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INTERNATIONAL

COURT

OF JUSTrCE

eral List: ~o. 45

5 June

1962

YEAR 1962

IS June 1962

CASE CONCERNING THE TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR


(CAMBODIA v. THAILAND) MERITS

Territorial sovereignty.-Title deriving [rom. treaty.-Treaty clauses establishing Irontier along watershed line as delimited by Mixed Commission 0/ Parties.-Uncertain character 0/ resulting delimitation in disputed area.-Eventual production by experts 01 one Party, at the request 0/ the other, 01 a map.-Non-binrling character 01 map at moment 0/ its production.-Subsequent acceptance by conduct 0/ map and Irontier line by other Party.-Legal eflet 0/ silence as implying consent.-Alleged non-correspondence 0/ map line with true watershed linc.-Acceptance 0/ risk 0/ errors.-Subsequent conduct confirming original acceptance and precluding a denial 0/ it.~EUect 01 subsequent treaties confirming existmg frontiers and as .evidence 0/ Parties' desire lor frontier stability and finality.-Interprttation of treaty settlement considered as a whole, including map.

JUDGMENT

Present: President

WINIARSKI;

Vice-President

ALFARO;

Judges

-BASDEVANT, BAD:A.Wf, M~RENo-QurNTANA;

WELLINGTON -

Koo, Sir Percy SPENDER. Sir Gerald FITZMAURICE, KORETSKY, TANAI(A, BUSTAMANTE Y Rrvnno, MORELLI; Regiskar GARNlER-CoIGNET.

COUK INTER.NATIONALE DE JUSTICE

ANNEE 1962 IS juln I96z

AFFAIRE DU TEMPLE DE PREAH VIHEAR


(CAMBODGE
c. THAfLANDE)

FOND

SouveraineJe territoriale. - Titre decouZant d'une convention, Dispositions conventionnelles etablissan! la Irontiere sur une ligne de partage des eaux a delimiter par une commission mixte des Parties, Caractere incerlain de la delimitation operie en consequence dans la zone coniesue. - Etablisstment d'une carte par les experts de l'uns des Parties a La demande de l'autre. - Caractere non obligatoire de la carle au moment aU elle a eu dress/e. - Acceptation ulterieure par conduit», de fa part de I' autre Partie, de la carte et de la IrOn/jere qui y est indiquie.-EtJet iuridique du silence impliquant consentement.Pretendue non-amcordaeu» entre la Irontiere de la carle et la vbitable ligne de partage des eaux, - Aceeptatio« du risque d'erreurs. - Conduite ultirieure ron/irmant Z'acceptation initiate et empechant de la contester, - EtJe! de traitis ultbieurs confirmant les /rontieres existantes et prouvant le desir des Parties d'auoir des Ironts'eres stables et di/initives. - Interpretation du reglement conventionnel considlri dans son ensemble, y compris la carte.

ARR~T Presents: M. WINIARSKI, President; M. ALFARO, Vice-President: MM. BASDEVANT, BADAWI,MORENO QUINTANA, WELLINGTON Koo,sir Percy SPENI>~R,sir.GERALD Frrz··MAURICE ··M~C·KoRiTSKY , /I'ANAKA ·.BUSTAMANTE Y :R~~ERO. 'MORE~~1.uies,;M;GA}{~iE~-COH;NE~, j Greffier.
_.

TEMPLE oF' PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (JUDGM. OF

I5

VI

62),

In the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear, between the Kingdom of Cambodia, represented by H.E. Truong Cang, Member of the Haut Conseil du Trone, as Agent, and by H.E. Ouk Chhoum, Minister Counsellor at the Cambodian Embassy in France, assisted by Hon. Dean Acheson, Member of the Bar of the Supreme Court of the United States of America, M. Roger Pinto, Professor at the Paris Law Faculty, M. Paul Reuter, Professor at the Paris Law Faculty, as Counsel, and by Mr. Brice M. Clagett, Member of the Bar of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, as Legal Adviser, Colonel Ngin Karet, Director of the Survey Department of the Royal Khmer Armed Forces, as Expert Adviser, M. Chan Youran, as General Secretary of the Delegation, M. Chern Snguon, as Deputy General Secretary of the Delegation,
and

the Kingdom of Thailand, represented by H.S.H. Prince Vongsamahip Jayankura, Ambassador of Thailand to the Netherlands, as Agent, assisted by Mr. Seni Pramoj, Member of the Thai Bar, M. Henri Rolin, Honorary Professor of the Free University of Brussels, Advocate at the Court of Appeal of Brussels, The Rt. Han. Sir Frank Soskice, Q.C., M.P., former AttorneyGeneral of England, " ,Mr. James Nevins Hyde, Member 01 the Bar of the State of New York and Member of the Bar of the Supreme Court of the United States of America, '.M. Marcel Slusny, Advocate at the Court of Appeal of Brussels. Lecturer at the Free University of Brussels,
, ,

TEMPLE DE PREAH YIHEAR (FOND) (ARRET DU IS VI 6z)

I,
Il

En l'affaire du temple de Preah Vihear, entre· Ie Royaume du Cambodge, represente par S. Exc, M. Truong Cang, membre du Haut Conseil du Trone, comme agent, et par S. Exc. M. Ouk Chhoum, ministre conseiller de l'ambassade du Cambodge en France, assistes par l'honorable Dean Acheson, membre du barreau de la Cour supreme des Etats-Unis d'Amerique, M. Roger Pinto, professeur l\ la faculte de droit de Paris, M. Paul Reuter, professeur a. la faculte de droit de Paris, comme conseils, et par M. Brice M. Clagett, membre du barreau de la Cour d'appel des Etats-Unis pour le district de Columbia, cornme conseiller juridique, le colonel Ngin Karet, directeur du Service geographique des forces armees royales khmeres, comme expert conseiller, M. Chan Youran, comme secretaire general de la delegation, M. Chern Snguon, comme secretaire general adjoint de la delegation,

.i ..~
~
~:

~i
l I'

I i
I

et
le Royaume de Thailande, .. represente par S. A. S. Ie prince Vongsamahip Jayankura, ambassadeur de Thailande aux Pays-Bas, comme agent, assiste par M. Seni Pramoj, membre du barreau de Thailande, M. Henri Rolin, professeur honoraire a l'Universite libre de Bruxelles, avocat a la Cour d'appel de Bruxelles, le tres honorable sir Frank Soskice, Q. C., M. P., ancien AttorneyGeneral d'Angleterre. M. James NeVjns Hyde, membre du barreau de I'Etat de New Y9rketme:mbredu~arreau de la Cour supreme des Etats-Unls

~~1~ail~1§1;,rhY"~;09fa ~Cour4'~~~·el.deBruxelles,
.· dl!,~~.~~r~~~ ,!.l'JJn.lYe~teb'brl!;d.e)~IU"e.lles, ....
.'J,:';'_:

charge
5.

TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (jUDGM. OF

15 VI 62)

Mr.]. G. I.e Quesne, Member of the English Bar, as Advocates and Counsel, and by Lieutenant-General Busrindre Bhakdikul, Director-General, Royal Thai Survey Department, Ministry of Defence, Mr. Suk Perunavin, Deputy Under-Secretary in the Office of the Prime Minister, Mr. Chinda Na SongkWa, Deputy Secretary-General of the Civil Service Commission, Lieutenant-Colonel Phoon Phon Asanachinta, Lecturer, School of Surveying, Royal Thai Survey Department, Ministry of Defence, as Expert Advisers, and by Mr. Chapikom Sreshthaputra, Chief of the Legal Division, Treaty and Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mr. David S. Downs, Solicitor, Supreme Court of Judicature, England, as Juridical Advisers.
THE COURT,

composed as above, delivers the following Judgment: By its Judgment of 26 May 1961, the Court rejected the first. preliminary objection of the Government of Thailand and found that it had jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute submitted to it on 6 October 1959 by the Application of the Government of Cambodia. By Order of the same date, the Court fixed the time-limits for the further pleadings. The case became ready for hearing on the filing of the last pleading on 2 February 1962. Public hearings were held on the following dates: 1-3 March, 5 March, 7-10 March, 12-13 March, 15-17 March, 19-24 March and 26-31 March 1962. At these hearings the Court heard oral arguments and replies by M. Truong Cang, Mr. Dean Acheson, M. Roger Pinto and M. Paul Reuter on behalf of the Government of Cambodia, and by Prince Vongsarnahip Jayankura, Mr. Seni Pramoj, M. Henri Rolin, Sir Frank Soskice and Mr. James Nevins Hyde on behalf of the Government of Thailand. At the hearings from 15 to 20 March 1962, the Court heard the . evidence of the witnesses and experts, called by each of the Parties, in reply to questions put to them in examination and cross-exarni6

TEMPLE DE PREAH VllmAR (FOND) (ARRET DU

IS

VI

62) ,

M. J. G. Le Quesne, membre du barreau d'Angleterre, comme ....avocats ....et conseils, .. ~. et par le general Busrindre Bhakdikul, directeur general du Service geographique royal thailandais, ministere de la Defense, M. Suk Perunavin, sous-secretaire adjoint au Cabinet du premier ministre, M. Chinda Na Songkhla, secretaire general adjoint de Ia Commission de la Fonction publique, le lieutenant-colonel Phoon Phon Asanachinta, charge de conferences a l'ecole topographique, Service geographique royal thailandais, ministere de Ia Defense, comme conseillers experts, et par M. Chapikom Sreshthaputra, chef de la division juridique, Service juridique et des traites, ministere des Affaires etrangeres, M. David S. Downs, Solicitor, Supreme Court oj Judicature d' Angleterre, comme conseillers juridiques,
LA COUR,

ainsi composee, rend l' arret suivant: Par son arret du 26 mai 1961, la Cour a rejete la premiere exception prelirninaire duGouvemement thailandais et a dit qu'elle etait cornpetente pour statuer sur Ie differend qui lui a ete soumis Ie 6 octobre 1959 par la requete du Gouvemement cambodgien. Par ordonnance du meme jour, la Cour a fixe les delais pour Ia suite de la procedure. Le 2 fevrier 1962, date du depot de la derniere piece, I'affaire s'est trouvee en etat. Des audiences publiques ont ete tenues aux dates suivantes: du l~r au 3 mars, le 5 mars, du 7 au 10 mars, les 12 et 13 mars, du 15 au 17 mars, du 19 au 24 mars et du 26 au 31 mars 1962. Au cours de ces audiences, la Cour a entendu en leurs plaidoiries et reponses MM. Truong Cang, Dean Acbeson, Roger Pinto et Paul Reuter. pour Ie Gouvernement cambodgien; et Ie prince Vongsamahip Jayankura, MM. Seni Pramoj, Henri Rolin, sir Frank Soskiceet M.. James Nevins Hyde pour le Gouvemement thru1andais. . ."Au.cours des.audiences dUI5.au2omars.Ig62. la .Couql.entendu les temoins et experts presentes par chacune des Parties dans leurs 'reponsesaux questions qui leur etaient posees, tant au nom des 6

TEMPLE OFPREAH

VillEAR (MERITS) (JUDG1wI.OF I5 VI 62)

nation on behalf of the_ p~ities and by Members of the Court. The following personsgaveevidence: called by the Governmentaf Cambodia: M. Suon Bonn, .former Governor of Kompong Thorn, Inspector of Political and Administrative Affairs in the Ministry of the Interior of Cambodia, as witness; called by the Government of Thailand: Professor Willem Schermerhorn, Dean of the International Training Center for Aerial Survey, Delft, and Director of the Consulting Department of the Center, as expert; Mr. Friedrich E. ACKermann, Dipl, Ing., Lecturer at the International Training Center for Aerial Survey, Delft, and member of the Consulting Department of the Center, as witness and expert; Mr. Herman Theodoor Verstappen, geomorphologist, Head of the Geological Section of the International Training Center for Aerial Survey, Delft, as expert. At the hearing held on 19 March 1962, the Court withdrew and reassembled in private to attend, in the presence of the representatives of the Parties, the showing of a film of the place in dispute filed by Cambodia. During the projection of the film and with the authorization of the President, M. Suon Bonn gave brief indications relating to points of fact. . In the course of the written proceedings, the following Submissions were presented by the Parties: On behalf of the Government of Cambodia, in the Application and in the Memorial: "May it please the Court to adjudge and declare, whether the Kingdom of Thailand appears or not: (1) that the Kingdom of Thailand is under an obligation to with?raw the. detachments of armed forces it has stationed since 1954 in the rums of the Temple of Preah Vihear; (2) that the territorial sovereignty over the Temple of Preah Vihear belongs to the Kingdom of Cambodia" ; in the Reply: "May it please the Court; I.-To reject the submissions presented by the Kingdom of Thailand in its Counter-Memorial, subject, in particular, to the presentation, if necessary, of any other grounds for the rejection of any further submissions that may be presented by the Kingdom ef Thailand ;Ir.-To find in favour of the submissions contained in its Application . instituting proceedings and in its Memorial. To adjudge and declare 7

1
.~

I
:1:

TEMPLE

DE PREAH VllrEAR

(FOND)

(ARRET DU

IS

VI

62,). par

9
les
,::

Parties, en interrogatoire et contre-interrogatoire, membres de la Cour. Ont ainsidepose,

que

'surpresentation du Gouvernement cambodgierr: M. Suon Bonn, ancien gouverneur de Kompong Thorn, inspecteur
des affaires politiques et administratives au ministers de l'Interieur du Cambodge, a titre de temoin ; sur presentation du Gouvernement thailandais: le professeur Willem Schermerhorn,doyen du Centre international d'instruction pour la photogrammetrie aerienne de Delft et directeur du service consultatif de ce centre, a titre d'expert; M. Friedrich E. Ackermann, ingenieur diplome, charge de conferences au Centre international d'instruction pour la photogrammetrie aerienne de Delft et membre duservice consultatif de ce centre, a titre de temoin et expert ; M. Herman Theodoor Verstappen,' geomorphologue, chef de la section geologique du Centre international d'instruction pour la photogrammetrie aerienne de Delft, a titre d'expert. Au cours de l'audience du 19 mars 1962, la Cour s'est rendue en chambre du conseil pour assister, en presence des'representants des Parties, la projection d'un film des lieux en litige depose par le Cambodge. Pendant cette projection et sur l'autorisation du President, M. Suon Bonn a donne de breves informations sur des points de fait. Au cours de la proced1:l~e ecrite, les conclusions ci-apres ont ete prises par les Parties: .",,' """'~

, .!

