Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

5.1 Introduction:
The economic & agricultural study of a village is made to classify a society of a village to
organize the economic formation, activities and the attribute of that village. “Economy” is
consisting of the income statements of a country, which means how it generates earnings from its
different resources like Agriculture, Industry, Business, etc. Economic circumstance of a
particular place refers to the information about the net income of that place in addition about the
expenditure. It deals with income sources, land, assets, domestic animals and some other socio
economic characteristics.

Bangladesh is the 8th largest country in the world according to its population size. It has a
possessing an area of 144,000 sq. km and land area of 133,410 sq, km. where the total population
is 150,448.339 million up to July 2007 est. The GDP real growth rate of Bangladesh is 6% and
GDP composition by Agricultural sector is 19%. Its PPP (Purchasing power priority) is $209.2
billion and per capita PPP (Purchasing power priority) is $1400.Its GNP is 61,230 nominal US$
and per capita GNP is 440 nominal US$.

Economic study is required for the reason that the moral fiber of people is the outcome of
economic development and circumstances. That’s why there is a significant variation between
agricultural and industrial societies and the basic difference between advanced and
underdeveloped societies stems as of their differential judgment of economic growth and
development.

5.2 Objectives of the Study

To learn about the economic background & the present conditions of Pakamura Moddha para,
we considerate on different objectives and under economic outline we attempted to find out
1. Different income groups of Pakamura Moddha para.
2. The seasonal cropping pattern of Pakamura Moddha para.
3. The cost and profit analysis
4. The borrowing rate, sources of loan and various interest rate.
5. The Inflation rate and Marginal rate of production

43
 Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

6. Different types of land agreements of Pakamura Moddha para

5.3 Production Cycle and Crop Calendar

Production Cycle and Crop Calendar indicates
 What type of crops and vegetables the farmers usually cultivate in their land throughout
the year?
 What different type of Irrigation system they usually apply?
 What kind of Fertilizers and Pesticides they put on their field?
 And also it indicates about the labors.
We are going to discus on the Production Cycle and Crop Calendar of Pakamura Moddha Para:

JAN FE MA AP MA JU JU AU SE OC NO DEC
B R RIL Y NE LY G P T V
MAG FA CH BO JO AS SR VA AA KA AG POS
L A I I HR A D SH R RA
PADDY:
(HYBRID)
HIRA, AFTAB,
ACI, NAM-
DHARA, 22,
28, 32, 601, BR-
3, BR-5, BR-20,
BR-28, BR-29,
BR-32, KEGI-
12
VEGETABLE
SIM
BOTTLT
GOURD
TOMATO
CHILI
BRINJAL
POTATO
AROID
RIDGE
GOURD
PUMPKIN
BALSAM
APPLE
KASABA /
KATH-ALU

Table 5.1 Production Cycle and Crop Calendar(Source: Field Survey, 2008)

LEGENDS

Transplantation Period Growing Period

Cutting Period All Over the Yea

44
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

5.3.1 Different types of Crops and Vegetables:

5.3.1.1 IRRI:
Generally, in pakamura Moddha Para, the farmers cultivate huge amount of paddy among all
crops. As rice is the main food of the people of Bangladesh so they usually produce paddy in a
large percentage rather then other crops. As the weather and the soil support to grow better
quality rice the farmers cultivate it in different season. Irri is the most popular among all the
paddies that are cultivated in the Pakamura, because of its high yielding nature. Although its
cultivation cost is high farmers like to cultivate it as it is high yielding & it takes only three
months to yield.
In this area, the farmers produce different type of IRRI paddy through out the year.
Hira, Aftab, Aci,, Nam Dhara, baish, atash, bottirish, choy sho ak, BR-3, BR-5, BR-20, BR-28,
BR-29, BR-30, BR-32, Kazi-12
The farmer usually cultivate paddy three times throughout the year:
 Beginning of the year: Magh to Chaitra; where in Magh the farmer usually transplant the
paddy, then in falgun the paddy grows, which called the growing period and in Chaitra
usually cut down the paddy which is called the cutting period.
 Middle of the year: Joistha to Srabon; where Joistha is the transplanting period. Ashar is
the growing period and Srabon is the cutting period.
 Ending of the year: Ashwin to Agrahayan; where Ashwin is the transplanting period.
Bhadra is the growing period and Agrahayan is the cutting period

