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Whe: blood, ts call er bacteria, youll find that superior res ty come easily vith Mlustra mini and mid ic acid research, we're bringing \We calit Life Science Re-imagined, fe than 20 years' experience inn fe and heloing transform| wonugellesciences com/lustra Speed is crucial to the sundew plant's success. reacts rapidly, bending its tentacles to bind its prey. Some species can do this injust tenths of a second. HO imagination at work Srsarde sant atertntn cove Faioentten Ey onsenCOVER Artist's view ofthe Sun's core, shoring Volume 316, Issue 5831 DEPARTMENTS 1535 yay wares inferred ram observations 1537 Ein with the Global Oscillation at Low Frequency 1542 Editors’ Choice instrament aboard the Solar ar Heespherc 1544 Conact cence Observatory, These signatures of solar gravity ie provide cues about the rotation rte ofthe 1549 solr core. See page 1891. 1685 Newfroduas amage: G. Pérez, SMAVTAC 7 lente Careers EDITORIAL 1541 Nucieer Weapons Nonproliferation Dy Raymond ane NEWS OF THE WEEK LETTERS HeartAtac Rsk Overshadons Popular Culture, Conc. and. Climate? Diabetes Therapy 1.0, rope ond Mignone 1564 Delay n Europe Could Mean Extra Yea for 55 US. Celie Bush Boosts AIDS Rei: Cause for ‘Applause anc Pause Initiative Aims to Merge Animal and Human 583 Health Science to Benefit Bath SCIENCESCOPE r ADSTruth.org Web Site Tekes Aim at ‘Denia 554 River-Level Forecasting Shows No Detectable 585 Progress in 2 Decades DNA Study Forces Rethink of What I Means 1586 toBea Gene Atempt to Patent Artificial Organism Diaws a Protest 1556 NEWS FOCUS Food for Thought 588 ‘rapping Gas or rales Florida Red Tie Brews Up Orug Lead for 1561 ste Fibrosis Stalking a Voleanic Torrent 562 wy scioncemag.org Beiter Use of Existing Knonledge C Batic Grazing and “Degradation” C. Hombler eta. Response (. Gilson and A. Hoffman A Bret Histor ofthe FFAG Accelerator LW. Jones, A.M. Sessler, K.. Spon BOOKS ETAL. Caitring Life How Ces Bacar Technologies HE. tandecetevewed by it: Undee Folsom Non arcaeoiogica vestigation of 2 Claic aleoindan Bison Kit Dm rerione yO, Stanford 1568 POLICY FORUM Sustainable Development of the Agricultural 1570 Bic-Economy N. Jord et al PERSPECTIVES Recent Progress and Continuing Puzles in 1572 Elecosiaties LB. Schein Waves in the Sun's Core 1573 AML >> Report. 159 The Shape of Things toCome KA Fitzgerald and D1. Golenbock How Wil the Stratosphere affect Climate Change? 1576 MP Baldwin, M. Oameris 7. G. Shepherd Neural Networks Debunt Phrenoleay 1578 RC Knight 612 Food Pathogen Detection 1579 CA Batt CONTENTS co SCIENCE VOL316 15JUNE2007 1529fe) Nat) oye Ue Mui -ul gig reddot design award winner 2007 wi Eliminate manual processing steps Continue fo use trusted QIAGEN spin-column kits Free up your time with affordable, automated sample preparation —_ Purify DNA, RNA, or proteins from up to 12 samples per run Standardize your results and increase your productivity Contact GIAGEN todey or vist www giagen com/MyGUAcube Sample & Assay TechnologiesCONTENTS L Science GEOCHEMISTRY Remnants ofthe Early Solar System Water Enriched ia SCIENCE EXPRESS Heavy Oxygen Isotopes org 1. Sakamoto et ab Mates exueely enriched inthe ay isotopes of aygen abundant matric immunovocy ‘ola prnitve eteonts, dentiyng a dtc water resent in the ety slr ster. Reciprocal Th-17 and Regulatory T Cell Differentiation Mediated by OLLZ6iscience.1142021 Retinoe Acc D. Mucida etal. PERSPECTIVE: Strange Water in the Solar System Outing development, ameaboteot vitamin Achecsprogenterinmune cle £0. Young mari tats bats 7 0.1126: vo become calls that prever iflammation ater than ones that promote & 1O.1126'cience.1145697 CLIMATE CHANGE ate Cycles of Recurring Deep and Surface Water DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Desteilizations onthe Iberian Margin Noise in Gene Expression Determines Cell Fate in Bacils subtilis 8. Martrot etal H. Mecrna A. Ro, 0. Dubnov ‘Aerating eveaton of dep een waters rom stem and northern gles Bacteria har show more random fuctuatinsin gene epressionare ore ikelyfo nko latuces eave entry t-rlennial ciate changes fora ea he sich to an alternative phenclypeinwhich heycan take vp foreign geneticmmteral. past 490000 years. 3O1126cience 1140818 1O.11264science 1139994 TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS RESEARCH ARTICLE EcoLosy GENETICS Comment on “Carbon-Negative Biofuels from 1567 The Releaze 5.1 Annotation of Drosophila 1586 Low-Input High-Diversity Grassland Biomess” ‘melenogaster Heterochromatin MP Russell el. CD. Smith, 5. Shu, C J-Mungol, GH. Korpen ful tex of wn sciences og egcoten 316583115670 ‘DNA near the eskraneres of Orasophite chronmsores is repetine 2nd corsiss of varsoosors, anda m an satelite repeats, and over Response to Comment on “Carbon-Negative Biofuels from Low-Input High-Diversty Grassland Biomass” 260 cit oe renee pees cee Aes jul text a ie sciences yegi/content/full’316/5831/1567¢ REPORTS REVIEW ‘Tracking Solar Gravity Modes: The Dynamics of the 15941 gcouoey A acetal Te sen cen abl he 18 EAE ac ope ndsheral Aces, Chm. Natasha Dt, Cane ‘surrounding radiative z00e. => Perspective p. 1573 BREVIA Pivsics uverany scence sas orutanisteat toe MLE Brown ond E L. Schaller ‘Omservaticrs othe ortitol eal planet x satel ysnanio indicates at brs hsa density similar to Pluto's but about 127 umes as lage. Incorporating small amount bismuth int thi adil ads enta electrons tothe fim allowing cont of mechanical stay snd superconducting behave, CcHEMisTRY 1581 Metal Chiorides in lonic Liquid Solvents Convert 1597 Sugars to 5-Hydconymethy furfural i. Zhao, JF Holladay, H. Bown, ZC Zhang A chromium cata efcemly covert glucose, which en be btainedreably, oa vera termediate este sly Served om petoeu. acellular Proteins Limit the Dispersal of 1600 ‘Nanopai Fie Moreou eal. (Geneen proteins from sulfate -eucing bacteria help 1594 agoregate metat-containieg nanoparides, retarding their = snonityn theenvroame CONTENTS continued >= wwwiscioncemag.org SCIENCE VOL316 15JUNE2007 1531suet DR. PAUL JANSSEN AWARD ror BLOMEDICAL RESEARCH THE SELECTION COMMITTEE OF THE DR. PAUL JANSSEN AWARD FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH INVITES NOMINATIONS FOR THE 2008 AWARD 2006 WINNER: DR. CRAIG MELLO IN THE DISCOVERY OF RNA INTERFERENCE (RNA E ELUCIDATION OF ITS BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS CORHISR AND Please go to wv Deadlir auljanssenaward.com for more information for nominations is December 1, 2007 Base Retard Dae Dr. Craig Mello rca Vi SOS eL eu borate Scan re Cees ateScience REPORTS CONTINUED. SeoPHYSiCS Origin of the Low Rigidity of the Earth's Inner Core 1603 4B, Belonoshho etal Moeclr simulations suggest tha costal defects, ater than ‘melting, may explain the fw igi and shear wove velectes of he Earth’ ner core, EcoLoGy Frequent Long-Distance Pent Colorizetion in the 1606 ‘Changing Arctic 1.G.Abos etal. Arctic idanes nave hoe colonia rapatedly by plant soacis from isan seuces suopesting that ant anges an sit ‘api nortare esponse ta global warning NEUROSCIENCE Modulation of Neuronal interactions Through 1609 Neuronal Synchrorization EWomelsdonf ea The ineraction of two neuronal greupsin the val systems of ars and monkeys depends on the phase relation between ‘hei rythm ets. NEUROSCIENCE Neural Mechanisms of Visual Attention: How 1612 Top-Down Feedlsack Highlights Relevant Locations 8. Seaimonn, |W. Pigarer, TR Vidrasogar As sua informatio lows to he retina te the corte teedook ‘o neron farther down the pathy increases actin spectic upstream ares to enable ocse spatial attention cELLBIOLoGY ‘acklotho asa Regulator of Calcium Homeostasis 1615 Alnue Apetsinwith several oped functions may lo illuence aun ‘meabolism by modulating the abundance othe odin getssum pump atthe plasma memb-ane, cELLBIOLOGY Wht Induces LRPE Signalosomes and Promotes 1619 Dishevelled-Dependent LAPS Phosohorylation Bil etal Lora, ritesare sed rote caper proteins scomble at pers contain recetor and rmomoranesta det an ricco 1578, 1609, & 1612 PSYCHOLOGY ‘Neural Responses to Taxation and Voluntary Giving 1622 Reveal Motives for Charitable Donations W.T Harbaugh, U. Moy, DR. Burghart ‘Secing one taxes penton public service ot erenarcing es poi or themroneel GENETICS Sequence Finishing and Mapping ef Drosephila 1625 ‘mefanagaster Heterochromatin R.A. Hoskins etal ‘DNA near the centromeres of Orasophia chromosomes repetitne and corsa of varsposrs tandem an satelite repeats, and over 200 cing and noncoding genes. >> Restrch aren. 15 IMMUNOLOGY The Vaccine Adjuvant Monophosphoryl Lipid A as a 1628 TRIF-Biased Agonist of TLRS V. Mata Horo eal ‘acer pid tat can be aes to vaccines to boost efectveness {tess tosic han current varsins, probably becuse k selectively stimulates ony one mmune pathway BIOCHEMISTRY Crystal Structures of Human MD-2 and its Complex 1632 with Antiendotoxic tipié Iva U, Ohta, K. Fukase, K Micke, ¥. Satow ‘re strcture fa membvare posi douné to bacterat Uipopolsachare reveals the fist step in how the inate ‘immune system senses the presence of avaing Dice CONTENTS L CONTENTS continued >= vwiscioncemag.org SCIENCE VOL316 15JUNE2007 1533‘A FORUM FOR LEADING SCIENTISTS, YOUNG RESEARCHERS, POLICY MAKERS, BUSINESS PEOPLE AND JOURNALISTS. EUROSCIENCE OPEN FORUM ESOF 2008 SCIENCE FOR A BETTER LIFE BARCELONA, JULY 18-22SCIENCENOW ‘ww sclencenows.ony iy news COVER ‘New Earth o Planetary Hothouse? Signi challenge the abit ofthe Fist potentially habitable enrasola plant. Work Out, Chow Down There’ o easy explanation for why we eat moe ater exec. Heavyneight From the Distant Past Asronomes find on ofthe universe's oldest lack les. BRCA ad estrogen rector ubiquitination. SCIENCE'S STKE vse.org_ SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION ENVIRON PERSPECTIVE: Double Duty for Racl in Epidermal Wound Heating CM. DiFersio. Foci has oles n promoting both tho proliferation and migration of keratinocytes during wound heating, PERSPECTIVE: BRCRA Coatrl of Steroid Receptor Utiquitination| GF heine and). D. Porvin