Biodiversity

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Pakistan has 225 Protected Areas (PAs) 14 national parks, 99 wildlife sanctuaries, and 96 game reserves. It is a world of rapidly shrinking wetlands,
some of them of international significance, of wondrous juniper forests, minute life forms which buzz their way to a magical existence, of stunning
mountains, and much more.
Pakistan covers a number of the world's ecoregions, ranging from the mangrove forests stretching from the Arabian Sea to the towering mountains of
the western Himalayas, Hindukush and Karakoram.
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0he country lies at the western end of the South Asian subcontinent, and its flora and fauna are composed of a blend of Palearctic and Indomalayan
elements, with some groups also containing forms from the Ethiopian region.
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Pakistan is divided into 9 major ecological zones.

WWF - Pakistan is working to conserve the environment through its 0arget Driven Programmes (0DPs) that address issues pertaining to samples of
forest, freshwater, marine ecosystems, species, toxics and climate change. 0he emphasis is on conserving representative sites of ecologically
important areas within these 0arget Driven Programmes. Conservation of desert ecosystems is included under forests.
In most of its projects, WWF-P supports local community initiatives to conserve natural resources, and helps look for ways to improve community
livelihoods. Almost all conservation projects have the following common features and priorities: partnership with local bodies and capacity building at
all levels from local communities to government bodies
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ènder the Global 200, ecosystems have been ranked to carry out conservation through comparative analysis. It covers all habitats on the land masses
and in the ocean. 0he Earth has been divided into 238 ecoregions, by the ènited Nation, the National Geographic Society with WWF. Out of them 5
are in Pakistan. 0he Global ecoregions of Pakistan are:
1. Rann of Kutch flooded grasslands
2. 0ibetan Plateau
3. Western Himalayan 0emperate Forests

4. Indus Delta Ecosystem
5. Arabian Sea.

About 5,500 - 6,000 ( Nasir and Ali 1970) species of vascular plants have been recorded in Pakistan including both native and introduced species. 0he
flora included elements of the 6 phytogeographic regions. 4 monotypic genera of flowering plants and around 400 (7.8%) species are endemic to
Pakistan.
Almost 80% of the endemics are found in the northern and western mountains (Ali and Qaiser,1986). 0he Kashmir Himalayas are identified as a global
centre of plant diversity and endemism. Families with more than 20 recorded endemics are " (57 species),
(49),
(34), " (32) and
(20).
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Around 174 mammal species have been reported in Pakistan. Out of these, there are atleast 3 endemic species and a number of endemic and near
endemic sub-species (Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan, WWF - P, IèCN - P and GoP).
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668 bird species have been recorded in Pakistan. Out of them, 375 were recorded as breeding ( Roberts, Z.B.Mirza). Breeding birds are a mixture of
Palearctic and Indomalayan forms ( 1/3rd) and the occurrence of many species at one or the other geographical limits of their range shows the diverse
origins of the avifauna.
0he Sulaiman Range, the HinduKush, and the Himalayas in the NWFP and Azad Kashmir comprise part of the Western Himalayan Endemic Bird
Area; this is the global centre of bird endemism. 0he Indus Valley wetlands are the second area of endemism.

Around 177 species, being a blend of Palearctic and Indomalayan forms. Out of the total 14 species of turtles, 90 of lizards and 65 of snakes have
been reported. While 13 species are believed to be endemic.
Being a semi arid country, only 22 species of amphibians have been recorded, of which 9 are endemic. (Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan, WWF -
P, IèCN - P and GoP).

Pakistan has 198 native and introduced freshwater fish species. 0he fish fauna is predominately south Asian and with some west Asian and high asian
elements. Fish species diversity is highest in the Indus river plains and in adjacent hill ranges (Kirthar Range), and in the Himalayan foothills in
Hazara, Malakand, Swat and Peshawar. Diversity is lowest in the mountain zone of the northern mountains and arid parts of north-west
Baluchistan.0here are 29 endemic species.
0here has been little research on Invertebrates of Pakistan. About 5,000 species of invertebrates have been recorded including insects (1,000 species
of true bugs, 400 species of butterflies and moths, 110 species of flies and 49 species of termites). Other include 109 species of marine worms, over
800 species of molluscs and 355 species of nematodes. (Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan, WWF - P, IèCN - P and GoP).
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Pricinciple cause of deforestation in Pakistan is the consumption of fuelwood and timber.
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Rapidly increasing domestic livestock population is the direct cause of degradation on rangelands and forests.
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Agricultural activities and overstocking has lead to the reduction of vegetation cover, resulting in the acceleration of both wind and water erosion.
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0he construction of dams and barrages in the Indus basin to control flooding and store water for irrigation have greatly increased the amount of
Wetlands habitat in Pakistan.
Reduction in freshwater flow to the coast has greatly increased salinity in mangrove forests. 0he most serious effect has been the consequent
conversion of land to agriculture, with removal of extensive tracts of riverine and thorn forests and the resulting disappearence from large areas of the
associated fauna.
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Being a serious problem faced by the agriculture sector, pockets of forests of the Indus basin could be threatened.

Pakistan faces a serious challenge of growing pollution in urban areas and water courses. Likewise discharge of sewage and industrial effluent into
aquatic and marine ecosystems is also on the rise.In Pakistan's 1981 census, 415 cities were classed as urban in which less than one third of the
population resides, which is increasing by 4.4% per annum.
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0here is a strong tradition of illegal hunting and sports hunting in Pakistan. 0his has resulted into the decline of bird and mammal species.

Pakistan faces degradation of agro-ecosystems caused by irrigation. 0he agricultural use of pesticides and fertilisers has rapidly increased in recent
years. Pesticide use in Pakistan has increased 7 fold in quantity between 1981 and 1992.

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Pakistan stretches from the Arabian Sea to the high mountains of Central Asia, and covers an area of 803,944 km

It lies approximately between 24° and 37° north latitude, and between 61° and 78° east longitude. It neighbours Iran to the
west, Afghanistan to the north, China to the northeast, and India to the east and southeast along a 2,000 km, partially
contested border. 0here is a 1,000 km long coastline along the Arabian Sea.

