NGUYN L CHUNG V S DNG PHN BN.

1. S DNG PHN BN TU THEO CY TRNG

Cc loi cy trng khc nhau c nhu cu khc nhau i vi iu kin
ngoi cnh v ch bn phn. Cc iu kin ngoi cnh quan trng
nht c lin quan n ch phn bn l hm lng dinh dng trong
t v phn ng mi trng t (tc chua hay pH t). Ta c th
chia cc cy trng thng thng Vit Nam lm cc nhm nh sau,
ty theo mc chu chua ca cy i vi t:
(1) Nhm cy trng rt mn cm vi chua (tc a t t trung tnh
n hi kim):ng u l cy bng vi (pH 6,5-9,0), u tng (pH
6,0-7,0), bp ci (pH 6,7-7,4), ...
(2) Nhm cy trng mn cm vi chua (tc a t t t chua n
trung tnh):Cy u xanh (pH 5,5-7,0), cy bp (pH 6,0-7,0), c chua
(pH 6,3-6,7), nhiu loi rau, nhiu loi cy n qu..
(3) Nhm cy trng mn cm va vi chua (tc c th chu ng
vi t chua va) :Cy u phng (pH 5,5-7,0), , khoai ty (pH 5,05,5),
(4) Nhm cy trng t mn cm vi chua:Cy u en, cy la,
cyma
Nhng cy ny c mt phm vi thch ng rt rng v pH t, c th
dao ng t 3,5-7,5
(5) Nhm cy trng a chua:cy ch, cy da (thm).
(Ngun: A.X. Radov, I. V. Puxtovoi, A.V. Korolkov, 1978. L Xun nh,
1997. Nguyn Th Cn, 1996. V Cao Thi, L Vn Ngha, Nguyn Xun
Trng, 1999. on Th Thanh Nhn, 1996.)
Cy bng vi c bit mm cm vi t chua. Khi t b chua n mt
mc nht nh (Tc theo mc gim dn ca pH) th trng bng
khng c hiu qu hoc khng cn trng c bng na, trong khi
cy u xanh v cy bp vn cn c th ng c nhng nng sut
v cht lng b gim st ng k. Khi pH gim n mc cy u
xanh v cy bp khng cn trng c na th cy u phng vn cn
chu c. Cy u phng c th chu ng c mt khong kh
rng ca pH t, nhng cn c bn phn y hn (nht l Canxi)
trn nhng chn t b chua ha nhiu. Cy u en, cy la v cy
ma l nhng cy chu t ngho v chua rt tt. Tuy nhin trong iu
kin ny nng sut bi gim ng k nu ch phn bn khng tt.
Ngc li cy ch, cy da li ch a t chua v s mc rt km
nhng chn t gn trung tnh v hi kim.
Theo c im ca cy trng nh phn loi trn th nhng cy
cng mn cm vi chua ca t cng cn c bn cc loi phn

c cha nhiu Canxi v Magie, nht l Canxi (vi hoc bt vi). Cc

loi phn m, Ln v Kali ch pht huy c tc dng tt khi cy trng
c tha mn cc nguyn t trung lng trn. Chung quy li th
cc loi cy trng t nhm 3 tr ln rt cn t t chua v cn c
bn cc loi phn giu Canxi v Magie. Ngc li, i vi cc cy
trng thuc nhm 4 v 5 th nhu cu i vi Canxi v Magie rt thp v
do vy trong c cu phn bn cng ch cn 1 lng va phi.
Ngoi yu cu v cc nguyn t th yu, mi cy trng u i hi mt
liu lng v t l cc nguyn t NPK nht nh. Tu theo yu cu
m chn cc loi phn NPK theo cc t l NPK thch hp.
2. S DNG PHN BN TU THEO TNH CHT T
Tnh cht t, trong ni bt l tnh cht ha hc t, c lin quan
rt nhiu n cch s dng phn bn. Ta c th tm chia t thnh 3
loi theo tnh cht ha hc t (hay ph nhiu) nh sau:
1) t tt: t tt, hiu theo ngha ng dng trong k thut bn phn,
l t c cc tnh cht ha hc tt. Cc loi t ny thng khng chua
hoc t chua, giu cc nguyn t Canxi, Magie v cc nguyn t dinh
dng khc. t thng c No Baz trn 60%, hm lng Canxi
trao i trn 5 mili ng lng/ 100 g t. Cc loi t ny thng l
t ph sa mi ca cc con sng, t en, t nu pht trin trn
Bazan, vi
2)
t trung bnh:Loi ny thng bao gm cc loi t b chua
ha trung bnh, c hm lng Canxi, Magie v c cc nguyn t dinh
dng khc mc trung bnh. t thng c No Baz 40 60%,
hm lng Canxi trao i 2 5 mili ng lng/ 100 g t. Cc loi
t ny thng l t ph sa c, t nu trn Bazan, t xm xm
mu
3)
t xu:Bao gm cc loi t b chua nhiu, c hm lng
Canxi, Manhe v cc nguyn t dinh dng khc mc ngho. t
thng c No Baz nh hn 40%, hm lng Canxi trao i
thng nh hn 2 mili ng lng/ 100 g t. Cc loi t ny
thng l t ph sa c, t lt mu trn Bazan, t xm bc mu

Tuy nhin cn mt s loi t xu khc nhng khng ph bin

nc ta nh t mn, mn kim, t phn v.v.. nhng chng xu theo
mt nguyn l khc, khng c trng cho loi t ra tri mnh vng
nhit i m nh Vit Nam .
cc loi t tt th vic bn phn cng t quan trng v thng cng
ch cn ch bn cc loi phn chnh yu l cc nguyn t NPK. cc

loi t ny nng dn thng "bc lt" ph t nhin ca t bng

cch khng bn phn hoc ch bn phn m Urea l .
Ngc li, t trung bnh, nht l t xu th vic bn phn v cng
quan trng. Bn phn cho cc loi t ny, ngoi vic phi bn y
phn NPK, ngi ta cn phi quan tm nhiu n cc nguyn t ph
nh Canxi, Magie, Lu hunh. Khng nhng th, trn cc loi t xu,
nht l t xm bc mu, ngi ta cn phi bn cc loi phn c cha
y c cc nguyn t vi lng na. Vic bn phn cho u phng
trn t xm l mt v d. y ngoi vic phi bn y phn NPK
ngi ta bt buc phi bn thm tro da. Khng phi ch trn cy u
phng, m cc cy trng khc trn t xm cng rt cn c bn cc
loi phn dng tro da . Chng ta phi hiu rng tro da y c
ngha l loi phn tng hp, trong ch yu cung cp cc nguyn t
th yu nh Canxi, Manhe, Kali v cc nguyn t vi lng khc na.
Hin nay trn th trng cng xut hin mt s loi phn bn c th
thay th c tro da cho vng t xm.
3. S DNG PHN BN TU THEO IU KIN THI TIT
Ty theo iu kin thi tit tng ma m vic s dng phn bn
cng phi thay i cho ph hp. Nu bn phn m khng quan tm
n thi tit ma v th rt d b tht bi do khng s dng c li th
ca phn bn theo ma, hoc do bn qa nhiu so vi kh nng ng
ha ca cy trong ma m gy ra lp, gim nng sut, cht
lng sn phm.
Trong iu kin thi tit nng nhiu nhng nc ti: iu
kin ny cy s dng phn rt c hiu qu v c th tng lng phn
bn m khng s lp . Ngc li nu bit tng lng phn bn mt
cch hp l khi tri nng nhiu v c nc th nng sut v hiu
qu kinh t s c tng ln rt r. y cng l thi c t c sn
lng ma mng cao.
Trong iu kin nng nhiu nhng khng nc ti: Nng nhiu
l thi c rt tt cho cy quang hp v cho nng sut cao, tuy nhin
nu khng nc ti th cy cng khng s dng c phn bn
v cng khng quang hp tt c. Ngc li nu cy b hn lc tri
nng nng th bn phn li rt nguy him. Phn bn lc ny c th gy
cho cy cng b hn thm, b ho, chy l v.v..
Trong iu kin ma nhiu, m u, t nng: Trong iu kin ny mc
d cy nc, thun li cho cc qa trnh ng ha v chuyn ha
dinh dng trong cy, nhng do thiu nng nn cy quang hp yu,
khng to ra c y cc vt cht hu c ban u nn khng c

kh nng s dng phn bn c nhiu. Lng phn bn lc ny cn

phi rt li so vi khi thi tit nng ro. V d, la ma (c trng
trong ma ma, t nng) lun lun phi bn t phn hn la xun (c
trng trong ma kh, nng nhiu), nht l phn m. Ngc li lc tri
m u, t nng ngoi vic cn gim lng phn bn, nht l phn m,
th li cn bn thm cho cy 1 lng Kali nht nh gip cy cng
cp hn, t b ng hn.
4. GII THIU CC CHNG LOI PHN BN CA CNG TY PHN
BN MIN NAM
BNG 1.CHNG LOI PHN BN SN XUT TRONG NM 2003 CA CNG
TY PHN BN MIN NAM

