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21 April 2011 Presented to: Engineer Fahad Raees

Submitted by: Waseem Shah





 

1. bjective

2. Definition

3. Theory

4. Apparatus

5. Procedure

6. Data and Calculations

7. Results and Conclusions


 


The objective of our project is to design an FM transmitter that transmits signals using frequency
modulation.


 

‘
  a
  is the process of varying one or more properties of a high-frequency
periodic waveform, called the i


  , with respect to a
   (which typically contains
information to be transmitted).

c



  (c‘): It is a technique which conveys information over a carrier wave by varying
its instantaneous frequency.

 
 
: a
 
 
, or
 
is a waveform (usually sinusoidal) that is modulated (modified)
with an input signal for the purpose of conveying information. This carrier wave is usually of much
higher frequency than the input signal.




Frequency modulation is the instantaneous changing of the carrier frequency fC proportional to the
information modulating signal. The amplitude of the information signal, ES which changes with time, t
will change the carrier frequency while the carrier amplitude remain fixed. The carrier frequency varies
linearly with the amplitude of modulating signal. The higher the amplitude of modulating signal the
bigger frequency difference produced. FM signal can be represented by equation:

FM = EC cos ( wCt + m(t) dt )

Frequency modulation process is carried out by an FM modulator as illustrated below:

Information signal :

m(t) = E m cos w m t ĺ FM MODULATOR ĺ FM signal : EC cos ( wCt + m(t) dt )

Ĺ

Carrier Signal

EC cos wCt
O 

Ô Capacitors
Ô Resistors
Ô Transistor
Ô Microphone
Ô ÿnductor
Ô Îreadboard
Ô åv-Îattery
Ô Antenna

˜



A condenser microphone is used to pickup the sound, converts it into electrical signals and they are
fed to the base of a transistor which performs the amplification as well as modulation. The output of
the transistor is fed to a capacitor which is connected to the psoitive terminal of a åv battery.

The LC circuit which comprises of and inductor and capacitor determines the frequency signal, and
can be varied by varying the flow of charge towards a capacitor of LC circuit. Another, capacitor is
used to couple the singal with the antenna which then transmits the signal into air as an RF(Radio
Frequency) signal.
 

   

The data are the values of the resistance and the capacitance in order to calculate the centre
frequency of the signal. ÿts formula is given below:

c !"#

R = _________

C=__________

Fc=_________

#
 

 

The result is that the voice was heard at the desired frequency over which it was sent.