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PROCEDING OF FINAL YEAR PROJECT (I)TECHNICAL REPORT FKAAS, SESSION 2001/2011 (2),

April 2011

The Use of Waste Tire Rubber as Partial Replacement for Fine


Aggregates in Concrete

Chen Wai Yew1, Noorli Ismail2

Abstract – The waste tires rubber is one of the issues of environment problem. Since the
amount of automobile in our country had increased, it contributed to the increase of waste tires
disposal. In addition, the waste tire is considered as non decaying materials that can pollute the
surrounding environment. Based on the problem statement, researchers had investigated the
application of waste tires rubber in construction field by using the rubber particle as partial
replacement of fine aggregates or coarse aggregates in concrete. In this research, the aim of the
study is to investigate the use of waste tire rubbers as partial replacement for fine aggregates in
concrete construction based on the physical properties and mechanical properties. This paper
focused on 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% rubber as partial replacement for fine aggregates.
Laboratory test will be carried out by using compressive strength test, split tensile test, rebound
hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity test. The expectation outcome results of rubberized
concrete in term of physical properties, compressive strength, tensile strength, surface of
hardness and concrete quality will be analyzed and discussed compare with ordinary concrete.
Copyright © 2011 FKAAS Final Year Project (2). - All rights reserved.

Keywords: Waste tire rubber, Concrete, Compressive strength, Tensile Strength, Physical
properties of concrete

I. Introduction Based on the previous findings, waste tire rubber can


be a part of concrete mixture by partial replacing coarse
The disposal of waste tires is becoming the major aggregates or fine aggregates. Several studies had been
waste management problem. About 60% of the waste made by researchers that in term of the workable
tires are disposed through unknown routes [1]. rubberized concrete mixtures can be made with scrap
Management of waste tires rubber are very difficult for tires. The researchers had investigated on the use of
municipalities because tire rubber considered as non different shapes, sizes, and the percentage of rubber
decaying materials that can pollute the surrounding particles based on the partial replacement of natural
environment. As the waste tires are extremely durable aggregates in concrete mixture. According to the
and not naturally decaying, the waste tires will remain previous researcher, they reported that use of rubber
at landfill and continuing environment hazard. Besides particles to replace a portion of fine or coarse
that, waste tire rubber also able to pose a breeding aggregates result a systematic reduction of strength, less
ground for mosquito since the shape and impermeability unit weight, but enhance toughness and ductility. Ref.
of tires which may hold water for long periods and [2] indicates that rubber concrete is not recommended
provides shelter for the mosquito development. As the for structural applications, but can be suitable for
disadvantage of the waste tires had been stated, one of nonstructural purposes such as lightweight concrete
the alternatives to face the problem had been made by walls, building facades and architectural units. Ref. [3]
the researchers. A positive method is to reuse the waste concluded in their research that rubberized concrete can
tires in concrete mixtures. successfully be used in secondary structural components
Moreover, the increase consumption of concrete in such as culverts, sidewalk and running tracks.
building construction raised the problem of The authorities shall suggest and encouraging that
impoverishment of natural resources. Cement and there is a strong need to use recycled materials in
aggregate, which are the most important constituents concrete and specifically waste tires should be used
used in concrete production and are the vital materials within building materials would provide an ideal and
needed for the construction industry. Therefore, this led environmental friendly disposal method for a large
to a continuous and increasing demand of natural amount of the waste tires.
materials used for their production.