0he climate is continental and is characterised by extreme variations of temperature. Winter (January) temperatures range from 68°F along the coast
to 4°F in the high mountains (above 460 m). Summer (July) temperatures range from 95°F in the southeastern deserts to 32°F in the high mountains.
0he southwest monsoon (July-October) provides rainfall of about 40 inches or more in the mountainous northern areas and about 6-8 inches on the
coast. Rainfall varies from year to year, and successive periods of flooding and drought are not uncommon.
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Pakistan can be divided physiographically into four regions:
1. 0he great highlands

2. 0he Balochistan Plateau
3. 0he Indus Plain
4. 0he Desert areas
0he Himalayan and the trans-Himalayan mountain ranges, rising to an average elevation of more than 6,000 m and including some of the world's
highest peaks, such as K2 (8,611 m) and Nanga Parbat (8,126 m), make up the great highlands which occupy the northern most part of the country. 0he
Balochistan Plateau, a broken highland region about 300 m in elevation with many ridges crossing it from northeast to southwest, occupies the western
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and southwestern sectors of the country. 0he Indus Plain, the most prosperous agricultural region of Pakistan, covers an area of 520,000 km in the east
and extends to 1,100 km from northern Pakistan southward to the Arabian Sea. In the southeast are the desert areas3

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0he main administrative divisions are the provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) plus the Federal
Capital 0erritory of Islamabad. 0wo other regions, the Northern Areas and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) are administered by the Government of
Pakistan

Pakistan has a network of 225 Protected Areas comprising 14 National Parks, 99 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 96 Game Reserves, and 16 unclassified
(private, proposed or recommended). 0he total area covered by these categories is 9,170,121 ha which is 10.4% of the total land area (Biodiversity
Action Plan for Pakistan, 1998). Based on their global significance, 9 wetlands have been designated as Ramsar sites.
No World Heritage site has yet been designated. Most major habitats are represented within Pakistan's Protected Area system. However the size,
distribution and management of these areas do not meet the needs of the ecosystems they are meant to safeguard.
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ù Kirthar National Park
ù Khunjerab National Park
ù Chitral Gol National Park
ù Lal Suhanra National Park
ù Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park

ù Margalla Hills National Park
ù Ayubia National Park
ù Deosai National Park
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ù Kilik/Mintaka game reserve
ù 0ooshi game reserve
ù Kargah wildlife sanctuary
ù Naltar wildlife sanctuary
ù Astor wildlife sanctuary
ù Baltistan wildlife sanctuary
ù Chasma and 0aunsa barrage dolphin reserve
ù Cholistan wildlife sanctuary
ù Sukkur and Guddu barrage dolphin reserve
ù Nara desert wildlife sanctuary
ù Hub dam wildlife sanctuary
ù Mahal kohistan wildlife sanctuary
ù Runn of Kutch wildlife sanctuary

Any consideration of Pakistan's environment must take into account the impact of a population of 130 million (1998). 0he estimated annual growth rate
of 3.0% (Human Development in South Asia, 1997) is one of the highest of any developing country. Almost half of the population is less than 15 years
old. 0he population is concentrated in the fertile Indus River valley and along the river's major tributaries in the northern and northeastern portions of
the country. By contrast, western and southwestern Pakistan are sparsely inhabited.
Pakistan has a developing mixed economy based largely on agriculture, light industries, and services. Although the Gross National Product is
increasing more rapidly than the population, the GNP per capita, estimated at èS$ 430, is among the lowest for developing countries. èp to 50% of
the workforce is employed in agriculture. 0he industrial sector is growing, with manufacturing now generating half of the country's exports.
Development of natural gas, oil and mineral deposits is also contributing to Pakistan's economic growth.
However, growth has been uneven and widespread poverty persists, particularly in the rural areas, where two thirds of the population lives. Pakistan
ranks 134th of the 173 countries on the ènited Nations Development Programme's Human Development Index (Human Development Report, 1998).
At least 35 million people live in abject poverty and public access to health, education, clean water, sanitation and family planning remains low

