March 2007 North American Native Orchid Journal

NORTH AMERICAN
NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL

Volume 13 (1) 2007
IN THIS ISSUE:
Orchids of the Francis Marion National Forest, South Carolina
Pteroglossaspis pottsii (Orchidaceae) A New Species from Central Florida
Symbiotic Seed Germination of the “Deep South” Race of Spiranthes cernua from Florida
and more…………..
The North American Native Orchid Journal (ISSN 1084-7332) is a publication
devoted to promoting interest and knowledge of the native orchids of North
America. A limited number of the print version of each issue of the Journal are
available upon request and electronic versions are available to all interested
persons or institutions free of charge. The Journal welcomes article of any
nature that deal with native or introduced orchids that are found growing wild
in North America, primarily north of Mexico, although articles of general
interest concerning Mexican species will welcome.
Requests for either print or electronic copies should be sent to the editor:
Paul Martin Brown, 10896 SW 90th Terrace, Ocala, FL 34481 or via email at
naorchid@aol.com.
NORTH AMERICAN
NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL
Volume 13 (1) 2007
CONTENTS
NOTES FROM THE EDITOR
1
MY FAVORITE THINGS
A gallery of orchid photos
2
A NOVEL FORM OF SPIRANTHES OCHROLEUCA
FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE
Paul Martin Brown
8
ORCHIDS OF THE
FRANCIS MARION NATIONAL FOREST,
SOUTH CAROLINA
Jim Fowler
10
MISADVENTURES OF AN ORCHID ENTHUSIAST
The Slow Empiricist
22
Note:
AN EXTREME EXPRESSION OF COLOR IN
SPIRANTHES ODORATA
Al Menk
26
Note:
Seed germination of North American orchids I & II
27
CORRECTIONS AND COMMENTS TO THE
WILD ORCHIDS OF….. SERIES
28
LOOKING AHEAD
June 2007
29
PTEROGLOSSASPIS POTTSII (ORCHIDACEAE)
A NEW SPECIES FROM CENTRAL FLORIDA
Paul Martin Brown & Joel DeAngelis
30
SYMBIOTIC SEED GERMINATION OF THE “DEEP
SOUTH” RACE OF SPIRANTHES CERNUA FROM
FLORIDA
Scott L. Stewart
39
NEW BOOKS
Reviews and announcements
54
Orchids of Iowa
Orchids on the Rock
Wild Orchids of the Prairies and Great Plains Region of the North America
The Search for Lost Habitats: 30 Years of Exploring for Rare and Endangered Plants Book 1
The Orchids of Lovell Hollow and Heartsong Retreat Center
Unless otherwise credited, all drawings in this issue are by Stan Folsom.
The opinions expressed in the Journal are those of the authors. Scientific articles may be
subject to peer review and popular articles will be examined for both accuracy and scientific
content.
Volume 13 pages 1-59; issued March 1, 2007.
Copyright 2007 by the North American Native Orchid Journal
Cover: Arethusa bulbosa by Stan Folsom
2
Notes from the Editor
Because of the abundance of articles available this issue was originally
planned to run nearly 100 pages. The lead article was to have included the
field-guide styled synopsis of a new species of Platanthera from California as
well as the same treatment for the recently described Platanthera tescamnis. Due
to the delay of the valid publication of the new species in Madrono (originally
schedule for January 2007 and now the issue will not probably be out until
May), it was decided to split this current issue of the NANOJ into two issues –
March and June – in order to accommodate the information on the new
species in the latter. The Platanthera article was replaced in this issue by My
Favorite Things, a gallery of native orchid photos. There have been so many
responses to the call for photos that this feature will be continued in future
issues as long as photos are submitted.
The October 2007 issue, as originally planned, will be devoted to a single
work – Wild Orchids of Colorado by Scott Smith, plus book reviews and notes.
The issue will be designed in a field guide fashion and should prove to be a
valuable addition to the orchid works for North America. The Journal is
currently soliciting for articles for the March and October 2008 issues. If the
articles keep coming we will be able to continue with two issues a year. Please
feel free to contribute any articles or scientific papers concerning orchids in
North America, including Mexico. A new feature starting with this issue is a
glossary for articles of a technical nature. It is anticipated that this will help
those who are still learning some of the scientific terminology. They will be
included at the conclusion of the articles. I am especially grateful for the
editorial assistance of Stan Folsom, Nat Conard, and Ann Malmquist.
Paul Martin Brown, editor
naorchid@aol.com
1
MY FAVORITE THINGS
Epipactis gigantea
Shirley Curtis
6-12-06 southwestern Oregon
Pentax istD digital camera
2
Platanthera psycodes forma albiflora
Al Menk
Upper Peninsula, Michigan, July 2006
Nikon D100 digital with AF28-105 lens
3
Prosthechea cochleata forma albidoflava
Jack Kane
Fakahatchee Strand, Collier County, FL October 21, 2006
Leica R8 digital
4
Platanthera ciliaris
Wally Wilder
Suwannee Co., FL August 7, 2004
Kodak CX6330 digital
5
Harrisella porrecta (fruit)
Mike Mcrea
Triple N Ranch Wildlife Management Area, Kissimmee December 2006
Olympus E-500 digital
6
Pelexia adnata
Russ Clusman
Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park April 2003
Nikon F100 film
7
Brown: A NOVEL FORM OF SPIRANTHES OCHROLEUCA
A NOVEL FORM OF SPIRANTHES OCHROLEUCA

FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE
Paul Martin Brown
Although growth and color forms are not uncommon in several genera
of North American native orchids—Platanthera and Cypripedium come to
mind—Spiranthes has only one named form—S. praecox forma albolabia. Most
species of Spiranthes tend to vary in their degree of spiraling but the flowers are
uniform in their morphology. Only Spiranthes cernua, a compilospecies, shows
great variation, due to unidirectional gene flow present in the different
geographic areas of its distribution. Colonies of S. ochroleuca in the northeastern
United States show this same uniformity as many of the other species but
occasionally exhibit plants that have no flowers, or a few aborted buds, but an
abundance of leaves and leafy bracts. These plants have been noted for many
years and remain constant from year to year.
This morphological curiosity has also been observed in several species of
Platanthera and reaches the most striking development in Dactylorhiza aristata var.
kodiakensis forma perbracteata from Kodiak Island, Alaska. In September of 2006
such plants of Spiranthes ochroleuca were observed in a large colony of the species
growing on a roadside banking in southern New Hampshire. The banking is
well-known among local native orchid enthusiasts for its regular display of
Spiranthes lacera var. lacera and, depending on roadside mowing schemes, up to
several hundred plants of S. ochroleuca. A few plants of S. cernua may also be
found in the lower, damper ditch areas. The leafy plants tend to be larger than
many of the normally flowered S. ochroleuca and develop later when most of the
others have passed peak. Because these plants have exhibited this growth
pattern for several years the following is proposed.
Spiranthes ochroleuca forma foliobracteata P.M. Brown forma nov.

Type: USA. New Hampshire: Carroll Co., Wakefield, on roadside banking on
west side of Rt. 16, 6.25 km north of junction with Rt. 109. 22 September 2006.
P.M. Brown 2922. (Holotype: BRIT). (Photograph NANOJ 13: 9. 2007).
8
Brown: A NOVEL FORM OF SPIRANTHES OCHROLEUCA
Caulis florifer foliosus, inflorescenstius cum bracteatus multus; flores abscens

vel arbortivus;
the flowering stem leafy, the inflorescence with many bracts; flowers absent or
aborted
Spiranthes ochroleuca forma foliobracteata

Carroll Co., New Hampshire 22 Sept.
2006
9
Fowler: ORCHIDS OF THE
FRANCIS MARION NATIONAL FOREST
ORCHIDS OF THE
FRANCIS MARION NATIONAL FOREST,
BERKELEY COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA
Jim Fowler
The Francis Marion National Forest (known by locals as the

Francis Marion) is a popular destination for botanists – especially for
those interested in orchids and carnivorous plants. It is made up of
about 250,000 acres of mixed hardwoods, bottomland swamps, and
longleaf pine savannahs. It contains some rather unique geological
structures known as Carolina Bays. These bays are shallow oval
depressions (their origin still being hotly argued) that make excellent
habitat for many unusual and rare plant species, including about two-
dozen of South Carolina’s fifty-five orchid species and hybrids.
The largest portion of the Francis Marion is located in Berkeley
County, the rest being in adjacent Charleston County – both counties are
in the southeastern portion of coastal South Carolina. It is criss-crossed
by hundreds of sandy, one-lane forest service roads that wind through
areas such as Hellhole Swamp, Dog Swamp, Florida Bay, Tiger Corner,
and Yellowjacket Island offering views of dense pocosins and vast
longleaf pine savannahs. These local names bring to mind the many
seemingly impenetrable areas that contain their share of boot-sucking
mud, chiggers, ticks, mosquitoes, leeches, snakes, and alligators. But, we
never let those minor inconveniences hold us back, do we?
There is a paved, two-lane road that runs North/South through
the center of the forest, and that road is named Steed Creek Road. But,
to those of us who know it well, it is called Orchid Alley. All along this
road, in the ditches and roadside banks, one can find many of the
common species of orchids that bloom in the Francis Marion. That is
quite a sight, especially in the spring and early summer when the pinks of
10
Cleistes divaricata (spreading pogonia) and Pogonia ophioglossoides (rose

