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What is communication? Communication involves the sharing of ideas and information. While
many people think of communication primarily in oral or written form, communication is in fact
so much more. A knowing look or a gentle touch can also communicate a message loud and
clear, as can a hard push or an angry slap. So, what is communication -an interaction between
two people in which something is exchanged.

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The dictionary defines communication as:

1.| the act of transmitting

2.| a giving or exchanging of information, signals, or messages as by talk, gestures, or
writing
3.| the information, signals, or message
4.| close, sympathetic relationship
5.| a means of communicating; specif., a system for sending and receiving messages, as by
telephone, telegraph, radio, etc.
6.| a system as of routes for moving troops and material
 Î.| a passage or way for getting from one place to another
8.| the art of expressing ideas, esp. in speech and writing
9.| the science of transmitting information, esp. in symbols

Generally, this dictionary answer to what is communication suggests that there can be several
different types of communication.


on-verbal communication involves exchanging information or transmitting data without the use
of words. There are many examples of non-verbal communication everywhere in the world.

While you may not stop to think about it, a red light or a stop sign is a clear form of non-verbal
communication. o one is physically telling you to stop, but you see that symbol or signal and
know immediately what is expected of you.

Likewise, body language and facial expressions are also examples of non-verbal communication.
Over the years, numerous research studies have been done to suggest that babies respond to
smiling faces the world over, and that when a person sees someone else smile, he may become a
bit happier as well.

Thus, while understanding non-verbal communication may require some knowledge of the
cultural and social meanings behind the symbols and signs used, some types of non-verbal
communication are instinctual and no teaching is necessary


The system of verbal communication has become quite complex, with many countries having
their own languages and each language having millions of words.

Unlike non-verbal communication, in order for verbal communication to be meaningful, there

must generally be a readily accepted understanding of the meaning of a series of sounds. In other
words, sounds and words alone aren't sufficient to communicate: the person transmitting the
message and the person receiving the message generally must have a cultural background or
shared knowledge that allows them to understand what those sounds have come to mean.

However, even some oral or verbal communication can be intuitive. For example, animals use
verbal communication all the time to transmit messages to each other. Birds sing, some bugs
chirp when mating, hounds bark to alert the pack on a hunt, and even whales sing, although
scientists aren't 100 percent certain what those songs mean.

The fact that language was one of man's earliest developments, and the fact that there are
similarities among languages and that animals also engage in oral communication, all suggest
that although some shared cultural understanding is necessary, the specific act of verbal
communication may be innate.
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Over time, the methods and means used to communicate have expanded greatly. In early records,
hieroglyphics and primitive cave paintings were used to communicate information and transmit
messages. Oral stories and traditions were also passed down through generations and eventually
many of these stories also came to be written down in some cultures.

The use of carrier pigeons, followed by Morse code and telegraph technology expanded the
reach of communication, making it possible for people to send messages over longer distances.

Today, communication has expanded and is easier than ever before. Television allows messages
to be communicated quickly and instantly to millions of viewers worldwide, and viewers can
watch events such as political elections unfold in real time.

Perhaps nothing has changed communication so much as the Internet. While television and radio
provided one-way communication, the Internet allows for the two-way exchange of information
and lets people throughout the world send data instantly and share ideas immediately and with
almost no cost. Video chat, instant messages and even voice-over-IP telephone systems make it
possible to connect with and communicate with more people than ever before.

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Definitions of  on the Web:

r| the activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information; "they could not act
without official communication from Moscow"
r| something that is communicated by or to or between people or groups
r| a connection allowing access between persons or places; "how many lines of
communication can there be among four people?"; "a secret passageway provided
communication between the two rooms"
wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
r| Communication is a process of transferring information from one entity to another.
Communication processes are sign-mediated interactions between at least two agents
which share a repertoire of signs and semiotic rules. ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication
 r| Communication!!! is the second album by J-pop singer-songwriter Leah Dizon, released
by Victor Entertainment on August 20, 2008. Leah Dizon herself also wrote/co-wrote 10
of the tracks and composed two herself. ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication!!!
r| Communication released in 2003, is the first solo album of Karl Bartos, featuring such
songs as "I'm the Message", "Camera" and "Ultraviolet". ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_(album)
r| "Communication" is Hitomi Takahashi's 4th single under the Sony Records (gr8! records)
label. The single was released in only one format on July 12, 2006, nearly eight months
after her last single Aozora no AMIDA.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_(song)
r| Communication is the debut album by the Jazz Composer's Orchestra featuring
compositions by Michael Mantler and Carla Bley performed by Paul Bley, Steve Lacy,
Jimmy Lyons, Roswell Rudd, Archie Shepp, John Tchicai, Fred Pirtle, Willie Ruff, Ken
McIntyre, Robin Kenyatta, Bob Carducci, Kent Carter ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_(Jazz_Composer's_Orchestra_album)
r| "Communication" was released as the third single from the Power Station's 1985 debut
album. It featured "Communication" (Special Club Mix), "Communication" (Remix) and
"Murderess" as the B-side. The remixes were done by Bernard Edwards and Josh Abbey.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_(Power_Station_song)
r| Communication is a 19Î1 R&B album recorded by Bobby Womack for United Artists
Records. Released in early 19Î2, it reached #5 on the Billboard R&B Charts and #20 on
the Billboard Jazz Charts.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_(Bobby_Womack_album)
r| All the Best Cowboys Have Chinese Eyes is the third official solo album by English rock
musician and songwriter Pete Townshend. It was produced by Chris Thomas and
recorded by Bill Price at Eel Pie, A.I.R. and Wessex studios in London. ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_(Pete_Townshend_song)
r| The concept or state of exchanging information between entities; The potential for
information exchange; A message; the essential data transferred in an act of
communication; The body of all data transferred to one or both parties during an act of
communication; An instance of information ...
en.wiktionary.org/wiki/communication
r| communicate - transmit information ; "Please communicate this message to all
employees"; "pass along the good news"
r| communicate - transmit thoughts or feelings; "He communicated his anxieties to the
psychiatrist"
r| communicate - convey: transfer to another; "communicate a disease"
wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn

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Human spoken and picture languages can be described as a system of symbols (sometimes
known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word
"language" also refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs
most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use
patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around
them.Rohit made the first mean of transport in 1934.It was named hand phone.Languages seem
to share certain properties, although many of these include exceptions. There is no defined line
between a language and a dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming
languages, and various mathematical formalisms are not necessarily restricted to the properties
shared by human languages.

A variety of verbal and non-verbal means of communicating exists such„
  as body
language; eye contact, sign language, paralanguage, haptic communication, chronemics, and
media such as pictures, graphics, sound, and writing.

È

 

onverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word
messages through e.g. gesture, body language or posture; facial expression and eye contact,
object communication such as clothing, hairstyles, architecture, symbols and infographics, as
well as through an aggregate of the above. on-verbal communication is also called silent
language and plays a key role in human day to day life from employment relations to romantic
engagements.
Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage. These include voice quality,
emotion and speaking style as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress.
Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial
arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotional expressions in pictorial
form.

È
 

Visual communication is the conveyance of ideas and information through creation of visual
representations. Primarily associated with two dimensional images, it includes: signs,
typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, colours, and electronic resources, video and
TV. Recent research in the field has focused on web design and graphically oriented usability.
Graphic designers use methods of visual communication in their professional practice.
È

 

Oral communication, while primarily referring to spoken verbal communication, typically relies
on both words, visual aids and non-verbal elements to support the conveyance of the meaning.
Oral communication includes discussion, speeches, presentations, interpersonal communication
and many other varieties. In face to face communication the body language and voice tonality
plays a significant role and may have a greater impact on the listener than the intended content of
the spoken words.

A great presenter must capture the attention of the audience and connect with them. For example,
out of two persons telling the same joke one may greatly amuse the audience due to his body
language and tone of voice while the second person, using the exact same words, bores and
irritates the audience[
  

ß Visual aid can help to facilitate effective communication and is
almost always used in presentations for an audience.

