EMTP-RV

USER GROUP MEETING

EMTP_RV MODELLING FOR THE TRANSMISSION LINE

LIGHNTING PERFORMANCE COMPUTATION
T. Sadovic, S. Sadovic

Dubrovnik 30.04.2009
 LINE LIGHTNING PERFORMANCE

THE ANNUAL NUMBER OF LIGHTNING

OUTAGES PER 100 KM OF LINE LENGTH
I0, tf

BACK FLASHOVERS
I0, tf I 0, t f

INDUCED

SHIELDING FAILURES
 LINE BACK FLASHOVER RATE

THE ANNUAL OUTAGE RATE CAUSED BY A I0, tf

FLASHOVER OF LINE INSULATION
RESULTING FROM THE STROKES TO THE
TOWERS AND TO THE GROUND WIRES

Back
flashover
 LINE SHIELDING FAILURES

THE ANNUAL NUMBER OF LIGHTNING EVENTS THE ANNUAL NUMBER OF

THAT BYPASS THE OVERHEAD GROUND WIRES FLASHOVERS CAUSED BY
AND TERMINATE ON THE PHASE CONDUCTORS SHIELDING FAILURES

I0, tf

Shielding failure
flashover

Shielding failure
HOW TO IMPROVE LINE LIGHTNING PERFORMANCE?

Additional Shield Wires

Underbuilt Ground Wire

Increasing Insulation

Line Surge Arrester

Guy Wires

Foot_resistance
improvement
LINE SURGE ARRESTER APPLICATION
123 kV Line Dubrovnik - Ston

2 LSA
per tower

1 LSA
per tower
 ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS SIMULATION
MODEL OF THE LINE INSULATION FLASHOVER

(s2)
Flashover models:
U(t) (s1)
(U - t) Insulation characteristic Constant voltage
U2 Equal area
U1
Leader propagation

U0

Leader propagation model:

t2 t1 t u (t )
u (t ) 0 , 0015
d
vl 170 d E0 e
d ll

d l vl - Leader speed (m/s)

u(t)

d - Arcing distance (m)

ll - Leader length (m)
u(t) - Applied voltage (kV)
E0 = 520 (kV/m)
 EQUAL AREA FLASHOVER MODEL d Ugap(t)

U(t)
t 710
( U gap (t ) U 0 ) k
D U (400 ) d (kV) [IEEE]
U2 s t0
t 0, 75
k 1
U50% D 710
U0 U8 s U 50% (400 ) d 550 d
80, 75

2 8 t ( s) U0 0,9 U 50% 495 d

EMTP_RV Model data:

710
U2 s (400 ) d 822 d
[d - arcing distance in meters] 2 0, 75

U0 495 d
D 0,2045 d
k 1
D 0,2045 d
 ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS SIMULATION
SOIL IONIZATION TOWER FOOTING RESISTANCE MODEL
I

Rlc
Ri U (kA) Linear Resistance
I
1
Ig
Non-Linear Resistance
Eg
Ig I (kA)
2 Rlc2
Ig

Rlc – low current tower footing resistance ( )

Ri – tower footing impulse resistance ( )
I – impulse current (kA)
Ig – soil ionisation limit current (kA)
Eg – soil ionisation critical electric field (kV/m) – [Eg = 400 (kV/m)]
 QUICK BACK FLASHOVER RATE COMPUTATIONS

Stroke current is changed until

flashover [IC obtained]
W - Line shadow width
A - Line attraction area
IC
hav - Tower average height
IC - Back flashover critical current
100 km

A = 100 x W (km2) W

Back
hav Flashover
Ra 14 hav0, 6
W 2 Ra b
A 100 W
N L NG A
W
 QUICK BACK FLASHOVER RATE COMPUTATIONS

100 km
IC

A = 100 x W (km2) W

1 Ra 14 hav0, 6
PI C
I
Back 1 ( C ) 2,6 W 2 Ra b
hav Flashover 31
A 100 W
BFR 0,6 N L PI C
N L NG A
W - Line shadow width
b - Ground wire separation distance
W
NL - Number of strokes collected [str/100km/year]
NG – Ground flash density [str/km2/year]
BFR - Back flashover rate
0,6 > Takes into account strokes hitting shield wire
 IEEE DISTRIBUTION

1 i0 (t) S (kA/ s)
CURRENT PEAK
PI
I
1 ( ) 2,6 I0
31
I0/2
1 t ( s)
STEEPNESS PS
S 4 tf tt
1 ( )
24

Equal Probability PS PI

I0
S
tf
Equivalent Front Time
 123 kV TRANSMISSION LINE DUBROVNIK STON

No DC Resistance Outside diameter x [m] y [m] y [m]

[Ohm/km] [cm] at midspan
1 0.1444 1.708 2.5 22.7 14.1
2 0.1444 1.708 -3 20.5 11.9
3 0.1444 1.708 3.5 18.3 9.7
4 0.4555 0.9 0 28.9 21.3
4

L1 = 2,8 H

L2 = 1,37 H
Un= 123 kV
Length = 46 km L3 = 1,37 H
1 Span = 200 m
L = ZT/v
2 v - velocity of light hT = 28,9 m Propagation
3 element
lprop = 20 m

ZT = 184
LINE SURGE ARRESTER

Rated voltage: 123 kV

IEC Class II
Polymer housed

Current (A) Voltage (V)

1000 239000
2500 252000
5000 275000
10000 291000
20000 324000
40000 357000
123 kV TRANSMISSION LINE DUBROVNIK STON

Ground flash density: 5 strokes/km2/year

Length = 46 km

0, 6
Ra 14 hav 14 28,90, 6 105 (m)
W 2 Ra b 2 105 0 210 (m)
A 100 W 100 0,210 21 (km2)
N L N G A 5 21 105 (strokes/100km/year)
Using EMTP_RV find IC (Critical current)

1
PI C
I
1 ( C ) 2,6
31
BFR 0,6 105 PI C
 AUTOMATIC BACKFLASHOVER COMPUTATIONS

EMTP_RV Line section model created

Netlist file obtained
 AUTOMATIC BACKFLASHOVER SIMULATIONS

Tower Model> Sub circuits

Air gap model

Signal = 0: No flashover
Signal =1: Flashover
AUTOMATIC BACKFLASHOVER SIMULATIONS

Tool developed to run EMTP_RV in a loop

Initial stroke current Current step

 AUTOMATIC BACKFLASHOVER SIMULATIONS

EMTP_RV is running in the loop until gap signal > 0

Stroke Sub circuit

Flashover Tower 2
Phase conductor C
AUTOMATIC BACKFLASHOVER SIMULATIONS

EMTP_RV is running in the loop until gap signal > 0

Critical current

Back flashover rate

 FUTURE WORK > 3D EGM

I0, tf
WS - SIMULATED WIDTH

STRIKING DISTANCES
DOWNWARD
LEADER 1. TO PHC & GW:

rT1 rS = A I B
rT2
[A=10, B=0,65]

span 2. TO TOWERS:
rTT = k rS
rE
[k= 1 – 1,1]

3. TO EARTH:
x0 WS

y0 IEEE : rE 3,6 1,7 ln(43 yv ) I0,65

 FUTURE WORK > 3D EGM

DOWNWARD
I0, tf
LEADER APPROACHES
UNDER ANGLE

2
f cos2

rGW rGW = rPHC = rNO = rS

rPHC GW
rNO

NEARBY PHC
OBJECT
hl
dl
x0

WS/2 WS/2
 FUTURE WORK > sigma slp like interface
EMTP_RV modeling and transients computation
Monte Carlo Statistical Study and 3D EGM