Pipingchevronoffshore 2

GENERAL SPECIFICATION 3.
04
GENERAL PIPING DESIGN
Chevron Offshore (Thailand) Ltd
0 PH Issued for Use 8/2001
A MLJ Issue for Review 6/2000
Rev. By Description Date Rvw'd Appv'd

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope
1.2 Exclusions
1.3 Responsibilities
1.4 Conflicts and Exceptions
2.0 MANDATORY CODES AND STANDARDS
3.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
3.1 General
3.2 Piping Design and Layout
3.3 Valving
3.4 Branches
3.5 Pipeways and Racks
3.6 Accessibility and Clearance
3.7 Pipe Stress and Flexibility
3.8 Cold-Spring Installations
4.0 PROCESS SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
4.1 General
4.2 Wellheads, Flowlines, Manifolds and Separation Systems
4.3 Pressure Vessels
4.4 Fired Heaters
4.5 Heat Exchangers
4.6 Pumps
4.7 Compressors
4.8 Erosion Monitoring
4.9 Chemical Injection
4.10 Sample Connections
5.0 UTILITY SYSTEMS
5.1 Fuel and Utility Gas

5.2 Instrument Air
5.3 Utility Air
5.4 Cooling Water
5.5 Lube and Seal Oil Systems
6.0 PRESSURE RELIEVING SYSTEMS
6.1 General
6.2 Open Relief Systems
6.3 Closed Relief Systems
6.4 Conventional and Pilot Operated Relief Valves
6.5 Thermal Reliefs
6.6 Rupture Disks
6.7 Flare Systems
7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
7.1 Firewater Systems

7.2 Foam Systems
7.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Systems
8.0 VENTS, DRAINS, FLUSHING AND CLEANING SYSTEMS

8.1 General
8.2 Vent Connections
8.3 Drainage Systems
8.4 Flushing Systems
8.5 Cleaning Systems
9.0 INSTRUMENTATION
9.1 General
9.2 Flow Instruments
9.3 Level Instruments
9.4 Pressure Instruments
9.5 Temperature Instruments
10.0 CONTROL VALVES
10.1 General
10.2 Piping Sizes and Pressure Drop
10.3 Station Arrangements
11.0 SPECIALTY ITEMS
11.1 General
11.2 Blanks
11.3 Strainers
11.4 Drip Rings
12.0 SUPPORTS AND ANCHORS
12.1 General
12.2 Support Design
12.3 Materials
12.4 Applications
12.5 Spring Supports
12.6 Dummy Supports
13.0 DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
13.1 General
13.2 Piping Plans
13.3 Elevations and Sections
13.4 Details
13.5 Isometrics
APPENDICES
I Mandatory Codes and Standards

II Government Regulations
III Chevron Standards
GENERAL PIPING DESIGN GS 3.04
REVISION 0
CHEVRON OFFSHORE THAILAND LTD AUG 2001
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope
This specification, in conjunction with the other Technical Requirements, defines
the minimum acceptable requirements for the design, layout, support and
flexibility of piping systems used in upstream oil and gas production facilities.
This specification governs piping systems provided in accordance with API
Recommended Practice 14E "Design and Installation of Offshore Production
Piping" and ANSI B31.3 "Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping."
1.2 Exclusions
This specification does not apply to process design, line sizing or equipment
layout; nor does it apply to piping material and component selection, or to piping
fabrication, installation, inspection and testing.
1.3 Responsibilities
CONTRACTOR shall be solely responsible for providing complete and operable
piping systems in full accordance with all applicable Industry Codes and
Standards, Government Regulations and COMPANY Technical Requirements.
1.4 Conflicts and Exceptions

1.4.1 All conflicts between this specification, the other Technical Requirements, and
the applicable codes and standards shall be submitted in writing to COMPANY
for resolution.
1.4.2 Any and all exceptions to the Technical Requirements shall be submitted in
writing to COMPANY for approval.
2.0 MANDATORY CODES AND STANDARDS

2.1 The primary codes governing piping systems provided under this specification
shall be API Recommended Practice 14E "Design and Installation of Offshore
Production Piping" and ANSI B31.3 "Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery
Piping."
2.2 The most recent issue of the codes and standards listed in Appendix I
"Mandatory Codes and Standards" shall be considered as a part of this
specification.
2.3 Special design allowances outlined in any of the codes and standards may not
be used without written approval of COMPANY.
2.4 COMPANY "Safety in Designs" Manual (GO-590) shall be considered as part of

this specification. CONTRACTOR shall refer to COMPANY "Safety in Designs"
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Manual regarding all safety concerns related to piping system design, layout,
fabrication and assembly, such as valve accessibility guidelines, overhead
clearance requirements and valve handwheel/stem position limitations.
3.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
3.1 General
3.1.1 Piping systems and components, including design, layout, support and flexibility
shall be in full accordance with API RP 14E "Design and Installation of Offshore
Production Piping," ANSI B31.3 "Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping"
and COMPANY Technical Requirements. All addenda issued through the date of
the Purchase Order, Contract or Agreement, as applicable, shall apply in full.
3.1.2 The selection of pipe, piping components and valving shall be in full accordance
with the Technical Requirements, including General Specification 3.00 "Piping
Service Classifications and Material Requirements," and in particular the
appropriate Material Class Data Sheet for the intended service. Substitution of
alternate materials or components shall require prior written approval by
COMPANY.
3.1.3 The design, layout and support of Polypropylene Lined (PPL) carbon steel
piping systems shall be in accordance with ASTM F492 "Propylene and
Polypropylene (PP) Plastic-Lined Ferrous Metal Pipe and Fittings," the
manufacturer's requirements and recommendations and the Technical
Requirements.
3.1.4 The design, layout and support of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) piping
systems shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's requirements and
recommendations, and the Technical Requirements. CONTRACTOR shall note
that the Technical Requirements do not include complete, detailed design,
layout, support or flexibility requirements specific to the needs of FRP piping
systems. CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for developing piping design and
layout requirements to the mutual satisfaction of COMPANY and the FRP piping
manufacturer.
3.1.5 The design, layout and support of Chlorinated Poly Vinyl Chloride (CPVC)
piping systems shall be in accordance with ASTM D2846 "Chlorinated Poly Vinyl
Chloride (CPVC) Plastic Hot and Cold Water Distribution Systems," the
manufacturer's requirements and recommendations, and the Technical
Requirements.
3.1.6 References in this specification to ANSI Class 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500 and
2500 flange ratings refer to ANSI B16.5 "Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings."
References to API 3000, 5000 and 10,000 pound flange ratings refer to API 6A
"Specification for Wellhead Equipment."
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3.1.7 All sour service hydrocarbon piping systems shall be in accordance with NACE
MR-01-75 "Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Material for Oil Field
Equipment."
3.2 Piping Design and Layout

3.2.1 CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for all piping design and layout, ensuring
that it is suitable for the intended service and is in accordance with the Technical
Requirements. Piping and equipment shall be arranged to maximize safety and
operator accessibility. Piping, valves, instruments, etc. that protrude into
walkway areas at or below minimum elevations as defined by COMPANY's
"Safety in Designs" shall be rerouted.
3.2.2 Piping shall be routed in the true vertical or horizontal plane unless specified
otherwise, and generally parallel to column rows. Diagonal and skewed angle
piping runs shall not be accepted without specific COMPANY approval. For
major piping runs, changes in direction shall coincide with changes in elevation.
Care shall be taken not to create unnecessary low point liquid pockets or high
point vapor traps.
3.2.3 Piping shall be routed to minimize run lengths and fitting quantities, while still
providing adequate expansion and flexibility in the design. The number of
flanged joints in hydrocarbon service shall be kept to a minimum.
3.2.4 Similar equipment and piping shall be grouped together to simplify the piping
layout and ease operation and maintenance.
3.2.5 Piping shall not be routed directly above mechanical equipment such as pumps
or compressors, or above operating or maintenance areas of process
equipment. Piping runs shall be to the front, side, rear or beneath such
equipment to facilitate operation and maintenance. Areas reserved for pulling of
heat exchanger bundles and compressors shall be free of overhead piping.
Piping shall not be installed below the lowest deck level unless absolutely
necessary due to its service or route to or from a lower area, such as a
boatlanding or pump caisson.
3.2.6 Valves and piping components requiring operator attention or regular servicing
shall be accessible from deck level, unless specified otherwise by COMPANY. If
not accessible from deck level, an elevated access platform shall be provided
for operation and maintenance. Specifically, all control valves, relief valves, and
meter runs shall be accessible from deck level or access platforms. Control
valves shall be grouped at centralized operating locations, if practical.
3.2.7 Piping shall be arranged for easy removal of equipment for inspection, servicing
and maintenance. Maintenance areas shall be clearly designated as such and
free of piping runs.
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3.2.8 Prefabricated piping shall have a sufficient number of properly located field
welds to allow flanged connections to be installed without imposing excessive
strain on the equipment or piping.
3.2.9 Piping carrying caustic materials, chemicals, acids, or similar substances shall
not be located near equipment or other piping with temperatures exceeding 200
°F.
3.2.10 All piping connections in systems for corrosive service (polypropylene lined
piping) shall be flanged. Threaded connections and unions shall not be
permitted.
3.2.11 Hot and insulated lines shall be grouped together and separated from cold lines
to control corrosion, condensation an vapor problems.
3.2.12 If practical, high temperature and high pressure lines shall not be located close
to potential sources of electrical sparks such as electrical conduits, electrical
trays, electrical connections, and motor operated equipment such as valves.
3.2.13 Hot materials shall not be discharged into open drains located near electrical
runs.
3.2.14 The minimum spacing between circumferential weld joints shall be 2", or 6 times
the wall thickness of the pipe, whichever is greater, unless otherwise approved
by COMPANY.
3.2.15 Flange bolt holes shall straddle normal horizontal and vertical center lines.
3.2.16 Mitered joints and welds shall not be acceptable without written COMPANY
approval.
3.3 Valving
3.3.1 The centerline of valves shall not be more than 11'-0" above an operating level
or platform without COMPANY approval. Valves in which the center of the
handwheel is 6'-0" or more above an operating level shall be provided with
chain operators or extension stems. Chain drop shall normally clear operating
platforms by 3'-6". Chain operators shall not be acceptable on valves 2" NPS
and smaller. Access platforms are preferred to chain operators.
3.3.2 Valves shall not be installed with the stems inclined below the horizontal plane
without COMPANY approval. Horizontally positioned valve stems shall not be
located in the face hazard zone, which is defined to be between 4'-6" and 6'-3"
above the deck or operating platform.
3.3.3 Special consideration shall be given to valves 10" NPS and larger with
handwheels positioned horizontally, i.e. vertical stems. The handwheel shall not
be located more than 4'-0" above the deck or operating platform. As an
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alternative to an additional platform, a gear operator with the handwheel in the

vertical plane may be provided. In this case, the centerline of the handwheel
shall not be more than 6'-3" above the deck or operating platform.
3.3.4 Valves that require operation during an emergency shall be easily accessible or
shall be equipped with remote operating devices with convenient local control.
3.4 Branches
3.4.1 Branch connections in utility services shall be located at the top of the header.
Branch connection root valves shall be located in the horizontal section of the
branch, close to the header.
3.4.2 Branch connections in process services shall be located at the top or side of the
header.
3.4.3 Header branch line block valves shall be located to allow complete drainage on
each side of the valve.
3.4.4 Branch connections 2" NPS and smaller shall be equipped with break flanges in
the following services:
• Chemical, quench, purge and steam injection into process lines

• Flushing services
The break flanges shall be placed outboard of the branch block valve. A flanged
branch valve shall be acceptable in lieu of break flanges.
3.4.5 For screwed or socket welded utility services, a union shall be provided
immediately outboard of branch block valves unless the valves are flanged.
3.4.6 Compressed air line branches shall be provided with a full size opening
arranged to allow system cleaning by blowing down pressure.
3.4.7 Couplings or other weld-on type branch connections and fittings shall not be
located on a weld joint.
3.4.8 Care shall be exercised in the detail design of small branch connections to
prevent mechanical damage or breakage due to vibration or excessive force.
Connections that may require bracing include sample points, instruments,
purges, thermal relief valves, corrosion probes, and vent and drain connections
(particularly where double block and bleeds are required). The bracing method
shall be subject to approval by COMPANY.
3.4.9 Care shall be taken in the location of small connections in piping subject to
thermal movement.
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3.5 Pipeways and Racks

