SAMPLE QUESTIONS BASED ON REVISED PATTERN OF CS(P)

EXAMINATION EFFECTIVE FROM 2011

The syllabus and pattern of Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination (CS(P)) has
undergone significant changes with effect from 2011. These changes have already been
intimated to the public vide Press Note on 22
nd
October, 2010, which is available on UPSC
website.

The Commission had also indicated in the Press Note that a set of sample questions for
both the papers would be put up on the UPSC website, in due course, for reference of the
prospective candidates.

A set of 14 sample questions for Paper-I and Paper-II of the Civil Services (Preliminary)
Examination, on the revised syllabus and pattern, are given below. These questions are
indicative of the type of questions that may be constructed and used by UPSC in Paper-I
and Paper II of CS (P) examination, 2011. However, neither the content nor the
structure/type of questions may be construed as being exhaustive or limiting the freedom of
UPSC to set questions based on the syllabus prescribed for the examination.

It may be noted that as per the existing practice, both the question papers would be
bilingual (English and Hindi), except for some questions specifically intended to test
English Language Comprehension skills, which would be in English only.

Hindi version of the sample questions is given after the English version except for the
sample question specifically intended to test English Language Comprehension skills,
which is in English only.

***



CS (P) Examination
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
(Based on revised syllabi & pattern effective from CS (P) Examination, 2011)

PAPER-I

1. With reference to Simon Commissions recommendations, which one of
the following statements is correct?

(a) It recommended the replacement of diarchy with responsible
government in the provinces.
(b) It proposed the setting up of inter-provincial council under the Home
Department.
(c) It suggested the abolition of bicameral legislature at the Centre
(d) It recommended the creation of Indian Police Service with a
provision for increased pay and allowances for British recruits as
compared to Indian recruits.


2. A geographic area with an altitude of 400 metres has following
characteristics:

Month J F M A M J J A S O N D
Average maximum
temp. 0C
31 31 31 31 30 30 29 28 29 29 30 31
Average minimum
temp. 0C
21 21 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 20
Rainfall (mm) 51 85 188 158 139 121 134 168 185 221 198 86

If this geographic area were to have a natural forest, which one of the
following would it most likely be?

(a) Moist temperate coniferous forest
(b) Montane subtropical forest
(c) Temperate forest
(d) Tropical rain forest

3. Other than Jatropha curcas, why is Pongamia pinnata also considered a
good option for the production of bio-diesel in India?

1. Pongamia pinnata grows naturally in most of the arid regions of India.
2. The seeds of Pongamia pinnata are rich in lipid content of which
nearly half of oleic acid.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2


4. If a potato is placed on a pure paper plate which is white and unprinted and
put in a microwave oven, the potato heats up but the paper plate does not.
This is because:

(a) Potato is mainly made up of starch whereas paper is mainly made up
of cellulose
(b) Potato transmits microwaves whereas paper reflects microwaves
(c) Potato contains water whereas paper does not contain water
(d) Potato is a fresh organic material whereas paper is a dead organic
material

5. With reference to India, consider the following:

1. Nationalization of Banks
2. Formation of Regional Rural Banks
3. Adoption of villages by Bank Branches
Which of the above can be considered as steps taken to achieve the
financial inclusion in India?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

6. Consider the following actions by the Government:

1. Cutting the tax rates
2. Increasing the government spending
3. Abolishing the subsidies

In the context of economic recession, which of the above actions can be
considered a part of the fiscal stimulus package?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

7. Excessive release of the pollutant carbon monoxide (CO) into the air
may produce a condition in which oxygen supply in the human body
decreases. What causes this condition?

(a) When inhaled in to the human body, CO is converted into CO
2

(b) The inhaled CO has much higher affinity for haemoglobin as
compared to oxygen
(c) The inhaled CO destroys the chemical structure of haemoglobin
(d) The inhaled CO adversely affects the respiratory centre in the brain


8. What are the possible limitations of India in mitigating the global
warming at present and in the immediate future?
1. Appropriate alternate technologies are not sufficiently available.
2. India cannot invest huge funds in research and development.
3. Many developed countries have already set up their polluting
industries in India.

