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ndrfScsrfSa&S
• awGmif;w&sm;a&S
• xdefSodrfSavGS obm0t&GD;tckd.ta&S
• xmSxD.xmSao vdGKif.uGKefSa&S
vdwfapmif.
aeif. 1373 Am. vm'JOf[m; April 2011 twG,fS (1) trJkif (1)

uwl.pJOf. vdwfrJhig

owifS
• wvDSoefxGm.wJif oJkifSacg0fukd
vrf;Am. (40)vdGKS uJkif_yJifS 2
• xJkif.tpdk.& tD.axwomaz.,if; cGefom'Gef;
xmSrmSom; vdufrwf 2
• ajzm0fScrf;e,f.udk
z0Zmwf&OJ .f
ref;tpdk.&vdkSwefzHk. uDGtH.vGOfS AGmoS&m. ttJOf.
,m_cHtcGOf. 2
uzefqifSvGOfaz.'g. acwfwom ytdk0f.aig0f;oScsifS,dk t&D;oGwfSyk*~dKvf.aem0fS
obm0t&GD;tcdk. “cGefom'Gef;” 'sm.oGL? cGefom'Gef;aem0fS c&pfaeif. 1944 Am. vmpufwifbm
• [0faoxdGKufig. xDw&Du&dkS (24)eDSaem0fS a0ifSeJ.awmif;uDS/ 'HkzmrGKef;udk ut0f.tHkaomhS'g. Adkvf[defarmif
vdkSoD;z0 twefoGKwfSwef.zdkS 3 (ytrz=OuU Ï vD S ) wG r f . emif . vG O f . oD ; vG L ;zG m vif S xG L awG m h S yd k ( 7)jzmStud k
• ytdk0f.ay.vkdS,GJpGdKS uxGwfax xGm'kwd,twefoGwfS ydkcdkaem0fSoGL? vdwfrJhig = 6
avGS'g. “tqdyfoifhwdrfrsm;”
vdwfapmif.tausmifS 7

ynm.a&S
• rOf.&ufrsKdSvJh ygif.xdkaoGmh
cdGKSynm.a&S 8
oxGHK.ay. = cGefAefcsm
erf;xmS,l. xmSxD.
ynm.a&Su&kdSaem0fS
• pdGK;cdGKSwcdGKSwGrf. vSyJif.cGifS 10 avmuukd avmuom;wm. tusdKSxGmtD tusdKSuJkiftD/ ,kdaem0fStrJOf. ,kdaem0fStrm./
,kdaem0fSta[m0f ,kdaem0fStuJkif/ ,kdaem0fSrmSxGKdufrmSoifS vdwfrJhig = 8
_cJKif;ajymifStHkvGOfSxmSrmSudpP
• [dkShay.trdef;awmf. 4 ytdk0f.ay.vkdS,GJpGdKS uxGwfaxavGS'g.
“tqdyfoifhwdrfrsm;” vdwfapmif.tausmifS
z0Zmwf&JOf. ttJOf. cGefxGef;wif

• cGefom'Gef; 6
2011 Am.aeif. vmZEM0g&Daem0fS ytdk0f.ay.vdkS,JGpGdKS (PYO)
xGwfaxavGS “tqdyfoifhwdrfrsm;” u&kdS'g. vdwfapmif.
uAsm aem0fSoGL? vdwaf pmif.,kad em0fS az:.xef.,D;e,favGS uGyyf KdG ;pGO.f vH;k oGm.
atmif (ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;) awGmhS a0ifSe,f.yifavmifS 'Hkwcsudk uatm0f.'g. 'Hkom;
• ytdk0f.zHk.a[G; 6 &yfom;zHk.wGrf. a'.oukd uatm0f.'g. obm0taomift&ifSzHk. vdwfrJhig = 10
vdwfrJhig = 2

wvDSoefxGm.wJif oJkifSacg0fukd vrf;t_zHK. 40 vGKd ajzm0fScrf;udk ref;tpdk.&vkdSwefzHk. uGDtH.vGOfS ,m_cH


uJkifjyifS tcGOf.
1372Am./ vm'JOf[m; 1373 Am. vm'JOf&kwfS
aeif. 1372 Am./ 'JO[ f m;avmif; 5 eDS/
(2011/ {_yDvm 23) pae.eDSaem0fS
uGyfwvDSwef axmif;oefvGOfwJif
a0if S e,f . oD . oJ i f . / a0if S e,f .
cG,Sf oJik Sf acg0u
f dk vrf;yg. t_zKH .aygiSf
40 vGdK&yf uJkifjyifSxkdStausmifS
aoxGSvGOfSAm.oGL? "gwfyGKH.= EMG

uGyfwvDSxGm.oefvGOfwJif ucGdKif;Am.'g.vrf; t_zHK.aygifS 40 tudk/ 11 _zHK.