Ubiqutnation ofthe estiogen receptor by BRCAL complex inks the ubeqtinfigaseactivty of BRCAL to sole asa tssue-specic uma suppressor, NS ‘Opportunities for scientist in pharmacy. SCIENCE CAREERS SPECIAL FEATURE: Carers in Pharmacy k Tavis ScienceCareers expotes careers for pharmacists fom {the eae bere othe com pear US: Behind the Scenes, Pharmacists Play a Key Role inclinicat Research K Hede Demand for pharmacss aed in cna esearh is growing sterganzaborsivalad in dug development FRANCE: French Pharmacist Finds Regulatory Niche Poin Franck Diafouka vied several pharmacy jobs before finding geod tn publireat US: Pharmacists Working in the Community A. Fazekas Community phasmacits sy their obs ete beyond being rug manages. SCIENCE PODCAST insih ‘charitable donations, the \ possible role of cooking i ‘Separate individual or nstttional subscriptions to these products mey be required for ful text access, Listen to the 15 June Science Podcast to hear about neural nto motives for ‘human evolution, sustainable development of U.S. “bio-economy” and more monscerconas ecobospe. wwwiscioncemag.org SCIENCE VOL316 15JUNE2007cDNA Synthesis for qPCR Exceptional representation from lessstarting material every time. Inroducing qScript™, from Quanta BioSciences the new fiat ofl Ma ws poral standard for product, speci, speed, and sensivity Le in cDNA synthesis for PCR. No other product delivers better sample representation, fast ond easier. qScipt™* is available in several formats: + qScript™ cDNA Supermix: Te fist and only optinized ‘one-tbe Ist stand cDNA synthesis for 2-step RTPCR. ‘= qscript™ DUA Synthesis Kit: Broad reproducibility for 2step RT-PCR a So us ethan ase tartar eae rt *# qScript™ Flex cOMAKit: Priming flexibility and sensitivity for Ts Strand CONA synthesis, + qScript™*One-Step gfT-PCR Kit: Maximum RT-PCR ion, sensitwity, and spect. The founds of Quanta ioscences havea legacy ofleading the development of ioneeing reagents including SuperScript® 1 SteoRF PCR kts Patrum® Taq, Sert™and iQ™ Supermic Script ™is their latest industry-defining product. To learn more about qScript™visit quantabio.com Rates Oat, WWW OLD PE,<< Imperfect Inner Core The Earth's inner core not as stiff as would be expected fora solid fron alloy, and one explanation for the deviation is that the inner core is partially molten. Belonoshko et al. (p. 1603) performed molecular dynamics simulations, which show that crystal defects could also reduce the inner core’srigiity and decrease its shear wave velocity. Their results, which are in closer agreement with seismic observations, suggest that the low rigidity of the Earth's inner core EDITED BY STELLA HURTLEY AND PHIL SZUROMN| Signatures of the Sun’s Center The Sun's vibrations can reveal datas ofits inmer structure. Pessute-drven modes have long been observee, but they provide only tim ited information about the center ofthe Sun, nich contains more than half the Sun's mass andis the region where fusion occurs. Graal driven modes can potentially reveal more about changes in buoyancy ofthe Sun's dense inner Core but ate very weak atthe Sun's surface and have been hard to detect, Gacia et al (9. 1591, oblised online 3 Nay; see the cover, the 4 ay ews story by Kerr, and the Perspective by HD report the observation ofa periodic structure in the solar poner spectrum that i characteristic of gravity modes in 10 years of data taken wth the Global Oscillation at Low Frequency GOLF) instrument aboard the Solar and Heliospheric (Observatory (SOHO). Those signatures suggest that the Sun's core rotates faster than inthe rest of the radiative zone, Controlling Quantum Stability When fins undergo thinning they often break Uupinte eoplets as this change in morphology decreases surface tension. However, recent werk has shown that for metallic fis there are thick nesses, counted ina sequential odd-even integer number of monolayer, nese the films are remarkably stable. This uantur stability is thought tative fram the competing effects of surface tension and the energy ofthe electrons Confined tothe layer. Such quantum confine iment effects can also afect properties such as superconducting transition temperatures. Ozer eto. (p. 1594) show that quantum stability ane uwwssciencemeg.org SCIENCE VOL316 at high temperature, the superconducting behavior can both be con- ‘wll by varying the electron density inthe lead films by forming alloys with bismuth. Limiting Nanoparticle Dispersal Suifate-ecucing bacteria are known to produce metal derived nanoparticles s part ofthe reduc tion proces that helps reduce metal concentra tions in anocic wales, but the exe to which the renting nanoparices move abeut inthe environments uncertain, Moreau et ale(p, 1600) study the role of nicatally derived proteins onthe formation of Zine sulfide parties ina bohm The metal binging polypeptides ane proteins are important factors in extracellular metal slfice bieminealaton, and they may play an important ale in aggregation processes tha mit the spread of nanoparticles in natura envionment Arctic Plant Dispersal Understanding of hw the distributions of plant species might shift in esponse to climate change is hargere bythe ficult of obtaining geod Qquaniave estimates ofthe frequency of ong distance dispersal By analyzing the genetic va ation of more than 4000 pant samples repe- senting nine diferent lowering plant species ‘from the arctic archipelago Svalbard and neigh- boring regions, Alsose (1606) shan that arises from viscous grain boundaries and high diffusion withi iron crystals long-distance dispersal has occured from var ‘us soutce regions in the Arctic during plant co ‘nization of the Sralbard archipelago since the Last Glacial laximum, Long-distance dispersal appears to have been much more common than previously believed, which in turn suggests that nortuad range sits could occur reply fl lowing clobal narming, From Local to Global Ecology ‘macoecelogy ais to build quantitative pric: tions about the distribution and abundance of ‘organisms atthe scale of regions and even ‘continent, and fs relevant to the under standing of biotic changes that may take place as acest of shifting climates. Kere et al (9. 1581) review recent progress in the macroecological research program ane asses is potential practical benefits to the management of the consequences of global change. Focus on Fly Heterochromatin ‘The ONA of eukaryotic genomesis packaged into ‘homatin. Euchreratin mars regions that are ssenerally genetdh and transcitionaly active, iereas heterochromatin (encompassing roughly 30% of the geimeinlies and hme in ‘des regions that are general transcription ally epressed and often ince densely tepeated sequences. Suh eptitve regions are intrinsically ict to analyze with current ONA mapping an sequencing meio. Smith eta, (p. 3586) ané Hoskins etal. (9.1625) describe Continued en page 1539 15 JUNE 2007Get published in Science, win a trip to Stockholm, $25,000 - and earn the respect of Nobel laureates stablshed ne GE GE & Science Prize for Youn. Life ScientistsThis Week in Science Contnved fom page 1837 2 tour de force analysis of roughly 15 o 25 magabases of heterochromatic DNA from percentromeric regions in the fuit fy Drosophilo melanogaster. Mapping, sequencing, and annotation of the egions reveals that the great majority ofthe sequences is repetitive, consisting of retotransposons, DNA transposons, tandem repeats, and satellite repeats, wth ~9% ofa unique sequence housing several hundred protein coding genes and a smaller numberof non-protein-coding genes. Attention and Rhythm in Perception How does the nervous system enable communication between cifeent brain areas ox different neu tonal groups? (See the Perspective by Knight) Soalmann et a. (p. 1612) simultaneously recorded from two ares nthe dorsal stream of the visual patna the lateral intraparetal area (UP and the medial temporal area (ND, while monkeys performed a delayed match-to semple meron) tsk Aativiyin UP pede actin in AT when the receptive fils ofthe LP and NT neurons were the the monkey was attending to thet place, LP feedback can thus account for attention enhanced MI responses, Womelsdor et al. (p. 1609) combined multielectode recording ‘data trom thie different expevinental preparations to test the hypothesis that the phase relation betncen the rhythmic atty af gcups of neuter determines the stenath oftheir mutual infiuence and found a heavy dependence of the cotelaton cn phase. These results suggest a mechanism by which signals are matched nd coupled during complex perceptual anc cognitive operations, The Gift of Giving In Europ, tanation rates are high, and services ae funded by govenment spend ing, areas the United Stats, a tavcs arc higher philarivopic danations ae the rom, Harbaugh et od. (p. 1622) have car ed ut aneuronconori study t assess the deoree of persona rena (indexed by neural activation of reward related brain areas) in espose to mandatory (via taxation) and voluntary contributions to chai Subjects exper ‘enced a edonic reaction when ax evenues were Wansered toa chal, and subjects tho showed ‘reater neural activation uncer ths regime were more generaus when charable contiptons were made voluntary. The ease of well-being in the volucary giving condition supassd that seen when subjects were taced Tuning Immune Stimulation During vaccination, an aeitional stimulus tothe immune response iseften nesded and is provided bya material alec an adjuvant. Lipopolysacchar de (UPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria ise potentstimuiant ofthe inate immune response, but the potential fr toxic shock des not allow for its use in humans. A recently approved adjuvant, monophosphory tipié A PLA, hes Lite ste efets compared ta FS from which its derived (see the Perspective ty Fltagerald and Golenbock). Mata-Haro etal (p.1626) show that MPLA activates only a specific signaling compo: nent ofthe Tol-tke receptor 4 (TRA) patvay and avoids the myetoié ifferenitin factor 88 am ‘of TUR signaling hich can account forthe much higher oxicity associated