5.3.1.2 Vegetables:
 Beans:
Sowing Time: Plantation starts from last week of Ashwin to Kartik.
Growing Period: It generally grows in Agrahayan and Poush
Harvesting Period: Harvesting starts from last week of Poush to first week of Magh
 Bottle gourd:

Sowing Time: Plantation starts from Srabon

Growing Period: It generally grows in Bhadra

45
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

Harvesting Period: Harvesting starts from Ashar

 Tomato:
Sowing Time: Plantation starts from Agrahayan,
Growing Period: It generally grows in Poush
Harvesting Period: Harvesting starts from magh
 Brinjal:
Sowing Time: Plantation starts from Kartik,
Growing Period: It generally grows in Agrahayan and Poush
Harvesting Period: Harvesting starts from Magh
 Potato:
Sowing Time: Plantation starts from Falgun
Growing Period: It generally grows from third week of Falgun Up to Chaitra
Harvesting Period: Harvesting starts from Chaitra
 Aroid:
Sowing Time: Plantation starts from Ashar
Growing Period: It generally grows from the third week of Ashar up to Srabon
Harvesting Period: Harvesting starts from Srabon
 Ridge gourd:
Sowing Time: Plantation starts from Chaitra.
Growing Period: It generally grows in Baishakh
Harvesting Period: Harvesting starts from Joistha
 Pumpkin:
Sowing Time: Plantation starts from Poush
Growing Period: It generally grows from the third week of Poush up to Magh
Harvesting Period: Harvesting starts from Magh
 Balsam apple:
Sowing Time: Plantation starts from Ashar
Growing Period: It generally grows in Srabon
Harvesting Period: Harvesting starts from Bhadra
 Kasaba Generally it grows all year round which is the most nutritious food.

46
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

 Chili: Generally it grows all year round.

5.3.2 Irrigation System:
Irrigation is very essential for cultivation. In Pakamura Moddha para, people use different types
of method for irrigation. Usually they use Shallow Machine, Deep Tube Well, Tube Well and
Natural Sources.
Irrigation water highly needed when there is minimum rainfall or there is no rainfall at all. In
Moddha para farmers start irrigation from Fagun to Jaishtha. Maximum irrigation water is
needed because during this period there is minimum rainfall as well as the time for paddy
plantation. On the other hand, in the month of July (‘Shrabon’) and august (‘Bhadra’) need of
irrigation water is not required because during this period there is heavy rainfall. Most of the
farmers do not posses water pumps for irrigation. So they borrow it from other people or farmers
against money. The farmers also borrow powers tillers and shallow machine for cultivating the
land. There are many deep tubes well and farmers get water from those during water crisis in the
dry season. For 1 bigha land 100 liters of water is required. In dry season the shallow machine
works unlimited hours depends on the intensity of work.

5.3.3 Fertilizer
As the land of Pakamura Moddha para is used all year round so farmers have to depend on
different types of fertilizer such as cow-dung, TSP, Potash, and Urea etc.The following table
indicates that when and what type of fertilizer is used by the farmer during cultivation.
Cultivation Period Fertilizer applied

Seed Bed preparation & solving Cow dung & Urea

Preparation of land for planting TSP & Potash

saplings
20-29 days after plantation Urea

5.3.4 Pesticide

47
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

The production of crops and vegetables are some times hampered by some pesticide like-Rice
Hispa (Pari poka), Stemborner (Maji poka), Mazra Poka, pamri, Leda, Brown grass hoopoes etc,
to prevent pest and other diseases farmers used basudin, redimal, androfil, renithin, pangush,
foradan, diamacroun etc. Few pests are useful for the land for cultivation like Beetle, spiders,
frogs, lady butt etc.

5.3.5 Labor

The local labor force becomes insufficient during seedling plantation and harvesting time. So
they need to hire labor from other village, they take on labor from Rangpur. They take on labor
three times in a year, joistha, ashwrin and in magh for 2-3 month. The farmers hire these labors
on daily wage basis. They give the Rangpur Labor Tk 80 in the summer season, and Tk 120 in
the dry season as in dry season it need more effort for short of water. They pay the local labor
Tk120 in both summer and winter season. Additionally, the farmers have to provide them with 3
meals a day and lodging in their houses.