aem0fS 0SjyifSvDvm xkdSvkd@xGLawGmhS vGdKuatm0f.uJkif'g. 29 _zHK.aem0fS
vrf;toS taqif.zHk. uJkifjyifSxdkS wcl;wacg0ftausmifS &yfom;wjzmS
a'ghSavGSEJkif;aem0fSoGL? 
xJkif.tpdk.& tD.xGwfaxwomaz.,if; ajzm0f S crf ; tacg0f a em0f qJ i f . &mSa'.ouk d wm.0ef . uatm0f . 'g.
xmSrmSom;vdwfrwf ref;pJhStpdk.&vkdSwefzHk. uGDtH.wl.wl.awhSawhS oGL,m_cHtcGOf.zHk.wJif
1373 Am./ vm'JOf&kwfS az.cGifSqkd@S&JkifavGS ,m _cHzHk. tausmifSaoxGS Am.oGL?
xJ k i f . crf ; uk d , d k uatm0f . 'g. qkd@S&JkifaEGmifSavGS ,m_cH ta&StwGuf ,m_cHwwGdKif. wwGdKif.
xmSrmSom;zH k . twG u f w m. wm.aem0f S az.pJ k i f . avG S Am. wm.0ef . uatm0f . 'g. yavuf (,,f S )
tD.axxef.az.,if; rmS xmSrmS wGrf. pJhSwyfvkdSwefzHk. &GOf.,m. iwfSaomif. (50000) pD. tausmifS
cGifSvdwfrwfwom tausmifS a'.ocH.&yfom;zHk. a'ghSa&mifvGEJkif;aem0fSoGL?
aeif. 2011 wAm. arvm 3 eDS ajzm0fScrf;tacg0faem0fukd tif;vHk/ vG,fvJrf/ yif.vHk/ oD.oJif./
urmSavGS'g. tpDSta0GSukd xJkif. [kdyHkS/ yifavmifS/ uGef[def;/ vifScGdKS/ rGdKifSyGOf up'g. a0ifSe,f.zHk. wGrf.
crf ; xmSrmSom;0ef . wef X m.e ajzm0fScrf;tacg0af em0f a0ifStavmif.tvifz.kH tukd ,m_cHz.kH ayg.tm vGKd if.
wm.0ef. uatm0f.'g.yk*~dKvf.oD; uGKefStmvGOfarG;ig.tausmifS aoxGSAm.oGL?
xJkifStpdk;& tD;rmSaz.xmSrmSom;vufrwf avm0f;[GdKef avGSEJkif;aem0fSoGL? ajzm0f S crf ; tacg0f a em0f ytd k 0 f . pG d K ;cG d K StpG d K ScsKyf (PNO)
wJif vdkSref;crf; tGOfw0gifEGdK@SvGOfxJkifScrf; xJkifS&Jt0fpGKrfyGHK
xJkif.crf;ukd uatm0f.cGKrfSrm'g. uxdefScsKyf'g.a'.oukd aumuuGDtH.vGOfS'g. ,m_cHtcGOf.zHk.om;tukd
ref;crf; avm0fScrf;wGrf. uarBm'D;,m;crf; xmSrmSom;zHk. tjzmSaygifS vkd@ atm0f.'sm. ,,fSwGr.f ref;pJSh wyfvKG rfSwum.awm0f;/ wm.0ef.uatm0f.'g.
vkd@pifpifaem0fS atm0f. eD (2) oef;vGKd&yfoGL? aem0fSzHk.tukd w&mS0if. PNO crf ; aAG . wG r f . tG d K if . vk d S wef z H k . vJ h atm0f . uG D t H . vG O f ,m_cH c G O f .
tae. uatm0f.rmS'g.xmSrmSom;aem0fS atm0f.'sm. 3 odef.&yfvGKrfSoGL? aeaetausmifSaovGOfSAm.oGL?
vGKd aem0fSaem0fS xGm'sm. w&mSw0if.awm0f; xmSrmS om;vGO;f vGO;f zH.k oGL? tcdef.qdk@S&Jkif,m_cHwGifSwGrf. tcdef.jcGpfS,mpD.wGifScg upgif;tH.
a0GSoD;zHk.aem0fS ,kdcg rmS xmSrmScGifS xmSrmSom; vdwfrwf EdGK@Srm'g.xmSrmSom;zHk.tukd pJhSref;ykdrmwGrf. wuUokdvf.ausmifSom;zHk.wJh
tJOfaxm0f;wJif/ xGmw&mSw0if.awm0f; xmSrmSom;zHk.oGL? uGyfaem0fSr atm0f.EGdK@rmSaomhSaem0fSoGL?
a0G S oD ; zH k . aem0f S az.ae;uxG m w&mS0if . xmSrmSom;twG u f w m. aem0f S xG L wum.awm0f ; uG y f p G O f . xmSrmSaqh S ajcm'sm.
,kdcg atm0f.zsifqifavGSaz. rmS xmSrmScGifSvdwfrwfwJif/ wGdK.ZGefvm wzJhSwGrf.tcdef.oGOfvdwfaqhS'sm.wzJhSwJif wuUokdvf.ausmifSom;zHk.
arG ; awm0f ; vJ h tqJ k i f S oG K wf S oJ p f w if b mvm&yf o l S az.uaxxef . aem0fS vGif;oGLausmifSwJif EGdK@avGSrmSawm'sm. ,m_cHzHk.tausmifS/
pavGSaEGmifSaz.aem0fS xJkif.tpkd.& atm0f.pD.&if.avGSvJOf; tausmifS uG y f y G d K ;vS,k d S &G O f w G r f . tm.cSa[m0f w J i f ausmif S om;zHk . tG O f 0 gif S EG d K @
aoxGSAm.EJkif;aem0fSoGL? rmSvGxGLwJif qJkifScsmaem0fS xGmvGOfyg ,mom;zHk.tausmifS aoxGSAm.
tcde.f um.v axxef.az. xmSrmSom;vdwrf wfxLG qJik Sf 0Jik Sf um. oGL?
volS/ xJkif.tpkd.&tae. txGL.twGKrfwAm. tD.tGOf.a&S ajcif;qGrfSavGS urBm.avmif. Edkif.iH.aygifS uqkd@S&Jkif'g.,m_cHtukd ref;crf;aem0fS
yG,fSpmS (arG;awm0f;vJh) yk*~dKvf. aumuawmEGdK@wcGefS'g. w&mSw0if. xGm'kwd, ttmoGKwfSxGLwJif ref;crf;ukd ,m_cHuvGdKif.tmoGKwfS'g.
awm0f; xmSrmSom;zH.k awGmSh ajcif;ajcif;_cJ_h cJh tD.xl.a&SavGSxGLwJi/f tD.xGKrf. a'.oaem0f S atm0f . ajzm0f S crf ; tacg0f a em0f wG r f . tacg0f u G O f .
qGrfS xl.a&SavGSyg w&mSw0if.awm0f; xmSrmSom;wGrf. xmSrmSaAG. t&yfaem0fSoGL?
aumu vufcH.xl.qGKrf. xGOf.tH.'g. w&mSw0if.awm0f;xmSrmSom;zHk. vJik ;f vGKyfS_cHrmSom; uqd@k S&Jik 'f g. ,m_cHz.kH tukd uOf;tmtmaem0fS
aem0fSoGL? xGm 0/ tmcg/ vm;[l/ yavmif;/ ajzm0fS/ ytd0k .f / apmufS/ apmufSwEsm.wGr.f
yG d K if ; 0G d K @wG r f . ud p P , k d tavmif ; rmS xmSrmScG i f S xmSrmS cgif up'g. vkdSrsdKSzHk. tausmifSaoGxGSAm.oGL? 
om;vdwfrwf watm0f.awm0f; xmSrmSom;zHk. ,HurmSvG xmSrmS
om;vdwrf wftausmifS yk*Kd~ vf.wGr.f tpGKd SuxGm;xdeSf um.uG,.f avGSaz.'g.
xmSrmSom;tcGifSta&SoD;zHk. az.tusH.^m%f.avGSvGEJkif;aem0fSoGL?

awmifSaoS = oSwifS,dek 0fS vGKd ufx.l xGL oSwifStOfwmeJpaf vmif;
awGmhS wJrf;csm.ytkd0f.,if;
tm.&k%f.womvdwfapmif.
vdwfrJhig = 3

erf;&dGK;vGOf pwJifSa&m.*g.zHk.,dk AdGK@SvGOf'g.xGLawGmhS xdcdGKufvGOf'g. erf;Ycif.


oefSa&S aem0fSoGL? erf;cE<m.udk xDrOf.,GrfSxdkS 20 &smSEkefSaem0fS
rOf.tGSxJif;orf;aomhS cGKefSaz.w0f;aem0fS oufrGeftD.tHkxdGKif.
aEGmifSwm. ,dkSw0f;'GKrfaem0fSoGL? aem0fSrSwJif xDaem0fS vdkSoD;twm.
ta&SwefoGKwfS w_cdKSuGKef.wrsKdS'sm.oGL? vdkSydkoD;vGKrfrum. uxGm'g.
aoif.0g. xmStD.rGL;zHk.vJh tHkaemifxDawGmhS rGefAefwefxdk oGrf.csKd AefvGOfAm.
aem0fSoGL?