with LFS. Ohta eta. (p. 1632) determined crystal structures ef the TL coreceptor ND:2 alone and in cemplex wth the antiendotxictetra-aclted lipid A cove of LPS. MD-2has adep hydrophobic cavity that accommo dates the four acl chains ofthe lipid cre Signaling Central ‘Wor cronth factors activate a signaling cascade tat plays ake tole in animal developmen stem «all biology, and human cance. though many ofthe cascade comporerts have been ident how they come together transi the ial rm the plasma membrane sie the ol not la. Bie § et al (p. 1619) show that Wot Ligancs induce formation of larg, ribosome sized complexes, termed the linden ipopoteareceper-elated protein 6 (LRP) signalasere atthe plasma membrane 5 the lage poten assembles contain activated Wnt receptors a ctopasicadaper protein. The § scaffld protein Disheveled an the Wnt coreceptor LRPS play a central cle in LRP6-signaosome 8 formation, wggerng subsequent molecular interaction that regulate the level of nce catenin, What does a first-class news writer need? Constance Holden 2008 National Nertal Weatnscroceton A first-class journal. Award-ninaing journalists wite for Science—with 12 top awards inthe last four years. Thats why we have the most compelling stories, and the biggest readership ‘of any general scientific pub lication, To see the complete list of awards go to: sciencemag.org/newsewards Science wwyiscioncemag.org SCIENCE VOL316 15JUNE2007 1539Faster, Better and Cheaper from Discovery to Clinical Proof-of-Concept ee Ana World Congress Drug DISCOVERY & DEVELOPMENT. of Innovative" THERAPEUTICS New Name, New Content, New Focus Conference: August 6-9, 2007 * Exhibition: August 7-8, 2007 World Trade Center/Seaport Hotel * Boston, MA www.drugdise.com/pipeline/sciencead Register Early and Save! ‘Mention Priority Code SCIENCEAD and get an additional $50 off your registration | when registering online or by calling 800-390-4078Rayrond eats is aprlescrinite Deparers fEat and ParearyScerxe not Reronany at he University aera, Berit, ad enastne US. Matinal Macey of Soenee’ Commitee 4 Ineatonal Secuiy anagem Cook. Nuclear Weapons Nonproliferation THE UNITED STATES 1S CONSIDERING THE DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF w nuclear weapon designs the objective being to sustain the nation’s ultimate deternent for the foreseeable future.* These initiatives are presented as supporting the highest US. security priorities, which include countering the threats of terrorism and the proliferation of nuclear ‘weapons priorities that are widely shared intemationaly Proponents argue that the United Staes discussing, lt alone deploying, new weapon designs has no significant impact on proliferation. Officials responsible for the US. nuclear weapons enterprise atvemadethis point by considering the impact on three groups incemationally:existing ‘nuclear povvers roaue stats, ad trois. According this characterization, rqgue states neh terronsts pursue their own interests, disrevanding intemational influence to the deztee they can. ‘And the balance of power remains essenrially unchanged among existing nuclear powers. AS a sior Chinese colleague putt, ou nations remain effectively deterred Whether 0¢ 20 ‘the United States introduces new weapons into ts nuclear arsenal But the proponents’ a ‘majority of nations around the world: nonnvelear power that do conform to international norms. To the degree that it considers deploying new ‘weapons, many of these countries view the United States as remaining aloof from its obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Indeed, many of the acknowleadged nuclear powers also express grave ‘concerns thatthe United States” statements and actions may erode the Pponproiferation regime by influencing the nonnuctear nations Ofcourse, we cannot be certain how deploying new wathead types will affect the nonproliferation regime: afterall, science provides only par of the expertise requined to infirm policy, sothis issue hastobe approached with hurnility ad care, But countering the proliferation of nuclear weapons remains one of eur highest and there isthe real poentialof undesmining that geal. Simply ting. withoutevide actionsheve no significant impact on proliferation amounts to ignoring the issue. ‘This isespevally the case given thatthe United States has exceptional technical talent in areas relevant to aoaproiferation, The national laboratories have vast expertise im assessing muclear programs ofall kins: in tracking nuclear materials and supporting their protection, control, and accounting: and in applying nuclear forensics. They provide tning for imternaional inspectors, participating in inspections as appropriate, and maintain collaborations with counterparts worldwide, Moreover, they have the analytic tools of the scientific method and; competing hypotheses about what does cr does not contribute to enhanced proliferation. Yet rater than benefiting from this national capability, their expertise remains essentially untapped 2s ifferent options for US. policy are assessed, This isan unnecessary eversight anda missed ‘opportunity. The existing national capabilites should be explicitly charged to evaluate the {ernational impact of diferent nuclear weapons options being consilered, It is all the more urgent that we do better as technical developments heighten, rather than iminish, the prospects for nuclear weapons proliferation, The knowledge, peopl, anal materials associated with nuclear programare spreading relentlessly, Indeed, a central reason why on proliferation isamong the highest security priorities for many cournties is that thee iaready an enormous source of materials and expense that can cantibate to proliferation, Moreover, the community of latent nuclear sates has greatly expanded ever the years nd will contime to do so Its therefore ungent that we collectively focus on the most effective means to counter the proliferation of suclear weapons, including fully using th United States” relevant tecnica capa biliies Doing so will call more for intelligence and law enforcement that is, tor cooperative ‘measures-—than for radiricnal deterrence or miliary coercion, Partnering with nations around the orld curently offers the most promising ppreoch tothe growing threat of nuclear arms. Raymond Jeanloz ment is awed because it ignores the vast “Ihe United tates ucervepons Progam: The Rel of te Reale RplaeentNahead aman renews 2007imeda. eon 2007 pe). rs ecto adapt Hom R. ear Honproferaon Tea of Nua Weapon Peayar pesataon att MUS Srpoc en Ee ses a Nea weapon Pesan, Wxhinglan OC 16 Fey 21 (nm sone cr ghCOMeNH NATSU. wwwiscioncemag.org SCIENCE VOL316 15JUNE2007 1541EDITED BY GILBERT CHIN AND JAKE YESTON Thinking Unselfishly Problems that appear fiendishly challenging at Fist lance can seem chlishly single i ened ftom the perspective of anther. The capac fe inter the mental states of others-theory of winds baer to develo a epproxinately the Same age in chlren raised in erent cules tutte eve wth nich aul access hee mind trading abies has Been suggested toy ars Cours, ram the clletam of East Sif the inddalom ofthe United Sates Mu and Keer oe 3 to-plyer game based on ay ary of pigeons cotaing mundane ejects sve of wich ace ible to beth players and some only to the second. Directions (to move an object) that are completely unambiguous from the Ss o vse Bo vantage point ofthe fist player can, in fact, cause the second player to hesitate in choosing between two identical ‘objects (only one of which svsibleto the first player. They find, by tracking visual geze and reaching movements, that ‘Chinese reacted more quickly than Americans (non-Asians) and were almost never distracted by the second object that they could see but that their playing pariner could not. These results favor the proposal that cultures with greater ‘emphasis on interdependence induce a greater readiness to adopt or acknonledge the perspective ofthe other. Volcanic Shakeup The powerful Sumatra Andaman earthquakes of 2004 (magnitude 9.3) and afew months ater in 2008 (8.7) caused considerable devastation in Indonesia and, a a result of a huge tsunami, the Surrounding regions. Walter and Amelung now suggest that these earthquakes may tvigger an additional hazard. Such large subéucion-2one earthquakes have been followed within afew years by eup tionsin the neighbor {ng vokanic ae, some cases from dor ‘manterraely erupting vokanpes examples indude ‘tuptions after the major (mag nitude 90 o higher) earthquakes of Kaméuatla in 1952, Chil in 1960, and Alaska in 194, Two volcanoes (alang ane Baten island) ‘erupted in Indonesia soon afer the neatby 2005, quae. Auhough the overal incident are few, the pattern for large quakes is consistent and, accord ing tothe authors’ analysis, statistical signif ‘at. The numerical madeting shows that gener 1542 1SJUNE 2007 VOL316 SCIENCE ally such large earthquakes in subduction zones, which ae produced by large oceanward sip ofthe ‘overlying plate, induce some extension inthe vl: cenicarc further landward. Such extersion can loner the pressure cn rapped magma, inducing hastening eruptions o lading to futher melt- ing, Te authors recommend a case watch of gen ‘rally quiet volcanoes in indonesia ove the ‘ext Fe years. — BH ‘ Geology 35,539(2007) ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Fish Fatalities in the Field Municipal wastewaters contain an enormous variety of chem- cals, and fish located in down stveam watenays have been reported to show alteratiors in eat0 ‘ductive endocrine function. Such male fs express proteins, such as vtellogenin, tha are naturally found nthe female reproductive sys tem, and these males have been shonn to develop eaulystage eggs. It has been proposed that nat ralor synthetic estrogens in the water may con tributeto the feminization of male fish, and con trolled laboratory studies support this claim, Kidd etl describe in detail amhole-take analysis of iC Peto. Set 18, 600 2007), sl fathead manos th ve been exposed 10 lon concentrations of estegens. The results which ‘span