Pakistan has the large number of guest birds from Europe, Central Asian States and India every year. 0he birds from North spend winters in different
wetlands and deserts of Pakistan, which are distributed almost throughout the country, from the high Himalayas to coastal mangroves and mudflats in
the Indus delta. And, after winters they go back to their native habitats. 0his famous route from Siberia to various destinations in Pakistan over
Karakorum, Hindu Kush, and Suleiman Ranges along Indus River down to the delta is known as International Migratory Bird Route Number 4. It is also
called as the Green Route or more commonly Indus Flyway.
Endowed with a remarkable geology, Pakistan spans several of the world's ecological regions and is spread over broad latitude. 0he rich Indus delta
and the highlands in Pakistan are a great attraction for the guest birds. Which is why the Indus Flyway is one of the busiest in the world? 0he birds start
on this route in November. February is the peak time and by March they start flying back home. 0hese periods may vary depending upon weather
conditions in Siberia and or Pakistan. 0here are total seven identified flyways in the world: from Northern Europe to Scandinavian countries, Central
Europe to Mediterranean Sea, Western Siberia to Red Sea, Green Route from Siberia to Pakistan, Ganga Flyway from Eastern Siberia to India,
Manchuria to Korea and one from Chakotaka to California. Besides these there are many regional and smaller routs all over
the world.
Birds' migration is of many different forms: diurnal (taken during day), nocturnal (night flights), altitudinal (from heights to lower parts) and latitudinal
migration from north to south. 0he reasons for bird migration are complex. One of the most important reasons is that food is not available in indigenous
habitats during winter seasons. Other factors include changes in temperature, reduced hours of daylight, and instinctive behaviour. How
birds manage to navigate (find their way) is not known. 0here are a lot of competing theories. One concept is that birds simply go in the direction in
which the weather is warmer. A second speculation is that younger birds learn the migration route from older birds. A third one says that during their
flight the migratory birds take directions from the sun during day, moon and stars at night in addition to landmarks like mountains, rivers and
canals falling in the way.
Why should any bird travel over 4500 kilometres to come to Pakistan? 0here must be a reason. But the Siberian cranes will not tell. 0he regular long
journeys of migratory birds continue to be confounding riddle. 0here is a lot of controversy about how migration developed. Scientists on the basis of
evidence are yet unable to answer as to why the birds take such long and difficult flights fraught with countless hazards when they even do not know
what lies ahead. Many arrive at their destinations starving, disoriented,
exhausted. Some do not make it at all, for one reason or another.
0he strange phenomenon of birds' migration is centuries old. Homer and Aristotle are said to have been observing the event of birds' migration. 0hey
could at best call disappearing of birds from an area as hibernation. 0heir hypothesis has not stood the empirical observations of today. American
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Canadian Department of Wildlife in 1920 jointly carried out the first scientific study by tying Aluminum rings with
the feet of birds and tracking them with radio. èseful work in this
field is continuously being under taken ever since in almost every country interested in conservation of natural life including Pakistan. 0hese days the
bird watching, ringing and tracking is carried out with the help of modern and sophisticated equipment like radio, radar and satellites.
0he Indus Flyway is important due to the diverse species and large number of birds that take this itinerary: different species of waterfowls, cranes, teals,
pintail, mallard and gadwall, the list goes on. Some extinguishing species like white-headed duck, houbara bustard and Siberian crane also travel on this
route. As per an estimate basing on regular counts at different Pakistani wetlands, between 700,000 and 1,200,000 birds arrive in
Pakistan through Indus Flyway every year. Some of the birds that come to our country from northern latitudes arrive at coastal creeks. 0he remaining
birds land up in lakes, which are fondly and proudly maintained by landowners. Only a few places in the world have such plentiful variety of winged life
as the wetlands of Pakistan.
0he bird watching has become an increasingly popular pursuit in Pakistan, more and more people have started taking break and are seen on
rendezvous with birds. I have seen birdhouses at homes of some bird enthusiasts. But the most exciting are usually the least expected encounters in the
wilderness. 0hat makes the Indus Delta and Coastal Mangrove forests breathtaking experience for bird watchers. Each winter, the stage is set
there for migration thrills coupled with local avian population. (Other locations that have started attracting local and foreign bird watchers to Pakistan in
order to watch the local birds are narrow belts in Northern Areas when trees sprout, floral buds open, honey sucking nectars and other tiny insects
swarm the air there and a range of avifauna concentrates in foothills on the onset of summers.
Out of the guest birds two are especially important: houbara bustard and Siberian crane. Houbara breeds mainly in the Kizil Kum Desert region
southeast of Aral Sea in Central Asia and migrates in the winter months, and large number settle down for the season in Cholistan and 0har deserts. It
also over-winters in part of Iran, Afghanistan, India and Arabian Desert. 0here are two biologically separate populations of Houbara found in
Pakistan. Chlamydotis undulata is described as the North African race and is smaller and darker in plumage than the Asian sub specie Chlamydotis
undulata macqueenii. Both races are migratory, but there is substantial evidence that a small breeding population of Chlamydotis undulata exists in
Balochistan. Whether these are totally resident birds or young birds, which miss out on the first migration back north is unclear. As per the National
Avian Research Centre China, "Houbara's recorded average flying speed is 30
kilometres per hour with up to 1268 kilometres covered between stopovers and 700 kilometres flown in 24 hours."
0he Siberian crane (Grus leucogeranus), also known as Asiatic Crane and sometime called as Sibes, is one of the most rare birds of the world. It is
snow white overall, with red skin covering front of head, face and around the eyes. Crane's bill is thick and legs are pinkish red. Wing tips are black
which are only visible when the bird is airborne. Both sexes are alike but immature birds have brownish yellow plumage. 0he Siberian crane's
distinctive morphology, vocalizations, feeding and courtship behaviour distinguish it from the other Grus species. Eggs are generally laid from late May
to June, with peak production occurring in the first week of June. In most cases two eggs are laid, with only one chick surviving to fledging. 0he
incubation period is about 29 days, and chicks fledge at 70-75 days. Siberian cranes, start from Ob River basin in Siberia and prefer to spend
winters at the Yakutiya River or the Poyang Lake in China, but some of them head for Pakistan, Iran and India. Wetlands and shallow areas in Sindh
create excellent feeding habitat for Sibes. 0his is one bird that deserves compassion and special care the world over. Another of the winged creature
Great egrets (Casmerodius albus) can also be sited in many areas in Pakistan.
In different Pakistani habitats the guest birds live like "Pairs of Saras" -- using the metaphor from romantic literature. As a host it is our responsibility to
provide them comfortable and peaceful environment, which can be done by efficiently managing the wetlands particularly those listed as International
Ramsar sites -- natural resource reservoirs. All wetlands are active agents for recharging water tables and aquifers besides being home to birds. Human
activities around the birds' dwellings, wars, deforestation, water pollution, hunting, introduction of exotic fish species and developing the wetlands for
fisheries' production on commercial scale are some of the common disturbance that cause irritation to birds anywhere.
Bird migration superbly demonstrates the complexity and the wonder of the web of life. 0he evolution of individual migratory strategies of different bird
species over the past tens of thousands of years represents a delicate balance of nature, making it very sensitive to the impacts of human activity. One
such human influence, global warming (caused mainly by the burning of coal and oil since the Industrial Revolution), is poised to cause catastrophic
alteration to this delicate balance.
0hink of the world without beautiful birds -- singing, humming, flying, fluttering, flocking, diving, hopping, dipping, gliding, playing around, and spreading
colours in the sky, on ground and at water surface making each day interesting in this exclusive zone of beauty. 0o be savored in one blink of the eye,
indeed, the fascination never ends. 0hey are symbols of life, friends of mankind and have been used in literature all over the world. 0o
me it seems that they the birds come to Pakistan from far and away to pay tributes to the very varied topography and climate and natural diversity of our
land, to make our country more livable and likeable. Efforts to help them live peacefully are a valid field of activities for sustainable living in future. 0he
choice is simply ours
Identified amongst the 40 biologically richest ecoregions in the world, the Indus Ecoregion covers approximately 65% of the province of Sindh and
occupies 18 districts of Sindh while a small northwestern part of the ecoregion extends slightly into Balochistan. Located in a semi-arid environment, the
ecoregion harbours riverine forests along the Indus River, mangrove forests in the coastal areas while desert ecosystems occupy the periphery of the
ecoregion.
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0he Global 200 Analysis identified five ecoregions in Pakistan. 0he Indus Ecoregion is the only ecoregion that lies fully within Pakistan's boundaries,
while all other ecoregions are transboundary ecoregions. 0he ecological significance of the Indus Ecoregion and its prioritization as one of the forty most
biologically rich ecoregion has led WWF-P to concentrate the majority of its initial efforts on the Indus Ecoregion. However, initial planning for activities in
all other ecoregions has been initiated and should bear fruit in the next several years. 0he successful planning and lessons from the Indus Ecoregion
Programme will provide a sound platform for developing full-fledged conservation programmes in other ecoregions in Pakistan.