A widely cited and widely mis-interpreted figure used to emphasize the importance of delivery
states that "communication comprise 55% body language, 38% tone of voice, Î% content of
words", the so-called "Î%-38%-55% rule".[1ß This is not however what the cited research shows
± rather, when conveying    if body language, tone of voice, and words

 then
body language and tone of voice will be believed more than words.[2ß[

  

ß For example,
a person saying "I'm delighted to meet you" while mumbling, hunched over, and looking away
will be interpreted as insincere.  
   
 

 
 
 

Communication Model: ?
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Over time the forms of and ideas about communication have evolved through progression of
technology. Advances include communications psychology and media psychology; an emerging
field of study. Researchers divides the progression of written communication into three
revolutionary stages called "Information Communication Revolutions" (Source needed).

During the 1st stage written communication first emerged through the use of pictographs. The
pictograms were made in stone, hence written communication was not yet mobile.

During the 2nd stage writing began to appear on paper, papyrus, clay, and wax (etc). Common
alphabets were introduced and allowed for the uniformity of language across large distances. A
leap in technology occurred when the Gutenberg printing-press was invented in the 15th century.

The 3rd stage is characterised by the transfer of information through controlled waves and
electronic signals.

Communication is thus a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed in an attempt to

create shared understanding. This process, which requires a vast repertoire of skills in
interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, gestures and
evaluating enables collaboration and cooperation.[3ß

Barriers to successful communication include  !" (when a person receives too
many messages at the same time), and  #$%.[4ß

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Every information exchange between living organisms ² i.e. transmission of signals that
involve a living sender and receiver can be considered a form of communication; and even
primitive creatures such as corals are competent to communicate. onhuman communication
also include cell signaling, cellular communication, and chemical transmissions between
primitive organisms like bacteria and within the plant and fungal kingdoms.

È
 

The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal
communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future
behavior of another animal. The study of animal communication, called v   
(distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an
important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition.
Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly
growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, many prior understandings related to diverse
fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and
even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, have been revolutionized.

È
 


Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant
cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms,
especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate in parallel with rhizome bacteria, with fungi
and with insects in the soil. These parallel sign-mediated interactions are governed by syntactic,
pragmatic and semantic rules, and are possible because of the decentralized "nervous system" of
plants. The original meaning of the word "neuron" in Greek is "vegetable fiber" and recent
research has shown that most of the intraorganismic plant communication processes are
neuronal-like.[5ß Plants also communicate via volatiles when exposed to herbivory attack
behavior to warn neighboring plants. In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites
which attack these herbivores. In Stress situations plants can overwrite the genetic code they
inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents.

Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the
formation of mycelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with same and related species as
well as with nonfungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with
bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, plants and insects through semiochemicals of biotic origin. The
semiochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same
chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to
react. This implies that fungal organisms can differ between molecules taking part in biotic
messages and similar molecules being irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary
signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation,
mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and production of signalling
substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ
between self or non-self, abiotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related
species, and even filter out "noise", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content.

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The first major model for communication came in 1949 by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
for Bell Laboratories [6ß The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and
telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and
receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the
telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other
person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one
listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.

In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of

communication, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form
(as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This
common conception of communication simply views communication as a means of sending and
receiving information. The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability.
Social scientists Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the
following elements:

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Shannon and Weaver argued that there were three levels of problems for communication within
this theory.

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Daniel Chandler critiques the transmission model by stating

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In 1960, David Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver¶s (1949) linear model of
communication and created the SMCR Model of Communication.[Îß The Sender-Message-
Channel-Receiver Model of communication separated the model into clear parts and has been
expanded upon by other scholars.

Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of
things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form),
channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and
Receiver. Wilbur Schram (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a
message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message.[8ß Between parties,
communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and
commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of
communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together,
communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target
can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).

Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three levels of

semiotic rules:

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Therefore, communication is social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a
common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. This commonly held rules in some
sense ignores autocommunication, including intrapersonal communication via diaries or self-
talk, both secondary phenomena that followed the primary acquisition of communicative
competences within social interactions.