T Chng loi TT Chng loi TT Chng loi TT Chng loi

SP.
SP.
SP.
SP.
T
NPK
1 32.23.0
2 30.30.0
3 25.25.5
4 25.25.0
5 25.7.10
6 25.0.25
7 24.12.6
8 24.8.12
9 23.23.0
10 23.10.5
11 23.5.20
12 22.16.5
13 22.14.4TVL
14 21.11.9TVL
15 22.10.10
16 22.0.20
17 22.0.18
18 21.21.0
19 20.25.0
20 20.20.20
21 20.20.15
22 20.20.10
23 20.20.0

61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

18.12.6
NPKS
1793.4.2.8
18.10.18
12220.20.15.5S 1802.3.2.21
18.9.12
12320.20.10.5 1812.3.2.12
18.9.9
12420.15.15.7 1822.3.2.11
18.6.18
12520.10.5.5 1832.3.2.10
18.6.9
12620.10.5.3 1842.3.2.9
18.0.18
12720.10.20.2 1852.2.3.10
18.0.16TVL 12820.8.14.3 1862.2.3.6
17.12.17TVL 12918.18.9.13S
SUPER
17.10.17
13018.9.12.6S 187LN
17.7.17
13118.8.10.4S 188Super ln P
17.12.7TVL 13218.8.8.6
18910%
16.20.0
13318.8.8.3
190S. ln M
16.16.8
13418.8.6.4S 19113,5%
16.16.0
13518.6.16.4S 192S. ln PA
16.13.6TVL 13616.20.0.12
20%
16.10.12
13716.16.8.13S 193S. ln
16.10.10
13816.16.16.5 194TL 15,5%
16.8.20
13916.16.8.4 195S. n 16,5%
16.8.12
14016.8.8.3S 196S. ln ht
16.6.16
LOI
14116.8.12.5S 19716%
15.20.15
14216.6.16.3 198KHC
15.15.20
14316.4.6.3S 199Amix
15.15.15
14415.15.10.5 200404

24 20.18.8
85 15.15.6
25 20.15.20
86 15.12.15
26 20.15.15
87 15.10.20
27 20.15.10
88 15.10.15
28 20.15.7
89 15.10.5
29 20.12.7TVL 90 15.10.0
30 20.10.20
91 15.8.15
31 20.10.15
92 15.6.9
32 20.10.10
93 15.5.20
33 20.10.8TVL 94 15.5.15
34 20.10.6
95 15.5.10
35 20.10.5
96 14.14.20
36 20.10.0
97 14.12.14
37 20.9.7
98 14.10.17
38 20.8.8
99 14.8.6
39 20.7.25
10014.7.14
40 20.5.5
10114.4.18TVL
41 20.0.20
10210.20.15
42 20.0.18TVL 10310.15.25
43 20.0.15
10410.15.15
44 20.0.10
10510.10.5
45 20.0.8
10610.10.0
46 20.0.5
10710.8.10
47 19.19.19
10810.6.3
48 19.19.6TVL 10910.0.30
49 19.16.6TVL 1109.12.18
50 19.15.5TVL 1119.9.18
51 19.0.19TVL 1128.18.8
52 18.22.15
1138.14.12
53 18.18.6
1147.17.12
54 18.16.6
1157.7.14
55 18.16.4
1166.9.3
56 18.15.20
1176.8.6
57 18.14.7
1186.6.12
58 18.12.14TVL 1195.10.3
59 18.12.8
1205.8.6
60 18.12.7TVL 1215.7.6

14515.15.7.9 201Amix 202

14615.15.6.4 202Chahumix
14715.10.5.10S 203CH1
14815.10.5.5 204Phn bn
14915.10.0.4S 205nho
15015.10.15.3S 206Anlcomix
15115.9.13.2 207N003
15215.7.19.4 208Anlcomix
15315.7.9.4S 209N005
15415.6.15.3S 210Anlcomix
15515.5.15.3S 211N007
15615.5.5.5
212Anlcomix
15714.9.9.6
213N009
15814.8.6.5
214Mekofa
15914.8.6.4
215555
16014.8.6.3
216Mekofa
16112.6.12.3 217999
16212.5.8.3
218Mekofa 999B
16310.10.0.4 219Phomix
1648.5.6.5
220Kali vin
1657.7.7.3
Phn bn l
1666.9.3.3
bt
1676.6.6.3
Phn thuc l
1685.10.10.5
TL1
NPK HU
Phn thuc l
TL2
C
16910.6.6.3
Phn thuc l
1706.12.12.8
TL3
1716.6.3.3
Phn vung
172 5.8.6.8 M
tm
1735.8.6.6
Ln HC hot
1745.3.3.8
tnh
1754.6.4.10
Ln HC VL
1763.5.7.9
Ln L.Thnh
1773.4.2.8
T1
1782.9.3.8
Ln hu c
Ln h phn
P. bn l
Mekofa1
P. bn l

Mekofa2
P. vi lng
P555
P. vi lng
P333
P. vi lng
P400

5. HNG DN CHUNG V S DNG CC LOI PHN NPK

CA CNG TY PHN BN MIN NAM
5.1. S dng cc loi phn NPK trong thi k bn lt hoc bn
thc sm
Trong thi k bn lt hoc bn thc sm (thay cho bn lt) nn chn
cc loi phn giu Ln, m mc thp, Kali trung bnh hoc khng
c Kali. Cc loi phn ny s lm cho b r cy pht trin, to tin
cho cy sinh trng mnh v chng chu tt cng nh cho nng sut
cao sau ny. Cc loi phn ny cng c dng bn cho cc loi cy
lu nm thi k sau thu hoch. V d, cc loi phn c th chn cho
thi k ny nh sau:
Bng 2. Cc loi phn NPK thch hp cho vic dng bn lt hoc thc
sm
TT X nghip sx,Loi phn
Long An Chnh Cu Bnh
Thnh Lc1 Hng Long in1
1 Super ln P - 10% P2O5
x
2 Super ln M - 13,5% P2O5
x
3 Super ln PA - 20% P2O5
x
(8% d tiu, 20% tng)
4 Super ln TL - 15,5% P2O5
x
5 Super n - 16,5 P2O5
x
6 Super ln ht - 16% P2O5
x
7 5.10.3.3S
x
8 5.10.10.5
x
9 6.6.6.3
x
10 6.8.6
x
11 10.10.0
x
x
x
x
12 10.10.5
x
x
x
x
x

13 10.20.15
x
14 15.15.6.4
x
15 15.15.10.5
x
16 15.15.15
x
x
x
17 15.20.15
x
18 16.16.0
x
19 16.16.8
x
x
x
20 16.16.8.13S
x
x
x
21 16.20.0
x
22 20.20.0
x
x
x
x
23 20.20.5
x
24 20.20.10
x
x
25 20.20.15
x
x
x
26 20.20.15.5S
x
27 20.20.10.5
x
28 23.23.0
x
x
x
x
29 25.25.0
x
30 25.25.5
x
x
x
x
31 30.30.0
x
x
V lng bn, ty theo cy trng m p dng lng bn cho ph
hp. Chng hn bn cho cy la th hoch nh sao cho thi k bn
lt (hoc bn lc 7-10 ngy sau x) cy c c khong 25-30% lng
phn m, 50-70% ln. Nu ta dng 16-16-8 th lng bn c th l
200 kg/ ha, nu dng 20-20-5 th bn l 150 kg/ ha. Nu dng cc loi
phn giu ln nhng khng c m v Kali th b sung chng bng
Urea v Kali clorua. V d, nu bn lt bng Super ln 16,5% th bn
200 kg/ ha + 50 70 kg Urea + 50 kg Kali (hoc c th bn Kali sau
ny).