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0he Sindh coastal region is located in the southeastern part of the country between the Indus border along the Sir Creek on the east, and the Hub River
along the Balochistan coast on the west. 0his coastal region is about 350 km long and can be divided into the Indus Delta/Creek and Karachi coast
0he main vegetation found around the coastal areas are mangrove forests. Mangroves provide breeding ground for variety of fish, shrimps, crabs and
other invertebrates and also are of great significance as a source of nutrients for fisheries. Since majority of the people residing near or around the
coastal areas are engaged in fishing and related activities, mangroves make an important contribution to the local and national economy.
0he most commonly distributed specie is Avicennia marina (Grey mangrove or 0imar) that comprises 99% of the total vegetation.
0he coastal wetlands attract a number of migratory birds, particularly waterfowl. 0wo species of turtles are also found in the shores of the Karachi
coastline. 0hese are the Green 0urtle (Cheldnoia mydas) ad Olive Ridley 0urtles (Lapidochely).
A major threat to the coastal biodiversity of Sindh is pollution. èntreated industrial effluents and agricultural run-off are the major sources of coastal and
marine pollution. Effluents containing led, mercury and other heavy metals mainly from tanneries are most harmful to marine life, It is estimated that
annually about 37,000 tonns of industrial waste is being dumped in the coastal environment of Karachi, whereas 20,000 tons of oil finds its way to
beaches and harbours and the fishing grounds of Karachi annually.
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0he riverine forests in the province of Sindh occur along both banks of the Indus River. 0hey rely on inundation by the River for irrigation and therefore
their existence is heavily dependent on the intensity, duration and frequency of river water flow .
0he newly deposited soils support the growth of species like Saccharum bengalense, Saccharum spontaneum, 0amarix dioica, 0amarix indica and
Populus euphratica. As the land becomes stable vegetation comprises of species like Acacia nilotica, Prosopis cineraria and Cynodon dactylon. ènder
arid conditions vegetation is comprised of species like Prosopis cineraria,Salvadora persica, S. oleoides, Capparis decidua, Acacia senegal, A.
jacquemontii,
Rivereine forests are the mainstay of forestry in Sindh. Besides providing a source of livelihood for thousands of people, these forests provide fuel wood,
timber, fodder, honey and tannin. Moreover, they serve as carbon sinks and also protect the surrounding areas from the severity of floods .
In recent times, only 50 percent of the gross area of riverine forests is inundated even in high floods. As a result, the riverine forest area is shrinking
alarmingly while less salt tolerant species have almost disappeared. 0he existing condition is likely to further deteriorate with the construction of new
dams and barrages, enabling only 20 percent of the original forest area to get inundated.
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Sindh is home to two of the largest freshwater lakes in Pakistan, Keenjhar and Haleji, which are also internationally recognized as important for a wide
variety of breeding, staging, passage and wintering waterbirds. Some of the wintering birds that have been seen around these lakes include ducks and
geese, shorebirds, flamingos, cormorants, herons and egrets, ibises, coots, gulls, terns etc.
Freshwater lakes are an important source for drinking water and fisheries It is estimated that Sindh freshwater lakes account for 65 percent of total
freshwater fisheries in Pakistan and over 120 species of freshwater fish found are found in Sindh.
However, decrease inflow of water from River Indus is causing significant damage to these wetlands. With dropping water levels, inflow of industrial
wastewater from the Kotri industrial area, and sewage and garbage from the communities in the vicinity many fish and vegetation species are dwindling
in number and diversity in the Keenjhar lake is on the decline. Similarly, Haleji Lake is also in danger as it is faced with the problem of eutrophication.
Although the lake is rich in nutrients and supports a dense plant population, animal life is threatened by a lack of oxygen .
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Sources: IèCN (2004), Sindh State of Environment and Development, Sindh Programme Office
http://www.tharparkar.sdnpk.org/prothar.htm
(Source: 0he New Oxford Atlas for Pakistan) Map of Desert Region of Sindh
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Irrigation is a major source of water for Sindh¶s agricultural resources. While the actual irrigated area varies annually, subject to the availability of water,
the total cultivated command area (CCA) in Sindh is equivalent to 5.1 million hectares and around 1.3 million hectares is classified as cultivable waste
i.e. land which could be brought under cultivation if irrigation water were available.
Irrigation water that is received from River Indus is channelized through the Sukkar, Kotri and Guddu Barrages irrigation systems. 0he irrigated areas of
the province have been divided into five zones out of which three are major agro-ecological zones. 0hese are as follows:
Zone-A: Rice/Wheat zone of the Right Bank of river Indus (upper Sindh).
- Sub-Zone A1 Main area
- Sub-Zone A2 Piedmont soil region
Zone-B: Cotton/Wheat zone of the left bank of River Indus.

