TRANSFORMASI KOORDINAT

Flow yang terlibat dalam transformasi koordinat:-

Global Possitioning System (GPS)

WGS 84

Malayan Revised Triangulation (MRT)

Cassini Soldner Timbal Balik Rectified Skew Orthomorphic (RSO)

- Kadastral - Pemetaan

WGS 84 merupakan sistem koordinat global manakala MRT merupakan sistem

maklumat lokal. MRT dibahagikan kepada dua iaitu Sistem Koordinat Cassini Soldner
yang digunakan bagi tujuan Kadastral dan Sistem Koordinat RSO yang digunakan bagi
tujuan pemetaan. Sekiranya transformasi koordinat daripada WGS 84 ke Cassini
atau RSO hendak dilaksanakan, maka koordinat WGS 84 itu terlebih dahulu perlu
ditukarkan ke sistem koordinat MRT. Di bawah merupakan rumusan yang digunapakai
dalam transformasi koordinat dari MRT ke Cassini:-

1.0 Transformasi Daripada MRT Ke Cassini

Data yang dimasukkan:
Latitud dan longitud dalam MRT.

Pengiraan yang terlibat:

Λo dan θo adalah latitud dan longitud origin
a = 6377304.063
f = 1/300.8017 : a dan f diperolehi daripada parameter WGS 84
e2 = 2f – f2
N = a : Jejari Kelengkungan Bumi dan θ adalah latitud
2 2
√ (1 - e X sin θ) yang dimasukkan

K1 = 1 + (3/4) X e2 + (45/64) X (e2)2 + (175/256) X (e2)3 + (11025/16384)

X (e2)4 + (3659/65536) X (e2)5

K2 = (3/4) X e2 + (15/16) X (e2)2 + (525/512) X (e2)3 + (2205/2048)

X (e2)4 + (72765/65536) X (e2)5

K3 = (15/16) X (e2)2 + (105/256) X (e2)3 + (2205/4096) X (e2)4

1
 + (10395/16384) X (e2)5

K4 = (35/512) X (e2)3 + (315/2048) X (e2)4 + (31185/131072) X (e2)5

K5 = (315/16384) X (e2)4 + (3465/65536) X (e2)5

K6 = (693/131072) X (e2)5

∆λ = λ – λo : di mana λ adalah longitud yang dimasukkan

S = a X (1-e2) X (K1 X (θ - θo) - K2/2 X (sin(2 X θ)- sin(2 X θo)) +

K3/4 X (sin(4 X θ) - sin(4 X θo)) - K4/6 X (sin(6 X θ) - sin(6 X
θo)) + K5/8 X (sin(8 X θ) - sin(8 X θo)) – K6/10 X (sin(10 X θ) –
sin(10 X θo)))

Koordinat X
= s + (1/2) x N X (∆λ X cos θ)2 X tan θ + (1/24) X N X (∆λ X cos θ)4 X tan
θ X (5 – tan2 θ)

Koordinat Y
= N X (∆λ X cos θ) - (1/6) X N X (∆λ X cos θ) 3 X tan2 θ -(1/20) X N X (∆λ
X cos θ) X 5 X tan2 θ X (8 – tan2 θ)

2.0 Transformasi Daripada Cassini Ke RSO

Data yang dimasukkan:
Koordinat Utaraan dan Timuran dalam Cassini.

Pengiraan yang terlibat:

Parameter Transformasi (Berbeza Bagi Setiap Negeri)

!*****************************************************************!*
!** KEDAH & PERLIS **!*
!*****************************************************************!*
R1 = + 00.02290 ; R2 = - 00.01390
A1 = - 01.67791 ; B1 = + 43.48222
A2 = - 43.47877 ; B2 = - 01.60907
A3 = - 00.78177 ; B3 = + 00.02231
A4 = - 00.71284 ; B4 = + 00.28692
A5 = - 00.00789 ; B5 = - 00.05668

!*****************************************************************!*
!** KELANTAN **!*
!*****************************************************************!*
R1 = - 00.00550 ; R2 = + 00.00930
A1 = + 00.09802 ; B1 = + 16.79903
A2 = - 16.90028 ; B2 = + 00.03457
A3 = + 03.08499 ; B3 = + 02.12603
A4 = + 01.30902 ; B4 = + 01.83988
A5 = - 00.43245 ; B5 = + 01.14088

!*****************************************************************!*
!** PAHANG (U,B) **!*
!*****************************************************************!*
R1 = - 00.04020 ; R2 = - 00.03920
A1 = - 01.17721 ; B1 = + 16.45555
A2 = - 15.97246 ; B2 = - 01.60681
A3 = + 02.36266 ; B3 = + 00.79414
A4 = - 00.47438 ; B4 = + 01.33406
A5 = + 00.31267 ; B5 = + 00.56153

