. Generating CPICH analysis layers enables you to quantify this
effect by calculating the maximum propagation loss for a given load,
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Layer Description
CPICH - Best Server Displays the coverage area of each sector’s CPICH.
The coverage area is based on achieving at least the
CPICH Target Ec/Io defined in the W-CDMA Sector
Settings dialog box. See “To define quality settings” on
page 104.
CPICH - Composite Identical to the CPICH - Best Server layer, except that for
Best Server sectors with repeaters, the repeater and its donor are
treated as one combined sector.
CPICH - Ec/Io Displays the CPICH Ec/Io at each bin based on the power
limits defined in the W-CDMA Sector Settings dialog box
(see “To define W-CDMA power settings” on page 105)
rather than the CPICH Target Ec/Io value. See “To define
quality settings” on page 104.
CPICH - Coverage Displays the coverage area of all the sectors within the
analysis area
CPICH - 5th Server Displays the fifth best CPICH to be used if it is a candidate
for the active set of sectors
CPICH - Best Ec Displays the best server at each location where the Best
Server Ec is better than the value defined in the Best Ec
Threshold box on the General tab of the Mobile
Technology - Network Settings dialog box, or null if the
Best Ec is worse than the threshold value.
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Layer Description
CPICH - Composite Identical to the CPICH - Best Ec Server layer, except that
Best Ec Server for sectors with repeaters, the repeater and its donor are
treated as one combined sector.
CPICH - Best Ec Displays the Ec (the energy received per chip) for the best
CPICH.
CPICH - Total Ec Displays the total Ec for the pilots in the active set. The
total Ec is computed as the sum of Ec powers of the pilots
in active set.
CPICH - Pollution Index Displays the areas in your coverage region where CPICH
coverage is not sufficient.
The CPICH - Pollution Index is a numeric grid (.grd) file
that uses a percentage for each bin. Values closer to
100% indicate areas where CPICH pollution and/or
CPICH coverage may be a problem.
This index is created based on the number of users in an
area (usage factor) and the probability of CPICH pollution
(CPICH factor) in that area. High values occur when there
is a low CPICH-to-interference ratio and/or there is a high
concentration of users in relation to the available signal
strength. The usage factor is based on the traffic map and
the usage factor curve defined in the Mobile Technology -
Network Settings dialog box and the traffic factor is based
on the CPICH factor curve define in the Mobile Technology
- Network Settings dialog box.
CPICH - Delta Ec/Io Displays the difference in CPICH Ec/Io between the best
server and the server that you choose in the Nth Best
Server for Delta Layer box on the System panel of the
Analysis Settings dialog box. See “To define Monte Carlo
system settings for W-CDMA” on page 170 for details.
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Layer Description
CPICH - Worst Polluter Displays the worst CPICH polluter at each bin.
CPICH - Sum of CPICH Displays the total CPICH signal strength within the
minus Best CPICH network minus the best CPICH signal strength. This
indicates whether the best CPICH is the primary
component of the composite signal. In areas where there
are too many different signals of similar strength, the
signal-to-interference ratio will be too high and calls may
be dropped. It is more effective for W-CDMA networks to
have a dominant CPICH signal throughout the desired
coverage area.
Layer Description
Downlink - Best Server Displays the service channel coverage area for each
sector
Downlink - Composite Identical to the Downlink - Best Server layer, except that
Best Server for sectors with repeaters, the repeater and its donor are
treated as one combined sector.
Downlink - Eb/No Displays the downlink service Eb/No at each bin without
limiting it to the downlink target Eb/No.
The W-CDMA analysis layer generation process assumes
that perfect power control will cause the power to set itself
at a level that will achieve the target Eb/No. See
“Controlling interference” on page 514.
Downlink - FER Displays the frame erasure rate (FER) at each bin based
on the FER to Eb/No curve defined in the W-CDMA Bearer
dialog box. See “Defining W-CDMA bearers” on page 57.
Downlink - Received Io Displays the total downlink noise received at the mobile
receiver. This value represents the downlink received
signal strength including thermal noise.
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Layer Description
Downlink - Throughput Displays the mean downlink throughput for each bin.
Downlink - Max Displays the maximum achieved data rates over the
Achievable Coverage analysis area.
Layer Description
Uplink - Best Server Displays the uplink coverage for each sector
Uplink - Composite Identical to the Uplink - Best Server layer, except that for
Best Server sectors with repeaters, the repeater and its donor are
treated as one combined sector.
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Layer Description
Uplink - Req Mobile Displays the EIRP values for a mobile at each bin that are
EIRP required to close the uplink. This is calculated as follows:
Required EIRP = Required PA Power + Mobile Antenna
Gain = Required Eb/No - Processing Gain + Penetration
Loss + Masked Pathloss + Noise Rise + Composite Noise
Figure + kTB
The composite noise figure is taken from the link budget
for the sector (and, optionally, the carrier). See
“Calculating base station link budgets for W-CDMA
sectors” on page 87.
The required mobile EIRP will vary for different subscriber
types.
Uplink - Mobile EIRP Displays the difference between the maximum possible
Margin mobile EIRP and the actual required EIRP for each bin
Uplink - Load Displays the best server cell load for each bin. The load at
a bin is the cell loading of the uplink best server for that
bin.
Uplink - Throughput Displays the mean uplink throughput for each bin.
Uplink - Bearer Displays the coverage probability for each bearer specified
Coverage in the analysis.
Uplink - Max Displays the maximum achieved data rates over the
Achievable Coverage analysis area.
Throughput will only exist in areas where CPICH coverage and path
balance exists.
Handover analysis
Handover analysis layers (see Table 8.5) enable you to determine the
handover status of each sector included in an analysis. For more information
on how handover and soft handover occur, see “Appendix A: Modeling W-
CDMA Networks” on page 511.
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All handover calculations are based on the Handover Margin value defined on
the Quality panel of the W-CDMA Sector Settings dialog box. For more
information, see “To define quality settings” on page 104.
Table 8.5 Handover analysis layers
Layer Description
Handover - Status Displays the handover state of each sector within the
analysis area. The handover states are:
■ Not in handover (N)—there is only one available server
Handover - Soft Displays the uplink soft handover gain at each bin. The
Handover Gain gain is produced by the ability of the subscribers and sites
to operate at a lower power value when engaged in soft
handover and still meet the system quality requirements
for the FER.
Handover - Active Displays the total number of serving sectors (i.e., the
Server Count sectors in soft handover)
Handover - Active Site Displays the total number of serving sites (i.e., the sites
Count where sectors are in soft handover)
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Other analysis
The path balance analysis layer (see Table 8.6) enables you to determine
whether coverage has been achieved on both the uplink and downlink paths.
Table 8.6 Path balance analysis layer
Layer Description
Other - Path Balance Displays the balance between the downlink and uplink.
The downlink is considered covered at a bin if both CPICH
coverage and service coverage are achieved.
Path balance is achieved when the probability of both the
uplink and downlink coverage is equal to or greater than
the Cell Edge Coverage Probability value in the Circuit
Switched Service or Packet Switched Service dialog box.
See “Defining service types for W-CDMA” on page 70.
Other - Combined The combined coverage probability for the downlink and
Probability uplink (Downlink - Coverage Probability layer and Uplink -
Coverage Probability layer). For each pixel, the combined
probability layer represents the minimum probability of the
two layers.
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Step 9 Generate statistical reports for analysis layers. See “Chapter 11:
Generating W-CDMA Reports” on page 225.
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prediction views are created for each of the required analysis resolutions,
which can further add to disk space requirements.
For example, an area that is 100 km x 100 km with a 10-meter resolution and
an average of 10 overlapping predictions requires approximately 2 GB of disk
space for prediction view files, whereas an area that is 200 km x 200 km with
a 5-meter resolution and an average of 10 overlapping predictions requires
approximately 32 GB of disk space for prediction view files.
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usage types, and environments that were included in the analysis. W-CDMA
analysis layers are generated for each environment under the usage type.
By default, all of the available W-CDMA analysis layers are generated. If you
have a large project, to avoid lengthy generation times, you can omit layers
that you do not need using the W-CDMA Analysis Layer Filter. The
W-CDMA Analysis Layer Filter enables you to define a default list of
analysis layers that will be available for all of the W-CDMA analyses that you
create for the current project.
2 In the W-CDMA Analysis Layer Filter dialog box, enable the check
boxes for the analysis layers that you want to generate, and click OK.
For more information on each analysis layer, see “Understanding
W-CDMA analysis layers” on page 157.
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4 From the Analysis Mode list, choose Monte Carlo, and click OK.
A new W-CDMA analysis node is created in the Project Explorer.
If you want to choose the sectors to use for the analysis, right-click the
analysis under the W-CDMA Analyses node, choose Select Sectors,
and then in the Select Sectors dialog box, choose the group of sectors that
you want to use and click Continue.
If you do not choose the sectors to use for the analysis, you will be prompted
to do so when you run the analysis. For more information, see “To generate a
Monte Carlo analysis for W-CDMA” on page 181.
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2 On the Subscribers panel, enable the check boxes for the subscriber
types that you want to include in the simulation.
3 Choose another item in the tree view.
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2 If you want to change the color used for a coverage state, do the
following:
■ Click the Browse (...) button in the Edit column for the coverage
state.
■ In the Color dialog box, choose or define the color, and click
OK.
3 If you want to change the properties for the symbol that is displayed in the
Map window for a subscriber type, do the following:
■ Click the Browse (...) button in the Edit column for the
subscriber type.
■ In the Symbol Style dialog box, modify the symbol properties
and click OK.
For more information on the Symbol Style dialog box, press the F1 key.
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states are displayed using the colors that you chose in the Discrete Subscribers
Preferences dialog box.
If you generate multiple runs for a Monte Carlo simulation, the discrete
subscriber information that is displayed automatically applies only to
the last run. If you want to view discrete subscriber information that applies to
all runs in a Map window, in the Project Explorer, in the Network Analyses
category, right-click the analysis under the W-CDMA Analyses node and
choose Display Discrete Subscribers.
The Display Discrete Subscribers command will not work if you have cleared
the Visible check box for the analysis in the Windows category of the Project
Explorer.
The discrete subscriber information from each run of the analysis is stored in
a MapInfo table (.tab file) in the W-CDMA_Analyses folder of your project
using the naming convention <AnalysisName>_<Run Number>.
You can also display discrete subscriber information in a tabular form using a
new Browser window. For more information on the columns and format of the
table, see “Appendix B: W-CDMA Discrete Subscriber Table Format” on
page 521.
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overlaid on a 2G technology, you can use the unserved subscriber traffic map
in a network analysis of the 2G network layer.
Use the Zoom-In tool to zoom in on individual areas of the map and
better view unserved subscribers.
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Implementation panel. These values are used in rapid planning. For more
information on rapid planning, see “Chapter 7: Generating Rapid Planning
Analyses for W-CDMA” on page 129.
If you apply cell loads and there is 0 required traffic for a carrier-sector,
a value of -200 dBm is applied to the Downlink Total Traffic Power box
on the Sector Settings - Implementation panel.
You can also generate W-CDMA analysis layers at the same time as
operating points and subscriber information. For more information, see
“To define runtime parameter settings for W-CDMA” on page 175.
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You can generate the W-CDMA analysis layers directly from the
W-CDMA Analysis Layers dialog box by clicking Generate.
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You can obtain statistical and composite reports for the analysis layers
using the Layer Statistics Analysis tool. For more information, see
“Chapter 11: Generating W-CDMA Reports” on page 225.
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3 In the Select Sector Display Scheme section, choose a color scheme and
click Apply.
The best serving sector layers are displayed in the Map window using the
new color scheme.
You can modify an existing sector display scheme from within in the
Best Serving Sector Recolor dialog box by right-clicking a local or
shared scheme and choosing Edit.
Deleting analyses
Files generated from a network analysis can take up a lot of hard disk space.
You can delete analyses that are no longer required.
To delete analyses
1 In the Project Explorer, in the Network Analyses category, do any of
the following:
■ Choose one or more analyses, right-click and choose Delete.
■ Expand an analysis node, choose one or more analysis layers,
right-click and choose Delete.
2 In the Mentum Planet dialog box, click Yes.
The analyses or analysis layers you chose are removed from the Project
Explorer and the files are deleted from the project folder.
The CDMA Pixel Info tool is available only for Monte Carlo analyses.
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For each subscriber type and carrier that you choose, the CDMA Pixel Info
dialog box displays:
■ the pixel co-ordinates (location)
■ the number of predictions available
■ uplink details, including:
■Best Server
■Required ERP
■ERP Margin
■Coverage Probability
■ downlink details, including:
■Service Best Server
■Service Eb/No and Service Margin
■Coverage Probability
■Received Noise
■ CPICH details, including:
■ received power
■ Ec/Io
■ masked path loss polluter indicator and server status at the
specified pixel location
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2 From the SubCat list, choose the usage type for which you want to view
analysis information.
Usage types are defined for a subscriber type, and consist of a service
type, quality, and environments. Usage types are displayed in the SubCat
list using the syntax of <short name> <first letter of the environment
name>. In the example above, Voice is the short name and I indicates that
the environment is Indoor. For more information on usage types, see
“Defining subscriber types for W-CDMA” on page 77.
3 From the Carrier list, choose the carrier for which you want to view
analysis information.
4 Click in the Map window to display analysis information for each pixel in
the CDMA Pixel Info dialog box.
5 Click Close.
You can also access the CDMA Pixel Info tool by clicking the CDMA
Pixel Info button on the Mobile Technology toolbar.
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Threshold levels
Graph display of
analyzed sectors
Location and
analysis information
In the Mentum Planet Map window, lines are drawn from the specified
analysis location to each of the corresponding sectors: Best Server, Handover,
CPICH Polluter, and CPICH Detected (see Figure 8.2). The color of the lines
corresponds to the colors used in the graph window of the CPICH Pollution
Inspector.
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Figure 8.2 Map window displaying the CPICH - Delta Ec/Io analysis layer. For the
specified location, the CPICH Pollution Inspector adds lines indicating the best serving
sector (green), handover sectors (yellow), and polluting sectors (red).
After you have identified the polluting sectors, you can leave the CPICH
Pollution Inspector dialog box open, use the Site Properties dialog box to
change the antenna downtilt, azimuth, or height for the polluting sectors, and
then update the display in the CPICH Pollution Inspector dialog box to see the
effects of your changes.
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11 Click on a location in the Map window that you have identified as being
affected by CPICH pollution.
The CPICH Pollution Inspector dialog box displays CPICH pollution
information for the location.
12 If you want to save a report containing information for the location
currently displayed in the CPICH Pollution Inspector dialog box, click
Export Report, type a name in the File Name box, and then click Save.
The location and pollution information is saved in a Microsoft Excel file.
After you have clicked an area in the Map window, you can modify any
of the System, Subscriber, or Analysis Settings and then click Update
to refresh the information displayed in the CPICH Pollution Inspector dialog
box based on the new settings.
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Chapter 9: Generating HSDPA and HSUPA Analysis
9.
Layers
Generating HSDPA
and HSUPA Analysis
Layers
This chapter contains the This chapter describes High Speed Downlink Packet
following sections:
Access (HSDPA) analysis layers as well as High
■ Understanding HSDPA in
Mentum Planet Speed Uplink Packet Access analysis layers, and
■ Workflow for generating explains how to generate them.
HSDPA analysis layers
■ Understanding HSUPA in You must have a license for HSDPA and HSUPA in
Mentum Planet
■ Workflow for generating order to generate analysis layers.
HSPA analysis layers
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Power
Unused power
Total cell power
Common channels
t
Figure 9.1 In Release 99, unused power is lost
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Power
Common channels
t
Figure 9.2 HSDPA, through the use of the HS-DSCH channel, utilizes unused power
to maximize network efficiency
To generate HSDPA analysis layers, you need to assign either the Rel 99 &
HSDPA or HSDPA carrier type on the Carriers panel in the Network Settings
dialog box (see “To define carrier settings for W-CDMA” on page 40) and
assign the carriers to sectors in your project (see “To assign carriers to
sectors” on page 99).
HSDPA analysis layers include only sectors that are assigned Rel 99 &
HSDPA and HSDPA carriers, and consist of standard Rel 99 analysis layers as
well as layers that are specific to HSDPA. For more information, see “HSDPA
analysis layers” on page 206 and “Understanding W-CDMA analysis layers”
on page 157.
For information on configuring and generating network analyses, see
“Chapter 7: Generating Rapid Planning Analyses for W-CDMA” on page 129
and “Chapter 8: Generating Monte Carlo Analyses for W-CDMA” on
page 147.
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Downlink analysis
When you generate a network analysis using Rel 99 & HSDPA or HSDPA
carriers, Mentum Planet first evaluates the amount of power used by overhead
and dedicated Rel 99 channels. This power is then subtracted from the total
PA power minus the PA threshold for the carrier, defined on the Carriers tab
in the Network Settings dialog box.
The PA threshold acts as a hard limit for the calculated power of the HSDPA
part of a carrier, which represents the unused PA power up to the PA
threshold. This is unlike Rel 99 power, where the PA threshold is only a soft
limit; which will be breached if subscribers need to be served up to the total
PA power.
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Ec/Nt, which represents the ratio of the high-speed downlink shared channel
(HS-DSCH) energy per symbol to the total spectral noise density, is then
calculated for 1 code throughout the simulation area. The coverage
probability for each one of the transport format and resource combinations
(TFRC) selected is calculated for the desired number of HSDPA codes.
Additionally, the TFRC selection algorithm will select the maximum
achievable data rate provided by a TFRC/Number of Codes combination
based on quality indicators that reflect the channel conditions, represented by
Ec/Nt.
Table 9.1 shows the available HSDPA data rates based on the TFRC and
number of codes.
Table 9.1 Downlink data rates for HSDPA
Uplink analysis
To model the uplink noise associated with HS-DSCH channels, a Monte Carlo
analysis of Rel 99 & HSDPA and HSDPA carriers requires the use of the
Average PRACH Interference Power value from the Powers panel of the
W-CDMA Sector Settings dialog box. The A-DCH channel is also modeled
using 64, 128 or 384 kbps bearers. The use of the A-DCH channel add
flexibility and gives you more codes and modulations to choose from.
For a Rapid Planning analysis of Rel 99 & HSDPA and HSDPA carriers, the
Uplink DPCH Noise Rise on the Implementation panel of the W-CDMA
Sector Settings dialog box includes the uplink noise rise associated with HS-
DSCH channels; that is in addition to uplink Rel 99 DCH channels in the case
of Rel 99 & HSDPA carriers.
The uplink layers generated for a DCH service are equally applicable to an
HS-DSCH service with the same uplink noise (load) parameters.
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If you are using only HSDPA carriers, not all of the standard W-CDMA
downlink analysis layers will be generated. You can only generate a full
set of downlink layers if you are using Rel 99 or Rel 99 & HSDPA carriers.
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Layer Description
Displays the predicted highest achievable forward link data rate per bin
(see Table 9.1). This rate is automatically selected from those provided
by the chosen combinations of TRFC and HS-DSCH codes in the
Network Settings dialog box. The data rate prediction is based on the
predicted Ec/Nt and the slow fade margin that is required to ensure a
certain level of coverage probability.