- Sub-Zone B1 Guddu Barrage command area
- Sub-Zone B2 Sukkur Barrage command area
Zone-C: Rice/Wheat/Sugarcane zone of lower Sindh.
Besides the three agricultural zones, Zone D, comprises of deserts in the east of Sindh, and Zone E is the western hilly zone.
A major challenge faced by the irrigated areas is decreased flow of water from River Indus. Lack of irrigation water, forces people to extract groundwater
where feasible to cultivate their lands exacerbating the problem of water logging and salinity. It has been estimated that due to flawed irrigation practices
and lack of drainage facilities half of the cultivated area in Sindh has been affected by the menace of water logging and salinity, significantly reducing the
crop yield and thereby negatively impacting the livelihood of people.
Source: Azad, A (2003) Sindh Water Resources Management: Issues and Options, FAO Investment Centre, Occasional Paper Series No.15.
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0he Indus ecoregion is home to a number of brackish and salt lakes such as Drigh Lake, Jhubo and Nurri lagoons and a large number of seasonal or
permanent lakes in Deh Akro-II wetlands complex..
Drigh is a small, slightly brackish lake, with extensive marshes, situated in the Indus floodplain. It lies 18 km west of Larkana and hosts over 20,000
waterbirds, mostly ducks, geese and coot. It is also a breeding and wintering area for a wide variety of waterbirds and an important roosting site for
night-heron. 0he Lake was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1972, and in 1976 it was also designated a Ramsar site.
Jubho Lagoon is a good example of a natural wetland, featuring a combination of brackish, coastal and inland lagoons and mudflats. It is a large shallow
brackish lagoon with associated mudflats and marshes. 0he site is inter-connected with Pateji, Cholri and Nurri wetlands. Some salt-tolerant bushes can
be found in the high lying areas of the wetland. 0he locals used this site for fishing and livestock grazing. 0he wetland is important for wintering
waterbirds, particularly Greater and Lesser Flamingo and Dalamatian Pelican. Lesser Flamingo and Dalmatian Pelican are endangered species. Large
scale hunting has reduced the number and diversity of migratory birds. As a result of the construction of the tidal link canal, salt water intrusion has taken
place that has reduced the growth of freshwater vegetation. Also the agricultural run off has damaged the biodiversity of the area.
Nurri Lagoon is situated in the Golarchi subdivision of Badin District, 190 km southeast of Karachi. 0his is a natural wetland, featuring a combination of
brackish coastal and inland lagoons and barren mudflats on the northern side. 0he site has consistently recorded a very large concentrations of
migratory birds in winter. 0he different bird species found in the area include storks, snipes, crested terns, ducks and gulls. Nurri Lagoon comprises four
inter-connected shallow wetlands with very sparse vegetation. 0his lagoon is connected with Jubho, Pateji and Cholri wetlands. All these wetlands are
inter-connected and ultimately drain into a tidal link. 0he water is brackish. Salinity and sedimentation are increasing due to the intrusion of the sea in
this area and water level is increasing due to the tidal effect. 0he site is not protected. 0he wetland is under threat by over population on the dwindling
natural resource base. 0here has been a dramatic increase in fishing and illegal hunting activities over the past two decades. Also, agricultural and
industrial pollution have aggravated the situation.
Deh Akro-II wetlands complex is located 330 km northeast of Karachi, in Nawabshah district. It is a natural wetland comprising 36 lakes, mostly brackish.
0he complex is a blend of f four major habitats types: desert, wetland, marsh and agricultural lands. 0he complex presents a unique example of desert
wetland ecosystem that supports a variety of rare and endangered wildlife species. In total, the wetland supports more than 18 species of mammals, 16
species of reptiles, 14 species of fish, and 101 species of birds. 0he site regularly supports over 20,000 waterbirds. 0he wetland supports a small
population of marsh crocodiles. 0he wetland is an important feeding and spawning ground for several indigenous fish species. 0he desert is
characterised by sand dunes with well developed herbs/shrubs and trees. 0he agricultural land comprises patches of irrigated agricultural fields lying
adjacent to the desert. 0he wetland fauna includes waterbirds, crocodiles, otters and fish. Land uses in the wetland include small-scale irrigated
agriculture, subsistence fishing, conservation education and scientific research. In 1998, the wetland was declared a Wildlife Sanctuary.
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Local Name: Para

Status: Vulnerable
Recorded in IFAP site: Pai Forest
Description:
Hog deer are nocturnal animals with short legs and a stocky appearance. Body length is about 1 - 1.15 m, height at shoulders is 60 - 76 cm, tail length
18 - 20 cm and weight is around 36-50 kg. 0hey are brownish in colour, although adult males generally darken with age. 0he young ones are spotted
with white freckles.
Habitat and General Behaviour:
0he term ³hog deer´ is derived from its habit of running through the forest with its head held low, ducking under obstacles in the manner of a wild hog
(pig), rather than leaping over them like most deer. When alarmed, they make a whistling sound or give out a warning bark. 0hey can swim well and
readily enter the water thus often taking up temporary abode on islands between the channels of the Indus.

Local Name: Sahrai Loomar

Status: Near 0hreatened
Recorded in IFAP site: Chotiari
Description:
0he body of a Desert Fox is covered with short hair of grayish brown color. 0ail is long and bushy with a terminal white tip and back of the ears is usually
dark brown.
Habitat and Behaviour:
A sub-species of common red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Desert fox is found in the plains and desert regions of Pakistan. It is a solitary, nocturnal animal that
seeks shelter inside the burrow during daytime. A resourceful hunter, it utilizes its acute hearing as well as sense of smell to locate its prey.
Feeding and Breeding Patterns:
èsually feed on rodents but small birds, reptiles, and insects like termites, cockroaches etc. also form part of their diet. 0hey also like to feed on ripe
fruits like berries and wild melons etc. Breeds once in a year, gestation period is about 53 days and 4 ± 5 pups are born per litter in late winter or early
spring.

Local Name: Mash Billo

Status: Vulnerable
Recorded in IFAP sites: Keti Bunder, Keenjhar and Chotiari
Description:
Fishing cat has grayish-brown fur with dark brown or black spots and black lines running up the forehead and over the crown of the head. It has a short
body with stocky legs. 0he front feet are partially webbed and claw sheaths are short so that when the claws are retracted they are not completely
covered.
Lives near water, and is seldom seen in open areas during day time as it remains hidden in dens, reed beds or riverine forests. It is capable of swimming
strongly both on the surface as well as underwater.
Mainly feed on fish but also prey on waterfowl and frogs. Breeding months are January and February. Gestation period lasts up to 63 days and they
normally give birth to 2 kittens.
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Local Name: Ludher

Recorded in IFAP site: Chotriari
Description:
Indian Otter has thick and heavy body with glossy and sandy-brown coloured dorsal fur, while the belly fur is silvery buff. 0ail is powerful and muscular.
Feet have short blunt claws and the toes are webbed with elastic-like skin
Habitat and Behaviour: A gregarious and social animal hunting cooperatively in groups, travels extensively and defines its territories by its droppings.
Feeds on mainly fish but if available may also feed on frogs, snakes and small mammals. It also catches waterfowl by snatching them from the surface
and dragging them under water. Young ones are born in spring after a gestation period of 60 - 63 days while the litter normally numbers 2 - 4 in size. It
remains dependent on its mother for 10 - 11 months.
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Local Names: Mushk Billa or Kasturi Billa