Objectives of the Study


Chen Wai Yew1, Noorli Ismail2

This paper is focus on the crumb rubber as a partial world or even in our country. In addition, tire
replacement of fine aggregates in concrete mixture. The requires a large amount of space in landfill.
percentages of crumb rubber will be conducted are 15%, One of the promising solutions is to incorporate
30% and 45%. The general objective of the studies is to rubber particles into the cement material. The previous
evaluate the fresh and hardened properties of the researchers had stated that the use of rubber particles as
concrete produced by crumb rubber as a partial partial replacement of fine aggregates or coarse
replacement of natural fine aggregates. The specific aggregates will result to increase of reduction strength.
objectives in this study are to determine the ; Although rubberize concrete may not suitable for
workability of rubberize concrete; physical properties structural element, there is still a very large market for
which is including the specific gravity of material, non primary structural applications.
water absorption and the unit density; and mechanical
properties which is including compressive and tensile
strength of rubberized concrete compare to conventional V. The Significant of the study
concrete. To raise awareness in construction field, continuously
investigation on rubber particle as replacement of
III. The Scope of Study aggregates in concrete mixture is needed. Previous
researchers had used different amount of percentage and
This study is focusing on rubberize concrete sizes of rubber particle and in order to determine the
performance and as comparison to conventional concrete properties and meet the specific requirement of
concrete in term of physical properties and mechanical concrete.
properties. It concentrated on the performance To promote the use of rubberize concrete and at the
of a single gradation of crumb rubber instead same way to reduce the waste tires disposal at landfill,
of natural fine aggregates. Waste tires from this research will provide more scientific evidence to
local sources will be manually cut into pieces support the reuse of accumulated waste tires. The
below 5 mm to suit the fine aggregates size outcome of the result based on the physical properties
which 5 mm is the maximum size. In order to and mechanical properties of rubberize concrete will be
rate the characteristic of fresh concrete, the specifically discussed compare to the conventional
aspect of mix designation and workability of concrete.
the rubberized concrete and conventional Therefore, the use of recycled waste tires
concrete will be considered. Sieve analysis as an aggregate can provide the solution for
test according to BS 410 will be conducted two major problems. One of the problems is
on the rubber particle and fine aggregates to the solution environment hazard created by
determine the grading of sizes. DOE method waste tires. Besides that, the depletion of
will be used to design the concrete mixture. natural resources by aggregate production
Slump test in accordance with BS 1881 part can be solved.
102: 1983 will be conducted.
Testing method on hardened rubberized Literature Review
concrete and conventional concrete in
accordance with British Standard are Review of previous findings sources from various
compressive strength test, split tensile authors including different ideas, method and material
strength test, rebound hammer and used results and others. The information is concerning
the properties of recycled rubber as partial or fully
ultrasonic velocity pulse test.
replacement of aggregates in concrete. It reviewed how
the authors analyze and evaluate the physical and
IV. Problem Statement of the Study mechanical properties of rubberized concrete.

Concrete is one of major material used in


construction. Therefore, the demand of V.1 Rubberize Concrete Material
natural sources of concrete material is Base on previous research and investigation, the
getting high. Researchers had gave a lot of rubberized concrete material consists of rubber
effort to find the alternatives way in order to aggregate (crumb rubber and chip rubber), cement,
replace the natural sources as concrete natural aggregates and water content. Over the past few
material to improve concrete material and in years, researchers had used many of sizes on waste
the same way to practice environment rubber tires as partial or fully replacement in their
friendly. Since the waste rubber tires are not studies. There are 2 categories of process to produces
easily biodegradable even after a long the fragments of waste tires. The processes are
period of landfill treatment, it can be mechanical grinding and cryogenic process. Base on
reference. [4] findings, the mechanical grinding process
described as one of the major environmental
is the most common method and consists of using
challenges facing municipalities around the
variety of grinding techniques to mechanically break
Chen Wai Yew1, Noorli Ismail2

down the rubber shred into small sizes. Meanwhile,


cryogenic process accomplished by freezing of scrap Fig. 1. Sieve analysis of fine aggregates and crumb rubber [14]
tires and directly into a cooled closed loop hammer to
be crushed into small particles [5]. Mechanical grinding
process will be used on my studies to obtain the
shredded waste tires. Three broad categories of
discarded tire rubber have been considered; chipped
tire, crumb tire and ash tire. Various researchers had
used different sizes on their investigation. Ref. [8] used
the dimension of chipped rubber about 25-30 mm.
Meanwhile, reference [9] used chipped rubber
aggregates and graded their rubber into 3 groups of
38mm, 25mm, and 19 mm maximum sizes. Meanwhile,
the crumb rubber has been reported to have a nominal
size between 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve) and 0.075 mm (No.
200 sieve). (T.C ling 2007) used 1mm to 3mm and 1mm
to 5mm crumb rubber as the replacement of fine sand.
Meanwhile, reference [8] used 3mm to 10mm as the
dimension of the crumb rubber aggregates. For ash
rubber, the rubber consists of particles smaller than 1 V.3 Water Ratio
mm. Ref. [8] reported that it used as filler in concrete
due to its size. A lower water-cement ratio leads to higher strength
Cement is one of the factors which can affect the and durability, but may cause to poor workability during
principle mechanical properties of hardened concrete. mixing with others material. The compressive strength
According to previous research, mostly the investigator is mainly related to the water/cement ratio. As the
used Ordinary Portland Cement as their material in the water/cement ratio decreases, the compressive strength
experimental material because the cement is the most increases. Ref. [12] used 0.4, 0.5, 0.7 water/cement ratio
common type of cement in general use around the world to prepare the rubber filler concrete and rubberized
and highly suitable for construction work. Ordinary concrete. Ref. [12] reported the properties slump and
Portland cement may not suitable to use when there is workability of concrete is mainly related to the water-
exposure to high amount sulphates in the soil or cement ratio. When water-cement ratio decreases, the
groundwater [25]. slump and workability of concrete will increases. Fig. 2
For the partial replacement base on previous findings, show the relationship between the slump and water
usually course aggregates will be partial replaced by cement ratio.
chipped tires; meanwhile fine aggregates will be partial
replaced by crumb tires. Various sizes of aggregates
were used in the previous investigation. For example,
reference [9] used 38mm; reference [11] used 19mm;
and reference [10] used 16mm. On the other hand,
reference [6] used natural fine aggregate which is
specified as natural silica sand, and coarse aggregates
taken from crushed limestone.