“xDw&D” ut0f.'g. (2 &smSEkefS) tudk,dkaem0fS ,[ef.aem0fS xGmxdkS


wtGdKvl;awGmhS uGif.xef.xdkS xmSajcifaumif.uif.avmif;/ ,[ef.aem0fS
aoif.0g.wtD.rGL;zHk. pkufStGSqGKrf.xdkS/ ,[ef.aem0fS pGL;aomhSxdkS[H.
udk/ ,[ef.aem0fS xGwfSvifSaomhS yif.v,f.ork'N&m.udkzHk.aem0fSoGL?
aem0fSvGKrfSrum. uGyfydGK;pGOf. vdkSydkrEk\oD; qdGK@S&Jkifa&S_cHudk oHGKSvG woD.
pGL.om; rmSoDtDao@SzHk./ "gwk[H.-oZm.zHk. pwJif w_cdKSrsKdS,dk tpGL.zHk.
aem0fS pGL;vifSnDSwGrf.crf;&m. crf;xDawGmhS ,m;uJkifxdkS “xDw&D” "gwfzHk.
aem0fSoGL? aem0fSrSwJif obm0 “xDw&D” zHk.,dk vdkSydkoD. oHGKStGSwm.
cGefqefuD (rJkif;aumif) t0f;uJkif'sm. (0 '\r 1 EkefS) &yfaem0fSvGKrfSoGL?
vdGKwJifurBm._*dKvf.,dk _*dKvf.tvifzHk.aem0fS “xD” u&dkS,dk ynm.osif.oD;
xGKrf.armhSw0f;'GKdef;aem0fSoGL? urBm.avmif;udk toufom;um;ut0f. 2010 Am. aeif.xmS0ukd urBm.avmif;,dk vdkSjzmSaygifS t0f.oef;aygifS
zHk. oufrGefAefa&Stwm. “xD”,dk t0f.w0f;xGmw0f; xGmurBm. (6800)vdGKS aem0fSoGL? vSvGKrf;w0f;xDawGmhS pGKrf.aeif. uoDrm;xdkSaem0fS
tzdkSwef.oGKwfS obm0oH,HZmw wrsKdSaeae aem0fSoGL? urBm. t0f.vdkSjzmSaygifS (3 '\r 57)oef;aem0fSoGL? aem0fStudkaem0fS vdkSay.
rJhigavmif;,dkaem0fS “xD” t0f.'dk@SxGKrf;cgS 75 &smSEkefS aem0fSoGL? “xD” oufvS (5) aeif.rmSv,dk pGKrf.aeif. oDrm.xdSk (1 '\r 4) oef;aem0fSoGL?
aem0fSzHk.aem0fS yif.v,f./ ork'N&m./ xDajcmif/ xDaemifukdzHk.aem0fSoGL?
“xD”,dkzHk.aem0fS “xDw&D” wGrf. “xDqdkrf” zcgS (2) rsKdSaem0fSoGL? ynm.xmS'g. wvdGKif.uGKefSw0f; vdkSjzm;pcgzHk.aem0fS wGrf.a0SoD;erf;cJGusKH.
xD.armhSrkSawGmhS xDwGrf. aoif.wjcm ,dkaem0fS a0GSoD;tGOf.arG;pGOf.wef.
urBm.wef,dk w,f.Al.cgSwGrf.xD 75 &smSEkefS &dkSuDpGOf.vJh/ 75 &smSEkefSaem0fS zdkSaem0fSoGL? xDxef.&mSt&yfwGrf. aoif.wjcm 'GKef&mSt&yfzHk.,dk w,f.qdGK@S
tudkaem0fS “xDw&D” ygaomhS'sm.udGK@S (2 &smSEkefS) vGKrfSwJif az.wGrf. vlSa[mfom.oem.awGmhS tGOfvkd@0ifS &dk.ao.a&mifvGaem0fSoGL?
vGdKaem0fSzHk.aem0fS xGm'sm. “xDqdkrf” vGOf;vGOf;aem0fSoGL? vdkSydkoD;zHk.,dk vdkSjzm;pacgif.pcgzHk.aem0fS qdGK@Saoif.0g. &ufwjcmzHk.wJif xmSqma&m.*g.
b0rGefAefa&Swm. t0f.w0f;xGmw0f; “xD” u&dkS w_cdKSwrsKdS,dkaem0fS ajcm erf;Ycif.oefSvG yigy&mSzHk.aem0fSoGL? acwfydGKif;vJif.cgaem0fS
tH.tGSwGrf. qdGK@S&Jkifa&Swm.,dk oHGKSvudGK@S “xDw&D” wrsKdSvGKrfS aem0fSoGL? woD.,HGK.vGKrfSvmSvdkSqmvJhrt0f; woD.qJhSwGrf. [H.-oZm.zHk.vJhrt0f;/
“xDqdkrf” oD;rsKdS,dkaem0fS tH.tGSwGrf. qdGK@S&JkiftDxmS wvSw0f;aem0fSoGL? uG,f.awGmhS vdkSzHk. aqmhqmwefxmSzHk. tH.r tH.atm0fxmSzHk. wayg.t0f.
“xD” [H.udk zHk./ aumifavmif. “0xD” zHk./ “xDajcmif/ xDaemif” zHk.aem0fS w0f;aem0fSoGL? uGyfpGOf.'sm. vdkSjzm;pacgif.pcgzHk.aem0fS &ufarG;ig. “xDw&D”
xGm'sm. “xDpGL” zHk.wJif uxGm'g. yif.v,f.wGrf. ork'N&m.xDzHk.aem0fS t&DG;tcdk. xdefSodrfS[0fig. obm0aoif.0g.wjcmzHk. tusKdSw&mSaem0fSrS
xGm'sm. “xDqdkrf” zHk.vGOf;vGOf;aem0fSoGL? obm0aoif.wjcmwGrf. “xDw&D”zHk.vJh &ufcsma0GSoD;zHk. u&dkSaem0fS
qJkif;csmtwdwforJifSawGmhS xD.armhScGKefScsmAm. EJkif;aem0fSoGL?
vdkSwjzmSerf;cE<m.,dkaem0fS w,f.Al.cgSwGrf.xD 71 &smSEkefSaem0fSoGL?
pGKrf.eDStudk vdkSwdGKifSpGKrf.jzmS,dk t0f.vdk.tGSAm.xD (6) aumufS wGrf. xl.udGKS
(8) aumufS&yfaem0fSoGL? tGSxDawGmhS uazsmfvGOfwdGK.'g. erf;cE<m.udk • prf;prf;wif jyKpkonfh “pdkajyom,m ajrurBm” 1981 wGif yxr
xDzHk.,dkaem0fS wGrf.te,fS tmrsKdStmpGdK;awGmhS awmufSurf;avGSaz. t}udrfxkwfa0
erf;cE<m.Ycif.oefSa&Swm. aem0fSoGL? erf;cE<m.udk xDzHk.aem0fS erf;cE<m. • a'gufwmarmifoif; jyKpkonfh “jrefrmha&ê@a&; raEê;opfyif
zlS wvdk.w0f;'g. ta0G.t0ufzHk.,dk wGrf.wodkStae.vJh oif/ wGrf.cGOf.ay. 0ef;usifobm0 xdef;odrf;-u” 1995 wGif yxrt}udrf xkwfa0
cGOf.wefvJhoif axxef.xdkSaz. erf;cE<m.txef.olS aem0fSoGL? utH.'g. • tifwmeuf vdwfrJhig www.water.org
t[m.&zHk. uvJOf;aomhS'g. erf;cE<m.udkzHk.,dk tqm.zHk. ,Haz.uau. aeif. 2006 Am. yG,fSusdK.qGKrf.xD a0ifS[dkykHSwuGOf. o#if.ay.aumifxsS
aem0fSvJh erf;ukd[dk@SudkxDzHk. 'dGK.qGKrf.az. aem0fSoGL? erf;udk tvsm;"mwfzHk.
az.unD.vJhoif/ xdefSudkaz. ,m.yDavmif; uvmyfoD;zHk.tudk ut0f.
ygaomhS'g. tvsm;zHk.vJhoif/ 'dGK.az.xGL t[m.&[dk@SudkwJif uvSvGOf'g.
"gwfaygifSpGKrf.zHk.,dk t0f.oDG._zGDSwaxmufawGmhS yomavGSaz. erf;wAm.
vGKrf.vJhoif pwJifzHk.,dkaem0fS utGS'g.xD uvJOf;aomhS'g. erf;udk[dk@S
zlSolS erf;wAm.vGKrf; ,HuYcif.oefS ajcGmif;oSwm. tGSxDtusKdS,dk
xGmtxsSoGL?

erf;cE<m.ukd xDrOf.,GrfSxdk 10 &smSEkefS,dk rOf.tGSorf;xJif;aomhSaz.


cGKefSw0f;aem0fS erf;_cdKS,m.yDzHk.,dk ao@SoJifvGOf/ aAif.vSw0f; oSwaEGmhS

twG,fS (1) trJkif (1)


vdwfrJhig = 4

cGefxGef;wif (yD0dkiftdk)
eDvSkd oD;zH.k ,dk w,f.pGO.f cg;vm;orJiSf wayg.w0f;'GKd ef; tcde.f um.vSe0fSvJi.f vGpfwjcifcGifSwGrf. woGKefawGmif;cGifS,dk [rf;t0f.u,fSxJif; [H.yJif.aAG.
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0ifStmSxDudk zHk.aem0fSoGL? website - http://pa-oh-newdawn.blogspot.com