5.2. S dng cc loi phn NPK trong thi k sinh trng mnh
Trong thi k cy sinh trng mnh nn chn cc loi phn giu
m, Ln mc thp, Kali thp hoc khng c. Cc loi phn ny ph
hp cho cy trong thi k sinh trng mnh, cn nhiu m, gip cy
c sc vc cng nh tch ly c y vt cht, lm tin cho
nng sut cao sau ny. Cc loi phn ny cng c dng bn cho
cc loi cy lu nm thi k nui cc t lc (cc ci t). Tt nht
l bn cc loi phn ny cho cy lu nm khi mi t t gi, chun

b ra t mi (Nhng t t cui, khi cy chun b ra hoa, hoc khi

ta mun p cy ra hoa th li phi dng loi phn giu Ln v Kali
mc 4.3. v nn bn vo lc l ang bt u chuyn sang mu sm ).
V d cc loi phn c th chn cho thi k tng trng mnh nh sau:
Bng 3. Cc loi phn NPK thch hp cho vic bn thi k tng trng
mnh
TT X nghip sx, Loi
Long An Lc Chnh Cu Bnh
Phn
Thnh
1
Hng Long in1
1 12.6.9
x
2 14.8.6
x
x
x
x
3 14.9.9.6
x
4 15.5.5.5
x
5 15.10.0
x
6 15.10.0.4S
x
7 15.10.5.10
x
8 16.8.8.3S
x
9 16.8.12.5S
x
10 18.8.8.6S
x
11 18.12.6
x
12 20.15.7
x
x
13 20.15.15.7
x
14 20.10.5
x
x
x
15 20.10.10
x
x
16 20.0.10
x
x
17 20.0.15
x
18 20.10.0
x
x
x
19 20.10.15
x
x
x
x
20 24.8.12
x
Ty theo loi v lng phn bn thi k bn lt m chn phn
thi k ny cho ph hp. Nu thi k bn lt ta dng loi phn
giu Kali th thi k ny chn loi ngho Kali. Ln t quan trng trong
thi k ny, nhng nu t thiu ln, hoc ln cha c bn thi
k lt th cng nn ch b sung. Lng m lc ny phi ln v
chim khong 40-60% tng lng m cho c v.
5.3. S dng cc loi phn NPK trong thi k cy gn kt thc
sinh trng chun b bc sang thi k ra n hoa.

Trong thi k cy gn kt thc sinh trng chun b bc sang thi

k ra n hoa nn chn cc loi phn m thp hoc trung bnh, Ln
mc trung bnh hoc cao, Kali mc cao. Cc loi phn ny ph hp
cho cy trong thi k nh ch sinh trng bc sang thi k ra hoa.
Cc loi phn ny cng c dng bn cho cc loi cy lu nm thi
k chun b ra hoa hoc nui qu. V d cc loi phn c th chn cho
thi k ny nh sau:
Bng 4. Cc loi phn NPK thch hp cho vic bn trc khi ra hoa v
khi qu ln
X nghip sx, loi Long
An Chnh Cu Bnh
phn
Thnh Lc 1 Hng Long in1
T
T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

11.7.14
x
11.11.22
x
14.7.14
x
x
15.5.15
x
15.10.15
x
15.12.15
x
15.15.20
x
x
x
16.6.16 + S
x
16.8.16.4S
x
17.10.17
x
20.15.20
x
20.7.25
x
Chn dng ng loi phn cho cc thi k ca cy l rt quan
trng. N khng ch gip cy sinh trng tt, nng sut cao cht lng
m bo, m n cn trnh c nhng ri lon trong nhp sng, nh
hng xu n nng sut cng nh cht lng nng sn. Tuy nhin,
mun tng cng hiu lc ca phn NPK cn cn phi ch s dng
cc loi nguyn liu ci to t trong nhng trng hp cn thit hoc
phi c cc gii php thch hp s l t trng cho nhng trng
hp khc nhau.

V d:
t chua th phi bn vi.
t ngho hu c phi bn thm phn chung hoc phn hu c
khc.

t ngp nc lu ngy, ym kh cn phi c tho cn, cy i

hoc bn thm cc loi phn c nhiu Oxy, nh phn ln nung chy.
t mn hay phn th phi Thau chua, ra mn
Khng nn c canh nhiu nm 1 loi cy, d tch ly ngun su
v mm bnh v.v..

6. S DNG CC LOI PHN CHUYN DNG CA CNG

TY PHN BN MIN NAM
Phn chuyn dng l cc loi phn c sn xut bn ring
cho nhng cy trng nht nh, trn c s cn c theo yu cu chung
ca cy trng i vi phn bn NPK ni ring v cc nguyn t dinh
dng khc ni chung. Hin ti a s phn chuyn dng hin nay l
phn chuyn dng m cn c c bn l yu cu ca cy trng i vi
phn bn NPK l chnh. Mt s loi phn c b sung cho nhu cu
ca cy i vi nguyn t Lu Hunh, v mt s khc c thm c
Canxi v Magie, nhng cn hn ch. Khi s dng phn bn b con nh
cn nhc nhu cu ca cy i vi cc nguyn t khc nh Canxi,
magie v Lu Hunh cn i dinh dng cho cy. Cc loi phn
chuyn ny cng c th dng bn cho nhng cy trng khc nu b
con bit cch dng nh nu cc phn trn.
6.1. Phn chuyn dng cho la
Bng 5. S lng phn cn bn cho cc t trn cy la(kg/ ha)

Tn x nghip sn
xut, loi phn
An Lc
L1-99: 20.15.7
L2-99: 16.8.12
L3-99: 20.0.20
Chnh Hng
R1: 20.16.5
R2: 23.10.5
R3: 23.5.20
Cu Long
Bng la 01: 19.19.6
Bng la 02: 20.9.7
Bng la 03: 22.0.18
Bng la 1M: 16.13.6
Bng la 2M: 17.12.7
Bng la 3M: 18.0.06
Bng la 1.997:
22.14.4
Bng la 2.998:
18.12.7
Bng la 3.999:
20.0.18

Bn lt
Bn
(hoc thc nhnh
sm)
(18-20
ngy)

Bn n
ng
(40-45
ngy)

250-300
0
0

0
150
0

0
0
100

100-200
0
0

0
150-250
0

0
0
100-150

100-150
0
0
100-150
0
0
100-150
0
0

0
200-300
0
0
200-300
0
0
200-300
0

0
0
100-150
0
0
100-150
0
0
100-150

6.2. Phn
chuyn
dng cho
cy bng
Bng 6. S lng phn cn bn cho cc t trn cy bng(kg/ ha)
Bn lt Bn
Bn Ghi ch
Tn x nghip sn (hoc thc n thc
thc
(30
hoa
xut, loi phn
sm)
ngy) (45-50
ngy)
An lc
NPK 18.8.8.6S
150
300
150
Chnh Hng
NPK 18.8.6.4S
150
300
150
6.3.
Phn chuyn dng cho cy bp
Bng 7. S lng phn cn bn cho cc t trn cy bp(kg/ ha)

Tn x nghip sn
xut, loi phn
An Lc
BA.1: 18.14.7
BA.2: 20.10.5
BA.3: 20.0.20
Chnh Hng
B1: 2.3.2.9
B2: 20.8.8
B3: 15.6.9

Bn lt Bn
Bn Ghi ch
(hoc thc t thc t
thc
1
2
sm) (20-25 (40-45
ngy) ngy)
230-250
0
0
320-350
0
0

0
0
250

300-400
0
200 200-300
0
0

0
0
300

chuyn dng cho cy n tri

6.4.1. Chuyn dng chung cho cy n tri
Bng 8. Lng bn cho cc thi k (kg/ gc)
Bn
Bn
Bn
sau
trc sau khi
Tn x nghip sn xut,
thu
khi ra u tri
loi phn
hoch bng
An Lc
AT1: 18.14.7
1-2
0
0
AT2: 10.15.15
0
0,5-2
0
AT3: 15.15.15
0
0
1-1,5
Chnh Hng
F1: 20.10.10
1-3
0
0
F2: 8.18.8
0
1-2
0
F3: 15.10.20
0
0
1-3
AT-01: 18.16.4
1-2
0
0
AT-02: 8.14.12
0
1-2
0
0
0
1-1,5
Cu AT-03: 18.0.18
0
0,5-1
0
Lon T1: 18.22.15
T2: 25.0.25
0
0
0,5-1
g
T3: 10.0.30
0
0
0
T4: 20.25.0
1-1,5
0
0
6.4.2. Chuyn dng cho cy c mi
Bng 9. Lng bn cho cc thi k v cy trng

6.4.
Phn

Tri
ang
ln

0
0
1-2,5
0
0
2-3
0
0
1-2,5
0
0
0,5-1
0

Bn sau Bn Bn sau Tri

thu
trc khi u ang
Tn x nghip sn
hoch khi ra
tri
ln
xut, loi phn
bng
Bn cho cam, chanh, qut
Bn 150-300 g/ cy/ ln
Cu Long
nh k 20-30 ngy bn 1 ln
CCM: 18.12.14 Bn cho bi
Bn 300-600 g/ cy/ ln
nh k 20-30 ngy bn 1 ln
6.4.3. Chuyn dng cho cy da hu
Bng 10. Lng bn phn cho da hu
Bn sau Bn Bn sau Tri
thu
trc khi u ang
Tn x nghip sn
hoch khi ra
tri
ln
xut, loi phn
bng
Cu Long
Ch bn 1 ln trc lc gieo ht, vi
DH: 17.8.14
lng 500-600 kg/ ha, trn u vi
phn hu c
Chuyn dng cho cy xoi
Bng 11. Lng bn cho cc thi k (kg/ gc)
Bn sau Bn Bn sau
thu
trc khi u
Tn x nghip sn
hoch khi ra
tri
xut, loi phn
bng
Chnh Hng
Xoi 1: 20.15.10
1-2
0
0
Xoi 2: 15.15.20
0
1-2
0
Xoi 3: 15.5.20
0
0
0,5-1

6.4.4.