V.2 Sieve analysis


Sieve analysis is a procedure for the determination of
the particle size distribution of aggregates using a series
of square or round meshes starting with the largest. The
grading of each type of aggregates should be known and
controlled. The previous researchers used coarse
aggregates sizes retained at sieve size of 5 mm (BS 410) Fig. 2. Slump range description for slump test for rubber filler concrete
or 4.75 (ASTM 3/16 in). Meanwhile, fine aggregates and rubberized concrete [12].
that passing through the sieve size of 5 mm (BS 410) or
4.75 (ASTM 3/16 in) were used. Different types of fine
sand grade had been used by the previous studies. Regarding to the previous investigation, mostly the
According to reference [7] studies, the grade of the fine researcher used the same water ratio and cement content
sand used was zone 3 according to BS 410 as the on the mixture to keep constant in all samples.
percentage of passing sand at 600µm is in the range of
60% to 79. In the other hand, reference [14] used zone
2 of sand fine aggregates in his study. The sieve V.4 Concrete Mixture
analysis result of fine aggregates and crumb rubbers
from sieve analysis test shown in Fig. 1.
Chen Wai Yew1, Noorli Ismail2

Several of investigators had used different percentage 0 75.33 2399.0


in the partial or fully percentage of rubber aggregates in 20 60.7 2217.0
the concrete mixture. Control specimen that means 0 % 40 35.7 2068.3
of rubber aggregates in the concrete mixture is 60 17.7 1987.0
80 10.3 1830.6
necessary to be prepared for the purpose of comparison
100 4.7 1740.6
between rubberized concrete and concrete without
rubberized. Ref [7] used 50 % and 100 % of crumb
rubber and 100% of chipped rubber; reference [6] used Despite the decrease in measured slump, observation
20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, 100% of crumb rubber; during mixing and casting showed that increase of
reference [23] used 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % of crumb content in the mix still produced a workable mix
crumb rubber in their investigation. On the hand, in comparison with the control mix [6]. The previous
reference [13] used 10 %, 20 %, 30 % in their mixture, studies had noted that the reasons may contributed to
which some specimens included additional of chemical the reduction in the workability of the mix is size of
treatment. rubber aggregates and its shape. Observation shall be
The DOE method will be carry out to determine the done in term of the size and shape which can affect the
mixture proportion by using C25 in the study. By using measurement of slump test [9].
DOE method, improvement can be achieved in one or In the other hand, increasing amount of rubber
more of the many characteristics of any given product aggregates may contribute the increasing of air content.
or process. Base on reference [14] study, a total of 16 Entrained air content increased (from 3 % to 3.5 %) in
mixes consisting of four types of concrete grades (C15, concrete mixtures with addition of tires rubber waste
C25, C30 and C40) were produced with partial particles [20]. Through out the studies of [8], it shown
replacements of the coarse aggregate by 10, 25 and 50 at Table 2 that fully replacement of chips tire in a
% of the rubber aggregate mixture sample had resulted to high air content compare
to the sample of using crumb tires and ash tires as fully
replacement in the mixture sample.
V.5 Physical Properties of Concrete
TABLE 2
This section is based on previous researcher’s results THE RELATIONSHIP VALUE BETWEEN THE PERCENTAGES OF CRUMB RUBBER AND
on the physical properties of rubberized concrete. The WATER CONTENT; SLUMP (MM); UNIT WEIGHT (KG/M³) (MALEK K BATAYNEH 2008).
physical properties included concrete unit density,
workability, specific gravity and air content. It seems Air
Samples Water Fine Coarse content
that the partial or fully replacement of waste rubber tires
Ratio Aggregates aggregates %
on concrete decrease the unit density of a concrete that
(kg/m³) (kg/m³)
without rubberized. The increase percentage of rubber
either chipped or crumb rubber contributed to the 100%
reduction of unit density of the concrete. However, chipped 0.5 258.9 - 25