3.5.1 Where pipeways and racks are provided, utility and service lines shall generally
be placed on the top level, and process lines on the lower level. Where process
lines run to higher elevations, they may be located on the top level. On single
level racks, utility and service lines shall generally be grouped separate from
process lines.
3.5.2 The outer edges of pipeways and racks, whether double or single level, shall be
allocated to heavy (liquid) lines and large diameter piping. The center of
pipeways and racks shall be allocated to light (gas or vapor) lines and small
diameter piping.
3.5.3 Process lines shall be placed on the same side of the pipeway and rack as the
equipment they service when possible.
3.5.4 Pipe entering or exiting pipeways and racks shall roll out with a change in
elevation so as not to block adjacent pipe slots.
3.5.5 Pipeways and racks shall be oversized by 25% during initial layout based on
linear width. The "Approved for Construction" layout shall include a minimum of
15% spare space (oversized) based on linear width.
3.5.6 Expansion pipe loops shall be installed over the top of pipeways and racks.
Loops shall not extend horizontally past the pipeway or rack edges without
COMPANY approval.
3.6 Accessibility and Clearance

3.6.1 Piping shall be routed to avoid creating overhead interferences and tripping
hazards. Overhead piping shall provide a clearance of 6'-8" at all platforms,
walkways, egress routes, styles, etc., and 7'-0" at all stair treads as a minimum.
3.6.2 If possible, the difference in elevations between lines running platform

north/south and those running east/west shall be a minimum of 2'-0".
3.6.3 Horizontal clearance between piping and equipment or major structural

members shall be 12" minimum. A minimum clearance of 18" shall be provided
between piping and equipment or other obstructions in areas requiring
occasional access.
3.6.4 The center-to-center spacing between piping shall be governed by the flange
diameters, insulation requirements, and thermal expansion characteristics of the
piping. The clearance between piping, including flanges and/or insulation, shall
be 1" minimum.
3.6.5 Piping arrangements shall provide sufficient operating space for maintenance
equipment such as bridge cranes, monorail hoists and hook hoists, and shall
not infringe upon designated walkway, access and laydown areas.
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3.6.6 Piping systems shall be constructed with unions or flanged joints wherever
disassembly may be required. Piping that requires frequent servicing shall be
arranged to preclude unnecessary removal of equipment, parallel piping or
installation of temporary supports.
3.6.7 Sufficient breakout unions and flanges shall be provided for servicing
equipment, in-line instrumentation, valves and piping components.
3.6.8 On installations with long runs of pipe, a longitudinal clearance shall be provided
between pipes leaving the pipeway or rack to accommodate thermal expansion.
3.7 Pipe Stress and Flexibility

3.7.1 Thermal and mechanical expansion/contraction of piping systems shall be
considered in accordance with ANSI B31.3 "Chemical Plant and Petroleum
Refinery Piping." Pipe loops or offset legs shall be utilized to provide flexibility
for piping systems subject to expansion/contraction. Mechanical expansion
joints, namely bellows type joints shall not be provided without COMPANY
approval.
3.7.2 The piping arrangement shall provide sufficient support and changes in
direction, pipe loops, anchors, spring supports and/or expansion joints to ensure
that stresses are within the limits allowed by ANSI B31.3 "Chemical Plant and
Petroleum Refinery Piping" and the Technical Requirements. CONTRACTOR
shall consider stresses resulting from static and cyclic movement of piping,
vibration, and mechanical and thermal shock that may be encountered
throughout the service life of the piping installation.
3.7.3 The criteria for determining whether or not to perform a stress/flexibility analysis
shall be approved by COMPANY. As a minimum, a detailed stress/flexibility
analysis shall be provided for the following services:
a. Centrifugal compressors
b. Reciprocating compressors rated at 200 HP and higher
c. Centrifugal pumps with a 6" NPS or larger nozzle
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d. Centrifugal pumps operating above 1800 rpm

e. Piping installed on bridges
f. Services operating at 200°F and higher
g. Services operating at 40°F or lower
3.7.4 When piping stress analysis is performed, it shall ensure that the pipe work
complies with ANSI B31.3 "Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping" and
the Technical Requirements, including:
a. The calculated stress (sustained, expansion, and occasional) complies with

ANSI B31.3 allowables.
b. The applied forces and moment on flanged joints are within the limit allowed
by the applicable code or Technical Requirement.
c. The applied forces and moments on hub connectors are within the
manufacturer's allowable limits.
d. The fatigue life is acceptable.
e. Reactions at pipe restraints or anchors are available for support design.
3.7.5 Calculations to determine piping flexibility and expansion stress shall be based
on the greater of the following temperature differentials:
• Difference between the minimum ambient operating temperature of the

installation and the design temperature.
• For steam traced lines, the difference between the minimum ambient operating
temperature and the temperature of the saturated steam reduced by 50°F.
3.7.6 If the piping stress analysis is performed with a computer program, the stress
range reduction factor (f) used to calculate the allowable displacement stress
range (SA) shall be in accordance with ANSI B31.3 "Chemical Plant and
Petroleum Refinery Piping," as applicable. The factor (f) shall be 0.7 for
calculating SA when using a less rigorous methods of stress analysis.
3.7.7 The stress intensification factor for piping branch connections made by an
integrally reinforced fitting, such as a weldolet, shall be in accordance with ANSI
B31.3 "Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping" for unreinforced
fabricated tees.
3.7.8 Thermal expansion shall be considered in the design of nonmetallic (CPVC)

piping systems. The design expansion rate shall be 1/2" per 10°F change in
temperature per 100' of length.
3.7.9 When spring hangers are utilized, accurate weight balance calculations shall be
made to determine the required supporting force at each hanger location.
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3.7.10 The maximum stress in a piping system during hydrostatic testing shall not
exceed 90% of the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of any pressure
containing piping component.
3.7.11 Care shall be taken in designing and locating anchors and guides so as not to
cause excessive stress by severely restricting the movement of the piping.
3.7.12 Lines that require expansion loops or offset legs shall be grouped together to
minimize the cumulative space required by the loops.
3.7.13 The weight of the pipe at each equipment connection shall be accurately
calculated to quantify the loads and moments imposed on the equipment.
3.7.14 Loads and moments exerted by piping systems at the flanges of mechanical
equipment (such as pumps and compressors) shall not exceed the permissible
reactions specified by the equipment manufacturer or the applicable industry
standard, as modified below, whichever is more conservative. Applicable
industry standards and permissible limits shall be as follows:
Equipment Type (standard): Permissible Limits:

Centrifugal Pumps In accordance with API STD 610 formulas
(API STD 610)
Centrifugal Pumps 75% of the value calculated by API STD

(ANSI B73.1, ANSI B73.2) 610 formulas
Reciprocating Pumps In accordance with API STD 674 formulas

(API STD 674)
Gas Turbines In accordance with API STD 616 formulas

(API STD 616)
Centrifugal Compressors In accordance with NEMA SM 23 with

(API STD 617) constants in the formulas increased by a
factor of 1.85
Reciprocating Compressors In accordance with API STD 618 formulas.

(API STD 618)
Steam Turbines In accordance with NEMA SM 23 formulas

(NEMA SM 23, API STD 611,
API STD 612)
3.8 Cold-Spring Installations

3.8.1 Cold-sprung piping installations shall be acceptable only if approved by
COMPANY.
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3.8.2 Cold-springing of piping will be considered only for piping that must be strain
free at operating temperatures, or if a cold-spring installation is necessary to
provide for lateral clearances in closely spaced groups of lines.
3.8.3 Cold-spring of more than 1/2" shall not be permitted.
3.8.4 Cold-sprung installations shall not be acceptable at rotating machinery under

any circumstances.
4.0 PROCESS SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
4.1 General
4.1.1 Piping terminations at pumps, compressors and other equipment shall be
designed to prevent excessive loads, moments and stress on the equipment
flanges. The piping shall be permanently supported to ensure that mating
flanges are parallel, concentric and in contact prior to bolting the piping in place.
4.1.2 Suction and discharge piping to rotating and reciprocating equipment shall be
designed to facilitate alignment of the equipment.
4.1.3 Piping headers with flanged ends shall be located so that future extension of
the header is not blocked by adjacent piping or equipment.
4.1.4 Deadlegs in process piping shall be avoided whenever possible.
4.2 Wellheads, Flowlines, Manifolds and Separation Systems
4.2.1 General
4.2.1.1 The piping system design shall provide access for periodic nondestructive
testing for erosion.
4.2.1.2 Piping injection and sampling connections shall be of minimum length and
protected from external mechanical damage. Each connection shall include a
close-coupled block valve. A check valve shall be either close-coupled or
integral to the block valve on injection line connections. The check valve shall
be installed on the upstream injection side of the block valve.
4.2.1.3 Safety devices on manifold headers and flowlines shall be designed and
installed in accordance with API RP 14C "Recommended Practice for Analysis,
Design, Installation and Testing of Basic Surface Safety Systems on Offshore
Production Platforms."
4.2.2 Wellhead Piping and Flowline Systems

4.2.2.1 The piping design and layout shall take into consideration independent wellhead
movement due to wave action and wind forces.
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4.2.2.2 Piping shall not obstruct access necessary for well servicing.
4.2.2.3 Changes in direction shall not be permitted within 10 nominal pipe diameters
downstream of wellhead chokes or throttling valves.
4.2.2.4 Changes in direction shall be made with cushion tees. A straight tee with a weld
cap or blind flange installed on the end run may be substituted for a procured
cushion tee. Wellhead flow shall enter the straight end run, and exit the branch
side.
4.2.2.5 Production flowline check valves shall be located immediately upstream of the
well manifold header tie-in block valve so as to protect the entire flowline from
backflow.
4.2.2.6 Each injection flowline shall be provided with a check valve located at the
wellhead so that the entire flowline is protected from backflow.
4.2.2.7 A branch block valve and quick disconnect shall be provided immediately
upstream of each flow line check valve to permit de-pressuring and draining of
the flowline into the relief header by using a temporary high pressure hose.
4.2.3 Manifold Systems

4.2.3.1 Short radius elbows in manifold assemblies shall be specifically prohibited and
shall not be accepted by COMPANY under any circumstances.
4.2.3.2 Manifold headers shall be terminated with blind flanges on each end to provide
a fluid cushion area and a means for rodding out.
4.2.3.3 Manifold inlet and outlet connections shall be provided with an isolation block
valve. Header block valves shall include body bleed valves to facilitate testing
for leaks.
4.2.3.4 Each riser and header on production manifolds shall be equipped with a drain
valve for draining into the production manifold skid drain pan. Drains shall be
piped to within 6" of the skid drain pan.
4.2.3.5 Manifold headers shall be designed, arranged and installed so that future
expansion will not be obstructed by other piping or equipment.
4.2.4 Oil Separation Systems

4.2.4.1 Piping design layout shall avoid wet legs and vertical risers if possible.
4.2.4.2 The typical arrangement for a separation vessel piping system shall be in
accordance with Figure 5.2 of API RP 14E "Recommended Practice for Design
and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems." Required
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piping system components shall be provided as shown unless specified

otherwise by the Technical Requirements.
4.3 Pressure Vessels

4.3.1 Process piping at vessel nozzles shall be provided with blanks or spectacle
blinds to allow isolation of the vessel for inspection and maintenance.
4.3.2 A removable pipe spool shall be provided on the inlet (wellstream) to production
and test separators.
4.3.3 Atmospheric vents from vessels shall be equipped with plugged or blanked
shutoff valves.
4.3.4 For instrumentation connections, the first block valve off a vessel connection
shall use a piping class ball valve as the root valve, unless specified otherwise
by the Technical Requirements. Additional valves beyond the root valve shall be
in accordance with the appropriate piping or instrumentation specification.
4.3.5 All vessel connections shall be flanged with a minimum size of 1-1/2" NPS,
except that temperature and pressure gauges/transmitters may use 3/4" or 1"
NPS screwed connections when specifically approved by COMPANY.
4.3.6 Liquid outlet headers shall be piped to permit gravity drainage from the vessel.
4.3.7 Lines carrying materials of high viscosity shall be designed with a continuous
slope and shall drain into the vessel.
4.3.8 Vessel drains that discharge into an open drain system shall be piped from the
block valve to a splash hub on the drain system to allow observation.
4.3.9 Vessel drains operated only during shutdown periods may be provided with
plugs or blanks in lieu of permanently installed valves with COMPANY approval.
4.3.10 Vessel emergency shutdown valves shall be located within 30' of the vessel
measured horizontally. The total pipe length from the vessel nozzle to the valve
shall not exceed 50'. If, in addition to the normal control system, a manual
actuation station is required, it shall be located at grade close to the shutdown
valve in a location safe from fire exposure.
4.4 Fired Heaters
4.4.1 Fuel Oil