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f ed af rmif (ytrz=OuUÏvDS) wGr.f emif. vGOfacsmifScSwJif cGefom'Gef;wjzmS b0oGKrfSuJkifxkdScef;'sm. aem0fSoGL?
vGOf.oD; vGL;zGmSvifS c&mpfaeif. 1944 Am. vmpufwifbm (24) eDSwJif twGiSf e0fScgaem0fS cGeo f m'Ge;f ,dk touf pvSuGKd @S'sm. (34) aeif. vGKrfSoGL?
wzl;wa0; (7) jzmStudk a0GS,kd xGm'kwd,twefoGKwfS ydkcdkaem0fSoGL? aem0fSrSwJif uxGm'g. ydkcdk cGefodef;/ cGefAnm. wGrf.ydkrl. emif.omomaxG;
oD ; zH k . ,d k t0f ; tH k u J k i f q J k i f S cef ; 'sm. wG r f . a0G S rmrl . aem0f S oG L ? uusrf .
cGefom'Gef; oufxdGKif.vS (7)aeif.aem0fS oGOfxl.pavGSynm. a0ifSuavmfS wuJik o f xD Skd 'g. cGeo
f m'Ge;f EJik ;f ,dak em0fS ytd0k .f pdKG ;cdKG Stwm. xJraf omhScGKefScsm
*sd e f ; pf 0 wf E ê p f j cif ; c&mpf , mef . ausmif S uk d aem0f S oG L ? ut0f . oG O f x l . wvSw0f; oGKrfSuJik rf Sk wAm.aem0fSoGL? uG,.f wJiaf wGmSh cGeo f m'Ge;f uazmf.
ynm. “yOPr&ef;” tcdef.aem0fS aumuxGmtzm Adkvf[defa rmif,dk xef. wJrf;&GpfcgSaz.'g. ytdk0f.aig0f;oScsifSacwfwomzHk.aem0fS ASwdGK.[ef.
cH.Am.0ifSqGrfSusS rmSoDawhSxdkSxGLwum.w0f; uzHkSvGrfS'g. toJif.cJifSvJh oeDS t0f.rGefAefavGSae'dGKef.uwJif ay:urBm.[H.wef,dk t0f.rGefAefaeuvJh
AS,kcd g waoxGSvGOSf w0f;aem0fSoGL? oGOx f .l ynm. “e0r&ef;” aeif.aem0fS a0GSaig0f;oScsifSzHk.,kd tD.rGefAefavGSxJif;xJif;aeu aem0fSoGL? 
ajz.vdufatmif.w0f; orf;xJhoGKrfSxdkSwJif “acGaem0fS tH.trsmS'JOf[ef.u 
qyfcsm,if; trsmS'JOfauSZlSrS” &dkSxGLEJkif;aem0fSwJif tif;xef.w_cdKxdkS
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ausmif S awG m h S a&.oJ i f S rmScef ; ausmif S q&m. a0if S e,f . awmif ; uD S
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
'Hek m;aAmifukd aem0fSoGL? a0GSutif;xef.xd'k g.ausmifS,dk a0GSzmjzm; jzm;xGOSf
oSazmfSwl.w0f;wJif tGOf.a0GSoGOfoGKwfSoGKwfSavGS,if; ynm. aem0fSoGL?
a0GStouf&G,f.uxdGKif.vS (18) aeif.aem0fS xif.oGOfoGKyfig,if;ynm.
trJkif (2) t&ef;xdkausmifS a0ifSawmif;uDSudk aem0fSoGL? xdGKif.wdGK. 1966 0ifSu&kdSe0fS
Am.aeif.aem0fS xif.oGOfxl.aEGmifScef;ynm. trJkif (2) woD.wuUodkvf.
a0ifS&ef.uGKef.udk aem0fSoGL? aem0fSrSwJif 1972 Am.aeif.aem0fS 'JhSxl.
crf;vJhtD.ukJif
aEGmifScef; bDADGtJufpf wd=arG;=uk wd&dp>mef.q&m.0Gef.bJG@ woD.wuUodkvf. xDvJhtD.yS
aem0fSoGL?
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aeif . 1971=72 Am.aem0f S t0f . oG O f x l . ynm. woD . wuU o d k v f .
wG i f S “wuU o d k v f r sm;&ef u k e f ” ud k a em0f S ytd k 0 f . ausmif S om;rl . cd k z H k .
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t,f'Dwm wm.0Gef. vdufytdk0f.u¾udk aem0fSoGL? aem0fSvGKrfSrum.
“wuU o d k v f r sm;&ef u k e f ” uk d ,H a z.uxG m aEG m if S avG S yG , f S usKd . qG K rf . om.oem.a&S
ausmifSom;wom ta&Swm. cGefom'Gef. t"dutGOfigavGSaz.aem0fSoGL?
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uxGm'g. ytdk0f.*DwtpdGKS (2) pdGKS “rsKdScGefcdGKS” wGrf. “aum0f.wJkifrHGS” uAŠnf;avmif;uD
,dkaem0fS cGefom'Gef; w,f.axmif.aoScgSaz.'sm. aem0fSoGL? cGefom'Gef;
uwJrf;&Gpf'g. t&D;oGKwfSaig0f;oScsifSaem0fS “aemif&GD.” wJifawGmhS/ t0f.'sm.eDvGKrfS? ?
aig0f;oScsifS,dkaem0fS azm.xef.az. ytdk0f.vGdKqefa&S aem0fSoGL? ASwdGK.pGOf. eifSaom,D(erfhpif)
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tm.&k%f.womvdwfapmif.
vdwfrJhig = 7

ytdk0f.ay.vkdS,GJpGdKS aygifSwGrf.cGKrftm.%m.om; pJhSref;vdkSwefzHk.awGmhS wGrf.tidkSay:Say:SwJif


