Conjunctions

A conjunction is a word that "joins" two

parts of a sentence.
Here are some example of conjunctions:
Coordinating Conjunctions:
and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so
Subordinating Conjunctions:
although, because, since, unless
We can consider conjunctions from three
aspects.
1. Form
Conjunctions have three basic forms:
1.1 Single Word
for example: and, but, because, although
1.2 Compound
(often ending with as or that)
for example: provided that, as long as, in
order that
1.3 Correlative
(surrounding an adverb or adjective)
for example: so...that
2. Function
Conjunctions have two basic functions or
"jobs":
2.1 Coordinating conjunctions
are used to join two parts of a sentence
that are grammatically equal.
The two parts may be single words or
clauses, for example:
- Jack and Jill went up the hill.
- The water was warm, but I didn't go
swimming.
 2.2 Subordinating conjunctions
are used to join a subordinate
dependent clause to a main clause, for
example:
I went swimming although it was cold.

3. Position
3.1 Coordinating conjunctions
always come between the words or
clauses that they join.
 3.2 Subordinating conjunctions
usually come at the beginning of the
subordinate clause

Look at these examples - the two

elements that the coordinating conjunction
joins are shown in square brackets [ ]:

I like [tea] and [coffee].

[Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee].
3.1.1 Coordinating conjunctions
always come between the words or
clauses that they join.

3.1.2 When a coordinating

conjunction joins independent
clauses, it is always correct to place a
comma before the conjunction:
I want to work as an interpreter in the
future, so I am studying Russian at
university.
However, if the independent clauses are
short and well-balanced, a comma is not
really essential:

She is kind so she helps people.

When "and" is used with the last word of

a list, a comma is optional:

He drinks beer, whisky, wine, and rum.

He drinks beer, whisky, wine and rum.
3.1.3 Coordinating Conjunctions
The short, simple conjunctions are called
"coordinating conjunctions":
and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so

3.1.4 A coordinating conjunction joins

parts of a sentence (for example words
or independent clauses) that are
grammatically equal or similar.
3.1.5 A coordinating conjunction
shows that the elements it joins are
similar in importance and structure:

3.2.1 Subordinating Conjunctions

The majority of conjunctions are
"subordinating conjunctions".
3.2.2 Common subordinating conjunctions
are:
after, although, as, because, before,
how, if, once, since, than, that, though,
till, until, when, where, whether, while

3.2.3 A subordinating conjunction joins

a subordinate (dependent) clause to a
main (independent) clause:
Look at this example:
main or independent clause subordinate
or dependent clause:
Ram went swimming although it was
raining.
3.2.4 subordinating conjunction
A subordinate or dependent clause
"depends" on a main or independent
clause. It cannot exist alone.
 Imagine that somebody says to you:
"Hello! Although it was raining." What
do you understand? Nothing! But a main
or independent clause can exist alone.
You will understand very well if somebody
says to you: "Hello! Ram went
swimming."
3.2.5 A subordinating conjunction
always comes at the beginning of a
subordinate clause.

3.2.6 It "introduces" a subordinate clause.

However, a subordinate clause can
sometimes come after and sometimes
before a main clause.
Thus, two structures are possible:

Ram went swimming although it

was raining.

Although it was raining, Ram went

swimming
 CONJUNCTIONS

3 ASPECTS

FORM FUNCTION POSITION

Correlative Coordinating
Single Word so...that Conjunctions
and,but,because Coordinating Subordinating -between words
Conjunctions Conjunctions /clauses
Compound
as long as, Subordinating
in order that Conjunctions
Join 2 parts of -beginning of the
a sentence that Join a subordinat subordinate
dependent clause
a grammatically equal
clause to a main clause
 References:
1. Fuchs, Bonner, Westheimer, "Focus on Grammar-An
Integrated Skills Approach 3", Longman, 2006

2. Amali A.K, Dr Suyansah S,Juwahir K, Wardatul A.D,

"Communicative English Grammar-PPG Module", Pusat
Penataran Ilmu dan Bahasa, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 2011

3. http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htm
(dated:09th April 2011)
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