5.4 Storage Facilities for Agricultural products

No Storage
Facility=64%
Hava Storage
Facility=36%

Figure: Pie Chart of Storage Facility

Most of the villagers of Pakamura Moddha Para are poor. So there is not any way to store their
crops. The farmers who are in a superior position, store their produced crops in-home. Different
family unit have different storage facility with different capacity. Most of them use ‘GOLA’: a
big jar made by bamboo thatch, Macha, Motka to store crops. From the above pie diagram we
can see that, 64% of the respondent doesn’t have any storage facility. And 36% of the total
respondents have the ability to store crops. As our sample size is 25; among them 16 people
don’t have any storage facility and rest of 9 people have the storage facility.

48
 Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

5.5 Wealth Ranking

Wealth Ranking is a major technique of PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal). It is also called
“Well-Being Banking” or “Social Stratification As the name suggests, it is a way which is used
to categorize the families of a village according to their income, assets etc. It is employed to
capture differences in standard of living as perceived by the people, thus making it possible to
gain insight into relative social stratification. This can be used to identify target group members
before an activity is launched. The technique performs is a very similar function to social map,
because it also shows the social structure of villagers. Thus, By following PRA method, wealth

ranking is a unique and effective way to imagine the financial condition of rural people.

Information of total of 25 (twenty five) families was collected for analysis. According to the
villagers' opinion these families were divided into four classes - Upper or Rich, Higher Middle,
Lower middle and Lower. Among those 3 of the families were classified as Rich, 6 were of
Higher Middle class, 7 were of Lower middle and rest 9 was poor.
Table 5.2: Wealth Ranking
Group Number House Occupation Cultivable Domestic Income(per
of type / Source of Land animals month)
families Income
Rich 3 Concrete Business 15-20 Bigha 3-4 cows, 20,000-
house Land 4-5 goats, 25,000
Foreign 8-10 poultry
remittance
Higher 6 Tin shed or Teacher 6-10 bigha 1-2 cows, 14,000-
Middle semi brick Land 3-4 goats, 19,000
built house Foreign 5-6 poultry
remittance

Lower 7 Tin shed Farmer, 2-3 bigha 2-3 goats, 6,000-

Middle mud or Day labor, 3-4 poultry 12,000
earth house Shopkeeper.
Lower 9 Bamboo Rickshaw No land 2-3 Poultry 2,000-
Thatch or puller 3,500
earth house Day Labor
Source: Field Survey, 2008

49
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

5.5.1 Upper or Rich:

In our assigned Para, there are approximately 12% people are considered as a Rich Class people.
They earn their livelihood from many sources. They are involved in business and they do
cultivate their own land etc. They receive remittance from different foreign countries mainly
from the Middle East countries. In that area a rich people owned 15-20 Bigha of cultivatable
land. They have 3-4 cows, 4-5 goats and 8-10 poultry. They live in a Concrete house. They have
decorated their house with different furnishers, like they have wooden bed, dressing table,
showcase, sofa, television VCD etc. Their income from different sources are approximately TK.
20,000 and above.

5.5.2 Higher Middle:

We have found there are approximately 24% of people are in the Middle Class level. They are
involved with teaching, they do cultivate their own land, and some of them also receive foreign
remittance. They earn approximately TK.14000-TK.19000 per month. They have owned 6-10
Bigha land where they cultivate different crops and vegetable by themselves. They have 1-2
cows, 3-4 goats and 5-6 poultry. Most of them have Tin shed or semi brick built house with
wooden bed, showcase, chair, table, television etc. According to them the middle class families
are quite well off. They can run their family of their own without taking any help from the rich
but might have to sell their land or take loans from the rich to get their daughters and sisters
married.

5.5.3 Lower middle:

In our assigned Para there are approximately 28% people are in Lower middle Class. Most of
them are farmer, day labor, and shopkeeper. They have only 2-3 of cultivatable land, where they
cultivate different seasonal crops and vegetables. They have 2-3 goats and 3-4 poultry. They earn
approximately TK.6000-TK.12000 per month. Most of them live in a Tin shed mud or in an
earth house with few furnishers like, 1/2 wooden bed, chair and table etc. They need to take
loans and sometime sell their lands for their livelihood.

