Professional Documents
Culture Documents
for
Micro Hydropower Systems
A Intake
- whenever a weir imposes an excess head relatively to
B Lateral By-pass Canal
the downstream delivery flow, a micro unit can be
C HeadTank envisaged in order to replace a dissipation structure.
E GeneratingUnit
- along an irrigation canal system, significant difference
F Tailrace
topographic level can be used and diversion scheme can
G Transmission/Distribution Line be implemented out of irrigation period.
“Run of River” type Micro Hydro Generation
System
A Intake
B Lateral By-pass Canal
B A C Head Tank
D Penstock Pipe
C E Generating Unit
G Transmission/Distribution Line
D
G
Features :
-Irrigation Pump as Turbine type generating unit
-Low head range from 2(m) to 12(m) is applicable for Micro Hydro Generating Unit.
To be given
Q, Hg, L
Flow Chart of Micro Hydro
Turbine Selection
Predetermination of penstock dia.,
configuration of intake and trash rack
Yes
An Example of Flow Duration Curve
Hydrograph :
Hydrograph shows how flow varies
through the year and how many
months in a year that a certain flow
is exceeded.
Qc
Pump Station
Irrigation Gates
Penstock Length :
Φ450mm = 3.5m, Φ350mm = 25m
Elbow②
Intake
Turbine
Screen
Generator Unit Φ350 mm Elbow③
Elbow④ H.W.L.
L.W.L.
Φ450 mm
Penstock
Hg=4.3(m)
Inlet ①
T.W.L. Reservoir
Downstream
One Unit Stand-alone System
Turbine Design Flow
Hydrograph
0.25(m3/s)
0.9
0.8
Flow Duration Curve
River Flow (m 3 /s)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3 Turbine Design Flow(=0.25m3/s)
0.2
0.1 River Compensation Flow(=0.2m3/s)
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Days
Head Loss in the Penstock
HL1=HLp x L
where, HL1 : Head loss in the penstock(m)
HLp : Head loss per 1 m of penstock(m)
L : Total Length of Penstock(m)
0.025
ΣHL1 0.650
Siphon Inlet Head Loss(HL11)
V1 2 1.572
HL11 = ζ = 0.3x 2 x 9.8 =0.038(m)
2g
ζ=0.3 Q=0.25(m3/s)
Q
V1= (π/4・D 2)
1
= 0.25 2
=1.57(m/s)
(0.785 x 0.45 )
Bend Pipe Head Losses
(HL2-4)
V2
HL= ζ
2g
Vd 2 1.052
HLd= = =0.056(m)
2g 2 x 9.8
Q
Vd= (π/4)xD 2 =1.05(m/s)
2
Turbine Net Head (He)
Turbine Speed
1000 750 600 500 1000 750 600 500 750 600 500 429 750 600 500 429
(rpm)
Generator
1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500
Speed (rpm)
Generator
6 3 1.75 1 12 10 5 3 22 12 7 5 33 25 15 8
Output (kW)
Head Losses
0.23 0.17 0.10 0.07 0.30 0.22 0.17 0.12 0.31 0.24 0.15 0.11 0.35 0.31 0.24 0.17
Hι2 (m)
(Note)The Head Losses(HL2) includes Siphon Intake and Draft Tube Outlet.
Micro Hydro Selection Chart
He=3.4(m)
Qt=0.25(m3/s)
Select Turbine Type : 350SZ
Turbine Speed : 429(rpm)
Turbine Performance Curves
Q – H Curve Q – ηt Curve
8.00 85.0
70.0
4.00
He=3.4(m) 65.0
3.00
60.0
2.00
55.0
1.00
Q=0.25(m3/s)
0.00 50.0
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
3 3
Turbine Flow (m /s) Turbine Flow (m /s)
7.00
80.0
6.00
75.0
Turbine Efficiency (%)
5.00 He=5.0(m)
4.00
65.0
3.00 He=2.7(m)
60.0
Recommended Operating Range 2.00
55.0
1.00
Recommended Operating Range
50.0 0.00
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
3 3
Turbine Flow (m /s) Turbine Flow (m /s)
0.15(m3/s)
0.15(m3/s)
Micro Hydro Selection Chart
He=3.4(m)
Qt=0.15(m3/s)
9.00
8.00
P u mp Bo r e Dia. : 2 5 0 (mm)
7.00 I mpe lle r Type : Mixe d Flo w t ype
6.00
He ad (m)
5.00 1 ,0 0 0 (r pm)
4.00
3.00
7 5 0 (r pm)
2.00
6 0 0 (r pm)
▲ me an s th e Be st Effic ie n c y P o in t fo r e ac h Tu r bin e
1.00
5 0 0 (r pm)
0.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Tu r bin e Flo w (m 3 / s)
90.0
85.0
Q-Eff. Curves Turbine Performance Curves
600rpm
80.0
750rpm
at Speed Change
500rpm
75.0
Efficiency (%)
70.0
The speed of the turbine will vary
65.0
according to the load, and there is a
60.0
different head-flow curve for each speed.