seven years, reveal that when the symhati ‘estogen L7acelhynylestradio| es used in contig ‘ceptve pls} nos addedto a lake innorthwestern Onvaro, eves of viellogenin mRNA ad protein increased, and male fish showed arrested testis lar development in comparison to fish in nearby untreated lakes. Intersex fish—that is, mals with primary stage oocjtes—were observe, and female fish showed elevated vitlogenin and cs played celaye ovarian develepment. Further mare thug its common to sae fhiuations in wld fathead minnow populations, Ure experimen tal population collapsed aftr the second season ‘ofestiogen addition. This work demonstrates that chemicals like those that ae detected in munic palwastenacerscan affect wl lish reproduction ‘and population sutainabiity. — BAP Proc Not, Aca. Sc USA 104, 8897 (2007 micro siovecr Circumventing Host Mismatches For mary human pathogens, the molecular fa tures of host specify have not been defined, and this presents hindrance te developing ath animal models for dseases. notable exception the foodborne bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, in which to viulence factors inemalina and & wwnsciencemag.organd their ost targets €-cacherin and hepatocyte ‘rom factor receptor, respectively) are hrc to promote adherence (the fist sep in infection to honphagooitichost cells. One succesful way of ‘making alaboratry mode fr tistrioss has been ‘0 humanize meuse gut epithelium by intoducing human & cadherin, but this cana unepected variables to experimentation. Wollert el. have Jaken the cbvese approach and adapted the pathogen tothe mouse by using structure based design to make invidua amino acié substitutions ‘in imtermalin A. Sustituion of the protne at post ‘ion 16 by glutamate together with asecond sub stitution of olutamate by glutamine apoears to ‘equalize the binding affinities of internat Afor lnuman and mouse E-cadherias.Invivoexped ‘ments confirmed that the engineered bacteria ‘ere competent to colonize the vil of mouse gus nd cause systemic steisis. —CA al1129, 891 007, Staying in Touch with Satellites Adult skeletal muscle is remarkably proficient at repairing ise ater bouts of intense exercise or injury, thanks to a population of satelite cals that are located in betneen the outer sheath (the basal lamina) and the inner musce fiber. Sate ite ces are normally quiescent, but in response ‘ostress they begin clviing to generate new Satelite ells (tuschia) and musel fiber (green). ‘muscle tissue and torestore the pool of satellite cells. n unresolved question's whether satelite cells are aleady committe’ muscle progenitors, ‘tue stem cells or a mintue of the two, Using genetically maipulted mice and in vivo track ing of state call, Kuang eta. foune that this population sin fact heterogeneous. Satelite cells that cooxpressthe molecular markers Pax? and yl preferential cifferetiate nto muscle els, whereas those that express only Pac? (about Lin 10) undergo self-renewal, thereby replenishing the satelite cellreserveir. Notably, MyfS-deficient satelite cells produced NyfS-expressing daughter cellswhen cl vision nas asymmetric: thats, when the mitotic spindle was oriented perpendic larly tothe axis ofthe muscle fiber. n these insiances, the daugiter cel that remained attaches to the basal lamina became anew sae lite stem cel, but the daugher cel that lst con= tact with the basal lamina became commited to the muscle cel lineage. The authors speculate uwwsscioncemag.org SCIENCE VOL316 EDITORS'CHOICE that perturbation ofthe balance between stem cell enewal and commitment to cifterentition within the satelite cell population may be aco: tubuting factor n human diseases such a5, Duchenne muscular dystrophy. — PAK Cet 128, 999 2007 Appuico Puysics Clean Up on Graphene Graphene, which comprises exfoliated sheet of sapite that ae often supported ona deectic substrate, can display unusual electronic proper: ties that aise through two-dimensional confine ‘ment, and in device configurations, biasing ofthe dielectric can be used to contra is conductivity. Although these materials are often assumed to be nearly ideal, in practice the dielectric layer could have trapped charges, and meterals used in po cessing could remain on the graphene. shigami etal present atomicresolution scanning tunnel: ing microscopy studies of graphene devices sup potted on sca The as-processd craphena sur faces ave covered with photoresist nd could not be atomically imaged, even after solvent clean: ing, Exposure 1 an argon-hycrogen atmosphere at 400°C removes the photoresist layer and reveals the influence f the clelectc layer tn addition fo the expected hexagonal pattems, & triangular latices observed, ether from film curvature or the effectof tapped chaiges. The raphe layer exhibits corrugations that follow the underlying sustrate's roughness. — POS ‘ooo Let. 7, 3010211070613 (2007) cHemisTeY Whole Numbers for Half Cells? Electrochemical reduction potential in solution ae generally measured are tabulated relative to ‘chosen reference reaction atthe oppesiteelec- trode. Leib etal. have taken a step toward formu- lation of an absolute scale through gas phase cluster experiments. Tey induced collisions between electrons and aquecus clusters of Ru? hheraermmine fons, mass-selectes to cerresponc to a bulk concentration of 1 and then they meas- tuted the energy sipated upon electron capture bytracking how many water mlecules evaporated ftom the cluster. This value in tun could be co: rected for solation fee energies of reactant product, and fee electron to yield an estimate of Solution-phase reduction energy. The authors note thot although asohated elecren may sil dtfer substantially rom a charge transferred cvetly through @ metal electrode, the cluster method inclvges matecuar solvent solute interactions that ae otherwise ver challenging to model. —15¥ ‘Aen, Cher, 50. 129, 10.1023/30677984 on. 15 JUNE 2007 O.. What can Science STKE give me? The definitive resource on cellular regulation STKE~ Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment offers: ‘ Aweokiy electronic journal ‘Information management tools ‘Alab manual to help you organize yourresearch ‘An interactive database ofsignling pathnays ‘STKE gives you essontal tools to power your undestancing of cel signaling. tis ‘aso vibrant virtual community where researehersfiom aoune thewold come together oeachangeinformation and Tosign up today. it promo as.org/ thes Stewideaecssie avaiable for Instutios.Tofind outmore esa sthelicense 000.075 1543Science mle 55 R20 732 Now 0 BREET ‘tema Hous, 6298 Wis Read Cambridge, UK Bz 110 seu zs susan 9440225 2591 Senden nd ort gets Bue OH PAG BOE Soma Re ty AU ELD TSS tgs BS eae, non Oc 0m 478 ws ember Sees {BaShow rt ee A Regn TONE ee eter ees 80-38-7181 SEESRELARY acs Prk Mins Sea Thee Secu &Sm 3 a0 388 er ens ARS Nero ebboei7e waaay ‘omee osgna599 doegewnemens aes semen boesgaiog” Gram atstiens ‘Smee rmwaimeg Granny manage) mr ant oe Sos eters Soe neti binanenteon one iy See eet atc cet Seacrest moran Scant dtesoweh aac Stocco ea Seabee my ants cet bse mniel mation seem teaee Set ett Seer cis tee parca enh ata tg a See Sc nes 120 ard 121 af te oar 2007 be or 4c mecocenapogieauncetstanerestin a9 Dona anny oie Ba Rbrotstiron Bebe Jem, vent tee sermon Mo ‘Faia Rites Gogon aS. avn oa). oe'y A Pore, Secaanecneanmatin 2am huemenera aoe (croc ag erect Soiamaoncweseacion SUS Seer t Scie ecereee anat See atre ‘arco Mors pated ete meme accu 3 5 Cha Seca, tee Seoceecm SEES leeaatemeae eae mieceaeeamcra telecon enantncirancecic, etereey erento See ae mare SEG Se eveoesaca Siero as Stet Sores Soran eee ae San nesbaubitciantn SE iy meeetgt eo See eae ee oe oencgne ‘mrnhrles Sopher ammamemerenetafavesong ‘jpernt srenta Cone hn aca oA STE vate Hae ‘ereuCan cu nase oleh 73> ‘pee a) 15020055 ommencemaears, ‘teat ara. rt esr aac Pe ‘eon Wa maa ‘poe a Captor Ee el, yaa om, 3 ‘itinsedn Cue Oates aa St Ine aan38 (olswoeere rset io seer ear aaa ‘Sie cmmnoam: stag Sat 93 5 Somme tio 39303801 oomieagntom: tar S31 10430 49 a D0 SeTo 06 8 ‘aSewal om) fi age Gn han 291119273 {ash gentoo maiblctacn caaritiy wrcemtetobheesy@prcton) sce roe Alan ear ‘Seve tnt ace se Bes ain ‘oe (nr tar ooyaCae Vel noe orem te (eaaen: seas ones Don mah ae Sr nan ae ry mares aoe ate ya reorron scuams Wen Jae Serer ees sane eeteera meres Eee See ma ctasecee sees oes ‘Sats ese peo Hatr 82 0752157 Staaten 51757550 sreremeroste eee Sei neem Ehiinncnensaeue MV AAAS si le esx See Rome" Bake” " ERRee Eskom Seg se vara woe a meh fo ey ee =o Bore Ett maraner., ge ae eis Eee a See. 1SJUNE 2007 VOL 316 SCIENCE ynwuscioncomag.org© miRNA PROFILING ‘ Ss The. mi Vara mika Te fetoreced the mosz- mitNA a Ke Te. 4p two. Other kies pee pettlan, Micron, / pase pros 4 Say Seer Let eaprerel Mtidates mirVana’ microRNA Isolation TGSS BSSuec Pettecn< RR re e's TaqMan’ Assay Quantitation All in Real Time. Saat cece rN RTI alysis experiment design at www.ambion.com/ABsynergy/miRNA Ambion Proven Performance. Proven Together.From physics to nutrition For careers in science, turn to Science Locking fora great sclencecareer? If you want your career to bear fruit, don’t leave it to firmly founded on the expertise of Science, the premier chance. At ScienceCareers.org we know science. We are scientific journal, and the long experience of AAAS in committed to helping you find the right job, and to advancing science around the world, ScienceCareers.org delivering the useful advice you need, Our knowledge is _is thenatural selection. WWwW.SCiencecareers.org Features include: “Thousands ofjob postings _* Resume/CV Database Career tools from Next Wave _* Career Forum *Grant ScienceCareers.org formationivaN Mt EDITED BY ADRIAN CHO Forecasting Global Warming’s Monumental Impact I you plan to see the Coliseum, Notie Dame, and ether European Landa, the new Vulnerability Atlas might help you decide which ones to visit ist—befoe climate change ‘uns therm. ined at polcymalers anc preservationist, thealas roughiy maps how climate change caused by clobal warming could harm the continent