diploma 4th year technical and the environmental strategy 2002-2003

>>The Planning of the School of Architecture in terms of The Environmental S t r a t e g y.

Unit_6 Masataka Fukui

introduction_

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

Harris, S(2002), brief(hand-out) diploma 4th year environmental strategies.UEL borer. P and Harris, C(1998) the whole house book, ecological building design & materials CAT.

The environmental strategy is the plan for achieving the desired environmental conditions within the spaces of the project while minimizing impact on the wider global environment(Harris 2002). My project is the school of architecture in the docklands campus of the University of East London using the computer programme(agents). Under these situations, I draw a plan in terms of the environment strategy in the following sections. section_1. heating. This section is a slightly overall view of the whole plan. heating is comprised of heat gain and heat loss. the control of these factors is the main and crucial factor for creation of the comfortable building and reduction of dependency of fossil fuels for heating.

section_2. cooling. this section occupies the heat loss of the heating. the most predominant way of cooling is ventilation. obviously, in order to reduce the dependency of the fossil fuels, natural ventilation is optimal solutions. the site layout in this section describes how the local climate influences benefiarily to the planning of the school of architecture both in summer and in winter. analytical environmental plans and cross-sections describe how heat loss of the school is made in the different scenarios in the different seasons. section_3 details of the devices. this section is comprised of the details of two the most predominant devices to make the building passive. one is saw teeth ridge for both ventilation and control of the intake of the sunlight by automatic louvres and shafts. another is underfloor air channels for the supply of the fresh airs all the year around. all of the above will be able to reduce the dependency of the fossil energy thus C02 emissions from all sides, especially, from the building sectors.

solar gain heat gain heating system casual gains

control to keep the inside temperature of the building 21C, all the year around

climate in different seasons

fabric loss heat loss ventilation infiltration

the site layout of the school of architecture is analyzed in order for me to show how it can benefit from the local climate leading to good passive solar design both in summer and in winter. analytical environmental plans and cross-sections as well as elevations describe how the above principle can be visualized passively with focus on the phenomena inside the building in the different scenarios in the different seasons. thermal mass in my school of architecture is provided by concrete and have striking effects on the built environment in the winter days. on top of it, heating system whose energy source is wade heat is described schematically in the analytical diagram.

section_1

Heating_
in general, heating is of the heat gain and heat loss. the ecologically sound building has balanced relationship between those two factors and so low or zero energy building, which contributes drastically to reduce the use of fossil fuel based energy and CO2 emissions.

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui sources: borer. P and Harris, C(1998) the whole house book, ecological building design & materials CAT.

heat gain
solar gain -orientation -glazing area -type of glasses used -thermal mass -plan layout -passive solar principle

heat loss
loss through fabrics U-value of the materials

1
shelters and plan layouts.

loss by ventilation(cooling) draughts and air changes.

heating system_ -fossil fuels -controls -efficiency -responses

casual gain_ -fossil fuel for light, cooking and power -biomass(food) for people inside.

>>GLOSSARIES U-values: a measure of how many watts or rate of flow of energy pass by 1sm of a building or building spaces, for every degree of temeperature difference between inside and outside. in general, the lower the U-value, the better the insulation.

good heating design

good heating design of a building on the base of the factors in each of different seasons thus under different conditions

comfort for both humans and buildings are kept by the balanced relationship between heat gains and heat losses

care about the changes of the conditions and all factors in the different seasons

2 3

2 3

Heating and daylighting_

This section is one of the important constituents for the study of this environmental strategy. It contributes not only to create very comfortable building spaces for both humans and buildings but also is an indispensable issue for the reduction of the dependency of the fossil fuels which causes a high rate of CO2 emissions and so global warming. one of the most ominous and imminent danger to the humans. thus, the drastic improvement about it contributes to enhance the global environmental sustainability.
Energy consumption for a building
Legend operational energy -space heating -lighting -cooking(houses only) -cooling. embodied energy energy consumed during the production and transport of materials and construction of building. energy consumed by the people in travelling within buildings.