4.4.1.1 The fuel oil header at each fired heater shall be located above the burners and
shall not be dead ended.
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4.4.1.2 Globe-type burner line valves shall be connected to the side or top of the
header with lines draining to the burners.
4.4.1.3 Piping arrangements for air atomization shall provide safeguards to prevent fuel
oil from entering the air system. Unless specified otherwise, a ball check valve
shall be provided in each air connection. The check valve shall be installed at
the burner with the valve in the up-flow position.
4.4.2 Fuel Gas

4.4.2.1 The piping arrangement for fuel gas systems on fired heaters shall be in
accordance with Section 5.1 of this specification and the Technical
Requirements.
4.4.2.2 Throttle valves for fuel gas service shall be of the globe or needle type. All other
valves shall be fire safe ball valves.
4.4.2.3 The header that supplies the heater shall be provided with block and bleed
valves. A spectacle blind shall be installed downstream from the block and bleed
valves.
4.4.2.4 Bypass valves located at automatic control valves shall be ball or globe valves,
of the vee-port type.
4.4.3 Miscellaneous
4.4.3.1 Burner control valves shall be located at a working level so that adjustments can
be made while observing the flame.
4.4.3.2 Facility blowdown valves shall be located so that operation of the valves will not
be affected by a fire at the heater.
4.4.3.3 Check valves shall be installed at the vessel end of the flow lines to prevent
backflow when a heater or heat exchanger tube ruptures.
4.5 Heat Exchangers
4.5.1 Shell and Tube and Double Pipe Heat Exchangers

4.5.1.1 Process and water piping to heat exchangers shall be arranged to provide easy
removal of shell covers, channel covers, channels and tube bundles.
4.5.1.2 Piping shall be arranged, or check valves shall be properly located to ensure
that cooling water will remain in the exchanger should the cooling water supply
be lost.
4.5.1.3 All vent valves shall be provided with plugs or blind flanges.
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4.5.2 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers

4.5.2.1 Inlet and outlet headers shall not be located over or under the tube areas.
4.5.2.2 Piping connections to split-header bundles shall be designed to provide

necessary flexibility to accommodate motion produced by differential
temperature within the bundle.
4.5.2.3 Multiple bay heat exchangers with incoming two-phase flow regimes (other than
the dispersed or bubble flow regions in a Baker flow map) shall be provided with
a symmetrical inlet piping arrangement. The piping system shall consist of
multiple cascading headers to equalize the flow to each bundle.
4.5.2.4 If the pressure drop from the header inlet to the most distant nozzle of the last
heat exchanger in the row (Px) is less than 1/9 of the pressure drop through the
heat exchanger (Py), single-phase flow headers may be arranged as a simple
rake or comb-shaped manifold.
4.6 Pumps
4.6.1 Sufficient maintenance and access space shall be provided around pumps. The
minimum maintenance width provided around pumps shall be 3'-0", except at
the driver end where the width shall be a minimum of 5'-0". Piping shall not
obstruct the driver end of horizontal pump skids under any circumstances.
4.6.2 Suction and discharge block valves shall be located as close as possible to the
pump to permit removal of the pump without having to drain an excessive
amount of piping or shut-in other equipment. Valve handwheels shall be
arranged to project toward the major maintenance side of the pump installation
but away from the pump.
4.6.3 Suction and discharge headers shall be extended to reach support beams and
closed with a blind flange. No other method of support shall be acceptable.
4.6.4 Suction and discharge lines shall be independently anchored.
4.6.5 Piping shall be arranged to minimize flow turbulence, especially on the pump
suction piping.
4.6.6 Elbows shall be installed to turn in the vertical plane.
4.6.7 Elbows in horizontal suction piping leading to double suction pumps shall be at
least 5 pipe diameters upstream of the pump suction flange if a reducer is not
utilized. A valve may be installed within the run, if the valve stem is located in
the vertical position. If a reducer is located between the elbow and the pump
flange, a straight run of at least 2 pipe diameters (based on the larger pipe)
shall be provided. A reducer next to the pump flange shall be considered to be
equivalent to three pipe diameters of the larger pipe.
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4.6.8 Horizontal reducers at pump suction connections shall be eccentric and installed
with the flat side on top.
4.6.9 A concentric reducer shall be provided if the reduction occurs immediately

before the elbow on the downcomer from overhead. If feasible and economical,
a long radius reducing elbow shall be provided.
4.6.10 Piping shall be arranged to minimize the equivalent length of the suction piping,
to eliminate liquid and vapor pockets, and to be slightly sloped toward the pump.
4.6.11 Suction piping shall be designed so that temporary start-up strainers can be
easily installed or removed without springing the pipe.
4.6.12 Temporary start-up strainers shall be installed in the pump suction piping
utilizing a removable spool between the pump and block valve as close to the
pump as possible. Proper spacing shall be provided to allow for both the
strainer and gaskets. The strainers shall have a free area a minimum of 300%
of the pipe internal cross sectional area. The mesh size shall be approved by
COMPANY and the pump manufacturer.
4.6.13 If specified in the Technical Requirements, permanent strainers shall be

installed in the pump suction line. As a minimum, permanent strainers shall be
installed in the suction line of pumps handling fluids that may contain solids,
unless the pump is specifically designed to handle solids. Permanent strainers
shall be tee type bathtub strainers for piping 8" NPS and larger.
4.6.14 CONTRACTOR shall submit the type, location, mesh size and material of all
pump strainers to COMPANY for approval.
4.6.15 Drain lines for jacket and seal cooling water, packing flush and other pump
fluids shall be piped to open drain hubs to allow observation. Fluids shall not be
discharged onto the pump baseplate.
4.6.16 Shock absorbers or flexible connections shall be provided on reciprocating

pumps if quick closing or remote control valves are installed in the discharge
line. Shock absorbers or flexible connections shall be designed to prevent shock
and minimize stress on the pump.
4.6.17 Suction and discharge pulsation dampeners shall also be considered on

reciprocating pumps in order to reduce vibration and the impact of acceleration
head in the suction piping.
4.6.18 For FRP piping systems, direction changes in close proximity to the pump
discharge shall be avoided to the best extent possible.
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4.7 Compressors
4.7.1 General
4.7.1.1 Compressor piping shall be provided with blanks for isolating the compressor
during hydrostatic testing and maintenance.
4.7.1.2 Suction and discharge headers shall be extended to reach support beams and
closed with a blind flange. No other method of support shall be acceptable.
4.7.1.3 Piping on compressor skids shall be supported from the compressor structural
skid.
4.7.1.4 Where compressors are connected to a common header, the piping system
shall be designed to accommodate variations in piping temperatures that result
from all combinations of operating and non-operating units.
4.7.1.5 Suction scrubbers shall be located as close to the compressor as possible.
4.7.1.6 Suction piping upstream of the suction scrubber and between the scrubber and
the compressor shall be arranged to prevent trapping or liquid collection, and
shall drain freely to the scrubber. Where it is impractical to prevent traps,
additional knockout equipment shall be provided. The installation arrangement
shall be approved by COMPANY.
4.7.1.7 Compressor suction block valves shall be located in horizontal runs of piping.
4.7.1.8 Temporary strainers shall be provided in all compressor suction lines 3" NPS
and larger, and shall be installed in a removable spool piece as close to the
compressor as possible. Proper spacing shall be provided to allow for both the
strainer and gaskets. Temporary strainer design and mesh size shall be
approved by COMPANY and the compressor manufacturer. The strainers shall
have a free area a minimum of 300% of the pipe cross sectional area. Flow
through conical type strainers shall be from outside to inside.
4.7.1.9 Where pulsation dampeners are provided, the suction scrubber shall be located
upstream of the pulsation dampener.
4.7.2 Air Compressors

4.7.2.1 Suction piping for air compressors shall be equipped with a silencer and an air
intake filter in accordance with the Technical Requirements.
4.7.2.2 Air compressor intake filter openings shall be located to minimize the entrance
of dust, moisture, and corrosive gases.
4.7.2.3 Air compressor suction piping between the air filter and the compressor
connection shall be fabricated of either galvanized or stainless steel piping, or
an alternate corrosion resistant material if approved by COMPANY.
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4.7.3 Centrifugal Compressors

4.7.3.1 Check valves installed on the discharge of centrifugal compressors shall be
quick response, non-slam type approved by COMPANY. Check valves shall be
located as close to compressor discharge nozzles as feasible, but downstream
of the antisurge connection.
4.7.3.2 Discharge antisurge lines shall also be equipped with a check valve. The check
valve shall be located as close to the main discharge line as possible.
4.7.3.3 If manual suction, discharge, recycle and vent valves are required by the
Technical Requirements, the valves shall be located together in one area for
ease of startup and operation.
4.7.4 Positive Displacement Compressors

4.7.4.1 The arrangement of the bypass piping and location of the bypass valve shall
prevent the collection of liquid when the valve is closed. If required by the
Technical Requirements, bypass valves shall be automatically controlled.
4.7.4.2 The selection of discharge check valves shall be subject to approval by

COMPANY. The check valve shall be of the dampened piston type.
4.7.4.3 Piping and pulsation bottles shall be supported independently and shall not be
solely supported by the compressor cylinders. The support design shall allow
hot adjustment.
4.7.4.4 The design of pressurizing lines installed around suction block valves shall
approved by COMPANY.
4.7.4.5 Unless specified otherwise, the suction and discharge block valves and vent
valves shall be manually operated and shall be located together in one area for
ease of startup and operation.
4.7.4.6 Drain piping shall be provided from each compartment on cylinder manifolds
and pulsation dampeners.
4.7.4.7 For compressor systems 1000 horsepower and above, an analog study of the
complete system shall be provided. The analog study shall include all piping and
equipment (scrubbers, coolers, pulsation dampeners, compressors, etc.) from
the first stage suction scrubber to the last discharge cooler and scrubber on the
final stage.
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4.8 Erosion Monitoring
4.8.1 General
4.8.1.1 Erosion monitoring systems shall be in accordance with NACE RP-07
"Preparation and Installation of Corrosion Coupons and Interpretation of Test
Data in Oil Production Practice."
4.8.1.2 Erosion monitoring systems shall be arranged in a compact manner that allows
for ease of installation and removal of erosion coupons and probes without
depressurizing the piping system. The arrangement shall ensure maximum
safety to personnel performing the work, and minimize the potential for the
escape of process fluids.
4.8.1.3 The system shall not interfere with the maintenance or operational access of
other piping, valves, instruments or equipment.
4.8.1.4 Erosion monitoring systems shall be designed for insertion of a test probe or
coupon directly into the flow stream.
4.8.1.5 Erosion coupons and probes shall be placed in piping systems where the
presence of sand or two phase flow might cause erosion of the piping. Piping
that commonly requires erosion monitoring equipment includes production flow
lines, manifolds, and headers upstream of the initial surge vessel, flow splitter,
production separator and test separator.
4.8.1.6 Unless specified otherwise, erosion monitoring equipment shall be of the probe
type if sand is present in the flow stream. Erosion monitoring devices for other
service conditions shall be of the coupon type.
4.8.2 Access Fittings