The slow fade margin required depends on the coverage probability
requirement and the slow fading standard deviation assumptions.
When predicting the Forward Max Achievable Data Rate, the required
fade margin is computed at each bin, and then a coverage probability is
calculated for each data rate according the required Ec/Nt threshold,
predicted Ec/Nt and the fade margin. For each bin, the data rates with
coverage probabilities lower than the required threshold are considered
as having no coverage in the bin. There may be more than one data
rate for which the coverage probabilities are above the coverage
probability requirement. In this case, the highest data rate is considered
as the Forward Max Achievable Data Rate for the bin.
HS-DSCH Ec/Nt
Displays a coverage map for each HSDPA data rate provided by the
chosen combinations of TRFC and HS-DSCH codes in the Network
Settings dialog box (see Table 9.1).
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Layer Description
HS - SCCH Ec/Nt
HS - SCCH Coverage
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Step 2 Assign Rel 99 & HSDPA and/or HSDPA carriers to at least one
sector in your project, and define HSDPA settings for the sector.
See “To assign carriers to sectors” on page 99 and “Editing sites
and sectors” on page 106.
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Thermal Noise
t
Figure 9.3 In HSUPA, the maximum allowable interference level is exploited in order
to allow the highest data rate transfer possible.
To generate HSPA analysis layers, you need to assign either the Rel 99 &
HSPA or HSPA carrier type on the Carriers panel in the Network Settings
dialog box (see “To define carrier settings for W-CDMA” on page 40) and
assign the carriers to sectors in your project (see “To assign carriers to
sectors” on page 99).
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HSPA analysis layers include only sectors that are assigned Rel 99 & HSPA
and HSPA carriers, and consist of standard Rel 99 analysis layers as well as
layers that are specific to HSUPA. For more information, see “HSDPA
analysis layers” on page 206 and “Understanding W-CDMA analysis layers”
on page 157.
For information on configuring and generating network analyses, see
“Chapter 7: Generating Rapid Planning Analyses for W-CDMA” on page 129
and “Chapter 8: Generating Monte Carlo Analyses for W-CDMA” on
page 147.
HSPA analysis
On the downlink, HSDPA elements are used. See “Downlink analysis” on
page 204 for information on the channels included in the analysis. In addition,
the HSUPA Control Channel Power value defined on the Powers panel in the
W-CDMA Sector Settings dialog box is also included.
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On the uplink, the total uplink load defined on the Implementation panel in
the W-CDMA Sector Settings dialog box or in the W-CDMA Simulation
dialog box is used.
Analysis layers
When you generate an HSPA analysis, you can create most of the standard W-
CDMA analysis layers. You can also generate HSPA analysis layers for any
combination of FRCs. Each FRC corresponds to a TTI length (2 or 10ms) and
the number of codes used for each spreading factor. For example, to model an
HSUPA terminal capable of transmitting 2 codes with a spreading factor of 4
(terminal category 2), you need to enable the check box next to FRC 1 and
FRC 5 on the HSUPA panel in the Network Settings dialog box. Using these
settings, the following HSUPA coverage probability layers are generated:
■ E-DCH - Coverage for FRC 1
■ E-DCH - Coverage for FRC 5
For information about standard W-CDMA analysis layers, see
“Understanding W-CDMA analysis layers” on page 157. Table 9.3 details
HSUPA analysis layers.
Table 9.3 HSUPA-specific layers
Layer Description
Displays the coverage for the selected FRC based on the slow
fading standard deviation and required Ec/No for the FRC.
Displays the data rate for the FRC that achieves the cell edge
coverage probability defined in the Packet Switched Service dialog
box.
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Step 2 Assign Rel 99 & HSPA and/or HSPA carriers to at least one
sector in your project, and define HSPA settings for the sector.
See “To assign carriers to sectors” on page 99 and “Editing sites
and sectors” on page 106.
Step 3 Generate a rapid planning analysis, ensuring that you choose the
HSPA carrier, and view the results. See “Chapter 7: Generating
Rapid Planning Analyses for W-CDMA” on page 129.
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Chapter 10: Creating Scrambling Code Plans
This chapter contains the This chapter describes how to use the Scrambling
following sections:
Code Planning tool to allocate scrambling codes to
■ Understanding scrambling
code planning sectors in your network.
■ Workflow for scrambling code
planning
■ Creating a scrambling code
plan
■ Defining general scrambling
code plan settings
■ Defining scrambling code plan
exceptions
■ Working with scrambling code
planning results
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Step 2 Create a neighbor list using the group of sites. See Chapter 12,
“Working with Neighbor Lists”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
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5 Click Generate.
The Scrambling Code Planning tool creates and displays a plan in table
format that lists the sectors in the plan and provides information about the
assigned scrambling codes.
6 To apply the scrambling code plan to your project, choose File ➤
Commit Plan.
The scrambling codes are assigned to each sector, and are displayed on
the Implementation panel of the Sector Settings dialog box.
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4 If you want to use a neighbor list as input to the scrambling code plan,
from the Neighbor List list, choose which one to use.
The neighbor list should include the group of sites for which you are
creating the plan. The algorithm will not assign the same code to two
neighbors.
If neighbor information is missing for any sites that you are planning, a
scrambling code plan is still created, but a warning message is displayed,
identifying the sectors with missing neighbor information.
5 If you chose the By Interference planning method, from the Interference
Matrix list, choose the interference matrix to use for the plan.
This option is not available if you are planning by distance.
6 If you have already generated a plan or have loaded a previously saved
plan and want to keep the scrambling codes that have already been
assigned, enable the Keep Existing Codes check box.
If you do not enable this check box, any codes already assigned are
replaced.
You can review or modify the plan before deciding whether to keep the
existing codes. For more information, see “Working with scrambling code
planning results” on page 222.
7 If you are planning by interference, in the Advanced Interference
Settings section, do any of the following:
■ Use the Quality/Speed slider to choose a value between Fast
and Best to define the balance between quality and speed that
you want to use when producing the scrambling code plan.
Choosing a value closer to Fast means that the plan is created
using fewer iterations. This is useful if you want to fine-tune a
plan, for example, to check the effects of changing a threshold
value. Choosing a value closer to Best means that the plan is
created using more iterations, which produces a higher quality
plan and takes more time.
■ In the Random Seed box, type a number for random seed. This
number enables you to start the plan from a different point,
which can result in slightly different results when the plan is run.
You can run the same plan repeatedly using different random
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seed numbers and then choose the version that gives you the best
result.
■ In the Ignore Interference Less Than (%) box, type a
percentage value below which interference will be ignored in
planning. Use this option to filter out very low interference
values that are not significant and that would slow down the
planning process.
8 To define exceptions, click the Exceptions tab.
For more information on defining exceptions, see “To define scrambling
code planning exceptions” on page 221.
9 To generate the plan, click Generate.
The Scrambling Code Planning tool creates and displays a report in table
format that lists the sectors in the plan and provides information about the
scrambling codes assigned to each sector.
Once you generate a scrambling code plan, you can view details about
illegal codes and relationships between sectors by clicking the Statistics
tab and choosing Exceptions from the Statistics Selection list.
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2 If you have an existing exceptions file that you want to use as a starting
point, choose File ➤ Load Exceptions, navigate to the folder that
contains the file and click Open.
3 In the Site Selection section, from Selection Type list, choose one of the
following options:
■ Network—applies illegal codes to all sites in your project.
■ Site Groups—applies illegal codes to one or more groups of
sites.
■ Sites—applies illegal codes to one or more sites. The sites that
appear in the Sites list are the sites in the group that you chose in
Step 2 in “To create a scrambling code plan” on page 217. If you
choose this option, you must choose one or more sites from the
Sites list.
■ Sector—applies illegal codes to one or more sectors. The sites
that appear in the Sites list are the sites in the group that you
chose in Step 2 in “To create a scrambling code plan” on
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page 217. If you choose this option, you must choose a site from
the Sites list and one or more sectors from the Sectors list.
4 In the Illegal Scrambling Codes section, do one of the following:
■ If you want to make a scrambling code illegal for the groups,
sites, or sectors that you chose in Step 3, choose the code in the
Available Codes list and click >>.
■ If you want to make an illegal code available for the groups,
sites, or sectors that you chose in Step 3, choose the code in the
Illegal Codes list and click <<.
5 In the Illegal Sectors for Code Sharing section:
■ If you want to define sectors that cannot share the same
scrambling code as the groups, sites, or sectors that you chose in
Step 3, choose the sector in the Available Sectors list and click
>>.
■ If you want to make a sector available to share codes with the
groups, sites, or sectors that you chose in Step 3, choose the
sector in the Illegal Sectors list and click <<.
6 If you want to save exceptions, choose File ➤ Save Exceptions, and then
in the Save SCP Exceptions dialog box, navigate to the folder where you
want to save the file and click Save.
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To save a plan
By default, scrambling code plans are saved to the <project>/SCP folder.
1 In the Scrambling Code Planning dialog box, choose File ➤ Save Plan
To File.
2 In the Save Scrambling Code Plan dialog box, navigate to the folder
where you want to save the plan, type a name for the file in the File Name
box and click Save.
To load a plan
If you want to view or continue working with a plan that you have saved,
you can load the plan.
1 In the Scrambling Code Planning dialog box, choose File ➤ Load Plan
From File.
2 In the Load Scrambling Code Plan dialog box, navigate to the
scrambling code plan that you want to load and click Open.
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Chapter 11: Generating W-CDMA Reports
This chapter contains the This chapter describes how to design and generate
following sections:
reports about data in your W-CDMA network.
■ Understanding W-CDMA
reports
■ Predefined report designs
■ Workflow for generating
W-CDMA reports
■ Generating a W-CDMA report
using a predefined report
design
■ Designing a W-CDMA report
■ Generating a W-CDMA report
■ Calculating statistics for
W-CDMA analysis layers
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You can design and generate a report or you can generate a report using one of
the predefined report designs provided with Mentum Planet. For details on
predefined report designs, see “Predefined report designs” on page 228.
When you design a report, you define the types of data to include, and then
choose the specific items within each type to include. The following sections
provide details about the types of W-CDMA-specific data available for
reports.
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The statistics generated include the analysis area and a percentage value, and
any additional columns created by the applied traffic map, clutter, or filter. For
more information, see “Calculating statistics for W-CDMA analysis layers”
on page 248.
System-mobile-simple report
This report provides a row for users served for each subscriber type and
environment combination. Columns are color coded. Dark blue indicates
general information, such as site and sector ID. Purple indicates served users.
Light blue indicates users that are not served. Figure 11.1 shows a portion of
an example system-mobile-simple report.
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Carrier-sector-mobile report
This report shows users served on a per-sector basis. This report uses the same
color scheme as the system-mobile-simple report.
Carrier-sector
This report provides a summary of the powers per sector for each site/sector/
subscriber type/environment combination.
System-mobile
This report provides a pivot table in Excel that enables you to click and drag
items to create the set of columns that you want to view. It also provides pie
charts for the available statistics.
Throughput
This report provides a row for throughput for each site/sector/subscriber type/
environment combination.
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Site Id Name of the site. 5 5 5
Sector Id Name of the sector. 5 5 5
Site Sector Id Combined site and sector name. 5 5 5
Carrier Name Automatically assigned carrier name. 5 5 5
Channel Name User-defined carrier name. 5 5 5
Subscriber Type Name of the subscriber type. 5 5 5 5 5
Service Name of the service. 5 5 5 5 5
Quality Name of the quality. 5 5 5 5 5
Environment Name of the environment. 5 5 5 5 5
Primary Downlink Downlink throughput as primary. 5
Throughput
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Average Achieved Rate Average achieved rate for Downlink Secondary 5
for Downlink Secondary Subscribers.
Subscribers
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Downlink Captured The downlink captured subscriber throughput is 5
Subscriber Throughput calculated by multiplying the number of served
subscribers by the service data rate and by the
packet call activity factor.
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Non-negotiated The number of users served where the Uplink is 5 5 5
served at the highest available bearer rate, and
Downlink is negotiated to a lower rate from the
highest available.
Uplink Negotiated The number of users served where the Uplink path 5 5 5
has been negotiated to a rate lower than that of the
highest available bearer rate, but the Downlink is
at the highest available bearer rate.
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
DownlinkChannel Number of subscribers not served due to 5 5 5
Element Limit insufficient channel element on the downlink.
The Monte Carlo simulation uses the greatest
number of channel elements required by the
subscriber when determining if there are sufficient
channel elements to take the call.
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Primary Dropped Due Number of subscribers not served on the downlink 5
to CPICH due to insufficient CPICH Ec/Io from the best
server.
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Required Downlink Number of Downlink channel elements that would 5
Channel Elements be required to serve all served subscribers and
those refused due to insufficient channel elements.
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Current Total Rel 99 Power received on the final iteration of the 5
Rcv Power_mW simulation.
This is the actual receive power used to determine
noise.
Total Rel99 InCell Total power received from subscribers on the final 5
Power_mW iteration.
HS-DSCH Power_mW For HSDPA and Rel 99 & HSDPA sectors, the 5
maximum transmit power for the downlink shared
channel.
HS-SCCH Power_mW For HSDPA and Rel 99 & HSDPA sectors, the 5
power of the High Speed Shared Control Channel.
HSUPA Control For HSPA and Rel99 & HSPA sectors, the 5
Power_mW combined power required for the E-AGCH (E-DCH
Absolute Grant Channel), E-RGCH (E-DCH
Relative Grant Channel), and the E-HICH (E-DCH
Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel).
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Total DPCH Power per Total power of all best server voice channels. 5
Run_mW This value includes the voice activity factor.
Max DPCH Power per Maximum power of the best server voice channel. 5
Channel_mW This value does not include the voice activity
factor.
Min DPCH Power per Minimum power of the best server voice channel. 5
Channel_mW This value does not include the voice activity
factor.
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Other Cell Interference Other-cell interference factor (OCIF) given in a 5
Factor linear form, equal to:
(other cell interference) / (own cell interference)
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3 From the Select Output Format list, choose Excel and click OK.
The report is generated and opens in Excel.
You can also generate reports for a group of sectors or for a flag
condition by doing the following:
• To generate reports for a group of sectors, right-click a group in the
Sites category in the Project Explorer and choose Generate Reports.
• To generate reports for sectors that have been assigned a flag
condition, enable the flag condition in the Project Explorer, right-click
the Flags node, and choose Generate Reports.
In either case, you must choose the analysis to use in the Select Data dialog
box.
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2 On the Data tab, in the Available Data section, expand one of the
following nodes and choose the type of W-CDMA data to add to the
report:
■ Cell Equipment—contains data about sector settings. For more
information, see Chapter 5, “Configuring and Placing TDMA/
FDMA Sites” in the TDMA/FDMA User Guide, “Chapter 5:
Configuring and Placing W-CDMA Sites” on page 83, and
“Chapter 16: Configuring and Placing cdma2000 Sites” on
page 327. Additional information can be found in “Appendix E:
Import and Export Tables” in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
■ Antenna—contains data about the antenna patterns in the
project. For more information, see Chapter 3, “Working with
Antenna Patterns”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
■ Subscribers—contains data about the subscriber information in
the Subscriber Manager. For information on the columns
available in this report, see the Subscriber_Equipment_Types
worksheet and the Subscriber worksheet in “Appendix E: Import
and Export Tables” in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
■ <analysis name>—contains the following categories of data:
■ Carrier-sector—contains mean values from per-sector
operating points. For more information, see “W-CDMA
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2 To change the name of a column, click in the Column Label box and type
a name.
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You can also generate reports for a group of sectors or for a flag
condition by doing the following:
• To generate reports for a group of sectors, right-click a group in the
Sites category in the Project Explorer and choose Generate Reports.
• To generate reports for sectors that have been assigned a flag
condition, enable the flag condition in the Project Explorer, right-click
the Flags node, and choose Generate Reports.
In either case, you must choose the analysis to use in the Select Data dialog
box.
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After you calculate statistics, you can add them to a new or existing report
design.
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4 On the Analysis Settings panel, choose one of the following from the
Analysis Area list:
■ Current Window—statistics are generated based on the area
displayed in the Map window
■ Entire Layer—statistics are generated based on the area defined
in the W-CDMA analysis layer(s) used
■ Selected Rectangle—statistics are generated for the area that is
enclosed by the selected rectangle in the Map window. You can
use the MapInfo rectangle tool to create a rectangle. For more
information, see the MapInfo Professional User Guide.
■ Area—statistics are generated based on an area grid. For more
information, see “Creating area grids” in Chapter 14, “Working
With Grids”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
5 To remove bins with null values from the analysis layer calculations,
enable the Exclude Null Values check box.
6 To generate additional statistics, broken down by a classification, enable
the Use Classified Grid check box, click Browse to navigate to the file,
choose the file and click OK.
The default classified grid file is the clutter grid file defined for the
project.
Any classified grid can be used to perform different kinds of statistical
analysis. For example, to produce a statistical breakdown for each sector,
use a best server layer as the classification grid. This breaks the statistics
down by best server area.
7 To generate traffic statistics, enable the Use Traffic Map check box and
choose a traffic map from the Traffic Map list.
8 To filter the analysis area based on a grid file, enable the Apply Area
Filter check box.
The area filter is applied globally to all layers.
9 If you want to define individual area filters for each layer, enable the Set
Area Filter By Layer check box.
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10 If you are applying area filters globally to all layers, do the following:
■ To define the area raster, click Browse, navigate to the grid file,
and click OK.
■ To define the condition for the filter, type an expression in the
Condition box. For example, choosing the SignalStrength.grd
file and defining the expression v > 100 would only consider
pixels within the analysis area that have a signal strength greater
than 100.
For more information on creating expressions, press the F1 key.
11 To discard statistical results that only contain zero values, enable the
Discard Result That Only Contains Zero Statistics check box.
With this check box enabled, records where all columns contain zero
values will be removed from the statistical report.
12 From the Export Format list, choose one of the following formats:
■ Excel—statistics will be displayed in Microsoft Excel when they
are generated.
■ Html—statistics are generated in an HTML (.htm) file and
stored in the <project>\Reports\LayerStatistics\Html folder in
the project. There will be one .htm file for each layer for which
you are generating statistics. These files will not be displayed
automatically.
■ MapInfo Table—statistics are generated in MapInfo (.tab) file
and stored in the <project>\Reports\LayerStatistics\MapInfo
folder. There will be one .tab file for each layer for which you
are generating statistics. These files will not be displayed
automatically. To display the files, see “To display W-CDMA
layer statistics in table format” on page 253.
13 If the Layers node in the tree view does not contain layers, click Add
Layer, choose the numeric grid (.grd) file that you want to add, and click
Open.
14 In the tree view, expand Layers and choose the analysis layer for which
you want to obtain statistics.
The Layers panel opens to display layer information about the data type,
resolution, and the area.
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15 If you want to define classification settings for the analysis layer, define
any of the available settings in the Classifications Settings section.
The settings that are available in this section are dependent on the data
type of the analysis layer (classified or numeric). Do any of the following:
■ In the Classifications box, choose the classification for the
analysis layer. This setting is only available if the data type of
the analysis layer is classified.
■ To split the classification by site and sector names, enable the
Split Classification to Get Site and Sector Names check box.
This setting is only available if the data type of the analysis layer
is classified.