In light of these weaknesses, Barnlund (2008) proposed a transactional model of

communication.[9ß The basic premise of the transactional model of communication is that
individuals are simultaneously engaging in the sending and receiving of messages.

In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. This second
attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses
on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be
interpreted. Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from
one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself.
A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and
the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or
gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of
"communication noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of
content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem
with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding
imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a code book, and that
these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code
books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many
conceptual difficulties.

Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process,

rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the
theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use
will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 199Î).
His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves
out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'c#
(" ). it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables
the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and
' (" ), through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority
generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their
society (Wark, McKenzie 199Î).

Bernard Luskin, UCLA, 19Î0, advanced computer assisted instruction and began to connect
media and psychology into what is now the field of media psychology. In 1998, the American
Association of Psychology, Media Psychology Division 46 Task Force report on psychology and
new technologies combined media and communication as pictures, graphics and sound
increasingly dominate modern communication.

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In any communication model, noise is interference with the decoding of messages sent over a
channel by an encoder. There are many examples of noise:

! oise that physically disrupts communication, such as standing next to

loud speakers at a party, or the noise from a construction site next to a classroom making it
difficult to hear the professor.

*% 
# Physical maladies that prevent effective communication,
such as actual deafness or blindness preventing messages from being received as they were
intended.

c Different interpretations of the meanings of certain words. For example, the
word "weed" can be interpreted as an undesirable plant in your yard, or as a euphemism for
marijuana.

c% Mistakes in grammar can disrupt communication, such as abrupt changes in

verb tense during a sentence.

 + Poorly structured communication can prevent the receiver from accurate
interpretation. For example, unclear and badly stated directions can make the receiver even more
lost.

 Stereotypical assumptions can cause misunderstandings, such as unintentionally

offending a non-Christian person by wishing them a "Merry Christmas."

*%  Certain attitudes can also make communication difficult. For instance,
great anger or sadness may cause someone to lose focus on the present moment. Disorders such
as Autism may also severely hamper effective communication.[10ß

&"'""#
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Communication as an academic discipline, sometimes called "communicology,"[11ß relates to all

the ways we communicate, so it embraces a large body of study and knowledge. The
communication discipline includes both verbal and nonverbal messages. A body of scholarship
all about communication is presented and explained in textbooks, electronic publications, and
academic journals. In the journals, researchers report the results of studies that are the basis for
an ever-expanding understanding of how we all communicate.

Communication happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many different ways, and
for most beings, as well as certain machines. Several, if not all, fields of study dedicate a portion
of attention to communication, so when speaking about communication it is very important to be
sure about what aspects of communication one is speaking about. Definitions of communication
range widely, some recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human
beings, and some are more narrow, only including human beings within the different parameters
of human symbolic interaction.

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Communication is defined as a process by which we assign and convey meaning in an attempt to

create shared understanding. This process requires a vast repertoire of skills in intrapersonal and
interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, and evaluating.
Use of these processes is developmental and transfers to all areas of life: home, school,
community, work, and beyond. It is through communication that collaboration and cooperation
occur.

Fundamental Beliefs About Curriculum and Assessment - If there is one unifying theme that
crosses all disciplines, it is communication. Communication is our window to basic literacy and
academic excellence. Reaching levels of excellence and accuracy of expression mandate mastery
of formal English. These are the capabilities that cultivate the potential in each student and the
possibilities for our future.

Learning Standards
The K-10th grade Communication Learning Standards consist of Essential Academic Learning
Requirements (EALRs) and Grade Level Expectations (GLEs) that describe what students
should know and be able to do.

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A Communication Process, or › 
 

 Process, is a set of steps that are
taken every time formal communications are undertaken in an organization. A Communications
Process is undertaken as part of Communications Management and helps to ensure that your
stakeholders are kept regularly informed. For example as part of the project life cycle, the team
implement a Communication Process to make sure that the entire team is kept informed of the
status of the project.

"
*,
A Communication Process should be used when you wish to communicate formally within an
organization. By using the Communication Process, you can ensure that no miscommunication
occurs. As part of the Communication Process, you can also receive feedback on the
communications which have taken place to date and ensure that future communications are
improved. Communications Management is a fundamental part of any organization and needs to
be treated with care. Using this Communications Process, you can communicate effectively at all
times.