Tri
ang
ln

0
0
1-1,5

Chuyn dng cho cy nhn

Bng 12. Lng bn cho cc thi k (g/ gc)
Bn sau Bn Bn sau Tri
thu
trc khi u ang
Tn x nghip sn
hoch khi ra
tri
ln
xut, loi phn
bng
Chnh Hng
Nhn 17.10.17
600-800 600-800 600-800 600-800

6.4.5.

6.4.6. Chuyn dng cho cy Thanh Long

Bng 13. Lng bn cho cc thi k (g/ tr)
Bn sau Bn cui Bn cui Bn cui Bn ln 5
thu
thng 12 thng 2 thng 4 n ln 8
Tn x nghip sn xut,
hoch dng
dng
dng
(mi
loi phn
lch
lch
lch
thng 1
ln)
ChnhHng
TL1: 21.21.0
TL2.3: 15.15.15
TL4.8: 14.14.20

300-500

300-500

300-400

200-300

200-300

6.5. Phn chuyn dng cho cy c ph

Bng 14. S lng phn cn bn (kg/ ha)

Tn x nghip sn
xut, loi phn

Cch
bn 1
(nu ch
dng
CF2
trong
ma
ma)

Cch
bn 2

Cch
bn 3

Cch
bn 4

(nu ch (nu ch (nu ch

dng
dng dng
CF2.S CF3
CFStrong trong
VL
ma
ma
trong
ma) ma)
ma
ma)

Chnh Hng
CF1: 2.3.2.11
1000
1000
1000
1000
CF2: 15.5.15
1800
CF2.S: 15.5.15.5
1800
CF3: 20.10.20
1500
CFS-VL: 17.7.17.3
1700
CF4: 20.10.5.5
500
500
500
500
Tt c cc cch bn trn u dng 1000 kg CF1 + 500 kg CF4 +
mt trong 4 loi phn CF2, CF2.S, CF3, CFS-VL. Ty theo t ai v
kinh nghim ca b con m chn mt trong 4 loi phn trn, vi s
lng ghi trong bng.
Phn CF4 bn 1 ln trong ma kh (nu c nc ti), phn CF1 bn
1 ln vo cui ma ma (thng 10), cc loi phn cn li chia lm 2 ln
bn trong ma ma (mt ln vo thng 4-5, mt ln vo thng 7-8)
6.6. Phn chuyn dng cho cy ch
Bng 15. Lng bn cho cc thi k cy ch kinh doanh (kg/ ha)
Tn x nghip sn Thng 4 Thng 6 Thng 8 Thng
xut, loi phn
10
Chnh Hng
Tr 1: 2.3.2.12
1000
0
0
0
Tr 2: 12.5.8.3S
0
0
0
0
Tr 3: 16.4.6.3S
400
400
400
400
Ch thch: Tr 2 chuyn dng cho ch kin thit c bn
6.7. Phn chuyn dng cho cy tiu

Bng 16. Lng bn cho cc thi k cy tiu kinh doanh (kg/ nc)

Tn x nghip
sn xut, loi
phn
Chnh Hng
T1: 18.9.9
T2: 14.12.14
T3: 16.8.20

Thng 4 Thng 6 Thng 8 Thng 10

T1: 0,50,6
T1: 0,50,6
+ Ln
HC-VL:
1-3

Cho t Bazan
T2: 0,3- T3: 0,40,4
0,5
Cho t xm
T2: 0,3- T3: 0,40,4
0,5

T3: 0,40,5
T3: 0,40,5

6.8.
Phn
chuyn
dng cho

cy cao su
Bng 17. Lng bn cho cc thi k cy cao su (kg/ ha)
Tn x nghip
Nm 1
Nm 2
Nm 3 -7
sn xut, loi
phn
Chnh Hng
- u ma - u ma - u ma
ma bn
ma bn
ma bn
Cao su KTCB:
50-100
150-200
200-300
12.12.4
- Cui ma - Cui ma - Cui ma
ma 50-100 ma 150- ma 200200
300
6.9.Phn
Cao su KD:
u ma ma 200-300
chuyn dng
15.10.15
Cui ma ma 300-400
cho cy ma
Bng 18. Lng bn cho cc thi k cy ma (kg/ ha)
Tn x nghip
Bn lt Thc
Thc lm
sn xut, loi
lng
nhnh (4-5
phn
(10-12 l)
l)
Chnh Hng
Mo: 15.10.5.5
Ma2.1.2: 14.7.14
M1: 9.9.18

0
0
300-350
300-350
0
0
0
400-450
0
6.10. Phn chuyn dng cho vung tm
CT l mt ch phm c tnh nng ci to tng hp mi trng nc
cho cc ao a nui tm, c th thay th vi bt, Canxi Cacbonat, Ln
v cc loi phn nh DAP, Super ln v NPK kh chua ao a, to

mi trng thun li cho tm, cc loi to c ch v ng vt ph du

pht trin, to mu nc che bt nng cho tm v.v.. Cn thng xuyn
th chua iu chnh pH cho thch hp vi tm, tc pH nc >
7,5.
Bng 19. Lng bn CT cho mt cng- 1000 m2 (kg/ 1000 m2)
Tn x nghip PH y 6- PH y 5-6 PH y < 5
sn xut, loi
7,5
phn
Chnh
Hng
100-200
200-300
300-400
CT: CaO: 38%;
MgO 12%; Ln
(P2O5) 3%; m
(N); 0,5%
1 - Dinh dng cy trng

TS. ng Xun Ton

Cng ty c phn K thut Mi trng - ETC
Dinh dng cy trng l g? c g mi trong dinh dng cy trng
Cc quan nim v dinh dng cy trng c nhng thay i ng k trong nhng nm gn y. Trc kia, v c
hin nay vn cn ang ph bin cch hiu dinh dng cy trng l cc khong cht c cp bng cc loi phn
bn c cha N, P, K. Cc kinh nghim canh tc cng tp trung vo cc chng trnh bn cc phn bn v c ny,
trong phn m c s dng tng ln ng k.
Ngy nay, quan nim v dinh dng cy trng ang thay i. Nhng ngi lm trong nng nghip thy rng
cn phi nh gi li cc quan nim trc kia v vic s dng phn bn v c, v vai tr ca tng loi phn bn
vi s pht trin ca cy trng, thy r hn cy trng cn nhiu cht dinh dng hn v d nh cc vi lng, cc
trung lng, cc dinh dng hu c nh cc axt amin, cc vitamin v cn mt chng trnh phn bn cn i.
Cc cht dinh dng ny lm tng nng sut, tng cht lng nng sn v tng kh nng chng chu su bnh,
s thay i bt thng ca thi tit.
Cch no tt nht cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy trng
Chng ta thng c bit cy ly nc v cht dinh dng t t qua r, nhng t ai ch rng r ch chim rt
nh phn trong t ( ch 1-2%), nhng li bit rt r l m, ln, kali b mt i rt nhiu vo mi trng, cy trng
ch s dng c di 50% lng phn bn s dng. tng nng sut, s dng nhiu phn bn l gii php
hng u, dn n phn bn ngy cng phi dng nhiu v hiu qu s dng cng ngy cng t i.
Nhng nm gn y, chng ta bit thm rng cy cn c th nhn cc cht dinh dng qua l. T nhng nm
1950, cc nh khoa hc M chng minh c rng cy trng c th tip nhn nhiu cht dinh dng qua l,
ch yu qua kh khng ca l. Hiu qu s dng ca cc cht dinh dng phun qua l hn t 10 20 ln so vi
bn qua t. Sau ny, cc nh khoa hc cn thy rng nhiu cht dinh dng hu c khc v d nh cc axt
amin cng c th i vo cy qua l v hiu qu ca n rt bt ng.
Kinh nghim nhiu nm s dng cho thy s dng kt hp phn bn (cht dinh dng) qua t v qua l l cho
kt qu tt nht.
Ti c kinh nghim bn phn cho cy trng, c phi thay i khng?
Trong qu trnh trng cy, rt nhiu kinh nghim c c kt qua s dng phn bn N,P,K c kt qu tt
nht, nhng ch dn quen thuc l tnh trc tip lng phn bn theo nng sut cy trng. Nhng chng ta cng
thy rng t my chc nm nay, v c bn vn s dng cc loi phn bn c, nng sut n cht lng nng sn