50
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

5.5.4 Lower class:

Most of the people in “Moddha Pakamura” are Poor. That is 36% of the total villagers is lower
class. They survive hand to mouth. They have no land of their own and they live in a Bamboo
Thatch or in an earth house. They are mostly the rickshaw puller and the day Laborer. They work
in other peoples land in daily basis for which they get TK.80-TK.100 per day. This is their only
income source. They have no other income sources. Few of them have 2-3 poultry only. Their
monthly income is hardly TK.2000-TK.3500. They have simple furniture like a bed (in some
cases there is no bed; they have Chowki), wooden box, locally made tacks etc. They have a very
difficult life and sometimes they do not sufficient food for the whole family.
Overall the villagers were reasonably not well off. Through the field survey we found that most
of the villagers are in lower middle class or poor.

5.5.5 Primary and Secondary Profession of the Income Earning Members

Table 5.3: Primary and secondary profession of the income earning member
Profession In The Village In Other District Outside The Country
Agriculture 13 - -
Poultry Rearing - - -
Cattle/Goat Rearing - - -
Petty Business/shopkeeper - - -
Vendor 2 - -
Transport Worker 2 1 -
Construction Worker - - -
Garments Factory - 2 -
Service 3 3 -
Industry - - -
Others(Businessman, 3 4 3
teacher, foreign worker)
Source: Field Survey, 2008
We have taken total 25 households to conduct our survey; from the above table we can utter that
most of the village people of our assigned Para are connected through Agricultural vocation. As
most of the people of our village are poor they are transport worker such as rickshaw puller

51
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

in profession. The villagers those we have classified as a rich and higher middle class people
basically they are businessman, teacher. About 12 % of the total respondent means 3 people from
the 25 household do live in middle-east countries so those families are depend on foreign
remittance.

5.5.6 House Type

Table 5.4: House Type
Type Roof Wall Floor
No % No % No %
Tin 13 52% - - - -
Bamboo Thatch - - 3 12% - -
Wood - - - - - -
Concrete 3 12% 9 36% 10 40%
Earth - - 13 52% 15 60%
Straw 9 36% - - - -
Total 25 100% 25 100% 25 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2008

Information of total of 25 (twenty five) families was collected for analysis. From the above table
we can say that most of our respondents’ means 52% have Tin made Roof pursued by Straw
made roof and Concrete roof. Most of them have Earth wall followed by Bamboo Thatch wall
and Concrete wall. 60%; indicate that majority of them have Earth floor pursued by Concrete
floor. So we can conclude that in Pakamura Moddha Para the people are living in a moderate
state.

5.5.7 Domestic Animals

Table 5.5: Domestic Animal
Type YES NO
No % No %
Cow 9 36% 14 64%

52
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

Ox 5 20% 20 80%
Goat 18 72% 07 28%
Poultry Birds 23 92% 02 08%
Source: Field Survey, 2008
In Pakamura Moddha Para Majority, means 92% of our respondent have Poultry Bird. The
individuals, who belong with good and moderate economic conditions, have Cow and OX which
is only 36% and 20 % respectively. Among the total respondent most of them, means 72% have
goats but those who are in a poor economic situation they have only poultries.

5.6 Cost and Benefit Analysis

The people of Pakamura village used to cultivate paddy and vegetables in their field .for the cost
and benefit analysis we have picked up IRRI and their three seasonal vegetables: Tomato and
Cabbage. To know the earnings of a farmer we need to find out the actual Cost of Production of
a crop. We have divided in following categories:
Cost IRRI (BR11) Tomato Cabbage
Tractor Per day 400 tk Per day 400 tk Per day 400 tk
Irrigation Per hour 100-120 tk Per hour 100-120 tk Per hour 100-120tk
Seeds 27 Tk Per KG 10 tk per gram 3 tk per gram
Fertilizer:
Urea
15 tk Per KG 15 tk Per KG 15 tk Per KG
TSP
Potash 40 tk Per KG 40 tk Per KG 40 tk Per KG

30 tk Per KG 30 tk Per KG 30 tk Per KG

Labor 80-120 tk Per Labor 80-120 tk Per Labor 80-120 tk Per Labor

5.6.1 IRRI Picture 5.1

53
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

The production cost of one mound IRRI is 300 taka that includes seeds, fertilizer, irrigation
system etc. The farmer usually sold 1 mound paddy in 500 taka. His net profit per mound paddy
is 500-300=200 taka. Picture5.2

5.6.2 Tomato:
the production cost of 1mound tomato is 300 taka. He usually sold the tomatoes in 800 taka. His
net profit per mound tomato is 800-300=500 taka.