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

sources: borer. P and Harris, C(1998) the whole house book, ecological building design & materials CAT. Building reseach establishment British research establishment environmental assessmentBREEAM_98) for offices.

18 22 10 50

currently, fossil fuel sources cater for this energy as the artificial lighting and heating anc causes many problems ranging from the health problems to a high rate CO2 emissions and to the shortage of the energy sources in the global environment.

conclusion_1 needs for the improvements both in the building design and the search for the secure energy or the alternative to fossil fuels.

Percentile chart about the energy consumption for a building.

others.

solar energy and the school of architecture

>>merits -unexhausible and clean energy sources -14400times that of the fossil fuels in terawatts 1 terawatts=1X10 W -the main sources of lighting. rules of thumbs for this sectio
12

conclusion_2 the activities of the school of architecture are based on the day time, thus barely need the night activities. therefore, should enhance the maximum use of daylighting during the occupied period. furthermore, good daylighting building is the one with many solar gains. careful consideration of passive solar (heating and daylighting) designs.

achievement for good environmental strategy in this section

increase of the solar gain

good intaking of daylighting

lower or zero artifical lighting and good spatial quality

lower operational energy and low or zero rate of CO2 emissions from the building creation of the comfortable spaces

less dependency of the fossil fuel sources (heating systems)

securing of none-pollutant and huge energy sources

lower or zero artificial space heating

Heating and daylighting_

site layout based on the passive solar design achieved by -ORIENTATION -PREVENTION OF THE OVERSHADOWING (AVOIDANCE OF OBSTRUCTIONS)

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

sources Tuchker, S(2003),the sunpath diagram at heathrow, London in apache. CIBSE design guide A the altitude and the azimuth of the sunpaths in the heathrow, London, CIBSE(1988).

the sunpath in summer

school of architecture

30' 30'

in June 21 at 3 pm(afternoon) altitude:46' azimuth:250'

the southern border which seemingly impede the penetration of the sunlight in winter.

in June 21 at 9.am(morning) altitude:46' azimuth:110' in June 21

line due noon at south altitude:63'

azimuth:180'

the sunpath in winter

in December 22 at 3 pm(afternoon) altitude:6' azimuth:221' in December 22 at noon altitude:17' azimuth180'

in December 22 at 9 am altitude:6' azimuth:139'

1/2000

Heating and daylighting_

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

sources: Littlefair,P(1991), site layout planning for daylight & sunlight, a guide to good practice,British Research Establishment(BRE).

passive solar principles used as both criteria and variables for the making of the site layout.

orientation >>passive soler principle by orientation. for the winter season.

geometrical solution in plan

O glazed facade

overshadowing

this part is not high enough to be an obstruction for shadowing.

30'

30' line under the ground.

B 3 dimensional north-east view of the element ahead of the school of architecture.

the line due the south

permittable range for the randomness in angle

1/1500

in order to obtain many solar gains, 60' due south ( AOB) is a key thing to be considered. thus, the direction of the sunlight should be interpreted as 30' of either side of due south.

no needs for consideration

a need for consideration

>>master plan

Heating and daylighting_

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

source. schedule of accommodations.stephen rich(2003). stephen rich architects.

6 environmental layout diagrams in plan

_functional zoning of plans

wet area first year related diploma/ unit_5 wet area workshop /crits computer lab related workshop /crits diploma/ unit_4 workshop /crits wet area

foundation course related

workshop related

entrance/ gallery

wet area school office

seminar room_1 office for the 1st year

library deputy office head office

degree /unit_d

workshop /crits diploma /unit_2 degree /unit_g cafe /bar amphe-theatre

security /reception technical studies sustainability

diploma /unit_7

environment & energy

degree seminar /unit_c degree head of room_2 /unit_f amphethe degree unit_6/MSc seminar -theatre head of computing& room_3 the diploma design

degree/ unit_h

diploma/ unit_3

history & theory tutor training

GF_
stairs

1F_

professional studies

2F_

cover_

_requirement of the intake of the daylight. distributions of the internal spaces respond to the requirement of lighting of each of functions.