■ To define the data ranges for which to calculate statistics, type
the threshold values in the Threshold Definition box, separated
by semi-colons. The default thresholds are set by equally
dividing the range of Zmin and Zmax values contained in the
chosen analysis layer. This setting is only available if the data
type of the analysis layer is numeric.
■ In the Classification Name box, type a name for the
classification in this box. This option is available for both the
classified and numeric data types.
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16 If you want to define area filters for individual layers and enabled the Set
Area Filter By Layer check box on the Analysis Settings panel, click the
Area Filters button.
Area filter settings are saved in LayerStatistics.set file located in the
Settings/Layer Statistics folder within the project folder.
17 In the Area Filters dialog box, do the following:
■ Click the Add Row button.
■ Click the Browse (...) button next to the Area Raster box,
navigate to where the raster file is saved, and click Open.
■ Click in the Condition box and define a filter condition for the
layer. Press the F1 key for more information on creating
conditions.
18 Repeat the previous step until you have defined all the required filters and
click OK.
19 Click Calculate Statistics.
The settings in the Layer Statistics Analysis dialog box are saved
automatically for use the next time you calculate layer statistics.
You can also access the Layer Statistics Analysis dialog box by
choosing Analysis ➤ Layer Statistics.
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Section 2: cdma2000
Section 2
cdma2000
This section explains how to use the cdma2000 technology provided with
Mentum Planet.
12. Overview of
cdma2000
This chapter contains the This chapter provides an overview of cdma2000 and
following sections:
presents a typical workflow for cdma2000 planning.
■ Understanding cdma2000
technology
■ cdma2000 features
■ Workflow for cdma2000
network planning
■ Suggested reading
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cdma2000 features
Mentum Planet enables you to plan and assess the coverage and performance
of your multi-layer (2G and 3G) and multi-technology networks using
features described in the following sections.
cdma2000 analyses
You can generate analyses using one of two methods:
■ Monte Carlo
■ rapid planning
Monte Carlo
The Monte Carlo option enables you to perform a detailed analysis of the
network using Monte Carlo simulation techniques to analyze a set of
randomly generated points (i.e., subscribers) distributed according to traffic
maps. For more information, see “Chapter 19: Generating Monte Carlo
Analyses for cdma2000” on page 397.
Rapid planning
The rapid planning option provides a faster alternative for generating analysis
layers based on user-defined levels of network loading on the forward and
reverse links. The simulation runs only once, and does not generate the
detailed operating points that the Monte Carlo simulation generates. This
option is useful when you want a quick overview of your network. You can
then use the Monte Carlo option for a more detailed view. For more
information on rapid planning, see “Chapter 18: Generating Rapid Planning
Analyses for cdma2000” on page 377.
cdma2000 analysis layers
Analysis layers are generated for both the Monte Carlo and rapid planning
options. Analysis layers enable you to compare and query layers of
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cdma2000 reports
The Report Designer enables you to view data from antenna patterns, sector
settings, Monte Carlo simulations, and cdma2000 analysis layers in a report.
You can output reports to a Microsoft® Excel (.xls) file, MapInfo (.tab) file, or
HTML (.htm) file.
You can also calculate statistics for cdma2000 analysis layers and obtain
per-pixel information about cdma2000 analyses. For more information, see
“Chapter 22: Generating cdma2000 Reports” on page 481.
PN offset planning
The PN Offset Planning tool enables you to efficiently allocate PN offset
codes to sectors in your network. It also enables you to manage PN offset
plans and to apply a plan to a group of sites.
For more information, see “Chapter 21: Generating PN Offset Plans” on
page 463.
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Step 4 Configure and place sites. See “Chapter 16: Configuring and
Placing cdma2000 Sites” on page 327.
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Suggested reading
Holma H., A. Toskala. HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access
for Mobile Communications, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2006.
Laiho, J. , A.Wacker, T. Novosad. Radio Network Planning and Optimization
for UMTS, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2006.
Nawrocki, Maciej J., Mischa Dohler, A. Hamid Aghvami, Understanding
UMTS Radio Network Modelling, Planning and Automated Optimization,
John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2006.
Kim, Kyoung Il. Handbook of CDMA System Design, Engineering, and
Optimization, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1999.
Lee, Jhong Sam & Leonard E. Miller. CDMA Systems Engineering
Handbook. Artech House Publishers, 1998.
Yang, Samuel C. CDMA RF System Engineering. Artech House Publishers,
1998.
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Chapter 13: Creating a Mobile Technology Project
13.
for cdma2000
Creating a Mobile
Technology Project
for cdma2000
This chapter contains the This chapter explains how to create a Mobile
following sections:
Technology project.
■ Understanding Mobile
Technology projects
Once you have created a project, you can define
■ Workflow for creating a Mobile
Technology project network settings and carrier settings, as described in
■ Gathering project information the following chapters.
■ Creating a project for
cdma2000
■ Opening a project
■ Converting cdma2000
projects from previous
versions
■ Creating a default settings file
for cdma2000
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Step 2 Create the Mobile Technology project. See “Creating a project for
cdma2000” on page 264.
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You can use remote project folders to store and access Mentum Planet project
data. For example, you can use shared project folders for the following types
of project files to conserve disk space on your local computer:
■ bin files
■ signal (field) strength files
■ prediction view files (CDMA technologies only)
By default, these files are saved in the local project folder. If you use shared
project folders, the project files are stored in the shared folders, instead of the
local project folder. The shared folders must have read/write access
permissions for all Mentum Planet users accessing the shared folders.
If you are using shared folders and do not enable the corresponding
check box in the Sharing section of the Advanced Options tab in the
Project Settings dialog box, the shared path is not stored in Data Manager
when you check in the project. For any Data Manager users who perform a
Get on the project, all data will be stored within their local project folder.
You can choose to use a workspace to save your Map window settings,
although this is not required. For more information on workspaces, see
Chapter 1, “Getting Started with Mentum Planet”, in the Mentum Planet User
Guide.
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Sharing section, enable the check boxes for each of the file types that
reference shared project data.
For information about the other options on the Advanced Options tab,
press the F1 key. For more detailed information, see “Defining output
settings” in Chapter 8, “Generating Predictions”, in the Mentum Planet
User Guide.
For information about the CDMA Analysis Optimization settings, see
“Optimizing cdma2000 analyses” on page 416.
13 Click OK to save your Mentum Planet project.
The Project Explorer opens, docked at the left edge of the application
window.
To open the Project Settings dialog box once a project is open, choose
Edit ➤ Project Settings, or click the Project Settings button on the
Analysis toolbar.
Opening a project
You must close an open project before opening a new one. Only projects you
have recently worked with appear in the Open Mentum Planet Project dialog
box.
To open a project
1 Choose File ➤ Open Project.
The Open Mentum Planet Project dialog box opens.
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2 If you want to see the paths in the Most Recently Used Projects list,
enable the Show Path check box.
3 Do one of the following:
■ Choose a project in the Most Recently Used Projects list and
click Open.
■ Click Browse, locate the project you want to open and then click
Open.
If you are opening a project that contains predictions from an earlier
version of Mentum Planet, see “Opening and closing projects” in Chapter
1, “Getting Started with Mentum Planet,” in the Mentum Planet User
Guide.
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Chapter 14: Defining a cdma2000 Network
14.
Configuration
Defining a cdma2000
Network
Configuration
This chapter contains the This chapter describes how to define a cdma2000
following sections:
network configuration.
■ Understanding cdma2000
network configuration settings
■ Workflow for defining a
cdma2000 network
configuration
■ Defining network operators for
cdma2000
■ Allocating spectrum and
defining carriers for
cdma2000
■ Defining cdma2000 network
settings
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You can also access the Mobile Technology - Network Settings dialog
box by clicking the Network Settings button on the Mobile Technology
toolbar.
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bands or blocks of spectrum within one band, but not contiguous carrier
numbers. You can define as many as 15 bands.
If you have more than one band defined for cdma2000, and you want to
generate predictions that include carriers from two different bands, you
need to ensure that your sectors are configured correctly. For more
information, see “Considerations for multi-band networks” on page 328.
cdma2000 carriers
Carriers are the frequencies that carry signals for each band. When you add a
technology band, a new set of carriers is added automatically and spaced
along the band.
You assign carriers when you define cdma2000 sectors for your project. For
more information, see “Defining cdma2000 sector settings” on page 341.
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The frequency values entered in the Start and End boxes in the
Downlink Center Frequency column are the center frequencies of the
first and last carriers in the list you are allocating. The Spectrum graph shows
the actual spectrum occupied by all these carriers. Therefore, the start
frequency displayed in the graph is half the carrier bandwidth lower than the
center frequency defined for the first carrier, and the end frequency is half the
carrier bandwidth higher than the center frequency defined for the last carrier
in the table.
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the Pilot - Pollution Index layer. The Pilot - Pollution Index layer shows the
proportion of traffic likely to be affected by pilot pollution, providing a lesser
weighting to areas where pilot pollution may exist but the affected traffic is
low. The curves are used as follows:
■ Pilot Factor Mapping—This curve maps pilot factors to pilot
ratios. The pilot factor is a non-dimensional factor from 0 to 1.
Typically, if the pilot ratio exceeds 7 dB, establishing a pilot is
unlikely. If it is less than 7 dB, establishing a pilot is more likely.
The pilot factor is high (close to one) if establishing a pilot in a
bin is unlikely, and low (close to zero) if establishing a pilot is
likely.
■ Usage Factor Mapping—This curve maps usage factors to user
densities. The usage factor is a non-dimensional factor from 0 to
1 that is determined for each bin in the analysis area. The usage
factor is high (close to one) in bins where the need to establish a
pilot is high, and low (close to zero) in bins where the need to
establish a pilot is low.
You can edit the usage and pilot curves to modify the relationship between the
X- and Y-axes. This relationship affects the final calculated Pilot Pollution
Index values. Adjusting the usage and pilot curves enables you to model
possible changes to your network or isolate any factors causing pilot
pollution. For example, if you move the usage curve to the right, higher user
density/average user density ratio values must be met before the bins are
considered to be areas where the need for pilot coverage is high.
The X-axis of the usage factor curve is in milli-Erlangs per km2. If you
have assigned a traffic map with values in subscribers per km2 to any
subscriber types, the values will be converted to Erlangs per km2 before the
usage factor curve is applied.
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PA Threshold
The PA Threshold value is a soft target. When you generate an analysis,
subscribers will be allocated to carriers according to the Preference
Weightings until either the PA Threshold or Noise Rise value is reached on a
carrier. Then, subscribers will be distributed on carriers for which a threshold
has not been reached. If, however, soft targets have been reached on all
available carriers, then the analysis will carry subscribers until other hard
limits defined in the sector settings are reached. The PA Threshold does not
apply to EV-DO carriers.
3 In the Pilot Pollution Margin box, type a value to define the power-to-
interference (Ec/Io) margin, relative to the best server Ec/Io, within which
a Pilot signal will interfere with the desired signal, or accept the default.
4 Type a value in the Reverse Other System Interference box to define
the noise contributed by other systems on the reverse link.
5 Type a value in the Forward Other System Interference box to define
the noise contributed by other systems on the forward link.
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6 In the Best Ec Threshold box, type a value to define the threshold for the
Pilot - Best Ec Server analysis layer.
This value is used only for the Pilot - Best Ec Server analysis layer. The
analysis layer shows the best server at each location where the Ec is above
this value. For more information on analysis layers, see “Understanding
cdma2000 analysis layers” on page 407.
7 In the Pilot Factor Mapping section, do one of the following, or accept
the default curve:
■ Click Browse, navigate to the curve file that you want to use,
and then click Open.
■ Click Edit, and in the Curve Editor, create a Pilot Factor
Mapping curve and click OK. For more information on the
Curve Editor, press the F1 key.
The Pilot Factor Mapping curve is used to determine the likelihood of
establishing a pilot for each bin in the analysis area.
8 In the Usage Factor Mapping section, do one of the following, or accept
the default curve:
■ Click Browse, navigate to the curve file that you want to use,
and then click Open.
■ Click Edit, and in the Curve Editor, create a Usage Factor
Mapping curve and click OK. For more information on the
Curve Editor, press the F1 key.
The Usage Factor Mapping curve is used with the Pilot Factor Mapping
curve to determine the Pilot Pollution Index analysis layer.
9 Do one of the following:
■ Click OK to save your settings and close the Network Settings
dialog box.
■ Choose another item in the tree view.
■ Click another tab.
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3 Type a value in either of the following boxes to define the power control
deviation:
■ Reverse Power Control Deviation—the standard deviation of
the reverse signal due to power control errors
■ Forward Power Control Deviation—the standard deviation of
the forward signal due to power control errors
4 Type values in either of the following boxes to define the power control
error:
■ Mean Reverse Power Control Error—the mean reverse signal
error due to power control errors.
■ Mean Forward Power Control Error—the mean forward
signal error due to power control errors.
5 Do one of the following:
■ Click OK to save your settings and close the Network Settings
dialog box.
■ Choose another item in the tree view.
■ Click another tab.
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3 For each carrier listed in the Carrier column, type values in any of the
following columns:
■ Channel Name—an optional user-defined channel name. By
default, the Channel Name is the same as the Carrier. If you type
user-defined channel names in the Channel Name column, they
will be used throughout Mentum Planet instead of the Carrier.
■ PA Threshold—the target percentage of the power at the power
amplifier for all sectors assigned to the carrier. For more
information, see “PA Threshold” on page 280. For information
on assigning carriers to sectors, see “To assign carriers to
sectors” on page 345.
■ Noise Rise—the noise rise target for all sectors assigned to the
carrier. This value is a soft target. When you generate an
analysis, subscribers will be allocated to carriers according to the
Preference Weightings until either the PA Threshold or Noise
Rise value is reached on a carrier. Then, subscribers will be
distributed on carriers for which a threshold has not been
reached. If, however, soft targets have been reached on all
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5 In the DRC Gain To Handoff State Map table, modify the DRC Gain
value for any of the handoff states or accept the defaults.
The DRC Gain value is relative to the power of the reverse pilot channel.
The DRC Gain value is used to calculate the power of the reverse DRC
channel. Handoff state for EV-DO is defined on the reverse link only.
6 Click the Forward Data Rates tab.
7 In the Available column, enable any of the forward data rates that you
want to have available for use.
8 If you want to change the Ec/Nt value for a data rate, type a new value in
the Ec/Nt column.
The Ec/Nt value is the ratio of pilot channel chip energy to total spectral
noise density, which comprises sector-to-sector interference, thermal
noise, and noise power from other networks. The mobile constantly
measures Ec/Nt in order to predict the highest achievable data rate for the
packet. In an EV-DO forward link simulation, this value is calculated for
each bin. The default values are the required Ec/Nt to achieve 1% packet
error rate (PER).
9 Do one of the following:
■ Click OK to save your settings and close the Network Settings
dialog box.
■ Choose another item in the tree view.
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Chapter 15: Defining cdma2000 Subscribers
This chapter contains the This chapter describes how to use the Subscriber
following sections:
Manager to define the subscribers in your network.
■ Understanding cdma2000
subscribers
Subscribers are categorized into types, which are
■ Importing and exporting
subscriber information used when you generate an analysis of your
■ Workflow for creating cdma2000 network. Creating subscriber types that
cdma2000 subscriber types
■ Defining clutter types for account for the possible variations of subscribers
cdma2000 enables you to generate reliable and comprehensive
■ Defining cdma2000 bearers
analyses of your cdma2000 network.
■ Defining subscriber
equipment types for
cdma2000
■ Defining session types for
cdma2000
■ Defining quality types for
cdma2000
■ Defining service types for
cdma2000
■ Defining subscriber types for
cdma2000
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defining subscriber types. For example, you need to define bearers (or use the
defaults) before you define subscriber equipment bands, because you need to
assign bearers to subscriber equipment bands. For details on the workflow, see
“Workflow for creating cdma2000 subscriber types” on page 293.
Subscriber Types
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Step 2 If required, define clutter types. See “Defining clutter types for
cdma2000” on page 294.
Step 4 If required, define session types, and then define service types,
assigning session types to packet-switched services. See
■ “Defining session types for cdma2000” on
page 309
■ “Defining service types for cdma2000” on
page 314
Step 5 If required, define quality types. See “Defining quality types for
cdma2000” on page 312.
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clutter type, and the Urban and Dense Urban clutter classes are grouped into
the Populated Areas - High Density clutter type. Figure 15.2 also provides
example settings for each clutter type. These settings are typical of urban and
suburban environments.
Village
Dense urban
Urban
Suburban
Outdoor Outdoor
fast fading: 6 dB fast fading: 7 dB
penetration loss: 0 dB penetration loss: 0 dB
Indoor Indoor
fast fading: 0 dB fast fading: 0 dB
penetration loss: 9 dB penetration loss: 11 dB
When you run a Monte Carlo simulation, if an environment does not apply to
a particular type of clutter (for example, in Figure 15.2, the deep indoor
environment does not apply to the Populated Areas - Low Density clutter
type), the simulation will not place any subscribers in that type of clutter in
that environment. In the example in Figure 15.2, no subscribers would be
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Penetration loss 0 dB 7 dB 10 dB 20 dB
For Downlink Orthogonality, the default value is 100%, and for Slow Fading
Standard Deviation, the default value is 7 dB.
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6 Enable any of the following check boxes to choose environments for the
clutter type and define the fast fading margin and penetration loss specific
to the environment:
■ Enable Outdoor—enables the outdoor environment for the
clutter type
■ Enable Vehicular—enables the vehicular environment for the
clutter type
■ Enable Indoor—enables the indoor environment for the clutter
type
■ Enable Deep Indoor—enables the deep indoor environment for
the clutter type
For more information on the settings associated with these environments,
press the F1 key.
7 If you enabled the Vehicular environment, type a value in the Vehicular
Speed box or accept the default.
The speed is used in conjunction with the sector settings to determine
whether a subscriber will be served by a sector. Subscribers that exceed
the maximum speed for a sector will not be served by the sector. For more
information, see “Quality settings for cdma2000” on page 344.
8 Click OK.
You can modify the properties of an existing clutter type from the
Subscriber Manager by right-clicking the clutter type and choosing Edit.
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2 Choose a clutter type from the Clutter Types list, and then choose one or
more clutter classes from the Unassigned Clutter Classes list, and click
Assign.
The clutter classes in the Unassigned Clutter Classes list are defined in the
clutter grid file for the project. For more information, see Chapter 1,
“Getting Started with Mentum Planet”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
The cdma2000 Simulation tool will use default settings for any
unassigned clutter classes.
3 Click Save and then click Close.
You can create a new clutter type by clicking New in the Assign Clutter
Classes dialog box. To modify the properties of the new clutter type,
click Edit. The Edit - Clutter Type dialog box opens.
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cdma2000 bearers
Standard cdma2000 bearers are configured with
■ direction (reverse or forward)
■ radio configuration
■ service data rate
■ signal-to-noise ratio (Eb/No) to frame erasure rate (FER)
mapping table for both fundamental and supplemental channels
■ forward link channel elements required for the fundamental
channel and supplemental channels
■ forward link traffic channel power offsets
Bearer Eb/No to FER
The Eb/No to FER mapping is defined using a curve that can be created or
edited using the Curve Editor. When you generate analysis layers, this
mapping is used to calculate the Forward Service FER value from the
Forward - Eb/No analysis layer. For information on the Forward - Eb/No layer
and the Forward Service FER value, see “Understanding cdma2000 analysis
layers” on page 407.
