005 - Introduction To Microwave Links (Asiacell Telecom Platform Course)

Introduction to Microwave Links
Introduction to
Microwave Links
By Charin.Sangsuri@asiacell.com
Transmission Engineer Specialist
Asiacell Telecom Platform Course 1
Micro...wave... link?

Introduction to
Microwave
Links

Objectives
To describe microwave link architectures.
To define wavelength.
To define polarizations.
To describe propagation in free space.
To list propagation problems.
To list the characteristics of an antenna.
To identify the types of modulation.
To list parameters for preparing a frequency plan.
To prepare a simplified link budget.
To describe the configurations of a transceiver.

Course content
Antennas
Microwave link architectures
Gain
Signals to be transmitted
Radiation pattern
Definition
Aperture angle
Architectures
Modulation
Radio waves
Frequency plan
Definition
Organizations
Polarization
Plan
Propagation in free space
Link budget
Propagation problems
Transceiver hardware
configurations

Course content
Antennas
¾ Microwave link architectures
Gain
Radiation pattern
Definition
Aperture angle
Architectures
Modulation
Radio waves
Frequency plan
Definition
Organizations
Polarization
Plan
Link budget
configurations
Optical fibre
Copper wire

Microwave
Link

Diagram of a microwave link
0110111
F 1011101
Tx Tx
Rx Rx
1011101 0110111
F’
Tx : transmitter
Rx : receiver
F : transmission frequency

Point-to-point radio
Point-to-multipoint radio

Universities
Offices
Hospitals Nodal point
Offices
Offices

Offices
Central office
Heavy traffic customers

Course content
Antennas
Gain
Radiation pattern
Definition
Aperture angle
Architectures
Modulation
¾ Radio waves
Frequency plan
Definition
Organizations
Polarization
Plan
Link budget
configurations

Radio waves
Definition
λ=C*T=C/F
λ : wavelength in metres,
C : speed of light in metres per second,
F : frequency in Hertz,
T : period in seconds.
F in GHz λ in mm
2 150
7 42.86
13 23.08
23 13.04
38 7.89

Radio waves
Polarizations
N
IO
T
EC
DIR
N
TIO
N
EC
IO
AT
VERTICAL
DIR
AG
CIRCULAR POLARIZATION
N
OP
IO
POLARIZATION
AT
PR
AG
OP
PR
N
TIO
EC
DIR
N
IO
HORIZONTAL
AT
AG
POLARIZATION
OP
PR

Radio waves
Polarizations
Rectangular waveguide section
E
E
E : electric field
Earth horizontal

Radio waves
Polarizations
Waveguides with different flanges
≅ 30 dB !

Radio waves
≅
Free space = no solar effects
no effects induced by atmospheric conditions
Clearance of the first Fresnel ellipsoid

Radio waves
First Fresnel ellipsoid
r
d
AM + MB = AB + (n*λ/2)
n = 1, first Fresnel ellipsoid

d : axis of radio wave path,
r : radius of first ellipsoid

Radio waves
Radius of first Fresnel ellipsoid: rmax = 0.5*√λ*d

Maximum radius of first Fresnel ellipsoid
40
35
30
25 F (GHz)
radius in m
2 GHz
7 GHz
20
13 GHz
23 GHz
15 38 GHz
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
distance in km

Radio waves
260
240
220
Elevation (metres)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Path Length (65.00 km)
Radiofrequency propagation path

First Fresnel ellipsoid

Radio waves
Propagation in free space Part of the sphere
d
of radiated
isotropic power
Sr: receive antenna
Pr
Pe equivalent surface area
Part of the transmitted energy that is

picked up by the receive antenna
Pr = Pe * Sr / (4*π*d2) , where Sr = λ2 / (4*π)
Pr = Pe * (λ / 4 * π * d)2
α = 20 log (4 * π * d / λ)

Radio waves
Telegraphists’ equation:
α = Pe / Pr = 20 log (4πD / λ)
Free space losses
170
160
150
F (GHz)
2 GHz
140 7 GHz
13 GHz
Losses in dB
23 GHz
130 38 GHz
120
110
100
90
1 10 20 50 100 1000
Distance in km