ph thuc ch yu vo kinh nghim v s may ri. Vic p dng phn bn mi v phng thc bn phn bn mi
to ra s ch ng cao trong vic nng cao nng sut v cht lng nng sn. Phng php canh tc mi c
p dng ph bin cc nc nng nghip pht trin l cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy qua l. Vic cung cp
chnh xc lng dinh dng theo tng giai on pht trin ca cy s lm gim ng k phn bn phi s dng.
Cc cht dinh dng no quyt nh nng sut cao nht?
Nng sut ti a bao gi cng l mong mun hng u. Qui lut ca t nhin l cy trng cn cc cht dinh
dng cn i pht trin theo nh lut dinh dng ti thiu ca Von Liebig, cy trng c nng sut cao nht
nu nh trong sut qu trnh pht trin cy trng lun lun c cung cp y v cn i cc cht dinh dng.
Phn m rt quan trng cho s pht trin ca cy, nhng nu bn khng u v khng cn i vi cc cht dinh
dng khc th khng nhng khng thu c nng sut cao m cy cn b nhiu bnh.
Ti sao cy trng li phi cn nhiu cht ch khng phi ch c N, P, K?
Mc tiu ca nng nghip hin nay khng phi ch n gin l c nng sut ti a m cn phi c cht lng cao
v d nh ngt, mu sc p, c mi thm, c kh nng chng chu c su bnh, thi gian bo qun di...
c c kh nng th cy trng cn cn c cc trung lng nh manh, can xi, cc vi lng nh st, ng,
km, bo, man gan, cc vi tamin.. Cc cht ny s tham gia vo qu trnh bin i bn trong cy trng to ra cc
kh nng mi v cht lng sn phm cao hn.
Liu c kh nng cung cp nhiu cht nh vy cho cy trng v liu c kinh t?
Cy trng khc nhau cn cht dinh dng khc nhau, nhng ni chung cy trng cn mt lng dinh dng ti
thiu gn ging nhau. Mt sn phm c cha cc cht dinh dng cho s pht trin bnh thng ca cy trng
l c th c c. Hin nay trn th trng th gii c bn cc sn phm c kh nng nh vy. Cc sn phm ny
thng c sn xut t nguyn liu t nhin l c bin, rong bin, tng, cm go... Rt nhiu cht dinh
dng cn i cn thit cho s pht trin ca cy trng c trong cc nguyn liu t nhin ny.
Phng php hiu qu nht cho cy trng: Phun qua l v bn vo gc?
Bn gc v phun cht dinh dng qua l u rt quan trng cho cy trng. Bn vo t rt quan trng khi cy mi
bt u pht trin. Khi cy pht trin, c l th phun cht dinh dng qua l l tt nht. Phun qua l s cung cp
kp thi cho cy trng cc cht dinh dng chnh, cc vi lng...rt cn cho nng sut v cht lng sn phm.
4 - Gii php cho phn bn hu c

TS. ng Xun Ton

Cng ty c phn K thut Mi trng - ETC
Cng ty ETC, trong qu trnh nghin cu s dng phn bn c m nh nng (AGRODREAM), sn xut t rong
bin, da ng vt v c bin nhn thy rng phn bn ny khng nhng s dng tt phun qua l, cung cp
trc tip cc axt amin, cc khong cht, cc vitamin cho cy trng qua l, qua r m cn l thc n cho cc vi sinh
vt c ch cho cy trng trong t
Sau mt thi gian di s dng phn bn v c, thuc bo v thc vt sn xut nng nghip vi khi lng
ln, lin tc, chng ta thy rng trong sn xut nng nghip, nu khng s dng phn bn hu c (theo truyn
thng, chng ta thng dng phn bn t lm l phn chung) th c mt lot vn ln e da trc tip v lu
di sn xut nng nghip nh:
-

t b thoi ha.
Cy trng b nhim nhiu loi su bnh.
Kh nng chu ng s bin i ca thi tit gim, dn dn ri ro trong sn xut tng.
Cht lng nng sn gim bao gm thnh phn cht dinh dng gim v c nhiu cht nguy him do s
dng nhiu loi thuc bo v thc vt.
Nng sut ngy cng gim do cy trng khng c cung cp lin tc cht dinh dng m ch theo tng
thi k bn phn v c.
Yu cu s dng phn bn ngy cng tng do khng tn dng c cc ngun to ra phn bn t khng
kh, mt tri v vi sinh vt.

Cc nghin cu gn y cng ch ra mt trong s t nguyn nhn chnh dn dn tnh trng trn l do bn

khng hoc khng bn phn bn hu c cho cy trng.

Cng ty ETC, trong qu trnh nghin cu s dng phn bn c m nh nng (AGRODREAM), sn xut t
rong bin v c bin nhn thy rng phn bn ny khng nhng s dng tt phun qu l, cung cp trc tip
cc axt amin, cc khong cht, cc vitamin cho cy trng qua l, qua r m cn l thc n cho cc vi sinh vt c
ch cho cy trng trong t. Cc vi sinh vt ny khi c cung cp thc n c dinh dng cao s pht trin rt
nhanh v tr thnh nh my tng hp ni t trong khng kh tr thnh m dinh dng cho cy trng, chuyn cc
cht c trong t nh hp cht pht pho, kali, khong cht sang dng c ch cho cy trng. Ngoi ra cc vi sinh vt
khi sng rt nhn nhp, n to ra xo trn t, lm thng thong t, khi cht li l cht hu c trong t.
Cc vi sinh vt c ch cho cy trng c rt nhiu loi, rt a dng trong t, khng kh v c th c chia l
lm 3 loi sau:
-

Loi th nht: bao gm cc vi sinh vt c th to ra phn bn nh cc vi sinh vt c nh m; vi sinh vt

phn hy cht hu c; vi sinh vt c kh nng chuyn ha cc cht dinh dng khong nh pht pht,
sulpht, kali, nitrat, vi lng t trong t qua r vo cy trng.
Loi th hai: bao gm cc vi sinh vt c th iu chnh gin tip qu trnh pht trin ca cy trng bng
cch ngn nga cc tc ng ca cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cho cy trng. Cc vi sinh vt ny c bit thy
c ch khi cy trng khng vi cc loi thuc bo v thc vt hin hnh.
Loi th ba: bao gm cc vi sinh vt to ra cc hc mn sinh trng (indole acetic acid, gibberelline,
cytokine), tc ng trc tip ti s pht trin ca cy trng.

Cc vi sinh vt to ra qun th vi sinh vt trong t, n tng tc vi cy trng qua r v s pht trin ca n

ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh thi tit (thay i rt r rt theo ma), cc cht dinh dng trong vng r, pH t,
mn, cc tnh cht vt l v ha hc ca t, xp, lng phn bn, lng thuc tr su trong t.
Sinh trng ca vi sinh vt trong t ph thuc rt nhiu vo ngun ccbon v ni t trong t m ngun ny
chnh l: (a) ng (carbohydrate) c cy tng hp v truyn qua r vo t;(b) cc hp cht ni t l cc axt
amin v polyamin do cy to ra. Kt qu nghin cu gn y cho thy lng vi sinh vt c trong vng r nhiu hn
t 19 32 ln c trong t, nguyn nhn l do trong vng r cy trng chuyn ti hn 20% tng lng cc bon
do cy c c do quang hp v ngoi ra cy trng cn cung cp cho vi sinh vt qua r cc hp cht cha ni t.
C th d dng thy rng tng lng v chng loi vi sinh vt c ch trong t, c bit l vng r cn
phi b sung ngun thc n cho n t bn ngoi vo. Khi khng nhng vi sinh vt c nhiu thc n hn
sng di hn v pht trin kho hn m cy cng b mt cht hn.
Phn bn dng lng ang c ETC sn xut t cc nguyn liu l rong bin, c bin. ng c trong rong
bin, axt amin v cc vitamin c trong c bin cng nh rong bin tr thnh i tng nghin cu lm thc n
tng hp cho vi sinh vt trong t. Cc kt qu nghin cu trng nhiu loi rau, la, cy n qu cho nhng kt
qu vt qu mong i (xem kt qu nghin cu ca Vin nghin cu rau qu). Kt qu nghin cu cn cho thy,
vic bo tn v pht trin mi quan h Cy trng Vi sinh vt t khng nhng ch bo ton h sinh thi
pht trin bn vng nng nghip m n cn c gi tr kinh t cao. C l h sinh thi t ca nc ta vt
qu ngng cn bng tr ln gy hi cho cy trng.
iu lo ngi v bi quan trc y ca cc nh khoa hc ca cng ty ETC v vic a dn h sinh thi t v
trng thi cn bng mt cch c th tin cy c c gii to. Vic thc y s sinh trng ca vi sinh vt c
ch trong t vi tc tng trng l cp s 2 ( trung bnh vi sinh vt c ch trong t nu c thc n v iu
kin sng tt s sng di hn v c 15 pht li tng gp i) th vic cung cp thc n cho vi sinh vt trong t
thay cho phn hu c l hon ton c th thc hin c. Cc nh khoa hc a ra cng thc pha ch
kh n gin (c m nh nng M rn), ngoi phn bn sn xut bng phng php thu phn enzyme c
bin, rong bin, da ng vt, cn b sung thm x than v cm go. X than c s dng nh cht n v x than
cha nhiu can xi, l cht gim chua ca t v c rt nhiu l rng, cc l rng ny tr thnh ni tr ng
l tng ca vi sinh vt v cng l ni cha phn bn lng s dng dn. Cm go l cht b sung c bit
t lu l cht c cha nhiu loi axt hu c, vitamin v l thc n cha ch bin cho vi sinh vt.
Vic thay 250 kg phn chung bng 10 kg phn bn dng rn c ch bin trn c s s dng 2 lt phn
bn c m nh nng M thc s m ra cch thc gii quyt phn bn hu c bng cch cung cp thc n
di dng axt amin, ng, vitamin, khong cht cho vi sinh vt trong t. Quan trng hn, n tr thnh mt gii
php c th thc hin c xy dng mt h sinh thi t bn vng.

