The English suffix -mania denotes an obsession or madness towards something; a mania.

The suffix is used in some medical terms denoting mental disorders. It has also entered standard English and is affixed to many different words to denote enthusiasm or obsession with that subject. Madness or obsessions with different subjects include:

arithmomania, counting beatlemania, the Beatles bibliomania, collecting books decalcomania, transferring pictures, an artistic technique dipsomania, alcohol drapetomania, fleeing from slavery erotomania, being loved by someone else hypomania, general mania, a symptom of manic-depression islomania, islands kleptomania, stealing megalomania, wealth and power monomania, a single object, type of object, or concept. mythomania, lying nymphomania, having sex (women) pyromania, fire or starting fires theomania, religion trichotillomania, hair removal Trudeaumania, the Canadian politician Pierre Trudeau tulipomania, a metaphor for an economic bubble WrestleMania, the annual flagship pay-per-view event of World Wrestling Entertainment

The English suffixes -phobia, -phobic, -phobe (of Greek origin) occur in technical usage in psychiatry to construct words that describe irrational, disabling fear as a mental disorder (e.g., agoraphobia) and in biology to descibe organisms that dislike certain conditions (e.g., acidophobia). In common usage they also form words that describe dislike or hatred of a particular thing or subject. Many people apply the suffix "-phobia" inappropriately to mild or irrational fears with no serious substance; however, earlier senses relate to psychiatry which studies serious phobias which disable a person's life. For more information on the psychiatric side of this, including how psychiatry groups phobias as "agoraphobia", "social phobia", or "simple phobia", see phobia. Treatment for phobias may include desensitization (graduated exposure therapy) or flooding. The following lists include words ending in -phobia, and include fears that have acquired names. In many cases people have coined these words as neologisms, and only a few of them occur in the medical literature. In many cases, the naming of phobias has become a word game.

Note too that no things, substances, or even concepts exist which someone, somewhere may not fear, sometimes irrationally so. A list of all possible phobias would run into many thousands and it would require a whole book to include them all, certainly more than an encyclopedia would be able to contain. So this article just gives an idea of the kind of phobias which one may encounter, certainly not all. Most of these terms tack the suffix -phobia onto a Greek word for the object of the fear (some use a combination of a Latin root with the Greek suffix, which many classicists consider linguistically impure). In some cases (particularly the less medically-oriented usages), a word ending in -phobia may have an antonym ending in -philia - thus: coprophobia / coprophilia, Germanophobia / Germanophilia. See also the category:Phobias.

Contents

1 Phobia lists o 1.1 Standard "-phobia" description template 2 Psychological conditions o 2.1 Zoophobias 3 Non-psychological conditions 4 Biology 5 Ethnic/national/religious phobias 6 Joke phobias 7 External links

Phobia lists
A large number of "-phobia" lists circulate on the Internet, with words collected from indiscriminate sources, often copying each other. Some regard any attempt to create a list of phobias as an irrational endeavor because, theoretically, a person could become conditioned to have a fear of anything. Also, a significant number of unscrupulous psychiatric websites exist that at the first glance cover a huge number of phobias, but in fact use a standard text (see an example below) to fit any phobia and reuse it for all unusual phobias by merely changing the name. For a couple of striking examples. "... Poor performance or grades. Promotions that pass you by. moths phobia will likely cost you tens, even hundreds of thousands of dollars over the course of your lifetime, let alone the cost to your health and quality of life. Now Moths Phobia can be gone for less than the price of a round-trip airline ticket."

"... The expert phobia team at CTRN's Phobia Clinic is board-certified to help with Russophobia and a variety of related problems. The success rate of our 24 hour program is close to 100%"