Radio waves
Refraction, multiple paths
Losses in Fresnel area
Losses due to rainfall
Losses in free space and

absorption losses
Losses due to obstruction
Multiple paths

Radio waves
Propagation problems : correction for the roundness of the earth
The bulging of the earth at a point on the profile is:
d1× d 2
h = 1000 ×
2 × R0
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
Elevation (metres)
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
CHAPARRAL Frequency = 1440.0 MHz LA MARIA
Latitude 003 43 40.00 N K = 1.00 Latitude 004 14 25.00 N
Longitude 075 29 47.00 W %F1 = 100.00 Longitude 074 34 10.00 W
Azimuth 61.13 deg Azimuth 241.20 deg
Elevation 895 m ASL Elevation 1586 m ASL
Antenna CL 0.0 m AGL ALCATEL Antenna CL 0.0 m AGL
COLOMBIA Date 09-08-99 By DO
PROYECTO RIC chapmari.pl3

Radio waves
Propagation problems :
Effect of atmospheric refraction
Gases in the atmosphere such as water vapour and oxygen

create additional attenuation over and above that produced
during propagation in free space.
13 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 38 GHz

0.03 dB/km 0.08 dB/km 0.19 dB/km 0.12 dB/km

Radio waves
According to vertical variations in the atmospheric
refractive index, microwave signals do not propagate in a
straight line between antennas, but on a curved path which
changes over time.
“Standard” conditions = 50% of the

time, and the path curves towards
the earth;
Unfavourable conditions = 0.1% of
the time, and the path curves
towards the sky.

Radio waves
R0 = 6378 km
R0 kmin R0
kmax R0 R0
kmax = 4/3, R0 = 8504 km kmin = 2/3, R0 = 4252 km
the radiofrequency horizon the radiofrequency horizon is

is further away and the closer and the earth seems
earth seems flatter. rounder.

Radio waves
240
220
200
Elevation (metres)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
WESTONVILLE Frequency = 2000.0 MHz BAKER LAKE
Latitude 049 15 12.00 N K = 1.33, 0.85 Latitude 049 38 49.00 N
60% OF RADIUS CLEARED (K=4/3) Date 09-22-99 By LBT
0% OF RADIUS CLEARED (K MIN) pldemo_1.pl2

Radio waves
240
220
200
Elevation (metres)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
WESTONVILLE Frequency = 2000.0 MHz BAKER LAKE
Latitude 049 15 12.00 N K = 1.33, 0.85 Latitude 049 38 49.00 N
60% OF RADIUS CLEARED (K=4/3) Date 09-22-99 By LBT

0% OF RADIUS CLEARED (K MIN) pldemo_1.pl2

Radio waves
Diffraction Algorithm Pathloss Diffraction Algorithm Pathloss

Multiple Knife Edge Method Deygout Multiple Knife Edge Method Deygout
Maximum Number of Obstacles 2 Maximum Number of Obstacles 2
Obstacle Radius Method All obstacles Obstacle Radius Method All obstacles
Foreground Loss Method Not Included Foreground Loss Method Not Included
WESTONVILLE BAKER LAKE WESTONVILLE BAKER LAKE
Antenna Height (m) 36.66 53.15 Antenna Height (m) 36.66 53.15
Distance (km) 65.00 Distance (km) 65.00
Frequency (MHz) 2000.00 Frequency (MHz) 2000.00
K 1.33 K 0.85
Polarization Vertical Polarization Vertical
Tree Type Dry bare trees Tree Type Dry bare trees
Ground Type Average Ground Type Average
1 Knife edge 1 Knife edge
Profile Segment (km) 0.00 65.00 Profile Segment (km) 0.00 65.00
Location (km) 38.47 Location (km) 38.47
Clearance / F1 0.70 Clearance / F1 0.00
Loss (dB) 0.00 Loss (dB) 6.02
Diffraction loss (dB) 0.00 Diffraction loss (dB) 6.02
Free Space Loss (dB) 134.75 Free Space Loss (dB) 134.75
Total Loss (dB) 134.75 Total Loss (dB) 140.77

Radio waves
Propagation problems:
Attenuation due to hydrometeors
Attenuation, in dB per kilometre

