Group 5 Presentation

HYBRID CAR
Group Members
Group 5
 MOHD FARHAN BIN ABD WAHID 193377

 MUHAMMAD RUZAINI BIN ABDUL RAHIM 126367

 MUHAMMAD MUZAMMAN BIN MOHAMAD NIZAM 126476

 WAN AZIZAN BIN WAN SAPIAN 126398

 MOHD FAISAL BIN JAMALUDDIN 127165

History of Car ( Gasoline Engine )
 First steam-powered vehicle was built by Ferdinand
Verbiest around 1672.
 1780’s, Ivan Kulibin, a Russian developed a human-
pedalled, three-wheeled carriage with modern features
such as a flywheel, brake, Transmission, and bearings.
 Nicolaus August Otto who in 1876 invented an effective
gas motor engine.
 An automobile powered by his own four-stroke cycle
gasoline engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885, the
name was Motorwagen.
Motorwagen of Karl Benz
Cont..

 The first car manufactured was did by

Ransom Olds at his Oldsmobile factory in
1902.
 This concept expanded by Henry Ford,
beginning in 1914 and from this date, the new
era of car industry begin.
 Basic gasoline engine system :

Fuel tank
Engine

Gearbox
Disadvantage of Gasoline Engine
 Gasoline Prices
 Gasoline engines produce more carbon
dioxide emissions rather than other engine.
 Gasoline engines and other fossil fuel-
burning engines also produce more
greenhouse gas, such as nitrogen oxide, than
engines using alternative fuel sources.
 Gasoline as a Resource
History of Car ( Electric Engine )
 Between 1832 and 1839 , Robert Anderson invented the
first crude electric carriage.
 Practical and more successful electric road vehicles were
invented by both American Thomas Davenport and
Scotsmen Robert Davidson around 1842.
 Frenchmen Gaston Plante invented a better storage
battery in 1865 and his fellow countrymen Camille Faure
improved the storage battery in 1881.
 Electric vehicles had many advantages over their
competitors in the early 1900s. They did not have the
vibration, smell, and noise associated with gasoline cars.
Electric Car :
 Electric Car System :

Electric Batterry
Motor

Gearbox
Disadvantages of Electric Car :

 Charging Woes : powered vehicles require

charging stations.
 Travelling distance (Range): The cars can travel
only about a 100 miles on an average, and on a
single charge.
 Lack of power: In general electric cars are still
behind gas powered vehicles in their ability to to
accelerate and climb quickly.
 4. Overloaded batteries: At the heart of electric
automobiles are the car's batteries.
Cont’d :
 They are expensive: Batteries that power
these cars are a costly affair.
 The cause pollution: While themselves being
clean, there are toxic elements within
batteries and which could spew toxic fumes.
 They're Heavy: Batteries are what makes
these vehicles heavy. A battery pack of an
average electric car can weigh up to a 1,000
pounds or 450 kg
The Definition
 Here's a hybrid car definition: A hybrid car is a car which can
run on two or more fuel sources.
 Brief definition
The word hybrid is usually applied to plants and animals
which have been cross-bred between species to produce
something new. Plant breeders typically cross different plant
varieties to produce better stock which incorporates some of
the best of the different varieties used. Animals, too can be
crossed to create new types (e.g Ligers and tygons - lion and
tiger crosses). Some of these hybrids do occur naturally,
others are deliberately created by human intervention.
How do hybrid cars work?

Hybrid-electric vehicles combine the

benefits of gasoline engines and electric
motors to provide improved fuel economy.
The engine provides most of the vehicle's
power, and the electric motor provides
additional power when needed, such as for
accelerating and passing. This allows a
smaller, more-efficient engine to be used.
 Why are hybrid cars more expensive to produce?

 The additional expense of hybrid car

development is primarily associated with the
powertrain. Hybrid car systems are more
expensive to produce than internal
combustion engines because in essence they
carry two powertrains. Manufactures such as
Toyota are working on halving the current cost
of development of the hybrid powertrain.
 
Leader s In Hybrid Car Market

Toyota 70%
Honda 20%
Ford 10%
main characteristics that differentiate a
hybrid car from a conventional car
 • Fuel Economy - hybrid cars offer greater fuel economy
 • Cleaner - hybrid cars emit less emissions
 • Battery powered - hybrid cars combine an internal combustion
engine with a battery
 • Smaller ICE - hybrid cars have smaller engines than conventional
car
 • Regenerative Braking - The batteries recharge themselves during
braking, unlike an electric car, the hybrid car does not need to be
plugged in.
 • Automatic Start/Shutoff - In hybrid cars the engine automatically
shuts off when the vehicle comes to a stop. The motor starts
automatically restarts when the accelerator is pressed.
 