To ensure that borderline Eb/No values are accounted for, the points you
define for the curve should exceed the Eb/No values that you are interested in
analyzing. If values generated by the analysis exceed your defined range, they
will be represented by the last defined point.
The Curve Editor interpolates values linearly, based on Eb/No and FER pairs.
The FER values are calculated as follows:
■ For Eb/No values greater than the highest point in the curve, the
FER at that highest point is assigned. In the example in
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Figure 15.3, for Eb/No values over 8.7 dB, a FER value of 0% is
assigned.
■ For Eb/No values defined in the range of the curve, the Curve
Editor linearly assigns a FER value based on the two nearest
values, above and below. In the example in Figure 15.3, an Eb/
No value of 4.3 dB is assigned a FER value of 12%.
■ For Eb/No values less than the lowest point in the curve, the
FER at the lowest point is assigned. In the example in
Figure 15.3, for Eb/No values less than -2.3 dB, a FER value of
90% is assigned.
Figure 15.3 Curve Editor displaying the linear relationship between Eb/No and FER
Supplemental channels
cdma2000 supports the modeling of supplemental channels. As many as
seven supplemental channels are supported per fundamental channel for RC1
and RC2 (IS-95B only) and as many as two for radio configurations RC3 to
RC5. Supplemental channels are allocated to a call as needed to send a burst
of data. They are not handed off. When you define cdma2000 bearers, you can
choose the radio configuration and define the data rate for the bearer such that
supplemental channels are automatically allocated as required. For example,
if you choose RC1 with a data rate of 9.6 kbps, only one fundamental channel
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is allocated. If you choose a data rate of 19.2 kbps, one fundamental channel
and one supplemental channel are allocated.
When you generate analysis layers, supplemental channels are taken into
consideration. For example, if a mobile is transmitting using a fundamental
and a supplemental channel, the power used is greater than if only a
fundamental channel were in use.
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13 Click OK.
You can modify the properties of an existing bearer from the Subscriber
Manager by right-clicking the bearer and choosing Edit.
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4 From the Service Data Rate list, choose the rate for user data carried by
the data channel or accept the default.
The Service Data Rate must be within the Guaranteed Uplink Data Rate
and the Maximum Uplink Data Rate of the associated Quality types. For
more information, see “Defining quality types for cdma2000” on
page 312.
5 In the Data Channel Gain box, type a value to define the gain for the
data channel or accept the default.
The default value will change, depending on the Service Data Rate you
chose in Step 4.
6 From the Technology Type list, choose the type of technology for the
bearer.
The only technology available for the bearer is cdma2000.
7 In the Pilot Ec/Nt to Data PER section, do one of the following:
■ Click Browse, navigate to the file that contains the Pilot Ec/Nt to
Data PER curve and click Open.
■ Click Edit, and in the Curve Editor, create an Pilot Ec/Nt to
Data PER curve and click OK. For more information on the
Curve Editor, press the F1 key.
The Pilot Ec/Nt to Data PER curve relates to both the data channel and the
pilot channel. This curve, along with the Required Uplink FER/PER of
the data channel (specified for the service in the Subscriber Manager),
determine the Required Pilot Channel Ec/Nt at the base station receiver
for each user’s reverse link signal in order to guarantee the desired PER
on the data channel.
8 In the Site Channel Elements box, type the number of channel elements
used by the bearer for the reverse link.
This number represents the number of channel elements required by the
site for the chosen Service Data Rate. The number of channel elements
that each sector can support is defined on the Hardware panel of the
cdma2000 Sector Settings dialog box.
9 Click OK.
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8 From the Technology Band list, choose the band for this equipment type.
Technology bands are defined in the Mobile Technology - Network
Settings dialog box. For more information, see “Defining cdma2000
network settings” on page 277.
9 If the mobile equipment type supports HSDPA, enable the HSDPA
Active check box and choose a terminal category from the HSDPA
Terminal Category list.
10 In the Bearers section, do either of the following:
■ To assign a bearer to the equipment type, choose a bearer from
the Available list and click Add. The bearer is added to the
Assigned list.
■ To unassign a bearer from the equipment type, choose a bearer
from the Selected list and click Remove. The bearer is added to
the Available list.
11 Click OK.
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Time
When you define session types using the Session Type dialog box, the
following values in the dialog box refer to the ETSI model:
■ Mean No. of Packet Calls (Npc)
■ Mean Reading Time (Dpc)
■ Mean No. of Packets Within a Packet Call (Nd)
■ Mean Interarrival Time Between Packets (Dd)
■ Packet Timeout
Values used in the ETSI model are displayed in brackets following the label.
For example, Mean No. of Packet Calls refers to the Npc value in the ETSI
model.
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You can modify the properties of an existing session type from the
Subscriber Manager by right-clicking the session type and choosing
Edit.
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falls between the guaranteed and maximum data rate is not available, the
subscriber cannot be served.
6 In the Traffic QoS Class section, choose the traffic class that applies to
the quality and its associated data rates.
7 Click OK.
You can modify the properties of an existing quality type from the
Subscriber Manager by right-clicking the quality type and choosing
Edit.
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3 In the Name box, type a name for the circuit-switched service type.
4 In the Comments box, type a description for the circuit-switched service
type.
5 In the Erlangs per Subscriber box, type a value to define the number of
Erlangs generated by each subscriber type associated with this service.
During a Monte Carlo analysis, when subscribers are distributed using the
traffic map associated with the subscriber type, this value determines the
number of subscribers that are distributed per service. For example, a
value of 1 in this box results in one subscriber distributed for each
subscriber in the traffic map. A value of 0.5 results in half the number of
subscribers that are in the traffic map being distributed.
6 To define the percentage of time that traffic is transmitted in a direction,
type values in either of the following boxes:
■ Uplink Activity Factor—the percentage of time reverse link
traffic is actually transmitted. During the balance of time, the
link is OFF.
■ Downlink Activity Factor—the percentage of time forward link
traffic is actually transmitted. During the balance of time, the
link is OFF.
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7 To define the overhead factor for retransmit and control of traffic, type
values in either of the following boxes:
■ Uplink Retransmit and Control Overhead—retransmit
control overhead for reverse link traffic
■ Downlink Retransmit and Control Overhead—retransmit
control overhead for forward link traffic
The Uplink Channel Activity Factor updates automatically based on the
Uplink Activity Factor and Uplink Retransmit and Control Overhead. The
Uplink Retransmit and Control Overhead is calculated as a percentage of
the Uplink Activity Factor and then added to the Uplink Activity Factor.
For example, if the Uplink Activity Factor is 50% and the Uplink
Retransmit and Control Overhead value is 2%, then the Uplink Channel
Activity Factor is 51 = (50+50*0.02).
The Downlink Channel Activity Factor updates automatically in the same
way, based on the Downlink Activity Factor and Downlink Retransmit
and Control Overhead.
8 To define the priority of the service type, type a value in the Priority box.
Priorities are defined in decreasing order, with 0 being the highest
priority, and indicate the order in which services are allocated resources
when network capacity is limited.
You can also assign a priority to subscriber types. If you assign a priority
to a subscriber type, when you generate a Monte Carlo analysis, the
subscriber type priority overrides the service priority.
9 To define the probability of coverage required for a subscriber or bin to be
regarded as covered, type a value in the Cell Edge Coverage Probability
box.
The Cell Edge Coverage Probability value is used when you generate a
Monte Carlo or rapid planning analysis to calculate service coverage for
the Forward - Best Server, Reverse - Best Server, and Other - Path
Balance layers.
For a Monte Carlo analysis, increasing this value may mean that some
locations with discrete subscribers will no longer be regarded as covered.
The discrete subscribers not being served will cause less forward link
service power to be transmitted by the sector. Because the sector forward
link service power is an input to the layer generation, the decrease in
power will affect many layers, including Pilot - Best Ec/Io.
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3 In the Name box, type a name for the packet-switched service type.
4 In the Comments box, type a description for the packet-switched service
type.
5 In the Input Load section, do one of the following to define the mean
input load:
■ To define the mean input load in kilobits per hour, choose the
Kilobits/Hour option and type a value in the box at the right of
the section.
■ To define the mean input load in sessions per hour, choose the
Sessions/Hour option and type a value in the box at the right of
the section.
■ To define the mean input load in Erlangs per subscriber, choose
the Erlangs/Subscriber option and type a value in the box at the
right of the section.
These values represent the average input load over a sustained period, not
a peak or instantaneous load.
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6 From the Session Type list, choose a session type for this service type.
For more information on session types, see “Defining session types for
cdma2000” on page 309.
7 In the Symmetry section, do one of the following to define the primary
and non-primary traffic on the channel:
■ Choose the Uplink option as the primary direction of traffic, and
then type in the Link Asymmetry Factor box a multiplier to
define the asymmetry factor between the primary and non-
primary directions.
■ Choose the Downlink option as the primary direction of traffic,
and then type in the Link Asymmetry Factor box a multiplier
to define the asymmetry factor between the primary and non-
primary directions.
The asymmetry factor defines the relationship between primary traffic
and non-primary traffic. For example, choosing Downlink as the primary
direction and defining an asymmetry factor of 0.1 would set the reverse
link traffic to be 0.1 times that of the primary forward link direction.
8 To define the overhead factor for retransmit and control of traffic, type
values in either of the following boxes:
■ Uplink Retransmit and Control Overhead—retransmit and
control overhead for reverse link traffic
■ Downlink Retransmit and Control Overhead—retransmit and
control overhead for forward link traffic
9 To define the priority of the service type, type a value in the Priority box.
Priorities are defined in decreasing order, with 0 being the highest
priority, and indicate the order in which services are allocated resources
when network capacity is limited. You can also assign a priority to
subscriber types. If you assign a priority to a subscriber type, and enable
the Use Priority check box for the subscriber type, when you generate a
Monte Carlo analysis, the subscriber type priority will override the
service priority for that subscriber type.
10 To define the probability of coverage required for a subscriber or bin to be
regarded as covered, type a value in the Cell Edge Coverage Probability
box.
The Cell Edge Coverage Probability value is used when you generate a
Monte Carlo or rapid planning analysis to calculate service coverage for
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the Forward - Best Server, Reverse - Best Server, and Other - Path
Balance layers.
For a Monte Carlo analysis, increasing this value may mean that some
locations with discrete subscribers will no longer be regarded as covered.
The discrete subscribers not being served will cause less forward link
service power to be transmitted by the sector. Because the sector forward
link service power is an input to the layer generation, the decrease in
power will affect many layers, including Pilot - BestEc/Io.
11 To define the FER/PER at which this service is able to function, type
values in either of the following boxes:
■ Required Uplink FER/PER—the required FER/PER at the
reverse link
■ Required Downlink FER/PER—the required FER/PER at the
forward link
12 To define the number of circuits from one server that are available to the
subscriber type associated with this service type, type a value in the
Number of Downlink Connections box.
For cdma2000, this value is typically 1.
13 If you want to view information about the reverse link and forward link
channel activity factors, click Illustration.
The Packet Switched Service Illustration dialog box opens. This dialog
box enables you to choose bearers that could potentially be assigned to
this service. When you choose a bearer, the fields update to show the
values that would be used in an analysis for this service type if the bearers
were to be used for this service.
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14 From the Uplink Bearer and Downlink Bearer lists, choose the bearers
for which you want to view statistics.
The other fields in the dialog box automatically display values depending
on reverse link bearer and forward link bearer that you choose.
The bearers that you choose in the entries in the Illustration window are
for illustration purposes only. They do not affect the analysis.
15 Click Close to close the Packet Switched Service Illustration dialog
box.
16 Click OK to close the Create New - Packet Switched Service dialog
box.
Example
You might create a subscriber type called Advanced Business that represents
subscribers who use mobiles as their primary business tools. The subscribers
represented by this type use their mobiles for everything from downloading
email to placing cellular calls. After you create the usage types, you can
assign a ratio to determine the proportion of the traffic that is in each of the
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available environments. In addition, you can set the service type and quality
type for each usage type. For example, if you set up four usage types for the
Advanced Business subscriber type, you could assign the weightings, service
types, and quality types shown in Table 15.2.
Table 15.2 Example usage type settings
1 5 5 5 5 Voice 12.2kbps_Conver-
sational
2 1 2 1 0 Video 64kbps_Streaming
3 2 2 4 0 WWW 144kbps_Interactive
4 2 2 4 0 Email 12.2kbps_Back-
ground
In this example, the total weighting value calculated across all usage types is
40. Therefore, the Advanced Business subscriber type uses Usage 1 50% of
the time, Usage 2 10% of the time, Usage 3 20% of the time, and Usage 4
20% of the time.
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for the services, which is defined in the Priority box for both circuit-
switched and packet-switched services.
6 In the Variance section, choose one of the following options to define the
variability of the number of subscribers generated by different Monte
Carlo runs:
■ Mean—the same mean number of subscribers will be used on
every run.
■ Poisson—a Poisson distribution of subscribers will be used.
■ User Defined—choose this option to define a custom Poisson
distribution with modified variability. A value of 1 is a standard
Poisson distribution.
7 From the Subscriber Equipment Types list, choose the equipment type
of the subscriber type.
For more information on creating a subscriber equipment type, see
“Defining subscriber equipment types for cdma2000” on page 307.
8 From the Traffic list, choose the traffic map that you want to associate
with the subscriber.
You can only choose traffic maps in subscribers/km2 or Erlangs/km2.
Traffic maps in Kbps/km2 are not valid. The type of traffic map that you
choose affects the service types that are available in the usage types
section. Packet-switched and circuit-switched services are available if you
chose a traffic map with an output format of subscribers/km2 from the
Traffic list. Only circuit-switched services are available if you chose a
traffic map in Erlangs/km2 from the Traffic list. For information on
generating and adding a traffic map to the project, see Chapter 10,
“Working with Traffic Maps”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
9 Define usage types as described in “To define usage types for cdma2000”
on page 325.
10 Click OK.
You can modify the properties of an existing subscriber type from the
Subscriber Manager by right-clicking the subscriber type and choosing
Edit.
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You can create traffic maps using the information defined in the
Subscriber Manager. The traffic maps combine the voice and packet
usages for all defined subscriber types. For more information, see Chapter 10,
“Working with Traffic Maps”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
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5 Click in the Quality box and choose a quality type for the usage type
from the list.
For more information about quality types, see “Defining quality types for
cdma2000” on page 312.
6 To add another usage type, repeat Step 1 to Step 5.
7 Click OK.
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the PA power and noise limits. For more information, see “To define carrier
settings for cdma2000” on page 284.
This gives you the flexibility of simulating different scenarios, for example:
■ If all carriers have the same preference weightings, subscribers
will be allocated equally between the two sectors, except for an
area at the fringe where only the stronger sector can work, until
the PA power and noise limits are reached. At this point,
subscribers will be allocated to the remaining carrier or carriers.
■ Carriers on the weaker sector could be given a zero preference
weighting, so that only the stronger sector will be allocated
subscribers until the PA power and noise limits are reached. Any
additional subscribers would then be allocated to the weaker
sector. In this case, more users in the fringe area could be
blocked.
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You can edit the properties of a single site after you place it. In the
Project Explorer, in the Sites category, right-click the site and choose
Edit. In the Site Properties dialog box, edit the properties, click Apply, and
then click Close.
If a sector has EV-DO and 1xRTT or IS-95 carriers, the first carrier refers to
the first 1xRTT or IS-95 carrier. If a sector has only EV-DO carriers, the Pilot
EIRP equation is modified as shown in Equation 16.2.
When you generate predictions, the power value used is the value in the ERP
or EIRP box for the sector.
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For both the forward link and reverse link, a default antenna gain value is
added based on the antenna type assigned to the sector. You cannot modify
this value.
All new sites are also given a default Feeder value on both the forward link
and the reverse link to account for cable and connector losses.
A default BTS Noise Figure is assigned to the reverse link to account for base
station receiver noise gain. You should modify the BTS Noise Figure
according to the hardware manufacturer's specifications.
You can add additional losses and gains as required. Because the Friis noise
formula (see Equation 16.3) is used to calculate the Reverse Noise Figure, the
order of the items on the Base Station Losses & Gains tab in the Base Station
Link Budget dialog box must match the hierarchy of the sector hardware (see
Figure 16.1 and Figure 16.2). By default, the BTS Noise Figure is always the
last item in the list.
Antenna
Antenna Feeder Tail
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
Feeder
Feeder Tail
BTS Amplifier
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f2 – 1 f3 – 1 f4 – 1 fn – 1
f s = f 1 + ------------ - + … + ---------------------------------------------
- + -------------- + --------------------
G1 G1 G2 G1 G2 G3 G 1 G 2 G 3 …G ( n – 1 )
Where:
All terms are in their linear form.
fs is the Composite System Noise Factor (linear ratio).
NF s = 10log 10 f s is the Composite System Noise Figure.
f 1 …f n is the Noise Factor of individual elements (linear ratio).
G 1 …G n is the numerical gain of individual elements (linear ratio).
Note that a loss (in dB) is taken as negative gain:
G ( db )-
---------------
10
G = 10
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NF ( db )
-------------------
10
f = 10
If you are using an Excel spreadsheet to import base station link budget
settings, you must use the Index column to specify the order of the
items in the Losses and Gains list. For more information, see “Importing and
exporting project data” in Chapter 13, “Working With Network and Project
Data”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
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7 Do the following to define any additional losses and gains for the reverse
link:
■ Click Add.
■ From the Type list, choose Loss or Gain.
■ In the Name box, type a name for the loss or gain.
■ In the Value box, type a value for the loss or gain.
■ If the type is a gain, in the Noise Figure box, type the thermal
noise associated with the gain.
■ If required, use the Move Up or Move Down buttons to change
the order of items in the list of losses and gains.
8 To remove an item from the Reverse tab, choose the item and click
Remove.
The Reverse Composite Noise Figure box at the bottom of the Base
Station Link Budget dialog box updates to reflect the loss, gain, and noise
figure values.
9 Click the Forward tab at the bottom of the Base Station Losses & Gains
tab and do the following to modify the Feeder value for the forward link,
or accept the default:
■ From the Type list, choose Loss or Gain.
■ In the Name box, type a name for the loss or gain.
■ In the Value box, type a value for the loss or gain.
10 Do the following to define any additional losses and gains for the forward
link:
■ Click Add.
■ From the Type list, choose Loss or Gain.
■ In the Name box, type a name for the loss or gain.
■ In the Value box, type a value for the loss or gain.
■ If required, use the Move Up or Move Down buttons to change
the order of items in the list of losses and gains.
11 To remove an item from the Forward tab, choose the item and click
Remove.
The Total EIRP and Pilot EIRP boxes update to reflect the loss or gain
values.
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12 To modify power information for the sector, type values in any of the
following boxes:
■ PA Power—the power at the power amplifier. When you change
this value, the Pilot % of PA Power box updates automatically to
reflect the new ratio of PA Power to Pilot Power. The Total EIRP
box updates automatically to reflect the new Total EIRP for the
power amplifier. You can also modify the PA power on the
Hardware panel of the Sector Settings dialog box. See “To define
hardware settings” on page 346. The two boxes are
interdependent. Changes in one location are reflected in the other
location.