pogonia) and the magentas of the Calopogon species are at their best. In
the fall, the orange, white, and yellow torches of the fringed orchids hold
court along those same roadside banks – sometimes in the hundreds.
Before Hurricane Hugo, the Francis Marion was one of the
preeminent longleaf pine holdings in the southeastern United States. In
1989, that hurricane came inland in the central portion of the Francis
Marion and destroyed many thousands of mature longleaf pines and live
oaks. This turned out to be a two-edged sword, since it also opened up
many areas that had previously become choked with deciduous trees and
shrubs. In looking at practical ways to bring back the longleaf pine
forest, the U. S. Forest Service seriously undertook prescribed burning as
a way to control the growth of undesirable species. Many of the orchid
species we all love not only do well under prescribed burn regimes, but
several of the species require burns in order to come back year after year.
Two of the orchid species in the Francis Marion that require
burning of competitive vegetation are Pteroglossaspis ecristata (crestless
plume orchid) and Gymnadeniopsis integra (yellow fringeless orchid). Both
species seem to completely disappear from the scene in no more than
two or three years after a burn if the burns are not repeated. It is thought
that the plants resort to dormancy or produce minor vegetative growth
during the period of non-burning in wait for the vegetative competition
to be removed. Both of these species are quite rare in the Francis
Marion, anyway, and it is quite a pleasant surprise to come across these
beauties in bloom.
The first orchids to bloom in the Francis Marion are Listera
australis (southern twayblade) and Corallorhiza wisteriana (Wister’s
coralroot). Both can usually be found blooming during late February
thru early March. The flowers of Listera australis are usually some shade
of greenish or brownish red, but also can be found in shades of tan or
yellow. Regardless of the flower color, the plants are quite difficult to see
in the leaf and pine needle litter on the forest floor. Depending upon the
timing of annual burns, you might be lucky enough to find Calopogon
multiflorus (many-flowered grass-pink) blooming several weeks after
March or April burns, although this particular Calopogon species has not
been seen there for several years.
11
There are two seasons in the Francis Marion when orchid flowering
is most plentiful. The first of these seasons is May through June. The
species normally found during this period are Calopogon barbatus (bearded
grass-pink), Calopogon tuberosus (common grass-pink), Calopogon pallidus
(pale grass-pink), Cleistes divaricata (spreading pogonia), Spiranthes praecox
(giant ladies’-tresses), Spiranthes vernalis (spring ladies’-tresses), and Pogonia
ophioglossoides (rose pogonia). My favorites of these are the Calopogon
species – simply because of the wide variety of colors that the flowers
exhibit from pinks and magentas to the rare white form. Many of these
colorful species can be spotted easily from the road. Another summer
species that has been recorded in the past is the very fragrant
Gymnadeniopsis nivea (snowy orchid), but like Calopogon multiflorus, it has
not been seen in several years.
The second of the orchid flowering seasons is August and
September. This is the time when the Platanthera species are usually at
their best. Included are Platanthera cristata (crested fringed orchid),
Platanthera flava var. flava (southern tubercled orchid), Platanthera conspicua
(southern white fringed orchid), and Platanthera ciliaris (yellow fringed
orchid). Of course, since the latter two of these have overlapping bloom
periods, it is not unusual to find their hybrid offspring, Platanthera xlueri
(Luer’s hybrid fringed orchid).
Other species found blooming during this time are Epidendrum
magnoliae (green-fly orchid), Habenaria repens (water spider orchid),
Tipularia discolor (crane-fly orchid), Triphora trianthophora (three birds
orchid), and Malaxis spicata (Florida adder’s-mouth). Epidendrum magnoliae
is the only epiphytic orchid found in South Carolina – the remainder of
the orchid species being terrestrial orchids. Epiphytic orchids are those
that grow on tree limbs or tree trunks. In the Francis Marion, Epidendrum
magnoliae prefers to grow on live oak, swamp tupelo, or bald cypress.
In October and November, several other orchid species bloom
and bring an end to the year’s orchid show. These species include
Spiranthes cernua (nodding ladies’-tresses), the fragrant Spiranthes odorata
(fragrant ladies’-tresses), and the unusual Ponthieva racemosa (shadow-
witch orchid). The latter species prefers the highly basic soils that have
been created in the forest by loads of readily available crushed oyster
shells used to pave the forest service roads. The slightly acidic rainwater
12
leaches out calcium from the shells and deposits it in the adjacent ditches
where Ponthieva racemosa (shadow-witch orchid) thrives.
I find myself wanting to tell everyone I meet about the awesome
native plants found in the Francis Marion National Forest, but am
constantly reminded by the holes left by poachers that not everyone has
the same view toward the environment that I have. Fortunately, these
illegal diggings are few and far between, but it does cause concern
among those of us who love this area and hope that it will remain the
wild and natural treasure that it is.
Jim Fowler, 26 Mills Ave, Greenville, SC 29605 jimstamp@aol.com

Jim is the author of Wild Orchids of South Carolina: a natural history and is currently
working on a new book about orchids and carnivores of the Green Swamp in
southeastern North Carolina
13
Francis Marion
National Forest
Berkeley County
Charleston
Steed County
Creek
Road
Epidendrum magnoliae, green-fly orchid
14
Ponthieva racemosa, shadow-witch orchid
15
Calopogon pallidus,
pale grass-pink
Calopogon barbatus, bearded grass-pink
16
Habenaria repens, water spider orchid
Listera australis, southern twayblade
17
Cleistes divaricata, spreading pogonia
Pteroglossaspis ecristata, crestless plume orchid
18
top: Platanthera conspicua, southern white fringed orchid

bottom: Platanthera xlueri, Luer’s hybrid fringed orchid
19
Platanthera ciliaris, yellow fringed orchid
20
Spiranthes odorata,
fragrant ladies’-tresses
Platanthera cristata,
crested fringed orchid
21
Empiricist: MISADVENTURES OF AN ORCHID ENTHUSIAST
MISADVENTURES OF AN ORCHID ENTHUSIAST

The Slow Empiricist
There have been times when I was out orchid exploring that I had
wished that I had heeded my own advice that I have written in my Slow
Empiricist articles. I will excuse my carelessness, as I had not experienced
my misfortunes until I was in the midst of them; then hopefully I was
smart enough to learn from my mistakes.
One of the first times I had a problem was near Mt. Toby in central
Massachusetts. I had set out with Paul Martin Brown and our Pomeranian,
Brandy, to meet two friends, men who were avid hunters of the wild
specimens of orchids. Bob Rufel had spent a lot of time on the trails in
and around Amherst where he was finishing his degree at UMass. His
partner, Bruce Goodchild, had also been bitten by the orchid bug and
loved to explore for the native orchids as well. Bob had found the elusive
autumn coralroot, Corallorhiza odontorhiza. Paul wanted to see the plants
and photograph them.
After meeting them at their apartment we set out to climb the

mountain to the stream where these tiny plants were to be found. There
was no trouble finding the tiny wonders but I had not paid particular
attention to our surroundings as we trudged up to the site. It is my job to
take care of the canine and so I had control of Brandy as the others
scouted for more or took pictures of the plants. It was a pretty setting with
the fall leaves littering the floor of the forest and the nearly empty brook
where the coralroots were popping up. The duff made looking for the
plants difficult and with Brandy nigh impossible. I wandered away from
22
the group as I sought other specimens that might occur and soon found
myself thoroughly lost. I followed what I thought was the trail and walked
and walked. Little Brandy bravely followed along with me. We came out
on the main road about half a mile away from where we had started. At
least we were back in civilization. Now this was long before the advent of
cell phones so we still had to make our way back to the others who had
come out the right trail and were about to organize a search party.
Then there was the time several years later when I was on top of
Peaked Mountain in New Hampshire looking for the rare White Mountain
Silverling. Now, I know it isn't an orchid but there are other plants in the
world that are rare and interesting. This time we had our Pomeranian
Brandy with us and had reached the heights where the plants grew and had
taken pictures and were about to start back. We were on rocky granite
barrens that looked easy to traverse. I didn't realize that the darker patch
on the surface was actually a slippery wet spot. My feet went out from
under me and I fell backward onto the unforgiving surface. It knocked the
wind out of me and worse yet I felt a sharp pain in my back. Paul helped
me to my feet and I knew all was not well. We managed to get back down
the mountain and eventually to an emergency room. I had cracked my rib!
The doctor said there was little to do but to be careful and try not to
sneeze. I thought this was a rather odd thing to warn me about but I was
relieved to have no big problem to face as we were scheduled to fly out to
the Olympic Mountains in Washington State at the end of the week.
The next day I took it easy but the following day I decided I needed
to build up my strength for the up-coming trip so I took Brandy and set
off down the road from my cottage in Maine to go out hunting for the
yellow lady’s-slippers. They were less than half a mile from my place and
not a difficult spot to get to. While I was in the woods with my
Pomeranian of course, I sneezed. I thought I had been stabbed in the
back. It was all I could do to stiver back to the cottage with the dog on
leash and my back on fire. The upshot was I had broken my rib when I
sneezed. I ended up flying to Seattle that weekend for a two-week orchid
expedition with Paul and his group wearing a Velcro brace around my
torso.
23
Now I could go on with my foibles but I want to say that I did learn
from my mishaps. When I would wander off from the main group after
my Mt. Toby problem I made sure I kept track of where I was going. As I
developed this skill I could wander quite far afield and I often found some
amazing plants and spectacular natural wonders in my wanderings. The big
plus was that my chances to explore lead me to many lovely discoveries
that I was able to show the others.
I must admit that there are still times when I get caught with a long
unplanned for journey to get back to where I started but it is not from my
lack of observation. I remember a particularly long trek when Paul and I
tried a different trail back from a site in Jennings State Forest (Florida)
where we had been exploring for Spiranthes eatonii. We had come in one
trail and had been told that there was another trail that might yield more of
the elusive plants. Of course the ranger who told us of this was a lot
younger and a lot more used to trekking in this wilderness. Now there are
roads into the site and you can just roll out of your car and be with a few
hundred feet of the plants.
So my advice from other columns still stands. Make sure you know
what you are doing when you go out into uncharted territory. Cell phones
may help but there often is no service in remote areas. It would be better
to accompany someone familiar with the area and knows how to get back
to civilization if you need help.
I'll close with one example of how close you can come to disaster.
We had gone down to the Everglades to look for Galeandra that was in
bloom. I wanted to sketch the plants if I could. I had our two
Pomeranians, Tommy and Susie, to look after so I had to make a mental
image of the site and the particulars of the plants rather than make an
onsite sketch. The insects and the heat were getting unbearable and I knew
it was bad for the dogs so I started back to our vehicle. The trail took us
very close to a large pool of water. As I neared the lake I saw a large
alligator slip off the opposite shore and start swimming towards us.
24
Needless to say the dogs and I scurried along to the safety of the car
before we could become a meal for him.
Now if you want a really scary horror story get Paul Martin Brown to
tell you about the time he stepped into a pinnacle rock solution hole in the
Everglades and ended up with choosing between being airlifted to the
hospital or trying to make it back to the vehicle with a badly torn leg. So
you folks be careful out there. There are too many times people get in too
far to be rescued as they encounter wild animals, accidents and unplanned
injuries. Orchid hunting should be a joyful experience and with the proper
precautions will be.
Your Slow Empiricist
25
NOTE:
AN EXTREME EXPRESSION OF COLOR IN

