1

CCNA
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
 2

Network Interface Card

A network interface card (NIC) is a printed circuit board that
provides network communication capabilities to and from a
personal computer. Also called a LAN adapter.
 3

Repeater
A repeater is a network device used to regenerate a signal.
Repeaters regenerate analog or digital signals distorted by
transmission loss due to attenuation. A repeater does not perform
intelligent routing.
 4

Hub
Hubs concentrate connections. In
other words, they take a group of
hosts and allow the network to see
them as a single unit.

This is done passively, without

any other effect on the data
transmission.

Active hubs not only concentrate

hosts, but they also regenerate
signals.
 5

Bridge
Bridges convert network transmission data formats as well as perform
basic data transmission management. Bridges, as the name implies,
provide connections between LANs. Not only do bridges connect
LANs, but they also perform a check on the data to determine whether
it should cross the bridge or not. This makes each part of the network
more efficient. 
6
 7

Network and Host Addressing

Using the IP address of the
destination network, a router can
deliver a packet to the correct
network.

When the packet arrives at a

router connected to the
destination network, the router
uses the IP address to locate the
particular computer connected to
that network.
Accordingly, every IP address has
two parts.
 8

Internet Addresses
IP Addressing is a hierarchical structure.An IP address combines two
identifiers into one number. This number must be a unique number,
because duplicate addresses would make routing impossible.The
first part identifies the system's network address.The second part,
called the host part, identifies which particular machine it is on the
network.
 9

Introduction to Routers
A router is a special type of computer. It has the same basic components as a
standard desktop PC. However, routers are designed to perform some very
specific functions. Just as computers need operating systems to run software
applications, routers need the Internetwork Operating System software (IOS)
to run configuration files. These configuration files contain the instructions and
parameters that control the flow of traffic in and out of the routers. The many
parts of a router are shown below:
 10

IOS File System Overview

 11

RAM
Random Access Memory, also called dynamic RAM
(DRAM)

RAM has the following characteristics and functions:

• Stores routing tables

• Holds ARP cache
• Holds fast-switching cache
• Performs packet buffering (shared RAM)
• Maintains packet-hold queues
• Provides temporary memory for the configuration file of
the router while the router is powered on
• Loses content when router is powered down or
restarted
 12

NVRAM
Non-Volatile RAM

NVRAM has the following characteristics and

functions:

• Provides storage for the startup configuration

file
• Retains content when router is powered down
or restarted
 13

Flash
Flash memory has the following characteristics and
functions:

• Holds the operating system image (IOS)

• Allows software to be updated without removing
and replacing chips on the processor
• Retains content when router is powered down
or restarted
• Can store multiple versions of IOS software

Is a type of electronically erasable, programmable

ROM (EEPROM)
 14

Overview of Router Modes

 Configuring Interfaces
An interface needs an IP Address and a Subnet Mask to be configured.
All interfaces are “shutdown” by default.
The DCE end of a serial interface needs a clock rate.

Router#config terminal
Router(config)#interface serial0
Router(config-if)#ip address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#int e0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#

s = serial e = Ethernet
 16

Introducing Routing
Routing is the process that a router uses to forward packets
toward the destination network. A router makes decisions
based upon the destination IP address of a packet. All devices
along the way use the destination IP address to point the
packet in the correct direction so that the packet eventually
arrives at its destination. In order to make the correct
decisions, routers must learn the direction to remote networks.
 17

Routing Protocols
 18

RIP Characteristics
RIP-1 permits only a Single Subnet Mask
Port
Port 11
130.24.13.1/24
130.24.13.1/24
130.24.13.0/24
130.24.13.0/24

RIP-1: 130.24.36.0 RIP-1: 130.24.36.0

130.24.25.0/24
130.24.25.0/24 Router A

RIP-1: 130.24.0.0

Port
Port 22 200.14.13.0/24
200.14.13.0/24
130.24.36.0/24
130.24.36.0/24 200.14.13.2/24
200.14.13.2/24

19

Fig. 60 RIP-1 permits only a single subnet mask (TI1332EU02TI_0004 The Network Layer, 83)
 20

Configuring RIP Example

 k You
Tha n