Acknowledgement: Additional Mathematics Project Work 4

[ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 4] 2010
Acknowledgement
First of all, we would like to express our gratitude to all those who have helped us
to do this project work and finish it on time.
We would like to thank our Additional Mathematics teacher, ...................for her

guidance throughout this project. We faced some difficulties while doing this task but
she has taught us patiently until knew what is to be done to complete this task. She
explained until we have fully understand what we are supposed to do with the project.
Not to forget our parents who have provided us financially with all the things that
we need to use to do this project work and also for their moral advise. They also
supported and encouraged us to complete this task so that we will not procrastinate in
doing it.
Besides that, we would also like to thank each and every member of our group
and our other classmates who are also doing this project work. Although this project has
to be done individually but we cooperated while doing this project work through
disscussion and sharing of ideas to ensure our task will finish completely.
Last but not least, thank you to any party which is involved either directly or
indirectly in helping and guiding us to complete this project work. Thank you everyone.
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Objectives
The aims of carrying out this project work are:
i. To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve

problems.
ii. To improve thinking skills.
iii. To promote effective mathematical communication.
iv. To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving

in a way that increases students’ interest and confidence.
v. To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical

ideas precisely.
vi. To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances

effective learning.
vii. To develop positive attitude towards mathematics.
Introduction
A Brief History of Statistic 2|Page
By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the systematic

collection of demographic and economic data by states. In the early 19th century,
the meaning of "statistics" broadened, then including the discipline concerned
with the collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today statistics is widely
employed in government, business, and all the sciences. Electronic computers
have expedited statistical computation, and have allowed statisticians to develop
"computer -intensive" methods.
The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical theories

of probability and statistical inference, which are used in statistical practice. The
relation between statistics and probability theory developed rather late, however.
In the 19th century, statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose initial
results were found in the17th and 18th centuries, particularly in the analysis of
games of chance (gambling). By 1800, astronomy used probability models and
statistical theories, particularly the method of least squares, which was invented
by Legendre and Gauss. Early probability theory and statistics was systematized
and extended by Laplace; following Laplace, probability and statistics have been
in continual development.
In the 19th century, social scientists used statistical reasoning and

probability models to advance the new sciences of experimental psychology and
sociology; physical scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to
advance the new sciences of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.
The development of statistical reasoning was closely associated with the

development of inductive logic and the scientific method. Statistics is not a field
of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical science, like computer science
or operations research. Unlike mathematics, statistics had its origins in public
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administration and maintains a special concern with demography and economics.

Being concerned with the scientific method and inductive logic, statistical theory
has close association with the philosophy of science; with its emphasis on
learning from data and making best predictions, statistics has great overlap with
the decision science and microeconomics. With its concerns with data, statistics
has overlap with information science and computer science.
Statistics Today
During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments for agricultural
research, public health concerns (epidemiology, biostatistics, etc.), industrial
quality control, and economic and social purposes (unemployment rate,
econometry, etc.) necessitated substantial advances in statistical practices.
Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond its origins.
Individuals and organizations use statistics to understand data and make
informed decisions throughout the natural and social sciences, medicine,
business, and other areas. Statistics is generally regarded not as a subfield of
mathematics but rather as a distinct, albeit allied, field. Many universities
maintain separate mathematics and statistics departments. Statistics is also
taught in departments as diverse as psychology, education, and public health.
Index Number
Index numbers are today one of the most widely used statistical indicators.
Generally used to indicate the state of the economy, index numbers are aptly
called ‘barometers of economic activity’. Index numbers are used in comparing
production, sales or changes exports or imports over a certain period of time.
The role-played by index numbers in Indian trade and industry is impossible to
ignore. It is a very well known fact that the wage contracts of workers in our
country are tied to the cost of living index numbers.
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By definition, an index number is a statistical measure designed to show

changes in a variable or a group or related variables with respect to time,
geographic location or other characteristics such as income, profession, etc.
Characteristics of an Index Numbers
1. These are expressed as a percentage: Index number is calculated as a ratio

of the current value to a base value and expressed as a percentage. It must be
clearly understood that the index number for the base year is always 100. An
index number is commonly referred to as an index.
2. Index numbers are specialized averages: An index number is an average