Standard "-phobia" description template

Substituting the string "<something>" with the name of any specific phobia in the text below will give you a fairly correct description. Numerous websites that promise cures for thousands of phobias take this template approach. This does not necessarily mean that they sell snake oil, because the psychological mechanisms of most specific phobias resemble each other. <Something>phobia means "fear of <something>". The condition often significantly impacts the quality of life. It can cause panic attacks and keep people apart from loved ones and business associates. Symptoms typically include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, irregular heartbeat, sweating, nausea, and overall feelings of dread, although everyone experiences <something>phobia in their own way and may have different symptoms. Though doctors often prescribe various potent drugs for <something>phobia, severe side-effects and/or withdrawal symptoms can ensue. Moreover, drugs do not "cure" <something>phobia. At best they temporarily suppress the symptoms through chemical interaction. The unconscious mind creates <something>phobia, like other phobias, as a protective mechanism. Probably, at some point in your past, an event occurred linking failure or defeat and emotional trauma. Whilst the original catalyst may have been a real-life scare of some kind, myriad, benign events can also trigger the condition: movies, TV, or perhaps seeing someone else experience trauma. The actual phobia manifests itself in different ways. Some sufferers experience it almost all the time, others just in response to direct stimuli. Everyone has their own unique formula for when and how to feel bad. While technically we can call anything a phobia, the actual definition of a phobia involves having an irrational fear of something that can cause no physical harm or trauma. For example, to have a fear of (say) cotton balls or of feathers classes as an irrational fear and falls into the correct category of a phobia because such things could in no way cause harm to you. Whereas a fear of (say) a large predatory animal or of a hurricane, as a rational fear, does not classify as a phobia, because such encounters carry a possibility of harm or death.

Psychological conditions
In many cases specialists prefer to avoid the suffix -phobia and use more descriptive terms, see, e.g., Category:Personality disorders, anxiety disorders, avoidant personality disorder, love-shyness, love sickness.

Acrophobia, Altophobia Fear of heights. Agoraphobia Fear of the outdoors, crowds or uncontrolled social conditions. Aichmophobia, Belonephobia, Enetophobia Fear of needles or of pointed objects. Algophobia Fear of pain Androphobia, Fear of males. Anthropomorphobia Fear or dislike of anthropomorphic traits. Aquaphobia, Hydrophobia Fear of water, specifically the morbid fear of drowning. Astraphobia, Astrapophobia, Brontophobia, Keraunophobia Fear of thunder, lightning and storms. It occurs especially commonly in young children. Aphenphosmphobia, Chiraptophobia, Haphephobia, Haptephobia Fear of being touched. Athazagoraphobia Fear of being forgotten, ignored or forgetting. Aviophobia, Aviatophobia Fear of flying. Bacillophobia, Bacteriophobia, Microbiophobia Fear of microbes, bacteria. Bathophobia Fear of depth. Cainophobia, Cainotophobia, Cenophobia, Centophobia, same as Neophobia Fear of newness, novelty. Cibophobia Aversion to food. Claustrophobia Fear of confined spaces. Clinophobia Fear of going to bed or falling asleep. Coulrophobia Fear of evil clowns. Dentophobia, Odontophobia, Dental phobia Fear of dentists and dental procedures. Emetophobia Fear of vomiting. Ephebiphobia Fear/dislike of teenagers. Ergasiophobia, Ergophobia Fear of work or functioning, or a surgeon's fear of operating. Erotophobia Fear of sexual love or sexual questions. Fairyphobia - Fear of short people. Genophobia Fear of sexual intercourse Glossophobia Fear of speaking in public or of trying to speak. Gymnophobia Fear of nudity. Homophobia Fear of sameness, monotony, homosexuality or of becoming homosexual. (This word has become a common political term, and many people interpret it as a slur.) Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia Fear of the number 666. Kainolophobia, Kainophobia, same as Neophobia Fear of newness, novelty. Lalophobia, Laliophobia Fear of speaking. Ligyrophobia Fear of loud noises. Lygophobia see Nyctophobia Mysophobia Fear of germs, contamination or dirt Neophobia Fear of newness, novelty. Nyctophobia, Ligyrophobia Fear of darkness. Odontophobia, same as dental phobia

Paraskavedekatriaphobia Fear of Friday the 13th. Radiophobia Fear of radiation or X-rays. Sitophobia, Sitophobia Aversion to food, synonymous to Anorexia nervosa Sociophobia Fear/dislike of society or people in general. (see also "sociopath") Technophobia Fear of technology. Terdekaphobia, Triskaidekaphobia Fear of the number 13. Having a superstition. Xenophobia Fear of strangers, foreigners, or aliens.