55.0
50.0
Three such curves are shown in the left.
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 The middle curve, labeled 600rpm is for
Turbine Flow (m3 /s)
the normal operating speed. The curves
4.00 Q-H Curves labeled 750rpm and 500rpm are for
3.50 Site Curve speed higher and lower than normal
3.00 operating speed.
Site Curve : H=Hg – KQ2
2.50
Head (m )
2.00
750rpm
Note that for each speed, the operating
1.50
600rpm point is given by the intersection of the
1.00 turbine curve with the site curve.
0.50 500rpm
0.00
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
3
Turbine Flow (m /s)
35.0
30.0
Output Control
Site Curve without valve control
25.0
Operating point
by Valve
20.0
Head (m)
60.0
50.0
40.0
P1=37kW
Output (kW)
P2=32kW
30.0
20.0
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Turbine Flow (m3/s)
300mm Bore Dia. Turbine
6.0
5.0
Turbine Speed : 550(rpm)
Gross Head Hg=4.3(m)
4.0
Head (m)
He=3.7(m)
3.0
He=2.95(m)
ve
ve
r
2.0
Cu
ur
C
-H Site Curve
1.0 -H Q
Q
0.0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
3
Flow (m /s)
85
80
75
Efficiency (%)
Head (m)
He=3.45(m)
ve
3.0
ur
Site Curve
C
-H
2.0
Q
1.0
0.0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
3
Flow (m /s)
85
80
75
Efficiency (%)
70
Two Units Running
65
One Unit Running
60
55
50
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
3
Flow (m /s)
Expected Annual Energy Output
300SZT 250SZT
He(m) Q(m3/s) ηt(%) Pt(kW) Pg(kW) He(m) Q(m3/s) ηt(%) Pt(kW) Pg(kW)
At One Unit
3.70 0.180 81.0 5.29 4.28 4.00 0.133 77.5 4.04 3.27
Running
At Two Units
2.95 0.157 81.0 3.68 2.98 3.45 0.125 79.8 3.37 2.73
Running
Annual Energy
48,559 46,283
Output (kWh)
5.0 Site Curve "B" 450mm Dia. X 3.5m, 400mm Dia x 25m
Gross Head Hg=4.3(m)
4.0
Head (m)
3.0
Site Curve “B”
2.0
1.0
Site Curve “A”
0.0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
3
Flow (m /s)
85
80
75
Efficiency (%)
70
65
Two Units Running
60 One Unit Running
55
50
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
3
Flow (m /s)
Generator for Micro Hydro Plant
Generator type Advantages Disadvantages
Synchronous Generator
Induction Generator
Turbine Runaway Speed
Net Head vs Runaway Speed Curve
2,500
2,000
Runaway Speed (rpm)
1,500
1,000
500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Net Head (m)
If the turbine generator load is cut off under this running (on the other words,
turbine generator load rejection), the unit speed will be increased to approx.
1,500(rpm) without the closing of turbine inlet valve. If this speed is
continuing for a long hours, the turbine generator will be damaged by
extreme high temperature of bearings and etc
Siphon Intake System
The generator for diesel engine, available to purchase in the market, can be
connected to the turbine by applying Siphon Intake System.
Skeleton of Test Stand for SZ type Micro Hydro Generating
Unit without Vacuum Pump
Siphon Priming Tank(approx. 1m3)
Domestic use Water
ELC
Head Tank(approx.21m3)
Loads
250φSZ type
Micro Hydro Unit Dummy Load Resistance
Booster Pump
Approx. 3.0
M P ~3.2m
P M
Dummy Load Pump
View “A”
④ ⑥ Closed Position
“A”
① Siphon Pipe
② Valve Disc
③ Operating Rod
② ④ Valve Yoke
⑤ Valve Operating Lever
⑥ Valve Locking Rod
⑦ Vortex Prevent Plate
Turbine Construction
Turbine Runner
Turbine Casing
OFF ON
Thyristor
Thyristor
Before adjusting Little adjusted adjusted
Light Dimmer by Thyristor
Thyristor Control Lamp Brightness
Features of each Dummy Load type Governor
Type of Governor Theory of Governor Control Features
If the voltage drop at the terminal of distribution line and/or transmission line is
over 5% of rated generator voltage, the using of large size power cable and/or
voltage step-up transformer is preferable.
Voltage Drop in Transmission Line
Existing Micro Hydro Unit
in Indonesia
Head Tank
Intake Screen(20mm Space x 5mm t)
“A”
Penstock