4.8.2.1 Access fittings and piping shall be in accordance with ANSI B31.3 "Chemical
Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping" and API RP 14E "Recommended Practice
for Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems."
4.8.2.2 Access fittings shall be flanged type and shall provide adequate support for the
coupon or probe holder, an accurate indication of the position of the coupon or
probe in the pipe, and a protective cover for the probe holder.
4.8.2.3 Access fittings shall be of the same material as the piping to which they are
attached. Access fittings shall be located at the top of the pipe. A minimum
clearance of 5'-0" shall be provided directly above the fitting to allow access for
the removal tool.
4.8.2.4 The plug body shall provide support for the coupon or probe and shall seal the
pressure of the piping system.
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4.8.2.5 Plug bodies and assemblies shall be 18-8 stainless steel with tetrafluorethylene
polymer (TFE) packing.
4.8.3 Probes
4.8.3.1 Probes shall be installed primarily in service where sand is present in the flow
stream.
4.8.3.2 Probes shall be installed in the top of the pipe and shall extend into the pipe a
distance equal to approximately 60% of the inside diameter of the pipe.
4.8.3.3 An instrument block valve shall be provided to isolate the pressure switch from
the erosion monitoring system. The valve shall be constructed of 18-8 stainless
steel as a minimum, and shall be suitable for the service.
4.8.4 Coupons
4.8.4.1 Unless specified otherwise, coupons shall be of the single pair, strip type
constructed of the same material as the piping system to be monitored.
4.8.4.2 Coupons shall be located to monitor the area of highest anticipated erosion with
the edge facing the fluid flow.
4.8.4.3 Coupons shall be electrically isolated from the coupon holder by insulating
material suitable for the service.
4.8.5 Retrieval/Installation Tools

4.8.5.1 Retrieval/installation tools shall be designed to remove and install the monitoring
devices through access fittings with the line fully pressurized.
4.8.5.2 Valves used with the tools shall be of the fire safe type in accordance with the
requirements of API SPEC 6A "Specification for Wellhead Equipment" and API
SPEC 6D "Specification for Pipeline Valves, End Closures, Connectors, and
Swivels."
4.8.5.3 Tools shall be designed to allow safe bleed-off of any residual pressure
remaining in the tool after removal from the access fitting.
4.9 Chemical Injection

4.9.1 Flanges in chemical injection piping shall not be located over walkways,
stairways, access areas, maintenance areas, etc., unless approved by
COMPANY.
4.9.2 Whenever possible, chemical injection lines shall be run under walkways.
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4.9.3 Instrument tubing and compression fittings may be used for injection pump
suction and discharge piping subject to the following conditions:
a. No joints shall be allowed over walkways, stairways, access and

maintenance areas, etc.
b. Tubing shall be fully supported within tubing tray.
c. Tubing shall be labeled with service (chemical).
4.9.4 Deck penetrations shall be prohibited within the contained area of the chemical
storage tanks.
4.10 Sample Connections

4.10.1 Sample connections shall be installed in the side of piping rather than on the top
or bottom.
4.10.2 If practical, sample connections shall be located close to oily water drains.
4.10.3 Sample lines shall be as short as practical.
5.0 UTILITY SYSTEMS
5.1 Fuel and Utility Gas

5.1.1 Piping systems for fuel, utility, blanket and purge gas service shall be in
accordance with ANSI B31.2 "Fuel Gas Piping," ANSI B31.3 "Chemical Plant
and Petroleum Refinery Piping," NFPA 37 "Standard for the Installation and Use
of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines," NFPA 54 "National Fuel
Gas Code," and the Technical Requirements.
5.1.2 Piping shall be routed to avoid liquid traps if at all possible. If liquid traps cannot
be avoided, a condensate leg with a 3/4" NPS block valve (with a plug or blind
flange) shall be installed at the low point.
5.1.3 Valved vents shall be provided at high points to release trapped air from the
piping high points. On purge gas systems, all vents shall either be accessible
from platforms or shall be arranged in one area next to a structural support to
allow sniffing for oxygen.
5.1.4 Fuel gas distribution headers shall be arranged for uniform distribution of gas.
Headers shall be located above the burners and shall be provided with drains
installed at all low points, complete with plugs or blind flanges.
5.1.5 Burner supply lines shall be connected to the top of the header to minimize
liquid carryover. A drain valve shall be provided in each supply line close to the
burner, complete with plugs or blind flanges.
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5.1.6 Burner fuel gas piping shall have a union or flange disconnect at each burner
and shall be arranged to permit individual burner removal without interrupting
operation of the rest of the system.
5.1.7 Blanket gas regulators and ball valves shall be located as close to the
equipment as possible, but shall be accessible from grade or a platform.
5.1.8 Purge gas block valves and blow down valves shall be located as close as
possible to the loading valve or system terminating point opposite the flare
header.
5.2 Instrument Air
5.2.1 Piping Sizes

5.2.1.1 The minimum size for instrument air headers shall be 2" NPS, and for
subheaders 1-1/2" NPS.
5.2.1.2 The minimum size for branch lines shall be 1" NPS.
5.2.1.3 The minimum size for supply lines to instruments shall be 1/2" NPS.
5.2.1.4 Instrument supply from the supply line shutoff valve to the instrument shall
normally be 3/8" tubing. Tubing for large pneumatic actuators shall be 1/2"
minimum.
5.2.1.5 All headers, subheaders, branches and supply lines shall be properly sized
based on instrument air usage. As a minimum, instrument air piping shall meet
the following minimum size requirements:
Nominal Pipe Size: Maximum Number of Instrument

(inches) Connections:
1/2 4
3/4 10
1 25
1-1/2 80
2 150
5.2.2 Design and Layout

5.2.2.1 Instrument air headers in process pipeways shall be of the loop type if possible.
5.2.2.2 Instrument piping shall be routed overhead and supported to provide a neat,
plumb, level, vibration free installation.
5.2.2.3 Headers and subheaders shall be arranged so that groups of instruments can
be isolated without effecting the air supply to the rest of the system.
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5.2.2.4 Headers and subheaders shall be arranged to allow free flow through a full size
opening to facilitate final cleaning of the air system.
5.2.2.5 Subheader or branch connection takeoffs shall be provided along the entire
length of a header. Takeoffs shall be spaced at intervals of no more than 25'.
5.2.2.6 A minimum of 20% spare subheader and branch connections shall be provided
on all headers, and shall be evenly distributed along the header. All spare
connections shall be provided complete with block valves and plugs or blind
flanges unless specified otherwise.
5.2.2.7 Pressure gauges shall be located at the beginning and end of all headers and
at the end of all subheaders, and shall be readable from the deck or access
platforms.
5.2.2.8 The piping arrangement shall minimize low points and liquid traps.
5.2.3 Instrument Supply Lines

5.2.3.1 Instrument air supply lines shall be taken from the top of the header, subheader
or branch.
5.2.3.2 Each air line takeoff shall be provided with a block valve. If an air line serves
more than one instrument, a separate block valve shall be provided on each
instrument supply line.
5.2.3.3 Instrument supply lines shall terminate with a shutoff valve located not more
than 3'-0" from the instrument.
5.2.3.4 Instrument supply line piping shall be installed with sufficient flexibility to
accommodate normal maintenance and equipment movement.
5.3 Utility Air
5.3.1 General
5.3.1.1 The utility air main header shall start at the air receiver nozzle and terminate
with blind flanges on each platform deck.
5.3.1.2 The minimum size of for utility air headers shall be 2" NPS, and for hose station
branches 1" NPS.
5.3.1.3 Branch connections shall be located on the top of the main header, and block
valves shall be supplied for each branch connection.
5.3.1.4 Pressure gauges shall be located at the beginning and end of all headers, and
shall be readable from the deck or access platforms.
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5.3.1.5 The piping arrangement shall minimize low points and liquid traps.
5.3.2 Hose Stations

5.3.2.1 Hose stations shall be provided in sufficient quantities, and properly located to
provide full deck area coverage utilizing 50' long hoses.
5.3.2.2 Hose stations shall be provided with a 1" NPS ball valve and a 1" NPS quick
disconnect fitting.
5.3.2.3 Hose connections shall be mounted on fixed platform handrails or on structural

members approximately 3'-6" above the deck.
5.4 Cooling Water
5.4.1 Heat Exchangers

5.4.1.1 Piping connections to heat exchangers shall be designed to facilitate equipment
removal by means of breakout spools, preferably with a change in direction to
facilitate removal.
5.4.1.2 Where inlet and outlet temperature/pressure indicators are installed in the
piping, they shall be located within 18" of the exchanger connection.
5.4.1.3 For cooling water piping systems associated with process liquid or gas heat
exchangers, the piping shall not be located over the heat exchanger tube
bundle pull area.
5.4.2 Internal Combustion Engines

5.4.2.1 Cooling water valves shall be installed with the valve stem oriented in the down
position to prevent flow blockage in the event of valve stem failure.
5.4.2.2 If practical, piping shall be arranged, or check valves shall be properly located to
ensure that cooling water will remain in the exchanger should cooling water
supply be lost.
5.4.2.3 Each inlet and outlet line serving components that require periodic removal for
servicing and maintenance shall be provided with Dresser style connectors with
resilient, replaceable seals.
5.4.2.4 Cooling water headers and piping supported from the engine shall be of welded
or flanged construction regardless of the pipe class specified.
5.5 Lube and Seal Oil Systems

5.5.1 Interconnecting piping on lube and seal oil systems shall be in accordance API
Standard 614 "Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing, and Control Oil Systems for Special-
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Purpose Applications" and the Technical Requirements, unless specified

otherwise by COMPANY.
5.5.2 As a minimum, lube oil piping systems shall utilize 316L stainless steel
construction on the main filters and all piping and valving downstream of the
filter. Screwed fittings and components in lube oil piping systems shall be held
to a minimum. Where accepted, screwed components shall be seal welded,
except where removal is necessary such as at instruments and instrument root
valves.
5.5.3 Seal oil piping systems shall be 316L stainless steel construction. Screwed
fittings shall not be acceptable in seal oil piping systems.
5.5.4 Both lube oil and seal oil piping systems shall have provisions for flushing the
entire piping system prior to start-up.
5.5.5 Cooler connections and skid cooling water supply and return connections shall
be flanged.
5.5.6 Vent lines from main filters shall be piped back to the oil reservoir.
5.5.7 Drain lines with plugs or blind flanges shall be provided at all locations
necessary to completely drain the piping system.
5.5.8 Oil drain lines shall be sloped at least 1/4" per foot of pipe run.
6.0 PRESSURE RELIEVING SYSTEMS
6.1 General
6.1.1 Pressure relieving systems shall be designed so that the relief device is
mounted as close as possible to the equipment or pressure system being
protected. Pressure relieving systems shall be in accordance with API RP 520
"Recommended Practice for the Design and Installation of Pressure-Relieving
Systems in Refineries," Part II and API RP 521 "Guide for Pressure Relief and
Depressuring Systems."
6.1.2 Pressure relieving systems for corrosive, toxic, or sour gases shall not discharge
to the atmosphere.
6.1.3 Pressure relief piping shall be designed to accommodate thermal contraction

resulting from auto-refrigeration of flashing liquids and expanding gases, and to
accommodate thermal expansion caused by sudden heating as a result of high
temperature release.
6.1.4 Discharge headers for pressure relieving systems shall be routed as straight as
possible, minimizing the number of fittings and elevation changes. Headers and
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piping shall include a minimum slope of 1/4" per 10'-0" of pipe run in the
direction of relief flow.
6.1.5 Liquid pockets and traps shall be avoided if possible. If unavoidable, they shall
be provided with a 3/4" NPS valved drain routed to the closed drain system.
6.1.6 Relief systems with two or more relief valves shall be designed and arranged so
that one valve does not discharge directly into the other.
6.1.7 Pressure relieving systems shall be supported with gussets, stiffeners, or

stationary supports designed to absorb reaction forces from the worse case
relief conditions.
6.2 Open Relief and Vent Systems

6.2.1 Vent stacks for open relief systems shall be designed in accordance with API
RP 520 "Recommended Practice for the Design and Installation of Pressure-
Relieving Systems in Refineries," and API RP 521 "Guide for Pressure Relief
and Depressuring Systems."
6.2.2 Vent stacks shall terminate in a vertical run, and shall be located a minimum of
10'-0" above all platform areas within a 25' radius.
6.2.3 Relief systems for flammable gases discharging directly to atmosphere shall be
equipped with a flame arrestor. Flame arrestors shall be located no further than
4'-0" from the end of the vent pipe unless approved otherwise by COMPANY.
6.2.4 A weep hole shall be provided in the horizontal pipe run just downstream of the
relief valve. Minimum hole size shall be 3/8" diameter.
6.3 Closed Relief Systems

6.3.1 Closed relief systems that discharge into a common header shall be designed
with the pressure relieving device located above the header.
6.3.2 If the pressure relieving device cannot be located above the header, a 3/4" NPS
valved drain shall be installed in the discharge piping at the lowest point and
routed to the closed drain system.
6.3.3 Relief lines shall enter headers on the top in the vertical plane, at a 45 o angle
with flow directed parallel to the flow in the header. If conditions do not allow
entry into the top of the header, alternate entry may be into the side, but never
into the bottom.
6.4 Conventional and Pilot Operated Relief Valves

6.4.1 Conventional and pilot operated relief valves shall be connected to vessels in
the vapor space above any contained liquid. If the relief valve inlet is attached to
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piping, the piping shall be connected to the vessel in the vapor space above any
contained liquid.
6.4.2 Discharge lines from pressure relieving safety devices shall be designed to
facilitate drainage, or shall be fitted with drains that discharge into a safe
location approved by COMPANY.
6.4.3 Relief valves shall be installed in the upright (vertical) position with the spindle
vertical, unless space or piping configuration preclude such an installation. The
valve may be installed in other positions with COMPANY approval, provided
that:
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• The valve design is satisfactory for such position.