t"rRajzSxl.EdKG if. 'Ho k m;[H.zH.k aem0fSoGL? rOf.xGm[H._cHxaD em0fS az. w{urS
uxGwfaxavGS'g. 30000 (oGaH omifS) ay.'sm./ rOf.xGm [H.odKG @Saumifaem0fS w{urS vS'sm.
20000 (eDaomifS) vGKrfSaem0fSoGL? 'Hkom;zHk.aem0fS wrOfpmxdkSw0f;
“tqdyfoifhwdrfrsm;” todGK@S_cH vJkif;[H.,m.zHk.vJh uGyfpGOf. 0ifSt"rRawufSEsS a'ghSavmufSwGrf.
aig0f;trsKdSrsKdS cH.Am.0ifSvGOfuGDajzSEdGKif.ae;aem0fSrS 'Hkom;zHk.vJh wGrf.rJhxD
vdwfapmif.tausmifS rJhaemifawGmhS pmaz.Am. awhSawhSaem0fSoGL?
vHk;oGm.atmifudk uxef.vGOf'g. [H.at.zHk.aem0fSvJh vGOf'if.
cGefxGef;wif
awmwGrf. umSwefzHk.awGmhS avGSaxmufSyGKrf.aomhSawm'sm. 'Hkom.,m.
2011 Am.aeif. vmZEM0g&Daem0fS ytdk0f.ay.vdkS,JGpGdKS (PYO) xGwfaxavGS uGKHSwGrf. awmifydk@v 'HkwomxsS uatm0f.'g. vJkif;uGifSukdzHk. aem0fSoGL?
“tqdyfoifhwdrfrsm;” u&kdS'g. vdwfapmif.aem0fSoGL? vdwfapmif.,kdaem0fS tcd e f . umv xd G K if . nvG O f a wG m h S ,d k c gaem0f S [H . at._yH K .zH k . aem0f S
az:.xef.,D;e,favGS uGyfyGdK;pGOf. vHk;oGm.atmif (ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;) wefxdku,fSxJif;'sm. 'Hkom.,m.uGKHS aem0fSoGL? crf;oJifcdef. [H.zGef.
awGmhS a0ifSe,f.yifavmifS 'Hkwcsudk uatm0f.'g. 'Hkom; &yfom;zHk.wGrf. ut0f.'g. [H.at._yHK.avmif;zHk.aem0fS wvDStDxGm.wJif -uKef.vifSvl; 'Hkukd
a'.oukd uatm0f.'g. obm0taomift&ifSzHk. uarmhSusHK.vGOfAm. vrf;avmif;zHk./ _cHudkut0f.'g. [ef.vGL;vGKHS (rkefvmxkyf) zHk./ [ef.oOf[ef.
vJOf; tusdKSoGKyfzHk. wGrf.utD.cGJusHK.avGSorf;,if;'g. tusdKSuJkifzHk. vm.avmif;zHk. aem0fSoGL? vdkSut0f.avGSoJifS csmig'g.xmS vHk;oGm.
aem0fSoGL? vdwfapmif.t'GeftAGdKaem0fS atm0f.vdwfrJhig (55) rJhigawGmhS atmifxsSwGrf. [H.at._yHK.xsS w&yfwpyfzHk.aem0fS t0f.omwa&@Sao.
xG w f a xavG S wG r f . ref ; bm.om./ xJ k i f S bm.om./ t*F v d y f b m.om. ao.Am.pGOf. vHk;oGm.zGef.wGrf. [H.zGef.ua&mfS'g. wvDSzHk. aem0fSoGL?
aem0fSoGHrsKdSaem0fSoGL? rOf.wdGK.vGOf crf;cgcdef.vJh crf;avmhawGmhS uxGm'g. xDweJif;zHk.
vHk;oGm.uxef.'g. 'HkwcsxsS,kd uGyfpGOf. ukr`%D.wGrf. etz aem0fS tDxGKwfSvifS[H.at.zHk.wJif EdGK@vGOf'Hkcifcg. zHk.aem0fSoGL? uxGm'g.
pJhStpdk.&oD; cGKrfrmSpD.&if. azm.xef.avGS vHk;oGm.atmif terf;t_cHK armif;a&mifS/ xDajcmif pwJif xDwzlSzHk.,dkvJh vHk;oGm.zGef.zHk. [H.at.zHk.
aem0fSrSwJif 2003 Am.aeif.aem0fS 'HkvJkif;cg.wGrf. 'Hkawmifydk@v pwJif axmufSayhSxdkSwJif xDzHk.aem0fS vGef;aomhSavGSawm vJkif;uGifSudkzHk.awGmhS
'Hk,dk (2) 'Hktukd vrf;tAm.aygifS (63) Am.aem0fS cH.Am.pGOf. ukr`%D. vJkif;uGifSvJh xGmvGOfpGOf. xDaemifwef aem0fSoGL? xD,dkaem0fS [H.at._yHK.
oD; t"rR xGOf._cJKif;ajymifSxef.xdkS'Hkaem0fSoGL? uajymifSavGS'g. cif. udk uyga&mfS'g. vHk;oGm.tpsStEsS jcL._cD.zHk. pGL;pGKrf;aomhSnDSwJif xDzHk.
vrf;womudkolSaem0fSvJh ukr`%D. wul.nD. pD.pJOf.az.w0f;wJif/ 'Hkom;zHk. aem0fSvJh xGmvGOaf EGmifS'g. tpGL.aem0fSoGL? uGypf OG .f xmSrmScl.xef.vH;k oGm.
erf; wG r f.erf ; pD .pJO f .csmAm.'sm. aem0f S oG L ? 'H k o m;zH k . u,m;uJ k i f A m. 'HkwcsxsS,dkwJif wGrf.'Hkwcs taomiftxsS raAmhSrnmS uatm0f.'g.
a0GSoD;vrf;aem0fS ukr% ` .D a,mf.az.csm'sm.wGr.f &GOf &dSk pGO.f vJh vrf;wefom;zH.k obm0xDaemifzHk. aohSoJifaqhSajcmvGOfpGOf. weDSwpdSaem0fSoGL?
aem0fS vSudGK@S'sm. &GOfa,m. ttmoGKwfS wodefScG,fS/ vrf;ay.om;zHk. wGrf.pufu&d,m.tm.awGmhS ut0f.cl.'g. vHk;oGm.atmif,dk
aem0fS ,def;vaqhSaqhSxJif; aem0fSoGL? 'Hkom; uxdkSAm.xmSaem0fS uxdKG if.qdKG ;aom0fSvGOaf em0fS xDvhJ xef.vGOpf OG .f aem0fSoGL? xDw'lajzif;u&pfS
orf;waemufSxJif; crf;cgcdef.wJif wzlSzHk. [H.tGeftef avGSoJifS,yfScJkif. uxef.vGO'f g. vH;k oGm.atmifu, kd akd em0fS wGr.f pufpyk Sf xD t_zHK. (10) awGmSh
ig.aem0fSrS a0SoD;uvS'g. &GOfa,m.aem0fS awmavGSoJifStDa0GSoD; pkyfSxef.xdkSxGLwJif tGOf.vG,fSvifaomhSavGS xDajcmifuvifSavGS'g.
vrf;Ycif;YcSp&dyw f m.igvhJ wvGKrf;w0f;tausmifS 'Ho k m.zH.k t0f.aomifvx G mS bDvlSajcmifwefukd aem0fSoGL? bDvlSajcmifwef,dkaem0fS t"duajcmifwef
EJkif;aem0fSzHk.oGL? aem0fSxGLwum.w0f; crf;cgcdef.aem0fS w,f.qdk@Svrf; (3) vD; uatm0f.xGKwfSvifaomhS'g. aemiftif;av;tudk atm0f.yg0if.
orf;wvSw0f;awGmhS cH.erf;oS'kuQwJif tHk,dk@SAm.ae;'sm. oGrf;w'JkifzHk. aomhS wvD;aem0fSoGL? bDvSl ajcmifwef,akd em0fS xef.p tdKG .a0ifSyifavmifS
tausmifS PYO uax'g. vdwt f yk u
f akd em0fS t0f._cKJ if;e,fcsm EJik ;f aem0fSoGL? qSwdGK@S xifSawGmhS xGKwfSvifSavGSaomhS aemiftif;av;ukd z&mSazmif.
ut0f.ax'g.ar.tm. wcsvHk;oGm.puf,HGK.cif [H.{u 100 awmf.ODSap.wD. ut0f.'g.tzJhS aem0fSoGL?
vdGKaem0fSvJh pJhStpdk.& xl.odrfSajcif'sm. a'.ocH. 'Hkom; vJkif;[H.,m. xDw'lajzif.u&pfS uxef.vGOf'g. vHk;oGm.atmifwefukd,dk
zHk.aem0fSoGL? vHk;oGm.puf,HGK.wm. uxl.odrfS'g.[H.aem0fS _cHaAG.zHk. xGKwfSvifSaomhSxGL xDajcmif'HkwcsawGmhS avmif;vifSvGOfSnDS,if;
wvSw0f;&GOfa,mf.wjzmSjzmSaem0fSoGL? puf,HGK.aem0fSaem0fS t0f. bDval jcmifwefuw dk iJ f azsmw f KGd .vifSpGO.f aemiftif;av;udak em0fSoGL? atm0f.
aAGmifavGSao.ao.pGOf. (24) em;&D.tcdef.wJif 'Hkut0f.aAmhS'g. puf,HGK. vH;k oGm.atmifukd uxef.vGO'f g. xDw'lajzif.u&pfS,dak em0fS atm0f.avmufS
zHk.aem0fS awufSem;'sm. puf,HGK.aig0f;wzJhS/ t0f.puf,HGK.ukd uxef. atm0f.apmifSuJkifvGOfvJOf. aemiftif;av; aem0fSoGL?
vGOf'g. vHk;oGm.zGef.zHk. zm.zGef.zHk.aem0fSvJh tvDG;EGrfSuJkifarG;ig.wJif 'Hkom;zHk. a0ifSe,f.yifavmifS/ 'Hw k csxsS uatm0f.cl.xef.avGS vH;k oGm.wGr.f
oSqifS&,fS'kuQvGOfSAm.arG; aem0fSoGL? atm0f.vHk;oGm. uxef.vGOf'g. w,f.qd@k SavGSvH;k oGm."gwt f m.puf,KGH . xmSrmSpJO.f tuk, d dk uyg'g. ukr%` .D
zm.zGef.zHk.,dkaem0fS orf;'gtDwzlSzHk.wJif wGdK.crf;oJifcdef.cg zm.zGef.zHk.,dk zH.k aem0fS a&$ov H iG uf rk %` .D / {'ifurk % ` .D / &êr;f &d;k r e*g;ukr%
` .D / at0rf;ukr%` .D /
-uKef;xef.xGLawGmhS vdkSuaxmifavGS'if.'g. wzlS,dkaem0fS omwa&@SEGdK@ txla'.o (6) pDSyGmSa&Som;pdGKS wGrf. c,f.crf;ukr`%D. China National
xef.Am.pGOf. zm.zGef.zHk.aem0fSoGL? zm.zGef.zHk.,dkaem0fS cJ"gwfygwJif rOf.wa&@S Heavy Machinery Corporation (CHMC) aem0fSzH.k oGL? uarBmZukr% ` .D
Am.tmvJh armhSvGOf'g. a&m*g.zHk.aem0fSoGL? t0f.wcsvHk;oGm.atmifawGmhS vJh EGdK@a&m0f;ygnDSae;wGrf. &êrf;&dk;re*gSukr`%D. tae.aem0fSoGL? 2002
uaxxef.'g. ar.tm.puf,HGK.,dk uvSvGOf'g. ar.tm. (120) r*~g0yftudk Am.aeif.aem0fS azm.xef.p wcs vHk;oGm.atmif xmSrmSwzlSpJOf. terf;_cHK
(65) r*~g0yfaem0fS tD.yomavGS'sm. yifidkaumifxsS ut0f.w,f.'g. yoD. wJif uxdGKif.nvGOfwaeif.vdGK&yfaem0fS a&$oHvGifukr`%D./ at0rf;ukr`%D./
wGrf.[H.bdvyfpuf,HGK. olSaem0fSoGL? ar.tm.,[ef.aem0fS yomavGS txlSa'.o(6) pDSyGmSa&Som;pdGKSzHk. AJhSxef.csm,if;terf; uatm0f.
e*gS[H.bdvyf puf,HGK. ut0f.'g.wcsxsSaem0fSoGL? yga&m0f;aomhS'g. vHk;oGm.atmifxmSrmSpJOf. os,f,mukd aem0fSoGL? xdGKif.
aem0f S vG K rf S rum. uk r ` % D . ucl . 'g. vH k ; oG m .atmif a em0f S wdGK.vGOf 2010 Am.aeif. 4 vmukdaem0fS &êrf;&dk;re*g;ukr`%D.vJh xef.xdkSvJOf;
t0f.,m;uJkifavGS [H.cif {uaygifS (500) &yfxGLawGmhS tem.qGm t0f. wcs vHk;oGm.atmif os,f,mukdaeaetausmifS t0f.[GKef aoxGSAm.
(2) rJif./ tqHGK;aem0fS t0f.ayaygifS (69) aem0fSoGL? [H.cifaem0fSzHk.aem0fS EJkif;aem0fSoGL? 
xGm'sm.'Hkom; vJkif; _cHxD wGrf.odGK@SaumifzHk. aem0fSoGL? ukr`%D.aem0fS