SPIRANTHES ODORATA
The following was sent to me by Al Menk from Ft. Myers, Florida the
end of December. After sending Al back to the plants to observe the leaves and
habit I determined that it is an extreme expression of Spiranthes odorata which
typically (if there is a typical one!) has a cream or yellow central portion to the
lip. I have seen a few plants elsewhere with light green in the trough. Scott
Stewart noted that he had “seen a few other S. odorata like this from Collier Co.
before in the Panther Refuge-Fakahatchee area”.
Al says he “ photographed this on December 27th at CREW hiking trails
in Collier county. It apparently had no fragrance and was about 8 inches in
height. There were about a half dozen of this type in a marsh area.” When he
return a few days later he and his wife “found several more and those were
fragrant and she also found several Zeuxine strateumatica, about a half dozen
Ponthieva racemosa and a few dwindling Habenaria odontopetala.” PMB
Spiranthes odorata with deep green central lip portion,

Collier County, Florida December 2006 Al Menk
26
NOTE
In preparation for writing a manuscript on the wild orchids of the
southwestern United States the following two articles were brought to my
attention. Given that that were written ca. 25 years ago I asked Scott Stewart to
comment on there applicability today. PMB
Arditti, J., J.D. Michaud, and A.P. Oliva. 1981. Seed germination of North American orchids
I: native California and related species of Calypso, Epipactis, Goodyera, Piperia, and
Platanthera. Botanical Gazette 142(4):442-53.
Oliva, A.P. and J. Arditti. 1984. Seed germination of North American orchids II: native
California and related species of Aplectrum, Cypripedium, and Spiranthes. Botanical
Gazette 145(4): 495-501.
Typical of any manuscript involving Joseph Arditti, both Seed Germination

of North American Orchids I & II attempt a nearly comprehensive examination of
factors affecting asymbiotic (i.e., without mycorrhizal fungus) seed germination
in a number of North American orchid genera. By examining not only the role
of media mineral salt content (i.e., mineral nutrition), but also the roles of
undefined additives (i.e., coconut water, banana homogenate, etc.), fungal
extracts, vitamins, and hormones in the asymbiotic seed germination of
Aplectrum, Calypso, Cypripedium, Epipactis, Goodyera, Piperia, Platanthera, and
Spiranthes Arditti, et al. (1981) and Oliva and Arditti (1984) provide a solid
introduction to understanding factors that support in vitro seed germination in
these genera. More recently, some researchers have begun to question the
applicability of these nearly 25 year old data. While the methods and data
recording presenting in both manuscripts are indeed outdated, the basic
information concerning germination and subsequent growth and development
remains valid today. It is unfortunate that either manuscript does not include
strict statistical analysis when reporting data such as percent seed germination,
shoot production, and root production. Also, the lack of a visual
representation (i.e., figure or line drawing) of the germination and growth
stages used in either manuscript is a major shortcoming. These shortcomings
noted, both these manuscripts can provide a useful foundation of asymbiotic
orchid seed germination work for those interested in further testing and
refining the techniques.
Scott L. Stewart
Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, PO Box 110675,
Gainesville, FL 32611, Email: slstewar@ufl.edu
27
Brown: Corrections and Comments
Brown & DeAngelis: PTEROGLOSSASPIS POTTSII
Corrections and Comments to the Wild Orchids of…..

series by Paul Martin Brown and Stan Folsom
Despite extensive proof reading and data checking errors and omissions
do occur in most books. The following should be noted in our three
latest books.
Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region
Wild Orchids of the Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies
p. 10 The generic key to Corallorhiza indicating that no chlorophyll or
green coloring is present may be misleading as C. trifida may be greenish
–yellow in coloration.
p. 24 (CM); p. 18 (PNW) the type locality for Amerorchis rotundifolia forma
rosea is given as Newfoundland and should be Manitoba
p. 56 (PNW) the type locality for Cypripedium fasciculatum form purpureum
is given as California and should be Oregon
p. 64, 187, 284 (CM); 66, 171 (PNW) The correct author for Cypripedium
passerinum is Richardson not Richmond. This error is consistent in both
books.
p. 74 (PNW) the type locality for Dactylorhiza aristata var. kodiakensis
forma rosea is given as Newfoundland and it should be Alaska
p. 126 (PNW) correct key by deleting the phrase for couplet
9a: spur thicken, usually scrotiform (this applied to Platanthera stricta in
couplet 12b)
Wild Orchids of the of the Prairies and Plains Region of North America
The map on p. 195, Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis is incorrect; it was to have
been replaced but that did not happen. This is the correct map.
28
Brown: Corrections and Comments
p. 147, 198 brackets around Platanthera flava var. herbiola should be

removed; a voucher has been made to confirm the report from Texas
p. 196, 238 Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata is shown and/or listed for
Texas. Despite published information indicating this distribution, further
research, the results of which were too late to get into this book,
indicates that all plants from Texas are the var. ovalis. This is clarified in
the forthcoming Wild Orchids of Texas (2008).
PMB
Special thanks to Ron Coleman for noting the error in the Platanthera key and
commenting on the coloration of Corallorhiza trifida.
LOOKING AHEAD
JUNE 2007
A Synopsis of
TWO NEW PLATANTHERA SPECIES FROM THE
WESTERN UNITED STATES
DROUGHT, PERIL, AND SURVIVAL

IN THE GREAT PLAINS:
CYPRIPEDIUM CANDIDUM
GOOD THINGS COME IN SMALL PACKAGES or

TINY JEWELS IN THE WILD
MY FAVORITE THINGS
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS MEDIA AND ADDITIVES ON

THE GERMINATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF
SEVERAL NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHIDS
29
PTEROGLOSSASPIS POTTSII (ORCHIDACEAE)

A NEW SPECIES FROM CENTRAL FLORIDA
Paul Martin Brown and Joel DeAngelis
The genus Pteroglossaspis is one of several genera of orchids that

are primarily African in their distribution and also occur in the
southeastern United States, and Central and South America (McCartney
2000a,b,c). Romero (1991, 2002) treated the genus, as occurring in the
New World, with two species present in both the Americas and Africa--
P. ecristata Rolfe and P. ruwenzoriensis Rolfe. Although several species have
been described from South America (Brazil) they have all proven to be
synonyms for those species previously described from Africa (Romero,
1991). The proposed new species is the first to be found exclusively in
the New World. Although most other species in the genus have
relatively large showy flowers, P. ecristata from the southeastern United
States has flowers that are usually yellow/green and with blackish lips
bordered in yellow and ca. 1.5 cm across. Two distinct color forms,
forma purpurea and forma flava occasionally are found, with the former
being the predominate color of plants in Louisiana, South Carolina, and
North Carolina (Brown, 2000, 2003; Fowler, 2005; Gupton and Swope,
1986; McAdoo, 2006). Both of these color forms retain all of the non-
coloration criteria for P. ecristata i.e., size, lip shape, fruit shape, etc. At
the Potts Preserve (Southwestern Florida Water Management District) in
Citrus County, Florida two large colonies of Pteroglossaspis were found by
DeAngelis that have several characters that differ from typical P. ecristata.
They are plants of open grasslands (nearly xeric (pseudo)prairies),
comparatively shorter in stature with noticeably smaller flowers that are
30
uniformly dusty rose in color; additional differences are noted in the

chart below.
The following is proposed to accommodate these distinctive plants:
Pteroglossaspis pottsii P.M. Brown & J. DeAngelis sp. nov.

Type: U.S.A. Florida, Citrus County. Potts Preserve, open xeric prairie,
20 October 2006 J. DeAngelis s.n. (Holotype: FLAS) Fig. NANOJ 13: 34;
Photographs NANOJ 13: 35-37.
Pteroglossaspis ecristata Rolfe similes sed differt flora parvulus (0.5-.75 cm),
flores roseus-purpureus concolor, cum labius ovatus, marginalis
denticulatus, folius crassus, et fructus obovatus
Differing from the similar Pteroglossaspis ecristata Rolfe in the smaller,
uniformly rose-colored flowers (0.5-.75 cm) with a finely toothed spade-
shaped lip, thicker leaves, and obovate fruit
Inflorescence: terminal on a heavily sheathed, axillary scape 20-60 (80)

cm tall; the 6-29 flowers occupying the upper 4-10 cm of the scape,
flowers subtended by prominent bracts, the lower with broad bases and
greatly exceeding the flowers
Flowers: 5-7 mm in overall natural size; twisted around the upper
portion of the scape in such a manner that viewing them is difficult.
Petals and sepals convergent over the descending lip; plants with nearly
cleistogamous flowers and those with fully ‘open’ flowers have rarely
been observed
Sepals: oblong ovate; dusty rose with a paler prominent midrib on the
reverse
Petals: oblong-linear with minute falcate tips; similar in coloration to the
sepals
Lip: uniformly dark rose colored edged in lighter rose; three-lobed, the
central lope spade-shaped with a minute tip with a finely and irregularly
toothed margin; lateral lobes blunt with a few fine teeth, perpendicular
to the central lobe or slightly ascending
Leaves: yellow-green; 30-50 cm long x 1-1.5 cm wide; acuminate with
sheathing bases; coriaceous, plaited and nearly conduplicate
31
Corms: to 4.5 cm across

Fruit: a five ribbed capsule; obovate (widest above the middle tapering
to the base)
Flowering time: late July through much of October
Etymology: named for the Potts Preserve where the plants were first
seen
The Potts Preserve