!*****************************************************************!*
!** PAHANG (U,T) **!*
!*****************************************************************!*
R1 = + 00.007400 ; R2 = + 00.01670

2
 A1 = - 01.858040 ; B1 = + 15.74953
A2 = - 15.531005 ; B2 = - 01.98886
A3 = - 00.263440 ; B3 = + 01.13755
A4 = + 00.690300 ; B4 = - 00.37557
A5 = - 00.803530 ; B5 = + 00.92214

!*****************************************************************!*
!** PAHANG (S,B) **!*
!*****************************************************************!*
R1 = + 00.02290 ; R2 = - 00.01390
A1 = - 01.67791 ; B1 = + 43.48222
A2 = - 43.47877 ; B2 = - 01.60907
A3 = - 00.78177 ; B3 = + 00.02231
A4 = - 00.71284 ; B4 = + 00.28692
A5 = - 00.00789 ; B5 = - 00.05668

!*****************************************************************!*
!** PAHANG (S,T) **!*
!*****************************************************************!*
R1 = + 00.02290 ; R2 = - 00.01390
A1 = - 01.67791 ; B1 = + 43.48222
A2 = - 43.47877 ; B2 = - 01.60907
A3 = - 00.78177 ; B3 = + 00.02231
A4 = - 00.71284 ; B4 = + 00.28692
A5 = - 00.00789 ; B5 = - 00.05668

!*****************************************************************!*
!** PERAK UTARA **!*
!*****************************************************************!*
R1 = + 00.02290 ; R2 = - 00.01390
A1 = - 01.67791 ; B1 = + 43.48222
A2 = - 43.47877 ; B2 = - 01.60907
A3 = - 00.78177 ; B3 = + 00.02231
A4 = - 00.71284 ; B4 = + 00.28692
A5 = - 00.00789 ; B5 = - 00.05668

!*****************************************************************!*
!** PERAK SELATAN **!*
!*****************************************************************!*
R1 = + 00.02290 ; R2 = - 00.01390
A1 = - 01.67791 ; B1 = + 43.48222
A2 = - 43.47877 ; B2 = - 01.60907
A3 = - 00.78177 ; B3 = + 00.02231
A4 = - 00.71284 ; B4 = + 00.28692
A5 = - 00.00789 ; B5 = - 00.05668

!*****************************************************************!*
!** JOHOR **!*
!*****************************************************************!*
R1 = + 00.02290 ; R2 = - 00.01390
A1 = - 01.67791 ; B1 = + 43.48222
A2 = - 43.47877 ; B2 = - 01.60907
A3 = - 00.78177 ; B3 = + 00.02231
A4 = - 00.71284 ; B4 = + 00.28692
A5 = - 00.00789 ; B5 = - 00.05668

!*****************************************************************!*
!** NEGERI SEMBILAN & MELAKA **!*
!*****************************************************************!*
R1 = + 00.02290 ; R2 = - 00.01390
A1 = - 01.67791 ; B1 = + 43.48222
A2 = - 43.47877 ; B2 = - 01.60907
A3 = - 00.78177 ; B3 = + 00.02231
A4 = - 00.71284 ; B4 = + 00.28692
A5 = - 00.00789 ; B5 = - 00.05668

!*****************************************************************!*
!** SELANGOR **!*
!*****************************************************************!*
R1 = + 00.02290 ; R2 = - 00.01390
A1 = - 01.67791 ; B1 = + 43.48222
A2 = - 43.47877 ; B2 = - 01.60907
A3 = - 00.78177 ; B3 = + 00.02231
A4 = - 00.71284 ; B4 = + 00.28692
A5 = - 00.00789 ; B5 = - 00.05668

!*****************************************************************!*
!** PULAU PINANG **!*
!*****************************************************************!*
R1 = + 00.02290 ; R2 = - 00.01390

3
 A1 = - 01.67791 ; B1 = + 43.48222
A2 = - 43.47877 ; B2 = - 01.60907
A3 = - 00.78177 ; B3 = + 00.02231
A4 = - 00.71284 ; B4 = + 00.28692
A5 = - 00.00789 ; B5 = - 00.05668

!*****************************************************************!*
!** TERENGGANU **!*
!*****************************************************************!*
R1 = + 00.02290 ; R2 = - 00.01390
A1 = - 01.67791 ; B1 = + 43.48222
A2 = - 43.47877 ; B2 = - 01.60907
A3 = - 00.78177 ; B3 = + 00.02231
A4 = - 00.71284 ; B4 = + 00.28692
A5 = - 00.00789 ; B5 = - 00.05668

Contoh Source Code Fortran Yang Digunakan Untuk Transformasi Koordinat

Daripada RSO ke Cassini Dan Cassini Ke RSO:

Warna Merah Perlu Diubah Mengikut Negeri

integer bil,i,choose,choose2
double precision
x0,y0,bx1(50),by1(50),x(50),y(50),bx2(50),by2(50),n0,e0,n(50),
*e(50),R1,R2,oA1,oB1,oA2,oB2,oA3,oB3,oA4,oB4,oA5,oB5
character*20 infile

! Pilihan: Perak
! Koordinat Origin Sistem Cassini
!--------------------------------
x0=1334.53785 ! Koordinat X
y0=0.0 ! Koordinat Y
!--------------------------------

! Koordinat Origin Sistem RSO

!--------------------------------
print*,'Sila Masukkan Koordinat Origin RSO, Kertau (East North)'
read*,e0,n0

! Parameter Transformasi
!--------------------------------------------------------
R1 = 0.02290; oA1=-1.67791; oA2=-43.47877; oA3=-0.78177
oA4=-0.71284; oA5=-0.00789

R2 =-0.01390; oB1=43.48222; oB2=- 1.60907; oB3= 0.02231

oB4= 0.28692; oB5=-0.05668
!--------------------------------------------------------

print*,'Program Transformasi Koordinat'

print*,'------------------------------'
10 print*,' 1: Cassini Ke RSO'
print*,' 2: RSO Ke Cassini'
read*,choose
if(choose.NE.1)then
if(choose.NE.2)then
print*,'Pilihan Salah'
goto 10
else

4
 end if
else
end if

print*,'Masukkan Bilangan Data'

read*,bil
40 print*,' 1: Input Melalui Keyboard'
print*,' 2: Input Melalui File'
read*,choose2

if(choose2.EQ.1)then
goto 20
else if(choose2.EQ.2)then
goto 30
else
print*,'Pilihan Salah'
goto 40
end if

30 print*,'Masukkan Nama Fail'

read(*,'(a)')infile
open(60,file=infile)
do i=1,bil
read(60,*)x(i),y(i)
end do
goto 50

20 do i=1,bil
print*,'Masukkan Koordinat Timuran :',i
read*,x(i)
print*,'Masukkan Koordinat Utaraan :',i
read*,y(i)
end do

50 open(70,file='output.txt')

do i=1,bil
if(choose.EQ.1)then
bx1(i)=y(i)-y0
by1(i)=x(i)-x0

bx2(i)=bx1(i)/10000
by2(i)=by1(i)/10000
else
bx1(i)=x(i)-n0
by1(i)=y(i)-e0

bx2(i)=bx1(i)/10000
by2(i)=by1(i)/10000
end if
end do

if(choose.EQ.1)then
write(70,77)
77 format(' Transformasi Dari Sistem Cassini Ke Sistem RSO',/)
else
write(70,78)

5
78 format(' Transformasi Dari Sistem RSO Ke Sistem Cassini',/)
end if

write(70,71)
71 format(' ------------------------------------------------')
write(70,72)
72 format('|',2x,'Bilangan',2x,'|',5x,'Timuran',5x,'|',5x,'Utaraan',
*5x,'|')
write(70,73)
73 format(' ------------------------------------------------')

if(choose.EQ.1)then
do i=1,bil
n(i)=n0+bx1(i)+R1+bx2(i)*oA1+by2(i)*oA2+bx2(i)*by2(i)*oA3+
* bx2(i)**2*oA4+by2(i)**2*oA5

e(i)=e0+by1(i)+R2+bx2(i)*oB1+by2(i)*oB2+bx2(i)*by2(i)*oB3+
* bx2(i)**2*oB4+by2(i)**2*oB5

write(70,74)i,n(i),e(i)
74 format('|',5x,i2,5x,'|',f13.4,4x,'|',f13.4,4x,'|')
end do
else
do i=1,bil
n(i)=y0+bx1(i)-R1-bx2(i)*oA1-by2(i)*oA2-bx2(i)*by2(i)*oA3-
* bx2(i)**2*oA4-by2(i)**2*oA5

e(i)=x0+by1(i)-R2-bx2(i)*oB1-by2(i)*oB2-bx2(i)*by2(i)*oB3-
* bx2(i)**2*oB4-by2(i)**2*oB5

write(70,75)i,n(i),e(i)
75 format('|',5x,i2,5x,'|',f13.4,4x,'|',f13.4,4x,'|')
end do
end if

print*,'Hasil Akhir Dipaparkan Dalam Fail "output.txt"'

write(70,76)
76 format(' ------------------------------------------------')

end

Walau bagaimanapun, dewasa ini telah wujud pelbagai perisian yang

direkacipta bagi tujuan transformasi koordinat. Sebagai contohnya perisian
Foresight CDS dan TopoCAD dan lain-lain.