MACHINE ELEMENTS

YEAR PROJECT
MACHINE ELEMENTS II
Student name: CANALES MORENO Isidro Fermin
Year: III
Specialization: Mechanical Engineering

Transilvania UNIVERSITY OF BRASOV

 1. STRUCURAL SCHEME, TORQUES AND ROTATION FOR EACH
SHAFT

1.2 Structural scheme

P, n
Mt

Fig 1

1.2 Torque and rotations for each shaft

 Engine

n = 1470 rot/min

P
Mt = 9.55* 106  120258.33 N * mm
n

 Input shaft (I)

nI = n /iL= 1470 / 1.75 = 840 rot/min

TI = Mt * iL = 1011889.578 N*mm

 Output shaft (II)

n 840
nII = i  4.5  186.667 / min
I

TII = TI * ir 1011889.578 *4.5=4.55475.95 N*mm

2
2. PROJECT PARAMETERS
2. INPUT DATA
2.1 Pinion speed n1, rot/min n1 = 840 rot/min
2.2 The torsion torque at the T1 = 1011889.578 N*mm
pinion of the gearing T1,
N*mm
2.3 Gearing ratio udat udat = 4.5
2.4 Minimum functioning Lh = 10000 hours
time of the gearing Lh,
hours
2.5 Functioning conditions Driver machine: electrical motor
of the gearing Driven machine: fans
Type of load: uniform
2.6 The loading cycles for contact load : pulsatory cycle
the teeth bending load : pulsatory cycle
2.7 Number of load cycles 1,2 = 1
of the tooth flank, at a full
rotation 1 for the pinion, 2
for the driven wheel
2.8 The reference rack For inclined teeth
profile n = 200; h*an = 1,0; c*u = 0.25;
*fn = 0.38
3. CHOOSING THE MATERIALS, HEAT TREATMENTS AND THE LIMIT
STRESSES
3.1 Choosing materials and We choose 17CrNi16 from STAS 791
treatments Treatment Ce+C+r
Hardness - external 60 HRC
- internal 400 HB
r = 1000 MPa
02 = 635 MPa
3.2 Limit stresses, Hlim1,2, at Hlim1,2 = 1500 MPa
contact and Flim1,2 at Flim1,2 = 500 MPa
bending, MPa
4. PRE-DIMENSIONING CALCULUS

3
4.1 Number of teeth z1, of z1 max  (
aw
)
2
cos   45
2
cos 12  13.809
the pinion, respectively z2 of mn udat  1 4. 5  1
the driven wheel. aw
 45
mn
  10
it is choosen z1=14

z2  z1 * udat  14 * 4.5  63
it is choosen z2 = 63

4.2 Real gearing ratio u z2 63

u   4.5
z1 14
u
1  u  0.03
udat
0.0014  0.03
4.3 The contact calculus factors [21,60]
4.3.1 The elasticity factor of the z E  189.8 MPa
wheels material zE, MPa

4.3.2 The contact area factor zH z H  2.49 cos   2.49 cos12  2.46

4.3.3 The covering factor z 1 1

Z    0.756
 1.75
   1.75
4.3.4 Inclining factor of the teeth Z  cos   cos12  0.98
z

4.4 The factor for the bending calculus

4.4.1 Number of teeth for the z1 14
zn1    16.591
equivalent wheels cos  cos3 12
3

z2 63
zn 2    74.657
cos  cos3 12
3

4.4.2 The displacement x n1, 2  0

coefficient of the profile in the
normal plane xn1,2

4.4.3 Shape factor of the teeth YFa1 = YFa1(zn1,xn1) = YFa1(16.581,0) = 3.55

YFa 1,2 YFa2 = YFa2(zn2,xn2) = YFa2(74.657,0) = 2.25

4.4.4 Correction factor of stress YSa1 = YSa1(zn1,xn1) = YSa1(16.581,0) = 1.45

4
YSa 1,2 YSa2 = YSa2(zn2,xn2) = YSa2(74.657,0) = 1.75

4.4.5 Covering factor Y 0.75 0.75

Y  0.25  cos 2   0.25  cos 2 12  0.76
 1.4
   1 .4
4.4.6 Inclined factor for the teeth  12
Y  1   1  0.9
Y 120 120