GF_ Legend
areas for the abosolute daylighing: offices. areas for the preferable daylighing: unit and workshop spaces (not obligatory)

1F_

2F_

cover_

areas for diffusing lighting:workshop and community spaces

areas for less daylighting:computer laboratory workshop and wet areas

1/500

Heating and daylighting_

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

source. schedule of accommodations.stephen rich(2003). stephen rich architects.

7 environmental layout diagrams in plan

_glazing areas and doors

GF_

1F_

2F_

cover_

Legend vast glazing areas in the south

stripped glazing areas in the north

doors

openness

_overhangs they are important devices to control the penetration of the direct sunlight to the interior of a building in the summer.

GF_

1F_

2F_

cover_

overhangs in the southern facade.

1/500

Heating and daylighting_

contrast of elevations between in the south and in the north.

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

the school of architecture in planning has distinguished elevations between in the north and the south. these are created in consideration of the sunlight and the requirement of the school spaces for the sunlight.

south elevation_ all spaces oriented to the south are required to enhance daylighting for day activities and so clad with glasses.from the floor to ceiling. two big balconies on the lst and 2nd floors enable people for the sunbashing and tpass activities in the exterior. overhangs on each of floors control the intake of the daylight and solar gains by shading the glazing area during the hottest summer. the windows in this side are openable thus can bring the wind airs which come from the south-west.

north elevation_ all spaces oriented to the north don't need the sunlight, thus the glazing areas in this elevation are smaller than those in the south. windows are strip type and spread horizontally all over the elevation. in winter, the less glazing facade like this serves as the wind shield against the north-east cold winds. 1/200

heating and daylighting_

>>summer days and winter days
rules of thumb _reflective daylight North South
atria contributes to bring the sunlgith deep inside the building in both direct and reflected ways. as the workshp/crits and entrance and galleries are like the exposition centres which don't need the direct glare causing sunlights thus this principle should work rather well for securing of the daylight. walls are painted to white to enhance both spatial quality and the reflectivity of the daylight inside.

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

sources: borer. P and Harris, C(1998) the whole house book, ecological building design & materials CAT. Tuchker, S(2003),the sunpath diagram at heathrow, London in apache. CIBSE design guide A the altitude and the azimuth of the sunpaths in the heathrow, London, CIBSE(1988).

x (reflected)

x (incident)

x: the same angle

a'

environmental cross-section a-a'

open louvre

louvre closed reflectors overhangs

daylight deeply penetrated

white finishes reflected daylight

daylight deeply penetrated

1/100

Legend

summer sun altitude(vertical direction of the sun's rays):46'.

winter sun altitude(vertical direction of the sun's rays):6'.

sunlight reflected from the reflectors

sunlight from the north

the phenomena displayed above describe that the interior of the building is illuminated by both direct and reflected sunlight properly thoroughout the year in winter, the sunlight penetrates deeply into the spaces located in the south thus the passive heat gains in this season is so enormous that they may not need artificial heating systems whatsoever. in summer, the penetration of the sunlight is much controlled by overhangs along the southern facade and louvres of the shafts in the cover.

heating and thermal mass_

>>winter days
rules of thumb _thermal mass

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

sources: borer. P and Harris, C(1998) the whole house book, ecological building design & materials CAT. Tuchker, S(2003),the sunpath diagram at heathrow, London in apache. CIBSE design guide A the altitude and the azimuth of the sunpaths in the heathrow, London, CIBSE(1988).

10

North

South

thermal mass is the storage of direct solar gain and offten provided by masonery materials and dense concretes. in the school of architecture, walls and floor slabs which receive the direct sunlight are thermal mass with a high rate of heat storage capability. all this has to be the main space heating in winter. in the school of architecture. thermal mass = CONCRETE

environmental cross-section a-a'

open louvre

airs heated warm airs spreading airs heated warm airs spreading

white finishes

1/100

solar heating system

Legend

collectors of the solar energy

winter sun altitude(vertical direction of the sun's rays):6'. solar radiation.