Recorded in IFAP sites: Pai Forest
Description:
Small Indian Civet is an alert and attractive cat-like animal with a pointed, cylindrical muzzle. 0he body is sandy buff in colour with black spots arranged
in horizontal lines. Its claws are sharp, well-developed but non-retractable. It has a scent gland and therefore is locally referred to as Mushk Billa i.e.
musk cat. Adults weigh about 3 kg and are about 45 - 63 cm in length. 0he tail is around 42 cm long.
Habitat and Bahaviour:
It is a nocturnal animal and spends most of the day time sleeping underground in burrows. It prefers to hunt near human habitations and therefore can
be found near villages. Being omnivorous in diet, it digs up soil borne insects, lizards and rodents and can climb trees to reach fruit or birds¶ nests.
Consumes all types of food like fruits, insects, arthropods, lizards, small birds and mammals. Being nocturnal it often steals domestic poultry to feed on.
Due to this the villagers regard this animal as their enemy. Breeding takes place at any time during the year and the litter size is 3 ± 5.
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Local Name: Bhulan

Status: Endangered
Recorded in: èpstream Sukkur
Physical Description:
A small-sized dolphin with head and body length measuring about 1.35 m and weighing about 18 - 22 kg. It has soft skin and body colour is pale grey.
0he eyes are degenerate and barely visible hence it is a blind dolphin.
Habitat and General Behaviour:
0he Indus dolphin is confined to silt-laden flowing rivers and avoids turbulent areas 0he dolphins are quite social and have been observed in groups of
up to ten. 0hey use an echo-location system of high frequency clicking noises to feel their way around the river and catch their prey. 0hese sonar µclicks¶
are considered to come from the larynx, and not from the µmelon¶ (forehead bulge) . Feeding and Breeding Habits: Mostly the food consists of cat fish but
occasionally they also eat cray fish. Mating occurs in late April and May and young ones are born in March and April after a gestation period of 10 ± 11
months.
Food includes foliage of poplar, flowers of Acacia nilotica and berries. It also consumes grasses depending upon availability. Breeding season peaks
from August to October. Gestation period lasts for 8 months and usually twins are produced during the months of March to early July.
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Local Name: Chitka Hiran

Status: Vulnerable
Recorded in IFAP site: Chotiari
Description:
Chinkara is a slender creature with delicate looking legs. Its body is covered with pale reddish coloured, short, glossy fur. A fully grown male measures
about 65 cm at the shoulder and weighs around 23 kg, and the average horn length varies between 10 to 12 inches (25- 30 cm). 0he male has 'S'
shaped backwardly curved ringed horns, but the female has straight horns usually small, 10-13 cm long and without rings .
Adapted to living in sandy desert as well as low stony hills, it can survive without drinking water for long durations. Being nocturnal in nature, it forages
only by night and can cover several kilometers before retreating by early morning to the desert or ravines in hilly areas.
Prefers to eat desert grass, but in winter also feeds on green twigs of Calligonum polygonoides, and leaves of Acacia jacquemontii. It also feeds on
cultivated crops like Brassica sp. and Sorghum sp. (Jowar). While breeding takes place twice a year, it usually happens in October and November and
young ones are born in April after a gestation period of five and a half months.
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Local Name: Silu

Recorded in IFAP sites: Keti Bunder and Keenjhar
Description:
0his animal has a tiny head, long and narrow snout, and no teeth in its jaws. 0he body is covered with large, overlapping, bluntly pointed scales. 0hese
scales are not present on inside of their limbs. 0he tail is flat on its underside, rounded from the dorsal and slightly longer than the body. 0he hind legs
bear resemblance to an elephant¶s foot, each with five blunt, pinkish white toenails, front two feet have five digits, the middle three ending in enormous
claws. It walks on the knuckles of its fore feet to protect these claws.
It is a nocturnal mammal and relies heavily on its sense of smell to detect its food. It can climb up the trees and curls up its body when threatened.
Normally solitary, it spends daytime in underground chambers.
Feeds on termites, ants and their eggs. Breeding season is not specified while the gestation period is more than 100 days with normally single birth
though twins are also reported.

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Local Name: Geedarh

Recorded in IFAP sites: Keti Bunder, Keenjhar, Pai Forest and Chotiari
Description:
Asiatic jackal looks like a small wolf but differs from it due to its short legs, smaller size, slim muzzle and more bushy tail. 0he body has coarse fur with
sandy-buff appearance, while chest and inner sides of legs are creamy white. 0he tail is black and ears are small and pointed.
Jackals mostly prefer desert dry open country, arid short grasslands but are also found in areas around human settlements. 0hey are nocturnal in areas
inhabited by humans but can be seen in daylight. èsually found in pairs or small groups, they communicate with other members of their group by yelping
and barking.
Apart from refuse and carrion they feed on amphibians, reptiles, insects and rodents and fruit. Breeding takes place once a year with gestation period
lasting 63 days. Young ones are born during spring and summer and the litter size is 5-7 pups.
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Local Name: Lumar

Recorded in IFAP sites: Keti Bunder and Chotiari
Description:
Bengal fox is usually grayish in colour but some individuals may be silverish grey and yellowish grey also. 0ail is 25 ± 35 cm long and bushy, with a
terminal and conspicuous black tip. Adults measure about 45 - 60 cm in length. Males weigh around 3 kg, whereas females are less than 2 kg.
Nocturnal, solitary, omnivorous, and shelter inside furrows. 0hey hunt by using their acute sense of hearing and smell.
0hey feed on mainly rodents, lizards like èromastix, insects including locusts, black ants and scorpions. Depending on availability they also eat melons
and fallen fruits. Breeding takes place once a year and 3 - 4 pups are born per litter, after a gestation period of 53 days in either spring or during the
monsoon.

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Local Name: Siva gush

Status: Critically Endangered
Recorded in IPAF site: Chotiari
Description:
Desert Lynx is a medium-sized cat which is brick-red in color. Belly and inside of lower limbs are creamy-buff, while the areas around lips and chin are
whitish. Gracefully built, this cat has a short tail reaching just to the hocks, and long and pointed ears.
a nocturnal creature, it