with a difference. An index number is used for purposes of comparison in cases
where the series being compared could be expressed in different units i.e. a
manufactured products index (a part of the whole sale price index) is constructed
using items like Dairy Products, Sugar, Edible Oils, Tea and Coffee, etc. These
items naturally are expressed in different units like sugar in kgs, milk in liters, etc.
The index number is obtained as a result of an average of all these items, which
are expressed in different units. On the other hand, average is a single figure
representing a group expressed in the same units.
3. Index numbers measures changes that are not directly measurable: An

index number is used for measuring the magnitude of changes in such
phenomenon, which are not capable of direct measurement. Index numbers
essentially capture the changes in the group of related variables over a period of
time. For example, if the index of industrial production is 215.1 in 1992-93 (base
year 1980-81) it means that the industrial production in that year was up by 2.15
times compared to 1980-81. But it does not, however, mean that the net increase
in the index reflects an equivalent increase in industrial production in all sectors
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of the industry. Some sectors might have increased their production more than
2.15 times while other sectors may have increased their production only
marginally.
Uses of Index Numbers
1. Establishes trends
Index numbers when analyzed reveal a general trend of the phenomenon under
study. For eg. Index numbers of unemployment of the country not only reflects
the trends in the phenomenon but are useful in determining factors leading to
unemployment.
2. Helps in policy making

It is widely known that the dearness allowances paid to the employees is linked
to the cost of living index, generally the consumer price index. From time to time
it is the cost of living index, which forms the basis of many a wages agreement
between the employees union and the employer. Thus index numbers guide
policy making.
3. Determines purchasing power of the rupee

Usually index numbers are used to determine the purchasing power of the rupee.
Suppose the consumers price index for urban non-manual employees increased
from 100 in 1984 to 202 in 1992, the real purchasing power of the rupee can be
found out as follows: 100/202=0.495 It indicates that if rupee was worth 100
paise in 1984 its purchasing power is 49.5 paise in 1992.
4. Deflates time series data

Index numbers play a vital role in adjusting the original data to reflect reality. For
example, nominal income(income at current prices) can be transformed into real
income(reflecting the actual purchasing power) by using income deflators.
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Similarly, assume that industrial production is represented in value terms as a

product of volume of production and price. If the subsequent year’s industrial
production were to be higher by 20% in value, the increase may not be as a
result of increase in the volume of production as one would have it but because
of increase in the price. The inflation which has caused the increase in the series
can be eliminated by the usage of an appropriate price index and thus making
the series real.
Types of Index Numbers
Three are three types of principal indices. They are:
1. Price Index
The most frequently used form of index numbers is the price index. A price
index compares charges in price of edible oils. If an attempt is being made to
compare the prices of edible oils this year to the prices of edible oils last year, it
involves, firstly, a comparison of two price situations over time and secondly, the
heterogeneity of the edible oils given the various varieties of oils. By constructing
a price index number, we are summarizing the price movements of each type of
oil in this group of edible oils into a single number called the price index. The
Whole Price Index (WPI). Consumer Price Index (CPI) are some of the popularly
used price indices.
2. Quantity Index
A quantity index measures the changes in quantity from one period to
another. If in the above example, instead of the price of edible oils, we are
interested in the quantum of production of edible oils in those years, then we are
comparing quantities in two different years or over a period of time. It is the
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quantity index that needs to be constructed here. The popular quantity index
used in this country and elsewhere is the index of industrial production (HP). The
index of industrial production measures the increase or decrease in the level of
industrial production in a given period compared to some base period.
3. Value Index
The value index is a combination index. It combines price and quantity
changes to present a more spatial comparison. The value index as such
measures changes in net monetary worth. Though the value index enables
comparison of value of a commodity in a year to the value of that commodity in a
base year, it has limited use. Usually value index is used in sales, inventories,
foreign trade, etc. Its limited use is owing to the inability of the value index to
distinguish the effects of price and quantity separately.
Calculating Index Number
 Index number Is a measure used to show the change of a certain quantity for a
stated period of time by choosing a specific time as the base year. In general an
index number is the comparison of a quantity at two different times and is
expressed as a percentage.
Q1
I= ×100
Q0
I = index number
Q 1 = quantity at specific time
Q
o = quantity at base time
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 The composite index is the weighted mean for all the items in a certain situation.
∑ Wᵢ Iᵢ
Ī = ∑ Wᵢ
Ī = Composite index
W = weightage
I = index number
PART 1
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The prices of good sold in shops are vary from one shop to another. Shoppers
tend to buy goods which are not only reasonably priced but also give value for their
money. We had carried out a survey on four different items based on the following
categories which is food, detergent and stationery. The survey was done in three
different shops. Informations below shows the results from our research.
Question (a)
 Picture
Stationary
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Food
Detergent
Question (b)
 Data
Category Item Price