twG,fS (1) trJkif (1)
vdwfrJhig = 8

oxGHK.ay. = cGefAefcsm

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ta&Sum;uatm0f. tavmif;,kd/ uxD.uao uuOfSpmS ua0G.zef.
ueyfxGm; uqGHKSzswfaEGmifS'g. xmSaoxmS'g. A[kokwzHk. um;uatm0f. “crf;xDuxif.xkdAm. uGyfynm.”
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vGOf EkJif;[ef.oeDS,kd uGyfyGdK;'sm. eDvkdSoD; xmSxGm;xGKrf.axGaxmifrkS/
rOf . a'gh S Am.xJ i f ; wrsd K SvJ h txG m tuJ k i f u d p P w pG d K ;wrsd K S tavmif ; ,k d xmSoGOfusifS'g.vsif.rkS/ xmSrOfao rOf'g. xmSaomif.om usdKSpmSrkSwGrf.
az.uaotusKd StausmifSaem0fS ae;wGr.f uwl.cD;wJif u,l.uawGS uyJi.f vGL;wJifoGL xGmaEGmifSawm0f;tJOfaxm0f; u&dkS'g.xmS,GKrf;tH.csuf,kdwJif
csmSaEGmifS'g. up'g. xmSqif.csif.rkSzHk.vJh xGmynm.a&S'sm.aeaeoGL? cGKrfwOf.avGS oSiGLSEdkufSrkS up'g. eDvkdSoD. A[kokw xmSaoxmS'g.
xmSw,f.xGif.zefqifSrkS u&kdS'g. ynm.a&S'sm. vGOf;vGOf;oGL?
aem0fSxGLwum.awm0f; eDvkdSoD;tpktAl.zHk.tukd uatm0f.ajymifSvJkif.
vG O f ' g. vk d S rk S tH k a tm0f . a&SzH k . w&k d S awm0f ; / cG K rf r mSqk d @ S&J k i f a &SwG r f . [ef . eD S um.v urB m .wef w _zH K .vG K rf ; tavmif ; ,k d vk d S rsd K SwG r f . Ek d i f .
uGKef.oGKyfoG,f.ajzSpmulSum;a&SzHk. w&kdSawm0f;/ pGdK;cGdKSvGpfxef.a&S iH.crf;xD uwaoGmif; uxif.xkdvJOf;0gifS/ vGKrf;AOf.om.,m. e,fSynm.
&JkifSwoGdK;rkS pGdK;cGdKStrsdKSomS woGKefawGmif;nD.rkSwGrf. crf;xD vGKrf;AOf. xmS'g. u,HusvGdKxJif;0gifS/ Ycif;_cdKSplcGKrf wGrf.vkdSrkS tHkatm0f.a&S

eDytkd0f.vkdSrsdKS ynm.a&S ,HwaoGmif;tDtwm. ausmifSoGOfaomhSvdwf,kd


xGmta&Swef Xm.ewrsdKSoGL?
om.,m.a&S up'g.crf; xD (Ekid .f iH.) a&SzH.k w&kSd awm0f;/ crf;om;vkSd xrfSomS u,HvGdKvJOf.'g.0gifSwGrf. -oZm.tm.%m. uwefvGdKxJif;'g.0gifSaem0fS
tcGifS ta&S,Hatm0f.a&SwGrf. obm0 taomift&ifS oGrf.oOfa&S uGyfyGdK;awm0f;tavmif.tvif/ uGyfyGdK;'sm. a0GSoD; tGOf.a&S ynm.a&S/
up'g. vkdSrkSa&S &JkifSwoGdK;rkSzHk.w&kdSawm0f;/ eDvkdSoD;erf;wGrf.oS cEPm. uG y f y g.'sm.a0G S oD ; xmS,l . xmSpd w f u l S / uwl . cD ; erf ; uJ O f rG e f A ef r k S
tavmif; uwGdK;awifvGOf uxJhvifSvGOfvl;'g. abSb,a&m.*g. up'g. tusdKSausSZlSw&mS'sm.aem0fSoGL?
erf;oSYcif.oefSa&SzHk.w&kdSawm0f;/ urBm.avmif;tukd cGdKif;um;wJif
uatm0f . tH k w J i f uatm0f . a0h w yef . avG S 'g. txG m tuJ k i f p epf z H k . ,k d Ekdif.iH.crf;xDukd uatm0f.'g.crf;om;zHk. ,HvufSvJOfvdrRm. xmS'g.,Huav
uGyfyGdK;wrJkifawGmhS txGmvGOf uGyfyg.wrJkifSawGmhS tajymifSvJkif.vGOf up'g. xmSao,HuvJkif;vGOfaem0fS txGL.twGKrfwAm. a0GSoD;ygif.xkd 'gif.
tausmifSw&mSt&GD;tckd.,kd oSukd xmSrOfao rOfxD. rOf[GdKef rOf'g.wJif waoGmif;ynm.a&Stqif.t&ef.aem0fSoGL? uGyfynmSa&S tqif.t&ef.
uaxGaxmifxKG rf.xGm; uusKd SpmSaomif.om uoGOu f siSf (avhusi)hf up'g. wefxkdwJ0g;wJif vkdS'g. vkdS,H vdkSpGefSxif ynm.osif.oD;zHk.vJh vGdKif.
eDoSxmS[kd@Scdk;A[kokwzHk.,kdvJh xGm'sm.ynm.a&SoGL? uGKefSvGOf/ qJkifSoGKwfStusdKSoGKyfaem0fS crf;ukd crf;om;vkdSxrfSomSoD;
vkSd rkStHak tm0f.a&St&ef;vJh waoGmif;,Hus crf;xDa&S&m.udpv P hJ om.,m.
“ynm.u&kdS eDvkdSoD;tikdSwefoGKwfSw_cdKS” cGSndrfSAm. aem0fSoGL?
aem0fSrSwJif udpw P rsKd SrsKd S txGmtuJik w
f pGKd ;pGKd ; uxGmvGOf uuJik v
f OG Af m.'g.
tusdKStausmifStxsStaxmifS csmwGrf.ig,kd wGrf.xmS,l. xmSa0G.zef. “eDytkd0f.t&ef; az.uwaoGmif;aem0fS”
uOfSpmS^m%f.tm./ wGrf.xmS&dwfac. xmScwfu,fSrkSwJif ua0G.zef. eDemSytkd0f.oD; az.uvS az.uyJif.qJif.vGOf eDvkdSoD;wef.zdkStatm0f.
ueyfxGm.aEGmifS'g. xmS'g.aem0fS xGmeDvkdSoD; wef.zkdStatm0f.oGKwfS oGKwfStYcif;tYcS u&kdS'g. “ynm.a&S” ,kdvJh xl.tcdef.oGOfusifS
Ycif;_cdKSu&kdS'g. “ynm.a&S” aem0fSoGL? axteDSt&ifS xGm.xGKrf.axGaxmif cH.vk@d &OG w
f iJ f yGKd ufavGSAm.eDytd0k .f vkSd ay.
zHk.oGL? xl.tcdef.wJif uxGm;xGKrf.axGaxmif uoGOfusifS uyGdKufaEGmifS'g.
uGyfpJif;pJhaoem. ynm.a&Swef.zkdSwJif pGdK;cdGKS vkdSrsdKS crf;xD uaotGOf.a&S cgif.vrf;a'.oaem0fS atm0f.'sm. ausmifSoGOfaomhSvdwfukdaem0fSoGL?
Ycif;uGOfuS'g. ynm.Ycif;_cdKSaem0fS cH.pmSavGSAm. ynm.Ycif;_cdKSuaz.vGOf'g.
tusdKSauSZlSw&mSzHk.oGL? eDytkd0f.vkdSrsdKS ynm.a&S ,HwaoGmif;tDtwm. ausmifSoGOfaomhSvdwf,kd
xG m ta&Swef Xm.ewrsd K SoG L ? t&G , f . oG O f x l . ynm.wG d K . eD y tk d 0 f .
tm.&k%f.womvdwfapmif.
vdwfrJhig = 9
vkdSay.pGKrf.jzmS tqif.ajy.ajy. ,HuoGOfxl.aEGmifS xmSao xmS'g. vdwfapmif.xef.aEGmifSa&StpGdKSaig0f;tGOf.[GKef
ynm.a&Saem0fS eDytkd0f.&yf&m.a'.oukd a0ifS tGdKif. 'Hkaqmif.wGdKifS
ausmifSoGOfaomhSvdwfwGrf. uaopJif;'g.vsif.'g. ausmifSq&m.ckdrl.zHk. tm.&k%f.womvdwfapmif.,dke0fS tD.xGwfaxavGS wvmwvJif.
,Huatm0f.aem0fS yxrta&Swefig.oGL? oGL? vdwfapmif.udk uygavGS'g. tausmifSc&m.zHk.e0fS vdwfrJhig'dk@S
qSigzJhSavmif; uyg'g.u¾ uwl.pJOf.zHk.e0fStwdGKifSoGL?
uxGm'g.eDytkd0f.rGdK;zmoD;zHk.vJh ykdckd ykdrl. xmS,l.,HaAG xmSao,HvGdKif.
vGOftwGufwm.aem0fS vGL;wJifvGAm. oSxmSvkd.qEN urOfaz.'g. ykdckdydkrl. vdwfapmif.,dke0fS yk*~dKvf./ tpktAl./ tpGdKSwGrf. vdkSrsdKSzHk; tusdKSuuJkif
xmS'g.ynm.zHk.oGL? ykdckdydkrl. az.uvufSvJOf az.uAGdK uwl.cD;,HurGefAef tusdKSu,GKuftD'g. oSap.wem. t0f.w0f;&ifSoGL?
xmS,l.xmSpdwfulStpGefSowWdSaz.uoefaem0fS 0wW&mStae. wm.0ef.
aus.aus. cGKrfrmS aqmif.&GufavGSAm. az:.avGSAm. ykdckdykdrl.ynm.a&S acwfum.vtavGmufS yuwduxGmvGOf uuJkifvGOf uajymifSvJkif.
terf;_cHKaem0fSoGL? vGOf'g. eDvdkSoD;z0tHkt0f.a&S/ crf;xDa&S/ z0vGKrf;AOf.a&S/ ynm.a&S/
Ycif ; oef S a&S/ vd k S tcG i f S ta&SwG r f . obm0taomif t &if S ud p P
pwJifta&SzHk.avmif; "rR"dXmef.e,fStvS wGrf.vdwfydGKufa'Ggif;a'Ggif;
tc&m.pGKrf.pGKrf.wJif xGKrf.&Grf wGrfjcGOf. wJrf;_cJKif; zef;a0G.avGSaz.'sm.
eDytkd0f.crf;om;vkdSxrfSomS oD;zHk.e0fSoGL?

