Digital Image

Digital Image Processing

Processing

Tania Stathaki
Location: Room 811b
Extension: 46229
Email: tania@ic.ac.uk
 LOGISTICS OF THE COURSE

 Duration
– 20-22 lectures
 Assessment
– 100% exam
– There isn't any coursework or
homework
 IMAGE PROCESSING

 Textbook
– R. C. Gonzalez, R. E. Woods, Digital
Image Processing, Addison Wesley,
1993, ISBN 0-201-50803-6
 What is an image?
 a representation, likeness, or imitation
of an object or thing
 a vivid or graphic description
 something introduced to represent
something else
DIGITAL IMAGE
DIGITAL IMAGE
DIGITAL IMAGE
DIGITAL IMAGE
 FROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL

Digital
Imaging Sample and storage Digital On-line
systems quantize computer buffer Display output
(disk)

object observe digitize store process Refresh Record

/store
 Sampling
Sampling

256x256 64x64
Quantisation – 8 bits

0 255 255 0 0

0 0 255 0 0

0 0 255 0 0

0 0 255 0 0

0 255 255 255 0

 Quantisation cont.
Quantisation cont.

256x256 256 levels 256x256 32 levels

 Quantisation cont.
Quantisation cont.

256x256 256 levels 256x256 2 levels

Coloured Image
Coloured Image
Intensity (Gray-Level)
Intensity (Gray-Level) Image
Image
Binary Image
Binary Image
 Image Processing
 manipulation of multidimensional signals

image (photo) f ( x, y )

video f ( x, y , t )

CT, MRI f ( x, y , z , t )
 Image Processing
 Why?

– Coding/compression
– Enhancement, restoration, reconstruction
– Analysis, detection, recognition, understanding
– Visualization
 Part I: Image Transforms
Original Image Fourier Transform
Amplitude Phase
 Part II: Image Enhancement
Original Image High Pass Filtering
Part III: Image Restoration

Distorted Image Restored Image

Distortion due to Camera Misfocus

Original image Distorted image

Distortion due to Camera Misfocus

Camera lens
Distortion due to motion

Camera lens
Distortion due to Random Noise
Original image Distorted image
 Part IV: Image Compression

 Signal-Processing Based:
Encoder
f ( x, y ) g ( x, y ) Compressed
H Representation

Decoder
g ( x, y ) fˆ ( x, y )
H 1
 Images are not directly amenable to
computer analysis

 Computers work with

numerical (rather than
pictorial) data.
 An image must be
converted to numerical
form before processing
by computer can  Picture elements or pixels
commence.  Rectangular sampling grid
 Brightness of the image
Images are not directly amenable to
computer analysis
 APPLICATIONS
 Medical images
 Satellite images
 Astronomy
 Radar images
 Satellite image
Volcano Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
 Satellite image
Volcano in Alaska
 Medical Images:
MRI of normal brain
Medical Images:
X-ray knee
 Medical Images: Ultrasound
Five-month Foetus (lungs, liver and bowel)
Astronomical images