5.6.3 Cabbage: the farmer sell Cabbage in piece, where the per piece production cost is 6
taka. He sold it in 8 taka. He gets profit of 2 taka from each Cabbage.

But as a matter of fact, they are not making profit in a huge comportment because among the
farmers and the buyers, middleman work and skim a surplus from this profit. For these
middlemen they can’t make profit. They had to agree to that price which the middlemen extract
because the farmers do not have any proper place to preserve the goods and this is how the
farmers fail to make a substantial profit.

5.7 Price Inflation

Inflation occurs when the general level of prices is rising. We do calculate inflation by using
price index, weighted average of the prices of the individual product.

Price level Price level

(Current year) - (base year)
Rate of inflation =............................................................ * 100
Price level (base year)
By considering the Pakamura village we are going to reflect on the price inflation of Hybrid
paddy (IRRI) and a vegetable (Beans).

54
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

5.7.1 IRRI:

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
1998 2003 2008

Figure 5.1: Inflation Rate of IRRI

From the above graph, we can see that in 1998 people used to buy 1mound paddy in Tk.200.As
the inflation rate is increasing the same amount of paddy they used to buy in Tk.300 in 2003.And
now in 2008 they are buying it in Tk.500.the inflation rate of last 5 year that is from 2003-2008
is much higher then the inflation rate of year 1998-2003.as we can see the inflation pattern, it is
predictable that the price of 1mound paddy will yield Tk.900.in the year of 2013.

5.7.2 Vegetable (Beans):

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1998 2003 2008

Figure 5.2: Inflation Rate of Beans

From the above graph we can see that In 1998 people used to buy 1kg bean in Tk.8.As the
inflation rate is increasing the same amount of bean they used to buy in Tk.12.And now in 2008
they are buying it in Tk.24.from the above situation we can say that the inflation rate is
increasing day by day and after five years from now the price of 1kg bean might be Tk 50 or
more.

55
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

5.7 Marginal Rate of Production

Generally, people think that if lands increase the production rate will also increase. But there
are some other factors, which also affect the production rate. The other factors are: labor,
capital and technology. If labor, capital and technology remain constant, and land increase the
production will also increase but after a certain level the increasing rate of production will stop
and then it will decline, which is called the optimal point of production. This point is called the
steady state of production. To rise above this steady state if the technologies improve, the
production will increase.

80 (Mound )

60 (Mound )

40 (Mound )

20 (Mound )

0 1 (Bigha ) 2 (Bigha ) 3 (Bigha )

Figure 5.3: Marginal rate of production

*Marginal rate of production=optimal output /corresponding land input.
In Pakamura village the farmer usually get 40 mounds paddy from 1 Bigha land. Generally,
people think that from 2 Bigha land 80 Mounds paddy will produce and from 3 Bigha land 120
mounds will produce. But after cultivating paddy in 2 Bigha land the farmers get only 60
mounds instead of 80 mounds. The output rate at the optimal point is called the marginal rate of
production. Compare to the size of land, the production rate is decreasing because of lesser
amount of fertilizer and seeds. Between these two factors fertilizer problem is more significant
than the other one. As there is a purchase Quota set by the government, one cannot buy unlimited
amount of fertilizer though the person can afford that much. Moreover, the farmers of the village
are not cooperative enough to work together so that they can share expensive farming tools
(power trailer, hand held thrashing machine, irrigation pump etc). So it is not necessary that if
land increase the production will also increase and land is the only factors that influence the
production rate.

56
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

5.8 Borrowing Rate

By considering the word loan we can identify the class of the villagers. Loan plays a vital part in
the village life. Measuring loan was an important tool for us to classify the villagers. Generally
poor and landless takes loan to satisfy their needs.