• The process fluid is such that material will not accumulate at the inlet of the
valve.
• Proper drainage of the discharge side of the valve body and the discharge
piping is provided.
6.4.4 Relief valves shall not be installed in the horizontal position without prior written
approval from COMPANY.
6.5 Thermal Reliefs

Pressure relieving systems for equipment or pressure systems that handle or
process flammable liquids or gases shall be designed for thermal relief in
accordance with API RP 520 "Recommended Practice for the Design and
Installation of Pressure-Relieving Systems in Refineries," and API RP 521
"Guide for Pressure Relief and Depressuring Systems."
6.6 Rupture Disks

6.6.1 Rupture disks for pressure relief systems shall be in accordance with the ASME
"Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code," Section VIII "Pressure Vessels."
6.6.2 When rupture disks are located upstream of a relief valve, the pressure relieving
system shall be designed so that if the disk ruptures, the fragments do not
interfere with the relief valve seating.
6.7 Flare Systems

6.7.1 Flare systems for pressure relieving systems shall in accordance with API RP
521 "Guide for Pressure Relief and Depressuring Systems" and the Technical
Requirements.
6.7.2 Flare systems shall be of the boom or vertical type, and located on the platform
or at a remote location in accordance with the Technical Requirements.
7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
7.1 Firewater Systems

7.1.1 Firewater systems shall be in accordance with NFPA 13 "Standard for the
Installation of Sprinkler Systems" and the Technical Requirements.
7.1.2 Risers or vertical pipe 3" NPS and larger shall have a flanged joint or a
mechanical coupling at each deck level.
7.1.3 Changes in pipe size shall be made with a one piece reducing fitting. Reducing
bushings, couplings and unions shall not be acceptable.
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7.1.4 A maximum of eight sprinklers may be installed on any single branch line.
7.1.5 All sprinkler pipe and fittings shall be designed and installed so that the firewater
system can be drained completely, including both wet and dry type systems.
Branch lines shall include a minimum slope of 1/2" for each 10'-0" of pipe run.
Cross and feed mains shall include a minimum slope of 1/4" for each 10'-0" of
pipe run.
7.1.6 Firewater systems shall minimize low point traps to make the system as "self
draining" as reasonably possible. Where unavoidable, low point traps shall be
provided with drain valves. Drain valves shall also be provided at the ends or
remote points in the system. The minimum size for drain valves shall be 1" NPS.
7.2 Foam Systems
7.2.1 General
7.2.1.1 Foam systems shall be in accordance with NFPA 11 "Low Expansion Foam and
Combined Agent Systems" and the Technical Requirements.
7.2.1.2 Strainers shall be provided if solids large enough to obstruct openings in foam
equipment might be present.
7.2.1.3 In fixed systems for exterior tanks, one flanged or union joint shall be provided
in each riser to permit hydrostatic testing of the piping systems up to this joint.
7.2.1.4 The laterals to each foam chamber on fixed roof tanks shall be separately
valved outside the fire area.
7.2.2 High Back-Pressure Foam Makers

7.2.2.1 High back-pressure foam makers shall be positioned on the tank so that an
explosion within the tank which blows off the roof or damages the uppermost
roof plates would not result in the interruption or reduction of quality of the foam
discharge.
7.2.2.2 The foam injection system shall be capable of being injected directly into one or
more product supply lines already connected to the tank.
7.2.2.3 The water line to each high back-pressure foam maker inlet shall be valved
separately.
7.2.3 Flushing and Draining Provisions

7.2.3.1 Systems with foam concentrate piping and solution piping that are normally
empty shall be designed so that the piping can be flushed with clean water after
the system has been in service.
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7.2.3.2 Foam distribution piping shall be designed so that the system can be drained.
The piping shall be sloped toward the drain a minimum of 1/2" for each 10'-0" of
pipe run.
7.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Systems

7.3.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Systems shall be in accordance with NFPA 12 "CO2
Extinguishing Systems" and the Technical Requirements.
7.3.2 Flow in piping shall only be split in the horizontal plane.
7.3.3 A dirt trap consisting of a capped nipple at least 2" long shall be provided at the
end of each pipe run. Dirt traps shall be installed as close as possible to the last
nozzle in any one pipe leg.
7.3.4 Pressure relief devices shall be installed in sections of closed piping isolated by
valves, unless the valves are designed to prevent entrapment of liquid.
7.3.5 If pressure operated container valves are installed in a system, a means for
venting off any pressure that leaks from the containers shall be provided. The
design for venting shall not permit loss of extinguishing agent when the system
operates.
8.0 VENTS, DRAINS, FLUSHING AND CLEANING SYSTEMS
8.1 General
8.1.1 Separate gravity drain headers shall be provided for each deck level.
8.1.2 Headers shall be located below deck level, shall include sufficient blind flanges
to enable complete cleanout, and shall have a minimum slope of 1/4" per foot of
pipe run.
8.2 Vent Connections

8.2.1 Vent connections shall be provided at all piping high points. Vent connections
shall be adequately sized to vent piping within a reasonable period of time, but
shall be 3/4" NPS as a minimum.
CONTRACTOR shall note that P&ID's typically specify only those vents required
for process purposes, and are by no means complete relative to high point
vents. The absence of vent connections on the P&ID's shall not constitute a
waiver of the requirement to provide valved vents at all piping high points.
8.2.2 Vent connections shall be provided with permanent block valves, including plugs
or blinds, unless specified otherwise by the Technical Requirements.
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8.2.3 Vent connections in services rated at ANSI Class 600 or less shall be equipped
with a single block valve.
8.2.4 Vent connections in services rated at ANSI Class 900 or higher shall be
equipped with double block and bleed valves.
8.2.5 Vent connections in liquid hydrocarbon services with a vapor pressure over 65
psia at 100°F shall be provided with double block and bleed valves. The first
block valve shall be a gate valve, and the second block valve shall be a plug
type globe valve, complete with a plug or blind flange. The block valves shall be
spaced approximately 2'-0" apart, and a spectacle blind provided between them.
Additionally, a 3/4" NPS bleed valve (with plug or blind flange) shall be installed
on the upstream side of the spectacle blind.
The gate valve shall be guaranteed not to be impaired by rapid temperature

reduction when the valve is opening or throttling, as would be experienced in
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) service for example.
8.3 Drainage Systems
8.3.1 General
8.3.1.1 Offshore platform drainage and waste disposal systems shall be designed in
accordance with API RP 14E "Recommended Practice for Design and
Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems," the latest edition
of MMS Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Order No. 5 (i.e. CFR 30, Part 250), and
all national, state and local codes and regulations. The design of all offshore
platform drainage and waste disposal systems shall be subject to approval by
COMPANY.
8.3.1.2 Segregation of wastes, oil recovery sludge disposal, biological and chemical
treating and other disposal problems shall be considered in the design of the
drainage systems. A separate collection system shall be provided to collect,
store and dispose of refined oils drained from equipment.
8.3.1.3 Open drain systems and closed drain systems shall be completely independent
of one another.
8.3.1.4 Sizing of sanitary drains shall be based on Uniform Plumbing Code fixture unit
values. The minimum size for any single branch into a header shall be 4" NPS.
The minimum size for any header containing the flow of two or more branch
lines shall be 6" NPS. All sanitary drain piping shall slope a minimum of 1/4" per
foot of pipe run.
8.3.2 Open Drain System

8.3.2.1 CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for overall design of open drain systems to
ensure that water will drain properly and not stand or pond at any location.
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Responsibility includes the design, sizing, layout and quantity of deck drains
and troughs; sizing and routing of drain lines, branches and mains; and locating
cleanouts and flushing tees.
8.3.2.2 The minimum size for any single drain line shall be 3" NPS, except that drain
lines less than 8'-0" in length may be reduced to 2" NPS. The minimum size for
any single branch line shall be 4" NPS. The minimum size for any main
containing the flow of two or more branch lines shall be 6" NPS.
8.3.2.3 Hydrocarbon open drain systems shall not be installed within enclosed areas
(such as a building) unless the hydrocarbon open drain systems are piped to a
safe area before making the connection to a gravity drain system.
8.3.2.4 If necessary, pipe, hubs, and funnels shall be provided to drain oil and
chemicals to suitable drain piping.
8.3.2.5 Removable bar grating shall be provided on the top of open type drains to
provide access for cleaning. Individual collection drains shall be designed to
prevent small debris and trash from entering the platform drain piping.
8.3.2.6 Changes in direction on open drain headers shall be made with a 45 o lateral
("wye" type tee) and a 45o ell, complete with a flushing tee. Drain and branch
lines shall enter open drain headers at a 45o angle from the top or side utilizing
a 45o lateral, and a 45o ell if needed. Laterals shall be constructed flush with the
inside of the main pipe, i.e. no internal projection.
The ends of all headers shall be terminated with blind flanges to facilitate
cleaning and unplugging.
8.3.2.7 Liquid seals shall be provided in accordance with the Technical Requirements,
and shall be provided with either a drain valve or a plugged drain connection. As
a minimum, liquid seals shall be provided on each deck drain main tying into the
main drain downcomer, and on branch piping from skids located inside
buildings. Containment curbs shall be provided under all liquid seals.
8.3.2.8 Spillover (overflow) pipes from vessels and tanks shall discharge into an open
drain splash hub to allow observation that the vessel or tank is being overfilled.
8.3.2.9 Where specified, CONTRACTOR shall provide a drilling drain/wash down

system which shall be completely independent of other open or closed drain
systems. The system shall be provided with cleanouts, flushing tees and/or tie-
in points for jetting of the piping. Access shall be provided to all cleanouts.
8.3.3 Low Point Drains

8.3.3.1 Drain connections shall be provided at all piping low points. Drain connections
shall be adequately sized to drain the piping within a reasonable period of time
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under gravity conditions, i.e. not pressurized. As a minimum, drains shall be 3/4"
NPS on lines 10" NPS and smaller, and 1" NPS on lines 12" NPS and above.
CONTRACTOR shall note that P&ID's typically specify only those drains
required for process purposes, and are by no means complete relative to low
point drains. The absence of drain connections on the P&ID's shall not
constitute a waiver of the requirement to provide valved drains at all piping low
points.
8.3.3.2 Drain connections shall be provided with permanent block valves, including
plugs or blinds, unless specified otherwise by the Technical Requirements.
8.3.3.3 Drain connections in services rated at ANSI Class 600 or less shall be equipped
with a single block valve.
8.3.3.4 Drain connections in services rated at ANSI Class 900 or higher, as well as
services with lower ratings but operating in hazardous areas shall be equipped
with double block and bleed valves.
8.3.3.5 In liquid services where the liquid is pentane or heavier, with check valves
located in vertical lines, a valved drain shall be installed above the seat of check
valves, i.e. downstream of the valve to allow drainage.
8.3.3.6 Drain valves, if practicable, shall be located so that discharge can be observed.
8.3.3.7 Drain valves that are commonly operated shall be piped from the block valve to
a splash hub for observation.
8.3.3.8 If approved by COMPANY, small drain lines may be disconnected from valves
and the valves plugged when the drain lines are not in service.
8.4 Flushing Systems