crumb rubber concrete proved to be lighter in weight tires
with its density reduced compared to concrete 100%
rubberized by chip tires [10]. It is because the density of crumb 0.5 - 405.3 20
the rubber is lower than the natural coarse aggregates or tires
fine aggregates. Ref. [7] reported that reduction of about
30% in the density of concrete casted using chipped On the other samples, samples which without fine
rubber replacing 100% of the coarse aggregate when aggregates in the mixture also resulted to high air
compared to the control specimen. content. The increasing of air void can contribute to
Consideration the water content and cement mixture decrease in concrete strength.
shall be given during the mixture to avoid low Previous investigator had reported that rubber
workability. The increase of the crumb rubber content aggregates contain low specific gravity compare to
in the mix resulted in a decrease in slump of the rubber aggregates. Thus, it brings to result the density of
mixtures. The fact was proven by reference [3]. Their concrete with rubber aggregates is lower than concrete
results show that the slump was close to zero when the with aggregates. Ref. [20] reported that the general
rubber aggregates contents 40% of total aggregates. In density reduction of rubber aggregates is lower than
addition, reference [6] results show that the value of natural aggregates due to the low specific gravity of the
slump decrease by the addition percentage of rubber rubber aggregates with respect to that of the mineral
aggregates in the mixture. Table 1 shows the result of aggregates.
slump and unit weight obtained by reference [6].
V.6 Properties of Hardened Rubberized Concrete
The previous researcher had found out that presence
TABLE I of rubber aggregates in concrete is contributed to
THE RELATIONSHIP VALUE BETWEEN THE PERCENTAGES OF CRUMB RUBBER AND reduction of compressive strength and split tensile
WATER CONTENT; SLUMP (MM ); UNIT WEIGHT (KG/M³) [6]. strength.
Crumb The compressive strength of concrete is one of the
Slump (mm) Unit Weight (kg/m3)
Rubber (%)
most important properties which needed to be
Chen Wai Yew1, Noorli Ismail2

determined. The performance of the concrete is greatly elasticity. The dimensions and distribution of tires
affected by the properties of the rubber content and as chips in each batch shown in Table 3.
well as by cement type and admixture properties. Ref. [26] stated that tensile stresses in structures are
Several of investigator used different shape and sizes of caused by less or more uniform shrinkage or drying and
rubber aggregates for the determination of the by temperature changes. Base on previous related
compressive strength. Base on reference [7] studies, studies, they had reported that split tensile strength of
concrete casted using chipped rubber as a full the rubberized concrete is lower than traditional
replacement to coarse aggregate shows a significant concrete because bond strength between cement paste
reduction in the concrete strength compared to the and rubber tire particles is poor [23]. Several of
control specimen. Compressive strength was reduced researcher reported that increasing the amount of rubber
significantly by 90% when using chipped rubber as a aggregates for the purpose of partial replacement of
full replacement to the coarse aggregate in the concrete natural aggregates contributed to the reduction of split
mix. According to reference [6], it maintained a linear tensile reference [6] and the result shown in Table 3
relationship by increasing the crumb rubber to a limit of
40 % between the increase of crumb rubber and the TABLE III
THE RELATIONSHIP VALUE BETWEEN THE PERCENTAGES OF CRUMB RUBBER AND
compressive strength. However, it lost about 50% of the TENSILE STRENGTH ; AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH [6].
compressive strength at 40% rubber content. They
reported that rubber content between 40% and 100%
continues to reduce the strength to a maximum loss of Rubber content Spilt tensile Compressive
strength of up to 90%. The result shown in Fig. 3. % Strength ƒt (Mpa) Strength ƒc (Mpa)
0 2.82 25.33
20 1.84 18
40 1.47 12.27
60 0.94 8.07
80 0.53 4.47
100 0.22 2.5