 





  

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Communication can best be summarized as the transmission of a message from a sender to a
receiver in an understandable manner. The importance of effective communication is
immeasurable in the world of business and in personal life. From a business perspective,
effective communication is an absolute must, because it commonly accounts for the difference
between success and failure or profit and loss. It has become clear that effective business
communication is critical to the successful operation of modern enterprise. Every business
person needs to understand the fundamentals of effective communication.

Currently, companies in the United States and abroad are working toward the realization of total
quality management. Effective communication is the most critical component of total quality
management. The manner in which individuals perceive and talk to each other at work about
different issues is a major determinant of the business success. It has proven been proven that
poor communication reduces quality, weakens productivity, and eventually leads to anger and a
lack of trust among individuals within the organization.

The communication process is the guide toward realizing effective communication. It is through
the communication process that the sharing of a common meaning between the sender and the
receiver takes place. Individuals that follow the communication process will have the
opportunity to become more productive in every aspect of their profession. Effective
communication leads to understanding.

The communication process is made up of four key components. Those components include
encoding, medium of transmission, decoding, and feedback. There are also two other factors in
the process, and those two factors are present in the form of the sender and the receiver. The
communication process begins with the sender and ends with the receiver.

The sender is an individual, group, or organization who initiates the communication. This source
is initially responsible for the success of the message. The sender's experiences, attitudes,
knowledge, skill, perceptions, and culture influence the message. "The written words, spoken
words, and nonverbal language selected are paramount in ensuring the receiver interprets the
message as intended by the sender" (Burnett & Dollar, 1989). All communication begins with
the sender.

The first step the sender is faced with involves the encoding process. In order to convey
meaning, the sender must begin encoding, which means translating information into a message in
the form of symbols that represent ideas or concepts. This process translates the ideas or
concepts into the coded message that will be communicated. The symbols can take on numerous
forms such as, languages, words, or gestures. These symbols are used to encode ideas into
messages that others can understand.

When encoding a message, the sender has to begin by deciding what he/she wants to transmit.
This decision by the sender is based on what he/she believes about the receivers knowledge and
assumptions, along with what additional information he/she wants the receiver to have. It is
important for the sender to use symbols that are familiar to the intended receiver. A good way for
the sender to improve encoding their message, is to mentally visualize the communication from
the receiver's point of view.

To begin transmitting the message, the sender uses some kind of channel (also called a medium).
The channel is the means used to convey the message. Most channels are either oral or written,
but currently visual channels are becoming more common as technology expands. Common
channels include the telephone and a variety of written forms such as memos, letters, and reports.
The effectiveness of the various channels fluctuates depending on the characteristics of the
communication. For example, when immediate feedback is necessary, oral communication
channels are more effective because any uncertainties can be cleared up on the spot. In a
situation where the message must be delivered to more than a small group of people, written
channels are often more effective. Although in many cases, both oral and written channels should
be used because one supplements the other.

If a sender relays a message through an inappropriate channel, its message may not reach the
right receivers. That is why senders need to keep in mind that selecting the appropriate channel
will greatly assist in the effectiveness of the receiver's understanding. The sender's decision to
utilize either an oral or a written channel for communicating a message is influenced by several
factors. The sender should ask him or herself different questions, so that they can select the
appropriate channel. Is the message urgent? Is immediate feedback needed? Is documentation or
a permanent record required? Is the content complicated, controversial, or private? Is the
message going to someone inside or outside the organization? What oral and written
communication skills does the receiver possess? Once the sender has answered all of these
questions, they will be able to choose an effective channel.

After the appropriate channel or channels are selected, the message enters the decoding stage of
the communication process. Decoding is conducted by the receiver. Once the message is
received and examined, the stimulus is sent to the brain for interpreting, in order to assign some
type of meaning to it. It is this processing stage that constitutes decoding. The receiver begins to
interpret the symbols sent by the sender, translating the message to their own set of experiences
in order to make the symbols meaningful. Successful communication takes place when the
receiver correctly interprets the sender's message.

