MEDIA & POLITICS

‘MASS MEDIA IN AMERICA’

PRESENTED BY: ZEELAF NAQVI

DATED: 5TH JAN 2011
COURSE CODE: MSJ-126
Anam
Nazar

Hum
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Sale
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Sana
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Urooj
Khan

Zeelaf
Naqvi
 Outline of the Report
1. The Media in the United States: Introduction 2. Role of US Media: Today

1.1 Freedom of the Press 2.1 The press

1.2 Media Ethics 2.2 A) THE MEDIA'S ROLE IN CHANGING

THE FACE OF U.S. COURTS

1.3 History of Freedom of the press, newspapers, radio, B) MASS MEDIA ROLE IN U.S.
and television: ELECTIONS

1.3-1 NEWSPAPERS: PIONEERING PRESS 2.3 Media as an profit-centered buisness

FREEDOM
2.3-1 Revenue Generation of US Media
1.3-2 MAGAZINES' NICHE Industry:

2.3-2 Television Industry

1.3-3 THE ROLE OF RADIO
2.3-3 Radio Industry
1.3-4 TELEVISION: BEYOND THE BIG THREE
2.3-4 Film Industry
1.4 CURRENT ISSUES:
2.3-5 Print Media Industry
1.4-1 Media Effects
2.3-6 INTERNET
Conclusion &
1.4-2 Media Biases References
 INTRODUCTION & HISTORY
MEDIA- Fourth Estate:
The role is guaranteed by the First Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1789, stipulating that
Congress not enact any laws abridging freedom of the
press.
first newspaper was published in Boston, Massachusetts
in 1690
Within 50 years by 1740 approx., magazines began
appearing in American cities
Early 20th century : commercial radio+ LIVE audio
programmes+ larger audience+ print’s monopoly
Television: after WW-II
Contd...
End of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st
centuries: Interactive media
(advance digital technology + convergence of the
computer, telephone and cable television)
Media- a pervasive element in American society
Economics plays a major role in shaping the
information served up to the U.S. public in
newspapers, radio television and Internet.
 Media and communications revenues $242 billion+
largest business groups.
 Advertisers spent an additional $215 billion.
 The US media are a great engine in American society...
B ASIC D ATA
Language(s): English, Spanish

Number of Daily Newspapers: 1,476

Total Circulation: 55,945,000

Circulation per 1,000: 264

Total Newspaper Ad Receipts: 48,700 (US$ millions)

As % of All Ad Expenditures: 33.10

Number of Television Stations: 1,500

Number of Television Sets: 219,000,000

Number of Cable Subscribers: 70,991,360

Number of Satellite Subscribers: 16,000,000

Number of Radio Stations: 10,322

Number of Radio Receivers: 575,000,000

Number of Individuals with Internet Access: 95,354,000

 The press
USA Today - national daily
 Wall Street Journal- business daily
Christian, Science Monitor - church-owned daily
 Los Angeles Times – daily
Washington Post – daily
Boston Globe – daily
New York Post – daily
 New York Times – daily
 Philadelphia Inquirer – daily
Baltimore Sun – daily
Chicago Tribune – daily
Newsweek - news weekly
Time- news weekly
U.S.News & World Report - news weekly.
Television
ABC - major commercial network
CBS - major commercial network
NBC - major commercial network
Fox - major commercial network
CNN - pioneer of 24-hour rolling TV news, operates domestic and international streams
MTV - pioneer of music television
HBO (Home Box Office) - pay TV network; originator of some of American TV's most critically-
acclaimed programmes,
PBS (Public Broadcasting Service) - public TV, serves some 350 non-commercial member stations.
Radio
 NPR (National Public Radio) - non-commercial network of member stations; news,
information and cultural programmes
 Clear Channel - America's largest commercial radio operator, owns more than 1,200
stations
 CBS Radio- major commercial operator with nearly 180 stations in major markets
 ABC Radio Networks - operates flagship stations coast-to-coast.
External broadcasting
 Voice of America - government-funded, programmes for global audiences in many
languages
 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty - government-funded, targets eastern Europe,
former Soviet Union and the Caucasus in local languages
 Radio Free Asia - government funded, targets China, North Korea and southeast Asia
 Al-Hurra - government-funded, satellite TV for Middle East
 Radio Sawa - government-funded, Arabic-language radio for Middle East
 Radio Farda - government-funded, Persian-language radio
 Radio and TV Marti - government-funded services for Cuba.
News agencies
 Associated Press, Bloomberg Business News, UPI
 Role of media in changing
A) U.S. Courts

"The hand that rules the press, the radio, the screen, and the
far-spread magazine, rules the country." Judge Hand 1942
One of the positive ways the media have affected the
judicial system is to help spur a greater sense of
openness by the courts so the public can see for itself
how the court serves the people. At the same time, the
media have begun to focus on the activities of
individual judges as well, sometimes to the judge's
detriment.
The result is that when media coverage of a trial is
especially heavy, the courts often have to consider
alternative and more expensive means of guaranteeing
a fair trial.
Contd...

These alternatives include:

Transferring the entire trial to another city where the
news coverage has not been as strong;
Directing the jury not to read newspapers or watch TV
newscasts;
Issuing "gag orders" that direct the prosecutor, defense
attorney, and other court personnel not to talk to the
media about the case; or,
In rare cases, keeping the jury sequestered in a hotel
where they are monitored and prevented from accessing
the media.
This was not to be sufficient to cope with
modern demands. These media liaisons serve
three purposes:
They are a resource for reporters to check their facts
and help ensure accurate reporting of the court's work;
 They provide a court spokesperson who can answer
media questions, thus protecting the judge from
inadvertently making a comment to the press that
violates ethical rules; and
They provide the court with a specialist who knows
how to promote the good news of the courts' work to
the media in a newsworthy manner.
 B) Important Role in U.S. Elections
A. Campaign Coverage
B. The Conventions
C. The Presidential Debates
Revenue Generation of US Media Industry
U.S. Magazine Advertising Revenues, PIB Measured Magazines
23.7 Bil. US$ 2008

Annual Newspaper & Internet Advertising Revenue 37.8 Bil. US$

2008

Album Sales, U.S (music) 373.9 Mil. Units 2009

U.S. Box Office Revenues (films) 9.87 Bil. US$ 2009

Annual U.S. Advertising Revenues (National Outlets) 162.4 Bil. US$

2009

Annual Global Advertising Revenues 443.7 Bil. US$ 2009

References:
http://usa.usembassy.de/media.html
The media role in changing US courts By Gary A. Hengstler
http://www.America.gov
http://www.economywatch.com/sector-watch/us-
media.html
http://www.plunkettresearch.com/Industries/Entertainment
Media/EntertainmentMediaStatistics/tabid/227/Default.aspx
http://www.america.gov/st/washfile
english/2007/August/2007
http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_burns_govbrief_5/11/3009/7705
42.cw/index.html
THANKYOU ALL.....