8.4.1 If specified by the Technical Requirements, permanent backwash and chemical
flushing facilities shall be provided for heat exchangers.
8.4.2 Tanks involved in flushing operations shall be designed for thorough cleaning
after flushing operations.
8.4.3 Flushing systems shall utilize full pipe openings (not vent and drain connections)
that permit a fluid flowrate sufficient to ensure that the line is cleaned
completely.
8.5 Cleaning Systems

8.5.1 If specified by the Technical Requirements, a pressurized water cleaning system
shall be provided for flushing gravity open drain systems. Cleaning tees shall be
provided at all changes of direction instead of elbows.
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8.5.2 Each cleaning tee shall consist of a straight tee, a blind flange with a 1.09" bore,
a 3/4" NPS gate valve, a 3/4" NPS Schedule 40 plain end pipe, and a 3/4" NPS
butt welded 90 degree elbow.
8.5.3 Cleaning tees shall be arranged so that the 3/4" NPS flushing piping projects
through the blind flange and is open ended 1" above the branch or main invert
elevation. The 3/4" NPS gate valve shall be installed on the pipe projection
outside the blind flange.
9.0 INSTRUMENTATION
9.1 General
9.1.1 As a minimum, instrument connections and the first block valve of instrument
pressure piping shall conform to the same design and material specifications as
the line or the equipment to which the instrument or valve connects.
9.1.2 All instrument root valve connections shall be 1/2" NPS screwed connections,
unless specified otherwise by the Technical Requirements.
9.1.3 Provisions for rodding out instrument connections to prevent plugging shall be
considered on an individual basis. The design details for rodding out individual
connections shall be subject to approval by COMPANY.
9.1.4 Locally mounted instruments shall be mounted in positions that are readily
accessible from grade or from an operating platform. Mounting positions
generally shall be between 3'-0" and 5'-6" above the deck or access platform,
and easily within reach of operating personnel.
9.2 Flow Instruments
9.2.1 General
9.2.1.1 Flow instruments shall be installed in accordance with the Technical
Requirements.
9.2.1.2 Positive displacement meters shall be installed according to the following API
standards.
STD 1101 "Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards," Chapter

5, Section 2 "Measurement of Petroleum Liquid
Hydrocarbons by Positive Displacement Meter"

4, Section 2 "Mechanical Displacement Meter Provers"
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5, Section 3 "Turbine Meters"
9.2.1.3 A basket or bathtub type strainer shall be provided upstream of all positive
displacement meters, installed a minimum of ten pipe diameters upstream of the
meter.
9.2.1.4 Strainers shall be installed to permit cleaning without the necessity of draining
long sections of pipe.
9.2.2 Meter Runs

9.2.2.1 Meter runs shall be installed horizontally, with as the maximum length straight
run pipe provided upstream of the orifice as practical. Piping layouts shall be
designed such that straightening vanes are not required for meter runs.
9.2.2.2 If possible, meter run piping shall be installed so that air in the line will be
purged automatically and so that any condensate will drain into the meter run.
9.2.2.3 Wellhead wet gas meter runs shall be installed vertically with flow directed
downward.
9.2.3 Orifice Fittings and Plates

9.2.3.1 Orifice fittings on horizontal meter runs in gas measurement service shall be
installed so that the orifice plate can be removed horizontally. The lower side of
the fittings on the upstream pressure connections shall be equipped with drain
valves.
9.2.3.2 Orifice fittings on horizontal meter runs in liquid measurement service shall be
installed so that the orifice plate can be removed from the top.
9.2.3.3 Mating flanges of orifice plate holders shall be aligned so that jackscrews will be
diametrically opposed.
9.2.3.4 Orifice fittings shall be provided with 1/2" NPS full opening "male x female"
valves. If the "male x female" valves interfere with the operation of the orifice
fitting, then "female x female" valves with 1/2" NPS nipples (schedule 160) may
be provided.
9.2.3.5 Short or long pattern valves shall be provided as required by the particular
installation.
9.2.4 Rotameters
9.2.4.1 Rotameters shall be mounted in locations that are as free of vibration as
possible.
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9.2.4.2 Rotameters shall be mounted vertically, with flow directed upward, allowing
sufficient clearance to permit vertical connection of the inlet piping to the bottom
of the meter.
9.2.4.3 Piping for rotameters shall be provided with drain and vent valves and designed
to allow sufficient clearance for removal of the floats without disturbing the
rotameter.
9.2.4.4 If necessary to prevent complete unit shutdown, rotameter piping shall be

provided with block valves and a bypass valve. The valve installation shall have
sufficient clearance for rotameter removal.
9.3 Level Instruments

9.3.1 Level instrument installations shall be in accordance with the Technical
Requirements.
9.3.2 Each level instrument shall have individual, valved connections so that isolation
of one instrument will not affect other instruments.
9.3.3 On pressure vessels and tanks, level instruments shall be direct connected to
vessel or tank nozzles. Use of bridles or standpipes shall require approval of
COMPANY. Level instruments shall not be connected to process lines under any
circumstances.
9.3.4 Vessel nozzles for external level instruments shall be horizontal and the
connecting piping shall not be pocketed. Exceptions may be granted for small
diameter horizontal vessels, but COMPANY approval shall be required.
9.3.5 Level instruments and gauge glasses may share a common standpipe as
described in API RP 550 "Manual on Installation of Refinery Instruments and
Control Systems," Part 1 - Process Instrumentation and Control, Section 2 -
Level.
9.3.6 Level measurement standpipes shall conform to vessel design conditions, but
shall be 2" NPS, schedule 80 pipe as a minimum.
9.3.7 Standpipes shall be provided with process block valves at the vessel nozzles.
9.3.8 Standpipes shall be equipped with vent and drain valves.
9.3.9 Drain valves shall be installed on all low point connections.
9.4 Pressure Instruments

Pressure instrument installations shall be in accordance with the Technical
Requirements.
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9.5 Temperature Instruments

9.5.1 Temperature instrument installations shall be in accordance with the Technical
Requirements.
9.5.2 Thermowells in carbon steel piping with an ANSI Class 600 rating or lower shall
utilize a 1" NPS screwed connection, unless specified otherwise. Thermowells
shall not be backwelded to the piping connection.
9.5.3 Thermowell connections shall utilize a 1-1/2" NPS flanged connection for the
following services:
• Piping in ANSI Class 900 and higher ratings

• Alloy piping services
• Lined piping services
• Hydrogen sulfide or other toxic gas services.
9.5.4 If the Material Class Data Sheet requires Schedule 160 or double extra strong
pipe, the thermowell shall be installed in a 1-1/2" NPS long weld neck flanged
nozzle.
10.0 CONTROL VALVES
10.1 General
10.1.1 Control valve stations shall have a compact arrangement with sufficient
clearance for removal and operation of all control, block and bypass valves,
instruments and associated controls without requiring disassembly of any other
components. Station clearance shall be in accordance with ISA RP 4.2
"Standard Control Valve Manifold Designs."
10.1.2 Break flanges shall be installed upstream and downstream of the control valve
for ease of removal and maintenance.
10.1.3 Where a control valve is less than line size, an eccentric reducer shall be
installed with the flat side down to allow complete drainage. The reducer shall
be located as close as possible to the valve, allowing only enough space to
service equipment.
10.1.4 Control valve stations shall be supported with base ells and/or other suitable
types of supports.
10.1.5 A drain valve shall be located between the control valve and each block valve.
10.1.6 Sufficient flexibility shall be built into the control valve station to permit
replacement of the valve without damage to gaskets. For this reason, the
preferred layout shall be to provide a removable pipe spool between the control
valve and a block valve that includes an elbow.
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10.1.7 Control valve actuators shall be oriented in the vertical position. Orientation of
control valves with the actuator down shall require approval by COMPANY and
the valve position shall be noted on the procurement specification.
10.2 Piping Sizes and Pressure Drop

10.2.1 Piping shall be self supporting to allow control valve removal and maintenance.
10.2.2 Control valves in vapor recycle or flashing liquid service shall be located as near
as practical to the line termination. The downstream piping shall be at least one
nominal pipe size larger than the upstream line, and as short as possible with a
minimum of bends and elbows to minimize the downstream pressure drop.
10.2.3 In some cases, pressure and/or flow conditions may vary sufficiently to require a
larger (or smaller) control valve in the future. If a different control valve is
required, the piping shall be designed for the larger size. Provisions shall be
made to facilitate the change without major piping modifications, such as
removable spools with flanged connections.
10.3 Station Arrangements

10.3.1 If possible, control valve stations shall be located at deck level. If instrument and
control valve stations cannot be located at deck level, an easily accessible
service platform shall be provided around the station. Control valve stations
shall not be located in an overhead pipe rack under any circumstances.
10.3.2 The controlled-variable indicator shall be readable from the control valve station,
especially where a manual control bypass is provided.
10.3.3 Bypass valves shall be located where the operator can reach the handwheel
either from the deck or an easily accessible elevated platform.
10.3.4 Chain operators shall not be permitted on control valve block or bypass valves.
10.3.5 Where a control valve requires bottom access the following requirements shall
apply:
a. For control valves 3" NPS or smaller, the centerline of the valve shall be
located a minimum of 18" above the deck or the operating platform.
b. For control valves 4" NPS or larger, the centerline of the valve shall be
located a minimum of 2'-0" above the deck or operating platform.
11.0 SPECIALTY ITEMS
11.1 General
11.1.1 Specialty items shall be of standard sizes, as specified in the applicable piping
class specification.
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11.1.2 Specialty item materials shall be consistent with the applicable Material Class
Data Sheet as specified in the Technical Requirements.
11.2 Blanks
11.2.1 Provisions for installing blanks in piping shall consist of a pair of flanges, one of
which may be on a flanged valve or a piece of equipment.
11.2.2 Removable pipe spools or spacers shall be installed at raised face or ring type
joint flanges too rigid to separate with jackscrews.
11.2.3 For blanks weighing more than 75 pounds, flange faces shall be oriented in the
vertical position.
11.2.4 Permanent handling equipment shall be provided for blanks weighing more than
175 pounds, unless mobile lifting equipment can be easily utilized.
11.3 Strainers
11.3.1 All Y-type strainers shall be installed with the basket directed downward.
Adequate space shall be provided to remove the basket from the bottom.
11.3.2 Simplex/duplex basket strainers shall be installed in the upright position to allow
the basket to be lifted out from the top.
11.3.3 Bathtub type strainers shall be installed in the upright position in horizontal lines
to allow top entry, or with flow in the downward direction in vertical lines.
11.3.4 Strainer bonnets shall be provided with a stainless steel "male x female"
threaded ball valve and plug in accordance with the material classification.
11.3.5 Strainers installed upstream of turbine meters shall be sized to remove all
particles larger than one-half the distance between the tip of the rotor and the
bore of the meter.
11.4 Drip Rings

Drip rings shall be installed between a pair of flanges, one of which may be on a
valve, an instrument or a piece of equipment. Typical services for which drip
rings shall be installed include:
• In-place field pressurization of relief valves for testing.