YES-72%
NO-28%

Figure5.4: Pie Chart of Borrowing Rate

In Pakamura Moddha Para, people took loan from local rich money lender, local cooperative,
NGO, relatives, neighbors to meet up the cost of their several needs like household operation,
daughter's marriage, the cost of treatment, seeds & fertilizer's. From the pie diagram we can say
that 72% of our respondents take loan from different sources at different interest rate but rest of
28% don’t take loan.

5.8.1 Sources of Loan:

Table 5.6: Sources of Loan
Amount Borrowed (In Thousand Taka)
Sources
1-2 2-4 4-6 6+ No %

57
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

Local Rich person 3 - - - 3 17%

Relatives/Neighbors 5 - - 5 28%

NGO (ASA) - - 6 - 6 33%

Local cooperative - 2 - - 2 11%

society
Grameen Bank - - - 2 2 11%

Total 18 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2008

There are Grameen Bank, NGOs like ASA, and local cooperative society in the village. People
take loan to run their life in a good manner. From the above table, we can say that 28%
respondents choose their relatives or neighbor to take loan because free of interest and 17% take
from the local rich person of the village.11 % takes from the local cooperative society as they
need 2-4 thousand taka. 33% of the total respondents require 4-6 thousand taka so they depend
on ASA. And lastly 11% needs a large amount of loan like tk.6000 and above so they go for
Grameen bank.
5.8.2 Various Interest Rates:
35%

30%

25%

20% ASA (Association for Social

15%
Advancement)
Grameen Bank
10%
Local Rich Person
5%
Local Cooperatives
0%
Interest Payment
Rate Time

Figure 5.5: Various Interest rates

From the above graph we find that Grameen Bank gives the loan with 16% interest rates and the
loan have to be repaying in various number of installments. ASA gives the loan with 14%
interest rates. By taking loan from the local cooperative they have to give 30% interest rate. The
villagers also take loan from local rich person by providing them 8% interest rate. The villagers

58
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

do not like to go to the bank due to lengthy process of taking loan and requirement of collateral
asset, although the interest rate is less compare to other source.

5.9 Land Agreements:

The central occupation in Pakamura Moddha Para is Agriculture. Most of the people are
completely depending on the item for consumption they produce in the field. But majority of
them don’t have their own land. They lease the cultivable land and produce different crops to
survive. In Pakamura Moddha Para, the villagers do practice generally two types of leasing
agreements. These are as follows:
1. Borga &
2. Agreement

5.9.1 Borga:
Borga or Bagi is the process in which the upper and middle class people give their cultivable
land to relatively poor farmer to farm. Borga is possibly the most regular practice among the
rural people. In PAkamura Moddha Para, the landowner gets half of the production from the
poor farmer at each crop. Such as, if the farmer cultivated one Bigha land and gets 40
mounds rice, he has to give 20 mounds to the owner of the land. Borgaders and the farmers
make their contract at the beginning of the season in which it is stated that the farmers will
pay all the costs, related to the production of crops. For example: fertilizer cost, irrigation
cost, cost of seed, insects killer and so forth. This agreement will expire after a certain time.
Here the lender preserved all the privileges linked with ownership. The lenders have the
opportunity to renounce the land anytime

5.9.2 Agreement:
Agreement is a famous leasing practice in Pakamura Moddha Para. It is also one type of lease
but it is a land base contract. Here the landowner lends the land for a certain period; the farmer
has to give the rent to the landowner according to the agreement but before any kind of

59
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production

cultivation on the land. For example: a farmer lease 1Bigha land for 3-4 months and give 5000
taka to the land owner. After 3-4 month he has to give back the land to the owner. In this period,
what the farmer will cultivate that is totally depends upon him. By cultivating the land weather
the farmer is getting profit or loss it is fully his liability. This agreement system has an advantage
that the farmer is getting the full profit. But it has a disadvantage that most of the farmers are
poor so it became very difficult for them to give such a bulk amount to the landowner instant and
most of the time they take loans from different sources to recover it.

5.10 Conclusion
Numerous aspects of economic scenery influence the general economic activities of the family
unit. Consequently, it is important to know about the wealth, resources and economic conditions
to identify the real situation prevailing in that exacting place. That is why, it is crucial to
recognize not only the present and but also the future projection of the village.

60