Giant H&L Everise
Food 1.self-raising flour 2.70 3.70 3.30
2.sugar 1.80 1.60 1.35
3.butter 3.60 2.90 3.00
4.Eggs(grade A) 3.60 2.90 3.00
Total price 11.70 12.00 12.15
Detergent 1.Washing powder 19.00 21.00 20.50
2.dish washer 4.00 3.20 2.10
3.liquid bleach 6.00 5.50 4.90
4.tile cleaner 10.20 9.80 9.50
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Total price 39.20 39.50 38.00

Stationary 1.pencil(shaker) 8.90 9.20 8.20
2.highlighter 3.50 2.90 3.80
3.permenent marker 3.50 2.90 3.80
4.card indexing 14.70 15.00 16.00
Total price 30.60 30.50 32.00
GRAND TOTAL 81.50 82.00 82.15
Question (c)
 Graph
Food
14
12
Self Raising Flour
10
Sugar
8 Butter
6 Eggs
4
2
0
Giant H&L Everise
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Detergent
25
20
washing powder
dish washer
15
liquid bleach
tile cleaner
10
0
Giant H&L Everise
Stationery
18
16
14
pencil
12 highlighter
10 permenant marker
8 card indexing
6
4
2
0
Giant H&L Everise
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40
35
30
25
20 Giant
H&L
15 Everise
10
5
Everise
0
food H&L
detergent Giant
stationary
40
35
30
25
Giant
20 H&L
Everise
15
10
0
food detergent stationary
Question (d)
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Based on all the graph in question 1(C) , we can conclude that Giant
supermarket offers the lowest price for their customers. Then followed by H&L
supermarket and Everise supermarket. This is because the supplier of the giant
supermarket gives the special price for it as it buy by bulk. H&L supermarket offer the
normal price for their customer as it does not get special price from the supplier. While
Everise supermarket have to sold the items at the higher price because the shop buy
the items by bulk from Giant supermarket.
Other factors that influenced the prices of goods in the shops is such as the
location of the shop, the population of the customers, the status of the shop, the size of
the shop, and the rent for the shop.
Giant supermarket can offer the lowest price because it is situated at stratergic
place so indirectly this factor can attract customer buy at the mall. When there are many
customers, the demand of the items will be high and the mall can buy by bulk directly
with the supplier to get the special price. The status of the shop also influenced the
price of the goods sold. As example the shop with status mall will offer the lowest price
than the shop with status mini market. The size of the shop also will influenced the
price. When the size of the shop is bigger its mean it can sell many different items in the
shop. Indirectly the shop will known as one stop center and it will attract many
customers as the people nowadays are very busy. Giant supermarket is a bigmall and it
provides many items that we need in our life. Eventhough Giant supermarket have to
pay rent for the place, but it not gives too much effects to the price of goods sold as it
has many buyers.
H&L supermarket and Everise supermarket cannot offer the prices as Giant
supermarket because they are situated outside the urban area like Giant supermarket.
So the population of the customer will not be as many as customer in Giant
supermarket. These shops get the supply for their goods from Giant supermarket. Even
they buy by bulk with giant but their prices still will be higher than giant. The size of
these shop also small and cannot provide too much goods for their customers. They just
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sold basic needed for their customers. As they not have too much customers, so the
rent that they have to pay will influenced the price of the goods sold.
As a conclusion, there are many factors that affect the price of the goods solds in
a shop. So, we must be a smart customer to ensure we can get the lowest price. The
graph below will show the conclusion of the difference among the shops based upon the
shops grand total.
grand total
82.2
82
grand total
81.8
81.6
81.4
81.2
81
Giant H&L Everise
Question (e)
The item that has large price different among the shops is marker. Giant
supermarket sold it at RM 3.00. Everise supermarket sold it at RM3.90 while H&L
supermarket sold it at RM 3.60.
 Calculate the mean
x́=
∑x
N
19+ 21+ 20.5