The previous researcher had reported the similar


reasons. They found that the presence of the waste tires
acted like voids in the mixture and cause to the weak
bond between the waste tire and concrete mixture.
With the increase in void content of the concrete, there
will be a corresponding decrease in strength. Besides
that, waste tires are weak in the hardened cement mass
Fig. 3 Comparison between strength reduction and rubber concrete [6]. and as a result, it produced high internal stress that is
perpendicular to the direction of applied load.
The rubber aggregates containing up to 20% crumb
rubber can be used in light weight structural elements. Methodology
The second category required compressive strength of
7–17 MPa for moderate concrete. Low density Concrete This section will be discussed about the detail of mix
within 300 kg/m 3 to 800 kg/m 3 can use for non-structural designation on workability testing of the fresh concrete
purposes (insulation panel, pavements, blocks, etc. [25]. and the concrete strength of the hardened concrete. The
Ref. [24] investigated the static resistance of the wall designation is according to BS 1881 as a reference for
samples by containing rubber aggregates. The overall specification requirement for control mixes which are
static resistance of the wall samples was reduced as a necessary as a comparison to the rubberize concrete.
result of the addition of the rubber to replace coarse
aggregates of the concrete. The reduced mass and
reduced resistance of the walls with rubber resulted in a VI.1 Research Methodology
reduced blast resistance. In the initial part of the study, review of previous
According to reference [2], concrete casted using research may need to get some ideas and information
crumb rubber as a full replacement to sand shows a through the previous findings in term of mixture, testing
significant increase in the concrete strength compared to method and the analysis of the study. For the concrete
the concrete casted using chipped rubber as a mix proportion, application DOE method will be
replacement to coarse aggregate. conducted. 4 groups of sample including control
Using rubber waste in concrete, less specimen, 15%, 30% and 45% crumb rubber for the
concrete module of elasticity is obtained. partial replacement of natural aggregates will be tested
According to reference [22] investigation, the length by destructive test and non destructive test on
and width of rubber chip influenced the value of compressive strength. Besides that, physical properties
modulus elasticity. The longer and wider of chip length of the sample will be determined. Fig. 3 shows the
and the presence of steel wire increased the modulus of methodology flow chart of the whole study.
Chen Wai Yew1, Noorli Ismail2

the mixture. Both of sieves sizes are according to


Standard sieve designation BS 410. Sieve analysis test
will be conducted ensure the grading of aggregates both
course and fine aggregates in accordance with BS 410.
For the rubber aggregates, the wasted or old tire from
lightweight vehicle such as mobile car, motorcycle and
bicycle will be used. For the production of crumb tires
from a waste tire rubber, firstly cut out a section of the
tire which is larger than the desired size by using
hammer and chisel. Avoid cutting the inside rim of the
tire due to the heavy band of steel wire reinforcement
there. Then an electric band saw will be used to cut
smoothly through the heavy rubber tire. Smaller tooth
sizes usually work better. Crumb tires will be prepared
for the mixture concrete as partial replacement of total
fine aggregates. Sieve analysis will be conducted to
ensure the grading of rubber aggregates within the
limits of fine aggregates. Sample of rubber aggregates
which is passed through the 5 mm of sieve size will be
used for the mixture. The ranges of crumb tires sizes are
between 5 mm to 1 mm as shown in Figure 4.