4.5 Load correction factor

4.5.1 The functioning regime kA = 1.10
factor ka
4.5.2 Dynamic factor kv kv = 1.08
4.5.3 Distribution (uneven) kH = 1.5
factor for load on the width of
kF = 1.5
the teeth kH for contact and kF
for bending
4.5.4 The uneven distribution  1.4
k H  k F    1.46  1.4
factor of the frontal plane kH at cos  cos 2 12
2

contact and kF for bending

4.6 The allowable Z L ZV Z R  0.92
resistances HP1,2 at contact N L1  60n1LH 1  60 * 840 *10000 *1  5.04 *108
and FP1,2 for bending N L 2  60n2 LH  2  60 *186.667 *10000 *1  11.2 *107
[MPa] z w  1.0
zx 1
z N 1  1.08
z N 2  1 .2
S H min  1.2
 H lim z N 1 1500 * 1.08
 HP1  Z L ZV Z R ZW Z X  0.92 * 1 * 1  1242MPa
S H min 1.2
 HP  min( HP1 ,  HP 2 )
 z 1500 * 1.2
 HP 2  H lim N 2 Z L Z V Z R Z W Z X  0.92 * 1 * 1  1380MPa
S H min 1.2
 HP  min(1242;1380)  1242
 F lim 1, 2 YST YN 1 500 * 2 * 1 * 1 * 1 * 1
 FP  Y 1YR1Y x   666.66MPa
S F min 1 .5
 FP1   FP 2  666.66MPa

4.7 The distance between the axis at pre-dimensioning

4.7.1 Wide coefficient a =0.25
a, d u 1 7.09  1
d = 2
a 
2
0.25  1.011

5
4.7.2 Distance between T1k AkV k H k H
the axis from the awH  (u  1)3 ( Z E Z H Z Z  ) 2 
2au 2 HP
strength condition at
contact awH, mm 1011889.57 *1.1 *1.08 *1.5 *1.46
 (7.09  1)3 2
(189.8 * 2.46 * 0.84 * 0.989) 2 
2 * 0.25 * 7.09 *1242
 269.137mm
4.7.3 Distance between T1 z1 (u  1) 2 Y Y
axis from the strength awF  3 k a kv k F k F Y Y Fa Sa 
2 a cos   FP
condition at bending
awF, mm 1011889.57 *14(7.09  1) 2
3 1.1 *1.08 *1.5 *1.46 * 0.76 * 0.9 * 0.0077
2 * 0.25 * cos 12
 173.56mm
YFa * YSa Y *Y Y *Y
 max( Fa1 Sa1 , Fa 2 Sa 2 )  0.00772
 FP  FP1  FP 2
4.7.4 Adopting the aw = max (awH,awF) = max (269.13,173.56) = 269.13mm ;
distance between the We adopt from STAS 6057 the following aw = 275 mm
axis at predimensioning
aw, mm

5. GEARING FORCES CALCULUS

5.1 Forces calculus

5.1.1 Tangential force Ft, N;

6
 2T1
Ft1   55.617  10374.15 N
d w1
Ft1  Ft 2  10374.15 N

5.1.2 Radial force Fr, N;

Ft1 10374.15
Fr1  * tg wn  * tg18.274  3502.232 N
cos  cos12
Fr 2  Fr1  3502.232 N

5.1.3 Axial force Fa, N;

Fa1  Ft1 * tg  10374.15 * tg12  2205.093 N

Fa1  Fa 2  2205.093 N

5.2 Choosing the sense of rotation and applying forces

Fig. 5

6. CALCULUS OF THE SHAFTS

6.1 Pre-dimensioning calculus:

7
 TI
dI  3  45mm
0.2 * atI
TII
d II  3  60mm
0.2 * atII

6.2 Choose of bearing mounting for input and output shafts:

d(b)I,II = dI,II – (2…8)mm

Shaft D(db) D B a Cr X Y Symbol Cr

I 35 72 17 31 28.5 0.35 0.57 7207B
II 50 90 20 39 37.4 0.35 0.57 7210B

6.3 Check of the input shaft for composed stresses.

6.3.1 Horizontal plane

[H]