Kin Thc C Bn V Phn Bn

Hai Quang su tm

A. Khi Nim V Phn Bn

Phn bn l thc n ca cy trng, thiu phn cy khng th sinh trng v cho nng
sut, phm cht cao. Phn bn c vai tr rt quan trng trong vic thm canh tng nng sut,
bo v cy trng v nng cao ph nhiu ca t.

I- Cy Ht Thc n Nh G ?
1- Nh b r: Khng phi ton b cc phn ca r u ht dinh dng m l nh min lng
ht rt nh trn r t. T mt r ci, b r c phn nhnh rt nhiu cp, nh vy tng cng din tch
ht dinh dng t t ca cy rt ln. R ht nc trong t v mt s nguyn t ha tan trong
dung dch t nh: m, ln, kali, lu hunh, manh, canxi v cc nguyn t vi lng khc, b
r l c quan chnh ly thc n cho cy.
2- Nh b l: B l v cc b phn khc trn mt t, k c v cy cng c th hp thu trc
tip cc dng cht. trn l c rt nhiu l nh(kh khng). Kh khng l ni hp th cc cht
dinh dng bng con ng phun qua l. Trn cy mt l mm(n t dip)kh khng thng
phn b c 2 mt l, thm ch mt trn l nhiu hn mt di l nh: la , la m;trn cy n
tri(cy thn g)kh khng thng tp trung nhiu mt di l. Khi dng phn bn l phi
theo c im cy trng v ng hng dn th l cy mi hp th cao c.

II Cc Cht Dinh Dng Cn Thit Cho Cy

-a lng: m(N), Ln(P), Kali(K).
-Trung lng: Canxi(Ca), Lu Hunh(S), Ma-nh(Mg)
-Vi Lng: St(Fe), Km(Zn), Mangan(Mn), Bo(B), ng(Cu), Molypden(Mo), Clo(Cl)
1- Cht m(N)
-Khi thiu: cnh l sinh trng km, l non nh, l gi d b rng, b r t php trin, nng sut
km
-Khi d: cy sinh trng rt mnh, l to, tn l rm r, mm yu, d ng, su bnh d ph
hi
2- Cht Ln (P)
-Khi thiu: r pht trin km, l mng c th chuyn mu tm , nh hng ti vic ra hoa ca
cy;tri thng c v dy, xp v d h
-Nu d rt kh pht hin, tuy nhin d lm cho cy thiu km v ng. .
3- Cht Kali: (K)
-Khi thiu, ban u nh l gi b chy;thiu nng, phn ln l b chy v rng i.
- Nu d cng kh nhn din, tuy nhin trn cam khi bn kali nhiu qu tri tr nn sn si.
4- Cht Canxi(Ca):
-Khi thiu: L v t non d b cong queo v nh, mp l khng u, hay c hin tng chi
cht ngn, r nh tr sinh trng v thng b thi
-Khng c triu chng d, tuy nhin khi lng canxi cao thng gy thiu: B, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu
5- Cht lu hunh(S);Khi thiu, triu chng th hin ging nh thiu cht m;l nh, vng
u, rng sm, chi ngn cht(thiu lu hunh l vng t ngn xung cn thiu m th vng
t l gi ln)
6-Cht Ma-nh (Mg):
-Nu thiu: l tr nn nh, xut hin nhng vng sng gia nhng gn l, l b rng sm, hoa
ra t, r km pht trin
-Nu tha: l b i dng thng cun theo hnh xon c v rng

7- Cht Bo(B): ng vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh phn hoa, thiu Bo hoa d b rng
hoc ht b lp. i vi mt s cy nh c cao thiu Bo rut s b rng. Cy trng ni chung
thiu Bo d b su bnh ph hi, kh nng chng chu iu kin bt li km.
8- Cht ng(Cu): nh hng n s tng hp nhiu cht dinh dng ca cy trng, c vai
tr quan trng trong qu trnh sinh trng pht trin ca cy;gip cy tng kh nng chu hn,
chu nng, chu lnh
9- Cht Km (Zn): Vai tr quan trng trong vic tng hp cht m ngoi ra cn lin quan
mt thit n vic hnh thnh cc cht iu ha sinh trng trong cyThiu km nng sut,
phm cht cy trng gim.
10- Molipden(Mo): Tham gia cc qu trnh trao i cht, tng hp cht dip lcc bit i
vi cy h u nu thiu Mo;cy pht trin km, nt sn gim, hn ch s c nh m t do

B. Phn Hu C
L phn cha nhng cht dinh dng dng nhng hp cht hu c nh: phn
chung, phn xanh, phn than bn, ph ph phm nng nghip, phn rc

I. Phn Chung:
1. c dim: Phn chung l hn hp ch yu ca: phn, nc tiu gia sc v cht n. N
khng nhng cung cp thc n cho cy trng m cn b sung cht hu c cho t gip cho
t c ti xp, tng ph nhiu, tng hiu qu s dng phn ha hc
2. Ch bin phn chung: C 3 phng php
2. 1. nng ( xp): Ly phn ra khi chung, cht thnh lp, khng c nn, ti nc,
gi m 60-70%, c th trn thm 1% vi bt v 1-2% Super Ln, sau trt bn che ph cho
kn hng ngy ti nc, thi gian ngn 30-40 ngy, xong l s dng c.
2. 2. ngui ( cht): Ly phn ra khi chung xp thnh lp, mi lp rc khong
(2%) ln, nn cht. ng phn rng khong 2-3m, cao 1, 5-2m, trt bn bn ngoi trnh ma.
Thi gian lu, 5-6 thng mi xong.
2. 3. nng trc ngui sau: nng 5-6 ngy, khi nhit 50-60c nn cht tip lp khc ln
trn, trt bn kn, c th cho thm vo ng phn cc loi phn khc nh: phn th, g, vt
lm phn men tng cht lng phn.

II. Phn Rc
1- c im ; L phn hu c c ch bin t: c di, rc, thn l cy xanh, rm r vi
mt s phn men nh phn chung, ln, vin khi mc thnh phn(thnh phn dinh dng
thp hn phn chung).
2- Cch : Nguyn liu chnh l phn rc 70%, cung cp thm m v Kali 2%, cn li phn
men(phn chung, ln, vi). Nguyn liu c cht ra thnh on ngn 20-30cm xp thnh lp
c 30cm rc mt lp vi;trt bn; khong 20 ngy o li rc thm phn men, xp cao trt
bn li, h l ti nc thng xuyn; khong 60 ngy dng bn lt, lu hn khi phn
hoai c th dng bn thc.

III. Phn Xanh

1-c dim: Phn xanh l phn hu c s dng cc loi cy l ti bn ngay vo t khng
qua qu trnh do ch dng bn lt. Cy phn xanh thng c dng l cy h u:
in thanh, mung, keo du, c Stylo, in in
2-Cch s dng: Vi cy phn xanh vo t khi cy ra hoa, bn lt lc lm t.