Zoophobias

Ailurophobia, Elurophobia, Felinophobia, Galeophobia, Gatophobia Dislike of cats. Apiphobia, Melissophobia Fear of bees. Arachnophobia Fear of arachnids, usually specific to spiders. Cynophobia Fear of dogs or of rabies. Entomophobia, Insectophobia Fear of insects. (Also the orchid genus Entomophobia) Equinophobia, Hippophobia Fear of horses. Helminthophobia Fear of being infested with worms. Herpetophobia Fear of reptiles Ichthyophobia Fear of fish. Mottephobia Aversion to moths and butterflies. Musophobia, Murophobia, Suriphobia Fear of mice and/or rats. Myrmecophobia Fear of ants. Ophidiophobia Fear of snakes. Ornithophobia Fear of birds. Olfactophobia, Osmophobia Fear of smells. Scoleciphobia, Vermiphobia Fear of worms. Zoophobia Fear of animals.

Non-psychological conditions

Hydrophobia Fear of water, a symptom of rabies. Photophobia aversion to light

Biology
A number of "-phobia/-phobic" terms are used in biology to describe predispositions by plants and animals against certain conditions. See for antonyms in "Biology" section of the "-phil-" article.

Acidophobia/Acidophobic Preference for non-acidic conditions Cryophobia/Cryophobic Fear of extreme cold. Heliophobia/Heliophobic Aversion to sunlight. Psychrophobia/Psychrophobic Fear of cold.

Thermophobia/Thermophobic Fear/dislike of heat. Xerophobia/Xerophobic Fear/dislike of dryness.

Ethnic/national/religious phobias
One can readily use the suffix "-phobia" to coin a term that denotes a particular antiethnic sentiment, such as Francophobia. Often a synonym with the prefix "anti-" already exists: polonophobia vs. anti-Polonism. See "List of anti-ethnic terms" for more examples. Anti-religous sentiments are expressed in terms Christianophobia and Islamophobia.

Joke phobias

Aibohphobia A joke term for the fear of palindromes, using (of course) a palindromic word. Anatidaephobia Fear that somewhere, somehow, a duck is watching you (fictional, from a Gary Larson cartoon published in The Far Side Gallery, 4). Arachibutyrophobia Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth. It had circulated in the Internet for some time until it landed, e.g., at the CTRN Phobia Clinic website (in a way described above, in the section "Standard "phobia" description template"): "Working one-on-one with one of our team, with guaranteed lifetime elimination of Sticky Peanut Butter Phobia. From $1497 and up." Luposlipaphobia The fear of being pursued by timber wolves around a kitchen table while wearing socks on a newly-waxed floor (fictional, also from Gary Larson in the cartoon series "The Far Side") Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia Fear of long words. Hippopoto- means "big" due to its allusion to the Greek term hippopotamos (= "river horse", "hippopotamus"), -monstro means "monstrous", sesquipedali comes from "sesquipedalian" meaning a long word, and -ophobia means "relating to the fear of".

The English suffix -ology or -logy denotes a field of study or academic discipline, and -ologist describes a person who studies that field.

Etymology
The word ology is a back-formation from the names of these disciplines. "-logy" basically means "the study of ____". Such words are formed from Greek or Latin roots with the terminal -logy derived from the Greek suffix - (-logia), speaking, from (legein), to speak. The word ology is thus misleading as the 'o' is actually part of the word stem that receives the -logy ending. For example, the bio part of biology stems from Greek (bios), life. This is why some of the words do not end in -ology (such as mineralogy).

Other words ending in "ology"

Not all words ending in -ology are ologies in the above sense. In some words such as tautology and haplology, the -logy suffix is from the Greek , word, and denotes not a field of study but a type of speech or writing. For example, haplology means the mistake of saying one letter, syllable or word when two or more are required, as in the example of pronouncing the word February somewhat like "Febuary". It should also be pointed out that some words mean to study something, but aren't called ologies midwifery is one example.