Differences Between Hybrid Cars & Regular Cars

 With the rising cost of gasoline and mounting

concerns about the environment, many
consumers contemplate the purchase of a
hybrid vehicle.
 If you are in the market for a new automobile
you should know the differences between
hybrids and regular gas-operated cars.
Concerns
about the
environment
cause some
people to
consider
hybrid cars.
Differences Between Hybrid Cars & Regular Cars

 1-Operation
 Hybrid uses two power sources, an internal
combustion engine and an electric motor.
Electricity starts the car and powers it at low
speed.
 The car switches over to the fuel engine at high
speeds. A regular car uses a gas combustion
engine as its only power source.
Read more:
Differences Between Hybrid Cars &
Regular Cars
 2-Cost
 You may spend less money when purchasing
a regular car. In 2009, the USA Today
reported that "many new hybrid cars cost
about $3,000 more than their non-hybrid
equivalent."
Read more:
Differences Between Hybrid Cars &
Regular Cars
 3-Availability
 All gas-operated vehicles do not have a
hybrid equivalent. Car manufacturers have
yet to introduce a hybrid sports car to the
market.
Differences Between Hybrid Cars &
Regular Cars
 4-Maintenance
 The maintenance of a hybrid requires a
specially trained mechanic because the
electrical components need to be serviced.
This sometimes make is more difficult find
someone to work on a hybrid.
Read more:
Differences Between Hybrid Cars &
Regular Cars
 5-Environmental
 Many consumers who are concerned about
the environment prefer hybrid cars over their
gas counterparts because hybrids do not use
as many of our natural resources and emit
fewer emissions.
Enviromental Score
Savings Comparison between hybrid
car and non hybrid car
Fuel Saving Comparison
The chart below shows how many gallons of fuel you would save per year by
choosing the hybrid version of the vehicle assuming a standard 15,000
mile per year driving behavior.
 Types of Hybrid
 The United States Department of Energy rates
hybrid cars based on a number of criteria,
including the estimated miles per gallon for both
city and highway and the carbon footprint the
vehicle will leave. In addition to these criteria,
each car is assigned a pollution rating from zero
to 10, with 10 indicating that the vehicle
contributes the least pollution to the
environment.
 Small Cars
 The U.S. Department of Energy evaluated and rated no less than 90
makes and models of small hybrid cars issued for 2010. The carbon
footprint of those vehicles, measured in how many tons of carbon
dioxide the car produces per year, ranged from 4.4 to 10.2, with a four-
cylinder Honda Civic earning the former and a four-cylinder Mitsubishi
Lancer Evolution earning the latter. As the carbon footprint of the
vehicle increases, the fuel efficiency decreases. Thus, the Honda Civic
gets approximately 40 mpg in the city and 45 mpg on the highway, and
the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, on the other hand, gets 16 mpg in the
city and 22 mpg on the highway. Between these two extremes, the
majority of small cars leave a carbon footprint ranging between 6 and 7
and average 21 mpg in the city and 30 mpg on the highway.
 Family Sedans
 Some family sedans are even more efficient and more
environmentally friendly than the market-designated "small cars."
In fact, the carbon footprint for the highest-rated family sedan,
the four-cylinder Toyota Prius, is a mere 3.7, and the projected fuel
efficiency is 51 mpg in the city and 48 mpg on the highway. The
spectrum between the most efficient and the least efficient family
sedan, however, is greater as the six-cylinder Pontiac G6 leaves a
carbon footprint of 10.2 and gets a mere 15 mpg city and 22 mpg
highway. The majority of family sedans average a carbon footprint
ranging from 7 to 8 and fuel usage of approximately 20 mpg city
and 27 mpg highway.
 SUVs
 Sport utility vehicles, not surprisingly, tend to leave a greater carbon
footprint while using more fuel than their smaller counterparts.
However, there are SUVs that are more efficient and
environmentally friendly than some of the less efficient small cars
and family sedans. For example, the four-cylinder Ford Escape
hybrid with four-wheel drive has a carbon footprint of 5.7 and gets 34
mpg city and 31 mpg highway, and the same is true for the four-
cylinder Mazda Tribute with two-wheel drive and the Mercury
Mariner Hybrid with four-wheel drive. The least efficient of the SUV
hybrids is the six-cylinder Mercedes-Benz ML 63 AMG, which leaves
a carbon footprint of 15.2 and gets 11 mpg city and 15 mpg highway.
 Full Hybrids
 Full hybrids have a much stronger electric
motor and battery; the extra boost allows the
vehicle to drive solely on electric power,
usually at low speeds.
 Mild Hybrids
 Mild hybrids have a less powerful electric
motor and battery. The hybrid system
provides a boost to the gasoline engine,
allowing it to function at a lower capacity,
which improves gas mileage.
 Plug-in Hybrids
 Plug-in hybrids can operate on electric power
for a longer range than full hybrids. The
hybrid battery can store more power through
recharging, usually by an electrical outlet.
The gasoline engine only operates when the
battery level is low.
 Series Hybrids
 Series hybrids use power from the engine to
generate power to charge the batteries or
operate the electric motor. Series hybrids do
not use the gasoline engine to directly power
the vehicle at all, but only to charge the
hybrid system
 Series Hybrid :

Battery Generator

Electric Motor

Engine

Fuel tank
Gearbox
 Parallel Hybrids
 Most hybrids in development are parallel
hybrids. Parallel hybrids use the gasoline
engine--in conjunction with the electric
motor--to directly power the vehicle.
 Parallel Hybrid :

Fuel tank

Electric Motor

Battery
Engine

Gearbox
That’s All for Today
Thank You