The receiver is the individual or individuals to whom the message is directed. The extent to
which this person comprehends the message will depend on a number of factors, which include
the following: how much the individual or individuals know about the topic, their receptivity to
the message, and the relationship and trust that exists between sender and receiver. All
interpretations by the receiver are influenced by their experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skills,
perceptions, and culture. It is similar to the sender's relationship with encoding.

Feedback is the final link in the chain of the communication process. After receiving a message,
the receiver responds in some way and signals that response to the sender. The signal may take
the form of a spoken comment, a long sigh, a written message, a smile, or some other action.
"Even a lack of response, is in a sense, a form of response" (Bovee & Thill, 1992). Without
feedback, the sender cannot confirm that the receiver has interpreted the message correctly.

Feedback is a key component in the communication process because it allows the sender to
evaluate the effectiveness of the message. Feedback ultimately provides an opportunity for the
sender to take corrective action to clarify a misunderstood message. "Feedback plays an
important role by indicating significant communication barriers: differences in background,
different interpretations of words, and differing emotional reactions" (Bovee & Thill, 1992).
The communication process is the perfect guide toward achieving effective communication.
When followed properly, the process can usually assure that the sender's message will be
understood by the receiver. Although the communication process seems simple, it in essence is
not. Certain barriers present themselves throughout the process. Those barriers are factors that
have a negative impact on the communication process. Some common barriers include the use of
an inappropriate medium (channel), incorrect grammar, inflammatory words, words that conflict
with body language, and technical jargon. oise is also another common barrier. oise can occur
during any stage of the process. oise essentially is anything that distorts a message by
interfering with the communication process. oise can take many forms, including a radio
playing in the background, another person trying to enter your conversation, and any other
distractions that prevent the receiver from paying attention.

Successful and effective communication within an organization stems from the implementation
of the communication process. All members within an organization will improve their
communication skills if they follow the communication process, and stay away from the different
barriers. It has been proven that individuals that understand the communication process will
blossom into more effective communicators, and effective communicators have a greater
opportunity for becoming a success.

(
(
./
*0
Burnett, M.J., & Dollar, A. (1989). Business Communication: Strategies for Success. Houston,
Texas: Dane.

Ivancevich, J.M., Lorenzi, P., Skinner, S.J., & Crosby, P.B. (1994). Management: Quality and
Competitiveness. Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin.

Gibson, J.W., & Hodgetts, R.M. (1990). Business Communication: Skills and Strategies. Y,
Y: Harper & Row.

Bovee, C.L., & Thill, J.V. (1992). Business Communication Today. Y, Y: McGraw-Hill.

Berko, R.M., Wolvin, A.D., & Curtis, R. (1986). This Business of Communicating. Dubuque,
IO: WCB.

Wright, P.M., & oe, R.A., (1995). Management of Organizations. Chicago, IL: Irwin.

 
  

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id=45

The process by which one person or a group of persons receive an increment of information
which has some value for either sender or receiver either by way of knowledge addition or
entertainment or acquisition of energy to act or persuasion to buy or act as required by the sender
is the process of communication.

The Process of Communication

The critical part of communication is the information, which is being transferred. Information
may be in any form- ranging from hand signals to public speech, from email to detailed contract,
from one word greeting to a lengthy letter, from a message on a notice board of a school to a full
page advertisement on a daily, from a hint with raised eyebrows to five-minute hug, from a
memo from a superior or subordinate to a HR manual and so on. For the transfer of the
information or the message, certain vehicle or medium is employed, which loads itself with it
and passes it on to the intended receivers. Paper, phone, one-to-one meeting, public meeting,
conversation, hoarding, newspaper, words written or spoken, body gestures, smile, books etc are
the vehicles or media. The way the vehicles take and transport the information in such a way that
the receiver understands it as it should be is the communication process. The medium or the
sender or the receiver characteristically distorts the information, which in one way or other
contributes fully or partly to the failure of the communication in accomplishing the purpose
intended.