Fa1

Fr1
A B

RAH RBH

Fig. 6.1

8
 d w1
M B  0 R AH (l1  l 2 )  Fr1l 2  Fa1 *
0
2
Fr1 * l1  Fa1 * rw1 3502.232 *171804.4  2205.093 * 27.808
R AH    3556.186 N
(l1  l 2 ) 34
RBH  Fr1  R AH  3502.232  3556.186  53.954 N

6.3.2 Vertical plane

[V]

Ft1
A B

RAV
RBV
l1

Fig. 6.2
M B  0 R AV (l1  l 2 )  Ft1 * l 2  0
Ft1 * l 2 10374.15 *17
R AV    5187.075 N
l1  l 2 34
RBV  Ft1  R AV  10374.15  5187.075  5187.075 N

6.4 Determining of the reactions in the 2 bearings

B
A

l1

Mih

Miv

Mt

T
Fig. 6.3

9
 M iV max  R AV * l1  3556.186 *17  88180.275N * mm
M iH max  R AH * l1  5187.075 *17  60455.162 N * mm

6.5 Stresses identification

9.6.1 Torsion

16 * T1 16 * 288489.578
t    17.27 MPa
 * d 3f 1  * 43.9883

9.6.2 Bending

2 2
32 * M iH  M iV 32 * 60455.162 2  88180275 2
i    12.8MPa
 * d 3f 1  * 43.9883

6.6 Equivalent stress

 eq   2  4  *    aiIII
2

 eq  14.25 2  4 0.27 *17.27  2  17   aiIII  90MPa

   t ( c )   i  1.45  12.8  14.25MPa
4 * Fa1 4 * 2205.093
 t (c )    1.45MPa
 *d f1 2
 * 43.988 2
 aiIII
  0.27  aiIII  90 MPa  aiI  330 MPa
 aiI

7. CHOOSING AND CALCULUS OF THE PARALLEL KEY

Fig. 7.1

we choose from STAS 1004-81: b=16; h=10

10
 2 * TII
d
From crushing σs= II   as , σas=120MPa,
h
lc *
2
2 * TII 2 * 2048275.95
d II 50
lc    136mm
h 120 * 5
 as *
2
l = lc + b = 136 + 16 = 152 we modify by our design l = 63 mm.
d b h
I 28 8 7
II 44 14 9
II’ 50 16 10

7.1 CHOOSING THE ENDS OF THE SHAFTS

Fig. 7.2

Input shaft:
daI = dsI – (3…5) mm = 32 - 3 = 32 mm da l
We choose from STAS 8724/2-71; l = 58 I 28 42
Output shaft:
II 44 54
daII = dsII – (3…5) mm = 48 - 3 = 39 mm

8. CHECKING THE ASSEMBLY WITH THE BALL-BEARINGS AFTER

THE DYNAMIC LOAD CAPACITY

11
 RAH RBH
Fig. 8

8.1 Establishing the supplementary axial forces

R AH 3556.186
'
FaA  0.5  0.5  3119 .46 N
Y 0.57
R  53.954
'
FaB  0.5 BH  0.5  47.328 N
Y 1.6

8.2 Establishing axial forces in the bearings:

Fa  FaB
'
 2205.093  47.328  3157.765  FaA'  3119.46 N
FatB  FaB
'
 ( Fa  F ' aA  FaB
'
)  Fa  FaA'  2205.093  3119.46  5324.553N
FatA  F ' aA  3119.46 N

Bearing A
- establishing axial forces in the bearings
FatA 3119.46
  0.87  1.14 the ball-bearing is found in the 1st area
R AH 3556.186
where we can neglect the influence of the axial force over the equivalent
dynamic load.