Land Use History: The 375-acre pasture in which Pteroglossaspis pottsii
was first observed was cleared in the mid-1970's. The pasture was grazed
until the early 1990's. This period includes a cattle lease administered by
the Southwest Florida Water Management District after its purchase of
the property in the early 1990's. The pasture has been allowed to
undergo natural succession since that time and is included in the
District’s prescribed burn program to enhance the recovery of native
species.
Soils and Hydrology: The colony is situated on a broad, gently rolling,
expanse of moderately well-drained soil of the Immokalee complex. At
Potts Preserve, Immokalee soils generally support scrub vegetation.
However, owing to somewhat wetter conditions, scrub established on
Immokalee soils tend to have higher densities of saw palmetto and a
greater diversity of grasses, herbs, and forbs. These areas also generally
lack the Florida rosemary and large open sand patches restricted to the
truly xeric Orsino and Pomello soil complexes.
Most of the colony of Pteroglossaspis pottsii is located in the dry
uplands. However, some plants have established in the upper margin of
at least one of the adjacent depression marshes. This tendency appears
to differ from the Pteroglossaspis ecristata on the property, which has never
been observed growing in these areas. Neither P. ecristata nor P. pottsii
have been observed in the most xeric scrubs- those dominated by scrub
oaks, Florida rosemary, sand pine, and large sand patches.
The local hydrology was impacted in the past by extensive
ditching and draining of wetlands done to increase grazing area in the
pasture. Sections of the ditches were backfilled by the SWFWMD using
the spoil to block drainage of the wetlands and restore wetland
hydroperiods.
32
During wet periods, transitional soils around the ponds can be

moist to wet for long periods. These soils become droughty during dry
periods, resulting in soil conditions similar to those found in pine
flatwoods. Away from the ponds, the uplands are sufficiently well-
drained so that xeric conditions nearly always dominate.
Fire History: Pteroglossaspis pottsii is found in an area that was historically
maintained by periodic lightning fires occurring in the spring months-
April, May, and June. It is likely that the above-mentioned floristic
composition resulted in a more frequent fire-return interval than scrub
located on the higher ridges. After conversion to pasture, ranchers likely
burned it yearly to improve forage. This would have taken place in
February and March.
A Note About Pseudoprairies in Florida:

Few natural prairies, i.e. expansive grasslands either wet or dry,
remain in Florida; of these many have been heavily grazed for cattle
farming over the decades. Where these prairies did not originally exist
and cattle farming was prominent large areas of long-leaf pine forest
were eventually cleared and open grasslands promoted to sustain the
cattle. As these lands are acquired for preservation, such as the Potts
Preserve in Citrus County, a specialized landform has evolved--that of
the pseudoprairie. At first glance the gentle, undulating grasslands appear
to be genuine prairie with moister mesic areas in the lowlands and drier
uplands. This is all the result of clearing, grazing, and burning programs.
The ensuing result is an extensive grassland with a variety of plants
usually found in more prairie like habitats. One of the best examples of
this landform is the pseudoprairie at Potts. Plant species that may have
once occurred in the open long-leaf pine savannas then have the choice,
on a very local level, of ‘adaptation or extinction’ due to of loss of
suitable habitat or of undergoing an adaptation to the more open,
prairie-like condition. This may have been the case with Pteroglossaspis
pottsii. The obvious differences between P. ecristata and P. pottsii in
shorter, denser plants with smaller flowers and thickened coriaceous
leaves as well as a large thickened corm all point to adaptation to the
open, drier, hotter environment.
33
Paul Martin Brown, 10896 SW 90th Terrace, Ocala, FL 34481 naorchid@aol.com

Paul is a Research Associate at the University of Florida Herbarium, Florida Museum
of Natural History in Gainesville and the Botanical Research Institute of Texas in Ft.
Worth, the editor of this journal, and the author of Wild Orchids of Florida and several
other books on the native orchids of North America.
Joel DeAngelis, Southwest Florida Water Management District, 2379 Broad Street,
Brooksville, FL 34604-6899 Joel.DeAngelis@SWFWMD.STATE.FL.US
Joel is a Senior Land Management Specialist for the SFWMD and received a BS in
Environmental Science and Policy from University of South FL in 2001.
Acknowledgements:
The authors thank the Southwest Florida Water Management District, Gustavo
Romero (Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames, Harvard University Herbaria), Kent
Perkins, (University of Florida Herbarium, Florida Museum of Natural History),
Wally & Joel Wilder, and David McAdoo.
Photos by Paul Martin Brown, line art by Stan Folsom.
Literature Cited:
Brown, P.M. 2000. New Taxa. North American Native Orchid Journal 6(1): 64.
_____. 2003. New Taxa. North American Native Orchid Journal 9: 35.
Fowler, J. 2005. Wild Orchids of South Carolina. Columbia: University of South Carolina
Press.
Gupton, O.W. and F. Swope. 1986. Wild Orchids of the Middle Atlantic States.
Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
McAdoo, D. 2004. Orchids of North Carolina. http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/
Orchids/Pteroglossaspis.htm
McCartney, C. 2000a. African Affinities Part I: The Surprising Relationship of Some
of Florida's Wild Orchids. Orchids. 69 (2): 130-139.
_____. 2000b. African Affinities Part II: The Surprising Relationship of Some of
Florida's Wild Orchids. Orchids. 69 3. 244-250.
_____. 2000c. African Affinities Part III: The Surprising Relationship of Some of
Florida's Wild Orchids. Orchids. 69 (4): 340-343, 354.
Romero, G. A. 1993. Notes on Pteroglossaspis (Orchidaceae), a new generic record for
the flora of Colombia. Orquidea (Mex.) 13(12): 275-280.
_____. 2002. Pteroglossaspis in Flora of North America north of Mexico, vol. 26. New York:
Oxford University Press.
34
1 cm
Pteroglossaspis pottsii P.M. Brown & J. DeAngelis

Potts crestless plume orchid
35
Pteroglossaspis pottsii, Potts Preserve, Citrus Co., FL October 2006

36
Pteroglossaspis pottsii, Potts Preserve, Citrus Co., FL October 2006
37
Pteroglossaspis ecristata Pteroglossaspis ecristata forma purpurea

Florida – typical coloring North Carolina Photo by David McAdoo
____ = 1 cm
Pteroglossaspis pottsii, Florida

38
Stewart: SYMBIOTIC SEED GERMINATION OF THE “DEEP SOUTH” RACE OF
SPIRANTHES CERNUA FROM FLORIDA
SYMBIOTIC SEED GERMINATION OF THE “DEEP

SOUTH” RACE OF SPIRANTHES CERNUA FROM
FLORIDA
Scott L. Stewart
Introduction
Orchids growing in nature are often infected by and digest
naturally-occurring endophytic mycorrhizal fungi as a source of carbon,
mineral nutrients, and water. This action, termed mycotrophy, helps
stimulate seed germination, protocorm development, and seedling
growth (Arditti, 1966; Clements, 1988; Rasmussen, 1995). Due to the
dependence of orchids on these mycorrhizal fungi, the survival of plants
in managed or restored habitats may require the presence of appropriate
mycobionts to support plant development and, more importantly,
seedling recruitment (Zettler, 1997a). In vitro symbiotic seed germination
methods represent the most efficient way to promote the orchid-fungus
association under controlled conditions (Zettler, 1997a, 1997b; Stewart
and Kane, 2007). A number of in vitro symbiotic seed germination
protocols presently exist for terrestrial orchid taxa: Spiranthes (Anderson,
1991; Stewart and Kane, 2007; Zelmer and Currah, 1997; Zettler and
McInnis, 1993; Stewart et al., 2003), Habenaria (Stewart and Kane, 2006;
Stewart and Zettler, 2002), and Platanthera (Anderson, 1996; Zettler and
McInnis, 1992; Zettler and Hofer, 1998; Sharma et al., 2003; Zettler et
al., 2001; Zettler et al., 2005) are recent examples. However, their
efficiency appears to be dependant upon species-specific factors such as
plant-fungus specificity (Stewart and Kane, 2007). For this reason,
symbiotic seed germination techniques should be investigated on a
species-by-species basis.
Spiranthes cernua (Linnaeus) L.C. Richard, the nodding ladies’-
tresses, is one of the newest additions to the orchid flora of Florida,
being first discovered in late 2002 (Fig. 1 a-c; Brown & Folsom, 2005).
While S. cernua is considered a widespread species throughout eastern
39
North America, the species is known to possess of a number of

geographically-restricted races (Sheviak, 1982). At present, the “Deep
South” race is known from only one site in the panhandle of Florida in
Apalachicola National Forest (Liberty County). The orchid’s current
habitat is a moist grassy roadside (S.L. Stewart, personal observation).
Given the geographic specificity of each race within the S. cernua species
complex, each race should be considered as a restricted “species” for the
purposes of propagation and conservation. With the apparent endemism
Figure 1—a) Deep South race Spiranthes cernua inflorescence. b) Deep South race S.
cernua lip. c) Deep South race S. cernua flower profile. Scale bar = 1 cm.
40
of the Deep South race of S. cernua to the panhandle of Florida, this race
could be considered the rarest within the species complex (Brown &
Folsom, 2005). Therefore, this particular race deserves attention as a
species of concern in the southeastern United States.
The present study represents a first report of the in vitro symbiotic
seed germination of the rare Deep South race of Spiranthes cernua from
Florida using mycobionts originating from an allied Floridian Spiranthes
species and an epiphytic species. The potential role of orchid-fungal
specificity in this species’ conservation is also discussed.
Materials and Methods
Fungal Isolation and Identification
Two mycobionts were chosen for the symbiotic seed germination
of the Deep South race of Spiranthes cernua (Table 1). Mycobiont Econ-
242 was previously isolated by Zettler et al. (1999) and originated from
the Florida epiphytic orchid Epidendrum magnoliae var. magnoliae (syn. = E.
conopseum). Mycobiont Sbrev-266, originating from the Florida terrestrial
orchid Spiranthes brevilabris, was previously isolated by Stewart et al.
(2003). Mycobiont isolation followed procedures outlined by Zettler
(1997b) and Stewart et al. (2003). Briefly, root samples from both species
were collected in a manner that minimized damage to the donor plant.
The root sections were wrapped in paper towels moistened with sterile
deionized water, placed in plastic bags, stored in darkness at ca. 10°C,
and transported to the laboratory. Root sections were rinsed with cold
tap water to remove surface debris, and surface cleansed 1 min in a
solution containing absolute ethanol:6.00% NaOCl:sterile deionized
distilled (dd) water (5:5:90 v/v/v). Clumps of cortical cells containing
fungal pelotons were removed, placed on modified Melin-Norkran’s agar
(MMN; Marx, 1969), and incubated at 25°C for up to 4 d. Hyphal tips
were excised from actively growing pelotons and subcultured onto
potato dextrose agar (PDA). The pH of all previously mentioned media
was adjusted to 6.0 with 0.1 N KOH prior to autoclaving at 117.7 kPa
and 121°C for 20 min.
Table 1—Sources of mycobionts used in the inoculation of the Deep South race of
Spiranthes cernua seed. All mycobionts hosted within the roots of adult flowering
plants.
Isolate Host Collection information Identification
Econ-242 Epi. magnoliae 7 June 1995; Alachua Co., FL Epulorhiza spp.
Sbrev-266 Spir. brevilabris 30 April 1999; Levy Co., FL Epulorhiza repens
41
Mycobiont characterization and identification followed methods

