LECTURE FIVE 054410 PLANT DESIGN

054410 Plant Design

LECTURE 5:
PUMP DESIGN

Alon Goldis
Department of Chemical Engineering
Technion, Haifa, Israel

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Objectives
After reviewing this lecture you should:
1. Be familiar with the nomenclature used in the
design of centrifugal pumps.
2. Be able to use pump characteristic curves.
3. Be able to compute the total dynamic head
(TDH) of a pump, given its suction and discharge
lines and installed fittings.

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LECTURE FIVE 054410 PLANT DESIGN

Head
o The pressure at any point in a liquid can be
thought of as being caused by a vertical column
of the liquid
o The height of the column is called the Static
Head and is expressed in terms of feet of liquid.
o The Static Head corresponding to any specific
pressure is dependent upon the weight of the
liquid according to the following formula:
2.31 ⋅ Pressure [psi]
Head [ft] =
Specific gravity

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Centrifugal Pumps Fundamentals

o A Centrifugal pump imparts velocity to a liquid.
o This velocity energy is transformed largely into
pressure energy as the liquid leaves the pump.
o The relationship between the head developed in
pump and it’s velocity is expressed by:

V2
H =
2g

H - Total head developed (feet)

V - Velocity of impeller (feet/sec)
g - 32.2 feet/sec2

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Centrifugal Pumps Fundamentals

The approximate head of any centrifugal pump can
predicted by calculating the velocity of the
impeller. Use the next equation to calculate the
impeller velocity in case the impeller diameter is
given:
RPM ⋅ D
V =
229

D - Impeller diameter (inch)

V - Velocity (ft/sec)

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Centrifugal Pumps – Exercise 1

Find the pressure in the inlet (impeller line) of
centrifugal pump for Gasoline (S.G.=0.75), Water
(S.G.=1), Brine (S.G.=1.2)
Gasoline Water Brine

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Centrifugal Pumps - SUCTION LIFT

SUCTION LIFT exists when
the source of supply is below
the center line of the pump.

Thus the STATIC SUCTION

LIFT is the vertical distance in
feet from the centerline of the
pump to the free level of the
liquid to be pumped.

Pump

Source of supply
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Centrifugal Pumps - SUCTION HEAD

SUCTION HEAD exists when
the source of supply is above
the centerline of the pump.

Thus the STATIC SUCTION

HEAD is the vertical distance
in feet from the centerline
of the pump to the free
level of the liquid to be
pumped. Source of supply Pump

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Centrifugal Pumps - CAPACITY

Capacity (Q) is normally expressed in gallons per
minute (GPM). Since liquids are essentially
incompressible, there is a direct relationship
between the capacity in a pipe and the velocity of
flow. This relationship is as follows:
Q = 449 ⋅ A ⋅V

where
A = area of pipe cross section (ft2)
V = velocity of flow (ft/sec)
Q = Capacity (GPM=gallons per minute)

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Centrifugal Pumps - Power & Efficiency

• The work performed by a pump is a function of the
total head and the weight of the liquid pumped in a
given time period.
• Pump input or brake horsepower (BHP) is the
actual horsepower delivered to the pump shaft.
Q ⋅TDH ⋅ S .G
BHP =
3960 ⋅ Pump Efficiency
• Pump output or hydraulic horsepower (WHP) is
the liquid horsepower delivered by the pump.
Q ⋅TDH ⋅ S .G
WHP =
3960

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Centrifugal Pumps – Power & Efficiency

The brake horsepower or input to a pump is greater

than the hydraulic horsepower or output due to the
mechanical and hydraulic losses incurred in the
pump.
Therefore, the pump efficiency is the ratio of these
two values.

WHP Q ⋅TDH ⋅ S .G
Pump Efficiency = =
BHP 3960 ⋅ BHP

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NPSH & Cavitation

The definition of NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD:
NPSH - is defined as the total suction head
determined at the suction nozzle, less the vapor
pressure of the liquid in feet absolute. Simply
stated, it is an analysis of energy conditions on the
suction side of a pump to determine if the liquid will
vaporize at the lowest pressure point in the pump.

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NPSH & Cavitation

• NPSH required is a function of the pump design.

• As the liquid passes from the pump suction to the

impeller region, the pressure decreases.
• The centrifugal force of the impeller vanes further
increases the velocity and decreases the pressure
of the liquid.
• The NPSH Required is the positive head in feet
required at the pump suction to overcome these
pressure drops in the pump and maintain the
majority of the liquid above its vapor pressure.