Usage
Although technically incorrect, "-ology" is sometimes used to describe a subject rather than the study of it. Technology is a typical example. This usage is also widespread in medicine; for example, pathology is often used for specific disease ("We have not found the pathology yet"). "Ology" can be appended to any word, humorously, when describing its study; such as beer-ology or Wiki-ology. There are a few irregular exceptions to the ending "-ologist"; for example theology/theologian. A famous British television commercial of the 1980s has a Jewish student calling his grandmother (played by Maureen Lipman) to confirm his exam results. He is disappointed that he has only passed Sociology, but his grandmother will have none of it. "Anthony," she insists, "if you get an ology, you're a scientist!" The term "Ology" is often used, perjoratively, to indicate that a subject is a pseudoscience, and does not meet the same standards of rigour as more hard sciences such as Physics as Chemistry.

See also

classical compound -ism

List of -ologies

Contents: Top - 09 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Insert non-formatted text here===A===

Acarology, the study of ticks and mites Acridilogy, the study of Grasshoppers and Locusts Actinobiology, the study of the effects of radiation upon living organisms Actinology, the study of the effect of light on chemicals Aerobiology, a branch of biology that studies organic particles, such as bacteria, fungal spores, very small insects and pollen, which are passively transported by the air. Aerology, the study of the free atmosphere Aeropalynology, the study of pollen grains and spores (palynomorphs) in the atmosphere Aetiology, the medical study of the causation of disease Agnoiology, the study of things of which we are by nature ignorant, or of things which cannot be known Agrobiology, the study of plant nutrition and growth in relation to soil conditions Agrology, the art and science of agriculture (Canada) Agrology, the study of soils (not Canada) Algology, the study of algae Allergology, the study of the causes and treatment of allergies; a branch of medicine Andrology, the study of male health and disease Anesthesiology, the study of anesthesia and anesthetics; a branch of medicine Angelology, the study of angels Angiology, the study of the anatomy of blood and lymph vascular systems Anthropology, the study of humans Apiology, the study of bees (apiaries) Arachnology, the study of spiders and their kind Archaeology, the study of ancient history Archaeozoology, the study of relationships between humans and animals over time through examination of animal remains at archaeological sites (also see Zooarchaeology) Areology, the study of Mars Assyriology, the study of the Assyrians Astacology, the study of crayfish Astrobiology, the study of origin of life Astrogeology, the study of geology of celestial bodies (e.g., planets, asteroids, comets) Astrology, the study of purported influences of stars on human affairs Atmology, the study of the laws and phenomena of aqueous vapors Atomology, the doctrine of atoms Audiology, the study of hearing; a branch of medicine Autecology, the study of the ecology of any individual species Auxology, the study of human growth. Axiology, the study of the nature of values and value judgements

Bacteriology, the study of bacteria Balneology, the scientific study of baths, bathing and of their application to disease Bioclimatology, the study of the effects of climate on living organisms Biogeomorphology, or ecogeomorphology, the study of interactions between organisms and geomorpholoigcal processes Bioecology, the study of the relationship of organisms to each other and to their environment Biology, the study of life Biometeorology, the study of the effects of atmospheric conditions on living organisms Boxology is the study of schematic layouts, for example of corporate org charts. Bryology, the study of bryophytes

Campanology, the study and the art of bell ringing Cardiology, the study of the heart Carpology, the study of the structure of seeds and fruit Cereology, the study of crop circles Cetology, the study of cetaceans - whales, dolphins, and porpoise Chelonology, the study of turtles Christology, the theological study of redemption (christos > christein: to sacrament), not only speaking of Christianity but also extended to religion in general Chorology, the study of the relationship of biological or other phenomena to their locations Chronology the study of things in order of time or the study of time Climatology, the study of the climate Coleopterology, the study of beetles Coniology, the study of dust in the atmosphere and its effects on plants and animals, also spelled "koniology". Conchology, the study of shells and of molluscs Cosmology, the study of the cosmos or our place in it. Craniology, the study of the characteristics of the skull Criminology, the scientific study of crime. Cryology, the study of very low temperatures and related phenomena. Cryptology, the study of how to encrypt and decrypt secret messages Cryptozoology, the study of animals that may or may not be mythical Cynology, the study of dogs Cytomorphology, the study of the structure of cells Cytology, the study of cells

Deltiology, the study of, but more often the collecting of picture postcards Demonology, the study of demons Dendrochronology, the study of the age of trees and the records in their rings Dendrology, the study of trees Deontology, in ethics, the study of duty. Dermatology, the field of medicine that deals with the skin Desmology, the study of ligaments Dialectology, the study of dialects Dosology, the study of dosages of medicine and drugs. Same as posology. Doxology, the speech of Praise (not a proper ology, see below)