shistorical monuments, statues, and bugs over the net century Produced by Noah's Ak, a 3-year, €1.2 milion project sponsored by the European Commission, the atlas mares climate modeling with research ‘on how wood, stone, elas, and other materials are damaged by climate nluenced factors. For example, it shows where in Europe attacks by woodt- destroying fungi may increase because of narmer, weiter neater Cristina Sabbion), 2 physicist at the Insitue for Sciences of the Atmosphere anc Climate in Bologna, Italy, whe coordinated the project, says it's a “shame” that more attention has been paid to the impact of climate change onthe skiing industry than on Europe's historical treasures. ut aides may be changing. Later this month, UNESCO val call for research on how climate change endangers cultura heritae globally, notes May Cassar of University College London's Centre fr Sustainable Heritage. "Noah's Ark just scratched the surface,” she says, Pre Something in the Air Trace amounts of cocaine are wafting tough the ain some cities, accorcing toa stay released lat month. Conducted bythe Institute for Atmospheric Pollution of the Italian National rug Aésiction in Lisbon. ir is a volatile ‘mecium, and | do not believe ait analyses ould be a ood nay of tacking crug action, he says, ‘Bnalyses on wastewaters are surely a more reliable survey tool.” vith Fermilab's 00 detector supposedly see stronger evidence, albeit ata dilfrent mass Terry Wyatt, a physicist at Manchester University in the UK. and DO co-spokesperson, says only that “i's not science untlit's been approved” for offical release. maria | iiaeenpai Wh he awe Large adn Cicer thepabecan | Higgs Sighting du Jour rinsipncu year insuteetand ond the i ; Rome aonicin | the Mggsbes has been satepeir— | ofl ely potter sys Ynmase Ooi i Sautcrntay and | stoning ltcrnetgosspinjncan,, | CDF mente the Uneray of ods in ; Ages nAMGa. | Hoggesrepared tal cis working nih | tay. anos carabe conned because ‘ Agios vas"ceos” | COP one elo pari dctetsted bythe | highenerayphysks a sal nto peopl { anftaanohad | Teovon cole at Fern Natonl aceleatr_| havetinds and ota aout Wel or. ite cocaine in air, says vo Allegri, director ofthe institate, But in Rome, which is Frome to more than 10,000 cocaine users levels reached 0.1 nano ‘grams per cube meter in spats. In some locations, the concentration of cocaine was more than 10 times higher than thatof dioxin, a ubiquitous pollutant notes Angelo Cecinso, coordinator the work Levels are Likely similar in other major cities, Allegrni says. And although media reports have jumped on the fact thatthe highest concentrations of cocaine were found ‘ear a university, Allegrin stresses that “ye have not suggested any cause-elaton ution is waranted, says Norbert Frost ofthe European Monitoring Centre for Orugs an ‘More than one kind of snow blons through Rome. lencomag.org SCIENCE VOL 316 Laboratory (Fermilab) in Batavia, noi, had seen signs ofthe partici. Now, researchers, hoary texts at Botanicus, an online fi site features digitized versio 200 titles published betwee from a 19th century British gardens. >> wn botaicus.o of almost 1480 and 4935 on plant systematics. You'll find works by German explorer Alexander von Humboldt, Harvard botanist Asa Gray, and Joseph Hooker, Darwin's confidant and defendet. Many texts feature lavish illustrations, such a this painting of the water lemon (Passfiora fourfolia), which comes ries that catalogs exotic plants in he says. Dorigo should know: He reported both rumars on his blog. BOTANY’S WAYBACK MACHINE The classic literature in botany dates back to the early days of the printing press. Check aut some of these yun by the ‘Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Lous. The a 18 JUNE 2007 1847Who's working to increase support for science? Top quality research depends on comprehensive support. [AAAS is present at every stage of the process ~ from advising on funding policy initiatives to tracking the US Federal R&D budgeting process. As the experts, we brief Congressional staffers and representatives from governments around the world. And only AAAS Funding Updates ~ sent out monthly — provide continual coverage of R&D appropriations. By actively working to increase ‘support for research, AAAS advances science. To ee how, go to www.aaas.org/support MVAAASNational Instite of Al Kissinger. ssifeguard our nation the letters on 5 June 30 months in prison F He said We do clos IN THE NEWS MUM'S THE WORD. Two cancer researchers wno made skeptical comments about a proposed anticancer drug fave now gone sitent after receiving phone and e-mail threats. Howarc Scher ofthe Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City and Maha Hussain ofthe University of Clinical Oncology in Chicago, illinois. (Meanahile, activist patients who want the Dendreon product approved stagee 10 a4 June story in The New York Times. Both scientists are withholding comment ‘on the incident. Michigan, Ann Arbor, expressed doubts about the adequacy of data from the Dendreon MOVERS orp. in Seattle, Washington, supporting 2 MORE STRUCTURE. proposed “vaccine” for prostate cancer in private letters tothe U.S. Food and Drug ‘Administration (FDA) while serving on an advisory panel reviewing the application. ‘According to a Memorial Sloan-Kettering spokesperson, Scher began to receive extremely hostile, anonymous messages ater his comments became public. Scher twas olven special security protection at last week's meeting of the American Society of Two Cultures >> BIRD'S-EYE VIEW. While most geologists stay on the ground, Michael Caller takes tothe sey Anavid pilot and photographer, Collier has spent 3 decades illu ‘inating the geological stories behind landscapes. In April his 13th book was published—a glossy collection of photographs called Over the Mountains: An ‘Aerial Vie of Geology. Several ofthe photos went on display lst week at a solo show inthe Washington, D.C, headquarters of AAAS (which publishes Science) Colt, $6, majored in geology, then spent a fea years as a boatman on the Grand Canyon. He earned a master’s deoree in structural geology, thon a med: ical degree. When not photographing landscapes, he's part-time family physi: cian in Williams, Arizona. He has logged some 4000 hour in his 50-year-old Cessna 180, which he has nicknamed “Buzzard” “When I'm cutting and curing at 1000 feet, the stories begin to pop cut in three dimensions,” he says, (Inset shows folded rock at Sheep Mountain, Wyoming.) His next book is about vers, $108 million g ‘om Denmark's at the University of Cop SCIENCE vc AFRIEND AT NIH. Former White House aide I. Lewis “Scoct ned national scorn for lying about his role in the disclosure of a CLA agents identity. But he remains inthe good gracesof many political bigwigs at least one prominent science administrator: Anthony Fauci, head of NIH's and Infectious Diseases, Along with Donald Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, and Henry ii wrotea“presentencing” lettertothe juige who presided over Libby's tial, vouching for Libby's * honesty, unselfishness, and tireless efforts in he District Jud the same day he sentenced Libby 10 id a $230,000 fine for perjury and obstruction of justice during a federal investig cent Valerie Plamie’s cover as blow vei says Libby contacted hinn afer bein whether I'm guilty: i's just plea for mere. official NIH letterhead (which federal rules allow), explains how he worked with Libby during the past 5 years on biode! rafiing ofthe Project BioShield legislation 4 protest atthe Capitol in Washington, D.C.) Hussain received similar threats, according Structural biologist Michael Sundstrom cirector of a new pro: esearch center being launched with Novo Nordisk Foundation. The center, based hagen, wil study EDITED BY YUDHIJIT BHATTACHARIEE Libby J. may e Reggie Walton re ceonvicted: Anthony Faucl you to offer any opinion about Fauei two-page leter,writenon. the role of proteins in biological systems, disease, and therapy in order to speed up drug ciscovery The 43-year-old Sundsirm, who has worked for the drug industry and is currently chief scientist at Oxford University’s Structural Genomics Consortium, plans to build a staff of 100 young researchers to work on five specialty areas. He hopes that finding common themes, such as the pathways involved in tumor growth, wil allow the research tobe carried out “in a ‘more coordinated fashian than in a normal academic environment.” Ulla Wewer, dean ‘of health sciences, says the gift wil sustain the center ior the first 5 yeas, after which researches will seck outside grant support to extend their work in cancer, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, and other Fields, Sundstrom starts in September, and the center wil formally open in fall 2008, 1549for Ve 1550 DRUG SAFETY Heart Attack Risk Overshadows A Popular Diabetes Therapy lators and physicians are one roaches rt eh bo This time the revelations about a popular d worry focuses on treatment for diabetes that ‘nwo separate analyses have linked to heart artacks, The drug, Avandia, has been on the ‘matket for 8 years and has been takea by ril- tents worldwide, Inthe 3 weeks since a physician at the Cleveland Clinicin Ohio warmed about aheartatack hay ard, the furor has prompted congressional h patient anxiety, and demands that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) explain why potentially severe probiems approved drug have gone undetected lions of diabetes The Avandia case shares with that of the anti ie parallels nflammatory drug ‘except that Vionx was clearly linked Vioxy toheartattachs ina single, massive clinical trial and was quickly pulled off the market in 200 by its maker, Merck. The Avandia case is ‘murkier. Steven Nissen, chair of eardio: nd Clin ‘ming signal in @ vascular medicine at the Clevel Found a neta analysis of 42 Avandiatrials and expense still debating its implications. Nissen b Investigating after noting an inerease in heart sacks in avo trials published last year. There the differences wore not