:Ii :.1
itl
ill',l,

11

';

'I:

. ~,

!
I

A u nom du Gouuernemen: cambodgien,


dans la requete et dans Ie rnernoire:

'

«Plaise a la Cour dire et [uger, tant en presence qu'en l'absence du Royaume de Thailande, I), que IeRoyaume de Thailande devra retirer les elements de forces armees qu'il a installes depuis 1954 dans les ruines du temple de Preah Vihear: 2} que la souverainete territoriale sur le temple de Preah Vihear appartient au Royaume du Cambodge »; dans la replique: ;Plaise

a la Cour:

I. -

Rejeter les conclusions presentees par Ie Royaume de ThaIlande dans son contre-memoire, sous reserve, notamment, d'opposer toutes autres fins de non recevoir,' si besoin en est, aux conclusions eventuelles du Royaume de Thallande:

". II. -Lui

adjuger.les conclusions de sa requete introductive d'insi,: -tance et de son mernoire. " " Dire et juger
7,

10·

TEMPLE OF

PREAH

VIHEAR

(MERITS) (jUDG1I'tOF

15 VI 62)

I.-That the Kingdom. 'of Thailaridis under an obligation to withdraw the detachments of armed forces it has stationed since 1954 in the ruins of the Temple of Prea.h Vihear; 2.-That the territorial sovereignty over the' Temple of Preah Vihear belongs to the Kingdom of Cambodia." On behalf 0/ the Government of Thailand, in the Counter-Memorial: "The Government of Thailand submits: (1) that the claims of the Kingdom of Cambodia formulated in the Application and the Memorial are not sustainable and should be rejected; {2} that Phra Viharn is in Thai territory; and the Court is respectfully asked so to adjudge and declare." During the oral proceedings, Counsel for Thailand asked, at the close of the hearing of 13 March 1962, to be allowed to defer formulating the Final Submissions on behalf of Thailand until after the evidence of witnesses and experts. The Agent for Cambodia: was requested to express his views on the matter and declared that he relied entirely on the justice and wisdom of the Court. The Court. after having deliberated. granted the authorization requested, it being understood that, after the evidence of witnesses and experts and before the filing of the Final Submissions of Thailand, the Agent for Cambodia might file such modifications to his own Submissions as he wished to make after having heard the evidence. The Submissions presented by the Parties during the oral proceedings and in particular after the foregoing decision were as follows: On behalf of the Gouernment 0/ Cambodia: A. Submissions read at the hearing of 5 March 1962 "May it please the Court: 1. To adjudge and declare that the frontier line between Cambodia and Thailand, in the Dangrek sector, is that which is marked on the map of the Commission of Delimitation between Indo-China and Siam (Annex I to the Memorial of Cambodia); 2. To adjudge and declare that the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated in territory under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Cambodia; 3. To adjudge and declare that the Kingdom of Thailand is under an obligation to withdraw the detachments of armed forces it has stationed since 1954, in Cambodian territory, in the ruins of the Temple of Preah Vihear; A. Yo adjudgeand declare that the sculptures; stelae, ~~agl?en~s of monuments, sandstone model and ancient pottery which have been removed from the Temple by the Thai authorities since 1954 are to be returned to the Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia by the Government of Thailand."
8

I
.
,

-;

TEMPLE DE PREAR VIHEAR (FOND) (ARRtT DU IS VI 62)


1° -

10

2° -

Que Ie Royaume de Thailandc devra retirer les elements de forces armees qu'Il a installes depuis 1954 dans les ruines du - temple de Preah Vihear ; Que la souverainete territoriale sur le temple de Preah Vihear appartient au Royaume du Cambodge. »
,

A u nom du Gouvernement thai'Zandais,


dans Ie contre-memoire
II

Le Gouvemement thatlandais condut a ce que: I) les pretentions du Gouvei'nement cambodgien formulees dans la requete et le mernoire ne sont pas soutenables et doivent etre rejetees ; 2) Phra Viham est en territoire thailandais: et la Cour est respectueusement invitee a Ie dire et a Ie juger. »

de la procedure orale, Ie conseil de la Thailande a fin del'audience du 13 mars 196z,l'autorisation de ne forrnuler Ies conclusions finales de la Thailande qu'apres l'audition des temoins et experts. L'agent du Cambodge, prie de faire connaitre ses vues, a declare s'en rapporter la justice et la sage sse de la Cour. Apres delibere, l'autorisation demandee a ete accordee, etant entendu que I'agent du Cambodge pourrait deposer, apres l'audition des temoins et experts et avant le depot des conclusions finales de la Thailande, les modifications que I'audition aurait pu l'arnener a pporter ses propres conclusions.

dernande,

Au cours

a la

Les conclusions presentees par les Parties pendant la procedure orale, en particulier a la suite de la decision qui vient d'etre rappelee, sont les suivantes:

A 1£ nom dtt Gouvernement camhodgien : A. Conclusions


«

lues

Plaise a Ia Cour I. Dire et juger que la ligne frontiere entre le Cambodge et la Thallande, dans le secteur des Dangrek, est celie qui est tracee sur la carte de la Commission de delimitation entre l'Indochine et le Siam [annexe n" I au mernoire du Cambodge); ·2. Dire et juger que Ie temple de Preah Vihear est situe en territoire relevant de la souverainete du Royaume du Cambodge; 3, Dire et juger que le Royaume de Thailande devra retirer les elementsde forces armees qu'il a installes, depuis 1254. en territoire cambodgien. dans les ruines du temple de Preah ViMar; 4•. Dire et juger que Ies sculptures,sMIes, fragments des monuments, maquette en gres, et poteries anciennes qui ont ete enleves .du temple.depuis 1954 par Ies alltorites ,thailalldaises,seront remis au Goll"ememcnt duRoyaume du Cambodge pili Ie Gouvemement de Thailande. ». ..

a l'audience

du 5 mars

1962

II

TEMPLEOF PREAR VIHEAR (MERIts) (jUDGM. OF

IS VI

62) .

B. Submissions: entitled 20 March 1962

.Finiil Submissions,

read at the hearing of

"May it please the Court: I. To adjudge and declare that the map of the Dangrek sector (AnnexI to the Memorialof Cambodia) was drawn up and published in the name and on behalf of the Mixed Delimitation Commission set up by the Treaty of 13 February 1904, that it sets forth the decisions taken by the said Commission and that, by reason of that fact and also of the subsequent agreements and conduct of the Parties, it presents a treaty character; 2. To adjudge and declare that the frontier line between Cambodia and Thailand, in the disputed region in the neighborhood of the Temple of Preah Vihear, is that which is marked on the map of the Commissionof Delimitation between Indo-China and Siam (Annex I to the Memorial of Cambodia) ; 3. To adjudge and declare that the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated in territory under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Cambodia; 4. To adjudge and declare that the Kingdom of Thailand is under an obligation to withdraw the detachments of armed forces it has stationed. since 1954, in Cambodian territory, in the ruins of the Temple of Preah Vihear; 5. To adjudge and declare that the sculptures, stelae, fragments of monuments, sandstone model and ancient pottery which have been removed from the Temple by the Thai authorities since 1954 are to be returned to the Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia by the Government of Thailand." On behalf of the Government of Thailand,' A. Submissions read at the hearing of 20 March 1962 "With respect to the Submissions presented by the Government of Cambodia on the 5th March, 1962. the Government of Thailand respectfully presents the following as its Submissions to the Court: I. The Court is asked not to entertain the claims put forward by Cambodia in paragraphs I and 4 of the Submissions presented on Monday. 5th March, by the Agent for the Government of Cambodia, on the ground that both those claims are put forward too late and were not included as claims which the Government of Cambodia wished to present to the Court in the Application instituting these proceedings or in the course of the written pleadings and were for the first time put forward by the Agent for Cambodia when he formulated Cambodia's conclusions. . It is therefore submitted that these claims should not now be entertained by the Court. 2. Alternatively. - In- regard "to the first- of the said claims 'Thailand submits the followingconclusions: {I} The map Annex I has not been proved to be a document bind. ing on the Parties whether by virtue of the Treaty of 1904 or otherwise.

TEMPLE DE PREAH VIHEAR (FOND) (ARRET DU 15 VI 6~)_

II

B. Conclusions intitulees -. e Plaise a. Ia Cour -

finales lues

a l'a~dience

du

20

mars 1962

I. Dire et juger que la carte du secteur des Dangrek (annexe 1 au rnemoire du Cambodge) a He dressee et publiee au nom et pour le compte de la Commission mixte de delimitation. creee par le traite du 13 fevrier 1904, <iu'eile enonce les decisions prises parladite Commission et qu'elle presente tant de ce fait que des accords et comportements ulterieurs des Parties un caractere conventionnel: 2. Dire et juger que la ligne frontiere entre Ie Cambodge et la Thaflande, dans la region contestee voisine du temple de Preah Vihear, est celle qui est marquee sur la carte de la Commission de delimitation entre l'Indochine et Ie Siam (annexe I au memoire du Cambodge); 3. Dire et juger que Ie temple de Preah Vihear est situe en territoire relevant de lasouverainete du Royaume du Cambodge:

4. Dire et juger que Ie Royaume de Thailande devra retirer Ies elements de forces armees qu'il a installes, depuis 1954. en territoire carnbodgien, dans les mines du temple de Preah Vihear ;

5. Dire et juger que les sculptures, steles, fragments des monuments, maquette en gres et poteries anciennes qui ont He enleves du temple depuis 1954 par les autorites thailandaises, seront remis au Gouvernement du Royaume du Cambodge par le Gouvernement de Thailande, » A II nom du Gouvemement thai"landais : A. Conclusions lues a l'audience du 20 mars 1962
«Concernant les conclusions presentees par le Gouvemement cambodgien le 5 mars 1962, le Gouvernement thailandais presente respectueusement a. Ia Cour les conclusions suivantes: 1. La Cour -est'invitee. a..ne_pas retenir Ies reclamations presentees par le Cambodge aux paragraphes 1 et 4 des conclusions que l'agent du Gouvernement cambodgien a presentees le lundi 5 mars, pour le motif que ces deux reclamations ont ete l'une et .l'autre forrnulees trop tard et ne figuraient pas au nombre de celles que Ie Gouvernement camlxxlgien a. desire presenter a la Cour dans la requete introductive d'instance ou au cours de Ia procedure ecrite et qu'elles ont··ete presentees pour Ia premiere fois par l'agent du Cambodge lorsqu'il a formula les conclusions du Cambodge. En consequence, la Thailande conclut fl. ce que la Cour ne doit pas aujourd'hui retenir ces reclamations. 2. Subsidiairement, Concernant la premiere desdites reclamations, la Thailande presenteIes conclusions suivantes: . {i} :::Jln'a pasete demontreque la carte-de l'annexe J fUtun document obligatoirepour les Parties soit en vertu de laconvention de 1904. soit pour toute autre raison. 9_
-cO

fi!
·lJ

12

TEMPLE OF PREAR VIHEAR (MERITS) (JU:DGM.OF

IS VI

62)