Ecclesiology, the study of Church architecture and decoration, or separately the study of the Christian Church Ecogeomorphology, or biogeomorphology, the study of interactions between organisms and geomorphological processes Ecohydrology, the study of interactions among organisms and the water cycle. Ecology, the study of the interrelationships between living organisms and their environment. Sometimes spelled "cology". Ecophysiology, the study of the interrelationship between an organism's physical functioning and its environment Edaphology, a branch of soil science that studies the influence of soil on life. Egyptology, the study of the ancient Egyptians Electrophysiology, the study of the relationship between electric phenomena and bodily processes Embryology, the study of embryos Emetology, the study or knowledge of emetics Endocrinology, the study of internal secretory glands Enigmatology, the study of puzzles Enology (or Oenology), the study of wine and winemaking Entomology, the study of insects Enzymology, the study of enzymes Epidemiology, the study of epidemics Epistemology, the study of the nature and origins of knowledge Eschatology, a branch of theology concerned with the final events in the history of the world or of mankind Ethnology, the study of race Ethnomusicology, the study of music in society, usually non-western music Ethology, the study of animal behaviour Etiology, same as Aetiology Etymology, the study of word origins Evolutionary biology, the study of the process of biological evolution Evolutionary psychology, the study of the process of (usually) human psychological evolution. Exobiology, the study of life in outer space

Formicology, the study of ants Fetology, the study of the fetus, especially when within the uterus. Sometimes spelled foetology.

Garbology - study of refuse and trash Gastrology or Gastroenterology - diseases of stomach and intestines Gemmology or Gemology, the study of gemstones and ornamental materials Genealogy (commonly misspelt and mispronounced as "geneology"), the study of relationships within families particularly with a view to constructing family trees Genecology, the study of genetic differences in relation to the environment Geobiology, the study of the biosphere and its relations to the lithosphere and atmosphere. Geochronology, the study of the age of the Earth Geology, the study of the Earth Geomorphology, the study of present-day landforms, traditionally on Earth but with increasing frequency on nearby planetary objects Gerontology, the study of old age Glaciology, the study of glaciers Grammatology, the study of writing systems. Also the study of deconstructive literary criticism, popularized in the 1960s by Jacques Derrida Graphology, the study of handwriting for the purpose of analysing the character of the writer Gynaecology or Gynecology, the study of medicine relating to women, or of women in general

Hematology/Haematology, the study of blood Heliology, the study of the Sun Helioseismology, the study of vibrations and oscillations in the Sun Helminthology, the study of parasitic worms. See Vermeology. Henology, roughly, the study of unity. In natural theology, a henological argument attempts to prove the existence of God by reasoning from a multiplicity of virtues backwards to show that they must have one source (God). [1] Hepatology, the study of the liver; a branch of medicine Herbology, the study of the therapeutic use of plants Herpetology, the study of reptiles and amphibians Histology, the study of living tissues Histopathology, the study of the (microscopic) structure of diseased tissues Historiology, the study of the writings and practices of historians Horology, the study of making timepieces, measuring time and timekeeping Hydrogeology, the study of underground water

Hydrology, the study of water Hypnology, the study of sleep (also: somnology)

Ichthyology, the study of fish Ichnology, the study of fossil footprints, tracks and burrows Immunology, the study of the immune system Islamology, the study of the Islam

Japanology, the study of Japanese people Judeology, the study of the Jewish People, and extended: Judaism

Karyology, the study of karyotypes (a branch of cytology) Killology, the study of human beings killing other human beings (Grossman's Theory) Kinesiology, the study of movement in relation to human anatomy; a branch of medicine Kinology, the study of motion or of moving bodies, a branch of physics. Kremlinology, the study of communist Soviet Union Kymatology, the study of waves or wave motions

Laryngology, the study of the larynx, or voice box; a branch of medicine Lepidopterology, the study of butterflies and moths Lexicology, the study of the signification and application of words Limnology, the study of fresh water environments, particularly lakes Lithology, the study of rocks Lymphology, the study of the lymph system and glands