described by Davidson (1938), Smith (1977), Zelmer and Currah (1995),
Currah et al. (1987, 1990, 1997), and Zelmer et al. (1996) for cultural
morphology, polyphenol oxidase production, and celluase activity.
Hyphal and monilioid cell characteristics were assessed using a light
microscope. Fungal staining procedures followed those outlined by
Phillips and Hayman (1970).
Seed Collection and Sterilization
Seeds were obtained from mature capsules prior to dehiscence on
12 December 2004. Because of the small size of individual Spiranthes
cernua seed capsules, one entire inflorescence was collected from a
roadside site in Apalachicola National Forest (Liberty County, FL).
Immediately after collection capsules were dried over silica gel desiccant
for 2 weeks at 25°C, separated from capsule material, pooled, and used
in symbiotic germination experiments. In preparation for in vitro
experiments, seeds were surface sterilized for 45 seconds in a solution
containing 5 ml absolute ethanol, 5 ml 6.0% NaOCl, and 90 ml sterile
deionized water. Following surface sterilization, seeds were rinsed three
times for 30 seconds each in sterile deionized water. Solutions were
removed from the seed surface sterilization vial using a sterile Pasture
pipette that was replaced after each use. Sterile deionized water was used
to resuspend the surface sterilized seed, and a sterile inoculating loop
was used to sow the seed. An average of 107 seeds per Petri plate were
sown.
Symbiotic Seed Germination
Two mycobionts (Table 1) were assessed for their ability to
support the symbiotic seed germination of the Deep South race of
Spiranthes cernua. Seeds were sown according to the procedures described
by Stewart et al. (2003). Seeds were surface sterilized as described
previously and placed on the surface of a 1 cm × 4 cm filter paper strip
(Whatman No. 4) within a 9 cm diameter Petri plate containing ca. 25 ml
oat meal agar (OMA): 3.0 g pulverized rolled oats, 7.0 g bacto-agar, 1 l
distilled deionized (dd) water (Dixon, 1987). Medium pH was adjusted to
5.8 with 0.1 N HCl prior to pressure sterilization at 117.7 kPa at 121°C
for 40 min. Seeds were transferred to the filter paper strips using a sterile
bacterial inoculation loop. Following inoculation with seed, each plate
was inoculated with a 1 cm3 block of actively-growing fungal inoculum.
One mycobiont was used per plate, 5 replicate plates per mycobiont.
42
Plates without mycobiont served as controls. All plates were sealed with
Nescofilm and maintained in darkness (0/24 h L/D) for 27 d at 25
±2°C. Plates were incubated for 2 wks without interruption, and
examined weekly thereafter for signs of germination or contamination.
Inspection exposed seeds to brief (<15 min) periods of illumination.
Plates were returned to dark incubation conditions after visual
inspection.
Germination and seedling development were visually assessed
using a dissecting stereomicroscope and scored on a scale of 0-5 (Table
2; Stewart et al., 2003). Seed germination percentages were based on
viable seeds. Data was analyzed using general linear model procedures
and Waller-Duncan mean separation at α=0.05 by SAS v 9.1.3 (SAS,
2003). Germination counts were arcsine transformed to normalize
variation.
Table 2—Seed germination and protocorm development of the Deep South race of
Spiranthes cernua, adapted from Stewart et al. (2003).
Stage Description
0 No germination, viable embryo
1 Enlarged embryo, production of rhizoid(s)
2 Continued embryo enlargement, rupture of testa (=germination)
3 Appearance of protomeristem
4 Emergence of first leaf
5 Elongation of first leaf
Results & Discussion
Fungal Mycobionts
Stewart et al. (2003) previously identified isolates Econ-242 and
Sbrev-266 as both being species or strains in the anamorphic fungal
genus Epulorhiza Moore (Moore, 1987). Furthermore, isolate Sbrev-266
has been tentatively identified as E. repens, a ubiquitous global orchid
endophyte (Zelmer, 2001; Stewart et al., 2003; Currah et al., 1987). It is
likely that isolate Econ-242 is closely allied within the E. repens species
complex. However, orchid mycobionts often display morphological
instability in their non-reproductive characteristics (Eberhardt et al.,
1999). This instability often makes visual and biochemical
characterization of sterile orchid endophytes difficult beyond the generic
level, especially in dealing with a group of genetically-related fungal
strains such as the E. repens complex.
Due to collection permit limitations, a root sample from the
Liberty County (FL) Spiranthes cernua population was not obtained.
43
Therefore, an orchid endophyte could not be obtained from this species.

Mycobiont isolations from related Florida Spiranthes have demonstrated a
trend of generic level mycobiont specificity for species or strains of
Epulorhiza: S. brevilabris (Stewart et al., 2003; S.L. Stewart, unpublished
data), S. longilabris (S.L. Stewart, unpublished data), S. odorata (S.L.
Stewart, unpublished data), S. tuberosa (S.L. Stewart, unpublished data),
and S. vernalis (S.L. Stewart, unpublished data). For this reason, the
isolation of an Epulorhiza strain from the roots of the Deep South race
of S. cernua would not be surprising. Further investigation into the
identity of mycobionts from this Deep South representative of the S.
cernua species complex should be pursued to insure the species’
conservation in its natural habitat.
Symbiotic Seed Germination
Seeds in each mycobiont treatment began to swell within 1 wk
after sowing, and germination commenced within 1.5 wks. No visual
contamination was evident in any cultures. Visual inspection revealed
Florida Spiranthes cernua seeds to be 63.2% viable. Seeds of this species
were monoembryonic. This study represents the first report of the in
vitro symbiotic seed germination of the Deep South race of S. cernua.
The conservation of threatened, rare, and endemic orchids in
Florida is dependant upon not only the development of in vitro
propagation techniques, but also an understanding of factors affecting
the in vitro growth and development of those species. One key in the
conservation of orchids is the development of in vitro symbiotic seed
germination protocols. Other researchers have developed successful
symbiotic seed germination protocols for a variety of Spiranthes species:
S. brevilabris (Stewart et al., 2003; Stewart and Kane, 2007), S. cernua (mid-
Atlantic race; Zettler et al., 1993), S. delitescens (A.J. Hicks, unpublished
data), S. magnicamporum (Anderson, 1991; Wagoner et al., 2002), and S.
lacera (Zelmer and Currah, 1997). In the present study, a successful in
vitro symbiotic seed germination protocol for the apparent endemic
southern race of Spiranthes cernua was developed using mycobionts
isolated from Epidendrum magnoliae var. magnoliae (Econ-242) and S.
brevilabris (Sbrev-266).
An effect of mycobiont was found on the in vitro symbiotic
germination of Deep South Spiranthes cernua. Germination (Stage 2+)
occurred in both the Econ-242 and Sbrev-266 treatments after 4 wks
dark (0/24 h L/D) incubation (0.2% and 3.9%, respectively; Fig. 2).
44
However, protocorm development after 4 wks was highest when seeds

were inoculated with mycobiont Econ-242 (11.2%; Stage 5; Fig. 2).
Isolate Sbrev-266 supported germination and development only through
Stage 3 (1.2%) after 4 wks. After 6 wks dark incubation, both isolates
Econ-242 and Sbrev-266 supported protocorm development to Stage 5
(16.8% and 6.3%, respectively; Fig. 3). However, isolate Econ-242
supported a significantly higher percentage germination and
development after 6 wks, continuing the trend seen after 4 wks of
incubation. The control treatment supported germination only through
Stage 1 after both 4 and 6 wks incubation (Fig. 2 & 3). Advanced stage
seedlings from both the Econ-242 and Sbrev-266 treatments were
acclimatized to greenhouse conditions and flowered within 14 months
post seed sowing (Fig. 4 a-d). These data appear to support the notion
that the Deep South race of S. cernua race may demonstrate a degree of in
vitro mycobiont specificity since greater protocorm development was
supported by mycobiont Econ-242 when compared to Sbrev-266.
However, the data do not necessarily demonstrate an absolute reliance of
the Deep South race of S. cernua on mycobionts from Florida epiphytic
species (i.e., Econ-242).
Interestingly, isolates Econ-242 and Sbrev-266 have both
demonstrated an ability to support the in vitro symbiotic germination of a
number of unrelated orchid taxa. Zettler et al. (1999) used isolate Econ-
242 to germinate seeds of the Florida epiphyte Encyclia tampensis to a leaf-
bearing stage. Moreover, Stewart and Zettler (2002) used isolates Econ-
242 and Sbrev-266 to germinate seed of the Florida aquatic orchid
Habenaria repens. Both isolates supported not only germination in this
instance, but also advanced seedling development leading to the
production of flowering plants (Stewart and Zettler, 2002). Additionally,
a number of disparate orchid taxa have been successfully germinated
using isolate Sbrev-266: Cyrtopodium punctatum (S.L. Stewart and L.
Richardson, unpublished data), Epidendrum nocturnum (Zettler et al.,
2007), Habenaria macroceratitis (Stewart and Zettler, 2002; Stewart and
Kane, 2006), Platanthera ciliaris (Hartsock et al., 2003), P. holochila (Zettler
et al., 2005), and Ponthieva racemosa (S.L. Stewart and T.R. Johnson,
unpublished data) are recent examples. The ability of both isolate Econ-
242 and isolate Sbrev-266 to support germination of a wide array of
orchid taxa, including Deep South race of Spiranthes cernua, may indicate
45
that this Deep South race may demonstrate mycobiont specificity for
Epulorhiza repens-like fungi.
Despite the successful in vitro symbiotic seed germination of the
Deep South race of Spiranthes cernua as described here, the long-term
conservation of this endemic race is not secured. While both isolates
Econ-242 and Sbrev-266 supported the symbiotic seed germination, in
vitro development, and greenhouse establishment of S. cernua from
Florida, an endophyte from this race remains elusive. Isolation of
mycobionts from the Deep South race of S. cernua race and their
subsequent use in symbiotic seed germination studies is necessary to
confirm any in vitro mycobiont specificity exhibited by this species.
100
B
Econ-242
AB
A Sbrev-266
Control
80
60
(%)
40
20
A
A AB
A B B B
B
A A A
A A
0
Stage 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Total
Developmental Stage
Figure 2—Effects of two mycobionts on percent seed germination and protocorm
development (Table 2) of Deep South Spiranthes cernua cultured on oat meal agar after
4 wks symbiotic in vitro culture. Histobars with the same letter are not significantly
different within germination and development stage (α=0.05).
46
100
B
Econ-242
AB
Sbrev-266
A
Control
80
60
(%)
40
20 A A
AB
A B B B
B
A A A
0
Stage 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Total
Developmental Stage
Figure 3—Effects of two mycobionts on percent seed germination and protocorm
development (Table 2) of Deep South Spiranthes cernua cultured on oat meal agar after
6 wks symbiotic in vitro culture. Histobars with the same letter are not significantly
different within germination and development stage (α=0.05).
Taxonomy and Conservation