Fig. 4 crumb tires

VI.3 Concrete mix proportion


The material of mixture for the control mixes and the
control concrete mixes are designed with specified
requirement of compressive strength according to BS
1881 part 125: 1983. Concrete without rubber
aggregates will be used as the control concrete.
Fig. 3 Flow chart of Research Methodology Water/Binder ratio (0.58) and cement content (18.1 kg)
were kept constant for all mixtures. Designated of
crumb rubber contents were selected 15%, 30% and
VI.2 Material used for rubberized 45% by volume of total fine aggregate. According to the
studies of [6], they stated that minimum strength
The materials will be conducted for the tests are required for light weight concrete is 17 mpa and their
cement, fine aggregates, course aggregates and rubber sample of 20 % rubber content met the required
aggregates. There is no chemical treatment on the strength. Ref [7] reported that it is recommended to test
concrete mixture in these studies. Ordinary Portland concrete with crumb rubber ranging between 10 % until
cement Type 1 will be used because it is most common 25 % of rubber content. To prove the studies, 15 % and
used by the previous researcher and highly suitable for 30 % of rubber content is chosen as comparison in term
used in general concrete. Additionally, there is no of the strength that suitable to meet the required
exposure to sulphate in the concrete mixture. minimum strength. Base on previous studies, rubber
The aggregates shall be in one of the following content more than 40 % will contribute to reduction of
conditions; oven-dry as described in accordance with strength to a maximum loss of strength. Therefore, 45 %
BS 812: Part 2” and air dried at 20 ± 5 ºC in accordance of rubber content is chosen to examine the maximum
with BS 1881 part 125 1983 before mix in the mixture. loss of strength. All specimen samples size will be used
Meanwhile, sample of course aggregates within the are 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm except for split tensile
range 20 mm and 10 mm of sieve size will be used for strength test. Cylinder sample 150 mm of diameter size
Chen Wai Yew1, Noorli Ismail2

and 300 mm length will be used. Super plasticizer is not comparison. The formula of obtaining the specific
included in this study. There are 4 types of testing gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume
method including compressive test, split tensile, of aggregate at a stated temperature to the weight in air
rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity which of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at the
need to be tested on the 7, 14 and 28 days of the stated temperature.
concrete. The mixture proportion of the basic ingredient All the specimens will be fabricated using locally
consists of cement, water, course aggregates and fine available materials. Type I ordinary Portland cement
aggregates. The concrete mix design will be designed is will be utilized. Mixing will be done in a small rotary
based on DOE method. By using the application of drum mixer. For the control specimen sample, the mix
DOE method, the designation volume of concrete is in accordance with BS 1881 part 125: 83. However
material per m3 is shown in Table IV. The outcome of for the rubberize concrete, prior the addition the rubber
concrete mix proportion design is shown in Table IV. aggregates into the mixture, the coarse and fine
aggregates and cement will be mixed for 3 minutes or 5
TABLE III minutes in the mixer. Next, the rubber aggregates will
DESIGNATION VOLUME OF CONCRETE MATERIAL
be added gradually to the mix for a period of 2 minutes.
The reason for separating the rubber aggregates and
Concrete material (kg) per m³ natural aggregates is to provide more efficient mix and
Cement 362 increase the workability. Water will be added for the
following steps in the mix for a period of 2 minutes.
Water 210
Then, 5 minutes mixing process will be done by the
Sand/ Fine aggregate 731 drum mixer to produce to uniform mix.
Coarse aggregate max size (20 mm) 1097 Slump test will be conducted in accordance BS 1881
part 102: 1983 before the concrete mix being casted.
The mix will be casted into 150 mm x 150 mm x 150
TABLE IV mm of cube size; and 150 mm diameter with 300 mm
DESIGNATION VOLUME OF CONCRETE MATERIAL
length of cylinder size. The concrete mixture shall be
Per trial Water Cement Fine Course Rubber
casted in 3 separating layers in the cube cast.
mix content (kg) aggregate aggregate content
After 24 hours later, the specimen of sample will be
cured in water at a constant temperature in accordance
0.05 m³ (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
with BS 1881-111:1983. The duration of the curing
Control 10.5 18.1 36.6 54.9 - process will be conducted is 7, 14 and 28 days and will
specimens be prepared for compressive strength in accordance with
15 % BS 1881 part 116 : 1983 and split tensile in accordance
crumb 10.5 18.1 31.1 58.5 5.5
with BS 1881 part 117 :1983. Table V shows the
rubber
30%
amount of specimen samples will be produced for 7
crumb 10.5 18.1 25.6 58.5 11 days curing age.
rubber
45%
crumb 10.5 18.1 20.13 58.5 16.47
rubber TABLE V
AMOUNT OF SPECIMEN SAMPLES FOR 7 DAYS CURING AGE.