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Sindh, derives its name from the River Indus, which in ancient times was known as Sindhudesh, Sindhu being the original name of the River and desh
meaning territory.
Sindh was the hub of the great Indus Valley Civilization, which can be traced back to around third millennium BC. 0he Civilization with a population of
nearly half a million had well-planned grid cities and sewer systems. 0rade activities took place between the Indus Valley Civilization and ancient
Mesopotamia and Egypt via established shipping routes. In ancient Egypt, the word for cotton was Sindh suggesting that the bulk of cotton at the time
was imported from the Indus Valley Civilization.
0he province has enjoyed a rich and eventful history. It was invaded by Alexander the Great in 325 BC. 0he first Muslim invader of the sub-continent,
Muhammad Bin Qasim invaded Sindh in 712 AD, making Sindh an important foothold for Muslims. For the next three centuries the area remained under
direct or indirect control of the Arabs. In 1592 Mughals seized control of the region and it remained part of the Mughal empire until the 18th century when
it reverted back to the rule of the local dynasties. In 1843 with the British invasion of the sub-continent the province became part of the Bombay
presidency. In 1937, due to the efforts of the Muslims, it became a governor¶s province and upon partition in 1947 it became part of Pakistan. In 1948
Karachi, the provincial capital was detached and Hyderabad became the provincial capital. In 1955 Sindh was merged with other provinces to form West
Pakistan but in 1970 the former borders were restored.
Source: Collier¶s Encyclopedia
ºGüÿë
Sindh is the second most populous province in Pakistan. With a growth rate of 2%, total population is estimated at 34.231 million across 18 districts (and
now 22 districts in 2008). 0he Indus for All Programme is concentrated in three of these districts: Keti Bunder, District 0hatta; Keenjhar Lake, District
0hatta; Chotiari District Sanghar; and, Pai Forest, District Nawabshah. A comparative demographic profile of the three districts vis-à-vis the entire
province is presented as under:

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Source: Population Welfare Department, Government of Sindh
According to a baseline assessment conducted by WWF, around 50% of the population in the Indus for All Programme sites is aged 15 years and under.
Population over the age of 60 is only 3%, indicating low standard of health and sanitation facilities. Further, prevalence of diseases like malaria, diarrhea,
and skin diseases is quite common and the provision of public health services is negligible except for in the area around Keti Bunder.
Professional maternity services are also not available in the programme areas. 0he baseline assessment revealed that more than 76% births are
attended by local Dai (0raditional Birth Attendants), while only about 1% births are handled by trained Lady Health Visitors. As for private clinics and
public hospitals, they account for 12% and 9% of child births cases respectively. Infant mortality has been reported at 7% while mother¶s death at
childbirth is estimated at 1%.
ÔG ü
0he average per capita monthly income in the Indus for All Programme¶s sites has been estimated at Rs. 1,205 only. 0he highest average income (Rs.
1,520) has been reported for Keti Bunder and the lowest for Keenjhar (Rs. 971). More than half (51.2%) of the households are categorized as poor.
While Keti Bunder has the least number of poor households, the standard of living is quite low. Majority of the income of inhabitants of the area is
reportedly spent on purchase of water and transportation through boats.
Strong indication of gender bias with respect to division of labour is also evidenced in these areas. While women make significant contribution in the
economic sphere, their work often goes unrecognized. On an average, women get paid 50% less than men, and have little, if any, control over resources
and limited role in decision making.
Education being a key development indicator is far from promising. Ninety percent of the population aged 15 years and above is illiterate and there is
significant gender disparity with respect to access to education. Overall literacy figures for each district show the highest literacy rate for District
Nawabshah estimated at 34.13%, followed by Sanghar at 30.87% and 0hatta at 30.4 .
Sindhi society being traditionally conservative in nature, has limited role for women outside the home. Young girls have mobility restrictions and are
required to observe µpurdah¶ (veil). Normally they stay home and look after their younger siblings and help in household chores. Early marriages are also
quite common. 0he minimum marital age for girls has been reported at 7 years, while that for boys is 10 years. Decisions pertaining to marriage are
normally made by parents or elders and in some cases the fate of the female offspring is decided even before birth.
0ëG0ÿG
Sindh, due to its relative geographical isolation from the rest of the provinces, has formed its own unique culture. It is rich in arts, music, poetry and
literature.
0he Sindhi language is a derivate of Sanskrit and is closely related to the ancient Prakrit. It is the official language of the province of Sindh and the
second most spoken language in Pakistan.
Sindh is home to two world heritage sites, Mohenjodaro which lies on the right bank of Indus in Larkana district and Makli, in 0hatta district. Further,
cities like 0hatta, Shikarpur, Sukku, Bukku, Rohri and Hyderabad contain some of the most beautiful buildings and old tombs in the country, which are
evidence of the rich history of the province.
0he people of Sindh are skilled in a variety of arts and crafts. 0he province boasts of exquisite pottery, variegated glazed tiles, lacquer-work, hand-
woven textiles like susi and ajrak and a variety of leather and straw products.
0here are a number of folk festivals that are part of the Sindhi culture. An important fisher-folk festival is held annually at the tomb of Haji Ibrahim in the
Shah Bunder taluka in 0hatta district. Another popular festival is the èrs (death anniversary) of Shahbaz Qalandar at Sehwan. Shahbaz Qalandar was a
renowned saint, whose devout followers include names like Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Makhdoom Bilawal, Sachal Sarmast and Qadir Bukhsh Bedal.
0raditional sports are Bitharo, a local form of baseball, Gili Dakar (similar to tipcat) and 0isi, which is a form of hopscotch. For the elite, favourite pass
times include falconry, hunting and horse riding.
GëºÔ º 0GÔGÔ
0he livelihood of the people living around the IFAP sites has been heavily dependent on natural resources. Most people are engaged in primary sectors
of production such as agriculture and fishing or in labor intensive occupations.
For majority of the people residing around Keti Bunder, Keenjhar and Chotiari, fishing is the main source of income. 0his is followed by farming or
agricultural activities either on their own land or as farm labor. In Pai Forest, the majority is involved in agricultural activities followed by livestock farming.
0raditionally majority of the people were engaged in cattle farming but over the years due to reduction in water resources, pastures and forests,
agricultural activities have gained prominence in this site. A small proportion of the population in Chotiari and Keenjhar sites are also involved in
livestock farming.
However, over the years the people in these areas have been facing substantial loss of incomes due to depletion/degradation of natural resources. 0his
has been mainly as a result of mismanagement of natural resources which includes factors such as:
Illegal hunting of wildlife

Invasive species
Encroachment over natural biota
Lack of good governance
Lack of awareness about wise use of natural resources
Ill-managed protected areas
Soil degradation
Lack of a sense of ownership
Encroachment of forest lands
Over-exploitation of fisheries
As a result of the above people have been forced to seek alternative means of livelihood and local women have taken to craft production, embroidery,
weaving fishing nets, collecting wild grass and so forth to supplement household income However, in most cases families have had to resort to selling
their livestock or obtaining loans, which has further pushed them down the poverty spiral.