¿
3
¿ 20.20
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 Calculate the standard deviation
σ =√ σ 2
Or
∑ x 2 − X́ ¿2
σ=
√ N
192 +212 +( 20.5)2 21 2

¿
√ 3
−( )
6
¿0.8498
The difference of the price of the marker in these three shops is maybe due to
the price given by the supplier to the shops. Giant supermarket can sold it at lowest
prices because the demand of the buyers for the the item is high so it can buy by bulk
with the supplier. So the shop can get the special price. The demand of the item in H&L
supermarket and Everise supermarket are low. This is because the customers are more
interested to buy the stationery items in mall or stationery shops as there are more
options to choose. So H&L supermarket and Everise supermarket cannot buy by bulk
the stationery items with their supplier.
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PART 2
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Every year our school organises a carnival to raise funds for the school. This
year our school plans to install air conditioners in the school library. Last year, during
the carnival, our class made and sold butter cakes. Because of the popularity of butter
cakes, our class has decided to carry out the same project for this year’s carnival.
Question (a)
From the data in Part 1, we would go to Giant Supermarket to purchase the ingredients
that are needed for the butter cakes. This is because Giant Supermarket offers the
lowest price among the shops for the items we want to buy. So our class will able to sell
the butter cakes at a low price and gain some profits from the sale. Futhermore, Giant
Supermarket is located not far from our school. So it is easier for my friends and I to go
there and shop for the ingredients.
Question (b)
Ingredient Quantity Price in Price in Price index 2010 based 2009

per cake 2009 2010
(Rm) (Rm)
Self-raising 250g 0.90 0.675
flour 75
Sugar 200g 0.35 0.36

102.86
Butter 250g 3.30 3.60

109.10
Eggs(grade A) 5 (300g) 1.20 1.80

144
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Question (b)(i)
Calculate Price Index
P1
I= ×100
P0
 Self raising-four
1.00
¿ ×100
0.90
¿ 111.11
 Sugar
0.36
¿ × 100
0.35
= 102.86
 Butter
3.50
¿ ×100
3.30
=106.06
 Eggs (Grade A)
1.37
¿ ×100
1.25
=109.60
Question (b)(ii)
Composite index
∑ Wᵢ Iᵢ
Ī = ∑ Wᵢ
(5 × 111.11 )+ ( 4 × 102.86 ) + ( 5 ×106.06 ) +( 6 ×109.60)

¿
5+ 4+5+ 6
=107.74
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To calculate composite index, firstly use the formula of composite index. Get the value
for the formula. Let the quantity per cake be as weightage, W. Obtain the price index
from the calculation in question (i). Then, calculate by using the calculator.
Question (b)(iii)
On 2009, RM 15.00
On 2010, suitable price is :
x
×100=107.74 %
15
x × 100=107.74 × 15
1616.10
x=
100
x=16.20
Thus, the suitable price for the butter cake for the year 2010 is RM 16.20. The
increase in price is also suitable because of the rise in the price of the ingredients.
Question (c)
(i) To determine suitable capacity of air conditioner to be installed based on

volume/ size of a room
For common usage, air conditioner is rated according to horse power (1HP),
which is approximately 700W to 1000W of electrical power. It is suitable for a
room size 1000ft which is around 27m of volume. If we buy an air conditioner
with 3HP, it is suitable for a room around 81m.
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(ii) Estimate the volume of school library

By using a measuring tape, the dimension for the library is:
Height=3.6m
Width=9.0m
Length=20.12m
Volume of the room=3.6 x 9.0 x 20.12
3
=651.90m
One unit of air conditioner with 3HP is for 81 m3