;>~(.
:: ~:::::~:" ~
.
····:·············:··I~·.'.···

and Cambodia haveJi~t in fact treated the frontier marked out on Annex I as the frontier between Thailand and Cambodia in the Dang Rek region. (iii) For the above reasons, the frontier line marked on Annex I ought not to be substituted for the existing boundary line in fact observed and accepted by the two Parties in the Dang Rek range. (Iv) Even, therefore, if the Court. contrary to the submission of Thailand, thinks it proper to entertain the said Claim (r) now put forward by Cambodia. Thailand submits that on the merits this claim is not well founded and ought to be rejected. 3. Thailand submits the following further conclusions in answer to Submissions 2 and 3 put forward by Cambodia: (i) Abundant evidence has been given that at all material times Thailand has exercised full sovereignty in the area of the Temple to the exclusion of Cambodia. Alternatively. if, which is denied, Cambodia in any sense carried out any administrative functions in the said area, such acts were sporadic and inconclusive. and in no sense such as to negative or qualify the full exercise of sovereignty in the said area by Thailand. The watershed in the said area substantially corresponds with the cliff edge running round Phra Viham and constitutes the treaty boundary in the.said area as laid down by the Treaty of 1904. (iii) To the extent that the cliff edge does not precisely correspond with the watershed as shown by the configuration of the ground in the area, the divergencies are minimal and should be disregarded. (iv) The general nature of the area allows access from Thailand to the Temple. whereas access from Cambodia involves the scaling of the high cliff from the Cambodian plain. (v) There is no room in the circumstances of the present case for. the application in favour of Cambodia of any of the doctrines prayed in aid by Counsel for Cambodia. whether acquiescence, estoppel or prescription. (vi) Cambodia ought not in any event now to be allowed by the Court to put forward a claim based on prescription not having anywhere in her pleadings or until the very end of her oral argument put forward any such claim. (vii) The evidence in favour of Cambodia is in any event wholly inadequate to support any prescriptive title in Cambodia. Cambodia's second and third Submissions ought therefore to be rejected. 4._ Further and in the alternative with regard to Cambodia's fourth Submission, it is submitted that this Submission, even if entertained by the Court, is wholly unsupported by evidence. and the claim put forward by Cambodia in :t" fourth Submission is accordingly unsustainable.' , (ii)

(ii) .Thail~d

.-:::;":.:; .,

I
l
1

i· ,

TEMPLE. DE PREAH VIHEAR (FOND) (ARRE.TDU 15 VI 62)

12

(ii) En fait, ni la Thailande ni le Cambodge n'ont traite la frontiere indiquee a l'annexe I comme frontiere entre la Thailande et _. . le Carnbodge dans la region des Dangrek. (iii) Pour "les raisons 'qui _ precedent, la ligne -frontiere indiquee a. I'annexe I ne doit pas etre substituee a la frontiere existante observee et acceptee en fait par les deux Parties dans la chaine des Dangrek. (iv) Par consequent, meme si la Cour, contrairement a la conclusion de la Thailande, eroit devoir retenir ladite reclamation (I) aujourd'hui presentee par Ie Cambodge, la Thailande conclut a ee que cette reclamation est mal fondee au fond et doit etre rejetee, 3. La Thailande formule les conclusions supplernentaires suivantes, en reponse aux conclusions 2 et 3 presentees par Ie Cambodge: (i) Des preuvcs abondantes ont 6te produites, dernontrant qu'a toutes les epoques critiques Ia Thailande a exerce Ia pleine souverainete dans la zone du temple, a l'exclusion du Cambodge. Subsidiairernent, si, contrairement aux denegationsde Ia Thailande, le Cambodge a, en un sens quelconque, rempli des fonctions administratives dans ladite zone, ces actes ont ete sporadiques, ne sont pas conc1uants et ne sont en aucun cas de nature a annuler ou a limiter le plein exercice de la souverainete dans cette zone par la Thailande. (ii) La ligne de partage des eaux dans ladite zone correspond en substance au Ialte de l'escarpement qui entoure Phra Viharn et constitue la frontiere conventionneUe dans cette zone, telle qu'elle a ete fixee par la convention de I904(iii) Dans la mesure OU Ie faite de l'escarpement ne correspond pas exactement a la ligne de partage des eaux indiquee dans cette zone par la configuration du terrain, les divergences sont rninimes et devraient etre negligees. (iv) La nature generale de Ia zone offre un acces au temple depuis Ia Thailande, alors que l'acces depuis le Cambodge necessite l'escalade d'une haute falaise depuis la plaine cambodgienne. (v) Dans les circonstances de la presente affaire, il n'y a pas lieu d'appliquer en faveur du Cambodge l'une des doctrines invoquees par Ie conseil du Cambodge, a savoir l'acquiescement, l'estoppel ou Ia prescription. (vi) En tout etat de cause, le Cambodge ne saurait etre autorise aujourd'hui par Ia Cour a presenter une reclamation fondee sur la prescription, n'ayant, nulle part dans ses ecritures etjusqu'a Ia fin de ses plaidoiries, presente pareille reclamation. (vii) En tout etat de cause, les preuves en faveur du Cambodge sont absolument insuffisantes pour lui conferer un titre prescriptif. En consequence, les deuxieme et troisieme conclusions du Camhodge doivent ~tre rejetees, 4. Au surplus et a titre subsidiaire, en ce qui concerne la quatrierne conclusion du Cambodge, la Thailande conclut a ce que ce point des conclusions duCa.mbodge, rneme s'il est retenu par la Cour, n'est confirmepar aucune preuve et en consequence la reclamation presentee .par Ie Cambodge dans saquatrieme conclusion n'est pas . soutenable, ~ ro

13

TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (jUDGM. OF 15 VI

62)

B. Revised Submissions presented on 20 _March 1962 after the hearing "With respect to the revised Submissions presented by the Government of Cambodia on the zoth March 1962. the Government of Thailand respectfully submits the following Submissions to the Court:
I. With regard to the first claim 01 the revised Submissions:
I. The whole of the evidence before the Court shows that the map of the sector of the Dang Rek which is Annex I to the Memorial of Cambodia was not prepared or published either in the name or on behalf of the Mixed Commission of Delimitation set up under the Treaty of the 13th February. 1904: but. whereas the said Mixed Commission consisted of a French Commission and a Siamese' Commission, the said Annex I was prepared by members of the French Commission alone and published only in the name of the French Commission. 2. The French officers who prepared the said Annex I had no authority to give any official or final interpretation of the decisions of the said Mixed Commission. still less of the intentions of the said Mixed Commission at points at which no decision ',had been recorded. 3. No decision of the said Mixed Commissionwas recorded about the boundary at Phra Viharn. If the said Mixed Commission did reach such a decision, that decision is not correctly represented on the said Annex I. but was a decision that in the Phra Viharn area the boundary should coincide with the cliff edge. 4. There was no subsequent agreement of the parties attributing a bilateral or conventional character to the said Annex I. 5. The conduct of the parties, so far from attributing any conventional character to the said Annex I, shows that the Parties have not treated the line marked on the said Annex I as the boundary in the Dang Rek ; Thailand has remained in undisputed possession of all the territory at the top of the Dang Rek. Wherever there is a cliff _edgein the Dang Rek the edge of the cliff is. and has been. accepted as constituting the watershed boundary established in this region by Article I of the said Treaty of 1904. 6. Even if the said Annex I were to be regarded as possessing a conventional character, the boundary line marked on it would not be binding on the parties when proved-as it has been in the disputed area-to be based on an inaccurate survey of the terrain.

I
:.;,
"

.~

I 1

II. With regard to the second claim 01 the revised Submissions:


I.

The Court is asked not to entertain the claim, because:

(i) the claim to a region 'in the neighbourhood of the temple of Phra Viham' constitutes an enlargement of the claim presented by the Government of Cambodia in the Application instituting these proceedings and throughout the written pleadings;
II

TEMPLE

DE PREAH VlHEAR (FOND) (ARRET DU IS VI~2)

13

B. Conclusions_ revisees presentees

Ie

20

mars I962 apres l'audience

~(l Visant-Iesconelesions revisees-presentees par le Gouvemement cambodgien le 20 mars Ig62, Ie Gouvemement thailandais presente respectueusement a la Cour les conclusions suivantes:

I. Ctmcernant la premiere reclama#on des conclusions revisees : Toutes les preuves soumises a Ia Cour montrent que la carte du secteur des Dangrek qui constitue l'annexe I au memoirs du Cam.bodge n'a He prepanie ou publiee ni au nom ni pour Ie compte de la Commission mixte de delimitation creee par la convention du 13 fevrier 1904; mais, attendu que cette Commission mixte se composait d'une commission francaise et d'une commission siarnoise, ladite annexe I a ete preparee par les membres deIa commission francaise seuls et publiee uniquement au nom de la commission francaise, 2. Les officiers francais qui ont prepare.cette annexe I n'avaient pas autorite pour donner une interpretation officielle et definitive des decisions de ladite Commission mixte, moins encore des intentions de cette Commission sur des points pour lesquels aucune decision n'avait ete transcrite. 3. Aucune decision de ladite Commission mixte n'a ete transcrite concernant la frontiere a Phra Viharn. Si la Commission mixte a pris une telle decision. cette decision n'est pas correctement indiquee par ladite annexe I mais eUe disposait que, dans la zone de Phra Viharn, la frontiers devait coincider avec Ie faite de l'escarpement. 4. Il n'y a pas eu d'accord ulterieur des Parties attribuant a l'annexe I un caractere bilateral ou conventionneL 5. La conduite des Parties pour ce qui est de I'attribution d'un caractere conventionnel a ladite annexe I montre que les Parties n'ont pas traite la ligne tracee a l'annexe I comme frontiere dans les Dangrek; la Thailande est restee en possession incontestee de tout le territoire au sommet des Dangrek. Partout OU il y a une falaise dans les Dangrek, Ie falte de l'escarpement est et a He accepte comme constituant la frontiere de la ligne de partage des eaux etablie dans cette region par I'article rer de ladite convention de 1904. 6. Meme si ladite annexe I devait etre envisagee comme possedant un caractere conventionnel, la ligne frontiere qu'elle indique ne serait pas obligatoire pour les Parties lorsqu'il est etabli - comme c'est Ie cas dans la zone contestee - qu'elle repose sur un Ieve inexact du terrain. .
I.

II. Concernant la deuxieme Tidamation des conclusions Tevisees.. (i) la reclamation d'une region e voisine dU~~IJlI>le;de,Phra Viham _~_g)nstitue, nne- ext~ndelat:t~<:lan1a.:U9P;)V~~!lt~par Ie
II

r, La Cour est invitee motifs suivants:

ne pas retenir cette reclamation pour les

."Gouvemementcam¥~en dans la ~eCJ.ueteip~~~~Et:1Y.edmstance et tout au -long des ecntures; ·",L;~:!?V' ....

14

TEMPLE

OF PREAH

VIHEAR

(MERITS)

(JUDGM.

OF IS VI 62)

(ii) the terms of the claim are too .vague to allow either the Court or the Government of Thailand to appreciate what are the limits of the territory claimed. 2. Alternatively, the Government of Thailand repeats paragraph 3 of its submissions presented at the sitting of the Court on the zoth March,1¢2. III.

Submissions:

With

regard /0 the tht'rd ami fourth claims of the revised

The Government of Thailand repeats paragraph 3 of its submissions presented at the sitting of the Court on the eoth March, 1y62. IV. With regard to the fifth claim of the revised Submissious : I. The Court is asked not to entertain this claim, because it constitutes an enlargement of the claim presented by the Government of Cambodia in the Application instituting these proceedings and throughout the written pleadings. 2. Alternatively, the rejection of the first, second and third claims of the revised Submissions must involve the rejection of this claim. 3. Alternatively, this claim should be restricted to any objects of the kinds specified in the claim proved by the evidence before the Court to have been removed from the temple since 1954 by the Thai authorities."