■ Pilot Power—the power of the pilot channel. When you change
this value, the Pilot % of PA Power box updates automatically to
reflect the new ratio of PA Power to Pilot Power and the Pilot
EIRP box updates automatically based on Equation 16.1 on page
331.
■ Pilot % of PA Power—the pilot power as a percentage of PA
power. When you change this value, the Pilot Power updates
automatically to reflect the new ratio and the Pilot EIRP box
updates automatically based on Equation 16.1 on page 331.
■ Total EIRP—the total PA power for the sector (calculated as
PA Power + Forward link losses and gains). When you change
this value, the PA Power box updates automatically to reflect the
change and the Pilot % of PA Power box updates automatically
to reflect the new ratio of PA Power to Pilot Power.
13 Click OK.
The ERP or EIRP value is updated for the sector.
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common settings as a base, you could then define individual or unique sector
settings as required.
Before using the Global Edit (Base Station Link Budget) tool, you should be
familiar with the Base Station Link Budget tool. For more information, see
“Calculating base station link budgets for cdma2000 sectors” on page 331.
The Global Edit (Base Station Link Budget) dialog box is not
technology-dependent and will update all of the sectors you choose
with the same settings. Depending on the options you choose, existing
settings may be lost.
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2 From the Action list, choose the type of action that you want to perform:
■ Insert—adds additional losses/gains in the order specified, but
leaves existing settings intact.
■ Remove—removes any losses/gains that match the specified
name/order. You can choose to exclude individual losses/gains.
■ Replace—replaces the values for the specified losses/gains.
■ Update—updates values for losses/gains that match the
specified name/order. You can choose to update the name, the
associated value, or both.
You can only choose one action each time you apply changes to the base
station link budget settings. If you want to perform multiple actions, use
the Apply button each time you define settings for a specific action. If you
choose another action before applying the new settings, the changes for
the current action will be lost.
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Figure 16.3 cdma2000 Sector Settings dialog box showing the Hardware panel
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The valid index values and corresponding window sizes (in chips) are shown
in Table 16.1.
Table 16.1 Search window settings
0 4
1 6
2 8
3 10
4 14
5 20
6 28
7 40
8 60
9 80
10 100
11 130
12 160
13 226
14 320
15 452
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Total Receive and Total Traffic Transmit Power values are the two exceptions;
to determine these values, the Reverse Noise Rise and Forward Total Traffic
Power values should be manually defined for the sector.
If you do not define these values manually, you can enable the
Override All Cell Loads option on the System panel of the Analysis
Settings dialog box, and define values for Forward Available Traffic Power
and Reverse Load. For more information, see “To define rapid planning
system settings for cdma2000” on page 384.
The Reverse Noise Rise value is used to calculate equivalent Current Total
Receive Power, which is required to compute all reverse link analysis layers.
The Forward Total Traffic Power is used to calculate Total Traffic Transmit
Power, which is used to compute most pilot and reverse link analysis layers.
The Current Total Receive and Total Traffic Transmit Power are also used to
compute the Other - Path Balance layer.
For more information, see “To define implementation settings” on page 349.
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If you open the Base Station Link Budget tool from the cdma2000
Sector Settings dialog box, the carrier displayed is the carrier from
which the tool was launched. If the carrier is an EV-DO carrier, the Pilot Power
column and the Percentage column are read only columns.
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the Total Available For the Site and Total Dedicated For the Sector values,
press the F1 key.
4 In the Forward Channel Elements Per Carrier section, type values in
any of the following boxes:
■ Total Available For The Site—displays the number of channel
elements available.
■ Total Dedicated For The Sector—displays the number of
channel elements dedicated for the sector.
■ Primary (Per Sector)—the number of channel elements
assigned to this carrier on this sector for primary traffic. Primary
traffic consists of the subscribers with this sector designated as
the best server.
■ Primary Pooled (Per Site)—the number of channel elements
pooled for this carrier for all sectors on this site for primary
traffic. You can combine primary and pooled channel elements,
or use only one or the other. If you want to specify that all of the
channel elements on the site are pooled, type 0 in the Primary
(Per Sector) box and type the total number of channel elements
in the Primary Pooled (Per Site) box. When you generate an
analysis, when this number has been reached, new calls for this
sector will be blocked.
■ Additional For Handoff—the number of channel elements
allocated for handoff for all sectors on the site for this carrier.
For example, if 39 channel elements are available at a site for
primary traffic and the system is expected to support 30%
handoff, then 12 channel elements should be added to the site,
reserved for handoff, for a total of 51 channel elements for that
site. A new user is blocked if all 39 channels are busy, even if
any or all of the 12 channels reserved for handoff are available.
5 Click OK to save your settings or choose another item in the tree view.
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4 In the Rapid Planning section, define the settings for rapid planning:
■ Reverse Noise Rise—the noise rise in the receiver, above the
thermal noise floor, generated by traffic links.
■ Forward Total Traffic Power—the total traffic transmit power
for the sector.
■ Forward Activity Factor—for EV-DO sectors, the average
ratio of non-idle traffic slots to the total number of traffic slots.
For information on how these values are used, see “Rapid planning
settings” on page 343.
5 Click OK to save your settings or choose another item in the tree view.
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To edit a site
1 Do one of the following:
■ In the Project Explorer, in the Sites category, right-click on the
site that you want to edit and choose Edit.
■ Click the Edit Site button on the Site toolbar and then click in
the Map window on the site that you want to edit.
The Site Properties dialog box opens.
2 If there is more than one site at the chosen location, choose the site you
want to edit from the Editing Site list.
3 Do one of the following:
■ Modify any of the site properties and save them as a new
configuration if required. For information, see “Creating
cdma2000 sites” on page 329.
■ Load an existing configuration by choosing
File ➤ Open Configuration.
4 Click Apply to update your project.
5 Click Close.
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standard Global Edit dialog box, see Chapter 2, “Working with Sites and
Sectors”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
If you are modifying the cdma2000 power values, you have the option
of viewing data in dBm or Watts. However, if you want to modify the
Average PRACH Interference Power, you will only be able to use the full
range of values available for the field if you are using the dBm option.
If you prefer to use Watts, you can use the Watts option when you are
modifying other power values, and then change the units to dBm before
modifying the value for PRACH.
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Deleting sites
You can delete sites using the Project Explorer or the Map window.
To delete a site
■ Do one of the following:
■ In the Project Explorer, in the Sites category, right-click the
site, choose Delete, and click Yes to confirm the deletion.
■ In the Map window, choose the site, right-click and choose
Delete, and then click Delete to confirm the deletion.
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8 If you want to choose a different group of sectors for which to display the
selected information, click Update Selection, and then in the Select
Sectors dialog box, choose another group of sectors and click OK.
9 If you want to clear the display, click Clear.
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Chapter 17: Adding Repeaters to cdma2000 Sectors
This chapter contains the This chapter describes how to add repeaters to
following sections:
cdma2000 sectors in your project.
■ Understanding cdma2000
repeaters
■ Workflow for adding repeaters
to cdma2000 sectors
■ Adding repeaters to
cdma2000 sectors
■ Repeaters and cdma2000
predictions
■ Locating repeaters in a Map
window
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If a sector has EV-DO and 1xRTT or IS-95 carriers, the first carrier refers to
the first 1xRTT or IS-95 carrier. If a sector has only EV-DO carriers, the
repeater EIRP is based on the sector PA power of the first EV-DO carrier, and
is calculated as shown in Equation 17.1.
Where:
Pilot Power is the pilot power of the first carrier from the cdma2000 Sector
Settings of the donor sector.
Lm is the masked path loss between the base station transmitter and the
repeater.
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the repeater. You must also define settings for service and donor antennas,
predictions, repeater links, and carriers.
You can add repeaters manually or you can import them from an existing file.
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4 If you are using an antenna pattern with electrical downtilt, from the
Electrical Tilt list, choose the electrical downtilt pattern that you want to
use.
For information on electrical downtilt antenna patterns, see Chapter 3,
“Working with Antenna Patterns”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
5 Type values in the following boxes:
■ Azimuth—the horizontal direction the service antenna looks
towards. An azimuth value of 0 degrees is true north, 90 degrees
is east, 180 degrees is south, and 270 degrees is west. As you
rotate clockwise, the azimuth increases.
■ Tilt—the number of degrees that a service antenna is tilted
upward or downward. A positive (+) tilt value points the antenna
upwards, while a negative (-) tilt value points the antenna
downwards.
■ Twist—the number of degrees that a service antenna is twisted
counter-clockwise or clockwise. A positive (+) twist value
rotates the antenna counter-clockwise, while a negative (-) twist
value rotates the antenna clockwise.
■ Height—the height of the service antenna from ground level.
6 In the Elevation section, choose one of the following options:
■ Use DEM Elevation—sets the elevation height based on the
repeater location and the project digital elevation model (DEM)
grid file.
■ Manual Entry—enables you to define the elevation height for
the repeater. Type the elevation height in the Elevation box. This
option is useful if the repeater is being used as a microcell for
indoor coverage.
7 In the System Losses box, type a value for the service antenna system
feeder loss or any additional antenna system-related losses.
8 Click Create to save your settings and add the repeater, or choose another
item in the tree view.
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Donor antenna settings only apply if the repeater type is RF. If a fiber-
optic connection is used between the donor and service antenna, the
donor antenna settings do not apply. For more information, see “To add
repeaters to cdma2000 sectors” on page 364.
1 In the tree view of the Repeater Settings dialog box, choose Donor
Antenna.
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4 If you are using an antenna pattern with electrical downtilt, from the
Electrical Tilt list, choose the electrical downtilt pattern that you want to
use.
For details on electrical downtilt antenna patterns, see Chapter 3,
“Working with Antenna Patterns”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
5 In the Height box, type the height of the donor antenna from ground
level.
6 In the Elevation section, choose one of the following options:
■ Use DEM Elevation—sets the elevation height based on the
repeater location and the project digital elevation model (DEM)
grid file. This is the default option.
■ Manual Entry—enables you to define the elevation height for
the repeater. Type the elevation height in the Elevation box. This
option is useful if the repeater is being used as a microcell for
indoor coverage.
7 In the System Losses box, type a value for donor antenna system feeder
loss or any other antenna system-related losses.
The Isolation box indicates the calculated value of isolation between
antennas (masked path loss). For an accurate isolation value, the antenna
patterns assigned to the repeater must have a full definition of the vertical
pattern (all angles).
8 Click Create to save your settings and add the repeater, or choose another
item in the tree view.
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1 In the tree view of the Repeater Settings dialog box, choose Equipment.
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2 In the Carrier Assignment section, enable the check box beside each of
the carriers that you want assigned to the repeater.
All of the carriers assigned to the donor sector are enabled by default.
3 Click Create to save your settings and add the repeater, or choose another
item in the tree view.
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3 If you want to change the donor sector (re-parent), choose a sector from
the Donor Sector list.
4 Modify the other repeater settings as required.
For information, see “Adding repeaters to cdma2000 sectors” on
page 363.
5 Click Apply and then click Close.
You can also access all of the repeaters in your project from the
Repeaters node in the Sites category of the Project Explorer.
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18.
cdma2000
Generating Rapid
Planning Analyses
for cdma2000
This chapter contains the This chapter describes how to generate a rapid
following sections:
planning analysis and view results.
■ Understanding rapid planning
for cdma2000
A rapid planning analysis provides a quick
■ Understanding data rate
negotiation simulation of your network. You can use the results
■ Workflow for generating a of a rapid planning analysis to make adjustments to
rapid planning analysis for
cdma2000 your project settings and then run a more detailed
■ Defining default cdma2000 Monte Carlo analysis.
rapid planning analysis
settings
■ Creating a rapid planning
analysis for cdma2000
■ Defining rapid planning
system settings for cdma2000
■ Choosing subscriber types for
cdma2000 rapid planning
■ Defining rapid planning
analysis area settings for
cdma2000
■ Generating a rapid planning
analysis for cdma2000
■ Generating analysis layers for
flag-specific information
■ Viewing cdma2000 analysis
layers
■ Deleting analyses
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Step 2 Define rapid planning settings for the sectors that you want to
include in your analysis. See “To define implementation settings”
on page 349.
Step 3 If you want to use the same settings for a number of analyses,
define default analysis settings. See “Defining default cdma2000
rapid planning analysis settings” on page 381.
Step 5 Define the analysis settings and generate the analysis. See
“Defining rapid planning system settings for cdma2000” on
page 384.
Step 6 View the results of the analysis. See “Viewing cdma2000 analysis
layers” on page 394.
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A Monte Carlo analysis takes more time than rapid planning, but generates
detailed subscriber information that a rapid planning analysis does not. For
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If you want to choose the sectors to use for the analysis, right-click the
analysis under the cdma2000 Analyses node, choose Select Sectors,
and then in the Select Sectors dialog box, choose the group of sectors that
you want to use, and click Continue.
If you do not choose the sectors to use for the analysis, you will be prompted
to do so when you run the analysis. For more information, see “Generating a
rapid planning analysis for cdma2000” on page 393.
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5 If you want to override the rapid planning settings on the Sector Settings -
Implementation panel for this analysis, enable the Override All Cell
Loads check box and type values for the following:
■ Reverse Load—the percentage of cell loading that you want to
target for the reverse link
■ Forward Available Traffic Power—the percentage of available
power for traffic that you want to target for the forward link cell
loading. For example, a value of 75 means that only 75% of the
available traffic power (i.e., PA power minus overhead power) is
used in the analysis; a value of 100 means that all of the
available traffic power is used. This parameter does not apply to
EV-DO carriers.
■ EV-DO Forward Activity Factor—the average ratio of non-
idle traffic slots to the total number of traffic slots.
Typically, you would use the Override All Cell Loads option if you are
doing nominal planning or network dimensioning. If you are optimizing
an existing network using switch statistics, you would use the rapid
planning settings on the Implementation panel for the sector.
6 Choose another item in the tree view.
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You can obtain statistical and composite reports for the analysis layers
using the Layer Statistics Analysis tool. For more information, see
“Chapter 22: Generating cdma2000 Reports” on page 481.
Deleting analyses
Files generated from a network analysis can take up a lot of hard disk space.
You can delete analyses that are no longer required.
To delete analyses
1 In the Project Explorer, in the Network Analyses category, do any of
the following:
■ Choose one or more analyses, right-click and choose Delete.
■ Expand an analysis node, choose one or more analysis layers,
right-click and choose Delete.
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Chapter 19: Generating Monte Carlo Analyses for
19.
cdma2000
Generating Monte
Carlo Analyses for
cdma2000
This chapter contains the ■ Analyzing pilot pollution for cdma2000 sectors
following sections: This chapter describes how to generate a Monte
■ Understanding Monte Carlo
analyses for cdma2000 Carlo analysis for cdma20000 and view results.
■ Understanding cdma2000
A Monte Carlo analysis generates:
analysis layers
■ Workflow for generating a ■ information about sectors, carriers and
Monte Carlo analysis for
subscribers in your network
cdma2000
■ Optimizing cdma2000 ■ analysis layers
analyses You can also generate a rapid planning analysis,
■ Defining default cdma2000
Monte Carlo analysis settings
which provides only analysis layers, but takes less
■ Creating a Monte Carlo time. For more information on rapid planning, see
analysis for cdma2000
“Chapter 18: Generating Rapid Planning Analyses
■ Defining Monte Carlo analysis
settings for cdma2000 for cdma2000” on page 377.
■ Generating a Monte Carlo
analysis for cdma2000
■ Viewing discrete subscriber
information for cdma2000
■ Generating additional runs for
a cdma2000 Monte Carlo
analysis
■ Generating cdma2000
analysis layers
■ Viewing cdma2000 analysis
layers
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User-defined method
Using the Fixed Number of Runs option on the Runtime Parameters panel,
you can define the exact number of runs to complete in the Monte Carlo
analysis.
You need to consider the minimum number of runs that will present an
accurate model of the system; with too few runs, the results will not
accurately reflect the distribution of subscribers within the network. Too
many runs will not degrade the outputs of the analysis, but may take a long
time. If the analysis does not achieve what you consider to be an accurate
model of the network using the number of runs that you specified, you can
generate additional runs. See “To generate additional Monte Carlo runs for
cdma2000” on page 437.
The number of runs required to achieve a given level of accuracy can vary
dramatically based on several factors, which include the following:
■ the number of bins in the analysis, which is directly proportional
to the analysis area and resolution. The number of bins in the
analysis has an impact as it will provide the number of potential
points for subscribers. The more potential points for subscribers,
the greater the likelihood of variation.
■ the number of subscribers to be spread. This, coupled with the
type of subscriber (for example, high data rate subscribers) and
the traffic map, has potentially the greatest impact on the number
of runs required. If you spread very few subscribers over a large
area, then you need many runs to get a good statistical
representation. If these subscribers are spread in a limited area,
then fewer runs are likely required.
■ the impact of each individual subscriber on the analysis, which is
essentially the required Eb/No. Higher data rate subscribers
create a bigger load and have a bigger impact in all respects.
They are also are more likely to be served or not served.
■ the potential variation in the locations of the subscribers in the
analysis according to the assigned traffic maps. A flat traffic map
will likely require more runs than a map where all of the
subscribers are concentrated.
■ the number of sectors in the analysis. A greater number of
servers, coupled with the potential for overlapping coverage
areas, handoff regions, and gaps in coverage, results in a higher
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Convergence method
The Convergence Achieved option on the Runtime Parameters panel enables
you to have more refined control over the simulation process than the Fixed
Number of Runs option.
The distribution of subscribers is affected by the traffic density. The greater
the traffic density, the fewer runs will be required.
Using this approach, the runs continue until the convergence target is reached.
After each run, the tool calculates the convergence factor (see “Convergence
factor calculation” on page 403). When the convergence factor is equal to or
less than the value that you define in the Convergence Achieved box, the runs
are complete.
To achieve results that are statistically valid, you must determine an
appropriate Convergence Achieved value. If you specify a lower value (for
example, 1%), more runs will be required for the solution to converge. A
lower Convergence Achieved value generally requires a higher resolution
digital elevation model (DEM) to ensure accurate results. If the DEM has low
resolution, small variations in the interference calculations between runs
might cause significant differences in the coverage area for a particular site.
The Convergence Achieved option requires a minimum of three runs to
complete.
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⎛ n ⎞
⎜ Si⎟
⎜∑ ⎟
⎝i = 0 ⎠
Mean number of dropped users = Sn = --------------------
n
Equation 19.1 Mean number of dropped users
Where:
S is the mean number of dropped users for a particular run
n is the number of simulation runs
The divergence of consecutive values is continually calculated using the mean
value. For example:
Where:
Max is the maximum number of dropped users
Min is the minimum number of dropped users
S is the mean number of dropped users for a particular run
n is the number of simulation runs
The Sn value from Equation 19.1 and the divergence value from Equation
19.2 are then used to determine the convergence factor, as shown in Equation
19.3.
( Divergence ) ⁄ ( Sn ) × 100
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Pilot analysis
Pilot analysis layers (see Table 19.2 on page 408) enable you to visualize pilot
coverage and interference over the analysis area.