statistically si cant, but “I sat up and 100k notic Nissen, who also spoke cut against Vows, To bring together a mach breader swath of Avandia studies, Nissen used data released under a legal settlement by Avandia maker, GiaoSnithK line. Sued in 2004 by New York Aworney General Eliot Spitzer on charges of concealing data on the antidepressant Paxil the company hadl agreed to post online trial results, During a fret ek in late Apri 1 Clini siatistician Kathy Nissen an Clevel Wolski melded data fiom dozens of Avandia trials. inchading results of 27 sill unpublished, They found that patients on Avandia were 443% more likely to have heart attacks than those in a comparison g10up, After Nissen and Wolski results appeared online on 21 May inthe New England Journal 5 JUNE 2007 xo and FDA formed a similar of Medicine (NEJM), Gi revealed that Glaxo had ps rieta-analysis let year and foundan increased he information t FDA and posted it quietly on its Web site that Nissen didn’t discover until 2 days before submiting his alysis for publication, But what, exactly, dara revealed? Even that 50 quietly ave the new ananalyses. including his Metadata moment use of the diabetes drug Avandia, ankl Wolski’ have drawbacks. The numberof hear attacks identified in move than 27,000 people was small: 86 in the Avandia 72 im the comparison group, in tials stedat least 24 weeks. And because the indie vidual studies were not looking for hear attacks, they didnot use a uniform definition. Furthermore, metasmalyses combine wil ferent lengths and based ondifferent sons, Because ofthe statistical Iypes oF compa challenges, a meta-analysis is often “an absolutely imprecise measure of risk.” says Darren McGuire, a catdiologi atthe Univer: sity of Texas Southwestern Medic Dallas. But in he ease of Avani Center in ir'sthebest VoL 316 he Cleveland Cnc’ Steven Nissen testified Delore Congress about potential links between heart attacks ane ‘we haves says MeGiire, and “that’s the probe Jem, IS uncertain, ...b under the carpe. Researchers noxe that Nissen's work is strengthened by Glaxo’ own meta-analysis, ‘The company, however. is playing down the results, Meta-analyses are “ways of asking ng them, says Anne questions,” not answ Philips. Glzxo clinical vice president forthe ccardiwaseular and metabolic medicines devel ‘opment center: The company followed up with an observicnal study 0f 33,000 patients in 2 health insurer's database and found no increase in heart attack risk for those on Avandia, in 2 report published las: week in Pharmacoepidem ology ant Dr ‘Outside Glare, MeGui many others are concerned {enough to be asking how Avan dia might cause heart attacks, The drug belongs to 2 called thiazolidinediones: it reduces blood sugar mainly by making mony of boxy’ tissues| n. This allows those tissues to bette respond to the hormone and keeps sghiose levels healthy, Thiazolidinediones, however. ve t0 insu have broad effets, wring off of ‘on dozens of genes. The class has a troubled hisiory. One member, the diabetes drug Rezulin, was yanked off the market in 2000 after being linked to liver failure Thiazolidinediones, including the the market, are ssethe risk of Haid two currently 0 known to ine buildup and heart failune a at effect. Yet the heart attack signal has come a st because a siudy published in 2005 suggested that the other available thiazolidinedione—a drug called Actos fiom Takeda Pharmaceuticals and Eli Lilly-—proveets: The heartattack risk ifeonfirmed. my be spevifie to Avandia, and some observers Ss pect thatthe cause may be the drug Selleto lipids. A study published in 2005, led by Ronald Goldberg of the University of Miami reported thar whereas Actos lowers trighye cides, Avandia raises them. Avandia also raises LDL, or “bad” cholesterol, more so 8 SCIENCE wnwusciencomag.orgFOCUS than Actos, and it raises HDL, or “good cho lesterol, less. David Nathan, direcirof the die betes centers Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, sas tis difference has made him reluctant to prescribe Avandia. On the other hand says Jonze Plutaky, a preventive carolo- gist at Harvard Medical School in Boston, the fluid buildup associated with both Actos and tack risk, Many researchers were banking on a Avaancia may increase heat PARTICLE PHYSICS Per ELT) earn nitive answer from a large clinical rua in Europe, Australia, and New Zeland called RECORD and funded by Glaxo, examining the cardiovascular effects of Avandia, Inan interim analysis in NEJM lest week (the trial isto end in late 2008), the study leaders found no heart attack signal sd with Avandias they could not rule ‘out the risk either. But because the study reported @ much lower rate of heart prob Tern deadly spills lems than predicted, some are concerned that it may not be powerful enough toanswer this question “The sin oF iis that we'e still not sure™ what's hope 10 le oing on, says Nathan, Observers n more from an FDA advisory ‘committee meeting slated for 30 July. For nov, doctors an their patients are lft to sift through data that’s fae from complete “JENUIFER cOUZN Delay in Europe Could Mean Extra Year for U.S. Collider Physicists were hardly surprised when officials atthe European lab CERN announced Las ‘week thatthe world new highestenery’atom i the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), pin November as planned. Assembly of the $3.8 billion accelerator near Geneva, Switzerland, ws mare than a month behind leaving notime fora scheduled month sineering na” before power becomes prohibitively expensive in the winter (Scene 6Apnil.p.31), But with the LHC’s stan-up delayed until 2008, physicists in the United States are another possibility: Ata meeting bs week at Fermi National Accelerator Labor tory (Fermilab) in Batavia, lino, they discussing whether 1 run the lab’ venerable Tevatroneolliderforanter year thrergh 2010, Justa yearago, Fermilab physicists worried that the Tevaton would shutdown before 2008) (Seienee, 2 June 2006, p, 1302). The 2009) Fun now seems likely, and researchers are speculating abou running longer. “I would ‘hot want to see anythin that would prolude runai 2010." says Terry Wyatt of Manchester University in the UK., who is co-spokesperson for the (eam working with DO, oneoftwo particle detectors fed by the Tevateon, “Signing con tracts to start dismantling the machine in October 2009 done ‘would be era The decision will beg with deliberations by the Pa cle Physics Project Priorit 8 tion Panel (PS), which advises the US, Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Science Foundation. At the meeting. PS heard updates ftom researchers working with DO and the rival CDF detector The pane! will make its official recommenda tion for 2009 next month, Because the Tevatron is eranking out copious data while the LHC is delayed. “one can anticipate that we will re ‘ommend running in 2009,” says PS chair Abraharn Seiden ofthe University of Califor- nia, Santa Cr ‘Making the call for2010will be tougher. “I \would take some unusual circumstances t jus- tify running beyond 2009," Seiden says. The Tevatron might yet a further lease on lie if ‘experimenters see signs of the long-sought Higes boson or other patties, oF if the LHC ‘comes on slowly ‘The timing will be tricky. To help DOE set its 2010 science bulge, PS must weigh in by the end of next summer, But the LHC won't Overtime? Ferilab’s Tevatron collider could keep cranking though 2010, vou 318 start smashing particles until next July. “The problem is that by next surnmer the LHC is on, so we won't know how says Piet Oddone, things 9 rector of Fem Fermilab officials must also determine whether enough people will stick around to Researchers are and nether DO nor CDF keep the Tevatro flocking othe LHC has a formal a ment 10 contine beyond 109, However, Fermilab's Robert Roser, researchers see solid evidence ofthe Higgs or nch the “That would more oF less guaran: co-spokesperson for CDF, says tha something else, many will say to discovery: tee we'll have enough people” Running the Tevatron another year would cost about $30 million, Oddone says, He hopes DOE could squeeze that amount from its $750 million particle-physies budget withoutaffveting Fermilab’sneutrino ‘experiments, work onthe pro posed International Linear Collider, and other projects No one expects the Teva ton to run beyond 2010. To make progress, experimenters must continually improve the collider to double and redou- Dk-the sizeof their daa set. By igh 2010, the evatron should double th it will have produced by the end of next year. But wit no upgrades inthe works, dou bling it again would take ‘more years. By then the LHC should have long singe buried theTexatton, ADRIAN CHO 15 JUNE 2007 1551a NEWS OF THE WEEK 1552 GLOBAL HEALTH Bush Boosts AIDS Relief: Cause for Applause and Pause When President George W. Bush announced ‘0n 30 May that he wants to double the bud for the AIDS program he initiated to help inancally trapped counties bate thie ep domies, Demoerats and Republicans alike applauded the move. Reflecting the sentiment ‘on bath sidesof the asle, Representative Tom Lantos (D-CA). who chairs the House Com. mites on Foreign Affairs that first authorized the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) in 2003, said it was “music to my earsand I will doa lean to ensure har- monious support for i” Many AIDS. researchers immediately started to think about how PEPEAR Il, as some ae calling it, could reach more people with its prevention, care, andtreatmenteffors. But HIV/AIDS advocates who closely track PEPFAR’severy mow hada less char bk reaction to the proposed $30 billion plan, asserting that it's misleading to call it ad ey note, has steadily appeo- money to PEPFAR, with the fis: «al year 2008 payout tetaling $5.4 billion close 10 the $6 billion a year Bush wants for EAR Il, To call the $20 billion a doubling uous,” contends Asia Russell, who heads international adveeaey for the Health Global Access Project in New York City, “Bush really announced spending level for the next ears” Even Anthony’ Fau head of the National Institute land, and an architect of the original PEPFAR, s $30 billion represen “slight modest ne On top of these monetary concerns, advocates and seien- tists alike want Cong. PEPI money can be spent, 240400) When isi st poneeed 2 PePrARavassearsisbe eta iecpomen ieaeles (ioe sclkeotnakiskg: [acl Soauemarioenter: Meret whishrequicstatomesind sen ‘0000 3e0e00 2e0¢00 0000 ‘of the money spent on preven- tion must go toward pro- moting abstinence before ye. A March Institute ine (TOM) report strongly urged Congress to semaks. remove these Pere cen eat PinasGey Several scientists who were involve with the 1OM evahuation, though praising Bush's leadership and ongoing commitment, see ample room for improvement. One of those James Curran, former HIV/AIDS chief atthe Cergers for Disease Convo! and Prevention in Atlanta, Geom, and now dean ofthe Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University also in Atlanta, says that earmarking finds for abstinence programs often pits PEPFAR against other donors and country plans. A study dane by the G gration of prevention programs” by, for exam ple. forcing countries w cut funds for thwarting mother-to-child transmission or for education ‘campaigns that anget groups at high risk of becoming infected. PEPFAR, which is authorized to run Lough 2008, wo date fas supported the ani= HIV trectment of more thaa 1.1 million people in 12 sub-Saharan African counties, Haiti, Guyana, and Vietnam. (Support ean include anything from providing drugs to train health-care workers, funding labs, or helping these 15 “focus” countries develop policy.) BY the end of September 2006, PEPFAR officials say it had supplied anti-HIV drugs to more «han $00,000 infected pregnant women to pre- ert Making the grade. PEPFARstayson vec itil support the weetment cf 2 milion Hisinfcted peopl in poor countries bythe end of 2008, vent transmission of the virus to their babi and provided eare to 2 million AIDS orphans. Another 18.7 million people received HIV tests and counseling. “Lots of people’ lives ae being saved.” says Mark Dybul, the Global AIDS Coordinator who heads PEPFAR, Bus’ latest proposal is “unquestionably a doubling of resources” says Dybul. He says PEPFAR’ critics highligh “relatively minor issues” such as the size ofthe increase and the earmarks, ignoring the fact that many ether developed counties contribute relatively litle (othe global HIV/AIDS effors. “If I were activist, [wouldn't be focusing on the $30 bil- tien but asking where the rest of the world s0 that we can expand service?” (The Group of Eight industrialized nations, which includes the United States st week sounce that it ‘would spend $60 billion on HIV/AIDS “over the coming years.” half of which would came fiom PEPFAR IL) In March, Representative Barbara Lee (D-CA) inuoduced a bill that would uke the abstinence-only earmark from the origin PEPFAR authorization; the bill is eurrently under consideration, Barry Bloom, dean of Harvard Sehool of Public Health in Boston, says he hopes Congress excise al of the marks when t writesthe legislation reauthoriz~ ing PEPFAR, probably in early 2008, “That kind of blanket microman tends up wasting the publi’s money says Bloom. Other critica issuesare how many people PEPEAR will treatand whether it will expand {nto more counities. Dybul says PEPFAR will bit its target of having 2 million on treatment ‘next year, PEPFAR II calls for supporting the {ueatment of another half-million people, bringing the total to 2.5 milion The elatively ‘small increase reflects the fact that PEPEAR, hhas slowly ramped up whereas PEPFAR I will start off with atleast 2 million on the {ueatment rolls and millions more tion programs, And rather than adding more focus countries, PEPFAR I calls for estab lishing “parinership compacts” that would require new countries to increase their own spending on HIV/AIDS and health-care sys- tems in order to receive PEPFAR funds. Michael Merson, who heads the Duke (Glotal Hea Insitute in Durham, Noh Ca olin ral once ran the Global AIDS Pro for the World Heakh Organization sayshe be “delighted” if Congress supported the pres dent's request: “Whether its enough or not enough, i's lot more than we're doing for other global health necds"” JON COMEN TSJUNE 2007 VOL316 SCIENCE ynwusciencomag.org,MEDICINE Initiative Aims to Merge Animal and Human Health Science to Benefit Both Medical and veterinary science are like ibe lings who kane grown apart. Butnow, theresa Nur of efforts to reunite them, Proponents of this idea, called “one medicine” or “one health,” say that breaking down the walls ‘between the wo Fields wil help fight that jump from animals to humans, sueb as SARS and avian influenza, and advance both hhumon and animal health In April. the Ameri= can Vetctinary Medival Association (AVMA) decided to establisha I2-member task force to recom- mend ways in which vets ean collaborate with colleagues in human medicine. In late June, the house of delegates of the American Medical Assoc sion (AMA) will vote on a resolution in sup- port of strengthened ties between schools of medicine and veterinary science, increased coll ve and the devel- ‘opment of divgnostics, drugs, and vaccines across species barriers, and a “dialogue” with AVMA, The theme is also on the pro- gram at infectious-disease meetings in Europe and the United States this ye Although still closely connected in the 19th cen ida became increasingly disconnected in the 20th. Recent health emergencies have nally driven them back into each obal outbreak of the HSN1 avian influenza strain, for instance, has led to closer ties between the human and animal health agencies at the global and country levels. Butsuch collaborations are the exception when they lly now, with dangerous new zoonoses popping up, says Laura Kahn, an internist at Prin ton University. During the 1999 West Nile ‘outbreak in the United States, vets saw birds dying while doctors noticed an uptick in patients with neurological symptoms, but it ‘ok a while before someone made the con: § acetion. Concrete plans still need to be 3 fleshed out, # abound: For instance, educational collabo 5 should be the norm, espec tions could be tough in the United Sta where there are only 28 ver schools, often in wunuscioncomag.org rural areas, versus more than 140, mostly urban-based, schools of medicine, ‘The benefits of collaboration could go beyond zoonoses, says Jakob Zinsstag of the Swiss Tropical Institute in Basel. For i, Zinsstag has helped introduce joint vaccination cam- paigns for livestock and humans, which has helped. ination rates of instance. in C hard-to-reach nowadie populations. In the United Kingdom, W's all connected. Human and animal medicine should grow ser together, One Health supporter 5. the Comparative Clinical Science Foundation has announced plans to fund eross= species studies in ateas as diverse as exncer, ‘aging, and genetic disorders—which will yield different insights than the use of animals as moxkel for human disease, Kali si. The term “one medicine” was coined in 1960s by Calvin Schwabe, a veterinary sei- entist and epidemioloxistat the University of California, Davis, who died last year. The push to put his ideas imo practice originates froma fairy small number of people, Kahn, who became a convert fram studying emerging diseases and bioterrorism, go! the all rolling with an article in Emerging Injectious Diseases last year. She also wrote "vision statement” —together with Florida veverinarian Bruce Kaplin erament Virologist and biotech executive Thomas Monath, now at the iavestment firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers in Menlo Patk, California supported by dozens of prominent researchers. They found an enthusiastic champion in AVMA President Roger Mabr. Ina way, the movement i aso a strug by veterinarians for a place at the table in public health, sys Joan Hendricks, dean of” the University of Pennsylvania's vet school ‘We have been knocking politely at the door for a while.” she says, but human medicine has been slow to respond, But ifthe AMA. resolution gets passed next week, she axkls, “itwould be aphenomenal support.” ARRTIN ENSERINK, former gov SCIENCE VOL316 1 JUNE 2007 Hubble Due for Fall 2008 Makeover 1 official: 15 months, MASA wll send 2 space shuttle 1a service the aging Hubble Space Telescope. Plansto return to Hubble were put ‘om holé 4 yearsago after Columbia disinte- rated, NASAchiel Michael Griffin pledge last year to reverse his predecessor's decision t et Hubble ie, but he space agency waited until ‘tants ited off from ts Fria launch pad last week o put the 10 September 2008 servic ing fight on the busy shtle schedule. I the maintenance ission—itsfith—is succesful, Hubble wll sport two new instru ‘ments. The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph and Wice File Camera 3 wil respectively, measure the structure and composition of matter and ‘examine the uriversein multiple wavelengths, By replacing gyroseqpes a fling the fuel tank, the mision i alo expected to extend the lie the telescope, fist Launched in 1990, to 2013. That'saso nhen NASA intends to launch its James Webb Space Telescope, Hubble's follow-on, ANDREW LAWLER. Peer Review Peered At, Reviewed Tio new panels wl try to figure out how to tweak the vaunted peer-review process a the National Institutes of Health (NIH? to cope with soaring numbers of applications and cher pressures onthe aveiy ll has created two working croups—one extemal, one internal—to examine the “con 1 ctiteria, and culture of per review” in Light of fat budgets, arising number of erant applications, shrinking sucess rates, and a earth of experienced reviewers (Science, 20 ii p. 358). The external committe o-chaired by cell biclogist Keith Yamamoto ofthe University of California, San Francisco, 1a member ofthe ast review panel 8 years ago. Yamamoto expects the new panel to probe the current emphasis on preliminary fesults and weigh the proper bolance between the bonafides of the investigator and the value