**

In its Judgment of 26 May 1961, by which it upheld its jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute submitted to it by the Application filed by the Government of Cambodia on 6 October 1959, the Court described in the following terms the subject of the dispute: "In the present case, Cambodia alleges a violation on the part of Thailand of Cambodia's territorial sovereignty over the region of the Temple of Preah Vihear and its precincts. Thailand replies by affirming that the area in question lies on the Thai side of the common frontier between the two countries, and is under the sovereignty of Thailand. This is a dispute about territorial sovereignty." Accordingly, the subject of the dispute submitted to the Court is confined to a difference of view about sovereignty over the region of the Temple of Preah Vihear. To decide this question of territorial sovereignty, the Court must have regard to the frontier line between the two States in this sector. Maps haven been submitted to it and various considerations have been advanced in this connection, TIl(~· ourt will have regard C each of these only to such extent as it may find in them reasons for the decision it has to give in order to settle the sale dispute submitted to it, the subject of which has just been stated. ..

to

I2

TEMPLE DE PREAH VIHEAR (FOND) (ARRET DU 15 VI 62)

14

. 'les -limites du territoire revendique, -, .. 2. Subsidiairement, le Gouvernement thallandais repete le paragraphe 3 des conclusions qu'il a presentees a. l'audience de la Cour du 20 mars 1962.

aussi bien

(ii) Ies termes de la reclamation sont trop vagues pour perrnettre,

Ia Cour qu'au Gouvemement thatlandais, d'apprecier

III. Concernant les troisieme et quatriCme rlclamations des conclusions reoisees : Le Gouvernement thailandais repete le paragraphe 3 des conclusions qu'il a presentees a l'audience de la Cour du 20 mars 1962. ] V. Concernant fa cinquieme riclamation des conclusions revisee«: I. La Cour est invitee a ne pas retenir cette reclamation parce qu'elle constitue une extension de celle qui a He presentee par le Gouvemement cambodgien dans Ia requete introductive d'instance et tout au long des ecritures. 2. Subsidiairement, le rejet des premiere, deuxierne et troisieme reclamations des conclusions revisees doit amener le rejet de ladite reclamation. 3. Subsidiairement, ladite reclamation devrait etre Iimitee a tous objets rentrant dans les categories enoncees dans la reclamation dont il a He demontre par les preuves presentees a la Cour qu'ils ont He enleves du temple depuis 1954 par les autorites thailandaises. ))

**

Dans son 'arret du 26 mai 1961 par lequel elle a reconnu sa competence pour statuer sur Ie differend qui lui a He soumis par la requete que le Gouvernernent carnbodgien lui a adressee le 6 octobre 1959, In Cour a Merit dans les terrnes suivants l'objet du differend: «Dans la presente affaire, Ie Cambodge invoque la violation par la souverainete territoriale du Cambodge sur la region du temple de Preah Vihear et ses environs. La Thailande repond en affinnant que ce territoire est situe du cote thailandais de la frontiere commune entre les deux pays et qu'il releve de la souverainete thailandaise. II s'agit 13. d'un differend portant sur la souverainete territoriale. »
Ia Thailandede

L'objet du differend sournis i\ la Cour est done limite a UI~econtestation relative a la souverainete dans la region du temple de Preah Vihear, Pour trancher cette question de souverainete territoriale, la Cour devra faire etat de la frontiere entre les deux Etats dans ce secteur. Des.cartes lui ont ete soumises et diverses considerations ont eteinYOquees ce sujet.La Cour ne fera etat des unes et des autres que,da~la mesure ou elle ytrouveraIes motifs de la decision qu'elle dOit'j."enc1repourtrancher Ieseuldifferendqui lui estsoumis "ctdont ropjetyientd'~tre ei-dessus enonce. '

12 -

15

TEMPLE

OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS)

(JUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)

The Temple of Preah Vihear is an ancient sanctuary and shrine situated on"the borders of Thailand and Cambodia. Although now partially in ruins, this Temple has considerable artistic and archaeological interest, and is still used as a place of pilgrimage. It stands on a promontory of the same name, belonging to the eastern sector of the Dangrek range of mountains which, in a general way, constitutes the boundary between the two countries in this regionCambodia to the south and Thailand to the north. Considerable portions of this range consist-of a high cliff-like escarpment rising abruptly above the Cambodian plain. This is-the situation at Preah Vihear itself. where the main Temple buildings stand in the apex of a triangular piece of high ground jutting out into the plain. From the edge of the escarpment, the general inclination of the ground in the northerly direction is downwards to the Nam Moun river, which is in Thailand. " It will be apparent from the description just given that a frontier line which ran along the edge of the escarpment, or which at any rate ran to the south and east of the Temple area. would leave this area in Thailand; whereas a line running to the north. or to the north and west, would place it in Cambodia. Thailand has urged that the edge of this escarpment constitutes the natural and obvious line for a frontier in this region. In support of this view Thailand has referred to the documentary evidence indicative of the desire of the Parties to establish frontiers which would not only be "natural", but visible and unmistakable-such as rivers, mountain ranges, and hence escarpments, where they exist. , The desire of the Parties for a natural and visible frontier could have been met by almost any line which followed a recognizable course along the main chain of the Dangrek range .. It could have been a crest line, "a watershed line or an escarpment line (where an escarpment existed, which was far from always being the case). As will be seen presently, the Parties provided for a watershed line. In so doing, they must be presumed to have realized that such "a line would not necessarily. in any particular locality, be the same line as the line of the crest or escarpment. They cannot therefore be presumed to have intended that, wherever an escarpment existed, the frontier must lie along it. irrespective of all other considerations. "" The Parties have also relied on other arguments of a physical, historical, religious and archaeological character, but the Court is unable to regard them as legally decisive. "

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As concerns the burden of proof. it must be pointed out that though, from the formal standpoint, Cambodia is the plaintiff, 13

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VI62)

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-Le.temple de Preah Vihear est un sanctuaire etun Jieu_de culte antique situe aux confins de la Thailande et du Cambodge, Bien qu'il soit aujourd'hui partiellement en ruines, ce temple a un interet artistique et archeologique considerable et sert toujours de lieu de pelerinage. 11s'eleve sur un eperon du meme nom faisant partie du secteur oriental de Ia chaine de moritagnes des Dangrek, qui d'une facon generate constitue dans cette region la frontiere entre les deux pays -Ie Cambodge au sud et Ia Thailande au nord. Des parties considerables de la chaine consistent en un escarpement presentant l'aspect d'une haute Ialaise qui se dresse a l'abrupt audessus de la plaine cambodgienne. Telle est la situation a Preah Vihear meme, ou les batiments principaux du temple s'elevent au sommet d'un triangle montagneux en saillie sur Ia plaine. Depuis Ie faite de l'escarpement, la pente generale du terrain descend vers le nord [usqu'a la riviere Nam Moun qui est situee en Thailande. De la description qui vient d'etre faite, il ressort qu'une ligne frontiere qui suivrait le faite de I'escarpement, ou tout au moins passerait au sud et a l'est de la zone du temple, laisserait cette zone en Thailande, tandis qu'une ligne pass ant aunord, au au nord et a. l'ouest, la placerait au Cambodge. La Thailandc a soutenu que le faite de I'escarpement..constitue la Irontiere nnturelle et evidente dans la region. A l'appui de cet argument, la Thailande a fait etat des documents prouvant le desir des Parties d'etablir des frontieres qui fussent non seulement « naturelles » mais aussi visibles et incontestables - telles que des fleuves, des chaines de montagnes et, par consequent, des escarpements la au il en existe. Le desir des Parties de posseder une frontiere naturelle et visible aurait pu etre satisfait par presque toute ligne qui aurait suivi un trace reconnaissable dans la chaine principale des Dangrek. La frontiere aurait pu suivre Ia ligne de crete, la ligne de partage des eaux au la ligne d'escarpement (Ia ou il existedes escarpements, ce qui est loin d'etre toujours le cas). Comme on le verra ci-apres, les Parties ant choisi la ligne de part age des eaux. On doit presumer que, ce faisant, eIIes se sont rendu compte que cette ligne ne coincideraitpas necessairement en tous points avec la ligne de crete ou celle d' escarpement, On ne saurait done presumer qu' elles aient eu I'intentiond'etablir la frontiere sur les escarpements, ehaque fois qu'il en existe, independamment de toute autre consideration. Les Parties ont egalement invoque d'autresarguments de caracthe geographique, historique,religieux et archeologique,mais la Cournesaurait Iescoasiderer comrne [urldiquement.decisifs.

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, .:En ce qui eoncerne Ie fardeaude la preuve. it eonYie~t·d'ol:lserver que, si Ie .CaritbQdge,.·qui a introduit rinst~nce~el?t;a!(;point. de vue
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TEMPLE OF PREAH VlHEAR (MERITS) (JUDGM. OF

15

VI

62)

having instituted tile proceedings, Thailand also is a claimant because of the claim which was presented by her in the second Submission of the Counter-Memorial and which relates to the sovereignty over the same piece of territory. Both Cambodia and Thailand base their respective claims on a series of facts and contentions which are asserted or put forward by one Party or the other. The burden of proof in respect of these will of course lie on the Party asserting or putting them forward.

Until Cambodia attained her independence in 1953 she was part of French Indo-China, and her foreign relations-like those of the rest of French Indo-China-were .conducted by France as the protecting Power. It is common ground between the Parties that the present dispute has its [ons et origo in the boundary settlements made in the period 1904-1908, between France and Siam (as Thailand was then called) and, in particular, that the sovereignty over •Preah Vihear depends upon a boundary treaty dated 13 February 1904. and upon events subsequent to that. date. The Court is therefore not called upon to go into the situation that existed between the Parties prior to the Treaty of 1904. The relevant provisions of the Treaty of 13 February 1904, which regulated inter alia the frontier in the eastern Dangrck region. were as follows: [Translation by the Registry] "Article
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The frontier between Siam and Cambodia starts. on the left shore. of the Great Lake, from the mouth of the river Stung Roluos, it follows the parallel from that point in an easterly direction until it meets the river Prek Kompong Tiarn, then, turning northwards, it merges with the meridian from that meeting-point as far as the Pnom Dang Rek mountain chain. From there it follows the watershed between the basins of the Nam Sen and the Mekong. on the one hand. and the Nam Moun, on the other hand, and joins the Pnom Padang chain the crest of which it follows eastwards as far as the Mekong. Upstream from that point. the Mekong remains the frontier of the Kingdom of Siam, in accordance with Article I of the Treaty of 3 October 1893."

"Article 3
There shall be a delimitation of the frontiers between the Kingdom of Siam and the territories making up French Indo-China. This delimitation will be carried out by Mixed Commissions composed of officers appointed by the two contracting countries, The Work will Telate·- tofhefrontier' determined by Articles I, and ·2. and the region lying between the Great Lake and the sea."

n will be seen, in the first place, that these articles make no mention of Preah Vihear as such. It is for this reason that the Court
14

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VlHEAR

(FOND)

(ARRET

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VI 62)

formel le demandeur, la Thailande est egalement demanderesse eu egard ala demande qu'elle a presentee dans la deuxieme conclusion du contre-memoire et qui a pour objet la souverainete sur la merne portion 'de territoire. Tantle Cambodge que Ia Thailande fondent leurs pretentious respectives sur une serie de faits et d'allegations qui sont affirmes ou avancees par run ou par l'autre, Or, la charge de les prouver incombe evidemment la Partie qui les affirme ou les avance,

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jusqu'a son accession it l'independance en 1953, Ie Cambodge faisait partie de l'Indochine francaise et ses relations exterieures - comme celles du reste de l'Indochine francaise - etaient conduites par la France en qualite de Puissance protectrice. Les Parties sont d'accord pour admettre que le litige actuel a son origine dans les reglements de frontieres effectues dans la periode de 1904 a ~908 entre la France et le Siam (com me s'appelait alors la Thailande) et en particulier que la souverainete sur Preah Vihear depend d'une convention de frontieres datee du 13 fevrier 1904 et des evenements posterieurs a cette date. La Cour n'a donc pas a examiner la situation qui. existait entre les Parties anterieurement a la convention de 1904. Les dispositions pertinentes de la convention du 13 fevrier 1904, qui a reglernente inter alia la frontiere dans la region orientale des Dangrek,"sont les suivantes:
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La frontiere entre Ie Siam et le Cambodge part, sur la five gauche du Grand Lac, de l'embouchure de la riviere Stung Roluos, elle suit Ie parallele de ce point dans la direction de l'est jusqu'a la rencontre de la riviere Prek Kompong Tiam, puis, remontant vers le nord, elle se confond avec Ie meridien de ce point de rencontre jusqu'a la chaine de montagnes Pnom Dang Rek. De la elle suit la ligne de partage des eaux entre les bassins du Nam Sen et du Mekong, d'une part, et du Nam Moun, d'autre part, et rejoint la chaine Pnom Padang dont elle suit la crete vers I'est jusqu'au Mekong. En amont de ce point, le Mekong reste la frontiere du royaume de Siam, conIormement a I'article Ier du traite du 3 octobre 1893. » «Article 3 Il sera precede a la delimitation des frontieres entre Ie royaume de Siam et les territoires formant l'Indo-Chine francaise. Cette delimitation sera effectuee par des commissions mixtes .composees d'officiers nommes par les deux pays contractants. Le travail portera sur la frontiere determines par les articles I et 2, ainsi que sur la region comprise entre 1e Grand Lac et la mer .• ,

9n v?it en premier . lieu que •ces articles ne _.mentiollner;t "Jilas Preah 'lhear. C'est pourquoi 1a Courne peut rendre une decision
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17

TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MER~TS) (JUDGM. OF IS VI (2)

C.:1.n only give a decision as to the sovereignty over the Temple area after having examined what the frontier line is. Secondly, whereas the general character of the frontier established by Article I was, along the Dangrek range, tobe a watershed line, the exact COurseof this frontier was, by virtue of Article 3, to be delimited by a FrancoSiamese Mixed Commission. It is to be observed, moreover, that what had to be delimited was "the frontiers" between Siam and French Indo-China; and although this delimitation had, prima facie, to be carried out by reference to the criterion indicated in Article I, the purpose of it was to establish the actual line of the frontier. In consequence, the line of the frontier would, to all intents and purposes, be the line resulting from the work of delimitation, unless the delimitation were shown to be invalid.