• Vent/Drain points for close coupled instrumentation.
• Drain points on congested piping configurations.
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12.0 SUPPORTS AND ANCHORS
12.1 General
12.1.1 All pipe supports, including "U" bolts, shoes, guides, stops, anchors, restraints,
spring hangers, stanchions, base ells, dummy legs, etc., and support structures
shall be provided in strict accordance with the Technical Requirements.
CONTRACTOR standards proposed for support design, including piping

spacing, shall be submitted to COMPANY for approval prior to implementation.
12.1.2 The basis for pipe supports shall be rigid steel support structure, generally
constructed of angles, W-shapes, S-shapes, channel and structural pipe. The
basic method for securing piping to the support structure shall be by rigid
clamping with “U” bolts that are neoprene coated and double nutted.
CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for determining when other methods of

pipe supports are appropriate or necessary. For example, rigid clamping should
not be used on high temperature insulated piping, on piping that requires
flexibility for imposed movements, or when stresses in the piping system caused
by the rigid restraints exceeds the allowable specified in the Technical
Requirements.
Use of alternate support methods shall require specific, prior approval of

COMPANY in writing.
12.1.3 Wellhead hookup piping from the wellhead to the production manifold shall be
supported by spring hangers.
12.1.4 Piping shall be supported to ensure that the stresses shall not exceed the
allowable limits in ANSI B31.3 "Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping."
12.1.5 Support spacing shall be based on limiting the pipe deflection between supports
to the lesser of the following:
• 1/4" for line sizes 2" NPS and smaller, and 1/2" for lines 3" NPS and larger.
• L/500; where L is the span between supports
• Deflection based on one-half the allowable stress value specified in ANSI
B31.3 "Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping."
The support spacing shall not exceed 15'-0" unless approved by COMPANY.
12.1.6 Small piping shall generally not be supported by adjacent, larger pipes.
COMPANY approval is required to support small piping from adjacent piping,
and shall be limited to 1-1/2" NPS and smaller lines. If economical, the line size
may be increased to eliminate the addition of intermediate supports.
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12.1.7 Piping shall be provided with suitable anchors, guides, stops, sway braces or
vibration dampeners to prevent excessive loads, expansion forces and vibration
on equipment and vessels.
12.1.8 Both horizontal and vertical piping runs shall be supported at locations of the
least vertical movement of the piping.
12.1.9 Supports for riser piping shall be independent of supports for any connected
horizontal piping.
12.1.10 Load bearing sleeves on insulated piping shall be of sufficient size and
thickness to prevent damage to the insulation material.
12.1.11 Piping stops and anchors shall transmit the entire load directly to the supporting
structural member.
12.1.12 Pipe supports at pumps, compressors and drivers shall be attached to structural
members capable of withstanding the design loads. The supports, either
resilient or fixed supports, guides, stops and anchors shall be attached to a
structural member of the equipment skid or the platform. Pipe supports shall not
be anchored to equipment baseplates or soleplates.
12.1.13 Adjustable base ell pipe supports shall not be provided unless approved by
COMPANY.
12.1.14 CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for ensuring that all FRP piping layouts are
properly supported with appropriate flexibility for the intended service. All
supports shall be in accordance with the FRP pipe manufacturer's
recommendations.
12.1.15 Valves and heavy components in FRP piping systems shall at all times be
independently supported or suspended to prevent excessive torque, bending
and longitudinal stresses being transmitted to, or carried by the FRP pipe
system.
12.2 Support Design
12.2.1 General
12.2.1.1 All pipe supports shall provide positive support to the pipe from below. Pipe
supports that provide support from directly overhead, such as rod hangers or
"U" bolts clamped or bolted to overhead steel shall not be accepted by
COMPANY.
12.2.1.2 Pipe supports shall be designed in accordance with the AISC "Manual of Steel
Construction" and AWS D1.1 "Structural Welding Code." Pipe supports shall be
designed to be welded to main structural beams of the platform, deck, module
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or skid. Pipe supports shall not rest upon or be supported by grating, deck plate
or other non-structural elements.
12.2.1.3 Supports shall be designed to accommodate thermal expansion, contraction

and movement of the piping system.
12.2.1.4 Piping supports, guides, stops, anchors and struts shall be designed to
withstand the wind and earthquake (transportation) loads specified in the latest
edition of ASCE 7-95 "Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads
in Buildings and Other Structures." The basic wind speed, exposure and
earthquake risk zone (transportation accelerations) shall be in accordance with
the Technical Requirements.
12.2.1.5 Pipe supports shall be designed and constructed of standard structural shapes.
Pipe-to-pipe fabrication shall not be allowed on pipe supports. Supports shall
provide rigid support and sufficient bracing to withstand the vertical loads of the
piping and associated equipment. The design shall provide lateral stability
sufficient to prevent excessive deflection or horizontal movement.
12.2.1.6 Piping supports shall be designed to facilitate easy removal of the connected
equipment, vessels, instrumentation and valves without compromising support
for adjacent piping, valves and appurtenances.
12.2.1.7 Pipe supports shall be designed to last the entire service life of the platform.
12.2.1.8 All pipe support column base plates shall be designed in accordance with the
AISC "Manual of Steel Construction." Base plates shall be designed for either
bolting or welding to the platform support beams.
12.2.1.9 High strength bolted connections shall be designed as bearing type connections
with bolt threads in shear planes, but detailed with bolt threads excluded from
shear planes. At the point of bolting, all steel members shall have a minimum
thickness of 3/8".
12.2.1.10 When specified or required for piping that shifts vertically, variable-load spring
hangers shall be provided.
12.2.1.11 If the vertical movement of the piping is excessive, or if the limitations on

reactions and stresses is tightly controlled, then the piping shall be supported by
constant-load spring hangers.
12.2.1.12 Sizes and types of spring supports shall be selected so that the supports can
carry the full design load through a displacement 150% of the calculated
displacement.
12.2.1.13 All FRP piping shall be provided with carbon steel saddle type supports that
provide 180o of circumferential support. The saddles shall be isolated from the
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FRP pipe by FRP saddles, elastomeric liners, or other materials approved by

COMPANY and the FRP pipe manufacturer.
12.2.2 Loads
12.2.2.1 Pipe supports shall be designed to accommodate the dead, live and
environmental loadings specified. Dead load shall be defined as the dry weight
of the piping system including all pipe, fittings, flanges, valves, instrumentation,
insulation, fireproofing, etc. Live loads shall include liquid or solid materials in
the piping during normal operation or hydrotesting.
12.2.2.2 In addition to the dead, live and environmental loads, piping supports for risers
and riser piping handling two or three phase flow shall be designed to withstand
slug flow reaction forces.
12.2.2.3 Wind loading requirements shall comply with API RP 2A "Recommended

Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms."
Design loads shall include the two (2) second gust condition as a minimum.
12.2.2.4 Dynamic loading resulting from vibrating equipment and from the surging of
fluids in piping shall be considered in the design of all pipe supports.
12.2.2.5 Lateral, torsional, and similar loads caused by piping reactions and transmitted
to the pipe support structure shall be considered in the design of the piping
supports.
12.2.2.6 The structural design of pipe supports shall consider transportation loads.
Design shall be based on loads developed from a barge cargo motion analysis
for the specific tow proposed.
12.2.2.7 The final design of a pipe support structure shall be governed by the worst case
combination of all possible loads, except that the wind and transportation loads
shall not be assumed to act simultaneously.
12.2.3 Stresses
12.2.3.1 Stresses in beams, columns, bracing, and miscellaneous supports shall not
exceed the stress allowed in the AISC "Manual of Steel Construction."
12.2.3.2 The AISC allowable stress may be increased by 33% for the transportation
design case.
12.3 Materials
12.3.1 Unless specified otherwise, structural shapes, pipe and plate for bolted or
welded construction shall be of carbon steel that meets the requirements of
ASTM A36 "Specification for Structural Steel." Supports shall be fabricated from
materials with a minimum thickness of 3/8".
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12.3.2 Piping supports shall not be fabricated of cast, ductile, or malleable iron.
12.3.3 Piping supports shall be carbon steel for piping systems with design
temperatures of 500°F or less. For higher design temperatures, the support
material shall be the same material as the piping.
12.3.4 Bolts, nuts, and washers shall be carbon steel conforming to ASTM A325
"Specification for High-Strength Bolts for Structural Steel Joints" with a
bichromated cadmium plated coating.
12.3.5 The general method employed to secure uninsulated piping to structural support
steel shall be carbon steel "U" bolts with rubber sleeves and double nuts.
Neoprene rubber pads, a minimum of 3/8" thick, shall be provided between the
pipe and support steel for all pipe 8" NPS and smaller. All "U" bolts and nuts
shall be bichromated cadmium plated. Stainless steel "U" bolts may be
substituted on stainless steel piping systems.
12.4 Applications
12.4.1 General
12.4.1.1 Pipe supports for CPVC shall be spaced a maximum of 3'-0" apart. A CPVC
saddle shall be glued to the underside of the pipe at all support locations. CPVC
piping shall not be rigidly anchored to supports; instead, it shall be loosely
secured with a broad, smooth hanger to allow pipe movement.
12.4.1.2 Vent and drain systems shall be braced and/or reinforced at all double block
and bleed valves.
12.4.1.3 Instrument pressure piping shall be suitably supported and protected from
accidental damage. Support methods and details shall be approved by
COMPANY.
12.4.2 Supporting Insulated Lines

12.4.2.1 Piping 1-1/2" NPS and smaller shall be supported directly from the insulation by
addition of a load-bearing galvanized steel sleeve outside of the insulation.
12.4.2.2 Piping 2" NPS and larger shall be supported on pipe shoe type supports, with
the sliding interface between the bottom of the pipe shoe and the support steel.
Pipe supports shall be provided with top and bottom saddles that securely
clamp to the pipe with bichromated cadmium plated bolting, double nutted. The
support design shall allow for the full insulation thickness, and provide a
minimum of 1" clearance between the insulation jacket and the support steel.
12.4.2.3 Pipe shoes for insulated hot piping shall include slots to secure the insulation
weather proofing jacket with metal straps.
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12.4.3 Supports for Firewater Piping

12.4.3.1 Firewater piping supports shall be designed and constructed to support the
weight of the piping system filled with water plus an additional load of 250
pounds applied at each support point.
12.4.3.2 The horizontal distance between hangers and the centerline of an upright
sprinkler head shall not be less than 3".
12.4.3.3 The unsupported distance between an end sprinkler head and the last hanger
shall not be more than 36" for 1" NPS pipe, or 48" for 1-1/4" NPS and above. If
the unsupported distance exceeds the specified limits, piping shall be extended
beyond the end sprinkler and supported by an additional hanger.
12.4.3.4 If sprinkler heads are less than 6'-0" apart, hangers shall not be spaced more
than 12'-0" apart.
12.4.3.5 Hangers shall not be provided on starter lengths less than 6'-0" long unless the
hangers are located at the end of a side-feed system, or if an intermediate cross
main hanger is omitted
12.4.3.6 Hangers shall be provided for 1" NPS arms from branch or cross mains if the
arms are over 24" long.
12.4.3.7 At least one hanger shall be installed between each two branch lines on cross
mains.
12.4.3.8 Risers shall be supported by attachment directly to the riser or by hangers

located on the horizontal connection close to the riser.
12.4.4 Supports for Flare System Piping

12.4.4.1 Flare system piping shall be designed, anchored and guided to resist the
forward, lateral and upward dynamic forces developed at bends due to high
velocity vapors and condensed liquids, as well as to accommodate sudden
thermal expansion or contraction. The minimum design values for forces to be
restrained shall be as follows:
Nominal Pipe Size: Force:

(inches) (tons)
4 0.75
6 1.5
8 2.5
10 4
12 6
14 7
16 10
18 12
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20 and above 15
12.4.4.2 For pipe supports subjected to stresses resulting from an upset flare relief
condition, the AISC allowable stresses may be increased by 33%, but in
combination with all other applicable loads.
12.4.5 Supporting Small Lines by Larger Lines

12.4.5.1 Where approved by COMPANY, small lines may be supported from two larger
lines by hanging a horizontal structural support member from the larger lines
with "U" bolts. The small lines shall be logically grouped to run on the horizontal
member between the two larger lines. Supporting small lines from larger lines
shall not be approved if the temperature of the supporting piping exceeds
150°F.
12.4.5.2 Tucking small lines under larger lines shall not be accepted.
12.4.5.3 Small lines that branch off from main piping runs preferably shall be routed and
supported with other lines unless the shortest direct route is required.
12.4.5.4 If additional support is required, rod type hangers may be provided to avoid
supporting the branch line from the above line. The hangers shall be suspended
from the horizontal struts between columns. Dummy legs (pipe extensions) from
elbows may be used to reach beams or brackets beyond the turn with
COMPANY approval.
12.4.6 Supports for Hydrostatic Testing