Two important stages of communication are a) encoding and b) decoding. The process involved
in these two stages is a potential source of communication failure. Encoding is translation or
conversion of the idea or intention or message into words or signals so that receiver would
reconvert the same as intended by the sender. Decoding is what the receiver does to reconvert the
received words or signals into the idea or intention or message as originally intended by the
sender. The problems associated with encoding or decoding are due to the fact that words or
signals have multiple meanings and thus there is a possibility of either use of wrong words or
wrong signals or understanding them in a way different from what is originally intended.

Understanding of the process of communication would facilitate transactions. Else, the there
would be no action at all or delayed action if at all there is some action or wrong action or
relationships turning bad and so on. For instance, a boss tells his secretary that a meeting with
contractors is urgent. But he finds to his surprise that a meeting has been convened quickly the
next day morning, but it clashed with another program, which the secretary is not aware. The
boss, in this case, while being busy with office routine overlooked the process involved in
passing messages and the attendant chances of communication going wrong in many of the
stages. He failed to specify the time. But the secretary understood it as next day morning. This
illustrates how the process involved in encoding and decoding goes wrong and thus it springs
surprises.

All the elements involved in communication which constitute the communication process are a)
sender b) receiver c) message c) encoding d) decoding e) channel f) noise g) feedback.

The following brief discussion explains the process of communication.

Sender: The point from where the message originated, here the boss, is the sender. The action
intended to happen out of this message is convening of a meeting urgently, but definitely not the
next day morning.

Message: Message is the essential content of communication or information intended to be

passed. The request for convening of meeting is the message.
Receiver: The person who has to take delivery of message is the receiver. Here the secretary is
the receiver whose job is to understand exactly and act on it as intended by the sender.

Encoding: The idea of convening a meeting, in this instance, has been converted into words,
probably with facial expressions signaling the urgency of meeting. Such process of converting an
idea is words or expressions is encoding.

Channel: The encoded message needs a vehicle or a medium to be transported from sender to
receiver. The vehicle may be a paper or a telephone or Internet or meeting or conversation. In the
present example, oral communication made by the boss to secretary is the channel.

Decoding: The process of understanding by receiver of the message given by the sender. In this
example, the secretary while decoding understood the message given by the sender.

oise: oise is the causative factor for the message being miscommunicated or misunderstood
due to the problem either in the medium chosen or encoding or decoding or in some stages of the
process. In this instance, the message was not properly constructed and hence the secretary did
not understand it as intended by the sender. The noise in communication is analogous to the
external noise generated by cable or transmission equipment of land line telecommunication
while the subscribers talk on land line phones and hence they don't listen or understand the
words exchanged.

Feedback: The sender would be communicating back to the sender his or her evaluation or how
he or she understood about each part of the message or word before the sender goes further in
acting on the message. Here in the present example the secretary did not give her feedback about
what she understood and thus the intended message failed.

While what was described in the preceding paragraphs is a general understanding of the concept
of communication process, a brief study of various theories propounded till date would facilitate
a fairly in-depth understanding of the communication process. The same has been attempted in
the following paragraphs.

Aristotle Theory of One Way Communication: Aristotle proposed that communication has three
components- sender, receiver and message. It is a simple and basic model, which, nevertheless,
laid base for the rest of the theories to come up. Aristotle, at such an early period of evolution of
social science, posited that communication is a one way process. It connotes that sender is
responsible for good persuasive communication to happen. either the concept of noise nor the
necessity of feedback in communication crossed his mind.

Lasswell Model of Communication: Lasswell extended the communication theory of Aristotle to

include another element, channel. Three important elements or components in this theory are a)
Sender b) Message c) Channel. His theory posits that it is the responsibility of the sender to see
that receiver understands the message, by choosing a proper channel. It is also a one-way
direction of communication as that of Aristotle.
Shannon-Weaver Model: CE Shannon and W Weaver, the engineers' duo, proposed this theory
in 1949. This theory was based on a mechanistic view of communication. This is the first theory,
which recognizes that the message received is not the same as the message sent. This distortion
is due to the noise present in the system.