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In due course, a Mixed Commission composed of French and Siamese members was set up, charged with the task of delimiting the frontier in various districts, including the eastern sector of the Dangrek range in which Preah Vihear is situated. This Mixed Commission was composed of two sections, one French and one Siamese, sitting together-one consisting of French topographical and administrative officers under a French president, and the other of Siamese members under a Siamese president. So far as the frontier in the Dangrek range was concerned, the task of this Mixed Commission was confined to the eastern sector (roughly east of the Pass of Kel) in which Preah Vihear is situated. At this time the western sector of the Dangrek lay wholly in Thailand. It was only when a further boundary settlement, under a treaty dated 23 March 1907, brought within Cambodia various districts abutting on the western Dangrek sector, that the latter became a frontier region. The task of delimiting the frontier in this latter region was given to a second Mixed Commission set up under the 1907 Treaty. The Mixed Commission set up under the Treaty of I904 held its first meeting in January 1905, but did not reach that part of its operations that concerned the frontier along the eastern sector of the Dangrek range until December 1906, although it appears from the minutes of the Commission's meeting of 2 December 1906 that one of the French members of the Commission, Captain Tixier, had passed along the Dangrek in February 1905. At the meeting of 2 December 1906, held at Angkor-Wat, it was agreed that the Commission should ascend the Dangrek from the Cambodian plain "by the Pass of Kel,which lies westwards 01 PreahVihear, and travel e.astwards along the range by the same route (or along the same lme) as had been reconnoitred by Captain Tixier in 1905 ("Ie trace qu'« reconnu ... le capitaine Tixier"}, It was stated that all the

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TEMPLE DE PREAH VIHEAR (FOND) (ARRET DU IS vI,.62)

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sur le souverainete dans la zone du temple qu'apres avoir examine queUe est la ligne frontiere. En second lieu, alors que, dans la chaine des Dangrek,Ja frontiere.etabliepar.l'article le~ devait.suivre d'une maniere generale la ligne de partage des eaux, Ie trace exact de cette frontiere devait, en vertude l'article 3, Hre fixe par une Commission mixte franco-siamoise, En outre, il faut observer que ce qu'il s'agissait de delimiter c'etaient les ((frontieres » entre le Siam et l'Indochine francaise ; bien que cette delimitatiorr dut etre prima jade effectuee sur la base du critere indique dans l'article ler, son but etait d'etablir le trace exact de la frontiere, En consequence.Ia ligne frontiere devait 8tre, a toutes fins; celle qui resulterait des travaux de delimitation, a moins que l'on ne put demontrer l'invalidite de la delimitation.

Une Commission mixte compo see de membres francais et siamois a He etablie en temps utile afin de s'occuper de la delimitation de la frontiere dans differents districts, parmi lesquels le secteur oriental de la chaine des Dangrek oii est situe Preah Vihear, Cette Commission mixte etait composee de deux sections, francaise et siarnoise, siegeant ensemble - la premiere comprenant des officiers topographes et des fonctionnaires administratifs francais sous la direction d'un president francais et Ia seconde des mernbres siamois sous la direction" d'un president siamois, En ce qui concerne la frontiere dansIa chaine des Dangrek, la tache de la Commission mixte se bornait au secteur oriental (en gros, a l'est du col de Kel) ou se trouve Preah Vihear, A cette epoque, le secteur occidental des Dangrek etait entierernent en Thailande. Ce n'est que lorsqu'un nouveau reglement de frontieres eut donne au Cambodge, en vertu d'un traite date du 23 mars 1907, certains districts adosses au secteur occidental des Dangrek que celui-ci est devenu region frontiere. Les operations de delimitation de la frontiere dans cette region ont ete confiees a une seconde Commission mixte etablie en vertu du traite de 1907. La Commission mixte etablie en vertu de la convention de 1904 a tenu sa premiere seance en janvier 1905 mais n'a aborde qu'en decembre 1906 la partie de sa tache concernant la frontiere dans le secteur oriental de la chaine des Dangrek, bien qu'il ressorte du proces-verbal de la seance du 2 decernbre 1906 que l'un desmembres francais de la Commission, le capitaine Tixier, avait parcouru les Dangrek en fevrier 1905. Au cours de cette seance du 2 decembre 1906, tenue a Angkor-Vat, il a He convenu que la Commission se rendrait aux Dangrek en partantde la plaine cambodgienne et en passant par le col de Kel situe a l'ouest de Preah Vihear et qu'elle ferait route versl'est Ie long de la crete, en suivant (au en longeant) « Ie tracequ'areconnu •..Iecapitaine Tixier eri 1905. Il a ftc declare que toutes Iesreconnaissarices necessaires entre ce trace et la ligne
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15 VI 62)

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necessary reconnaissance between this route and the crest line (towhicli it ran roughly .parallel) .could be carried out by this method; Since the route was, at the most; only ten to fifteen kilometres from the crest, on the Siamese side. It has not been contested that the Presidents of the French 'arid Siamese sections of the Commission, as representing it, duly made this journey, and that in the course of it they visited the Temple of Preah Vihear. But there is no record of any decision that they may have taken. At this same meeting of 2 December 1906, it was also agreed that another of the members of the French section of the Commission,Captain Oum, should, starting at the eastern end, survey the whole of the eastern part of the Dangrek range, in which Preah Vihear is situated, and that he would leave for this purpose the next day. . It is thus clear that the Mixed Commission fully intended to delimit the frontier in this sector of -the Dangrek and that it took all the necessary steps to put the work of delimitation in hand. The work must have been accomplished, for at the end of January 1907 the French Minister at Bangkok reported to the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Paris that he had been formally notified by the President of the French section of the Mixed Commission that the whole work of delimitation had been finished wit hout incident, and that the frontier line had been definitely established, except in the region of Siem Reap. Furthermore, in a report on the whole work of delimitation, dated 20 February 1907, destined for his own Government, the President said that: "All along the Dangrek and as far as the Mekong, the fixing of the frontier could not have involved any difficulty." Mention may also be made of a map produced by Thailand, recently prepared by the Royal Thai Survey Department, Bangkok, tracing in- the Dangrek the "Route followed by the Mixed Commission of 1904'" It seems clear therefore that a frontier was surveyed and fixed; but the question' is what was that frontier (in particular in the region of Preah Vihear), by whom was it fixed, in what way, and upon whose instructions? The difficultly in answering these questions lies in the fact that, after the minutes of the meeting of the First Commission on 2 December 1906, there is no further reference whatever, in any minutes of later meetings, to the question of the frontier in the Dangrek region. It appears that at about this time the Commission had in substance finished its work on the grourid and was awaiting the reports and provisional maps of the survey officers (Captairi Oum and others). _These .reports and maps would not be available until February-March 1907 when, in normal circumstances, another meeting of the Commission would have been held to consider them. It appears that a meeting had been provisionally fixed for 8 March.
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DE PREAII

VIHEAR

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(ARRET

DU 15 V 62)

IS

de crete (it laquelle il etait sensiblement parallele) pourraient etre faites par .cette methode, car it ne s'ecartait deTa _ crete que de dix ou quinze kilometres au plus, sur le versant siamois. 11 n'est pas conteste que les presidents des sections francaise et siamoise de 1a Commission, agissant comme representants de eette Commission, aient effectivement fait ce trajet, au cours duquel ils ont visite le temple de Preah Vihear, Mais il n'y a trace d'aucune decision prise par eux .. Au cours de la meme seance du 2 decembre 1906, it a egalement ete convenu qu'un autre membre de la section francaise de la Cornmission, le capitaine Oum, leverait, en part ant de l'extremite est, toute la partie orientale de la chaine des Dangrek, OU se trouve Preah Vihear, et qu'a cette fin il se mettrait en route le lendemain,
11 est done evident que la Commission mixte avait pleinernent l'intention de delimiter 1a frontiere dans ee secteur des Dangrek et qu' elle a pris toutes les mesures necessaires pour faire executer les travaux de delimitation. Ces travaux ont du I!tre accomplis, puisqu'a la fin de janvier 1907 le ministre de France a Bangkok rendait compte au ministre des Affaires etrangeres a Paris qu'il avait ete officicllernent avise par Ie president de la section francaise de la Commission mixte que I'enscmble des truvaux de delimitation s'etait acheve sans incident et que le trace de Ia frontiere avait ete definitivement arrete, sauf pour la region de Siem-Reap. Au surplus, Ie president declarait dans un rapport sur l'ensemble des operations de delimitation date du 20 fevrier 1907 et destine a son propre gouvernement: « Tout le long des Dangrek et jusqu'au Mekong, la determination de la frontiere ne pouvait entrainer aucune difficulte.)) On peut mentionner egalement qu'une carte produite par la Thailande, carte recemment preparee par le Service geographique royal thailandais de Bangkok, indique la u route suivie par la Commission mixte de 1904» dans les Dangrek. 11 semble par consequent evident qu'une frontiere a ete levee et determinee ; mais il reste it savoir quelle etait cette frontiers (notamment dans la region de Preah Vihear), par qui elle a He determinee, de quelle maniere et sur les instructions de qui. La difficulte, Iorsqu'il s'agit de repondre a ces questions, reside dans le fait qu'apres le proces-verbal de la seance de la premiere Commission du 2 decembre 1906 it n'est plus fait aueune mention, dans aueun des proces-verbaux des seances ulterieures, de la question .dela frontiere dans Ia region des Dangrek. . II apparait qu'a peu pres a cette epoque la Commission avait pratiquement termine ses travaux sur Ie terrain et qu'elle attendait les ..rapports et .les cartes provisoires des. officiers..topographes ...(c:apjtajn~Ouro. etautres) -. Ces rapports et .Ces~rtes:ne:devaient etr~rpi~tsql(en: fevrier-mars 1907,~poque alaquellej,dansdes cir~oflstaIicesnorma1es. la Commission se serait reuniea.nouveau pouOes,examiner; II apparait qu'une seanceavait etC provisoire-

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TEMPLE OF PREAH VlHEAR (MERITS) (JUDGM. OF IS VI 62) .

Tbatit was certainly the: intention to call one, can be seen from a despatch from the French Minister in Bangkok to the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Paris, dated 23 February 1907, covering the report from Colonel Bernard, President of the French section ·of the Commission. The Minister, in his despatch. said: "The maps indicating the frontier can be brought up to date in a fairly short time and the plenary meeting of the French and Siamese Commissioners will probably be held before IS March." No meeting apparently ever took place. In the meantime the two Governments had entered into negotiations for a further boundary treaty. This treaty was signed on 23 Marcl;l 1907, and provided for exchanges of territory and a comprehensive regulation of all those frontiers not covered by the previous treaty settlement of 1904. A second Mixed Commission of Delimitation was then set up under the Treaty of 1907. As already mentioned, part of its task-was to delimit that sector of the Dangrek region not having come within the ambit of the First Commission, namely from the Pass of Kel westwards, and therefore not including Preah Vihear which lay to the east. There was in fact some overlapping of the work of the two Commissions in the Kel region, but this overlapping did not extend to Preah Vihear. There is, however, evidence in the records of the Second Commission that, at or near the Pass of Kel, the line drawn by this Commission 'joined up with an already existing line proceeding eastwards to the Temple area and beyond. There is no definite indication as to what this line was, or how it had come to be established; but the presumption that it was in some manner or other the outcome of the survey work which the First Commission had put in hand, and which the President of its French section, in his report of 20 February 1907, stated to have been accomplished without difficulty is, in the circumstances, overwhelmingly strong. The Court has noted that although, under Article IV of the Treaty of 1907, the task of the Second Mixed Commission was to delimit the "new frontiers" established by that Treaty, the Commission also had the task, under Clause III of the Protocol attached to the Treaty, of delimiting all that part of the frontier defined in Clause I of the Protocol. This latter provision related to the entire Dangrek range from a point in its western half to the' eastern continuation of the Dangrek, the Pnom Padang range, as far as the River Mekong. Therefore, had the eastern Dangrek and Pnom Padang sectors not already been delimited by the first (1904) Mixed Commission, it would have been the duty of the second (1907) Commission to do this work. This Commission did not do it, apart from the overlap (not extending to Preah Vihear) already mentioned, and therefore the presumption must be that it had already been done.