As a subscriber becomes more distant from the serving site, the path loss
increases, decreasing the pilot power (Ec). As the subscriber moves away
from the serving site and closer to other sites, interference (Io) occurs. The
boundary of pilot coverage varies due to load, environmental, and bearer
conditions. Generating pilot analysis layers enables you to quantify this effect
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Layer Description
Pilot - Best Server Displays the coverage area of each sector’s pilot.
The coverage area is based on achieving at least the Pilot
Detection Threshold defined in the cdma2000 Sector
Settings dialog box. See “To define quality settings” on
page 350.
Pilot - Composite Best Identical to the Pilot - Best Server layer, except that for
Server sectors with repeaters, the repeater and its donor are
treated as one combined sector.
Pilot - Best Ec/Io Displays the pilot Ec/Io at each bin based on the power
limits defined in the cdma2000 Sector Settings dialog box
(see “To define cdma2000 power settings” on page 351)
rather than the Pilot Target Ec/Io value. See “To define
quality settings” on page 350.
Pilot - Coverage Displays the coverage area of all the sectors within the
analysis area
Pilot - 3rd Server Displays the third best pilot to be used if it is a candidate
for the active set of sectors
Pilot - 4th Server Displays the fourth best pilot to be used if it is a candidate
for the active set of sectors
Pilot - 5th Server Displays the fifth best pilot to be used if it is a candidate for
the active set of sectors
Pilot - 6th Server Displays the sixth best pilot to be used if it is a candidate
for the active set of sectors
Pilot - Best Ec Server Displays the best server at each location where the Best
Ec is better than the value defined in the Best Ec
Threshold box on the General tab of the Mobile
Technology - Network Settings dialog box, or null if the
Best Ec is worse than the threshold value.
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Layer Description
Pilot - Composite Best Identical to the Pilot - Best Ec Server layer, except that for
Ec Server sectors with repeaters, the repeater and its donor are
treated as one combined sector.
Pilot - Best Ec Displays the Ec (the energy received per chip) for the best
pilot.
Pilot - Total Ec Displays the total Ec for the pilots in the active set. The
total Ec is computed as the sum of Ec powers of the pilots
in active set.
Pilot - Pollution Index Displays the areas in your coverage region where pilot
coverage is not sufficient.
The Pilot - Pollution Index is a numeric grid (.grd) file that
uses a percentage for each bin. Values closer to 100%
indicate areas where pilot pollution and/or pilot coverage
may be a problem.
This index is created based on the number of users in an
area (usage factor) and the probability of pilot pollution
(pilot factor) in that area. High values occur when there is
a low pilot-to-interference ratio and/or there is a high
concentration of users in relation to the available signal
strength. The usage factor is based on the traffic map and
the usage factor curve defined in the Mobile Technology -
Network Settings dialog box and the traffic factor is based
on the pilot factor curve define in the Mobile Technology -
Network Settings dialog box.
Pilot - Delta Ec/Io Displays the difference in pilot Ec/Io between the best
server and the server that you choose in the Nth Best
Server for Delta Layer box on the System panel of the
Analysis Settings dialog box. See “To define Monte Carlo
system settings for cdma2000” on page 422 for details.
Pilot - Worst Polluter Displays the worst pilot polluter at each bin.
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Layer Description
Pilot - Sum of Pilots Displays the total pilot signal strength within the network
minus Best Pilot minus the best pilot signal strength. This indicates whether
the best pilot is the primary component of the composite
signal. In areas where there are too many different signals
of similar strength, the signal-to-interference ratio will be
too high and calls may be dropped. It is more effective for
cdma2000 networks to have a dominant pilot signal
throughout the desired coverage area.
Pilot - Received Io Displays the total downlink noise received at the mobile
receiver. This value represents the downlink received
signal strength including thermal noise. This layer applies
to EV-DO carriers only.
Pilot - Total Ec/Io Displays the ratio of total Ec and received Io.
Pilot - In Cell to Out of Displays the in-cell to out-of-cell interference ratio based
Cell Interference on the ratio of the signal energy from the best serving
sector divided by the energy from all other sectors. The
signal energy includes overhead channels as well as
traffic channels. This measurement is always below zero
(i.e., out-of-cell energy is greater than in-cell energy) at the
edge of primary coverage. This layer applies to EV-DO
carriers only.
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Layer Description
Forward - Best Server Displays the service channel coverage area for each
sector
Forward - Composite Identical to the Forward - Best Server layer, except that for
Best Server sectors with repeaters, the repeater and its donor are
treated as one combined sector.
Forward - Eb/No Displays the forward link service Eb/No at each bin without
limiting it to the forward link target Eb/No.
The cdma2000 analysis layer generation process
assumes that perfect power control will cause the power to
set itself at a level that will achieve the target Eb/No. See
“Controlling interference” on page 536.
Forward - FER Displays the frame erasure rate (FER) at each bin based
on the FER to Eb/No curve defined in the cdma2000
Bearer dialog box. See “Defining cdma2000 bearers” on
page 299.
Forward - Received Io Displays the total forward link noise received at the mobile
receiver. This value represents the forward link received
signal strength including thermal noise. For EV-DO
carriers, this layer is called Pilot - Received Io.
Forward link- Outdoor Displays the total interference outdoors at the location of
Io the receiver. Thermal noise is not included. This analysis
layer does not take into account the penetration loss or the
mobile antenna gain. For EV-DO carriers, this layer is
called Pilot - Outdoor Io.
Forward - In Cell to Out Displays the in-cell to out-of-cell interference ratio based
of Cell Interference on the ratio of the signal energy from the best serving
sector divided by the energy from all other sectors. The
signal energy includes overhead channels as well as
traffic channels. This measurement is always below zero
(i.e., out-of-cell energy is greater than in-cell energy) at the
edge of primary coverage. For EV-DO carriers, this layer is
called Pilot - In Cell to Out of Cell Interference.
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Layer Description
Forward link - i-Factor Displays the other-to-own cell interference ratio based on
all other sectors and the in-cell signal strength. This layer
is the reciprocal of the Forward - In Cell to Out of Cell
Interference layer in linear form. For EV-DO carriers, this
layer is called Pilot - i-factor.
Forward link- Displays the mean forward link throughput for each bin.
Throughput
Forward link- Bearer Displays the coverage probability for each bearer
Coverage specified in the analysis.
Forward link- Max Displays the maximum achieved data rates over the
Achievable Coverage analysis area.
Layer Description
Reverse - Best Server Displays the reverse link coverage for each sector
Reverse - Composite Identical to the Reverse - Best Server layer, except that for
Best Server sectors with repeaters, the repeater and its donor are
treated as one combined sector.
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Layer Description
Reverse - Req Mobile Displays the EIRP values for a mobile at each bin that are
EIRP required to close the reverse link. For a single channel,
this is calculated as follows:
Required EIRP = Required PA Power + Mobile Antenna
Gain = Required Eb/No - Processing Gain + Penetration
Loss + Masked Pathloss + Noise Rise + Composite Noise
Figure + kTB
For total required EIRP for fundamental and supplemental
channels, the equation is:
Total Required EIRP = fundamental required EIRP +
(number of supplemental channels * supplemental
required EIRP)
The composite noise figure is taken from the link budget
for the sector (and, optionally, the carrier). See
“Calculating base station link budgets for cdma2000
sectors” on page 331.
The required mobile EIRP will vary for different subscriber
types.
Reverse - Mobile EIRP Displays the difference between the maximum possible
Margin mobile EIRP and the actual required EIRP for each bin
Reverse - Load Displays the best server cell load for each bin. The load at
a bin is the cell loading of the reverse link best server for
that bin.
Reverse - Throughput Displays the mean reverse link throughput for each bin.
Reverse - Bearer Displays the coverage probability for each bearer specified
Coverage in the analysis.
Reverse - Max Displays the maximum achieved data rates over the
Achievable Coverage analysis area.
Throughput will only exist in areas where pilot coverage and path
balance exists.
Handoff analysis
Handoff analysis layers (see Table 19.5) enable you to determine the handoff
status of each sector included in an analysis. For more information on how
handoff and soft handoff occur, see “Appendix D: Modeling cdma2000
Networks” on page 533.
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All handoff calculations are based on the Handoff Margin value defined on
the Quality panel of the cdma2000 Sector Settings dialog box. For more
information, see “To define quality settings” on page 350.
Table 19.5 Handoff analysis layers
Layer Description
Handoff - Status Displays the handoff state of each sector within the
analysis area. The handoff states are:
■ Not in handoff (N)—there is only one available server
Handoff - Soft Handoff Displays the reverse link soft handoff gain at each bin. The
Gain gain is produced by the ability of the subscribers and sites
to operate at a lower power value when engaged in soft
handoff and still meet the system quality requirements for
the FER.
Handoff - Active Server Displays the total number of serving sectors (i.e., the
Count sectors in soft handoff)
Handoff - Active Site Displays the total number of serving sites (i.e., the sites
Count where sectors are in soft handoff)
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Other analysis
The path balance analysis layer (see Table 19.6) enables you to determine
whether coverage has been achieved on both the reverse link and forward link
paths.
Table 19.6 Path balance analysis layer
Layer Description
Other - Path Balance Displays the balance between the forward link and reverse
link. The forward link is considered covered at a bin if both
pilot coverage and service coverage are achieved.
Path balance is achieved when the probability of both the
reverse link and forward link coverage is equal to or
greater than the Cell Edge Coverage Probability value in
the Circuit Switched Service or Packet Switched Service
dialog box. See “Defining service types for cdma2000” on
page 314.
Other - Combined The combined coverage probability for the forward link
Probability and reverse link (Forward - Coverage Probability layer and
Reverse - Coverage Probability layer). For each pixel, the
combined probability layer represents the minimum
probability of the two layers.
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Step 9 Generate statistical reports for analysis layers. See “Chapter 22:
Generating cdma2000 Reports” on page 481.
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Prediction view files work at a single resolution. If you are analyzing a large
area with mostly low resolution data and small amounts of higher resolution
data, the disk space requirements can be significantly higher than the
combined disk space requirements of the prediction data if the analysis is
carried out at the higher resolution. This is because the prediction view files
will be created at the higher resolution over the entire area. Also, separate
prediction views are created for each of the required analysis resolutions,
which can further add to disk space requirements.
For example, an area that is 100 km x 100 km with a 10-meter resolution and
an average of 10 overlapping predictions requires approximately 2 GB of disk
space for prediction view files, whereas an area that is 200 km x 200 km with
a 5-meter resolution and an average of 10 overlapping predictions requires
approximately 32 GB of disk space for prediction view files.
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2 In the cdma2000 Analysis Layer Filter dialog box, enable the check
boxes for the analysis layers that you want to generate, and click OK.
For more information on each analysis layer, see “Understanding
cdma2000 analysis layers” on page 407.
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If you want to choose the sectors to use for the analysis, right-click the
analysis under the cdma2000 Analyses node, choose Select Sectors,
and then in the Select Sectors dialog box, choose the group of sectors that
you want to use and click Continue.
If you do not choose the sectors to use for the analysis, you will be prompted
to do so when you run the analysis. For more information, see “To generate a
Monte Carlo analysis for cdma2000” on page 433.
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2 On the Subscribers panel, enable the check boxes for the subscriber
types that you want to include in the simulation.
3 Choose another item in the tree view.
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2 If you want to change the color used for a coverage state, do the
following:
■ Click the Browse (...) button in the Edit column for the coverage
state.
■ In the Color dialog box, choose or define the color, and click
OK.
3 If you want to change the properties for the symbol that is displayed in the
Map window for a subscriber type, do the following:
■ Click the Browse (...) button in the Edit column for the
subscriber type.
■ In the Symbol Style dialog box, modify the symbol properties
and click OK.
For more information on the Symbol Style dialog box, press the F1 key.
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states are displayed using the colors that you chose in the Discrete Subscribers
Preferences dialog box.
If you generate multiple runs for a Monte Carlo simulation, the discrete
subscriber information that is displayed automatically applies only to
the last run. If you want to view discrete subscriber information that applies to
all runs in a Map window, in the Project Explorer, in the Network Analyses
category, right-click the analysis under the cdma2000 Analyses node and
choose Display Discrete Subscribers.
The Display Discrete Subscribers command will not work if you have cleared
the Visible check box for the analysis in the Windows category of the Project
Explorer.
The discrete subscriber information from each run of the analysis is stored in
a MapInfo table (.tab file) in the cdma2000_Analyses folder of your project
using the naming convention <AnalysisName>_<Run Number>.
You can also display discrete subscriber information in a tabular form using a
new Browser window. For more information on the columns and format of the
table, see “Appendix E: cdma2000 Discrete Subscriber Table Format” on
page 543.
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overlaid on a 2G technology, you can use the unserved subscriber traffic map
in a network analysis of the 2G network layer.
Use the Zoom-In tool to zoom in on individual areas of the map and
better view unserved subscribers.
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Implementation panel. These values are used in rapid planning. For more
information on rapid planning, see “Chapter 18: Generating Rapid Planning
Analyses for cdma2000” on page 377.
If you apply cell loads and there is 0 required traffic for a carrier-sector,
a value of -200 dBm is applied to the Forward Total Traffic Power box
on the Sector Settings - Implementation panel.
You can also generate cdma2000 analysis layers at the same time as
operating points and subscriber information. For more information, see
“To define runtime parameter settings for cdma2000” on page 427.
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You can generate the cdma2000 analysis layers directly from the
cdma2000 Analysis Layers dialog box by clicking Generate.
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You can obtain statistical and composite reports for the analysis layers
using the Layer Statistics Analysis tool. For more information, see
“Chapter 22: Generating cdma2000 Reports” on page 481.
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3 In the Select Sector Display Scheme section, choose a color scheme and
click Apply.
The best serving sector layers are displayed in the Map window using the
new color scheme.
You can modify an existing sector display scheme from within in the
Best Serving Sector Recolor dialog box by right-clicking a local or
shared scheme and choosing Edit.
Deleting analyses
Files generated from a network analysis can take up a lot of hard disk space.
You can delete analyses that are no longer required.
To delete analyses
1 In the Project Explorer, in the Network Analyses category, do any of
the following:
■ Choose one or more analyses, right-click and choose Delete.
■ Expand an analysis node, choose one or more analysis layers,
right-click and choose Delete.
2 In the Mentum Planet dialog box, click Yes.
The analyses or analysis layers you chose are removed from the Project
Explorer and the files are deleted from the project folder.
The CDMA Pixel Info tool is available only for Monte Carlo analyses.
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For each subscriber type and carrier that you choose, the CDMA Pixel Info
dialog box displays:
■ the pixel co-ordinates (location)
■ the number of predictions available
■ reverse link details, including:
■ Best Server
■ Required ERP
■ ERP Margin
■ Coverage Probability
■ forward link details, including:
■ Service Best Server
■ Service Eb/No and Service Margin
■ Coverage Probability
■ Received Noise
■ pilot details, including:
■ received power
■ Ec/Io
■ masked path loss polluter indicator and server status at the
specified pixel location
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2 From the SubCat list, choose the usage type for which you want to view
analysis information.
Usage types are defined for a subscriber type, and consist of a service
type, quality, and environments. Usage types are displayed in the SubCat
list using the syntax of <short name> <first letter of the environment
name>. In the example above, Voice is the short name and I indicates that
the environment is Indoor. For more information on usage types, see
“Defining subscriber types for cdma2000” on page 321.
3 From the Carrier list, choose the carrier for which you want to view
analysis information.
4 Click in the Map window to display analysis information for each pixel in
the CDMA Pixel Info dialog box.
5 Click Close.
You can also access the CDMA Pixel Info tool by clicking the CDMA
Pixel Info button on the Mobile Technology toolbar.
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Threshold levels
Graph display of
analyzed sectors
Location and
analysis information
In the Mentum Planet Map window, lines are drawn from the specified
analysis location to each of the corresponding sectors: Best Server, Handoff,
Pilot Polluter, and Pilot Detected (see Figure 19.2). The color of the lines
corresponds to the colors used in the graph window of the Pilot Pollution
Inspector.
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Figure 19.2 Map window displaying the Pilot - Delta Ec/Io analysis layer. For the
specified location, the Pilot Pollution Inspector adds lines indicating the best serving
sector (green), handoff sectors (yellow), and polluting sectors (red).
After you have identified the polluting sectors, you can leave the Pilot
Pollution Inspector dialog box open, use the Site Properties dialog box to
change the antenna downtilt, azimuth, or height for the polluting sectors, and
then update the display in the Pilot Pollution Inspector dialog box to see the
effects of your changes.
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11 Click on a location in the Map window that you have identified as being
affected by pilot pollution.
The Pilot Pollution Inspector dialog box displays pilot pollution
information for the location.
12 If you want to save a report containing information for the location
currently displayed in the Pilot Pollution Inspector dialog box, click
Export Report, type a name in the File Name box, and then click Save.
The location and pollution information is saved in a Microsoft Excel file.
After you have clicked an area in the Map window, you can modify any
of the System, Subscriber, or Analysis Settings and then click Update
to refresh the information displayed in the Pilot Pollution Inspector dialog box
based on the new settings.
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Chapter 20: Generating EV-DO Analysis Layers
This chapter contains the This chapter describes Evolution - Data Only (EV-
following sections:
DO) analysis layers, and explains how to generate
■ Understanding EV-DO
analysis layers them.
■ Workflow for generating EV-
DO analysis layers If you have purchased an EV-DO license, you can
generate EV-DO analysis layers.
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38.4 16 -12.50
76.8 8 -9.50
153.6 4 -6.50
307.2 2 -4.00
614.4 1 -1.00
307.2 4 -4.00
614.4 2 -1.00
1228.8 1 3.00
921.6 2 1.30
1843.2 1 7.20
1228.8 2 3.00
2457.6 1 9.50
Table 20.2 lists the data rates that are available on the forward link for Rev. A.
Table 20.2 Forward link data rates for Rev. A
4.8 16 -21.50
9.6 8 -18.50
19.2 4 -15.50
38.4 2 -12.50
76.8 1 -9.50
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9.6 16 -18.50
19.2 8 -15.50
38.4 4 -12.50
76.8 2 -9.50
153.6 1 -6.50
19.2 16 -15.50
38.4 8 -12.50
76.8 4 -9.50
153.6 2 -6.50
307.2 1 -4.00
38.4 16 -12.50
76.8 8 -9.50
153.6 4 -6.50
307.2 2 -4.00
614.4 1 -1.00
307.2 4 -4.00
614.4 2 -1.00
1228.8 1 3.00
921.6 2 1.30
1843.2 1 7.20
1228.8 2 3.00
2457.6 1 9.50
1536.0 2 3.50
3072.0 1 10.00
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The available data rates, shown in Table 20.3, are determined by the EV-DO
revision (Rev. 0 or Rev. A), which you define when you create a 1xEV-DO
Bearer. For more information, see “To define EV-DO bearers” on page 305.
Table 20.3 Reverse link data rates for 16 slots
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listed in Table 20.4. For more information on the standard cdma2000 analysis
layers, see “Understanding cdma2000 analysis layers” on page 407.
Table 20.4 EV-DO analysis layers
Layer Description
Displays the predicted highest achievable forward link data rate per bin.