As the taxonomy of confusing plant groups (i.e., Orchidaceae;
Spiranthes) is clarified through intensive morphological and molecular
investigations, the conservation status of redefined or newly-defined taxa
is likely to change (Haig et al., 2006). These changes may result in the
redefiniation of species distributions, the splitting or combining of
species, or the clarification of specific varieties, forms, or races within a
species complex (Pillon and Chase, in press; Flanagan et al., 2006).
Taxonomic redefinition and clarification has been a constant force
shaping an evolving interpretation of the Spiranthes cernua species
complex, as originally defined by Sheviak (1987, 1991).
The most recent taxonomic clarification within the Spiranthes
cernua species complex has been the addition of a Deep South race,
known only from the panhandle of Florida (Brown & Folsom, 2005).
The Deep South race of S. cernua represents another addition to the
47
regional races of this widespread polymorphic species complex. Sheviak

(1991) demonstrated several of these races potentially involving gene
flow from a number of geographically isolated diploid species. In the
Deep South race, plants are late flowering (December), small-flowered
when compared to the other races of S. cernua, and lack the characteristic
cream or greenish lip trough often seen in the southeastern and southern
prairie races (Brown & Folsom, 2005; S.L. Stewart, personal
observation). No material of the Deep South race was available to
Sheviak at the time, but it has been hypothesized that possible gene flow
from S. ovalis var. ovalis, a rare and local species in the Deep South, may
be involved. A collection from a marshland near Mobile, Alabama
strongly suggests this same Deep South race, but the Florida plants
remain the first and only confirmed plants of this race (P.M. Brown,
personal communication). Plants of S. cernua seen elsewhere in the
southern states, apart from the Florida panhandle specimens, exhibit
apparent gene flow primarily from S. odorata, whereas those from Texas
and upland prairie-like areas typically show a genetic influence from S.
magnicamporum.
With the definition of a new race within the Spiranthes cernua
species complex, this new race’s conservation status must be assessed
given parameters such as distribution, habitat, and ecology. Little is
known about the complete distribution and ecology of the Deep South
race of S. cernua in Florida. To date, only a few sites along one county
road in Liberty County (FL) have been identified, each site typically
possessing less than 50 plants each (P.M. Brown, personal
communication). Given the limited known distribution of this race, at
the present time, those interested in orchid conservation should assume
the race as endemic to a few roadside populations in the panhandle of
Florida. Additionally, the Deep South race of S. cernua appears to prefer
moist, grassy roadsides—a habitat type that is easily disturbed or
destroyed by mowing, road construction, and off-road vehicles. For
these reasons, this author suggests an immediate need in conservation
planning leading to the long-term security of the rare Deep South race of
S. cernua. The current study on the in vitro symbiotic seed germination of
this race represents a first step in conservation planning.
48
Figure 4—a) In vitro symbiotic seedling of the Deep South race of Spiranthes cernua
cultured on oat meal agar (OMA) with mycobiont Econ-242 after 6 wks culture;
scale bar = 5 mm. b) In vitro seedlings of Deep South S. cernua cultured on OMA with
mycobiont Econ-242 after 24 wks in vitro culture (12 wks culture in 16/8 h L/D
photoperiod); scale bar = 1 cm. c) Seedlings of Deep South S. cernua prior to
greenhouse acclimatization; scale bar = 1 cm. d) Greenhouse acclimatized non-
flowering seedlings of Deep South S. cernua; scale bar = 1 cm.
References
Anderson, A.B. 1991. Symbiotic and asymbiotic germination and growth of Spiranthes
magnicamporum (Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 6:183-86.
------. 1996. The reintroduction of Platanthera ciliaris in Canada. Pp. 73-76, in: Allen,
C., ed. North American Native Terrestrial Orchids: Propagation and Production.
Washington D.C.: North American Native Terrestrial Orchid Conference.
Arditti, J. 1966. Orchids. Scientific American 214:70-78.
49
Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2005. Wild Orchids of Florida: updated and expanded
edition. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Clements, M.A. 1988. Orchid mycorrhizal associations. Lindleyana 3:73-86.
Currah, R.S., L. Sigler, and S. Hambleton. 1987. New records and new taxa of fungi
from the mycorrhizae of terrestrial orchids of Alberta. Canadian Journal of
Botany 65:2473-82.
Currah, R.S., E.A. Smreciu, and S. Hambleton. 1990. Mycorrhizae and mycorrhizal
fungi of boreal species of Platanthera and Coeloglossum (Orchidaceae). Canadian
Journal of Botany 68:1171-81.
Currah, R.S., C.D. Zelmer, S. Hambleton, and K.A. Richardson. 1997. Fungi from
orchid mycorrhizas. Pp. 117-70, in Arditti, J. & Pridgeon, A.M., eds. Orchid
Biology: reviews and perspectives VII. Great Britain: Kluwer Academic Publishing.
Davidson, R.W. 1938. Differentiation of wood-decaying fungi by their reactions on
gallic or tannic acid medium. Journal of Agricultural Research 57:683-95.
Dixon, K. 1987. Raising terrestrial orchids from seed. Pp. 47-100, in: Harris, W.K.,
ed. Modern Orchid Growing for Pleasure and Profit. Adelaide: Orchid Club of
South Australia.
Eberhardt, U., L. Walker, and I. Kottke. 1999. Molecular and morphological
discrimination between Tylospora fibrillose and Tylospora asterophora mycorrhizae.
Canadian Journal of Botany 77:11-21.
Flanagan, N.S., R. Peakall, M.A. Clements, and J.T. Otero. 2006. Conservation of
taxonomically difficult species: the case of the Australian orchid, Microtis
angusii. Conservation Genetics 7:847-59.
Haig, S.M., E.A. Beever, S.M. Chambers, H.M. Draheim, B.D. Dugger, S. Dunham,
E. Elliot-Smith, J.B. Fontaine, D.C. Kessler, B.J. Knaus, I.F. Lopes, P.
Loschi, T.D. Mullins, and L.M. Sheffield. 2006. Taxonomic considerations in
listing subspecies under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Conservation Biology
20(6): 1584-1594.
Hartsock, J.J., K.A. Piskin, and L.W. Zettler. 2003. Symbiotic seed germination of
two showy terrestrial orchids (Platanthera ciliaris, P. cristata; Orchidaceae) using
mycorrhizal fungi. Southeastern Biology 50:149.
Marx, D.H. 1969. The influence of ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi on the resistance
of pine roots to pathogenic infections. Pp. 153-63, Part I, Antagonism of
mycorrhizal fungi to root pathogenic fungi and soil bacteria. Phytopathology 59.
Moore, R.T. 1987. The genera of Rhizoctonia-like fungi: Ascorhizoctonia, Ceratorhiza gen.
nov., Epulorhiza gen. nov., Moniliopsis, and Rhizoctonia. Mycotaxon 29:91-99.
Phillips, J.M. and D.S. Hayman. 1970. Improved procedures for clearing roots and
straining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid
assessment of infection. Transaction of the British Mycological Society 55:158-60.
Pillon, Y. and M.W. Chase. 2006. Taxonomic exaggeration and its effects on orchid
conservation. Conservation Biology (in press).
Rasmussen, H.N. 1995. Terrestrial Orchids: from seed to mycotrophic plant. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
SAS Institute Inc. 2003. SAS version 9.1.3. North Carolina: SAS Institute.
50
Sharma, J., L.W. Zettler, J.W. Van Sambeek, M.R. Ellerieck, and C.J. Starbuck. 2003.
Symbiotic seed germination and mycorrhizae of the federally threatened
Platanthera praeclara (Orchidaceae). American Midland Naturalist 149:104-20.
Sheviak, C.S. 1991. Morphological variation in the compliospecies Spiranthes cernua
(L.) L. C. Rich.:ecologically-limited effects on gene flow. Lindleyana 6(4): 228-
34.
------. 1982. Biosystematic Study of the Spiranthes cernua Complex. Albany: New York
State Museum Bulletin No. 448.
Smith, R.E. 1977. Rapid tube test for detecting fungal cellulase production. Applied
Environmental Microbiology 33:980-81.
Stewart, S.L. and M.E. Kane. 2006. Symbiotic seed germination of Habenaria
macroceratitis (Orchidaceae), a rare Florida terrestrial orchid. Plant Cell, Tissue
and Organ Culture 86:159-67.
------. 2007. Symbiotic seed germination and evidence for in vitro mycobiont
specificity in Spiranthes brevilabris (Orchidaceae), and its implications for
species-level conservation. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology-Plant (in
press).
Stewart, S.L. and L.W. Zettler. 2002. Symbiotic germination of three semi-aquatic
rein orchids (Habenaria repens, H. quinqueseta, H. macroceratitis) from Florida.
Aquatic Botany 72:25-35.
Stewart, S.L., L.W. Zettler, J. Minso, P.M.Brown. 2003. Symbiotic germination and
reintroduction of Spiranthes brevilabris Lindley, an endangered orchid native to
Florida. Selbyana 24:64-70.
Wagoner, C.S., A.L. Stice, S.L. Stewart, and L.W. Zettler. 2002. Seed propagation of
Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. (Orchidaceae) using mycorrhizal fungi from two
genera (Epulorhiza and Ceratorhiza). Southeastern Biology 49:161.
Zelmer, C.D. 2001. Root-associated Organisms of the Cypripedioideae (Orchidaceae). Ph.D.
dissertation, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Zelmer, C.D., and R.S. Currah. 1995. Ceratorhiza pernacatena and Epulorhiza calendulina
spp. nov.: mycorrhizal fungi of terrestrial orchids. Canadian Journal of Botany
73:1981-85.
------. 1997. Symbiotic germination of Spiranthes lacera (Orchidaceae) with a naturally
occurring endophyte. Lindleyana 12:142-48.
Zelmer, C.D., L. Cuthbertson, and R.S. Currah. 1996. Fungi associated with
terrestrial orchid mycorrhizas, seeds and protocorms. Mycoscience 37:439-48.
Zettler, L.W. 1997a. Orchid fungal symbiosis and its value in conservation.
McIlvaninea 13:40-45.
------. 1997b. Terrestrial orchid conservation by symbiotic seed germination:
techniques and perspectives. Selbyana 18:188-94.
Zettler, L.W. and C.J. Hofer. 1998. Propagation of the little club-spur orchid
(Platanthera clavellata) by symbiotic seed germination, and its ecological
implications. Environmental Experimental Botany 39:189-95.
Zettler, L.W. and T.M. McInnis. 1992. Propagation of Platanthera integrilabia (Correll)
Luer, an endangered terrestrial orchid, through symbiotic seed germination.
Lindleyana 7:154-61.
51
Zettler, L.W. and T.M. McInnis. 1993. Symbiotic seed germination and development
of Spiranthes cernua and Goodyera pubescens (Orchidaceae: Spiranthoideae).
Zettler, L.W., J.C. Burkhead, and J.A. Marshall. 1999, Use of a mycorrhizal fungus
from Epidendrum conopseum to germinate seed of Encyclia tampensis in vitro.
Zettler, L.W., S.B. Poulter, K.I. McDonald, and S.L. Stewart. 2007. Conservation-
driven propagation of Epidendrum nocturnum (Orchidaceae) with a mycorrhizal
fungus. HortScience (in press).
Zettler, L.W., S.L. Stewart, M.L. Bowles, and K.A. Jacobs. 2001. Mycorrhizal fungi
and cold-assisted symbiotic germination of the federally threatened eastern
prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nuttall) Lindley. American Midland
Naturalist 145:168-75.
Zettler, L.W., S. Perlman, D.J. Dennis, S.E. Hopkins, and S.B. Poulter. 2005.
Symbiotic germination of the federally endangered Hawaiian endemic
Platanthera holochila (Orchidaceae) using a mycobiont from Florida: a
conservation dilemma. Selbyana 26:269-76.
Zettler, L.W., K.A. Piskin, S.L. Stewart, J.J. Hartsock, M.L. Bowles, and T.J. Bell.
2005. Protocorm mycobionts of the federally threatened eastern prairie
fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindley, and a technique to
prompt leaf elongation in seedlings. Studies in Mycology 53:163-71.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Michael Kane, Ph.D. (Environmental Horticulture Department,
University of Florida) for technical and logistical assistance. Appreciation is also
extended to Guy Anglin and Paul Martin Brown for first identifying the population
of Deep South race of S. cernua to the author. The taxonomic advice of Paul Martin
Brown is greatly appreciated.
Scott L. Stewart
Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, PO Box 110675,
Gainesville, FL 32611, Email: slstewar@ufl.edu
Glossary:
endophytic – inhabiting the interior of an organ, as in an endophytic root fungus
inhabiting the interior cells of a plant root
hyphae (hyphal) – an individual string-like growth of a fungus’ body; analogous to root
hairs in higher plants
monilioid cell – inflated fungal hyphae analogous in appearance to a fungal spore, but
not known to be used for reproductive purposes; non-sexual in origin
mycobiont – soil-inhabiting fungus that forms a mycorrhizal association with an orchid
peloton – coil of fungal hyphae contained within an individual cell of an orchid root
system; pelotons are enzymatically digested by the orchid as a source of carbon,
water, and mineral nutrients
protocorm – typically non-photosynthetic multicellular structure formed after the
germination of an orchid seed but before the formation of a true seedling
52
BOOK REVIEWS and NOTICES