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ment fixee au 8 mars. Le fait qu'il y ait certainement eu intention de tenir une seance ressort d'une depeche adressee le 23 Ievrier 1907 par leministre de France a Bangkok au ministre des Affaires, etrangeres a Paris, en couverture du rapport du colonel Bernard, president de la section Irancaise de la Commission. Le ministre declarait dans sa 'depeche: « Les cartes indiquant la frontiere pourront etre mises a jour dans un assez court delai et. la reunion pleniere des commissaires francais et siamois aura vraisemblablement lieu avant le IS mars. II Aucune seance ne semble avoir jamais eu lieu. Entre-temps, Ies deux gouvernements avaient entrepris de negocier un nouveau traite de frontieres. Ce traite, qui a ete signe le 23 mars 1907. prevoit des echanges de territoires et etablit un reglement general de toutes les frontieres non couvertes par le precedent reglement conventionnel de 1904. . Une seconde Commission mixte de delimitation a alors ete creee en application du traite de 1907. Comme on l'a indique plus haut, eIle avait notamment pour tache de delimiter le secteur de la region des Dangrek qui n'avait pas ete du ressort de la premiere Commission, c'est-a-dire depuis le col de Kel vers I'ouest, et qui ne cornprenait done pas Preah Vihear, situe a l'est du col. II y a eu en fait un certain chevauchemen t des tra vaux des' deux Commissions dans la region de KeI, mais ce chevauchement ne s'est pas etendu a Preah Vihear. II apparait neanmoins dans les documents de la' seconde Commission qu'au col de KeI, au dans le voisinage imrnediat, la Iigne frontiere tracee par cette Commission a rejoint une ligne deja existante qui se dirigeait vers l'est jusqu'a la zone du temple et audela. On ne possede pas d'indication precise sur ce qu'etait cette ligne, ni sur la maniere dont elle avait ete etablie: mais la supposition selon laquelle elle etait bien. d'une facon ou d'une autre, le resultat des leves operes pour le compte de la premiere Commission et dont le president de la section francaise affirmait dans son rapport du 20 fevrier 1907 qu'ils avaient eM accomplis sans difficulte est dans ces conditions d'un poids decisif, La Cour constate que. si, d'apres l'article IV du traite de 1907. Ia tache de la seconde Commission mixte etait de delimiter les « nouvelles frontieres » etablies par le traite, cette Commission etait egalement chargee, en vertu de la clause III du protocole annexe au traite, de determiner toute la partie de la frontiere decrite dans la clause I de ce protocole. Cette derniere disposition visait toute la chaine des Dangrek en partant d'un point situe dans sa moitie occidentale et en allant vers In chaine du Pnom Padang, prolongement oriental des Dangrek, jusqu'au fleuve Mekong. Si done le secteur oriental des Dangrek et le secteur du PnomPadang n'avaient pas deja ~te delimites par la premiere Commissionmixte(eclle de 1904), ce travailaurait incornbe ala secondeCommission(eelle de 1907). Ladite Commission , n' ayant .pas pro¢edeA. ce .tr~lYail.:osaufclans J~ 'partie ;,qui ,a ,fai t l'objetdu chey~jichement deja.;Jlle~tionnc '(et. qui 'n'inteiessaitpas Preah Vihear) .,O~·doit prestiriler qu'ila vait ,deja etc execute. ~ '. . 17 .
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15 VI

62)

The First Mixed Commissionapparently did not hold any formal meeting after 19 January 1907. It must not be forgotten that, at the time when such a meeting might have been held for the purpose of .winding up the work of the Commission, attention in both countries, on the part of those who were specially qualified to act and speak on their behalf in these matters, was directed towards the conclusion of the Treaty of 23 March 1907. Their chief concern, particularly in the case of Colonel Bernard, could hardly have been the formal-completion of the results of the delimitation they had carried out. . . .... -,,_.. The final stagectf the operation of delimitation was the preparation and publication of maps. For the execution of this technical work, the Siamese Government, which at that time did not dispose of adequate means, had officially requested that French topographical officers should map the frontier region. It is clear from the opening paragraph of the minutes of the meeting of the first Mixed Commission on 29 November 1905 that this request had the approval of the Siamese section of the Commission, which may indeed have inspired it, for in the letter of 20 August 1908 in which the Siamese Minister in Paris communicated to his Government the eventual results of this work of mapping, he referred to "the Mixed Commission of Delimitation of the frontiers and the Siamese Commissioners' request that the French Commissioners prepare maps of various frontiers". That this was the deliberate policy ofthe Siamese authorities is also shown by the fact that in the second (1907) Mixed Commission, the French members of the Commission were equally requested by their Siamese colleagues to carry out cartographical work, as can be seen from the minutes of the meeting of 6 June 1908. The French Government duly arranged for the work to be done by a team of four French officers, three of whom, Captains Tixier, Ketler and de Batz, had been members of the first Mixed Commission. This team worked under the general direction of Colonel Bernard, and in the late autumn of 1907 it completed a series of eleven maps covering a large part of the frontiers between Siam and French Indo-China, including those portions that are material in the present case. The maps were printed and published by a well-known French cartographical firm, H. Barrere. The eleven maps were in due course communicated to the Siamese Government, as being the maps requested by the latter, and the Court will consider later the circumstances of that communication and the deductions to be drawn from it. Three of the maps had . been overtaken by events, inasmuch as the former frontier areas. they showed had, by virtue of the Treaty of March 1907, now become situated wholly in Cambodia. Siam was not therefore called upon either to accept or reject them. Her interest in the other maps remained. Amongst these was one of that part of the Dangrek
.<.1

..
·1· ;

TEMPLE

DE PREAH

VIHEAR (FOND)

(ARRET

DU IS VI 62),"

20,

11 n'apparait pas que la premiere Commission mixte ait tenu une seance formelle apres le 19 janvier 1907. On ne doit pas perdre de vue qu'au moment au une telle seance aurait pn Hre tenue pour dore les travaux de la Commission l'attention se portait dans les deux pays, chez ceux qui etaient particulierernent qualifies pour agir et parler en leur nom en ces matieres, sur Ia conclusion du traite du 23 mars 190]. Leur preoccupation dominante, et specialement celle du colonel Bernard, ne pouvait pas etre de completer en forme protocolaire les resultats de la delimitation qu'ils avaient effectuee, Le point final de I'operation de delimitation etait la preparation et Ia publication de cartes. Pour I'execution de ce travail technique, Ie Gouvernement siamois, ne disposant pas alors des moyens suffisants, avait officiellement demande que, des officiers topographes francais etablissent la carte de la region frontiere. II ressort clairement du premier alinea du proces-verbal de la seance de la premiere Commission mixte du 29 novembre 1905 que cette demande etait approuvee par la section siamoise de la Commission, qui peut-etre meme l'avait inspiree: en effet.rdans la Iettre du 20 aout 1908 par laquelle il communiquait a son gouvernement Ies cartes produites a la suite de ce travail, le rninistre de Siam a Paris se referait a « la Commission mixte de delimitation des frontieres et [a] la demande des comrnissaires siarnois tendant a ce que les cornmissaires francais preparent des cartes des diverses frontieres II. Qu'il y eut la une politique deliberee de la part des autorites siamoises est confirme par le fait qu'au sein de Ia seconde Commission mixte (celle de 1907) les commissaires francais etaient egalement pries par leurs collegues siamois de se charger de travaux cartographigues, ainsi qu'on peut le voir au proces-verbal de la seance du 6 juin 1908. , Le Gouvernement francais a bien pris les mesures necessaires pour que le travail iut execute par une equipe de quatre officiers francais dont trois, les capitaines Tixier, Ketler et de Batz, avaient fait partie de la premiere Commission mixte. Cette equipe a travaille sous Ia direction generale du colonel Bernard et a la fin de l'automne de 1907 elle avait termine une serie de onze cartes couvrant une grande partie des frontieres entre le Siam et l'Indochine francaise, y compris la section pertinente en l'espece. Ces cartes ont ete imprimees et publiees par un editeur geographe francais cennu, H. Barrere, ' Les onze cartes ont ete dfiment communiquees au Gouvernement siamois comme etant celles qu'il avait demandees: la Cour examinera plus loin les circonstances de cette communication et les deductions qu'il convient d'en tirer, Trois de ces cartes etaientdepassees par les evenements en tant que les anciennes regions frontieres qu'elles couvraicntetaicntentro temps n'VCtlllCSl'ntihc,llll'nt .au Cambodge enverhldutnuted(!,marsI907. Lc Siam ,n'Hait,(lonc_appelel~i a )~ acccl?t_cr.;i1ia':,le,~';tejeter.p?ais]~autreSJ:art~:'gardaie~t pour lui leur mtc:r~t>Pamu celles-ci Iigurait une carte ,de 13.partie de In
IS,

21

TEMPLE OF PREAK VIKEAR (MERITS) (jUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)

range in which the Temple is situated; and on it was traced a- frontier line purporting to be the outcome of the work of delimitation and showing the whole Preah Vihear promontory, with the Temple area, being on the Cambodian side. If therefore the delimitation carried out in respect of the Eastern Dangrek sector established or was intended to establish a watershed line, this map purported to show such a line. This map was filed by Cambodia as Annex I to its Memorial, and has become known in the case (and will be referred to herein) as the Annex I map. It is on this map that Cambodia principally relies in support of her claim to sovereignty over the Temple. Thailand, on the other hand, contests any claim based on this map, on the following grounds: first, that the map was not the work of the Mixed Commission, and had therefore no binding character; secondly, that at Preah Vihear the map embodied a material error, not explicable on the basis of any exercise of discretionary powers of adaptation which the Commission may have possessed. This error, according to Thailand's contention, was that the frontier line indicated on the map was not the true watershed line in this vicinity, and that a line drawn in accordance with the true watershed line would have placed, and would now place, the Temple area in Thailand. It is further contended by Thailand that she never accepted this map or the frontier line indicated on it, at any rate so far as Preah Vihear is concerned, in such a way as to become bound thereby; or, alternatively that, if she did accept the map, she did so only under, and because of, a mistaken belief (upon which she relied) that the map line was correctly drawn to correspond with the watershed line.

as

The Court will, for the moment, confine itself to the first of these contentions, based on an argument which the Court considers to be correct. namely that the map was never formally approved by the first Mixed Commission as such, since that Commission had ceased to function SOmemonths before the production of the map. The record does not show whether the map and the line were based on any decisions or instructions given. by the Commission to the surveying officers while it was still functioning. What is certain is that the map must have had a basis of some sort, and the Court thinks there can be no reasonable doubt that it was based on the work of the surveying officers in the Dangrek sector. Being one of the series of maps of the .frontier areas produced by French Government topographical experts in response to a request made by the . Siamese authorities, printed and published by a Paris firm of repute. all of which was clear from the map itself, it was thus .. jnvested withan 'official standing; it had its own inherent technicalauthority; and its provenance was open and obvious. The Court must nevertheless conclude that, in its inception, and at the moment of its production, it had no binding character. 19

TEMPLE DE PREAH vni:E:AR (FOND) (ARRET DU 15 VI

62)<

21

ellefaisaifpa.relle-m~e
nance eta.itrnanifest~et

chaine des Dangrek oil se trouve Ie temple, carte port ant le trace d'une frontiere qui se presentait comme le resultat des travaux de delimitation et qui situait. tout l'eperon de Preah Vihear, zone.du .: temple comprise, en territoire cambodgien. Done, si la delimitation effectuee dans le secteur oriental des Dangrek avait determine, ou entendu determiner, une ligne de part age des eaux, eette carte pretendait indiquer une telle ligne. Elle a ete produite par le Cambodge en annexe I a son memoire et designee en la presente affaire (ainsi qu'elle Ie sera ci-apres) comme la carte de l'annexe I. C'est sur cette carte que Ie Cambodge fonde principalement sa pretention a Ia souverainete sur Ie temple. La Thailande, d'autre part, conteste toute pretention Iondee sur cette carte pour les raisons suivantes: en premier lieu, parce que la carte n'est pas l'ceuvre de Ia Commission mixte et qu'elle n'a par consequent aucun caractera obligatoire; en second lieu, par ce que, pour Preah Vihear, la carte comporte une erreur importante qu'on ne saurait expliquer par l'exercice des pouvoirs discretionnaires d'adaptation dont la Commission aurait pu etre dotee. Cette erreur, seion la these de la Thailande, est que la frontiere marquee sur la carte n'est pas la veritable ligne de part age des eaux dans la region, et qu'une frontiere tracee conforrnement a la veritable ligne de partage des eaux aurait place et placerait actuellement la zone du temple en Thailande. La Thailande soutient en outre qu'elle n'a jamais accepts la carte ni la frontiere qui y est indiquee (tout au moins en ce qui coneerne Preah Vihear) de maniere a Mre Iiee par cette acceptation; ou subsidiairement que, si elle a accepte la carte, eIle ne l'a fait qu'en raison d'une croyance erronee (sur, Iaquelle elle se fondait), a savoir que la frontiere marquee sur cette carte suivait bien Ia ligne de partage des eaux. La Cour se bomera, pour le moment, a examiner la premiere de ces theses, fondee sur un argument que la COUl" estime exact, a savoir que la carte n'a jamais ete fonnellement approuvee par Ia premiere Commission mixte en tant que telle, celle-ci ayant cesse de fonctionner plusieurs mois avant quela carte ne soit dressee, Le dossier n'indique pas si Ia carte et la front jere qui y est tracee sont fondees sur des decisions ou des instructions que la Commission aurait transmises aux officiers topographes alersqu'elle fonctionnait encore. Ce qui est certain c'est qu'il a bienfallu une base pour etablir la carte et, de l'avis de Ia Cour, on ne peut mettre raisonnablement en doute que cette base ait etc constitueepar les travaux des officiers topographes dans le secteur des Dangrek. Faisant partie d'une serie de cartes .des regions Irontieres dressees par les experts topographes du Gouvernement francais en reponse a une demande des autorites siamoises, imprimee et publiee par une maisonparisienne connue, tous points qui ressortent clairement de 1a cartememe, elle a ainsi eM investied'uncaractereofficiel: evidente.La Cour dolt.neanmoins

autorite sur le plan technique et sa proveconclure


1

9.