6 GHz 10 GHz 20 GHz 40 GHz
Fine rain 0.013 0.07
Downpour 0.012 0.08 0.45 1.5
Storm 0.22 1.2 5.5 13
Heavy storm 1.2 5.5 18 27

Radio waves
Per cent of Time Gradient

Radio waves
Per cent of Time Gradient

Course content
¾ Antennas
Gain
Radiation pattern
Definition
Aperture angle
Architectures
Modulation
Radio waves
Frequency plan
Definition
Organizations
Polarization
Plan
Link budget
configurations

Antennas

Antennas

Antennas
Gain
G dB = 10 log η 4 π2S
λ Horn
S: projected surface area

η: antenna gain, from 50% to 70%
Frequency 2 GHz 4 GHz 8 GHz 13 GHz 23 GHz 38 GHz

Efficiency 50% 50% 60% 60% 70% 70%
Diameter 3.7 m 32 dB 38 dB 45 dB
Diameter 2.4 m 28 dB 34 dB 42 dB 46 dB
Diameter 1.2 m 28 dB 36 dB 40 dB 46 dB
Diameter 0.6 m 34 dB 40 dB 44 dB
Diameter 0.3 m 34 dB 38 dB

Antennas
Radiation patterns

Antennas
Aperture angle at 3 dB
70. λ
θ −3dB ≈
d
Frequency 2 GHz 4 GHz 8 GHz 13 GHz 23 GHz 38 GHz

Diameter 3.7 m 2.8° 1.4° 0.7°
Diameter 2.4 m 4.4° 2.2° 1.1° 0.7°
Diameter 1.2 m 2.2° 1.3° 0.8°
Diameter 0.6 m 2.7° 1.5° 0.9°
Diameter 0.3 m 3° 1.8°

Course content
Antennas
Gain
Radiation pattern
Definition
Aperture angle
Architectures
¾ Modulation
Radio waves
Frequency plan
Definition
Organizations
Polarization
Plan
Link budget
configurations

Modulation
Ρ Ρ
Ρ Ρ
Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ
Ρ Ρ
Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ
Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ
Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ

Modulation
BPSK -1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Mixer
1
A(t) S( t )
x 0
-1
Frequency 0 1 2 3 4 5
F0
Modulator O.L.
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5

Modulation
1
0,5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-0,5
-1
4QAM 0,5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-0,5
-1
1
Q Q sin ω0t
X 0,5
H/2
A(t) sin ω0t S(t) 0
-0,5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+
H +π/2
P cos ω0t
P -1
X
H/2
1
cos ω0t
F0 0
4QAM Modulator OL
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5
1,5
0,5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-0,5
-1
-1,5

Modulation
Modulation Nyquist band Theoretical peak power BER

BPSK B P 10-n
4QAM B/2 P 10-n
16QAM B/4 P+6.5 dB 10-n
The basic duration of a symbol cannot be indefinitely reduced, but

the number of bits per symbol can be increased:
2n signal states = n bits transmitted for a symbol.
The Nyquist criterion defines the Nyquist band: minimum
bandwidth of a transmission channel.

Course content
Antennas
Gain
Radiation pattern
Definition
Aperture angle
Architectures
Modulation
Radio waves
¾ Frequency plan
Definition
Organizations
Polarization
Plan
Link budget
configurations
Frequency plan
Organizations
HITU: International Telecommunications Union
HCEPT: European Conference on Posts and

Telecommunications
HFCC: Federal Communication Commission (≈ CEPT)

Frequency plan
F1 F3 Fn F'1 F'3 F'n

Vertical
polarization
Horizontal
polarization
F2 F4 F'2 F'4
Duplex separation = ⏐Fn - F ’⏐
CEPT T/R 13-02 Duplex separation = 1008 MHz

Fn (MHz) = F0 (MHz) + 798 + 28n
F ’n (MHz) = F0 (MHz) + 1806 + 28n
where F0 = 21,196 MHz and n =1,…,20

Frequency plan
1, 3, 5 V 2 ’, 4 ’ V
1 ’, 3 ’, 5 ’ V 2, 4 V
1 ’, 3 ’, 5 ’ H
1, 3, 5 H

Course content
Antennas
Gain
Radiation pattern
Definition
Aperture angle
Architectures
Modulation
Radio waves
Frequency plan
Definition
Organizations
Polarization
Plan
¾ Link budget
configurations
Diffraction Algorithm Pathloss Diffraction Algorithm Pathloss