Rebound
VI.4 Mix preparation Samples Compressive Split hammer Total
& Specimen
For the initial part of the preparation before mix in Test Tensile Ultrasonic for
the concrete mixer, the rubber aggregates will be Pulse 7 days
immersed in water for 24 hours until all particles were Test Velocity curing
fully saturated in both inside and outside of the surface Control 3 2 2 7
wetted. This process will be done after the sieve specimen
15 %
analysis for both rubber aggregates and natural crumb 3 2 2 7
aggregates had been conducted. After 24 hours of being rubber
immersed, the rubber aggregates will be taken to dry 30%
surface and leave it to 24 hours for the drying process. crumb 3 2 2 7
rubber
The purpose of the process is to determine the specific 45%
gravity of the rubber aggregates compare to the natural crumb 3 2 2 7
aggregates. Larger amount of pores of the material with rubber
smaller value specific gravity obtained. There is no Total : 28 unit
chemical admixture for the rubber surface treatment in Note: 28 units of samples for 7 days curing.
this study. Same procedure will be conducted to the Therefore, 28 unit x 3(7, 14, 28 days) = 84 units of
natural aggregates by immersing the sample aggregates samples. The total Specimen for 7 days curing is 28 unit
in water for 24 hours and taken to dry surface and leave samples to conduct the testing method. Thus, the total
it to 24 hours. The specific gravity of both rubber samples for this study are 84 units. The reason of three
aggregates and natural aggregates will be made as units are provided for compressive test and split tensile
Chen Wai Yew1, Noorli Ismail2

test is to obtain more accurate value by taking the curing. A 2500KN capacity Avery-Denison
average value of the three samples. compression testing machine will be used for
determining the maximum compressive loads carried by
various cubes. The load will be applied at a rate of 12
VII. EXPERIMENT N/mm2 per minutes in accordance with the BS 1881-
All The testing method is accordance with British 116: 83 test method. Cube specimen 150 mm x 150 mm
Standard (BS) 1881 to determine the physical properties x 150 mm will be prepared for the test. The outcome
and mechanical properties of rubberized concrete report from the test shall consists of Identification mark;
compare to ordinary concrete. Date of test; Age of specimen; Curing conditions,
including date of manufacture of specimen; Appearance
of fractured faces of concrete and the type of fracture if
VII.1 Slump test they are unusual.
Some factors may effects the concrete consistency
during conducting slump test. The concrete components VII.5 Split Tensile strength test
ratios, maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate, time
between finishing mixing and making slump test and The split tensile of concrete sample were determined
high air temperature are the factors which affect the at the ages of 7, 14, and 28 days of standard curing.
concrete consistency. The main purpose of measuring Specimens used are cylindrical shape with 150 mm
consistency by slump test is to achieve acceptable fresh diameter size and 300 mm length. The split tensile test
concrete workability in accordance with BS 1881 part will be conducted in accordance with (BS 1881 part
102: 1983. The following information shall be included 117: 83). The load will be applied at a rate of 12
in the test report are date, time of completion, place and N/mm2 per minutes in accordance with the BS 1881-
method (general or alternative) of sampling and sample 117: 83 test method. The tensile strength calculated by
identity number; Time and place of test; Time lapse equation as in (4).
from sampling to commencement of test; Form of 2P
f st' =
slump whether true, shear or collapse; and Measurement π ld
true slump. (4)
VII.2 Unit weight
Unit weight measurement between control specimen VII.6 Rebound hammer test
and rubber concrete will be conducted. All the samples
shall be measured before conducting any destructive or This method is to correlate the surface hardness of the
non destructive test to avoid inaccurate of value. The concrete surface to the compressive strength of the
samples shall be in dry unit. The unit weight will be concrete. This value is then used to estimate the
recorded and graph unit weight versus percentages of strength of the concrete using the correlation graph.
rubber content in concrete will be plotted. Therefore, However, the strength obtained from this test by using
comparison can be made between the four groups of correlation graph is only for checking purpose. Besides
cube samples. Unit weight calculated as in (1) strength estimation, the uniformity of the concrete
surface can be determined. Area that is not well
Unit weight, kg/m3 = Net weight (1) compacted will give lower rebound number, compared
Volume of Measure to well compacted area. The samples will be conducted
at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days of standard curing.
Concrete sample 150 mm x 150 mm 150 mm of size
VII.3 Specific Gravity and Water Absorption will be tested by rebound hammer. The relationship of
Natural aggregates and rubber aggregates both have compressive strength average of rebound number of
different specific gravity value. Low specific gravity of concrete sample can be referred in Fig. 4. The quality of
aggregates or others concrete mixture material will concrete also can be determined by referred Table VI.
contribute to low specific gravity of concrete.
Therefore, specific gravity of both aggregates shall be
determined to compare the relationship between the
value of specific gravity to measure the strength or
quality of the material.
The equation of specific gravity as in (2); Meanwhile
the equation of water absorption as in (3).