22

TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (IUDGM. OF

IS

VI 62)

* **
Thailand has argued that in the absence of any delimitation approved and adopted by the Mixed Commission, or based on its instructions, the line of the frontier must necessarily-by virtue of Article I of the Treaty of 1904-follow strictly the line of the true watershed, and that this line, at Preah Vihear, would place the Temple in Thailand. While admitting that the Mixed Commission had a certain discretion to depart from the watershed line in order to avoid anomalies, and to take account of certain purely local considerations, Thailand contends that any departure such as to place Preah Vihear in Cambodia would have far exceeded the scope of any discretionary powers the Mixed Commission could have had authority to exercise without specific reference to the 'Governments. Whatever substance these contentions may have, taken by themselves, the Court considers that they do not meet the real issues here involved. Even if there was no delimitation of the frontier in the eastern sector of the Dangrek approved and adopted by the Mixed Commission, it was obviously open to the Governments themselves to adopt a delimitation for that region, making use of the work of the technical members of the Mixed Commission. As regards any departures from the watershed line which any such delimitation embodied-since, according to Thailand's own contention, the delimitation indicated on the Annex I map was not the Mixed Commission's-there is no point in discussing whether such departures as may have occurred at Preah Vihear fell within the Commission's discretionary powers or not. The point is that it was certainly within the power of the Governments to adopt such departures. The real question, therefore, which is the essential one in this case, is whether the Parties did adopt the Annex I map, and the line indicated on it, as representing the outcome of the work of delimitation of the frontier in the region of Preah Vihear, thereby conferring on it a binding character. Thailand denies this so far as she is concerned, representing herself as having 'adopted a merely passive attitude in what ensued. She maintains also that a course of conduct, involving at most a failure to object, cannot suffice to render her a consenting party to a departure at Preah Vihear from the watershed line specified . 9y ArtiCle :f of theTreatyof 1904, so-great as to' affect thcsover- eignty over the Temple area. The Court sees the matter differently. It is clear from the record that the publication and communication of the eleven maps referred
20

TEMPLE DE PREAH VlHEAR (FOND) (ARRET DU 15 VI 62}

22

(IU'U l'origine et au moment OU elle a ete dressee la carte ne possedait pas de caractere obligato ire.

**

La Thailande a soutenu que, Iaute d'une delimitation approuvee et adoptee par Ia Commission mixte ou fondee sur ses instructions, Ia frontiere doit necessairement ---: en vertu de l'article Ier de la convention de 1904 - suivre rigoureusement la veritable ligne de partage des eaux et que, a Preah Vihear, cette ligne situe le temple en Thailande. Si elle admet que la Commission mixte avait un certain pouvoir de s'ecarter de Ia ligne de partage des eaux pour eviter des anomalies et pour tenir compte de certaines considerations purement locales, la Thailande· soutient neanrnoins que toute deviation situant Preah Vihear en territoire cambodgien aurait largement depasse les pouvoirs discretionnaires que la Commission mixte etait libred'exercer sans en referer expressement aux gouvernements. Quel que puisse etre le fondement de ces propositions prises en elles-memes, la Cour considere qu'elles ne repondent pas a la veritable question qui se pose ici. Merrie s'il n'y a pas eu dans Ie seeteur oriental des Dangrek une delimitation de Ia frontiere approuvee et adoptee par la Commission mixte, il etait evidernment loisible aux gouvernernents eux-memes d'adopter nne delimitation pour cette region en profitant des travaux des membres techniciens de la Commission rnixte. Quant aux deviations entre cette delimitation et la ligne de partage des eaux - puisque, selon la these meme de la Thailande, la delimitation indiquee sur la carte de l'annexe I n'etait pas le fait de In Commission mixte - il n'y a pas lieu d'examiner si ce1les qui ont pu intervenir a Preah Vihear relevaient ou non des pouvoirs discretionnaires de la Commission. Le fait est que les gouvernements avaient certainernent le pouvoir d'adopter de telles deviations. Le vrai probleme, et le problema essentiel en l'espece, est done de savoir si Ies Parties ont adopte la carte de l'annexe I,et la ligne qu'elle indique, comme representant Ie vresultat des travaux de delimitation de la frontiere dans Ia region de Preah Vihear, conferant ainsi urr caractere obligatoire a cette carte. La Thailande le conteste pour ce qui la concerne; elle declare avoir adopte une attitude purernent passive dans ce qui est advenu par la suite. Elle soutientegalement qu'une ligne de conduite irnpliquant au plus un defaut d'opposition ne saurait suffire a etablirqu'elle consentait qu'on s'ecartat pour Preah Vihear de laIignedepartage deseaux visee a,}'article Jerde la convention de Igo4.a~.P9int d'affecter la souverainete sur Ia zone du temple. . : ..... .. La G6l.ir~;ri¢.palJage • .cette mani~r¢ .de voir .• 11 ressort cla ire, pas mentd~;4?ssier que 'Iapnblication et la. communication des onze
20

23

TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (JUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)

to earlier, including the Annex I map, was something of an occasion. This was no mere interchange between the French and Siamese Governments, though, even if it had been, it could have sufficed in law. On the contrary. the maps were given wide publicity in all technically interested quarters "by being also communicated to the leading geographical societies in important countries, and to other circles regionally interested; to the Siamese legations accredited to the British, German, Russian and United States Governments; and to all the members of the Mixed Commission, French and Siamese. The full original distribution consisted of about one hundred and sixty sets of eleven maps each. Fifty sets of this distribution were allocated to the Siamese Government. That the Annex I map was communicated as purporting to represent the outcome of the work of delimitation is clear from the letter from the Siamese Minister in Paris to the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Bangkok, dated 20 August 1908, in which he said that "regarding the Mixed Commission of Delimitation of the frontiers and the Siamese Commissioners' request that the French Commissioners prepare maps of various frontiers, the French Commissioners have now finished their work". He added that a series of maps had been brought to him in order that he might forward them to the Siamese Minister of Foreign Affairs. He went on to give a list of the eleven maps, including the map of the Dangrek region-fifty sheets of each. He ended by"saying that he was keeping two sheets of each map for his Legation and was sending one sheet of each to the Legations in London, Berlin, Russia and the United States of America. It has been contended on behalf of Thailand that this communication of the maps by the French authorities was, so to speak, ex parte, and that no formal acknowledgment of it was either requested of, or given by, Thailand. In fact, as will be seen presently, an acknowledgment by conduct was undoubtedly made in a very definite way; but even if it were otherwise, it is clear that the circumstances were such as called for some reaction, within a reasonable period, on the part of the Siamese authorities, if they wished to disagree with the map or had any serious question to raise in regard to it. They did not do so, either then or for many years, and thereby must be held to have acquiesced. Qui tacet conseniire videtur si loqui debuisset ac potuisset. So far as the Annex I map is concerned, it was not merely the circumstances of the communication of this and the other maps that called fOLsome reaction. from the Siamese side, if reaction . there was to be; there were also indications on the face of the map sheet which required a reaction if the Siamese authorities had any reason to contend that the map did not represent the outcome of 21

TEMPLE DE PREAH VIHEAR (FOND) (ARRET DU 15 VI 62)

2.3

cartes rnentionnees plus haut, y. compris la carte de l'annexe .I, ont constitue un-evenement d'une certaine importance. II ne s'est - pas agi d'un.simple. ecbange entre .les .Gouvernements francais et siamois, encore que, en. efrt-il He ainsi, cela aurait pu suffire en droit. Au contraire, les cartes ont recu une large publicite dans to us les milieux scientifiques interesses, ayant ete egalement communiquees aux principaIes societas de geographie de grands pays et a d'autres milieux Interesses sur le plan regional, ainsi qu'aux legations siamoises accreditees aupres des Gouvernements britannique, allemand et russe et du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis et a tous les membres de la Commission mixte, francaiset siamois. La premiere distribution s'est elevee a quelque cent soixante series de onze cartes chacune. Cinquante de ces series ont-ete attribuees au Gouvernernent siamois. Le fait que la carte de I'annexe I a ete transmise comme pretendant representer le result at des travaux de delimitation ressort clairement de la lettre qui a ete adressee le 20 aout 1908 au ministre des Affaires etrangeres a Bangkok par le ministre de Siam a Paris et dans laquelle ce dernier declare: ~(En ce qui concerne la Commission mixte de delimitation des frontieres et la demande des commissaires siamois tendant a ce que les commissaires francais prepatent des cartes des diverses frontieres, les commissaires francais viennent d'achever leur travail. ~ 11 ajoute qu'on lui a apporte une serie de cartes afin qu'il Ies transmette au ministre des Affaires etrangeres du Siam. II donne ensuite la liste des onze cartes, y compris celle de la region des Dangrek, recues en cinquante exemplaires chacune. II termine en indiquant qu'il en conserve deux jeux pour sa legation et en envoie un a chacune des legations a Londres, a Berlin, en Russie et aux Etats-Unis d' Amerique. On' a soutenu au nom de Ia Thailande que cette communication des cartes par les autorites francaises a He, pour ainsi dire, unilaterale, que la Thailande n'a pas He invitee en accuser formellement reception et qu'elle ne l'a pas fait. En realite, ainsi qu'on le verra ci-apres, un accuse de reception tres net ressort incontestablement de la conduite de la Thailande ; mais, meme s'il n'en avait pas ete ainsi, il est clair que les circonstances etaient de nature a appeler· dans un delai raisonnable une reaction de la part des autorites siamoises, au cas ou celles-ci auraient voulu contester la carte oll: auraient en de graves questions a soulever a son egard. Or, elles n'ont reagi ni a I'epoque ni pendant de nombreuses annees et l'on doit, de ce fait, conciure a leur acquiescement. Qui iacet consentire videtur si loqui debeisse: ac potuisset. .' En ce qui concerne la carte de I'annexe I, ce ne sont pas seulement les circonstances dans lesquelles cette carte et les autres ont ete communiquees qui appelaient du cote siamois une reaction, s'il devait yell. avoirune; i1 y ayaitigal~m!mt des indications sur la feuille de la carte .qui appelaientune reaction si les autorites siamoiseaavaient-des.motifs de soutenir qu'ellenerepresentait pas Ie

2r

24

TEMPLE OF PREAR VIHEAR (MERITs) (JUDGM;

OF 15

VI 62)

the work of delimitation. The map=fogother with the other mapswas, as already stated, communicated to the Siamese members of the' Mixed Commission. These must necessarily have known (and through them the Siamese Government must have known) that this map could not have represented anything formally adopted by the Mixed Commission, and therefore they could not possibly have been deceived by the title of the map, namely, "DangrekCommission of Delimitation between Indo-China and Siam" into supposing that it was purporting to be a production of the Mixed Commission as such. Alternatively, if the Siamese members of the Commission did suppose otherwise, this could only have been because, though without recording them, the Mixed Commission had in fact taken some decisions on which the map was based; and of any such decisions the Siamese members of the Commission would of course have been aware. The Siamese members of the Commission must also have seen the notice appearing in the top left-hand corner of the map sheet tc the effect that the work on the ground had been carried out by Captains Kerler and Oum, They would have known, since they were present at the meeting of the Commission held on 2 December 1906, that Captain Oum had then been instructed to carry out the survey of the eastern sector of the Dangrek range, covering Preah Vihear, and that he was to leave the next day to take up this assignment. They said nothing-either then or later-to suggest that the map did not represent the outcome of the work of delimitation or that it was in any way inaccurate. . That the Siamese authorities by their conduct acknowledged the receipt, and recognized the character, of these maps, and what they purported to represent, is shown by the action of the Minister of the Interior, Prince Damrong, in thanking the French Minister in Bangkok for the maps, and in asking him for another fifteen copies of each of them for transmission to the Siamese provincial Governors. Further evidence is afforded by the proceedings of the subsequent Commission of Transcription which met in Bangkok in March of the following year, 1909, and for some months thereafter. This was a mixed Franco-Siamese Commission set up by the Parties with the object of getting an official Siamese geographical service started, through a consolidation of all the work of the two Mixed Commissions of 1904 and 1907. A primary aim was to convert the existing maps into handy atlas form, and to give the French and Siamese terms used in them their proper equivalents in the other languages. No suggestion that the Annex I map or line was un_acc~ptable _was m~de in the c_our~eo! the workof this Commission,

22

TEMPLE

DE PREAH VlREAR

(FOND)

(ARRtT

DU IS VI 62)