Multiple Knife Edge Method Deygout Multiple Knife Edge Method Deygout
Maximum Number of Obstacles 2 Maximum Number of Obstacles 2
Obstacle Radius Method All obstacles Obstacle Radius Method All obstacles
Foreground Loss Method Not Included Foreground Loss Method Not Included
BONNY LNG AMENAM BONNY LNG AMENAM
Antenna Height (m) 69.39 68.60 Antenna Height (m) 69.39 68.60
Distance (km) 51.16 Distance (km) 51.16
Frequency (MHz) 2000.00 Frequency (MHz) 2000.00
K 1.33 K 0.81
Polarization Horizontal Polarization Horizontal
Tree Type Dry bare trees Tree Type Dry bare trees
Ground Type Average Ground Type Average
1 Isolated obstacle 1 Isolated obstacle

Profile Segment (km) 0.00 51.16 Profile Segment (km) 0.00 51.16
Location (km) 25.94 Location (km) 25.94
Radius (km) 8337.06 Radius (km) 11719.56
Clearance / F1 0.87 Clearance / F1 0.30
Loss (dB) 0.00 Loss (dB) 5.70
Diffraction loss (dB) 0.00 Diffraction loss (dB) 5.70

Free Space Loss (dB) 132.67 Free Space Loss (dB) 132.67
Total Loss (dB) 132.67 Total Loss (dB) 138.37

Course content
Antennas
Gain
Radiation pattern
Definition
Aperture angle
Architectures
Modulation
Radio waves
Frequency plan
Definition
Organizations
Polarization
Plan
Link budget
¾ Transceiver hardware
configurations
Simplified link budget
Frequency = 23 GHz dBm
Transmit
Distance = 10 km antenna gain
Bit rate = 2 tributaries Transmitted

Free space
power
losses
Antenna diameter = 0.6 m PTx = 12 dBm
Connection
losses
Tx α Rx
Connection
Tx connection losses = - 1 dB Received power
losses
Tx antenna gain = 40 dB PN = - 50 dBm
Margin
Free space losses = - 140 dB relative to
DCP : 40 dB
Receive antenna
Rx antenna gain = 40 dB Propagation
gain
- 75 dBm
alarm
Rx connection losses = - 1 dB
DCA PRx - 80 dBm
Total losses = -62 dB DCA

Threshold 10 -8
≅ -85dBm
Threshold 10 -6
Quality DC ≅ -87dBm
threshold
Threshold 10 -3
DCP ≅ -90dBm

Hardware configurations
1+0 Configuration
01101110
F 1011101
Tx Tx
Rx Rx
1011101 01101110
F’

1+1 HSB Configuration
01101110 F F 01101110
Tx 1 Tx 1
Tx x Tx x
F’
Rx 1 Rx 1
o o
Rx x Rx x
1011101
1011101

Frequency Diversity Configuration
F1
Tx Tx
Rx Rx
1100101 F1’ 101010
F2 011010
1101101
Tx Tx
Rx Rx
F2’

Space Diversity Configuration
01101110 1011101
F
Tx Tx
Rx Rx
1011101 F’
01101110
F Tx
Rx
Microwave
link!
By Charin.Sangsuri@asiacell.com
Transmission Engineer Specialist

005 - Introduction To Microwave Links (Asiacell Telecom Platform Course)

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Part of the transmitted energy that is

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Refraction, multiple paths

Losses in Fresnel area

Losses due to rainfall

Losses in free space and

Losses due to obstruction

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COLOMBIA Date 09-08-99 By DO

PROYECTO RIC chapmari.pl3

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Gases in the atmosphere such as water vapour and oxygen

13 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 38 GHz

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“Standard” conditions = 50% of the

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kmax = 4/3, R0 = 8504 km kmin = 2/3, R0 = 4252 km

the radiofrequency horizon the radiofrequency horizon is

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60% OF RADIUS CLEARED (K=4/3) Date 09-22-99 By LBT

0% OF RADIUS CLEARED (K MIN) pldemo_1.pl2

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Radius of first Fresnel ellipsoid: rmax = 0.5√λd