IV. Phn Vi Sinh

1-c im: L ch phm phn bn c sn xut bng cch dng cc loi vi sinh vt hu ch
cy vo mi trng l cht hu c(nh bt than bn). Khi bn cho t cc chng loi vi sinhy
vt s pht huy vai tr ca n nh phn gii cht dinh dng kh tiu thnh d tiu cho cy
hp th, hoc ht m kh tri b sung cho t v cy.
2- Cc loi phn trn th trng:
2. 1. Phn vi sinh c nh m:
-Phn vi sinh c nh m, sng cng sinh vi cy h u: Nitragin, Rhidafo
-Phn vi sinh c nh m, sng t do: Azotobacterin
2. 2. Phn vi sinh phn gii ln: Phn ln hu c vi sinh Komix v nhiu loi phn vi sinh phn
gii ln khc c tnh nng tc dng ging nh nhau.
2. 3. Phn vi sinh phn gii cht x: cha cc chng vi sinh vt gip tng cng phn gii xc
b thc vt
* Ngoi ra trn th trng cn c nhng loi phn khc vi tn thng phm khc nhau nhng
tnh nng tc dng th cng ging nh cc loi phn k trn.
3- Cch s dng phn hu c vi sinh: Thi gian s dng phn c hn, ty loi thng t 1-6
thng(ch xem thi hn s dng). Phn vi sinh pht huy hiu lc : vng t mi, t phn,
nhng vng t b thoi ha mt kt cu do bn phn ha hc lu ngy, vng cha trng cc
cy c vi khun cng sinh th mi c hiu qu cao.

V . Phn Sinh Hc Hu C.
1- c im: L loi phn c ngun gc hu c c sn xut bng cng ngh sinh hc(nh
ln men vi sinh) v phi trn thm mt s hot cht khc lm tng hu hiu ca phn,
hoc khi bn vo t s to mi trng cho cc qu trnh sinh hc trong t din ra thun li
gp phn lm tng nng sut cy trng, ph bin nh: Phn bn Komix nn
2- S dng: Phn sinh ha hu c c sn xut dng bt hoc dng lng;c th phun ln
l hoc bn gc. Cc loi phn sinh ha hu c hin nay c sn xut theo hng chuyn
dng nh phn sinh ha hu c Komix chuyn dng cho: cy n tri , la, ma

C. Phn V C
Phn v c hay phn ha hc l cc loi phn c cha yu t dinh dng di dng
mui khong(v c) thu c nh cc qu trnh vt l, ha hc.
Mt S Phn Bn V C Thng dng Hin Nay

I Phn n: L loi phn ch cha 1 trong 3 nguyn t dinh dng ch yu l N, P hoc K

1- Phn m v c gm c:
1. 1- Phn Urea [CO(NH2)2] c 46%N
1. 2- Phn m Sunphat cn gi l m SA [(NH4)2SO4] cha 21%N
1. 3- Phn Clorua Amon [NH4Cl] c cha 24-25% N
1. 4- Phn Nitrat Amon [NH4NO3] c cha khong 35% N
1. 5- Phn Nitrat Canxi [Ca(NO3)2] c cha 13-15% N
1. 6- Phn Nitrat Natri [NaNO3] c cha 15-16% N
1. 7- Phn Cyanamit Canxi [CaCN2] c cha 20-21% N
2-Phn Ln:
2. 1- Phn Super Ln[Ca(H2PO4)2] c cha 16-20% P2O5]
2. 2- Phn Ln nung chy(Thermophotphat, Ln vn in) c cha 16% P2O5
3- Phn Kali

3. 1- Phn Clorua Kali (KCl) c cha 60% K2O.

3. 2- Phn Sunphat Kali (K2SO4) c cha 48-50% K2O

II. Phn Hn Hp: L nhng loi phn c cha t nht l 2 dng cht. Chng bao gm
phn trn v phn phc hp. Hm lng dinh dng trong phn theo th t l N, P, K c
tnh theo nng phn trm. V d: Phn NPK 16-16-8 tc l trong 100kg phn trn c 16kg
m nguyn cht, 16kg P2O5 v 8kg K2ONgoi cc cht a lng N, P, K hin nay mt s
chng loi phn cn c c cc cht trung v vi lng. V d: Phn NPK Vit-Nht 16. 16.
8+13S (S l lu hunh)Thng thng phn hn hp c 2 loi:
1. -Phn trn: L phn c to thnh do s trn u cc loi phn N. P. K m khng c
s t hp ha hc gia nhng cht . Loi phn ny thng c nhiu mu.
2. - Phn phc hp: L loi phn c c do con ng phn ng ha hc t nhng nguyn
liu cn bn to ra.
3. -Cc dng phn hn hp:
3. 1-Cc dng phn i: L loi phn hn hp c 2 dng cht quan trng
-MAP ( Monoamonium Phosphate) hm lng ph bin l 12-61-0
-MKP ( Mono potassium Phosphate) hm lng ph bin l 0-52-34
-DAP Diamon Phosphate ) hm lng ph bin l 18-46-0
3. 2. Cc dng phn ba NPK thng l:
16-16-8, 20-20-15, 24-24-20
3. 3. Phn chuyn dng: L dng phn bn hn hp c cha cc yu t a, trung, vi lng
ph hp vi tng loi cy trng, tng thi k sinh trng v pht trin ca cy.
-u im ca phn chuyn dng: rt tin li khi s dng , gp phn lm gim chi ph sn
xut;do c tnh ton liu lng phn ty theo tng loi cy, ty theo giai on sinh
trng-pht trin ca cy trng nn m bo c nng sut, cht lng cy trng.
-Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu chng loi phn chuyn dng, khi s dng nn ch theo
hng dn ca nh sn xut. . V d: Phn chuyn dng ca cng ty phn bn Vit Nht JF1,
JF2, JF3 chuyn dng cho la. JT1, JT2JT3 chuyn dng cho cy n tri.

III. Vi
1. -Vai tr tc dng ca phn vi: Cung cp Canxi (Ca) cho cy trng, Ca l mt nguyn t
dinh dng rt cn cho cy v Ca chim ti 30% trong s cc cht khong ca cy. Ci to t
chua, mn. To iu kin cho vi sinh vt hot ng tt, phn gii cc cht hu c trong t,
tng ha tan cc cht dinh dng v tng kh nng hp thu cc cht dinh dng ca cy,
dit c mt s bnh hi cy trng, kh c cho t do tha nhm(Al), St(Fe), H2S
2. -Mt s dng vi bn cho cy
* Vi nghin: Cc loi: vi, v c, v snghin nt. C tc dng chm nn bn lt lc lm
t, thng bn t 1-3 tn/ha. t st bn 1 ln vi lng ln, sau vi nm bn li. t ct bn
hng nm lng t hn. Khi bn vi nn kt hp vi phn hu c tng hiu qu ca phn ,
khng bn cng m v s lm mt phn m.
* Vi nung ( vi cn long): Do nung CaCO3 thnh CaO, ri s dng. Tc dng nhanh hn vi
nghin, dng x l t v phng tr su bnh. Tuy nhin do c hot tnh mnh khi s dng nn
lu trnh nh hng ti cy trng.
* Thch cao: L dng vi c bit, tc dng nhanh, s dng rt tt cho cy khi to tri

Cch Tnh Cng Thc Phn Pha Trn.

Hin nay, nhiu ni sn xut rt nhiu loi phn hn hp vi nhiu t l NPK khc nhau
nn b con nng dn ty gi c tng lc v kh nng thanh ton c th t chn la mua, tuy
nhin nu mun pha trn s dng hp l th ta c th thc hin c,
* Cch tnh t phn n ra phn hn hp
V d: Mun pha trn mt loi phn c cng thc l 5-10-10 t phn SA, Super Ln v KCl th
ta pha nh sau:
-SA c 21%N, cn cung cp 5kg th ta phi c lng SA l:
5X100 = 23. 8kg
2
- Super Ln c 20% P2O5, mun c 10kgP2O5 th lng Super Ln s l:
10X100 =50 kg
20
- KCl c 60% K2O, mun c 10 kg K2O th lng KCl s l:
10X100 = 16, 6 kg
60
* Tng s phn cc loi l 23, 8+50+16, 6=90, 4kg cn li 9, 6 kg phi dng cht n(t, ct
hoc thch cao), trn v cho 100kg.
* Cch tnh t phn hn hp ra phn n
V d: Theo khuyn co cn dng 100kg Ur, 200kg Super Ln, 50kg Clorua Kali bn cho
cy, nhng nh vn bn 100kg NPK(20-20-15), nh vy lng NPK tha hay thiu, cch
tnh nh sau:
-Lng Ur c trong 100kg NPK 20-20-15
100X20 = 43kg
46
- Lng Super Ln c trong 100kg NPK 20-20-15
100X20 = 100kg
20
- Lng Clorua Kali c trong 100kg NPK 20-20-15
100X15
= 25Kg
60
* Vy phi thm 57kg Ur + 100kg Super Ln + 25kg Clorua Kali th mi lng phn nh
khuyn co.