0ë 0
Kirthar National Park is Pakistan's second biggest National Park and the first in the country to be included in the 1975 ènited Nation's list of National
Parks around the world. Khirthar National Park lies 80 kms North of Karachi in the south-west of Sindh province within Dadu and Malir Districts.
Kirthar is an important habitat for a variety of mammals, birds and reptiles. An estimated 276, species of fauna have been recorded in the Park. Among
these are Sindh ibex, èrial, Chinkara, Wold, Striped hyaena and Caracal cat. Some of the reptiles found in the park are the Rock python, Sind cobra,
Russell's viper, Sawscaled viper, Sind krait, Royal rat snake, tortoises, monitor lizards, Sind crocodile (possibly extinct) and different species of lizard
and chameleon.
0he principal vegetation of the park comprises Acacia senegal, Acacia nilotica, Prosopis cineraria, 0ecomella undulata, Zizyphus nummularia,
Commiphora and stocksiana, Commiphora wighgtii, Capparis decidua.
Khirthar National Park is also rich in cultural heritage. It is home to the enormous Rani Kot Fort, 18th century Chawkandi style tombs at 0aung and pre-
historic archaeological remains at Koh 0arash.
Source: Sindh Wildlife Department
ºGÔ 0GÔ
0here are thirty three wildlife sanctuaries in Sindh.

º
ë

1 0akkar Khairpur 43,513.334
2 Hudero Lake 0hatta 13,468.416
3 Keenjhar (Kalri) Lake ³ 1,320.940
4 Haleji Lake ³ 1,704.273
5 Lung Lake Larkana 19.179
6 Drigh Lake ³ 164.268
7 Mahal Kohistan Dadu 70,577.090
8 Hab Dam Karachi 27.219.151
9 Ghondhak Dhoro Jacobabad 30.92
10 Miani Dhand Hyderabad 56.66
11 Samno Dhand Hyderabad 22.66
12 Gulsher Dhand ³ 24.282
13 Dhounk Block Shikarpur 2,097.965
14 Lakhat Shaheed Benazirabad (formerly Nawabshsh) 101.175
15 Kot Dinghano ³ 30.252

16 Mohabat Dero ³ 16.188
17 Bijoro Chhach 0hatta 121.41
18 Norung ³ 242.82
19 Cut Munarki Chhach ³ 404.70
20 Sadnani ³ 83.772
21 Shah Lanko ³ 60.705
22 Hilaya ³ 323.76
23 Majiran ³ 24.282
24 Gullet Kohri ³ 40.47
25 Marho Kotri ³ 161.88
26 Munarki ³ 12.141
27 Khadi ³ 80.94
28 Keti Bander North ³ 8,948.322
29 Keti Bander South ³ 23,046.06
30 Khat Dhoro Larkana 10.522
31 Runn of Kutch Badin & 0harparkar 320463
32 Nara Desert Sukkur, Khairpur 7 Sanghar 223590
33 Deh Akro - II Shaheed Benazirabad (formerly Nawabshsh) 20243
ÿüGGÔGGÔ
0he Sindh Wildlife Department recognizes 13 game reserves present in the province of Sindh. 0hese are listed as under:

º
ë

1 Deh Jangisar 0hatta 313.642

2 Deh Khalifa 0hatta 428.982
3 Dosu Forest Larkana 2,312.212
4 Hala Forest Hyderabad 953.473
5 Indus River (Dolphin Reserve) From Sukkur to Guddu Barrage Jacobabad/Ghotki/Shikarpur &Sukkur 44.200
6 Khipro Forest Sanghar 3,885.254
7 Mando Dero Forest Sukkur 1,234.335
8 Mirpur Sakro Forest 0hatta 777.024
9 Nara Khairpur 109,966.39
10 Pai Forest Shaheed Benazirabad (formerly Nawabshsh) 1,969.270
11 Sahib Samo Forest Hyderabad 348.473
12 Surjan, Sumbak, Eri & Hothiano Mountains Dadu 40,631.88
13 0ando Mitho Khan Forest Sanghar 5,343,294
Source: Sindh Wildlife Department

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Biodiversity

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Biodiversity

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c  

Pakistan is divided into 9 major ecological zones.

1. Rann of Kutch flooded grasslands

3. Western Himalayan 0emperate Forests

Pakistan can be divided physiographically into four regions:

1. 0he great highlands

3. 0he Indus Plain

4. 0he Desert areas

ù Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park 

ù 0ooshi game reserve

ù Kargah wildlife sanctuary

ù Naltar wildlife sanctuary

ù Astor wildlife sanctuary

ù Baltistan wildlife sanctuary

ù Chasma and 0aunsa barrage dolphin reserve

ù Cholistan wildlife sanctuary

ù Sukkur and Guddu barrage dolphin reserve

ù Nara desert wildlife sanctuary

ù Hub dam wildlife sanctuary

ù Mahal kohistan wildlife sanctuary

ù Runn of Kutch wildlife sanctuary

G   

 G G GÔ0Ô

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Zone-B: Cotton/Wheat zone of the left bank of River Indus.

Zone-C: Rice/Wheat/Sugarcane zone of lower Sindh.

c Ôë ºÔ0 GÔ

Local Name: Para

Habitat and General Behaviour:

Local Name: Sahrai Loomar

Habitat and Behaviour:

Feeding and Breeding Patterns:

Local Name: Mash Billo

Habitat and Behaviour:

Feeding and Breeding Patterns:

Local Name: Ludher

Feeding and Breeding Patterns:

J        

Local Names: Mushk Billa or Kasturi Billa

Habitat and Bahaviour:

Feeding and Breeding Patterns:

Local Name: Bhulan

Habitat and General Behaviour:

Feeding and Breeding Patterns:

  J   ! !"  

Local Name: Chitka Hiran

Habitat and Behaviour:

Feeding and Breeding Patterns:

Local Name: Silu

Habitat and Behaviour:

Feeding and Breeding Patterns:

Local Name: Geedarh

Habitat and Behaviour:

Feeding and Breeding Patterns:

Local Name: Lumar

Habitat and Behaviour:

Feeding and Breeding Patterns:

  

Local Name: Siva gush

 a nocturnal creature, it 

   J 

"#$%&       

Source: Population Welfare Department, Government of Sindh

c

ù Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park

ù Runn of Kutch wildlife sanctuary

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