DIRECT

heat storage (thermal mass) concrete

heat convection

heat radiation

airs heated

in this way, 1)airs inside in the spaces adjoining to the south are heated and 2)those heated go to heat the other spaces around

heating_
heating system used for the space heating of the school of architecture is based on the hot water system which is commonly used in the UK. in spite of the huge capacity of use of solar radiation, there are still rooms for use of the artificial heating systems.

rule of thumb to consider energy sources and environmental concerns recycling of energy waste heat combined heat and power (CHP) plants hot water heating system(boilers) typical system in the UKN

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

sources: borer. P and Harris, C(1998) the whole house book, ecological building design & materials CAT. Building reseach establishment British research establishment environmental assessmentBREEAM_98) for offices.

11

heating system

-energy sources: the on-site combined heat and power plant(CHP) waste energy.

-heating system: boilers for hot water

-heat distributions: water by pumps and pipe

CHP plant boiler rooms and controlling units

school of architecture

-heat emitters: steel panel radiators.

this plant is a site for energy control units and energy sources gather. waste heat in the on-site CHP plant is the main acitve energy. however, gas may used as fossil back-up for us to be able to secure energy all the year around. the gas is less pollutant and more plentiful than oil based energy sources(dash for gas strategy).

1/2000

Cooling and heat loss_

this section is very important together with the heating and daylighting and form the operational energy which is suppied mainly by the fossil fuel sources. traditionally, it is well known that we can minimize the dependency of the fossil fuel sources by increasing the natural ventilation based on better site layout.

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

section_2

rule of thumb care about the wind direction (facing of the building with the wind)
N

to enhance natural ventilation in the site layout

sources: borer. P and Harris, C(1998) the whole house book, ecological building design & materials CAT. Building reseach establishment British research establishment environmental assessmentBREEAM_98) for offices.

12

30'

in the winter the cold winds come mainly from this direction the northern facade with the mimium openness is the wind shield. school of architecture

in the summer, cooled airs access to the school for natural ventilation and cooling

30'

line due south

royal victoria dock

in the summer, the winds are cooled by water in this dock

1/2000

Cooling and heat loss_

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

sources: borer. P and Harris, C(1998) the whole house book, ecological building design & materials

wind

>>passive design for natural ventilation.

13

>>geometrical interpretation 30'

1.004
position of the initial pattern

2-44-8 8-12 12-18>16 (m/s) speed scale mean speed=3.46m/s A=4.47;k=1.80 percentile speed (m/s) key 1.004 is the percentage frequency of calms. inner circle with outer circle means is drawn indicating 5% frequency. A and k are Weibull coefficients. for instance, wind speed at heathrow is 3.60m/s for 60% of time. mean speed in the same location is 3.46m/s.

the direction of the wind direction.

permittable range of randomness in angle

30'
the line the south

consideration of this for the internal plan layouts and the natural ventilation inside

5 1.03 10 1.03 20 1.54 2.06 30 2.57 40 3.09 50 3.60 60 4.12 70 5.14 80 6.17 90 7.20 95 wind rose in London(heathrow) terrain category(iii)

the wind around the site concerned blows mainly from south-west and north-east which is a 30 degree away from the line due the south. the most important factor for the passive cooling is to place the building with good airflows facing the coming wind.

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

Cooling and heat loss_

in general, cooling is carried out by the ventilation and the infiltration. and this should be natural ventilation to minimize the dependency of the fossil fuel sources to lower or zero. especially, in summer, all spaces need many air exchanges to avoid overheating of spaces by absorbing many sunlights form the south. however, in winter, heat loss should be minimized thus, air tightness of building enclosure, by infiltration and by using the materials with high U-values.

sources: borer. P and Harris, C(1998) the whole house book, ecological building design & materials CAT. Building reseach establishment British research establishment environmental assessmentBREEAM_98) for offices.