Orchids of Iowa
Bill Witt
2006.
Bur Oak Guide Series
University of Iowa Press.
Laminated foldout guide with 32 full-color photos.
$9.95 ISBN 1-58729-499-0 Order from:
http://www.uiowa.edu/uiowapress/orcin.htm
From 1843, when the first collections were made, until 1987, when an amateur
botanist discovered the only known Iowa site for spring ladies tresses, thirty-two species
of orchids have been recorded in Iowa. The state’s wild orchids range in size from the
three-inch-tall delicately blossomed nodding pogonia of the eastern woodlands to the
three-foot-tall floral spike of the western prairie fringed orchid and in color from whites
and pale pastels to buttery yellows and passionate pinks. Flower shapes run the gamut,
too, from the tight-lipped parsimony of the fall coral-root to the cheerful roundness of the
yellow lady’s-slipper.
Along with superb color photographs of all thirty-two species, this latest addition
to Iowa’s series of laminated guides includes common and scientific names, habitat
(prairie, woodland, wetland) and distribution, height, approximate time of blooming,
status, and potential for hybridization. Bill Witt devotes a separate panel to species
missing and presumed extirpated; photos of orchids from nearby states illustrate these
lost species.
Because orchids have highly specific requirements for germination, growth, and
reproduction, the conversion of natural lands for agricultural development has resulted in
such loss of habitat that all but a handful of orchid species are now considered threatened
or endangered; two orchid species are now known to live in just one site each; and three
species have likely been wiped out. Orchids in Your Pocket is a welcome reminder of the
beauty and fragility of these native species and their prairie, woodland, and wetland
homes. (Taken from the UIP website)
Orchids on the Rock-the wild orchids of Newfoundland.

Andrus and Maria Voitk
2006.
Gros Morne Co-operating Association
96 pages, 5.75-4.5”, 150 color photographs
Paper $12.95 CAD ISBN 0-9699509-3-4.
Order from:
PO Box 130
Rocky Harbour, Newfoundland A0K 4N0
MasterCard or Visa preferred by phone at: (709) 458-3610
53
This 96-page publication has perhaps more native orchid information between its
covers than any other publication of its size. With 150 color photos illustrating 43 species
and 4 varieties, each taxon is presented in a 2-page format with basic information on the far
left and 2-5 photos completing the two pages. A handy checklist is included inside the back
cover. The small format and sturdy binding make it ideal for a roomy pocket or backpack.
Nomenclature follows that of the Orchidaceae in volume 26 of Flora of North America, North
of Mexico (2002). This work has been the personal project of Andrus and Maria Voitk for the
past several years. I have been privileged to contribute a few photos of ‘lost’ Newfoundland
species and occasionally consulted on the text, but the concept, design, and layout has been
the child of the Voitk’s.
As in all publications there are things that could have been done differently--if we
only had known which questions to ask--a photo that should have been sharper, a little more
space in the gutter, etc., but those are of no major consequence. The only thing I find
lacking is a map of Newfoundland and the various regions mentioned in the text; that would
have been helpful to those who have never had the pleasure of visiting the island. One of the
primary goals of the Voitk’s in presenting this publication was to make it affordable to all
and they (and The Gros Morne Co-operating Association through the efforts of Michael
Burzynski) have certainly done so at $12.95 CAD (about $10.92 USD). Native orchid
enthusiasts and both those who have been to Newfoundland and those who hope to go will
be well rewarded with a copy of this handsome book. Do not delay in getting your copies (1
for the field and 1 for the library!) as they will surely be gone by the end of this summer
season! PMB
Wild Orchids of the Prairies and Great Plains Region of North America
Paul Martin Brown and Stan Folsom.
2006
University Press of Florida.
376 pages 6x9”, field guide and more; 275 full color photographs, 79 line drawings, 90
maps, keys for identification; considerable additional informational material
$29.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-2975-9
Order from:
http://www.upf.com/directorderinfo.asp
or for signed copies directly from the authors at:
naorchid@aol.com
Paul Martin Brown and Stan Folsom’s Wild Orchids of the Prairies and Great Plains
Region of North America is another volume in their growing series of field guides. The
geographical area defined is not restricted to plains and prairies, but includes the
mountainous regions within those states, such as the Black Hills and the Ozarks. Scattered
prairie habitat in states east of the Mississippi is also included.
Keys to genera in the first section of the book are illustrated with pen and ink
drawings. Keys within a genus are included in the second section with the species
descriptions.
The second section of the book is devoted to species descriptions with ranges,
flowering time, habitat, classical and common names, and is illustrated with range maps,
drawings, and watercolor paintings by Stan Folsom, and numerous color photos including
54
color variants. Range maps for each species or variety include widespread populations, local
populations and, in some cases, historical populations.
The third section of the book is a treasure trove of peripheral information, including
a checklist of species, a list of species by province or state, a list arranged by habitat, a list of
rare, threatened or endangered species, literature, synonyms, name changes, and side-by-side
comparisons of similar species.
The final section includes suggestions for the orchid “tourist” on where and when to
find orchids in any given region covered. Appendices include charts for each species by state
or province, and flowering times by month.
This is the book I would like to have had for the sixty plus years I have spent in the
prairie and Great Plains regions. At first I was confused by the range maps, but reading the
‘range maps’ paragraph at the end of the first section (p. 14) clarified it. It’s just a guy thing
to avoid reading instructions.
This book inspired me to rethink the observations I have made in my own
neighborhood and update my own identifications, and is a must for anyone interested in
orchids and living in this rather overlooked area.
Olin Karch, HC 62 Box 826, Deer, AR 72628 olin@olinsweb.com
The Orchids of Lovell Hollow and Heartsong Retreat