24

resultat des travaux de delimitation. Ainsi qu'il a deja He indique, la, carte a ete communiquee -:: avec Ies llutres :- ~ux.. mernbres siamois de la Commission mixte. Ceux-ci ont necessairement du savoir (et par leur intermediaire le Gouvernement siamois doit avoir su) qu'elle ne pouvait den representer qui eut ete formellement adopte par la Commission mixte et, par consequent, il est impossible qu'ils aient ete trompes par son titre, asavoir Dangrek - Commission de delimitation entre l'Indo-Chine et le Siam », et arnenes a supposer qu'elle pretendait etre l'oeuvre de la Commission mixte comme telle. Dans l'hypothese inverse, si les membres siarnois de la Commission ont pense autrement, c'est que la Commission mixte, sans le constater dans les proces-verbaux, avait en fait pris 'des decisions ayant servi de base a la carte; or, les membres siamois de la Commission devaient evidemment avoir connaissance de toutes decisions de ce genre. Les membres siamois de la Commission ont egalement dil voir la mention qui figurait au coin superieur gauche de la feuille de la carte et d'apres laquelle les travaux sur le terrain avaient ete executes par les capitaines Ketler et Oum. Ils devaient savoir, puisqu'ils avaient pris part la seance tenue par la Commission le 2 decembre 1906, que le capitaine Oum avait alors ete charge de lever le secteur oriental de la chaine des Dangrek cornprenant Preah' Vihear et qu'il devait partir le lendemain meme pour accomplir cette mis-sion. 11s n'ont rien dit - ni a l'epoque ni plus tard - pour indiquer que la carte ne representait pas le result at des travaux de delimitation au qu'elle etait en quelque maniere inexacte. Que par leur conduite les autorites siamoises aient admis avoir recu les cartes, reconnaissant le caract ere de ces cartes et ce que celles-ci pretendaient representer, cela ressort du fait que le prince Damrong, ministre de l'Interieur, a remercie le ministre de France a Bangkok pour les cartes et lui a demande quinze autres exemplaires de chacune d'elles en vue de les transmettre aux gouverneurs de province siamois. Une autre preuve peut ~tre tiree de la consideration des travaux de la Commission de transcription qui, par la suite, s'est reunie a Bangkok pour quelques mois, a partir de mars de l'annee suivante, 1909. 11 s'agissait d'une commission mixte Iranco-siamoise creee par les Parties pour jeter les bases d'un service geographique siamois officicl, en reunissant tout Ie travail des deux Commissions mixtes de 1904 et de 1907. L'un de ses premiers objectifs etait de convertir les cartes existantes en un atlas maniable et de donner aux terrnes francais et siamois utilises dans ces cartes leurs equivalents corrects dans l'autre langue. II n'a jarnais ete suggere au cours des travaux de cette Commission que Ia carte de l'annexe I ou la frontiere qu'elle . indique.Iussentinacceptables.,
l(

25

TEMPLE OF PREAH VI HEAR (MERITS) {JUDGM. OF IS VI 62}

• *•
I t was claimed on _behalf of Thailand that the maps received from Paris were only seen by minor officials who had no expertise in cartography. and would know nothing about the Temple of Preah Vihear. Indeed it was suggested during the oral proceedings that no one in Siam at that time knew anything about the Temple or would be troubling about it. The Court cannot accept these Contentions either on the facts or the law. If the Siamese authorities did show these maps only to minor officials, they clearly acted at their own risk, and the claim of Thailand could not, on the international plane, derive any assistance from that fact. But the history of the matter, as set out above, shows clearly that the maps were seen by such persons as Prince Devawongse, the Foreign Minister, Prince Damrong, the Minister of the Interior, the Siamese members of the First Mixed Commission, the Siamese -members of the Commission of Tran.scription; and it must also be assumed that the Annex I map was seen by the Governor of Khukhan province, the Siamese province adjoining the Preah Vihear region on the northern side, who must have been amongst those for whom extra copies were requested by Prince 'Damrong, None of these persons was a minor, official. All or most had local knowledge. Some must have had ki;1o,wl~dge of the Dangrek region. It is clear from the documentation hi the' case that Prince Damrong took a keen personal interest in thework of delimitation, and had a profound knowledge of archaeological monuments. It is not conceivable that the Governor of Khukhan province, of which Preah Vihear formed part up to the 1904 settlement, was ignorant of its existence. In any case this particular contention of Thailand's is decisively disproved by a document deposited by Thailand herself, according to which the Temple was in 1899 "re-discovered" by the Siamese Prince Sanphasit, accompanied by some fifteen to twenty officialsand local dignitaries, including. it seems, the then Governor and Deputy-Governor of Khukhan. It thus appears that only nine years previous to the receipt of the Annex I map by the Siamese authorities, a considerable number of persons having high official standing in Siam knew of Preah Vihear, _ The Court moreover considers that there is no legal foundation for the consequence it is attempted to deduce from the fact that __no one inThailand at that timemay haye known oj the importance of the Temple or have been troubling about it. Frontier rectifications cannot in law be claimed on the ground that a frontier area has turned out to have an importance not known or suspected when the frontier was established.
2:'1

TEMPLE DE PREAH

VIHEAR

(FOND) (ARRET DU

15 VI 62)

25

***
On a- soutenu au nom de la Thailande- que les cartes-res:ues-de-Paris n'ont He vues que par des fonctionnaires subalternes sans experience en matiere de cartographie et ignorant tout du temple de Preah Vihear, On .a meme pretendu au cours de III procedure orale que, dans le Siam de I'epoque, personne ne savait rien du temple ni ne s'en souciait. Ni en fait ni en droit, la Cour nepeut accepter cette defense. Si les autorites siamoises n'ont montre les cartes qu'a des fonctionnaires subalternes, elles ont nettement agi a leurs propres risques et cela ne saurait appuyer les pretentious de la Thai'lande sur le plan international. Au surplus l'historique de la question, qui a He retrace plus haut, montre clairement que les cartes ant ete vues par des personnalites telles que le prince Devawongse, ministre des Affaires etrangeres, le prince Damrong, ministre de I'Interieur, Ies membres siamois de la premiere Commission mixte et les membres siamois de la Commission de transcription; et ron doit egalement supposer que la carte de l'annexe I a He vue par Ie gouverneur de In province de Khukhan, province siamoise avoisinant au nord la region de Preah Vihear, Iequel doit ~tre l'une des personnes pour quile prince Damrong a reclame des exemplaires supplementaires. Aucun de ces personnages n'etait un fonctionnaire subalterne. Tous, ou la plupart d'entre eux, connaissaient les provinces. Certains devaient connaitre la region des Dangrek. II ressort clairement de la documentation produite en l'espece que le prince Damrong a pris personnellement un vii interet aux travaux de delimitation et qu'il avait one connaissance approfondie des monuments archeoIogiqucs. 11 est inconcevable que Ie gouverneur de la province de Khukhan, dont Preah Vihear a fait partie jusqu'au reglement de 1904, ait ignore son existence. En tout cas, l'argumentation de Ia Tliai1ande sur ce point est refutee de maniere decisive par un document qu'elle a elle-merne produit et d'apres lequelle temple a ete « redecouvert »en r899 par le prince siamois Sanphasit, _accompagne de queIque quinze ou vingt fonctionnaires et dignitaires locaux, parmi lesquels, semblet-il, ceux qui exercaient l'epoque les fonctions de gouverneur- et de gouverneur adjoint de Khukhan. II apparait ainsi, neufannees seulement avant la reception de la carte de l'annexelparles autorites siamoises, qu'un nombre considerable de personnalites officiclles siamoises dehaut rang connaissaientvPreah -,ViMar. Au surplus la Cour considere comrne juridiquement la consequence que 1'0n voudrait tirer du fait __ quepersonne-en lande a l' n'aurait .connu I'irnportance, ..a~jt(!iJll'" , serait ne. saurait de Ie _ ...

26

TEMPLE

OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS)

(JUDGM.

OF

IS

VI

62)

***
It follows from the preceding findings that the Siamese authorities in due course received the Annex I map and that they accepted it. Now, however, it is contended On behalf of Thailand, so far as the disputed area of Preah Vihear is concerned, that an error was committed, an error of which the Siamese authorities were unaware at the time when they accepted the map. It is an established rule of law that the plea of error cannot be allowed as an element vitiating consent if the party advancing it contributedbyits own conduct to the error, or could have avoided it, or if the circumstances were such as to put that party on notice of a possible error. The Court considers that the character and qualifications of the persons who saw the Annex I map on the Siamese side would alone make it difficult for Thailand to plead error in law. These persons included the members of the very Commission of Delimitation within whose competence this sector Gf the frontier had lain. But even apart from this, the Court thinks that there were other circumstances relating to the Annex I map which make the plea of error difficult to receive. An inspection indicates that the map itself drew such pointed attention to the Preah Vihear region that no interested person, nor anyone charged with the duty of scrutinizing it, could have failed to see what the map was purporting to do in respect of that region. If, as Thailand has argued, the geographical configuration of the place is such as to make it obvious to anyone who has been there that the watershed must lie along the line of the escarpment (a fact which. if true, must have been no less evident in 1908), then the map made it quite plain that the Annex I line did not follow the escarpment in this region since it was plainly drawn appreciably to the north of the whole Preah Vihear promontory. Nobody looking at the map could be under any misapprehension about that. Next, the map marked Preah Vihear itself quite clearly as lying on the Cambodian side of the line, using for the Temple a symbol which seems to indicate a rough plan of the building and its stairways. It would thus seem that, to anyone who considered that the line of the watershed at Preah Vihear ought to follow the line of the escarpment, or whose duty it was to scrutinize the map, there was everything in the Annex I map to put him upon enquiry. Furthermore, as has already been pointed out, the Siamese Government knew.ormust be presumed to have known, through the .Siamese 'members of the Mixed Commission, that the Annex I map had never been formally adopted by the Commission. The Siamese authorities knew it was the work of French topographical officers to" whom·they had themselves entrusted the work of producing the
z,j

TEMPLE DE PREAH VIHEAR (FOND) (ARRET DU 15 VI

62)'

26

* .

II resulte des -constatations -qui- precedent- que les autorites. siamoises ont recu en son temps la carte de l'annexe I et qu'elles l'ont acceptee. Mais aujourd'hui il est allegue au nom de la Thailande, pour ce qui concerne la zone de Preah Vihear actuellement en litige, qu'uneerreur a ete comrnise, erreur que les autorites siamoises ne connaissaient pas lorsqu' elles ant accepte la cart-e. C'est une regle de droit etablie qu'une partie ne saurait invoquer une erreur comme vice du consentement si eUe a contribue a cette erreur par sa propre conduite, si elle etait en mesure de I'eviter ou si les circonstances etaient telles qu'elle avait He avertie de la possibilite d'une erreur. La Cour considere que les qualites et les competences des personnes qui ont vu la carte de l'annexe I du cote siamois rendent a eux seuls difficile que In Thailande puisse juridiquement invoquer l'erreur. Parmi ces personnes figuraient les membrcs de la Commission de delimitation a la competence de laquelle avait precisement appartenu ce sccteur de la frontiere. Mais, merne en dehors de cela, la Cour estime que d'autres circonstances relatives a la carte de l'annexe I rendent difficilement recevable la defense tiree de l'erreur, En regardant la carte, on voit qu' elle attirait si nettement l'attention sur la region de Preah Vihear qu'aucune personne interessee ou chargee d'examiner cette carte n'aurait pu manquer de remarquer ce qu'elle indiquait pour cette region. Si, comme la Thailande l'a soutenu, la configuration geographique du terrain est telle qu'il est evident, pour quiconque est alle sur place, que la ligne de partage des eaux suit celle de l'escarpement (fait qui, s'il est exact, devait eire tout aussi evident en 1908), il ressortait nettement de la carte que la Irontiere de l'annexe I ne suivait pas l'escarpement dans cette region, puisqu'elle passait manifestement bien au nord de tout l'eperon de Preah Vihear, Il Hait impossible en regardant la carte de se meprendre a cet egard. En outre, la carte situait tout a fait c1airement Preah Vihear du cote cambodgien de la ligne et marquait Ie temple par un signe semblant reproduire Ie plan general des batiments et des escaliers,

11sembledone que la carte de l'annexe I avait tout pour_inspirer des doutes a quiconque estimait qu'a Preah Vihear la ligne de partage des eaux devait suivre la Iigne d'escarpement, ou a quiconque etait charge d'examiner cette carte. Au surplus, ainsi qu'il a deja He indique, le Gouvernement siamois savait, ou on doit presumerqu'il savait, par les membres siamois de la .Commission mixte, que Iacarte de l'annexeI n'avait jamais eM formellement a~()Pte~Par4tUlmmission -.Lesautorites siamoises savaientqu' elle etailT reuvie.,g~oIficiers topographes francais ..a~qui'elles .avaient eUeS-wemesc::onfie ce travail cartographique.El1es 1'ont acceptee 2-'_

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