ofthe projec itsell. The intemal group, co-thaired by Jeremy Berg, director ofthe National Istitute of Genera Mecical Sciences, wil examine the same issues, Both panels are to gather input ané report hack in Decernbe. ‘Mearnile, a House spending panel lst week Votad to 24d $750 million next year to the agency's curent $29 billion budget, a 2.6% raise that lags biomedical inflation. The incease drops to 1.9%» i $200 million tagged for the global AIDS fund is removed, JOCELYN KAISER AND ELIOT MARSHALL 1553a NEWS OF THE WEEK 15854 HIV/AIDS AIDSTruth.org Web Site Takes Aim at ‘Denialists’ For 20 ye assent sion by questioning whether HIV causes the disease, Many AIDS researchers fom the out set thought it best ignore these challenges. [But last year, another small and equally vosal group decided to counter the dissenters ‘whom they call “denialists”—with a feisty Web site, MDS Truth.org. Ithas started 10 aura incernational tention itself. “1 prea says Mark Wainberg, head of the MoGill AIDS Cente in Montreal, Canada. “We really need to get more people to undersiand that HIV denialism does serious harm. And we were in denial about denials for along time.” Launched by AIDS researchers, clini cians, and activists from several counties, AIDSTruthang offers more than 100 inks t© seientfie reports to “debunk denialist ayths" and “expose the denialist propa paign for what itis... 10 prevent futher harm boeing done to individual and public health The site also has a section that names denial 1d unsperingly critiques their writings, variously accusing them of homophobia, scigntifie ignorance of truly sa ro. a small but vocal groupof AIDS, as attracted intemational atten- portions.” conspiracy theeries, “the dogmatic repetition of the misunderstanding, misrepre sentation, or mischaracierization of ee scientific studies." and flat-out lies, “There ‘was a perceived noed to take these people on in eyberspace, because that’s where they oper ate mostly, and that's where the most vulner ble people go for their informatio: 5 JUNE 2007 says immunologist John Moore, an AIDS researcher a! the Weill Medical College of ‘Cornell University in New York City Peter Duesberg, a pi researcher atthe University of California, Berkeley. whom colleagues have pilloried ‘ever since he first questioned the link benween HIV and AIDS in 1987, remains unswayed by the Web site, which he derides in imerview asa "scientifically wonblessmis of ad hominem, opinions, intolerance, and re ous energy instead af a theory and fais maintains that bout what heen e-mail “many essential isthe" HIVAIDS hypothesis" remain unanswered ‘Two factors led Moore and like-minded thinkers (who news number 11) 6 take of? the loves and hit back with AIDSTruth.org Which went online in March 2006, One was aan article in that month’s issue of Harper's magazine, “Out of Control, AIDS and 1 Corruption of Medical Science.” which chronicled Duesberg’ travails for challeng ing degma and also questioned the safety and ectiveness of an anti-HIV drug that’s oly used to prevent transmission from an infected mother o her baby. Moore and ether Web site co-founders wrote a3 ‘ique ofthe article, The second situation in South Africa. “Many people who had fought denialism in the early 1990s had lostinetes in the subject, butin South Africa, itwasa its peal ‘explains another founder of ‘af Sout Arica VoL 316 “Truth be told Provesters around the world assailed Seuth Alnce’s heath minister for questioning the woth of anti-HIV drugs. ‘Treaiment Action Campaign, Geffen and cth- crs worried that his government might use the Harper'anticle to justify further “South Africa has more people living with HIV than any other country and it’ aplace where AIDS denials has had polii= support with teribe results.” ‘The no-frills Web site receives no fund. ing, doesn’t pay contributors, and features ro ads, It refuses 1o debate whether HIV causes AIDS, which it sys “is as certain as the descent of humans from apes and the ‘oben falling of dropped abjects wo the ground.” I hhas also posted articles by authors of pect reviewed publications who believe the Findings have been distorted by people try’ ing to prove that HIV/AIDS is a ruse. “The denialisis tend to be grotesquely inaccurate.” says Richard Jefferys, an activist with the ‘Treatment Action Group in New York Cit sho also helped star like the mere outrageously inaccurate the he site. “I's almost claim is, dhe more they repeat i To the delight of Jefferys and others, a Supreme Court judge in Australia in April cited a debunking article on AIDSTruth.ore Josely followed ease tha involveda man convicted of endangering life for not reveal ing he was infected with HIV to sexual par ners, The man appealed, claiming that no studies prove HIV causes AIDS. His defense consisted of two “expert™ witnesses, one of ‘whom was extensively questioned about alle gations that she had misused a researcher's » of HIV. Th questions were inspired by ‘90 AIDS Truth.org. The judg rcither defense witness—both of whom are branded as denialists on AIDSTruth.o ‘was qualified (© express opinions on these ‘There'sa constant concem that by ‘you're giving them there’ a thin line betwe nore credence slaying the monster and feeding it." says Jefferys. “The judge’ decision made the Web site oem really worthssile AIDSTruth.org has seen its pop! 0 unique visi a day 1 150 Butas Moore notes, “we're certainly aot high cole rankings.” Then again, h any effective rebuke to the opinions that atiract so much tention is worth the effor. “If you ignore the denials igo disappear sys Moore. Tike the fact that we They're u being unchallenged” “JON COHEN SCIENCE wnwusciencomag.orgHYDROLOGY River-Level Forecasting Shows No Detectable Progress in 2 Decades And you thought we ‘ough. Hydrologists looking io fore next flood or dangerously low river flow mast start with what weather forecasters give them predictions of rain and snow, heat and ccold—and fold that inco myriad predictive models, Then those models must in turn fore feast how rain and any melted snow will low from rivulet to river while liable to loss 16 ‘evaporation, groundwater, reservoirs, and farmers’ Fields, Di uy in the Forecasting business, hydrologiss have devel> ‘oped a modicum of skill, but a newly pub- lished study fails to find any improvement during the past 20 years in forecasting iver levels otto 3 days, “Itsa prety shocking resul,” says hydro ‘gist Thomas Pagano of the US. Department of Agriculture’ Natural Resources Conservae son Service in Portland, Oregon, who vas not involved in the study. If he new how rach added by melting snow versus how much soaked into the ground, Inthe Apri Bidietin ofthe American Mete- orological Sociew (BANS), Welles and col- leagues report mixed results. Forecasters showed real skill in predicting river levels Vand 2 days in advance compared with assuming that river levels would not chang Butdespite now models, more-powerful com puters, better ways of displaying data ond ess and even impeoved peeipitation fore: casts from NWS, the I-and 2-day predictions didn't become more accurate over the 1 or 2 decades of the verification study, atleast in the two areas studied. Troubleshooting hydrologic forecasting 10 understand why i's been resisting improve- ‘ment will take “objective study and well- structured verification.” says Welles, “aot ‘expert opinion or ad hoe experience.” BMS Oklahoma River Forecast Skill resale widely epplicable,@ Seeveneidng vite ntermsct B2] MIL" Theansvee Poganoondoti- cma. is or nydeogic toon 6 2 Srioalie ars vio B Sanakoneeiesy as iE fw vother heacrtiag. Such ree ff cast verification has shown that | ESeinwadogionef Doppler maar hihceuywmilooOnrealy ol did lengthen waming times ofor~ nadoes. Weather ‘compare proposed improvements sting procedures against past performance before adopting them, Yet “ttle verification of hydrologic forecasts has been ‘conducted to date.” says hydologist Edwin a i t $ i ' NWS) in Siker Spring. Ma SoWelles-- who has worked at NWS since 1994—tackled hydrologic verification in his 2005 dissertation for the University of At zona. He considered NWS forecasts and ‘observations of river levels during 10 years at four locations in Oklahoma and during 20 yearsat 1 locations along the mainstem of the Missouri Rivet, nthe Misseut,a forecast location had S00 to 1000 upstream bs Feeding waner tit, Eachbasin required itsown sot of ealibrated predictive models, each pre 8 dicting a different step in water flow, such as, wunuscioncomag.org PHL KL LL SES Year Flat-ining. though errs inrivstevel forecass old Hine) can be smaller than a simple assumption of no change (dotted nes), ‘rots have not declined wih changes in frecesting procedures Editorsin-Chief Jeff Rosenfeld agrees. Weit- ing in an aecompanying editorial, he finds that the Welles puper makes the pons that “forecasting must include verification if itis to be sciemtific. Every forecast is like a hypothesis, and in science every hypothesis ‘must ultimately be tested.” NWS is taking Welles research seriously Itbegan verifying river forceasts at all 4000 of locations last year And ast fall an NWS, team produced a plan based on Welles’s researcnthat should lead toasingle hydrologic verification system by 2011. By then, fore= the current SCIENCE VOL316 1 JUNE 2007 War on TB The World Health Organization WHO) has Jumpec on the news wave following the Atlanta aner abo flew commercially to sev ra countries wth 2 dangerous form ol tuber Calsis. WHO's Stop TB Partnership wil issue reve guidance this month for courtres bat ting crug-rsistan forms ofthe cisease Although TB is curable, drugs fail in one-third cof people with multicrag-resstant strains and in more than two-thtes of those with exten sively drug-resistant forms. WHO's Paul Nunn says strengthening labs inthe developing worlds key. “South Arce thas moce laboratories capable of doing cut ture and érug-susceptility testing than the restof the continent put together,” he says, The plan also cals for expanding suneilance and implementing infecon-