Care for Diabetic Patient

• Follow the healthy eating plan that you and your doctor or dietitian have worked out.
 Check your blood glucose level at least four times a day and write down the results in your record book. Keep
your results handy so you can report results to your health care team.
 Keep taking your diabetes medicines, even if you’re not able to eat.
 Drink at least 1 cup, or 8 ounces, of water or other calorie-free, caffeine-free liquid every hour while you’re awake.
 If you can’t eat your usual food, try eating or drinking any of the following:
o juice
o saltine crackers
o dry toast
o soup
o broth or bouillon
o popsicles or sherbet
o regular—not sugar-free—gelatin
o milk
o yogurt
o regular—not sugar-free—soda
• Be active a total of 30 minutes most days. Ask your doctor what activities are best for you.
• Take your medicines as directed.
• Check your blood glucose every day. Each time you check your blood glucose, write the number in your record book.
• Check your feet every day for cuts, blisters, sores, swelling, redness, or sore toenails.
• Brush and floss your teeth every day.
• Control your blood pressure and cholesterol.
• Don’t smoke.
What can I do to take care of my feet?
Look at your feet every day to check for problems.
 Wash your feet in warm water every day. Make sure the water is not too hot by testing the temperature with
your elbow. Do not soak your feet. Dry your feet well, especially between your toes.
 Look at your feet every day to check for cuts, sores, blisters, redness, calluses, or other problems.
Checking every day is even more important if you have nerve damage or poor blood flow. If you cannot bend over
or pull your feet up to check them, use a mirror. If you cannot see well, ask someone else to check your feet.
 If your skin is dry, rub lotion on your feet after you wash and dry them. Do not put lotion between your toes.
 File corns and calluses gently with an emery board or pumice stone. Do this after your bath or shower.
 Cut your toenails once a week or when needed. Cut toenails when they are soft from washing. Cut them to the
shape of the toe and not too short. File the edges with an emery board.
 Always wear slippers or shoes to protect your feet from injuries.
Always wear slippers or shoes to protect your feet.
 Always wear socks or stockings to avoid blisters. Do not wear socks or knee-high stockings that are too tight
below your knee.
 Wear shoes that fit well. Shop for shoes at the end of the day when your feet are bigger. Break in shoes slowly.
Wear them 1 to 2 hours each day for the first few weeks.
 Before putting your shoes on, feel the insides to make sure they have no sharp edges or objects that
might injure your feet.
What can I do to take care of my skin?
 After you wash with a mild soap, make sure you rinse and dry yourself well. Check places where water can hide,
such as under the arms, under the breasts, between the legs, and between the toes.
Keep your skin moist by washing with a mild soap and using lotion or cream after you wash.
 Keep your skin moist by using a lotion or cream after you wash. Ask your doctor to suggest one.
 Drink lots of fluids, such as water, to keep your skin moist and healthy.
 Wear all-cotton underwear. Cotton allows air to move around your body better.
 Check your skin after you wash. Make sure you have no dry, red, or sore spots that might lead to an infection.
 Tell your doctor about any skin problems.
Medications
1.Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHAs)
Drugs that:
slow down absorption of sugars from the gut:
• Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors (e.g. Glucobay [acarbose])
increase insulin production from the pancreas:
• Sulfonylureas (e.g. Diabeta [glyburide])
• Meglitinides (e.g. Gluconorm [repaglinide])
• D-phenylalanine derivatives (e.g. Starlix [nateglinide])
decrease glucose release from the liver:
• Biguanides (e.g. Glucophage [metformin])
increase glucose uptake by fat & muscle cells:
• Thiazolidinediones (TZDs or "glitazones"); (e.g. Actos [pioglitazone] or Avandia [rosiglitazone]).
2. Insulin
Insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus. Patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus depend on external insulin (most commonly
injected subcutaneously) for their survival because the hormone is no longer produced internally. Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus are insulin
resistant, have relatively low insulin production, or both; certain patients with Type 2 diabetes, on rare occasions, may eventually require insulin if other
medications fail to control blood glucose levels adequately
The commonly used types of insulin are:
 Rapid-acting
 Short-acting
 Long-acting