NORMA FRONTALIS.

NORMA FRONTALIS
DEFINATION
The skull as a whole may be viewed from different points,
and the views so obtained are termed the normæ of the
skull; thus, it may be examined from above (norma
verticalis), from below (norma basalis), from the side
(norma lateralis), from behind (norma occipitalis), or
from the front (norma frontalis).
NORMA FRONTALIS.

the norma frontalis is roughly oval in outline,being

wider above than below.
BONES.
the frontal bone,
right and left maxilla.
the zygomatic bone.
the mandible.

FRONTAL BONES.
the frontal bones forms the forehead.Its upper part is smooth
and convex,but the lower part is irregular and is interrupted
by the orbits and by the anterior bony aperture of the nose.
 Frontal bone at birth.
The frontal bone at birth consists of two pieces,
separated by the frontal suture, which is usually
obliterated, except at its lower part, by the eighth year,
but occasionally persists throughout life.

RIGHT AND LEFT MAXILLA.

the right and maxillae form the upper jaw.

RIGHT AND LEFT NASAL BONES

the right and left nasal bones forms the bridge of the
nose.

ZYGOMATIC BONE.
the zygomatic bones forms the bony prominance
of the superiolateral part of the cheeks.
 MANDIBLE

the mandible forms the lower jaw.

THE NORMA FRONTALIS WILL BE
STUDIED UNDER THE FOLLOWING
HEADS

frontal region.
orbital opening.
anterior bony (piriform)aperture of the nose and
lower part of the nose.
FRONTAL REGION
the frontal region presents the following features.
THE SUPERCILIARY ARCH.
THE GLABELLA
THE NASION.
THE FRONTAL TUBER(EMINANACE
THE SUPERCILIARY ARCH.
.
is a rounded curved elevation situated just above the medial
part of each orbit.it overlies the frontal sinus and is better
marked than in females.
THE GLABELLA.
is a medial eminanace connecting the two superciliary
arches.below thw galbella the skull recedes to the
frontonasal suture at the root of the nose.
THE NASION.
is a median point at the root of the nose where the internasal
suture meets with the frontonasal suture.
THE FRONTAL TUBER(EMINANACE).
is a low rounded elevation above the superciliary arch,one
on each side.
 ORBITAL OPENING.

each orbital opening is quadrangular in shape and is

bounded by the following four margins.
THE SUPRA ORBITAL MARGINS.
is formed by the frontal bone.at the junction of
its lateral two thirds and its medial one third
it presents the sapra orbital notch(or
foramen)
THE INFRAORBITAL MARGIN.

the infraorbital margin is formed by the zygomatic bone

laterally and the maxilla medially.
THE LATERAL ORBITAL MARGIN.
is ill defined.It is formed by the frontal bone above,and by the
lacrimal crest of the frontal process of the maxilla below.
PIRIFORM(ANTERIOR BONY)APERTURE OF
THE NOSE
the aperture is pear shaped,being wide below and narrow
above.
BOUNDARIES.
above.by the lower part border of nasal bones.
below.by the nasal notch of the body of the maxilla on each
side
FEATURES.
note the following.
"articulations of the nasal bone."
anteriorly with the opposite bone at the internasal suture.
posteriorly with thw frontal process of the maxilla.
superiorly with the frontal bone at the frontonasal suture.
and,
inferiorly the upper the nasal cartilage is attached to it.
the nasal bone is one of the most commonly fractured bones of the face
"THE ANTERIOR NASAL SPINE
is a sharp projection in the median plane in the lower
boundary of the piriform aperture.
LOWER PART OF THE FACE.
MAXILLA.
it contribute a large share in the formation of the facial
skeleton.the nat surface of the body of the maxilla
presents,
a)the nasal notch medially.
b)the anterior nasal spine,
c)the infraorbital foramen,1cm below the infra orbital margin.
LOWER PART OF THE FACE.
MAXILLA
d)the incisive fossa,above the incisive teeth and,
e)the canine fossa lateral to the canine eminance.
in addition three processes of the maxilla are also seen in this norma.
a)the frontal process. of the maxilla is directed upwards.it articulates anteriorly
with the nasal bone,posteriorly with the lacrimal bone and superiorly with the
frontal bone.
b)the zygomatic process of the maxilla.is short but stout and articulates with the
zygomatic bone.
c)the alveolar process of the maxilla bears socket for the upper teeth.
ZYGOMATIC BONE.
this bone forms the prominence of the cheek.the zygomatico
foramen is seen on its surface.

MANDIBLE.
It forms the lower jaw.the upper border or alveolar arch lodges the lower
teeth.the lower border or base is rounded.the middle point of the base is called
the mental point or gnathion.the anterior surface of the body of the mandible
presents.a)symphysis menti.the mental proturberence and the mental
tubercles anteriorly.

b)the mental foramen below the interwal between the two premolar
teeth,transmitting the mental nerve and vessels and,c)the oblique line which
runs upwards and backwards from the mental tubercle to the anterior border of the
ramus of the mandible.

SUTURE OF NORMA FRONTALIS

1.internasal.
2,frontonasal.
3.nasomaxillary.
4.lacrimo maxillary.
5.fronto maxillary.
6.intermaxillary.
7.zygomaticomaxillary.
8.zygomaticofrontal
FORAMINA OF THE NORMA FRONTALIS AND STRUCTURE PASSING
THROUGH THEM
1.the supraorbital notch(or foramen) transmits the supraorbital nerves
and vessels.
2.the external nasal nerve emerges between the nasal bone and the
upper nasal cartilage.
3.the infraorbital foramen transmitts the infraorbital nerves and
vessels.
4.the zygomaticofacial formaen transmits the nerve of the same
name (branch of maxillary nerve)
5.the mental foramin (on the mandible) transmitts the mental nerve
and vessels.
“Attachments.”
“Attcahment of mandible”
ATTACHMENTS.

The median part of the superciliary arch gives

origin to the corrugator supercilli muscle.
The procerus muscle arises from the nasal bone near the median
plane.
The orbital part of the orbicularis oculi arises from the frontal
proccess of the maxilla and from the nasal part of the frontal
bone.
The medial palpebral ligament is attached to the frontal process of
the maxilla between the frontal and maxillary origins of the
orbicularis oculi.
ATTACHMENTS.

5. The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi arises

from the frontal process of the maxilla infront
of the orbicularis oculi.
6. The leavator labii superioris arises from the
maxilla between the infraorbital margin and
the infraorbital foramen
7. The levator anguli oris arises from the canine
fossa.
8. The nasalis and the depressor septi arises from the surface of the
maxilla bordering the nasal notch.
9. The incisive muscle arises from an area just below the depressor
septi.
10. The zygomatic major and minor arise from the surface of the
zygomatic bone