- Equivalent dynamic load

PA  f p (V * R AH )  1.16(1 * 3556.186)  4125.175 N
where V=1
- Durability of the bearing
60 * nI * Lh 60 * 496.55 * 10000
L   297.33mil rot
10 6 106
- Dynamic capacity load
p
crequired  PA L  4125.1753 238  25564 N  cr cata log  28500 N
- Durability ensured by the ball bearing

12
 cr p 28500 3
L( ) ( )  329 mil rot
PA 4125.175
- Ensured functioning time
10 6 * L 10 6 * 329
Lh    7615 hours
60 * n 60 * 720

9&10. CHOOSING AND JUSTIFYUING THE OILING SYSTEM AND

SEALING SYSTEM

Oiling the gearings:

Gears of gears are lubricated by oil bath bubbling. In

To this end a gear wheel is inserted into the oil pan up
the height of a tooth but at least 10 mm and never exceeding 6 times
module.
If multi-stage gear units (when the wheels do not reach
bath), the anointing is done by means of gears of stray or
tablespoons discs or spraying.
Lubrication of the gears balbotare apply to working regularly
with speeds of up to 15 m / s. May Maire peripheral speeds, lubrication is
run oil injectors. Oil pressure is usually 0.1-
At 0.8.
To grease commonly used mineral oil viscosity 3-60
degrees ^ C E50
As the peripheral speed is lower, and even contact pressure
roughness is higher, the more they use thicker oils.
The multi-stage gearboxes, lubrication oil is chosen with a
viscosity corresponding to step forward greatest moment.
For the volume of oil bath oil is considered a horse 0.25-0.5 l
power. Oil change period is 1000-5000 hours
operation (if it is sealed and the oil is angrenaju
filtered after every 2500 hours). Filtering can
use magnetic filters. On reducing new oil change after 200 -
300 hours of operation.

9.1 Oiling the ball-bearings.

Choose rulemnti lubricants for bearings with lubrication
intervals and determination ismade depending on the size, speed, load and temperature of
the bearing.
In general, liquid lubricants, to those consistent with a number of advantages such
ashigher physical and chemical stability, speed and ability to use high
temperatures andvery low temperatures ola, easier removal of heat that can
occur in camp, oppositelower resistance in rolling bodies. As disadvantages can be
mentioned: the difficultsealing camp, while losses through leaks, etc..
Lubrication with grease is advantageous as it
leads to constructions limped tobearings, seals easier and lower
cost, better protection from external agents rulemtilor,smaller loss of lubricant, etc..
In the case of liquid lubrication, for small shi average speed, oil
level should reachapproximately to the center of ball or roller rulementului lower.

13
In normal operating conditions are used for lubricating waxes. The
amount of greaselubrication of a bearing frame rulemnti required generally depends
on the shaft speed.
11. DESIGN OF CHAIN DRIVE

11.1 NUMBER OF TEETH OF THE SMALL WHELL

iL  1.75
z1  28teeth

11.2 NUMBER OF TEETH OF THE BIG WHELL

z 2  z1 * i  28 *1.44  40  120  z max

11.3 THE PITCH

4760 4760
p   25mm
2
n I z1
3 3
496.55 2 * 28
p1  12.70mm
p 2  15.875mm
p3  19.05mm from STAS 5174-66

11.4 THE AVARAGE SPEED

z1 * p1 * n1 28 *12.7 * 496.55
Vm1    2.94m / s  Vmax  15m / s
60 *1000 60 *1000
z * p *n 28 *15.875 * 496.55
Vm 2  1 2 1   3.67m / s  Vmax  15m / s
60 *1000 60 *1000
z * p *n 28 *19.05 * 496.55
Vm 3  1 3 1   4.41m / s  Vmax  15m / s
60 *1000 60 *1000

11.5 THE ADMISIBLE USEFULL FORCE

pa1 26
Fua1  As1  44.83  1456.97 N
Ke 0.8
p 26
Fua 2  As 2 a 2  70.99  3123.15 N
Ke 0.8
p 23.5
Fua 3  As 3 a 3  106.32  2307.17 N
Ke 0.8
a11  11 .18mm d 21  4.01mm As1  a11 * d 21  11 .18 * 4.01  44.83mm
a12  13.84mm d 22  5.13mm As 2  a12 * d 22  70.99mm
a11  17.75mm d 23  5.99mm As 3  a13 * d 23  106.32mm
Pa1  26 MPa
Pa 2  26 MPa
Pa 3  23.5MPa