3 651.90
For 651.90 m =
81
¿ 8.048
This means our school library needs 8 unit of air conditioner.
(iii) Our class intends to sponsor one air conditioner for the school library. The
calculation below is to find how many butter cakes we must sell in order to
buy the air conditioner.
1 unit of 3 HP air conditioner = RM 1800

Cost for a cake = RM 6.23
Selling price = RM 16.20
Profit = RM 16.20- RM6.23
= RM 9.97
Number of cakes to buy 1 unit of air conditioner:

1800
=180.54=181cakes
9.97
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PART 3
As committee members for the carnival, we are required to prepare an estimated

budget to organise this year’s carnival. We have taken into consideration the increases
in expenditure from the previous year due to inflation. The price of food, transportation
and tents has increased by 15%. The cost of games, prizes and decorations remains
the same, whereas the cost of miscellaneous items has increase by 30%.
Question (a)
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Table 3 has been completed based on the above information .
Expenditure Amount in 2009 Amount in 2010 Index Weightage

(RM) (RM)
Food 1200 1.15 x 1200 =1380 115 12
Games 500 1 x 500 =500 100 5
Transportation 1300 1.15 x 1300 =345 115 3
Decorations 200 1 x 200 =200 100 2
Prizes 600 1 x 600 =600 100 6
Tents 800 1.15 x800 =920 115 8
Miscellaneous 400 1.3 x400 =520 130 4
Question (b)
Composite Index
∑ Wᵢ Iᵢ
Ī = ∑ Wᵢ
115 ( 12 )+ 100 ( 5 )+115 ( 3 ) +100 (2 )+100 ( 6 )+115 ( 8 ) +130( 4)
=
(12+5+3+2+ 6+8+ 4)
4465
¿ =111.625
40
The total price for the year 2010 increase by 111.625%. This is because some price in
the year 2009 increased in the year 2010.
Question (c)
The change in the composite index for the estimate budget for the carnival from the
year 2009 to the year 2010 is the same as the change from the year 2010 to the year
2011. Below are the calculation to determine the composite index of the budget for the
year 2011 based on the year 2009.
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Composite index for the year 2009 to the year 2010
=111.625
Composite index for the year 2010 to the year 2011
=111.625
Í 2011 × 100= Í 2010 × Í 2011

2009 2009 2010
1
Í 2011 =111.625 ×111.625×
2009
100
Í 2011 =124.60
2009
Further Exploration
Air Pollution Index
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological
materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or
damages the natural environment into the atmosphere.
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The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to

support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long
been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
The Air Quality Index (AQI) (also known as the Air Pollution Index (API) or Pollutant

Standard Index (PSI) is a number used by government agencies to characterize the
quality of the air at a given location. As the AQI increases, an increasingly large
percentage of the population is likely to experience increasingly severe adverse health
effects. To compute the AQI requires an air pollutant concentration from a monitor or
model. The function used to convert from air pollutant concentration to AQI varies by
pollutant, and is different in different countries. Air quality index values are divided into
ranges, and each range is assigned a descriptor and a color code. Standardized public
health advisories are associated with each AQI range. An agency might also encourage
members of the public to take public transportation or work from home when AQI levels
are high.
Limitations of the AQI
Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Many countries monitor ground-
level ozone, particulates, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and
calculate air quality indices for these pollutants.
Indices by location
South Korea
The Ministry of Environment of South Korea uses the Comprehensice Air-quality Index
(CAI) to describe the ambient air quality based on health risk of air pollution. The index
aims to help the public easily understand air quality level and protect the health of
people from air pollution. - The CAI has values of 0 through 500, which are divided into
six categories. The higher the CAI value, the greater the level of air pollution. - Of
values of the five air pollutants, the highest is the CAI value.
CAI Description Health Implications
0-50 Good A level that will not impact patients suffering from diseases
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related to air pollution.
51- A level which may have a meager impact on patients in case

Moderate
100 of chronic exposure.
101- Unhealthy for A level that may have harmful impacts on patients and
150 sensitive groups members of sensitive groups.
A level that may have harmful impacts on patients and