12.4.6.1 All piping and supports shall be designed for the loads developed during
hydrostatic testing. Temporary supports shall be allowed only if approved in
writing by COMPANY.
12.4.6.2 Supports for large lines may be designed for pneumatic testing only if approved
in writing by COMPANY.
12.4.6.3 Springs and lever arms shall be protected against overload during hydrostatic
testing. Restraints or stops installed for testing shall be removed immediately
after testing has been satisfactorily completed.
12.5 Spring Supports
12.5.1 General
12.5.1.1 Spring supports shall be capable of supporting the pipe under all operating
conditions and shall allow free expansion and contraction of the piping.
12.5.1.2 Spring supports shall prevent excessive stress induced by transfer of weight to
the pipe or connected equipment.
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12.5.1.3 Supports and parts shall conform to the latest requirements of MSS SP 58
"Materials, Design and Manufacture of Pipe Hangers and Supports," and MSS
SP 69 "Selection and Application of Pipe Hangers and Supports," except as
supplemented or modified by the Technical Requirements.
12.5.2 Variable-Load Supports

12.5.2.1 When spring supports are specified or required, variable-load spring hangers
shall be provided unless the vertical movement of the piping or the additional
stress due to load fluctuations require the use of constant-load spring hangers.
12.5.2.2 Variable spring supports shall be furnished with travel stops. The travel stops
shall be factory installed so that the piston cap is set at the cold position. The
travel stop shall be easily removable, but capable of acting as a rigid hanger
during erection.
12.5.3 Constant-Load Supports

12.5.3.1 When spring supports are specified or required, and the vertical movement of
the piping or the stress of load fluctuations makes variable-load supports
unsuitable, then constant-load supports shall be provided.
12.5.3.2 Constant-load supports shall be installed with travel stops. The travel stops shall
be factory installed so that the hanger level is at the cold position. The travel
stops shall permit future re-engagement without making hanger rod adjustments
even if the lever is not in the cold position.
12.5.3.3 Constant-load supports shall provide a means of vertical adjustment after

erection.
12.5.4 Provisions for Lateral and Axial Movement

12.5.4.1 Hanger rod type spring supports shall require COMPANY approval.
12.5.4.2 Hanger rods shall be subjected to tensile loading only. Linkages to permit swing
shall be provided at hanger locations where lateral or axial movement is
anticipated.
12.5.4.3 If the horizontal movement between the cold and hot positions of piping is such
that the hanger rod is more than 4o from the vertical during operation of the
piping system, pipe hangers and structural attachments shall be offset so that
the rod is vertical during operation.
12.5.4.4 Hangers shall be designed so that the hangers cannot become disengaged by
movement of the supported pipe.
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12.6 Dummy Supports

12.6.1 Dummy supports (legs) shall generally not be utilized except when approved by
COMPANY on a case by case basis. When approved, dummy supports shall be
in accordance with the Technical Requirements defined herein.
12.6.2 Dummy supports on stainless steel or heat treated carbon steel lines shall be of
the same material as the pipe, at least up to the first dummy support field weld.
The remaining portion of the dummy support may be carbon steel.
12.6.3 Dummy supports on insulated lines shall be insulated to a distance from the
pipe weld a minimum of four times the line insulation thickness, or 9", whichever
is greater.
12.6.4 Dummy supports longer than 6'-0" shall be an engineered item, including
calculation of mechanical stresses to size the support pipe.
12.6.5 The terminating end of dummy supports shall be capped, and weep holes
provided on each end of the support.
13.0 DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
13.1 General
13.1.1 CONTRACTOR shall utilize industry standard drawing practices as a minimum
in executing the work. For instance, all drawings shall utilize title blocks and
revision blocks for drawing identification and control. All drawings shall be dated
and signed by appropriate CONTRACTOR representatives. When revised,
CONTRACTOR shall identify revisions on drawings with clouds and revision
triangles, and the title and revision blocks shall be appropriately completed with
descriptions, dates and signatures.
13.1.2 CONTRACTOR shall provide to COMPANY a document index detailing all

drawings and their proposed submittal schedule within 2 weeks of Contract,
Agreement, or Purchase Order award, as applicable.
13.1.3 The following information shall be included on piping drawings as a minimum:
a. Project Title and Contract, Agreement or Purchase Order Number

b. Reference to COMPANY-supplied drawings, if applicable
c. Completed Title Block
d. Key map with Platform North Arrow
e. Revision clouds and numbered revision triangles
f. Elevation, Section and Detail Callouts, including sheet references
g. Piping Line Numbers, Valve Codes and Specialty Item Numbers
Page 48 of 56 8/2001
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h. Detailed fabrication dimensions

i. Weld symbols and Weld Procedure Specification (WPS) numbers
j. Field weld locations
k. Isometric, spool or piece mark numbers (Isometric or spool drawings only)
l. Bill of Materials with quantity, size and complete material descriptions
(Isometric or spool drawings only)
13.1.4 Piping drawings shall show complete assembly and installation details for all
piping except piping mounted on skid packages.
13.1.5 Piping drawings shall show all components required for fabrication, including
instrument installation points and the interconnecting points for all vents, drains
and purge points.
13.1.6 Piping drawings shall show all vessel and equipment direct connection points.
Connections to vessels and equipment shall be labeled to agree with
CONTRACTOR or CONTRACTOR drawings.
13.1.7 All valves, insulation, anchors, guides, shoes, instruments, and their ancillary
components shall be depicted in piping drawings.
13.1.8 Arrows shall be drawn on piping centerlines to indicate the direction of flow.
13.2 Piping Plans

Piping plan drawings shall be prepared providing all information necessary for
fabrication and assembly of piping systems. Drawings shall also contain enough
detail to allow for planning of work during offshore hookup and commissioning.
Namely, all offshore field welds shall be identified.
13.3 Elevations and Sections

Elevations and sections shall be provided to clarify the piping plans, in particular
the assembly between piping and equipment or vessels.
13.4 Details
Enlarged views and details shall be generated as necessary to illustrate, explain
and confirm full details and clearances at intersections, congested areas or
where several lines converge. All details necessary for full clarity shall be
provided.
13.5 Isometrics
Isometric drawings shall be the primary piping drawings used during pipe spool
fabrication. Isometric drawings shall show a single-line, no-scale isometric view
of a single piping service, or portion thereof. All field welds shall be identified. All
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materials required by an isometric drawing shall be recorded in the material

blanks provided on a standard isometric drawing sheet.
Page 50 of 56 8/2001
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APPENDIX I
MANDATORY CODES AND STANDARDS
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

Manual of Steel Construction
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
B31.2 Fuel Gas Piping
B31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping
B73.1 Specification for Horizontal End Suction Centrifugal Pumps for Chemical
Process
B73.2 Specification for Vertical In-Line Centrifugal Pumps for Chemical Process
American Petroleum Institute (API)

RP 2A Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms
RP 14C Analysis, Design, Installation and Testing of Basic Surface Safety Systems on
Offshore Production Platforms
RP 14E Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems
RP 520 Sizing, Selection and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries,
Part II - Installation
RP 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems
RP 550 Manual for Installation of Refinery Instruments and Control Systems
SPEC 6A Specification for Wellhead Equipment
SPEC 6D Specification for Pipeline Valves, End Closures, Connectors and Swivels
STD 607 Fire Test for Soft-Seated Ball Valves
STD 610 Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service
STD 611 General-Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery Service
STD 612 Special-Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery Service
STD 614 Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing and Control Oil Systems for Special-Purpose
Applications
STD 616 Combustion Gas Turbines for General Refinery Services
STD 617 Centrifugal Compressors for General Refinery Services
STD 618 Reciprocating Compressors for General Refinery Services
STD 674 Reciprocating Pumps
STD 1101 Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards
Page 51 of 56 8/2001
REVISION 0
APPENDIX I - (Continued)
MANDATORY CODES AND STANDARDS
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

7-95 Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other
Structures
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

A36 Specification for Structural Steel
A325 Specification for High-Strength Bolts for Structural Steel Joints
D2846 Specification for Chlorinated Poly Vinyl Chloride (CPVC) Plastic Hot- and Cold-
Water Distribution Systems
F492 Propylene and Polypropylene (PP) Plastic-Lined Ferrous Metal Pipe and Fittings
American Welding Society (AWS)

D1.1 Structural Welding Code
Instrument Society of America (ISA)

RP 4.2 Standard Control Valve Manifold Designs
Manufacturers Standardization Society of Valve Fittings Industry (MSS)

SP 69 Selection and Application of Pipe Hangers and Supports
National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)

MR-01-75 Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Material for Oil Field Equipment
RP 07 Preparation and Installation of Corrosion Coupons and Interpretation of Test
Data in Oil Production Practice
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

SM 23 Steam Turbines for Mechanical Drive Service
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

11 Low Expansion Foam and Combined Agent Systems
12 CO2 Extinguishing Systems
37 Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and
Gas Turbines
54 National Fuel Gas Code
Page 52 of 56 8/2001
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APPENDIX II
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
United States Department of the Interior - Minerals Management Service (MMS)
Outer Continental Shelf Order No. 5
Page 53 of 56 8/2001
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APPENDIX III
CHEVRON STANDARDS
GO-590 Chevron "Safety in Designs" (SID) Manual
Chevron Standard Drawings:
GD-L1050-2 Piping Standard for Sizes and Locations of Jack Screws in Flanges and
Exchanger Feet
GF-L14298-9 Standard Assembly and Details of Blanks and Special Rings for Class
150, 300, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500 Ring Joints
GC-L31452-22 Standard Figure 8 Blank (Spectacle), Paddle Spacers, and Paddle
Blanks for Raised Face Flanges
GB-L88612-7 Standard Conical Temporary Pump Suction Screens
GB-L99961-6 Standard Valve Installation Guide
Page 54 of 56 8/2001

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GENERAL SPECIFICATION 3.

GENERAL PIPING DESIGN

Chevron Offshore (Thailand) Ltd

0 PH Issued for Use 8/2001

A MLJ Issue for Review 6/2000

Rev. By Description Date Rvw'd Appv'd

2.0 MANDATORY CODES AND STANDARDS

3.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

4.0 PROCESS SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT

5.0 UTILITY SYSTEMS

5.1 Fuel and Utility Gas

6.0 PRESSURE RELIEVING SYSTEMS

7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

7.1 Firewater Systems

8.0 VENTS, DRAINS, FLUSHING AND CLEANING SYSTEMS

10.0 CONTROL VALVES

11.0 SPECIALTY ITEMS

12.0 SUPPORTS AND ANCHORS

13.0 DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS

I Mandatory Codes and Standards

1.4 Conflicts and Exceptions

2.0 MANDATORY CODES AND STANDARDS

2.4 COMPANY "Safety in Designs" Manual (GO-590) shall be considered as part of

3.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

3.2 Piping Design and Layout

alternative to an additional platform, a gear operator with the handwheel in the

• Chemical, quench, purge and steam injection into process lines

3.5 Pipeways and Racks

3.6 Accessibility and Clearance

3.6.2 If possible, the difference in elevations between lines running platform

3.6.3 Horizontal clearance between piping and equipment or major structural

3.7 Pipe Stress and Flexibility

d. Centrifugal pumps operating above 1800 rpm

a. The calculated stress (sustained, expansion, and occasional) complies with

• Difference between the minimum ambient operating temperature of the

3.7.8 Thermal expansion shall be considered in the design of nonmetallic (CPVC)

Equipment Type (standard): Permissible Limits:

Centrifugal Pumps 75% of the value calculated by API STD

Reciprocating Pumps In accordance with API STD 674 formulas

Gas Turbines In accordance with API STD 616 formulas

Centrifugal Compressors In accordance with NEMA SM 23 with

Reciprocating Compressors In accordance with API STD 618 formulas.

Steam Turbines In accordance with NEMA SM 23 formulas

3.8 Cold-Spring Installations

3.8.3 Cold-spring of more than 1/2" shall not be permitted.

3.8.4 Cold-sprung installations shall not be acceptable at rotating machinery under

4.0 PROCESS SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT

4.1.4 Deadlegs in process piping shall be avoided whenever possible.

4.2 Wellheads, Flowlines, Manifolds and Separation Systems

4.2.2 Wellhead Piping and Flowline Systems

4.2.3 Manifold Systems

4.2.4 Oil Separation Systems

piping system components shall be provided as shown unless specified

4.3 Pressure Vessels

4.4 Fired Heaters

4.4.1 Fuel Oil

4.4.2 Fuel Gas

4.5 Heat Exchangers

4.5.1 Shell and Tube and Double Pipe Heat Exchangers

4.5.2 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers

4.5.2.2 Piping connections to split-header bundles shall be designed to provide

4.6.4 Suction and discharge lines shall be independently anchored.