The data rate prediction is based on the predicted Ec/Nt and the fade
margin that is required to ensure a certain level of coverage probability.
Both the pilot Ec/Nt (i.e., the predicted pilot channel Ec/Nt) and the
forward Ec/Nt (i.e., the forward traffic channel Ec/Nt) are calculated at
each bin. Forward Max Achievable Data Rate is generated using the
predicted forward Ec/Nt.
The amount of fade margin required depends on the coverage
probability requirement and the slow fading standard deviation
assumptions. When predicting the Forward Max Achievable Data Rate,
the required fade margin is computed at each bin, and then a coverage
probability is calculated for each data rate according the required Ec/Nt
threshold, predicted Ec/Nt and the fade margin. For each bin, the data
rates with coverage probabilities lower than the required threshold are
considered as having no coverage in the bin. There may be more than
one data rate for which the coverage probabilities are above the
coverage probability requirement. In this case, the highest data rate is
considered as the Forward Max Achievable Data Rate for the bin.
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Layer Description
EV DO - Forward Ec/Nt
Displays the ratio of forward channel chip energy to total spectral noise
density for each bin. The mobile predicts the highest achievable data
rate based on its Ec/Nt measurement on the pilot channel. However,
the effective data transmission rate can be somewhat higher than the
predicted data rate due to the idle slot transmission and early
termination of multi-slot transmission. The idle slot transmissions
reduce the interference in the network, and therefore increase the
forward traffic channel Ec/Nt and the probability of earlier termination of
multi-slot transmission.
You can account for the transmission of idle slots through the use of the
forward activity factor (FAF) and idle transmission attenuation (ITA)
parameters. Setting the FAF to a value that is less than 100% and the
ITA to a value greater than 0 has the effect of reducing the sector traffic
transmit power and the interference from the sector to other sectors.
The power from a given sector is calculated as (PA Power * forward
activity factor) + ((100 - forward activity factor)*(PA Power-idle
transmission attenuation)). Regardless of the FAF and ITA settings,
the Ec value is calculated based on the full PA power.
For rapid planning analysis, when the FAF value is set to 100%, the
given sector is assumed to transmit at full power all the time. In a Monte
Carlo simulation, the FAF is a calculated value. If the ITA value is set to
0 for a given sector then Mentum Planet will not reduce the power level
and thus assume that that sector is transmitting at full power 100% of
the time. This configuration produces an Ec/Nt that is equivalent to that
which is measured on the pilot channel.
Displays the pilot Ec/Nt at each bin based on the power limits defined in
the cdma2000 Sector Settings dialog box . Fade margins are not taken
into account.
It is assumed that sectors are synchronized to transmit Pilot chips with
full power at the same time. As a result, unlike the forward Ec/Nt, the
forward activity factor (FAF) is not taken into account when computing
the forward Ec/Nt at each bin.
Displays a coverage map for each EV-DO data rate (see the Data Rate
column in Table 20.1). By default, this layer is generated using the
predicted forward Ec/Nt.
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Layer Description
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Step 3 Assign the band for the EV-DO carrier to at least one sector in
your project, and define EV-DO settings for the sector. See “To
assign carriers to sectors” on page 345 and “Editing sites and
sectors” on page 353.
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Chapter 21: Generating PN Offset Plans
This chapter contains the This chapter explains how to use the PN Offset
following sections:
Planning tools to create, manage, and analyze PN
■ Understanding PN offset
planning offset plans.
■ Preparing input data for PN
offset planning In a cdma2000 network, the forward link uses PN
■ Workflow for generating PN offset assignments to distinguish sectors. It is,
offset plans
■ Creating PN offset plans therefore, important to carefully plan PN offsets in
■ Working with PN offset plans order to minimize interference. Using the PN Offset
■ Analyzing PN offset plans Plan Analysis tool, you can validate the PN offset
■ Displaying PN offset reports
plan you generate.
■ Applying PN offset plans
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Using the group planning method, you can assign PN offset values to adjacent
sectors as shown in Figure 21.1.
With this method, PN offsets are assigned in groups of three (i.e., for a
specific pilot increment, the available PN offsets are organized into PN
groups containing three consecutive PN offsets). PN offset values will be
assigned to adjacent sectors as three consecutive PN offsets. Therefore, a
three-sector site uses one PN offset group and a six-sector site uses two PN
offset groups.
The PN Offset Planning tool uses a variety of input data from your project,
including the search window sizes from the Sector Settings dialog box, a
neighbor list, and, optionally, an interference matrix. The search window size
is an important element of PN offset planning because PN confusion
interference occurs when a propagation delay causes a remote false pilot
signal to fall into the mobile’s active search window. When assigning co-PN
offsets, the PN offset planning algorithm ensures that a sufficient propagation
delay difference exists between two co-PNs. Therefore, in the case of adjacent
PN offsets, the algorithm ensures that a propagation delay will not cause a
remote PN offset to fall into the mobile’s active search window. For more
information on the search window parameters (i.e., SRCH_WIN_A and
SRCH_WIN_N), see the online Help.
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The PN Offset Plan Analysis tool can be used to evaluate the quality of PN
offset plans by identifying the locations where co-PN and adjacent-PN
interference may occur.
Neighbor list
A neighbor list is a required input for PN offset planning. To obtain the most
accurate results, it is recommended that you import a neighbor list from
switch data. However, the neighbor list can also be created from a modeled
interference matrix.
For more information on neighbor lists, see Chapter 12, “Working with
Neighbor Lists”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
Interference matrix
A modeled interference matrix is an optional input to the PN offset planning
tool; however, using an interference matrix will generate a more efficient
plan. If you choose to include an interference matrix as input to the PN offset
planning tool and you also use an interference matrix to create the neighbor
list, the two interference matrices must cover the same sites.
You can use a traffic map to create the modeled interference matrix for PN
offset planning. For more information on interference matrices, see
Chapter 11, “Working with Interference Matrices”, in the Mentum Planet
User Guide.
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Step 2 Generate predictions for the group of sites. For more information
on generating predictions, see Chapter 8, “Generating
Predictions”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
Step 3 Create a neighbor list using the group of sites. See Chapter 12,
“Working with Neighbor Lists”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
Step 5 Set the search window sizes for the active and neighboring sets
of sectors. See “To define implementation settings” on page 349.
Step 7 Analyze the PN offset plan for potential co-PN and adjacent-PN
interference. See “Analyzing PN offset plans” on page 475.
Step 8 Apply the plan to the sectors in the group. See “Applying PN
offset plans” on page 479.
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3 In the PN Offset Planning Tool dialog box, under the General node, in
the Plan Name box, type a name for the PN offset plan.
4 From the Carrier list, choose the carrier for which you want to generate
the PN offset plan.
5 From the Keep Existing PN Offsets list, choose one of the following
options:
■ True—preserves PN offsets that are already assigned to any of
the selected sectors
■ False—assigns new PN offset values to all of the selected
sectors
6 From the Neighbor List list, choose a neighbor list.
If no neighbor lists are available, you must create one (see “Neighbor list”
on page 466).
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17 Click Generate.
The Generate Plan dialog box displays the status of the operation.
18 When the operation completes, click Close.
The new PN offset plan is added to the PN Offset Plans node of the RF
Tools category in the Project Explorer.
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To turn the labels off, in the Project Explorer, in the RF Tools category,
right-click the PN offset plan that is on display and choose View.
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You can calculate layer statistics for PN offset plan analysis layers by
right-clicking a PN offset plan analysis layer and choosing Statistics.
For more information on calculating layer statistics, see “Calculating statistics
for cdma2000 analysis layers” on page 503.
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Chapter 22: Generating cdma2000 Reports
22. Generating
cdma2000 Reports
This chapter contains the This chapter describes how to design and generate
following sections:
reports about data in your cdma2000 network.
■ Understanding cdma2000
reports
■ Predefined report designs
■ Workflow for generating
cdma2000 reports
■ Generating a cdma2000
report using a predefined
report design
■ Designing a cdma2000 report
■ Generating a cdma2000
report
■ Calculating statistics for
cdma2000 analysis layers
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You can design and generate a report or you can generate a report using one of
the predefined report designs provided with Mentum Planet. For details on
predefined report designs, see “Predefined report designs” on page 484.
When you design a report, you define the types of data to include, and then
choose the specific items within each type to include. The following sections
provide details about the types of cdma2000-specific data available for
reports.
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System-mobile-simple report
This report provides a row for users served for each subscriber type and
environment combination. Columns are color coded. Dark blue indicates
general information, such as site and sector ID. Purple indicates served users.
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Light blue indicates users that are not served. Figure 22.1 shows a portion of
an example system-mobile-simple report.
Carrier-sector-mobile report
This report shows users served on a per-sector basis. This report uses the same
color scheme as the system-mobile-simple report.
Carrier-sector
This report provides a summary of the powers per sector for each site/sector/
subscriber type/environment combination.
System-mobile
This report provides a pivot table in Excel that enables you to click and drag
items to create the set of columns that you want to view. It also provides pie
charts for the available statistics.
Throughput
This report provides a row for throughput for each site/sector/subscriber type/
environment combination.
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Site Id Name of the site. 5 5 5
Sector Id Name of the sector. 5 5 5
Site Sector Id Combined site and sector name. 5 5 5
Carrier Name Automatically assigned carrier name. 5 5 5
Channel Name User-defined carrier name. 5 5 5
Subscriber Type Name of the subscriber type. 5 5 5 5 5
Service Name of the service. 5 5 5 5 5
Quality Name of the quality. 5 5 5 5 5
Environment Name of the environment. 5 5 5 5 5
Primary Forward Link Forward Link throughput as primary. 5
Throughput
Average Achieved Rate Average achieved rate for Forward Link Primary 5
for Forward Link Subscribers.
Primary Subscribers
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Average Achieved Rate Average achieved rate for Forward Link 5
for Forward Link Secondary Subscribers.
Secondary Subscribers
Average Achieved Rate Average Achieved Rate for Reverse Link Primary 5
for Reverse Link Subscribers.
Primary Subscribers
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
5 Way Handoff Number of subscribers in five-server handoff. 5 5 5
6 Way Handoff Number of subscribers in six-server handoff. 5 5 5
7 Way Handoff Number of subscribers in seven-server handoff. 5 5 5
Served Total number of subscribers who have been 5 5 5
served.
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Mobile PA Limit Number of subscribers not served due to 5 5 5
insufficient mobile ERP to achieve their Eb/No
target on the forward link.
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Primary Dropped Due Number of subscribers not served due to 5
to Code insufficient channel codes at the best server.
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Used Forward Link Number of Forward Link channel elements used. 5
Channel Elements
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Pilot Power_mW Output power of the pilot channel. 5
Sync Power_mW Output power of the sync channel. 5
Paging Power_mW Output power of the paging channel. 5
Current Rcv Power received on the final iteration of the 5
Power_mW simulation. This is the actual receive power used
to determine noise.
Total Traffic Power per Total power of all best server voice channels. 5
Run_mW This value includes the voice activity factor.
Max Traffic Power per Maximum power of the best server voice channel. 5
Channel_mW This value does not include the voice activity
factor.
Min Traffic Power per Minimum power of the best server voice channel. 5
Channel_mW This value does not include the voice activity
factor.
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System-mobile-simple
Carrier-sector-mobile
System-mobile
Carrier-sector
Column name Description
Throughput
Traffic Sector load on the forward link as a percentage.
Load_Percentage
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you remove a column by clearing the check box on the Design tab of the
Report Designer, you need to delete it from the Excel template as well). You
should only modify the Excel template if you are familiar with Excel. To
modify the report design, you need to load it into the Report Designer and
modify it. See “To modify an existing cdma2000 report design” on page 501.
You can also generate reports for a group of sectors or for a flag
condition by doing the following:
• To generate reports for a group of sectors, right-click a group in the
Sites category in the Project Explorer and choose Generate Reports.
• To generate reports for sectors that have been assigned a flag
condition, enable the flag condition in the Project Explorer, right-click
the Flags node, and choose Generate Reports.
In either case, you must choose the analysis to use in the Select Data dialog
box.
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The Report Designer enables you to preview the report before you save it or
generate it. Previewing a report enables you to customize the data or output
settings until you are satisfied with the result.
Once you are satisfied with the design, you can save it until you want to
generate the report. Report designs are stored in the Reports folder of your
project.
You can also load and modify report designs in the Report Designer even after
you have generated reports. This option is useful, for example, if you want to
add layer statistics data to an existing report that only contains Monte Carlo
operating points.
2 On the Data tab, in the Available Data section, expand one of the
following nodes and choose the type of cdma2000 data to add to the
report:
■ Cell Equipment—contains data about sector settings. For more
information, see Chapter 5, “Configuring and Placing TDMA/
FDMA Sites” in the TDMA/FDMA User Guide, “Chapter 5:
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2 To change the name of a column, click in the Column Label box and type
a name.
3 To include or exclude columns from the report, do any of the following:
■ To exclude a single column, clear the check box in the Show
column.
■ To exclude all columns, click Clear All.
■ To include all columns, click Show All.
4 To change the order of the columns, choose one or more columns and
click the up arrow or down arrow.
To choose a column, click the column number.
5 To display a preview of the report, click Preview.
The report design is displayed in a Web browser.
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4 Click OK.
The report is generated and displayed or saved in the output format that
you chose.
You can also generate reports for a group of sectors or for a flag
condition by doing the following:
• To generate reports for a group of sectors, right-click a group in the
Sites category in the Project Explorer and choose Generate Reports.
• To generate reports for sectors that have been assigned a flag
condition, enable the flag condition in the Project Explorer, right-click
the Flags node, and choose Generate Reports.
In either case, you must choose the analysis to use in the Select Data dialog
box.
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4 On the Analysis Settings panel, choose one of the following from the
Analysis Area list:
■ Current Window—statistics are generated based on the area
displayed in the Map window
■ Entire Layer—statistics are generated based on the area defined
in the cdma2000 analysis layer(s) used
■ Selected Rectangle—statistics are generated for the area that is
enclosed by the selected rectangle in the Map window. You can
use the MapInfo rectangle tool to create a rectangle. For more
information, see the MapInfo Professional User Guide.
■ Area—statistics are generated based on an area grid. For more
information, see “Creating area grids” in Chapter 14, “Working
With Grids”, in the Mentum Planet User Guide.
5 To remove bins with null values from the analysis layer calculations,
enable the Exclude Null Values check box.
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15 If you want to define classification settings for the analysis layer, define
any of the available settings in the Classifications Settings section.
The settings that are available in this section are dependent on the data
type of the analysis layer (classified or numeric). Do any of the following:
■ In the Classifications box, choose the classification for the
analysis layer. This setting is only available if the data type of
the analysis layer is classified.
■ To split the classification by site and sector names, enable the
Split Classification to Get Site and Sector Names check box.
This setting is only available if the data type of the analysis layer
is classified.
■ To define the data ranges for which to calculate statistics, type
the threshold values in the Threshold Definition box, separated
by semi-colons. The default thresholds are set by equally
dividing the range of Zmin and Zmax values contained in the
chosen analysis layer. This setting is only available if the data
type of the analysis layer is numeric.
■ In the Classification Name box, type a name for the
classification in this box. This option is available for both the
classified and numeric data types.
16 If you want to define area filters for individual layers and enabled the Set
Area Filter By Layer check box on the Analysis Settings panel, click the
Area Filters button.
Area filter settings are saved in LayerStatistics.set file located in the
Settings/Layer Statistics folder within the project folder.
17 In the Area Filters dialog box, do the following:
■ Click the Add Row button.
■ Click the Browse (...) button next to the Area Raster box,
navigate to where the raster file is saved, and click Open.
■ Click in the Condition box and define a filter condition for the
layer. Press the F1 key for more information on creating
conditions.
18 Repeat the previous step until you have defined all the required filters and
click OK.
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You can also access the Layer Statistics Analysis dialog box by
choosing Analysis ➤ Layer Statistics.
508
Appendices
Appendices
A.
Appendix A: Modeling W-CDMA Networks
Modeling W-CDMA
Networks
This appendix describes factors that influence coverage in a W-CDMA network and how
they are dealt with during the network analysis process:
■ Interference
■ Slow fading margin
■ Penetration losses
Interference
W-CDMA networks are limited by interference. In other words, the amount of
interference in the network determines the capacity and coverage of the network. The
following sections describe the different types of interference that can affect W-CDMA
networks.
Downlink interference
Many signals are transmitted on the downlink. These signals can be grouped into two
categories: physical channels and transport channels. Physical channels include
■ Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
■ Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
■ Dedicated Physical Channels (DPCH)
Transport channels include
■ Paging Channel (PCH)
■ Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
■ Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
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Transport channels are mapped onto physical channels. The mobile receiver detects each
physical channel individually because the channels are coded using Orthogonal Variable
Spreading Factors (OVSF) also known as channelization codes. A property of these codes
is that they are orthogonal to each other, enabling the physical channels to be separated
and spread over the same band and still be recoverable.
The sources of downlink interference are:
■ Non-orthogonality—interference that occurs due to factors that reduce the
orthogonality of a physical channel, which increases channel interference
and reduces the available capacity. Generally, factors that reduce the degree
of orthogonality include significant multipath signals with longer time
delays, Doppler spread (which occurs when users are moving within a
multipath environment), and power amplifier non-linearity. As the degree of
orthogonality of these signals decreases (i.e., non-orthogonality increases),
the interference due to these signals on the desired signal increases and
reduces its signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, the transmitted power from the
site must be increased in order to achieve the required signal-to-noise ratio
(Eb/No) Interference caused by the non-orthogonality of the signals
transmitted from the site with which a mobile subscriber is communicating is
sometimes referred to as in-cell interference.
■ Interference from other sites—interference that occurs out-of-cell. All the
signal energy received at the mobile from these other sites is interference
(i.e., there is no orthogonality associated with these signals from other sites).
There are many locations in the network where this out-of-cell interference
dominates.
■ Thermal noise—interference that occurs at the mobile due to its own thermal
noise (i.e., kTB noise). Thermal noise is the internal noise of the mobile (i.e.,
noise that exists when the mobile is located far away from all other sources
of interference).
■ Unknown interference—interference occurring from foreign sources. The
source of this interference may not be completely unknown because there
may be energy introduced into the carrier band from a known adjacent
carrier. An examination of the spectrum mask of adjacent carriers may
indicate the level of interference to expect. Foreign interference is the
difference between the thermal noise, as described above, and the noise
measured when you take the same mobile into a region of the network, with
the network completely shut down.
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Uplink interference
Uplink interference refers to noise at the site receivers. Just as there are many channels
associated with the downlink, there are also many channels transmitted by the mobile on
the uplink. Some of these are access channels, used for responding to pages, and general
network feedback requirements. Others are used specifically for transmitting physical
channels (voice or packet data) and for controlling downlink power while receiving data.
On the downlink, transmitted energy is from one source (the site transmitting antenna) and
the energy is received by many receivers (mobiles). Because the downlink uses
channelization codes, there can be orthogonality, and this is realized at the distributed
users. This concept does not apply on the uplink because there are many users transmitting
primarily to the one site receiving antenna. The received signals are not time
synchronized, and so there is no real possibility for orthogonality of the received signals.