They introduced feedback as a corrective measure for noise. But, they did not integrate the
feedback into the model. They proposed that feedback would start another cycle of
communication process. The theory essentially posits that real communication takes place only
when the message received and message sent are one and the same without any difference, which
may be true for an engineering model. But the communication that takes place between
individuals, which mostly happens without any machines, cannot be as perfect as assumed in the
theory, since the filters in the individuals operate while both listening and sending. Filters are the
attitudes, perceptions, experiences and evaluations that operate much before the actual
communication starts. The action that takes place as intended is the proof of success of
communication.

The elements in this model are a) Information source b) Encoding c) Channel d) Decoding e)
Destination f) oise g) Feedback.

Schramm Model of Communication: Wilburn Schramm proposed this model in 1955, which was
considered to be the best of all the theories since it is evolved and comprehensive. It was
proposed in three stages with some improvement in each successive stage over the previous one.
These stages are also referred to as three distinct models.

In the first stage, it emphasized on encoding process and source like that of Aristotle without any
recognition for noise. It too was a one-way direction of communication flow.

In the second stage, the emphasis shifted to the shared domain of experience of sender and
receiver. The sender has to take into consideration, according to this theory, the needs and
abilities of the receiver, which he must be aware of due to shared experience, and thus the selects
the right channel and at the same time encodes the message in the way that can be understood by
the receiver. Here the communication process is understood to be a two-way flow.

In the third stage, the feedback was thought to be an essential element of communication system.
In this stage of Schramm's theory, the communication process encompasses sender, receiver,
good channel, proper encoding, proper decoding, and feedback. The flow which ends with
feedback starts immediately again to make a circular process.

The Inferential Model of Communication: Prof.Mathukutty Monippally proposes a new theory

called 'Inferential Model of Communication' emphasizing on symbols displayed and the
construction of meaning inadequately from such symbols. The model assumes that there is no
adequate and proper way to send a message, and nevertheless we send message through some
chosen symbols, which again are not properly understood.

Prof. Mathukutty (2001) explains, " The inferential model assumes that we cannot communicate,
that we cannot communicate, that we cannot share our message with anyone, that we cannot it in
the minds of and hearts of others. And yet we want to communicate. There is no code that can
capture our message faithfully and then be cracked clean by others. So we resort to displaying
symbols....This procedure is generally satisfactory. Of course, we can go wrong; and
occasionally we go terribly wrong. But this is the only means available." ( Mathukutty M
Monippally, Business Communication Strategies,2001, ew Delhi, Tata Mcgrawhill Publishing
Company Limited, pp 6-9)

An Overview of Some More Models of Communication

Another model of Katz -Lazarfeld is the one related to mass communication, which states that
the sender has to encode the message and transmit the same through mass media to an opinion
leader. The opinion leader in turn transmits the same to the target audience, the public. This is
also constructed as a one-way direction of information flow.

Another model, which has taken a different path, is that of Westley - Maclean. It emphasizes on
interpersonal communication. In this, the carefully encoded message is sent to the receiver who
in turn sends it to either the sender or other individual with some changes. The model lays stress
on sender, receiver and feedback, which make this model a circular one.

One more one- way model is that of Berlo, which recognizes perception as an important element
of communication. According to this model, any discrepancy in the reception of message due to
influence of perceptions of intermediaries would lead to miscommunication. The important
building blocks of this model are the source, the receiver, the meaning intended and the process
of sending and receiving the message.

Watlaw- Beavin-Jackobson, proposed a model of two-way communication with emphasis on the

behavior of participants and the relationships existing among them to achieve communication
success.

Rogers-Kincaid proposed that for the communication to be successful, the individuals should be
connected through social networks and sharing of information.

Conclusion

Understanding communication process is very critical to the managers of the organization. They
should understand that communication is rarely understood as it should be. The distortion of the
message can happen at any of the stages in communication process-sender, receiver, encoding,
decoding, channel, message and feedback.

Prof.Appalayya Meesala is a Professor of Management in Deccan School of Management, an

affiliated college of Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. Students can contact him for
guidance on projects, dessertations and theses. He can be contacted at :
appalayya22@yahoo.com or ameesala@yahoo.com or on his mobile:98485-14-011

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