Malacology, the study of mollusks Mammalogy, the study of mammals Mereology, a branch of logic focusing on the study of part-whole relationships Meteorology, the study of weather Methodology, (properly) the study of methods Metrology, the study of measurement Microbiology, the study of microorganisms and their effects on humans Micrology, the science of preparing and handling microscopic objects for study. Mineralogy, the study of minerals

Mixology, the study or skill of preparing mixed drinks. Molinology, the study of windmills, watermills and animal engines. Monadology, a book by Leibniz on the study of his theory of monads. Morphology, the study of forms; more precisely the study of the grammatical structure of words, a branch of linguistics Musicology, the study of music Mycology, the study of fungi Myology the scientific study of muscles Myrmecology, the study of ants Mythology, the study of myths

Nanotechnology, the study and design of machines at the molecular level Neonatology, the study of diseases and the care of newborn infants; a branch of pediatrics/paediatrics Nephology, the study of clouds Nephrology, the study of the kidneys and their diseases, a branch of medicine Neurology, the study of nerves Neuropathology, the study of neural diseases Neurophysiology, the study of the functions of the nervous system Nosology, the study of diseases Numerology, the study of numbers (often in a non-mathematical sense)

Oceanology, the study of oceans Odonatology, the study of dragonflies and damselflies Odontology, the study of the structure, development, and abnormalities of the teeth Oikology, the study of housekeeping. Omphalology, facetious name for the non-existent medical specialty that treats of navels, which has been used in a manner similar to the way the word widget is used in economics textbooks Oncology, the study of cancer Ontology, the study of existence Oology, the study of eggs Ophthalmology, the study of the eyes Organology, the study of musical instruments (not just organs); alternatively, the study of anatomical organs Ornithology, the study of birds Orthopterology, the study of grasshoppers and crickets Orology, the study of mountains and their mapping Osteology, the study of bones Otolaryngology, the study of the ear and throat; a branch of medicine Otology, the study of the structure, function, and pathology of the ear

Otorhinolaryngology, the study of the ear, nose, and throat; a branch of medicine

Paleontology, the study of ancient creatures Paleoanthropology, the study of ancient humans and human origin Paleoclimatology, the study of climate prior to the widespread availability of records of temperature, precipitation, and other instrumental data Paleoecology, the study of past environments using the fossils of plants and animals Palynology, the study of pollen Parapsychology, the study of paranormal or psychic phenomenon that defy conventional scientific explanations Parasitology, the study of parasites Pathology, the study of illness Pedology (soil study) Pedology (children study) Penology, the study of prison management and criminal rehabilitation. Petrology, the study of rocks Pharmacology, the study of drugs Phenology, the study of periodic biological phenomena such as flowering, migration, breeding, etc. Phenomenology, the study and science of phenomena as distinct from the science of actual existence or being; also a movement founded by Husserl which studies conscious experience without its metaphysical concerns Phonology, the study of vocal sounds Phrenology, the derivation of a persons character traits, by studying the shape of their skull Physiology, the study of bodies, usually of animals Phytology, the study of plants; botany Planetology, the study of planets and solar systems Planktology, the study of plankton Pneumology, a synonym of Pulmonology Pomology, the scientific study and cultivation of fruits Posology, see dosology Primatology, the study of primates Psychobiology, the study and psychology of organisms with regard to their functions and structures Psychology, the study of mental processes in humans Psychopharmacology, the study of psychotropic or psychiatric drugs Psychophysiology, the study of the physiological bases of psychological processes Pulmonology is the specialty in medicine that deals with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract. Pyrology, the study of fire

Radiology, the study of rays, usually ionising radiation Reflexology, originally the study of reflexes or of reflex responses; but see also non-study list Rheology, the study of flow Rheumatology, the study of rheumatic diseases, a branch of medicine Rhinology, the study of the nose and its diseases