D. Phn Bn L
1. c im: Phn bn l l cc hp cht dinh dng ha tan trong nc c phun ln l
cy hp th.
2. Cc ch phm phn bn l trn th trng: Hin nay cc ch phm phn bn l rt phong
ph v a dng, phn sn xut trong nc nh: HVP, HUMIX, HQ 201, BIOTED, KOMIX
3. Lu khi s dng phn bn l:
Bn qua l tt nht khi bn b sung hoc bn thc nhm p ng nhanh yu cu dinh dng
ca cy, ha long phn theo ng t l trn bao b;nhit qu cao, t b kh hn nng
khng nn dng phn bn l v d lm rng l. Khng s dng phn bn l lc cy ang ra
hoa, lc tri nng v s lm rng hoa tri v lm gim hiu lc phn

Khng nn nhm ln gia phn bn l v cht kch thch sinh trng, nu trong phn
bn l c cht kch thch sinh trng th trong phn ny c cht dinh dng, nu ch dng
kch thch sinh trng th phi b sung thm dinh dng cy tng trng tng ng vi s
kch thch .
* Hng Dn S Dng NPK Vit Nht
Cy n Tri
Giai on bn phn
Sau khi thu hoch
Trc khi ra hoa
1 ~ 2 thng
Sau khi u tri
Trc khi thu hoch
1 ~ 2 thng

Loi phn bn
JT1
16-10-6 =13S
+2, 5(Cao+MgO)
JT2
10-10-15+5S
+2, 0 (CaO+MgO)
JT3
16-8-14+12S
JT3
16-8-14+12S

Liu lng(kg/cy)
1Kg ~1, 5 kg
0, 5Kg ~ 1kg
0, 5kg ~ 1kg
0, 5kg~ 1kg

Phn bn c sn xut vi nhiu loi khc nhau, tuy nhin khng c loi phn no (hu c
hay v c) c th thay th hon ton cho nhau. Phn hu c c mt ngha c bit trong vic
to mi trng t bn vng v pht huy hiu lc phn v c. Vic bn phn v c cn i cho
cy trng l rt cn thit t hiu qu s dng mt cch ti u.
Ngoi dng phn n, c 3 dng phn bn v c a dinh dng nh sau:
- Phn bn phc hp: Cha t nht 2 trong s cc cht dinh dng s cp N,P,K v c sn
xut bng phn ng ha hc. Cc ht phn bn loi ny c cha cc cht dinh dng vi t l
xc nh. Hin nay, a s phn bn a dinh dng loi ny thng c s dng ti cc nc
pht trin.
- Phn trn: Phn bn dng ny c sn xut bng cch phi trn kh mt s nguyn liu,
khng tin hnh phn ng ha hc.
- Phn bn hn hp: ch cc loi phn bn cha t nht 2 trong s cc cht dinh dng s
cp N,P,K v c sn xut bng phn ng ha hc, hoc phi trn, hoc c hai cch kt hp.
Cc ht phn bn loi ny c cha cc cht dinh dng nhng t l khc nhau.
Cc sn phm phn bn hn hp p ng ring cho tng loi cy trng ang c xu hng
pht trin. y l dng phn chuyn dng, cha cc yu t a, trung, vi lng ph hp vi
tng loi cy trng, tng thi k sinh trng v pht trin ca cy. V d phn NPK hn hp vi
t l 13-10-21 + 2 MgO, hoc phn NPK 20-10-10 cho nhng loi cy trng c nhu cu m
cao.

Trong vic hng dn bn phn cho mt loi cy trng c th trong mt giai on ngi ta
cng khuyn co ch bn phn theo mt cng thc no . V d i vi cy mng ct: Bn
mi gc t 3-4 kg mi ln v bn 3 ln trong nm, nh sau:
- Ln 1: Ngay sau khi thu hoch xong, ta cnh to tn v bn phn theo cng thc: N:P:K
(20:20:10), mi gc 3 kg kt hp vi 20-30 kg phn chung hoai cho mi cy.
- Ln 2: Trc khi ra hoa 30-40 ngy bn phn v c c hm lng ln cao theo cng thc
N:P:K (8:24:24), mi gc 3 kg.
- Ln 3: Bn lc cy u tri xong (ng knh tri 1-2 cm) phn v c theo cng thc N:P:K
(13:13:21)
bn ng theo khuyn co trn, phi bit cch phi trn cc loi phn ph bin trn th
trng.
Phn n l loi phn ph bin nht v c nh gi l c cht lng n nh hn so vi
phn trn c mt trn th trng. T phn n c th phi trn thnh phn a dinh dng thch
hp.
1. Cch tnh thnh phn dinh dng trong cng thc phn n:
- Phn Urea: cng thc ha hc NH2CONH2, phn t lng 60 (trong : N=14; O=16; H=1;
C=12). Trong 60 c 28 phn N, do hm lng N=46%.
- Phn m S.A (Sunfat Amonium): cng thc ha hc (NH4)2SO4, phn t lng 132 (trong :
N=14; O=16; H=1; S=32). Trong 132 c 28 phn N, do hm lng N=21% v cng trong
132 c 32 phn S, do S=24%.
- Phn m Clorua (Clorua Amn): cng thc ha hc NH4Cl, phn t lng 53,5 (trong :
N=14; Cl=35,5; H=1). Trong 53,5 c 14 phn N, do hm lng N=26% v cng trong 53,5
c 35,5 phn Cl, do Cl=66% (Cy da cn nhiu phn cha Clo, tuy nhin t kh hn,
nhim mn khng nn bn phn m clorua, d lm cho cy b ng c do d clo)
- Phn amn nitrat: cng thc ha hc NH4NO3 , phn t lng 80, hm lng N=35%.
i vi cc loi phn m khc, thnh phn N% cng c tnh tng t nh trn.
i vi phn ln th hm lng ln c tnh theo %P2O5; Phn Kali th tnh theo %K2O. Tuy
nhin hm lng ca cc cht m, ln, kali tnh nh trn ch ng trong ha cht tinh khit
cn i vi cc loi phn thng th khng c y nht l cc loi phn ln.
- Phn ln thin nhin: ch yu l phosphat calci Ca3(PO4)2 thng ln vi t, cht hu c,
oxyt st,... Phosphat calci rt kh tan trong nc ch tan trong cc dung dch chua. Do ngi
ta ch bin thnh phn super ln bng phn ng ha hc gia phosphat thin nhin vi axit
sunfuric.
- Phn Super ln: Ch yu cha Ca(H2PO4)2 v hm lng P2O5 ch khong 16% do nguyn
liu t phn ln thin nhin c ln tp cht.
- Phn DAP (DiAmoniumPhotphat), cng thc (NH4)2HPO4, hm lng NPK tong ng l 1846-0.
-Phn KCl: Phn Kali Clorua trng ging nh mui t do c nhng mnh nh t ln vo do
c khai thc t khong m. Hm lng sn phm t khong 60% K2O.
- Phn K2SO4: Phn Kali sunfat c mu trng khng cha Clo, c cha lu hunh, t l K2O
khong 50%.
2. Cch phi trn phn n thnh phn trn a dinh dng:
bn phn cy mng ct theo hng dn nh trn, cn pha trn nh sau:

- Bn phn theo cng thc: N:P:K (20:20:10) cn pha trn:

+ Phn urea: 43 kg (trong 100kg Urea c 46kg N; mun c 20kg N th: 20x100/46=43)
+ Phn Super ln: 125kg (tnh tng t: (20x100)/16=125)
+ Phn Kali sunfat: 20kg (tnh: (10x100)/ 50=20).
Tng khi lng phn trn: 188kg, em bn u cho mi gc 3 kg theo hng dn. Hoc trn
theo t l: Phn Urea: 4,3kg; Phn super ln: 12,5kg; Phn Kalisunfat: 2kg. Tng khi lng
phn trn: 18,8kg (bn c 6 cy)
- Bn phn theo cng thc: N:P:K (8:24:24) cn pha trn nh sau:
+ Phn urea 46%N: 17kg.
+ Phn Super ln (16% P2O5): 150kg.
+ Phn Kali Sunfat (50% K2O): 48kg.
- Bn phn theo cng thc: N:P:K (13:13:21) cn pha trn nh sau:
+ Phn urea 46%N: 28kg.
+ Phn Super ln (16% P2O5): 81kg.
+ Phn Kali Sunfat (50% K2O): 42kg.
C th thay th phn Urea bng cc loi phn m khc nh SA... hoc thay th Super ln
bng DAP (c c m v ln) hoc thay th bng phn Kali Clorua (60% K2O)...
Phng php phi trn phn bn cho php ch ng bn phn cn i theo hng dn ca
nh khoa hc. Ty theo mc sn c ca phn bn trn th trng m p dng phi trn sao
cho t hiu qu cao nht.