14

natural ventilation the aimed usage of windows and ventilators and fans to replace used airs with fresh air not by artificial sources but by creating the air flows effectively within the building.

infiltration the air leakage through opennes in the fabric of the building and around windows and doors. (trickle ventilation)

environmental layout diagrams in plan

_airflows and exchanges

GF_

1F_

2F_

cover_

Legend vast glazing areas in the south

strip type glazing areas in the north

doors

openness

lung and atria

In general, all airs which come in from both windows on the facades and trunch channels along the walls. gather in the lung and atria after used through the buildings and go up until the upper shafts. workshop/crits related spaces and the atria plus entrance/gallery are two atria like space and have big voids with ridges on the cover and so almost the same natural ventilation principle like the stack effect.

1/500

Cooling and heat loss_

>>Summer days and occasional winter days environmental cross-section a-a'
rules of thumb

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

sources: borer. P and Harris, C(1998) the whole house book, ecological building design & materials CAT. thompson, M(2001), natural ventilation, UEL.

15

_stack effect by difference of temperature of airs.

_wind driven stack effect in summer

wind effect

_wind driven stack effect in winter

air movement by difference of the wind pressures

_summer cooling by shading and minimizing the overheating

closed louvre of shaft overhangs in the southern facade

a'

rising airs

hot airs (used airs) cold airs (fresh airs)

+ +

exchange of airs through the ridge vents on the upper parts of walls fresh air intake from windows closed louvre overhangs for shading fresh air intake from windows fresh air intake from the underfloor air channels trickle ventilation and doors

fresh air intake from the underfloor air channels

trickle ventilation and doors

Legend fresh air airs in use exhaused airs

1/100

Cooling and heat loss_

>>Summer nights
rules of thumb _temperature difference
cold airs (fresh airs) falling falling airs airs INT EXT hot airs (used airs)

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

sources: borer. P and Harris, C(1998) the whole house book, ecological building design & materials CAT. thompson, M(2001), natural ventilation, UEL.

16

the reversal of the normal stack effect happens in the summer nights. the cold airs invade deep in the building, due to the fact that the temperature in the exterior is colder than that of inside.

environmental cross-section a-a'

fresh air intake through the ridges

fresh air intake from the underfloor air channels fresh air intake from the underfloor air channels

Legend fresh air

1/100

the phenomena displayed above are called night cooling in the summer nights and one of the well known ventilation principle in the hot dry areas London is not located in the climate zones like hot dry areas. however, the solar gains obtained during the days in the summer can be cooled thus, in the following days, the heat doesn't remain high but reduced.

Cooling and heat loss_

>>most of winter days and winter nights
rules of thumb _wind sheild North South
in winter, the severe and cold wind blows from the north-east thus, less glazing northern facade serves as the wind shields

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

sources: borer. P and Harris, C(1998) the whole house book, ecological building design & materials CAT. thompson, M(2001), natural ventilation, UEL.

17

ferroconcrete with reflective finishes contributes to minimize the air leackage thorough fabrics.

environmental cross-section a-a'

the closed extract units concrete walls, roofs and slabs with the air tightness fresh air intake from the underfloor air channels fresh air intake from the underfloor air channels

Legend fresh air

1/100

the phenomena displayed above describe that there is not so frequent air movements inside the building because in the winter, heat loss should be minimized and so almost all air inlets except the the underfloor air channels are closed in order to make very warm building environment inside.

Passive principle and devices_

Saw teeth roof

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

the saw shaped sky windows are one of the most characteristc devices used in the school of architecture in terms of the environment and energy because their ridges ventilation is automatically controlled and serves as site for exchanges of airs and their automatically controlled louvres can adjust the amount of the sunlight to come in. the ridge ventilation units are located in both windside and leeside to enhance the balanced natural ventilation. windside is a side facing the wind direction whilst the leeside is an backe side of that coming wind direction. a' although it contributes drastically to reduce the operational energy , this device is of high embodied energy because of materials used such as steel and concrete and low-e coated glasses controlling unit is located within the CHP plants.
1.concrete 2.automatic ventilation. 3.automatic louvres mill finished aluminiums blades 4.mill finished aluminium double glazed window 5.steel work(H section) 6.stove enamel aluminium cladding reflectivity values: reflectivity 5% reflection 85% 7.mill finished aluminium double glazed window (low-e coating) 8.steel work(hollow section) 9.steel tube 10.steel beam(H section) 11.insulation 12.wooden struts 13.waterproof line 14.line for thermal insulations