151- members of sensitive groups (children, aged or weak
Unhealthy
250 people), and also cause the general public unpleasant
feelings.
251- A level which may have a serious impact on patients and

Very unhealthy
350 members of sensitive groups in case of acute exposure.
A level which may need to take emergency measures for

351-
Hazardous patients and members of sensitive groups and have harmful
500
impacts on the general public.
Malaysia
The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution Index. Four of the
index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur
dioxide) are reported in PM10 particulate matter is reported in μg/m³.
Unlike the American AQI, the index number can exceed 500. Above 500, a state of
emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this means that non-essential
government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area closed. There
may also be a prohibition on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the
reporting area excluding the food sector.
Index Values* Levels of Health Cautionary Statements
0-50 Good None
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51-100 Moderate None

101-150 Unhealthy for Sensitive People with respiratory disease,
Groups such as asthma, should limit outdoor
exertion.
151-200 Unhealthy People with respiratory disease,
such as asthma, should avoid any
outdoor activity; everyone else
especially the elderly and children,
should limit prolonged outdoor
exertion.
201-300 Very Unhealthy People with respiratory disease,
such as asthma, should avoid any
outdoor activity; especially the
elderly and children, should limit
outdoor exertion.
301-500 Hazardous Everyone should avoid any outdoor
exertion; people with respiratory
disease, such as asthma, should
remain indoors.
*An AQI of RM10 corresponds to a PM level of 150 micro grams per cubic meter
(averaged over 24 hours)
Stock Market Index
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A comparison of three major U.S. stock indices: the NASDAQ Composite, Dow Jones
Industrial Average, and S&P 500. All three have the same height at March 2007. Notice
the large dot-com spike on the NASDAQ, a result of the large number of tech.
companies on that index.
A stock market index is a method of measuring a section of the stock market. Many

indices are cited by news or financial services firms and are used as benchmarks, to
measure the performance of portfolios such as mutual funds.
Types of indices
Stock market indices may be classed in many ways. A 'world' or 'global' stock market
index includes (typically large) companies without regard for where they are domiciled
or traded. Two examples are MSCI World and S&P Global 100.
A national index represents the performance of the stock market of a given nation—and

by proxy, reflects investor sentiment on the state of its economy. The most regularly
quoted market indices are national indices composed of the stocks of large companies
listed on a nation's largest stock exchanges, such as the American S&P 500, the
Japanese Nikkei 225, and the British FTSE 100.
The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange. The Dow Jones Total Stock
Market Index, as its name implies, represents the stocks of nearly every publicly traded
company in the United States, including all U.S. stocks traded on the New York Stock
Exchange (but not ADRs) and most traded on the NASDAQ and American Stock
Exchange. Russell Investment Group added to the family of indices by launching
the Russell Global Index.
More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of specific sectors of the
market. The Morgan Stanley Biotech Index, for example, consists of 36 American firms
in the biotechnology industry. Other indices may track companies of a certain size, a
certain type of management, or even more specialized criteria — one index published
by Linux Weekly News tracks stocks of companies that sell products and services
based on the Linux operating environment.
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Index versions
Some indices, such as the S&P 500, have multiple versions.[1] These versions can differ
based on how the index components are weighted and on how dividends are accounted
for. For example, there are three versions of the S&P 500 index: price return, which only
considers the price of the components, total return, which accounts for dividend
reinvestment, and net total return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment after the
deduction of a withholding tax. As another example, the Wilshire 4500 and Wilshire
5000 indices have five versions each: full capitalization total return, full capitalization
price, float-adjusted total return, float-adjusted price, and equal weight. The difference
between the full capitalization, float-adjusted, and equal weight versions is in how index
components are weighted.
Uses and Importance of Air Pollution Index and Stock Market Index
As everyone can see, the air pollution index is use by the government to
measure the air quality index and to detect any pollutants in our country’s air. This is to
ensure the air is clean and safe for us to inhale. Besides that, an early warning can be
given to us if the air pollution is too high for us to get out of our homes. This warning is
given based upon readings and interpretations of the air pollution index.
As for the stock market index, it is mainly for the business entrepreneurs. This type of
index is used to determine the outcome of a stock market and also the conclusion of a
stock market. The stock market index is important because a country’s economical state
sometimes depend on it.
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Reflection
After spending countless hours to finish this project and also sacrificing our
time to complete this task, we have learnt a few things.
Additional Mathematics...
From the day we were born...
From the day we were able to holding pencil...
31 | P a g e
From the we started learning...