Sarcology, a subsection of anatomy that studies the soft parts. It includes myology, angiology, neurology, and splanchnology Scatology, the study of feces Sedimentology, a branch of geology that studies sediments. Seismology, the study of earthquakes Selenology, the study of the moon Semiology the study of signs Serology, the study of blood serum Serpentology, the study of snakes Sexology, the study of sex Sinology, the study of China Sitiology, dietetics, the study of diet. Also, a treatise on diet. Also spelled "sitology" Sociology, the study of society Sociobiology, the study of the effect of evolution on ethology Somnology, the study of sleep, also: hypnology Soteriology the study of the doctrine of salvation, especially as related to Christianity Sovietology, the study of communist Soviet Union Speleology, the study or exploration of caves Splanchnology, the study of the viscera. Sporalogy, a parody of astrology Stemmatology, from dictionary.com: the humanistic discipline that attempts to reconstruct the transmission of a text (especially a text in manuscript form) on the basis of relations between the various surviving manuscripts (sometimes using cladisitc analysis)[2] Stomatology, study of the mouth and its diseases Symbology, the study and interpretation of symbols, or a set of symbols. Also used for types of barcodes Symptomatology, the study of symptoms Synecology, the study of the ecological interrelationships among communities of organisms

Technology, the study of the practical arts (but see above) Teleology, the study of ends or final causes Teratology, the study of wonders, or monsters Testamentology, the study of a religious testament, neotestamentology: the study of the New Testament; archotestamentology: the Old Testament Thanatology, the study of physical, psychological and social problems associated with dying. Theriology, the study of mammals (also, but less used: mammalogy) Thermology, the study of heat. Theology, the study of God Thremmatology, the study of breeding domestic plants and animals Tidology, the study of tides. Tocology, the study of childbirth, sometimes spelled "tokology". Tonolgy, the study of intonation in speech Topology, the mathematical study of closeness and connectedness Toxicology, the study of poisons Traumatology, the study of wounds and injuries caused by accidents or assaults and their surgical treatment and repair; a branch of medicine Traumatopsychology, the study of psychological traumas Tribology, the study of friction and lubrication Trichology, the study of hair and scalp Typology, the study of classification

Urology, the study and treatment of diseases of the urogenital tract, a branch of medicine. Sometimes spelled "ourology". Ufology, the study of Unidentified flying object (UFO) phenomena.

Vaccinology, the study of vaccines Venereology, the study of venereal diseases Vermeology, the study of worms. See helminthology. Vexillology, the study of flags Victimology, the study of victims of crime, often applied to characterizing the criminal Virology, the study of viruses Volcanology (also spelled vulcanology), the study of volcanoes and related phenomena (traps)

Xenobiology, the study of non-terrestrial life Xylology, the study of wood

Zooarchaeology, the study and analysis of animal remains at archaeological sites to reconstruct relationships between people, animals, and their environment (also see Archaeozoology) Zoology, the study of animals Zymology, the study of fermentation

Ologies that are not fields of study

Words ending in -ology that are not fields of study, and thus not "ologies" in the sense of this article, are:

Anthology, a collection of literary pieces (such as poems). Apology o a statement of regret. o an explanation for or justification of beliefs. Chronology is the arrangement or setting out of past events in order of occurrence; the recording of historical events in date sequence. Cosmetology, the art and career of using cosmetics to improve beauty. Dilogy is ambiguous or equivocal speech. Docimology, a treatise on the art of testing, e.g. in assaying metals. Doxology, a spoken or sung end of a prayer. Eulogy, though not an -ology, is a commemoration of a person's life at his/her funeral. Francology -- there is an institute of Francology in Bucharest, Romania. Hagiology is literature dealing with the life of a saint or, indeed, any revered person, a biography of an individual, rather than a study of saints, sainthood or saintliness in general. Heterology, a dissimilarity of parts often attributable to a difference in origin. Homology, a similarity often atributable to common origin Ideology, sometimes spelled idealogy, is a system of ideas about politics, human life or culture. Kibology, joke religion worshiping Kibo. Menology, a register of months, or a calendar of the lives of the saints for each day of the year. Misology is the hatred of reason, enlightment or rational argument. Onology, foolish discourse. Philology, the historical study of languages. This is not a ology in the strict sense, because it is not the study (-ologia) of love (philo-), but the love (philo-) of literature (logia). Phraseology is the way words are put together, therefore the style being used in a sentence, or the set of phrases or the choice of words used by any particular group of people, a type of register, then, that reflects the form of language used in a certain social situation in which particular subjects are being discussed. Examples