Specific gravity = W3 / (W3 – (W1 – W2)) (2)


Water Absorption = ((W3 – W4)/ W4) X 100 (3)

VII.4 Compressive Strength Test


The compressive strengths of concrete sample were
determined at the ages of 7, 14, and 28 days of standard
Chen Wai Yew1, Noorli Ismail2

most desirable concrete. To avoid the


greater loss in the designated samples, the
researcher had found several of solution to
Fig. 4 Relationship between compressive strength and rebound number
treat the rubberize concrete. For example,
coated the rubber aggregates by cement,
TABLE VI silica fumes additional, pre-treatment on the
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AVERAGE REBOUND AND QUALITY OF CONCRETE
surface of rubber by saturated NaOH and
consideration on the rubber aggregates size
Average Rebound Quality of Concrete and its shape.
Based on their investigation, all their
>40 Very good
findings had state that additional of rubber
30 – 40 Good
content in the concrete mixture results to
20 – 30 Fair reduction of compressive strength and split
<20 Poor and / or delaminated tensile strength. The greater amount of
rubber aggregates instead of natural
0 Very poor and/or delaminated
aggregates, the lower value of compressive
and split tensile strength obtained. Besides
VII.7 Ultrasonic pulse velocity that, the rubberized concrete contributes to
the increasing of reduction in unit weight.
This test is done to assess the quality of concrete by
ultrasonic pulse velocity method in accordance with BS: Although the rubberized concrete has lower
203 (Part 2) 1986. The method consists of measuring strength compare to ordinary concrete, the
the time of travel of an ultrasonic pulse passing through rubberized concrete is lighter than ordinary
the concrete being tested. It can be calculated as in (5). concrete due to the reduction of unit weight.
This should be allowing rubberized concrete
Pulse velocity (V=L/T) to be used in non primary structural
application. Such like partition wall,
(5)
sidewalks, pavement, road barrier and etc.
which are high demand in construction
Comparatively higher velocity is obtained when industry. Rubberized concrete is not
concrete quality is good in terms of density, uniformity recommended in application of structural
and homogeneity. It can be referred in Table VII. The elements, but small percentage amount
samples will be conducted at the age of 7, 14 and 28 within the range from 5 % to 10 % may able
days of standard curing. to use in structural elements. It depends on
TABLE VI
the requirement.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AVERAGE REBOUND AND QUALITY OF CONCRETE The application of waste tire in concrete
might be one of the solutions to reduce the
PULSE disposal of waste tire and the problem of
VELOCITY CONCRETE QUALITY impoverishment of natural resources.
>4.0 km/s Very good to excellent

3.5 – 4.0 km/s Good to very good, slight porosity may exist Acknowledgements
3.0 – 3.5 km/s Satisfactory but loss of integrity is suspected First of all, I would like to give a million thanks to
<3.0 km/s Poor and los of integrity exist. my Projek Sarjana Muda supervisor Puan Noorli binti
Ismail for providing me a lot of expert guidance, valid
comments, suggestions, continuous support and untiring
efforts while carrying out this research work. Her
Conclusion dedication and excellence will be always remembered.
I am so delightful to experience this opportunity by
As a conclusion in this study, the review of conducting the research individually which is never
previous investigation had given enormous been done through my academic career. I would like to
of ideas and information in this related give a special thanks to University Tun Hussein Onn for
research. For the purpose of improving the giving this opportunity and providing an enormous
properties of rubberized concrete, the library which contains various revision books and
investigators had conducted the analysis journals. Besides that, I would like to give thanks to my
throughout their test on the specimens. friends who gave me the encouragement and support
Every researcher had used different while carrying out this research. In addition, I would
designated rubber content, water content, like to thank to everyone who had giving me guidance,
aggregates properties and different types of supports, and everything that helping me to success my
cement in the concrete mixture to obtain the research.
Chen Wai Yew1, Noorli Ismail2

I am greatly indebted to my parents and brothers for [22] Gregory Marvin Garrick B, Analysis and testing of waste tire
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