uxGwaf xavGSAm.'g. tm.&k%.f womvdwaf pmif. t"dua&.rd;k csuef 0fS


(1) acwftavGmufS ytdk0f.aig0f;iGga0g[m&zHk. ,HuwdkSyGmS vdGKif.uGKefS
wOf.acGgifvGOf/
(2) ytd0k .f a'.oudk yuwduxGmvGO'f g. Zmwf&OJ .f t[0ftuJik zf .kH twdKG ifS
a0ifSyif.vkH ausmifSom;ay. abmf'gaqmif wGrf.rwfwefSt*Fg.vuQ%m. taAGwAm.wJif ,HuwJrf;uJpfS
wJpfSrJkif ,HtGOf.uJkifcgSaEGmifS pGdK;cGdKSorJifSrwfwefS/
(3) txD.t[GKef A[kokw wGrf.&Jkif;[efrkSzHk. ,Haz.upGKrf;xGwfS
txlSwAm.aem0fS eDytkd0f.ynm.a&St&ef. az.uxif.xkdvGOfta&SudpP,kd aomhStmvGOf eDytkd0f.vkdStzl.tAl.tukd/
atm0f.aemifatm0f.zGdK@ atm0f.cGdKif;0GdK@ AGdK@SpyfSavGS eDytkd0f.tGOfigom;oD; (4) uawGmif;w&sm;'g. w&mSOya'.ta[hS,dk crf;om;oD;pGKrf.jzmS
oSap.wem.w&mSaAGpGKrf.rkS/ pGdK;cGdKStavmif; xGL.xGL.wGKrfwGKrf wm.0ef. cGScGSoSoS ,Haz.ucH.pmSAm.vGOf/
aocsmrk S / xD . aoavG S crf ; xD w G r f . vk d S rsd K Stavmif ; ynmSa&Su¾ (5) uGyfawufSEsSrmSaEGmifSrkSzHk.wJif oSxmSirf;w&sdK;rkS uatm0f.
ta&SwefrkSwGrf. a0GSoD; xmSzefqifSaEGmifSrkS&JifStm. wGrf.tpGefSowWdSzHk. wG d K ;awif ' g. crf ; om;vk d S xrf S omSoD ; erf ; avmif ; uD z H k . ,d k
tavmif;aem0fSoGL? ,HuazhxdkSrm.vGOf/ up'g. EJkif;e0fSzHk.oGL?

“ynm.u&dkS atm0f.awm0f; wvSawm0f;w_cdKS”


avmuvk d S crf ; urB m .wef a vmif ; ,k d eD y tk d 0 f . trsd K SomS vk d S yk * ~ d K vf .
wjzmStae.w&kdSawm0f;/ em;[dGKefS (rdom;pk) wAm.tae.w&kdSawm0f;/
vkdSrsdKSwrsdKSvGKrf;tae.w&kdSawm0f;/ crf;xDwAm.vGKrf;tae.w&kdSawm0f;
wGrf.[dwf wGrf.[ef wGrf.*k%f.oduQm.atm0f.atm0f.wJif &Jkif;&Jkif;xifxif
wif . wif . w,f . w,f . nd r f S nd r f S csrf S csrf S ,H a z.ae; utH k w J i f
waEGmif;aEGmifStwGuf trGdKifoGKwfSwAm. eDuatm0f;vkd.xl.a&SrGOf;zsif/
ao.acgi;f ao.csm. eDuatm0f.vk.d zefqifS/ twOf.tacGgiw f Am. eDuatm0f.
vkd. wnf.qkd@SavGSoefig.vJOf;aem0fS xGmpGdK;cGdKS ynm.a&SoGL?

aem0fSrS pGdK;cGdKStwm. ynm.a&S,kd uGyfta&SwefarG;wJif xGL.xGL.wGKrfwGKrf


eDrOf.tGOf.a&S ynm.a&SvJh/ xGL.xGL.wGKrfwGKrf ynm.a&S tD.tGOf.a&Scsm
eDvkdSrsdKStavmif;aem0fSoGL? ta&Sum;uatm0f.tukd pGdK;cGdKSynm.a&S,kd
tGOf.yxr ta&SwefoGKwfStcsufwJif acGoDeDemS eDytkd0f.cGdKStmoD; vkd.
tGOf.ta&S az:.xef.avGSvJOf;terf;_cHKaem0fSoGL? 
rwfvm 2011



twG,fS (1) trJkif (1)


vdwfrJhig = 10

,uQCG%f (ol&d,crf;)