of register (phraseology) are: (obscene) slang, legal language (legalese), journalese, the jargon of the racecourse, or the special words or phrases used in certain occupations, as only a few of a very numerous category. Piphilology seems to be a borderline case with some aspects of a field of study, but not a scientific discipline. Reflexology, alternative method of massage, therapy or pressure on certain points of the sole of the feet as a means of relieving nervous tension. Scientology, the belief system/cult religion founded by L. Ron Hubbard, selfdescribed as a study of knowledge. Tautology, a self-affirming truth. Terminology, a set of words and/or phrases, usually in relation to some particular canon or field of study e.g. 'mathematical terminology'. Tetralogy of Fallot, an abnormality of the heart consisting of four deformities that often occur together. Trilogy (although not strictly an -ology) is a body of writing in three parts, as tetralogy is that in four parts. Other words such as pentalogy, hexalogy, and heptalogy or septology cover larger series. Tropology, the use of tropes in speech or writing. A Zumology is a treatise on the firmentation of liquors.

External links

What's OLogy? List of ologies Another list of ologies The famous British "ology" advert A list of science ologies

-scope is a suffix used in English denoting viewing and observing. It derives from the scientific Latin suffix -scopium, meaning a viewing instrument, which in turn originates from the ancient Greek verb skopein, to examine.

List

Cinemascope cystoscope electroscope endoscope Episcopal from Greek episkopos, meaning "overseer" and hence "bishop". finderscope fluoroscope gastroscope gonioscope gyroscope horoscope iconoscope

interscope kaleidoscope kinescope kinetoscope laryngoscope macroscope microscope oscilloscope periscope spectroscope stethoscope telescope

Words that end in "-ware" seem to fall into different categories:

computing terms, especially the various manifestations of software, classified mainly according to their method of distribution, such as freeware or shareware types of products named after their constituent materials (such as glassware or copperware), this and the following usage comes from the word ware meaning manufactured goods such those stored in a warehouse general groupings of items available for sale or use (such as giftware or noncomputer hardware). One should not confuse these with similar retail groupings which use the separate suffix "-wear" such as menswear, childrenswear or sleepwear.

List of examples
Examples include:

Abandonware Adware Baitware Basketware Be-ware Beerware Bloatware Careware Chinaware Copperware Corningware Crippleware Cyberware Donationware Drinkware Firmware Flatware

Freeware Giftware Glassware Guiltware Hardware Ironware Kitchenware Malware Metalware Middleware Nagware Netware Payware Postcardware Scareware Software Shareware Silverware Spyware Stemware Tableware Tupperware Vaporware Wetware

See also

warez

-graphy or -ography or -igraphy (etc.) is an English suffix derived from the Greek verb (graphein), "to write", plus the abstract noun suffix -ia in Greek, which passed through Latin, then French, before becoming English -y. In other contexts, -ography is not a suffix but an informal word (noun form -graphic) denoting a field of study or academic discipline ending in the noun combining form -ography. The word ography is therefore a back-formation from the names of these disciplines. The word ography is thus misleading, as the <o> is actually part of the Greek root that receives the -graphy ending. For example, the bio- root of biography stems from Greek (bio s), life. This is why some of the words listed below do not end in -ography (such as calligraphy). Some non-study ographies are the following:

Autobiography, the biography of a person written by that person

Bibliography, a list of writings used or considered by an author in preparing a particular work Biography, an account of a person's life Calligraphy, the art of fine handwriting Choreography, the art of creating and arranging dances or ballets Cryptography, the art of hiding the content of information Floriography, the language of flowers Orthography, rules of correct writing Photography, the art, practice, or occupation of taking and printing photographs Steganography, the art of writing hidden messages Stenography, the art of writing in shorthand Tasseography, the art of reading tea leaves

Some study-related ographies are the following:

Areography, the study of the physical features of the planet Mars Cartography, the study and making of maps Demography, the study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics Geography, the study of spatial relationships on the Earth's surface Hagiography, the study of saints Historiography, the study of the study of history Oceanography, the exploration and scientific study of the ocean and its phenomena Orography, the science and study of mountains Selenography, the study and mapping of the physical features of the Moon Uranography, the study and mapping of stars and space objects