And ...
From the day we heard your name...
We always thought that you will be my greatest obstacle and rival in excelling
in our life...
But after countless of hours...
Countless of days ...
Countless of nights ...
After sacrificing my precious time just for you...

Sacrificing our Computer Games...
Sacrificing our Video Games...
Sacrificing our Facebook ...
Sacrificing our Internet...
Sacrificing our Anime...
Sacrificing our magazine...
I realized something really important in you...
That we need you in our daily life…
32 | P a g e
WE
Additional
mathemati
cs!!! 33 | P a g e
Conclusion
After doing many researches, answering questions, drawing graphs and some
problem solving, we learnt that the usage of index number is important in daily life.
Although it is not widely used in markets but it is needed in interpreting the
condition of the surrounding like the air or the water especially in conducting an air-
pollution survey. In conclusion, statistics is a daily life necessities. Without it,
surveys can’t be conducted, the stock market can’t be interpreted and many more.
So, we should be thankful of the people who have contributed in the idea of
statistics which has helped us in our daily lives.
34 | P a g e

Acknowledgement: Additional Mathematics Project Work 4

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Acknowledgement: Additional Mathematics Project Work 4

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[ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 4] 2010

We would like to thank our Additional Mathematics teacher, ...................for her

i. To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve

ii. To improve thinking skills.

iii. To promote effective mathematical communication.

iv. To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving

v. To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical

vi. To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances

vii. To develop positive attitude towards mathematics.

By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the systematic

The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical theories

In the 19th century, social scientists used statistical reasoning and

The development of statistical reasoning was closely associated with the

administration and maintains a special concern with demography and economics.

By definition, an index number is a statistical measure designed to show

Characteristics of an Index Numbers

1. These are expressed as a percentage: Index number is calculated as a ratio

2. Index numbers are specialized averages: An index number is an average

3. Index numbers measures changes that are not directly measurable: An

Uses of Index Numbers

2. Helps in policy making

3. Determines purchasing power of the rupee

4. Deflates time series data

Similarly, assume that industrial production is represented in value terms as a

Types of Index Numbers

Three are three types of principal indices. They are:

Calculating Index Number

Category Item Price

Total price 39.20 39.50 38.00

 Calculate the mean

19+ 21+ 20.5

 Calculate the standard deviation

192 +212 +( 20.5)2 21 2

Ingredient Quantity Price in Price in Price index 2010 based 2009

Sugar 200g 0.35 0.36

Butter 250g 3.30 3.60

Eggs(grade A) 5 (300g) 1.20 1.80

(5 × 111.11 )+ ( 4 × 102.86 ) + ( 5 ×106.06 ) +( 6 ×109.60)

(i) To determine suitable capacity of air conditioner to be installed based on

(ii) Estimate the volume of school library

One unit of air conditioner with 3HP is for 81 m3

This means our school library needs 8 unit of air conditioner.

1 unit of 3 HP air conditioner = RM 1800

Number of cakes to buy 1 unit of air conditioner:

As committee members for the carnival, we are required to prepare an estimated

Table 3 has been completed based on the above information .

Expenditure Amount in 2009 Amount in 2010 Index Weightage

Composite index for the year 2009 to the year 2010

Composite index for the year 2010 to the year 2011

Í 2011 × 100= Í 2010 × Í 2011

The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to

The Air Quality Index (AQI) (also known as the Air Pollution Index (API) or Pollutant

Limitations of the AQI

CAI Description Health Implications

related to air pollution.

51- A level which may have a meager impact on patients in case

A level that may have harmful impacts on patients and

251- A level which may have a serious impact on patients and

A level which may need to take emergency measures for

51-100 Moderate None

Stock Market Index

A stock market index is a method of measuring a section of the stock market. Many

A national index represents the performance of the stock market of a given nation—and