eD v d k S yd k o D ; vG K rf S arG ; w0f ; owW 0 g.oD ; zH k . vJ h t0f . wG r f . tcd G K S pwJiftm.%m.zHk.,dk oHGKyJif.cGifSt0f.tausmifS Ekdif.iH.a&Sody`H aAGmifapcg
tHkwGrf.tpdGKSaem0fSoGL? vdkSoD;zHk.,dk utHkAm.wGrf. tzl.tAl. ut0f. t"dym` ,f. ae;aem0fSoGL? “erf;yJif.ysSÏmef.cGiSf ”wGr.f “yGKd if.csKyfa&Stm.%m.
Am.wG r f . tcd G K Stpd G K Su&d k S ,d k a em0f S ,H a z.ucH . Am.rG e f . wzJ h S om;ol S cGKrfyJif.rkS (tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifr+)” u&dkS'g. aem0fS(2)pm;,dk rOf.tGOf.
vGOef pd u P rf mSqmaem0fSrS vdSk oD;zH.k ,dk tHw k rG .f tzl.tAl. wGr.f cdKG SawGmSh w,f. ac;e,fSAm.w0ifSaem0fS wJr;f xef.xGwaf xOya'.yJi.f cGiSf / yGKd if.csKyfxed Sf wDyiJ .f
axmif.Am.tpdGKS ae;aem0fSoGL? crf;aygifSpk ref;crf;Edkif.iH.udk vdkSrsKdS (135) cGifS/ pD.&if.w&mSyJif.cGifS pwJiftm.%m.zHk.,dk usifSoHGKSaEGmifScGifS t0f.
rsKdStudk eDytdk0f.,dk xGmpdGK;cdGKSwcdGKSaeae aem0fSoGL? ydGK;xmSrJkifS eDytdk0f. EJkif;EJkif;w0ifS &dkSuDpGOf.vJh Ekdif.iH.crf;vifa&S&m. (EdkifiHjcm;a&;&m)rl,dkaem0fS
pdGK;cdGKS,dk xGmvGOfAm.wdGK. pdGK;cdGKS (National) wcdGKSu&dkSaem0fS uGyfpGOf.'sm. erf;yJif.ysSÏmef.cGifS,dk aqmif.&GufpGOf.cGifS t0f.Am.w0f; ae;aem0fSoGL? yGdKif.
pdGK;cdGKSt*Fg.vuQ%m. (5) Am.,dk aAGpGKrf.aem0fSrS [JhSxdGKuf [J@SoifSAm. csKyfa&Stm.%m.cGKrfyJif.cGifS Edkif.iH.crf;xDw_zHK.,dkaem0fS oGKyfoG,f.wGrf.Ekdif.
pdGK;cdGKSwcdGKSaem0fSoGL? pdGK;cdGKSt*Fg.vuQ%m. (5) Am.u&dkSaem0fS eDpdGK;cdGKSwcdGKS iH.crf;vifta&S,dk wGrf.Ekdif.iH.crf;xDtvifzHk. t&ef;awGmif;wodGKefcGifS t0f.
vGKrf;vGKrf;tudk,dk= Am. ae;aem0fSoGL?
(1) wcdKG SvGKrf; utHt k 0f.'g. cgi.f vrf;[H.e,f. tultem.,dk t0f. (Territory aem0fSrSwJif eDytd0k .f uH.-urRm. eDytd0k .f ,Haz.uzefqifScsmAm.'sm.
and Boundary) aem0fS tcdef.umv,dkcg ytdk0f.pdGK;cdGKS erf;_cHKudk ,dk crf;xDxdefwDa&S&m.
(2) wcdGKSvGKrf; uAGdKefyD'g. aig0f;iGgwGrf. vdwfvJkif,dk t0f. (Common tpGefSynm.wGrf. xdefwDaEGmifSa&Swm. uvJyfvsif.'g. vdkSt&DG;tcdk.zHk.,dk
Language and Literature) t0f.vJOf; wcdGKif;rJkifa[mif.? aem0fSrSwJif t0f.vdk.qJkif;vDcsmAm. ytdk0f.
(3) wcdGKSvGKrf; uAdGKefyD'g. a,ef.iJrkS,dk t0f. (Common Culture) pdGK;cdGKStzl.tAl.awGmhS vdGKufwGrf &GrfcsmAm. Ekdif.iH.crf;xDa&S&m.qJif.&mS
f m. crf;xDa&SxmSxD.xmSao xdKG if.&Jik rf Sk ,dk t0f. (Political
(4) pdKG ;cdKG SwGuw xmSxD.xmS[dKG ef tpGeSf ynm.ut0f.'g. yk*Kd~ vf.zH.k aem0fSoGL? ref;crf;Ekid .f iH.,dk
Desire) w,f.pGO.f aeif. 1991 ASavGS 2011 Am. aeif.aygiSf (20) tudak em0fS cdKG if;0dKG @
(5) wcdGKSvGKrf; AdGKefyD'g. iif;cH.orJifSwzlSajcmifS,dk t0f. (Common wGrf. Ekdif.iH.crf;xDa&S&m. xmSaoynm.wGrf. xmSxD.xmS[dGKefzHk.,dkaem0fS
History) aem0fSoGL? cdGKSoGKyfwomzHk. wGrf.a0GSoD; erf;oSawGmhS vGpfvGpfwjcifjcif oGOfxl.
eDytdk0f.pdGK;cdGKS t*Fg.vuQ%m. EJkif;'sm.qSuDSzHk.,dk uaAGpGKrf. axGaxmifcGifS/ wJrf;axcGifS/ a'ghSa[mfScGifSzHk.aem0fS t0f.w0f;ig.aem0fSoGL?
Am.xmSaem0fS tvifSarG;w0f;/ uGyfpGOf.'sm. eDrdGK;jzm; zmjzm;oD;pdk;olS wGrf.&Jkif;&Jkif;oS"gwfawGmhS uaxGaxmifapmf.wem.'g. crf;xDa&S&m.
ytdk0f.zHk.avGmif.Al.rkS&JifStm. aqGmhS[0fig.aem0fSrS [ef.oSeDS eDytdk0f.,dk cdKG SoGKyfwomvdSk zH.k aem0fS pJSh tpd.k &oD; &kyq f rG Sf a[mufaomhSvd@k 'sm. axmif.
[JSh xdKG ufoifSAm. ytd0k .f pdKG ;cdKG S aem0fSoGL? aem0fSrS upJi;f pJh wOf.acGgiv f OJ ;f 'g. ukdaem0fSoGL? aem0fSrSwJif eDytdk0f.pdGK;cdGKSvGKrfrum. ref;crf;udk ut0f.'g.
pdGK;cdGKSvuQ%m.,dk ,HxdkS warm0f ; azh o l . opf x d k S Am.rG K ef ; w0f ; aem0f S crf;om;xDom;zHk.aem0fS cdGKif;0dGK@wGrf. crf;xDa&S&m.udpP,dk tGOfw0ifSaosmif.
acGoeD eD mSpGKrf.jzmS,dk aEGmifS&mSwm.0Ge.f vd.k ,Sxl.vGig.vd@k 0ifSzH.k aem0fSoGL? nmvGzHk.aem0fSoGL? udpP,dkaem0fS xGm'sm. ref;pJhStpdk.&oD; Asm.EGL.xdkS
uxd G K if . qJ k i f ; vD a xmif c smAm. orJ i f S vd w f r J h i gavmif ; aem0f S ytd k 0 f . crf;&ifSom;cdGKSoGKyfwomvdkSay.zHk. Ekdif.iH.a&SqJif.&mS xmSxD.xmS[dGKef
pdGK;cdGKSzHk. tpdGKStAl. uayg.xef.vGOfAm.xmS,dk t"du tif.a&.csuf apmhSvm.zHk.aem0fSoGL?
txsStaxmif S aem0f S ytd k 0 f . vd k S rsKd S ,d k wG r f . crf ; &if S om;tvif z H k . eDytdk0f.uH.-urRm. eDytdk0f.zHk. urf;oS,Haz.uzefqifScsmAm.'sm.
crf;xD (Ekdif.iH.) a&StvS awGmif;wodGKefcGifSwGrf. erf;yJif.ysSÏmef.cGifS aem0f S tG O f v k d @ 0if S axG a xmif a omh S crf ; xD a &S&m. wJ r f ; xef .
,Haz.ut0f.vGOf ae;aem0fSoGL? (wJrf;vdwfom;acGoGOf;tae; aoem. xGwfaxOya'.a&S/ xdefwDa&S/ pD.&if.w&mSa&S pwJifa&S&m.qJif.&mS
ae;aem0f S )? erf ; yJ i f . ysSÏmef . cG i f S u&d k S aem0f S eJ i f . iH . crf ; xD w crf ; tud k ynm.zHk.,dk wGrf.&Jkif;&Jkif;xifSxifS oS"gwfawGmhS t0f.vdk.tGOfvkd@0ifS
ut0f.'g.crf;&ifSom;vdkSrsKdSwrsKdSoD; tcGifSa&SwGrf. tusKdSw&mS,dk rdOf. oGOfxl.vGig. aem0fSoGL? pdGK;cdGKSa&S&m.,dk t"dutxsStaxmifS t0f.
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