18

section_3

1/2000

volume of saw teeth sky roof

3 5 2 4

13 14

11 12

10

6 1

construction detail a-a'

1/165

Passive principle and devices_

Underfloor air channel and overhang

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

19
1.trench 2.air collecting fans 3.wooden floor screed 4.concrete slab 5.stainless steel pods as support 6.milled aluminium framed low-e coated double glazed window 7.stainless steel tube 8.solid board 9.aluminium transons 10.wooden strut 11.finishes(white)

4 11

10

this device is mainly for the supply of the fresh airs all the year around from the exterior to the interior through the underflloor air channels almost all windows in all facades are openable though, they have problems with noise from the neaby London city airport(LCA). however, this noise may be negligible because all residences located nearer than the planning school of architecture are equipped with openable windows. thus, special devices for the supply of the fresh airs when the windows are closed in very long period of time are very important for the building to be passively ventilated and take good air flows(from fresh airs to the exhaused). overhangs which characterize the southern facade of the building are very traditional approaches to avoid the overheating of the building during the summer. the whole building made of the ferroconcrete is intended to be very air-tight and seamless thus, reduces the fabric loss. the main constituent of concrete is cement which is a structurally strong and waterproofing substance and available everywhere and porous one with high U-value thus, has already very good properties as insulation. however, along with steels, it is pollutant both in its extraction and fabrication process and so produces very high embodied energy. the ceiling of concrete slabs painted to white reflects as many daylights as possible inside the building.

3 5 2 1

detailed cross sections of the ground floor of the cross-section a-a' in the northern facade.

1/500

conclusion_

diploma_unit_6. masataka fukui

20

conclusions drawn from the previous sections are that, all that is involved in the planning of my school of architecture could satisfis all that is required for the good environmental strategy which has to achieve the optimal environmental conditions reducing the global ecological impacts. reasons for this are that, 1) my school of architecture reduces drastically the dependency of the fossil fuel sources for its energy consumption both by increasing use of passive principles such as natural ventilations and passive solar gains as well as the recycling of energy (use of waste energy) with the establishment of the on-site combined heat power plant(CHP) this is not unrelated to the site and its environmental and urban context but stringently influenced by them for it can be blessed with the environmental properties.(directions of both sunlight and wind) which are really local in my case, London and near docks. 2)school of architecture is of day activities and does not have any strong needs for its operation at night except in the summer nights in which it has to cool the heated building during the summer days. therefore, it can be purely passive during its operation period using the maximum natural sources and adjusting it to them in terms of the building design and energy use. however, when it rains or it is too cold in the winter, it should be rather difficult for the building to depend only on the passive energy use. in general, the mixed energy use or fossil back up is a key to sustain energy consumption of a building constantly all the year around. 3.the cultural and architectural contexts of my school of architecture can be further enhanced by doing in terms of the environmental strategies because that school can increase the aesthetic quality of spaces due to good intake of daylight inside it and develop good plan layout for organisational occupations of spaces 4.the intentions shown during the design period of the school of archtiectue as Eco will entail conscious raising of eclology amongst people for their school activities(recycle-oriented etc).

5.constructional materials used in my school of architecture contribute drastically to make the building passive reducing the dependency of fossil fuels for energy consumption because they characterized main devices for important passive principles such as ridge ventilation and louvres and underfloor air channels. however, as mentioned in the corresponding section, they are very high embodied energy. none the less, it should be judged that materials used are widely available in the UK and conventional though the approaches are, they can be very stabilized ways of constructing a building structurally and architecturally. 6.school of architecture won't entail any negative changes of the ecological footprints because out of school activities can be blessed with the proximity to the locals and university facilities which are operating well so far. ecological footprint for one person is an area that one person needs for his/her living. 7. the base is drawn in the form of the conceptual or schematic drawings. however, that base will become deeper with the pits which contain the the mechanical installations and water tanks for both fresh water, fire water and the rainwaters which can be recycled or reused. >>>>the exact design is determined by MEPs and structural engineers.