The sources of uplink interference are:
■ In-cell interference—caused by users communicating with the site. Some of
these users have their transmitted power controlled by the site and will
generally be involved in controlling the downlink power. Interference caused
by users who are in second, or greater levels of handover, will likely have
their equipment powers controlled by a different site, typically the site that is
providing the strongest CPICH signal.
■ Out-of-cell interference—caused by signal energy received at the site
receiver from users who are communicating with other sites
■ Front end noise and foreign noise—these sources are similar to that
described for the downlink interference. The total received noise level
(Io+No) at the site receiver from each user depends upon the required Eb/No
to achieve an acceptable level of energy at the receiver. As the noise
increases, which happens as more users access the network, the required
power from the mobile also increases. When the required power from the
mobile exceeds its maximum power, the call is dropped or the session is
terminated. Just as the total traffic power is required to determine the
downlink interference, the received noise at the site receiver is required to
determine the power needed by the users to transmit a viable signal. Yet, the
transmitted power of the mobile affects the received noise level.
CPICH interference
It is necessary to determine the CPICH coverage for each site because the CPICH signal
effectively determines the extent of network coverage on the downlink. The energy per
chip per interference density (Ec/Io) is measured on the CPICH channel. It is continuously
monitored by the mobiles and compared against the CPICH Target Ec/Io and the CPICH
pollution margin.
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The CPICH Target Ec/Io value is the signal-to-noise ratio required for a good quality of
service and is defined on the Quality panel of the W-CDMA Sector Settings dialog box.
The CPICH pollution margin is the Ec/Io margin, relative to the best server Ec/Io, within
which a CPICH signal will interfere with the desired signal, and is defined on the General
panel of the Mobile Technology – Network Settings dialog box.
The sources of CPICH interference are
■ in-cell interference energy from the other channels transmitted from the same
site as the CPICH signal
■ out-of-cell interference energy transmitted from all channels of other sites
■ thermal (kTB) noise of the receiver
■ energy from external sources
Controlling interference
Effective power control decreases the interference across the network. Downlink power
control ensures the traffic power meets the mobile’s Eb/No requirement, without using
excessive power. If the traffic power is excessive, capacity-limiting interference occurs on
other traffic and CPICH signals. Likewise, on the uplink, inadequate power control can
lead to interference on the network if the mobile is using excessive power to communicate
with the site. As more users are added to a network, the received noise level at the site
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increases. In order for the mobile to maintain an acceptable Eb/No, it needs to increase the
transmitted power.
If the user is moving closer to the site, and/or comes out of a shadowed area, the received
signal at the site will increase quickly. This improves the voice quality of the signal but
also greatly increases the interference experienced by other users and, in turn, reduces
their voice quality. To prevent the increase in interference, very fast mobile traffic power
control is required. W-CDMA technology achieves this fast power control by having the
site measure the uplink Eb/No value and assess the quality of service for every user to
which it is connected, many hundreds of times a second. With each measurement, two
situations can arise:
■ the measured Eb/No is too high, in which case the site commands the mobile
to decrease the power it transmits
■ the measured Eb/No is too low, in which case the site commands the mobile
to increase the power it transmits
If a mobile is in soft handover, there are two or more servers in its active set. The mobile
decreases the power it transmits if any of the servers commands, but only increases the
power if all the servers command it. This difference gives rise to the soft handover gain,
which is described in more detail in the next section.
If a user moves behind a building, for example, the mobile must power up in order to
continue to stay connected. Likewise, if a user moves close to a site, the mobile must
power down in order to reduce the interference it creates. Power control signals are
transmitted up to 1.5kHz on both the downlink and uplink. The ability of the network to
fully realize the benefit of the power control is dependent on the response time of both
inner and outer loop power controls. Outer loop power control is the more restrictive of
the two, because it depends on the frame duration and interleaving of data between frames.
Due to these response time considerations, the power level needed to achieve the required
Eb/No will not be exactly maintained. To accommodate the power delays, it is desirable to
model the power control error statistically.
Slow fading
The phenomenon of slow fading impacts both the behavior and design of the network in a
number of ways, including slow fading margin and soft handover gain.
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fading is only modeled as part of the Monte Carlo analysis for pixels that contain
subscribers.
The same slow fading values can be used for both the downlink and uplink, and are
correlated between the different sectors with path loss values at that location.
Where
ρ0 is the correlation factor at 0o
α is the steepness of the curve for angles less than approximately 20o
B is the value of the second term in Equation A.1 at 0o
β is the steepness of the curve for angles greater than 20o
φ ij is the angle between the sites
In this equation, the correlation factor φ ij decreases from ρ0 at 0o to approximately zero
at 180o. The rate of decrease is controlled by the parameters α and β .
Example
Figure A.1 displays an example of the correlation factor as a function of the angle between
two sites. The data is from urban and suburban macrocells.
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Figure A.1 The vertical axis represents the correlation factor, and the horizontal axis represents the
opening angle in degrees.
Table A.1 describes the values used for each parameter in Figure A.1.
Table A.1 Values used in the correlation function parameters
Parameter Value
ρ0 0.83
α 5o
B 0.6
β 70o
180 ⁄ α 180 ⁄ β
ρ = [ ( ρ 0 – B )α ( 1 – e ) + Bβ ( 1 – e ) ] ⁄ 180
Using the parameter values in Table A.1, the mean correlation factor is 0.22.
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The macro-diversity soft handover gain is fully realized only if the signals coming from
the two sites are uncorrelated. Where a mobile is in soft handover with two or three sites
with very limited angular separation there is an increased correlation and, hence, a
decreased macro-diversity gain.
It is also possible to consider the effects of additional gain due to signal combining at the
mobile. This is made possible due to the rake receiver in the mobile, and, therefore,
impacts only the downlink. It is uncertain what the net impact (if any) of this gain will be,
since the signals from these two different sites are generally uncorrelated. Therefore, the
possible gain associated with this type of signal combining is not implemented.
Penetration losses
Path loss is calculated using models that are calibrated to give path loss predictions that
are appropriate for outdoor services. Generally, surveys are conducted to test the accuracy
of the prediction model and these values are invariably outdoor measurements. Not all
users of services are outdoors. It is therefore necessary to address this discrepancy.
Within a bin, some users may be outdoors, some users may be indoors near windows, and
some users may be located at the center of buildings where higher penetration losses
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occur. Some users of these services will be able to move about and use services where
signals are stronger.
Because of the large variability of signal levels within a bin, it may be possible for some
users using some services to have coverage, while other users of the same services may
not have coverage due to the higher penetration losses in other locations within the same
bin. To deal with how and where a user uses a service, Mentum Planet allows different
proportions of users to be allocated to the following environments, each with different
penetration loss, in each clutter:
■ Outdoor
■ Vehicular
■ Indoor
■ Deep Indoor
520
B.
Appendix B: W-CDMA Discrete Subscriber Table
Format
W-CDMA Discrete
Subscriber Table
Format
This appendix describes the fields in the discrete subscriber table that is generated when
you collect information about the drop status of discrete subscribers during a Monte Carlo
simulation. For some subscribers, many of the columns will be null.
For more information about collecting information about discrete subscribers, see
“Chapter 8: Generating Monte Carlo Analyses for W-CDMA” on page 147.
Column Type Description
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■ forward negotiated
■ reverse negotiated
■ negotiated
■ not served
See Table 8.1 on page 154
X Float Latitude
Y Float Longitude
522
C.
Appendix C: W-CDMA Operating Points Table
Format
W-CDMA
Operating Points
Table Format
This appendix describes the set of operating points that are created when you generate a
Monte Carlo simulation. For more information, see “Chapter 8: Generating Monte Carlo
Analyses for W-CDMA” on page 147.
System variables
The following table describes the system variables at the beginning of the operating points
file.
Table C.1 System variables
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532
D.
Appendix D: Modeling cdma2000 Networks
Modeling cdma2000
Networks
This appendix describes factors that influence coverage in a cdma2000 network and how
they are dealt with during the network analysis process:
■ Interference
■ Slow fading margin
■ Penetration losses
Interference
cdma2000 networks are limited by interference. In other words, the amount of interference
in the network determines the capacity and coverage of the network. The following
sections describe the different types of interference that can affect cdma2000 networks.
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Appendix D
Sample document
Transport channels are mapped onto physical channels. The mobile receiver detects each
physical channel individually because the channels are coded using Orthogonal Variable
Spreading Factors (OVSF) also known as Walsh codes. A property of these codes is that
they are orthogonal to each other, enabling the physical channels to be separated and
spread over the same band and still be recoverable.
The sources of forward link interference are:
■ Non-orthogonality—interference that occurs due to factors that reduce the
orthogonality of a physical channel, which increases channel interference
and reduces the available capacity. Generally, factors that reduce the degree
of orthogonality include significant multipath signals with longer time
delays, Doppler spread (which occurs when users are moving within a
multipath environment), and power amplifier non-linearity. As the degree of
orthogonality of these signals decreases (i.e., non-orthogonality increases),
the interference due to these signals on the desired signal increases and
reduces its signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, the transmitted power from the
site must be increased in order to achieve the required signal-to-noise ratio
(Eb/No) Interference caused by the non-orthogonality of the signals
transmitted from the site with which a mobile subscriber is communicating is
sometimes referred to as in-cell interference.
■ Interference from other sites—interference that occurs out-of-cell. All the
signal energy received at the mobile from these other sites is interference
(i.e., there is no orthogonality associated with these signals from other sites).
There are many locations in the network where this out-of-cell interference
dominates.
■ Thermal noise—interference that occurs at the mobile due to its own thermal
noise (i.e., kTB noise). Thermal noise is the internal noise of the mobile (i.e.,
noise that exists when the mobile is located far away from all other sources
of interference).
■ Unknown interference—interference occurring from foreign sources. The
source of this interference may not be completely unknown because there
may be energy introduced into the carrier band from a known adjacent
carrier. An examination of the spectrum mask of adjacent carriers may
indicate the level of interference to expect. Foreign interference is the
difference between the thermal noise, as described above, and the noise
measured when you take the same mobile into a region of the network, with
the network completely shut down.
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Pilot interference
It is necessary to determine the pilot coverage for each site because the pilot signal
effectively determines the extent of network coverage on the forward link. The energy per
chip per interference density (Ec/Io) is measured on the pilot channel. It is continuously
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monitored by the mobiles and compared against the Pilot detection threshold and the pilot
pollution margin.
The pilot detection threshold value is the minimum pilot signal-to-noise ratio (Ec/Io) value
required for adding a pilot to the active set and is defined on the Quality panel of the
cdma2000 Sector Settings dialog box. The pilot pollution margin is the Ec/Io margin,
relative to the best server Ec/Io, within which a pilot signal will interfere with the desired
signal, and is defined on the General panel of the Mobile Technology – Network Settings
dialog box.
The sources of pilot interference are
■ in-cell interference energy from the other channels transmitted from the same
site as the pilot signal
■ out-of-cell interference energy transmitted from all channels of other sites
■ thermal (kTB) noise of the receiver
■ energy from external sources
Controlling interference
Effective power control decreases the interference across the network. Forward link power
control ensures the traffic power meets the mobile’s Eb/No requirement, without using
excessive power. If the traffic power is excessive, capacity-limiting interference occurs on
other traffic and pilot signals. Likewise, on the reverse link, inadequate power control can
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lead to interference on the network if the mobile is using excessive power to communicate
with the site. As more users are added to a network, the received noise level at the site
increases. In order for the mobile to maintain an acceptable Eb/No, it needs to increase the
transmitted power.
If the user is moving closer to the site, and/or comes out of a shadowed area, the received
signal at the site will increase quickly. This improves the voice quality of the signal but
also greatly increases the interference experienced by other users and, in turn, reduces
their voice quality. To prevent the increase in interference, very fast mobile traffic power
control is required. cdma2000 technology achieves this fast power control by having the
site measure the uplink Eb/No value and assess the quality of service for every user to
which it is connected, many hundreds of times a second. With each measurement, two
situations can arise:
■ the measured Eb/No is too high, in which case the site commands the mobile
to decrease the power it transmits
■ the measured Eb/No is too low, in which case the site commands the mobile
to increase the power it transmits
If a mobile is in soft handoff, there are two or more servers in its active set. The mobile
decreases the power it transmits if any of the servers commands, but only increases the
power if all the servers command it. This difference gives rise to the soft handoff gain,
which is described in more detail in the next section.
If a user moves behind a building, for example, the mobile must power up in order to
continue to stay connected. Likewise, if a user moves close to a site, the mobile must
power down in order to reduce the interference it creates. Power control signals are
transmitted up to 1.5kHz on both the forward link and reverse link. The ability of the
network to fully realize the benefit of the power control is dependent on the response time
of both inner and outer loop power controls. Outer loop power control is the more
restrictive of the two, because it depends on the frame duration and interleaving of data
between frames.
Due to these response time considerations, the power level needed to achieve the required
Eb/No will not be exactly maintained. To accommodate the power delays, it is desirable to
model the power control error statistically.
Slow fading
The phenomenon of slow fading impacts both the behavior and design of the network in a
number of ways, including slow fading margin and soft handoff gain.
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Where
ρ0 is the correlation factor at 0o
α is the steepness of the curve for angles less than approximately 20o
B is the value of the second term in Equation D.1 at 0o
β is the steepness of the curve for angles greater than 20o
φ ij is the angle between the sites
In this equation, the correlation factor φ ij decreases from ρ0 at 0o to approximately zero
at 180o. The rate of decrease is controlled by the parameters α and β .
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Example
Figure D.1 displays an example of the correlation factor as a function of the angle between
two sites. The data is from urban and suburban macrocells.
Figure D.1 The vertical axis represents the correlation factor, and the horizontal axis represents the
opening angle in degrees.
Table D.1 describes the values used for each parameter in Figure D.1.
Table D.1 Values used in the correlation function parameters
Parameter Value
ρ0 0.83
α 5o
B 0.6
β 70o
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180 ⁄ α 180 ⁄ β
ρ = [ ( ρ 0 – B )α ( 1 – e ) + Bβ ( 1 – e ) ] ⁄ 180
Using the parameter values in Table D.1, the mean correlation factor is 0.22.
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The impact of this macro-diversity gain increases as the signal variability increases (i.e.,
the standard deviation increases), and as the difference between the nominal signal levels
from each site decreases (the strength of the signals become more equal) as illustrated in
Figure D.2.
The macro-diversity soft handoff gain is fully realized only if the signals coming from the
two sites are uncorrelated. Where a mobile is in soft handoff with two or three sites with
very limited angular separation there is an increased correlation and, hence, a decreased
macro-diversity gain.
It is also possible to consider the effects of additional gain due to signal combining at the
mobile. This is made possible due to the rake receiver in the mobile, and, therefore,
impacts only the forward link. It is uncertain what the net impact (if any) of this gain will
be, since the signals from these two different sites are generally uncorrelated. Therefore,
the possible gain associated with this type of signal combining is not implemented.
Penetration losses
Path loss is calculated using models that are calibrated to give path loss predictions that
are appropriate for outdoor services. Generally, surveys are conducted to test the accuracy
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of the prediction model and these values are invariably outdoor measurements. Not all
users of services are outdoors. It is therefore necessary to address this discrepancy.
Within a bin, some users may be outdoors, some users may be indoors near windows, and
some users may be located at the center of buildings where higher penetration losses
occur. Some users of these services will be able to move about and use services where
signals are stronger.
Because of the large variability of signal levels within a bin, it may be possible for some
users using some services to have coverage, while other users of the same services may
not have coverage due to the higher penetration losses in other locations within the same
bin. To deal with how and where a user uses a service, Mentum Planet allows different
proportions of users to be allocated to the following environments, each with different
penetration loss, in each clutter:
■ Outdoor
■ Vehicular
■ Indoor
■ Deep Indoor
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E.
Appendix E: cdma2000 Discrete Subscriber Table
Format
cdma2000 Discrete
Subscriber Table
Format
This appendix describes the fields in the discrete subscriber table that is generated when
you collect information about the drop status of discrete subscribers during a Monte Carlo
simulation. For some subscribers, many of the columns will be null.
For more information about collecting information about discrete subscribers, see
“Chapter 19: Generating Monte Carlo Analyses for cdma2000” on page 397.
Column Type Description
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■ forward negotiated
■ reverse negotiated
■ negotiated
■ not served
See Table 19.1 on page 404
X Float Latitude
Y Float Longitude
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F.
Appendix F: cdma2000 Operating Points Table
Format
cdma2000
Operating Points
Table Format
This appendix describes the set of operating points that are created when you generate a
Monte Carlo simulation. For more information, see “Chapter 19: Generating Monte Carlo
Analyses for cdma2000” on page 397.
System variables
The following table describes the system variables at the beginning of the operating points
file.
Table F.1 System variables
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CDMA User Guide
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Appendix F
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cdma2000 Operating Points Table Format
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Appendix F
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cdma2000 Operating Points Table Format
CDMA User Guide
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Appendix F
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cdma2000 Operating Points Table Format
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Index
Index
A overview 15
Adding Analysis layers
cdma2000 repeaters 363 cdma2000 393
PN offset plan to project 474 calculating statistics 503
W-CDMA repeaters 115 defining 419, 438
Allocating defining defaults for 420
PN offsets 468 EV-DO 454
spectrum forward link interference 411
cdma2000 274 handoff 413
W-CDMA 30 path balance 415
Analyses pilot 407
cdma2000 prediction view files 378
creating Monte Carlo 420 rapid planning 378
creating rapid planning 382 reverse link interference 412
defining layers 419, 438 viewing 394, 441
defining Monte Carlo settings 422 W-CDMA 144
defining rapid planning settings 384 calculating statistics 248
deleting 394, 443 CPICH 157
discrete subscriber settings 431 defining 167, 186
generating 440 defining defaults for 168
generating Monte Carlo 433 downlink interference 160
generating rapid pilot 393 handover 162
modifying settings 437 HSDPA 202
overview 259 path balance 164
W-CDMA prediction view files 130
creating Monte Carlo 168 rapid planning 130
creating rapid planning 134 uplink interference 161
defining layers 167, 186 viewing 145, 189
defining Monte Carlo settings 170 Analysis settings
defining rapid planning settings 136 cdma2000
deleting 146, 191 defining Monte Carlo 420
discrete subscriber settings 179 defining rapid planning 382
generating 188 modifying 437
generating Monte Carlo 181 W-CDMA
generating rapid pilot 144 defining Monte Carlo 168
modifying settings 185 defining rapid planning 134
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Index
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Index
CDMA User Guide
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Index
CDMA User Guide
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Index
CDMA User Guide
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Index
CDMA User Guide
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Index
CDMA User Guide
561
Index
CDMA User Guide
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Index
CDMA User Guide
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Index
CDMA User Guide
clutter types 52
mobile equipment types 63
nominal subscriber 140
overview 48
service types 70
session types 66
subscriber types 77
System settings, defining
cdma2000 384
W-CDMA 136
T
Technical support 4
Traffic maps
of unserved subscribers 183, 435
U
Unserved subscribers 183, 435
Uplink
interference 513
interference analysis layers 161
Usage types, defining
cdma2000 325
W-CDMA 81
V
Viewing
carrier assignment information
cdma2000 356
W-CDMA 110
discrete subscriber information
cdma2000 434
W-CDMA 182
PN offset plan properties 473
PN offset reports 478
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