14
K e  K d * K A * K i * K r * K u * K f  1 *1 *1*1* 0.8 *1  0.8
11.6 THE ADMISIBLE USEFUL POWER

Fua1 *Vm1 1456.97 * 2.94

Pua1    4.28  p dat  15KW
1000 1000
F *V 2307.17 * 3.67
Pua 2  ua 2 m 2   8.46  pdat  15KW
1000 1000
F *V 3123.15 * 4.41
Pua 3  ua 3 m 3   13.77  p dat  15KW
1000 1000
the number of chain rows
P 15
z r1  dat  4
Pua1 4.28
P 15
z r 2  dat  2
Pua 2 8.46
P 15
z r 3  dat  2
Pua 3 13.77

P1 P2 P3
We choose p=p2=15.875 mm
Zr 4 2 2

11.7 THE PRELIMINARY DISTANCE BETWEEN THE AXIS

Aprel  (30..50) * p  40 *15.875  635mm

11.8 THE NUMBER OF LINKS

2 2
z1  z 2 Aprel  z 2  z1  p 28  40 635  40  28  15.875
W  2*   *   2*   *  114
2 p  2 *   A prel 2 15.875  2 * 3.14  635

11.9 THE LENGTH OF THE CHAIN

L  W * p  114 *15.875  1809.75mm

11.10 THE RECALCULATED DISTANCE BETWEEN THE AXIS

p   z  z1  
2 2
z  z2  z  z2 
Arec  * w  1  w 1   8* 2  
4 

2  2   2 *   

15.875   40  28  
2 2
28  40  28  40 
 * 114   114    8*   634.27mm
4 

2  2   2 *   
A  Arec * (1  0.003)  632.36mm

15
11.11 THE FORCE FROM THE PASSIVE BRANCH OF THE CHAIN

F1  Fq  Fc  10.09daN
Arec 634.27
Fq  K p * q *  6 *1.95 *  7.42daN
1000 1000
Kp  6
q  1.95 from STAS 5174-66
2
q * Vm 1.95 *13.468
Fc    2.677 daN
g 9.81

11.12 THE USEFULL FORCE

2 * M t1 P 2 15 2
Fu  95500 * dat *  95500 * *  40.69daN
Dd 1 n I Dd 1 496.55 141.78
p 15.875
Dd 1    141.78mm
180 180
sin sin
z1 28

11.13 THE FORCE FROM THE ACTIVE BRANCH OF THE CHAIN

F2  Fu  F1  40.69  10.09  50.78daN

11.14 THE SAFETY COFFICIENT AT BREAKING

Fr 4400
c   86.64  C a  7...14
F2 50.78
Fr  4400kgF from STAS 5174-66

11.15 THE FORCE THAT ACTS ON THE SHAFTS

Q  K q * Fu  1.15 * 40.69  46.79daN

K q  1.15

12. Choosing the materials and manufacturing system

Materials used in construction reducers
Building Materials gears:
 steels
Steels are used to improve the otelutrile carbon steels with 0.4-0.6% C and 0.35-0.45% C low 
alloy Mn, Cr, Cr-Mo, Cr, Ni etc. Unalloyed and low alloy steels, Cr, Cr =Mo, Cr-
Ni, a possible cyanide

Irons
Irons are used to slow functioning gears, wheels rarely work exchange, etc.. Whensilence is re
quired severe conditions may be used ordinary gray cast iron withspheroidal graphite.

16
Materials used for the execution tree:
In general, trees that are not heat treated carbon steel is made
from ordinary: OL 50,OL 60, 500-78 Stas
Indifferent trees bearing capacity can use high quality
carbon steel: XC 35, XC 45,XC 60, according to STAS 880-66.
If trees are required to ask pternic small chrome alloy steels are used, Cr or Cr-Mn-Ni

Materials used for the execution of carcasses

Carcasses, because rigidity is the dominant criterion, are made of cast iron or cast
steel. Most carcasses are made by casting iron medium strength FC 200, FC 250.

Technical safety regulations

La locul sau in exploatarea reductoarelor va trebui sa se tina seama de urmatoarele prevederi

cu privire la normele de tehnica securitatii muncii:
 The operation of reduction gears in place will have to take
 account of these provisionson work safety technical rules:
 Reducer to be securely bolted to the workbench
 Do not use gears  lacking parts (parts of housing, eteansare caps etc)
 Will not change the oil during operation
  Will not check the oil level during operation
  Will replace defective parts with other corespuzatoare

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