Center: An Enumeration and Description of the Wild
Orchids of Lovell Hollow in Newton County, Arkansas
Text and photos by Olin Karch
This full-color 29 page booklet features very detailed treatments of 14 species of native
orchids that the author found and photographed in Lovell Hollow adjacent to the Upper
Buffalo River in Newton County, Arkansas. It is extremely well done, with beautiful
photographs (three or more per species) showing various parts of each plant. The
treatments include common and Latin names, blooming period, range maps (by both state
and county within Arkansas), habitat, description, ecology, history of use, and natural
history. Also includes a nice introduction with general information about orchids, a chart
showing in which months the foliage and flowers of each species can be seen, and an
index. A must for anyone interested in Arkansas’ orchids!
Copies are available from the author for $15 postpaid.
Write to Olin Karch, HC 62 Box 826 / Deer, AR 72628 olin@olinsweb.com
(taken from Claytonia 26 (1) 2006, the Arkansas Native Plant Society Newsletter)
Also of interest:
THE SEARCH FOR LOST HABITATS:

30 Years of Exploring for Rare and Endangered Plants Book 1
Perry Peskin
Orange Frazer Press
272 pages, 450 color photographs; 8 x 8.75 inches; paper; ISBN 1-933197-16-1
$34.95
http://www.orangefrazer.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=O
FPI&Product_Code=1933197161
55
This assemblage of 15 essays by Perry Peskin that cover more than 30 years of field
exploration presents a remarkable dedication to searching for both the ‘lost habitats’ as well
as the species within them to be found in the Ohio/Upper Great Lakes region. Peskin’s
articles previously appeared, in somewhat different formats, in several different publications
over the years and are presented here in a more unified format, copiously illustrated with
over 400 of (primarily) his photographs. His narratives are always interesting, well-written
(for he was an English teacher for many years in the Cleveland, Ohio area), often, as in the
chapter on Orchidophilia (10), injected with wry humor. The work is dedicated to his wife
Carolyn. Extensive credit is given to all of the people, both professional and enthusiast who
have guided or accompanied the Peskin’s on their many forays over the years.
The book is arranged in a series of 15 chapters, each one a complete essay unto itself.
An initial introduction, concluding chapter, Putting Back the Pieces, and two appendices with
additional photos and listings of federally endangered plants of Ohio and the Upper Great
Lakes states the complete the work. The photographs vary from excellent to passable to,
unfortunately, a few that are less than ideal. This may very well reflect the equipment or
conditions available at the time the photographs were taken. It is well known among plant
photographers that the plants do not always present themselves in as ideal conditions as we
would like! Peskin carefully explains the various terms that relate to rare, threatened and
endangered species and notes these ranges each time a species is mentioned in the text or a
photograph shown. This is most helpful in trying to understand the concept of ‘endangered
species’.
Peskin’s self-admitted policy of changing the names of the locations and often the
names of people to his version of a pseudonym is fully understood as he is adamant about
protecting the specific locations, but can be very frustrating to the reader who has been to
these places and becomes confused as to the names.
The book is very nicely designed and easy to read with crisp, clear type and chapter
titles arranged along the outside vertical margin of the pages which makes for ease in
thumbing the margin and finding the chapters quickly. Some points which are more to be
directed to the publisher, Orange Frazer Press, than the author are that in all of the advance
publicity and website postings the book is designated as a hardcover (cloth) and in fact it is
soft (paper). They also list the book as 288 pages and it is 272 pages, and the size is 8 x 8.75
not the 10 x 10 inches in the catalogue. Things do change during the publication process and
it can only be assumed that this is the case.
As an author of many orchid field guides I have an obsession with the index. In this
case the index presented here is incomplete, confusing, and almost impossible to use. I
wanted to go back to the aforementioned Spiranthes romanzoffiana and could not find any
plants listed under their Latin names, nor could I find it under ladies’-tresses, hooded ladies’-
tresses, Romanoff’s ladies’-tresses, etc. and finally found it under orchids – where all of the
orchids are listed. They are also not reference by page number but by chapter and photo
number, i.e. 10:10.
Only one photograph appears to be misidentified, that captioned Spiranthes
romanzoffiana is clearly Spiranthes cernua (p. 154). Text errors would include Ile Royale for Isle
Royale (consistent throughout); on p. 148 the parentage of Andrew’s lady’s-slipper is given
as Cypripedium parviflorum var. parviflorum x C. candidum and the correct parent is C. parviflorum
var. makasin. Also he refers to the lip as the labium and the correct term is labellum.
Although our native orchids are only one part of the whole in this Search for Lost
Habitats the book will certainly appeal to those whose scope extend somewhat beyond the
wild orchids and should be of interest to all native plant enthusiasts and a pleasant edition to
56
any library. Peskin promises a second volume to cover a wider geographic area including
Alaska and Costa Rica!
PMB
Coming in April
Wild Orchids of the Northeast: New England, New York, Pennsylvania,

and New Jersey
2007
384 pages 6x9 field guide and more; 331 full color photographs, 99 line drawings, 86 maps,
keys for identification; considerable additional informational material
$29.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-9780813030340
Order from:
naorchid@aol.com
"Combines all the best features of an easy-to-use field guide with the most recent
information available on the taxonomy, distribution, and conservation of wild orchids. The
regional nature of this guide assures that the flowering dates and habitats listed are accurate
for the Northeast, providing the reader with maximum assistance to find and enjoy orchids
in the wild."--William Kent Chapman, author, Orchids of the Northeast:: A Field Guide
Original artwork by Stan Folsom
57
ANNOUNCING THREE NEW PUBLICATIONS

ON NORTH AMERICAN ORCHIDS
Orchids in Your Pocket: A Guide to the Native Orchids of Iowa
Bill Witt 2006.
Foldout guide with 32 full-color photos.
Bur Oak Guide Series
University of Iowa Press.
$9.95 ISBN 1-58729-499-0 Order from:
http://www.uiowa.edu/uiowapress/orcin.htm
Orchids on the Rock-the wild orchids of Newfoundland

Andrus and MariaVoitk
2006.
96 pages, 150 color
photographs, no keys
Paper $12.95 + 6% GST CAD. $5 shipping to US
ISBN 0-9699509-3-4.
Order from:
P.O. Box 130
Rocky Harbour, NL A0K 4N0
Tel.: 709.458.3610
FAX :709.458-2162
E-mail: jackie.hiscock@pc.gc.ca
MasterCard or Visa preferred by phone at:
(709) 458-3610
Wild Orchids of the Prairies and Great Plains Region of North America
2006
376 pages 6x9 field guide and more; 275 full color
photographs, 79 line drawings, 90 maps, keys for
identification; considerable additional informational
material
$29.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-2975-9
Order from:
naorchid@aol.com
58
THE SEARCH FOR LOST HABITATS: 30 Years of Exploring

for Rare and Endangered Plants--Book 1
288 Pages
8x9
Softcover
ISBN 1-933197-16-1
$34.95
http://www.orangefrazer.com
59

March 2007 North American Native Orchid Journal

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NORTH AMERICAN

NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL

A NOVEL FORM OF SPIRANTHES OCHROLEUCA

Paul Martin Brown

Spiranthes ochroleuca forma foliobracteata P.M. Brown forma nov.

Caulis florifer foliosus, inflorescenstius cum bracteatus multus; flores abscens

Spiranthes ochroleuca forma foliobracteata

The Francis Marion National Forest (known by locals as the

Cleistes divaricata (spreading pogonia) and Pogonia ophioglossoides (rose

Jim Fowler, 26 Mills Ave, Greenville, SC 29605 jimstamp@aol.com

Epidendrum magnoliae, green-fly orchid

Ponthieva racemosa, shadow-witch orchid

Calopogon barbatus, bearded grass-pink

Habenaria repens, water spider orchid

Listera australis, southern twayblade

Cleistes divaricata, spreading pogonia

Pteroglossaspis ecristata, crestless plume orchid

top: Platanthera conspicua, southern white fringed orchid

Platanthera ciliaris, yellow fringed orchid

MISADVENTURES OF AN ORCHID ENTHUSIAST

After meeting them at their apartment we set out to climb the

Your Slow Empiricist

AN EXTREME EXPRESSION OF COLOR IN

Spiranthes odorata with deep green central lip portion,

Typical of any manuscript involving Joseph Arditti, both Seed Germination

Corrections and Comments to the Wild Orchids of…..

p. 147, 198 brackets around Platanthera flava var. herbiola should be

DROUGHT, PERIL, AND SURVIVAL

GOOD THINGS COME IN SMALL PACKAGES or

THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS MEDIA AND ADDITIVES ON

PTEROGLOSSASPIS POTTSII (ORCHIDACEAE)

The genus Pteroglossaspis is one of several genera of orchids that

uniformly dusty rose in color; additional differences are noted in the

The following is proposed to accommodate these distinctive plants:

Pteroglossaspis pottsii P.M. Brown & J. DeAngelis sp. nov.

Inflorescence: terminal on a heavily sheathed, axillary scape 20-60 (80)

Corms: to 4.5 cm across

The Potts Preserve

During wet periods, transitional soils around the ponds can be

A Note About Pseudoprairies in Florida:

Paul Martin Brown, 10896 SW 90th Terrace, Ocala, FL 34481 naorchid@aol.com

Photos by Paul Martin Brown, line art by Stan Folsom.

Pteroglossaspis pottsii P.M. Brown & J. DeAngelis

Pteroglossaspis pottsii, Potts Preserve, Citrus Co., FL October 2006

Pteroglossaspis pottsii, Potts Preserve, Citrus Co., FL October 2006

Pteroglossaspis ecristata Pteroglossaspis ecristata forma purpurea

Pteroglossaspis pottsii, Florida

SYMBIOTIC SEED GERMINATION OF THE “DEEP

North America, the species is known to possess of a number of

Mycobiont characterization and identification followed methods

Therefore, an orchid endophyte could not be obtained from this species.

However, protocorm development after 4 wks was highest when seeds

Taxonomy and Conservation

regional races of this widespread polymorphic species complex. Sheviak

BOOK REVIEWS and NOTICES

Orchids on the Rock-the wild orchids of Newfoundland.

The Orchids of Lovell Hollow and Heartsong Retreat

THE SEARCH FOR LOST HABITATS:

Wild Orchids of the Northeast: New England, New York, Pennsylvania,

Original artwork by Stan Folsom

ANNOUNCING THREE NEW PUBLICATIONS

Orchids on the Rock-the wild orchids of Newfoundland

THE SEARCH FOR LOST HABITATS: 30 Years of Exploring