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NPSH & Cavitation

To overcome the phenomenon called “Cavitation”,
NPSH available must be greater than available –
NPSH required
NPSHA > NPSHR

NO CAVITATION

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Pump Characteristic Curves

A performance of a pump can be shown graphically on
a characteristic curve. A typical pump curve shows:

• Total Dynamic Head

(TDH)
• Brake horse-power
• Efficiency
• NPSH

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Pump Characteristic Curves

Operating Lines

Efficiency Line

BHP

NPSH

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Class Exercise 1
100 GPM of HCl is
to be pumped by a
centrifugal pump
from a reservoir
located 50 ft
below a storage
reservoir.
Find the TDH of
the system.

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Class Exercise 1 - Solution

Let’s divide the
system in to two
sub-systems:
1. Suction Area
2. Discharge Area

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Class Exercise 1 - Solution

Suction Area – in GENERAL:
• The total Pipe length:
5+7+5 = 17ft
• The Static Head – 10ft
• One 3” 90o Knee – 7.7ft
• One fully opened 3” Gate
Valve - 1.6 ft
• Lummus Rules: ∆P allowed in
case of non-boiling liquids
entering pump - 1psi/100ft

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Class Exercise 1 - Solution

Hence the pressure drop in the pipe and its fittings
is: (17+7.7+1.6)ftx1psi/100 ft = 0.26 psi
The static pressure in reservoir is calculated from:
2.31 ⋅ Pressure( psi )
Head(ft) = ⇒
S .G .
Head(ft) ⋅ S .G 10ft ⋅ 1.1
Pressure(psi) = = = 4.76 psi
2.31 2.31
Hence, the suction head is:
2.31 ⋅ Pressure(psi)
Head(ft) =
S .G .
2.31 ⋅ (4.76 − 0.26)
= = 9.45ft
1.1
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Class Exercise 1 - Solution

Discharge Area – in GENERAL:
• The total Pipe length: 172ft
• The Static Head – 60ft
• Two 2” 90o Elbow – 5ft each
• One fully opened 2” Gate
Valve - 1.25 ft
• One 2” Check Valve – 15ft
• Lummus Rules: ∆P allowed
in case of 0-250 GPM is
6psi/100ft
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Class Exercise 1 - Solution

Hence the pressure drop in the pipe and its fittings
is:(172+1.25+2×5+15)ft x 6psi/100 ft = 11.9 psi.
The static pressure in reservoir is calculated from:
2.31 ⋅ Pressure(psi)
Head(ft) = ⇒
S .G .
Head(ft) ⋅ S .G 60ft ⋅ 1.1
Pressure(psi) = = = 28.57 psi
2.31 2.31
Hence, the discharge head is:
2.31 ⋅ Pressure(psi) 2.31 ⋅ (28.57 + 11.9)
Head(ft) = = = 84.98ft
S .G . 1.1
Note – the reason for the sum of the static head and the head
loss is due to the fact that the pump must overcome the static
pressure of the storage reservoir as well as that of the piping
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Class Exercise 1 - Solution

Finally, the total dynamic head of this system is:

TDH = Disc.Head – Suct.Head
= 85.72 - 9.45 = 75.27 ft

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Class Exercise 2
Compute the pump required to deliver a liquid stream
from the bottom of distillation column to filter.
Given:
1. Dist. Column bottoms pressure: 1.72 bar
2. Filter inlet pressure: 1.5 bar
3. Heat Exchanger pressure drop: 0.77bar
4. Control Valve pressure drop is equal to 30% of
pump suction pressure.
5. Process data table
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Class Exercise 2

Process Data Table

Capacity ( Normal ), m3/hr 69.6
Temperature, deg C 117
Viscosity, cP 1
Spec. Gravity 0.947
Bottoms pipe diameter, inch 8
Pump discharge diameter, inch 6

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Class Exercise 2 – Pump Detailed Design

Solution ( Excel )

Data-Sheet

Request Form

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LECTURE FIVE 054410 PLANT DESIGN

Summary
After reviewing this lecture you should:
1. Be familiar with the nomenclature used in the
design of centrifugal pumps.
2. Be able to use pump characteristic curves.
3. Be able to compute the total dynamic head
(TDH) of a pump, given its suction and discharge
lines and installed fittings.

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