Which of the statement given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

9. With reference to the Constitution of India, consider the following:
1. Fundamental Rights
2. Fundamental Duties
3. Directive principles of State Policy

Which of the above provisions of the Constitution of India is/are fulfilled
by the National Social Assistance Programme launched by the Government
of India?

(a) 1 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

10. With reference to Lok Adalats, which of the following statements is
correct?

(a) Lok Adalata have the jurisdiction to settle the matters at pre-
litigative stage and not those matters pending before any court
(b) Lok Adalats can deal with matters which are civil and not criminal
in nature
(c) Every Lok Adalat consists of either serving or retired judicial
officers only and not any other person
(d) None of the statements given above is correct

11. Which one of the following statements is an appropriate description of
deflation?

(a) It is a sudden fall in the value of a currency against other
currencies
(b) It is a persistent recession in both the financial and real sectors of
economy
(c) It is a persistent fall in the general price level of goods and services
(d) It is a fall in the rate of inflation over a period of time

PAPER-II

Read the following passage and answer the given questions. Your
answers should be drawn from the content of given passage only.
The economy of contemporary India is a great paradox. It is a strange
combination of outstanding achievements as well as grave failures. Since
independence, India has achieved remarkable progress in overcoming its
economic backwardness. From being a very poor country in the 1950s and a
basket case in the mid 1960s, it has emerged as the fourth largest economy
in the world (in terms of purchasing power parity). Our economy has become
one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Now the country is one of
the leading players in the world knowledge economy with vast intellectual
capital and booming software and information technology services. While
our country has joined the league of the worlds top five fastest growing
economies, we are in the bottom 20 among all countries in terms of the
Human Development Index. While the country is celebrating its growth rate
and technological wonders, it is witnessing social contradictions and the
paradox and ironies of development. Thus, there are two Indias in
contemporary India.
1. Why is the Indian economy considered a great paradox?
(a) It is a leading player in information technology services with low
levels of literacy.
(b) There is poverty amidst plenty in agricultural produce.
(c) It is one of the largest economies with low human development.
(d) It has scientific achievements with social contradictions.
2. Why is India being referred to as a leading player in the world knowledge
economy?
1. Indias knowledge base in science and technology is one of the
worlds best.
2. India has huge reserves of human intellectual capitals and information
technology services.
3. India is among the Worlds five fastest growing economics and
technology reserves.
4. India has a huge reservoir of human capital and scientific knowledge
export potential.
3. What does the author imply by the phrase two Indias?
(a) There is the India that has vast intellectual capital and the other that is
largely illiterate.
(b) There is the India of burgeoning growth and the India of widespread
want and misery.
(c) There is the India of progressive mindsets and the other who are
socially conservative.
(d) There is an India of outstanding achievements combined with gigantic
failures.

4. Consider the following statement and also the conclusions. Answer the
question that follows:

Statement : Education is in the Concurrent List. The State
government cannot bring reforms in education without the
consent of Central Government.
Conclusion I : For bringing about quick reforms in education, it should
be in the State List .
Conclusion II: States are not willing to bring about quick reforms in
Education.

Which one of the following is correct?

(a) Conclusion I only follows from the statement.
(b) Conclusion II only follows from the statement.
(c) Both conclusions I & II follow from the statement
(d) Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follow from the statement

5. Five persons P, Q, R, S, T are sitting in a row. Q is between P and T. To
find who among them is in the middle, which of the information given in
the following statements is/are sufficient?
1. P is left of Q and right of S.
2. R is at the right end.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Either 1 or 2
(d) Both 1 and 2
6. Which one among
2
,
3
3
,
6
6
,
12
12
is the smallest one?
(a)
2

(b)
3
3

(c)
6
6

(d)
12
12

7. The following pie charts show that a man spends 10% on clothes, 20%
on rent, 30% on food and rest on miscellaneous items in the month of January
and spends 15% on clothes, 25% on rent, 35% on food and rest on
miscellaneous items in the month of February.












Consider the following statements:
1. The money spent on food over rent in the month of January is same
as the money spent on food over rent in the month of February.
2. The money spent on rent over clothes is same as money spent on
food over rent in the month of January.


Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2


January February
Cloths Rent Food Miscellaneous


Note: The following question would be in English Language only to test
English Language Comprehension.

8. Whenever I had occasion to indulge in these surreptitious feasts, dinner at
home was out of question. My mother would naturally ask me to come
and take my food and want to know the reason why I did not wish to eat. I
would say to her, I have no appetite today; there is something wrong with
my digestion. It was not without compunction that I devised these
pretexts. I knew I was lying, and lying to my mother. l also knew that, if
my mother and father came to know of my having become a meat-eater,
they would be deeply shocked. This knowledge was gnawing at my heart.

Why did the author devise some pretexts not without compunction ?

(a) He wanted to keep away from home some times.
(b) Surreptitious feasts thrilled him.
(c) Dinners outside were better than at home.
(d) He wanted to eat meat.


9. You have come across a case wherein an old sick lady is unable to
submit her life certificate and claim pension to meet her treatment
expenses. Knowing your superiors procedural approach in handling
issues, you

(a) Go strictly as per the procedures
(b) Take initiative to help the lady arranging for alternative documents
(c) Assist the lady with some money on your own but do not
compromise on procedures.
(d) Avoid some procedural steps since you understand the necessity of
the lady.



10. You along with your friend were chatting in a restaurant over a cup of
coffee. Suddenly you heard an intense sound of blast very close by.
You

(a) Jump on your feet and hold your friend tightly
(b) Take your look away from the source of noise and start praying for
the best
(c) Start locating the source of noise
(d) Start shouting for help

***
i=in= =nr i=in= =nr i=in= =nr i=in= =nr (ru ru ru ru) =rcrr m nrr .u(( = +rrnr =rcrr m nrr .u(( = +rrnr =rcrr m nrr .u(( = +rrnr =rcrr m nrr .u(( = +rrnr = rri=ra = rri=ra = rri=ra = rri=ra
c = sr=rri=a =r c = sr=rri=a =r c = sr=rri=a =r c = sr=rri=a =r (=== === === ===)


i=in= =nr r=i=+rm =rcrr (i=. =. r.) m rcu=
sr= c = nrr .u(( = ==-nr i=na im =(
sr= oar mr z i=nar m =n=r = ormr=r i=rm ..
snan= .u(u mr, = rc m oi= == =r =r or mr
=, or =. =r. =. sr. mr nn=rzc = s=-=r =(

srr = rc = z= nra mr +rr s===r imr =rr
im =rr =r r m =r , +rrnr s==r=nr=r m
==+r m i=, =rr== =. =r . =. sr. mr nn=rzc =
=aa m= i= or(

=rri=ra rcu= sr= c = sr=rri=a i=in= =nr
r=i+rm =rcrr m ( a=rr . m (s =r
r mr m =c r i=r r =( i=. =. r.
=rcrr .u(( m ( a=rr . = =. =r.
=. sr. r=r ar= im or a=rr = or nr= r m
=n= m =m = ( a=rri, r mr inrrn=a s=rnr
==r.=n= mr, =nrr s=rnr =rcrr m i= i=rri=a
rcu= = sr=rri=a r mr ar= m= mr =. =r.
=. sr. mr =naar mr =ri=a m= m = = ==zr
or (

= rc m= i=r or im ino=r i=rcr m s=r=, =rr
=r , inrrr = = sor +rrrrr mr nr=rcr=ar
=n=rr mr r= mr =rcrr m= = si+ra m= r mr
=rzm=, or mn= sor = =r, i+rrrrr (sor a=rr i==r)
=r(


***
i=in= =nr i=in= =nr i=in= =nr i=in= =nr (ru ru ru ru) =rcrr =rcrr =rcrr =rcrr
=r =r =r =r (=== === === ===)
(nrr .u(( = +rrnr = rr i=ra c = sr=rri=a)

1

1. =rrz= m=rr mr i=ri=rr m ==+r = i=i=i=na = = mr
=r m m=r ==r = ?

(a) z= rar = =rrr= m s-a==rr ==mr= r=r ia==rria
m= mr = =a ia mr
(b) z= = in+rr m s=rr sa= rar i=rr= ==rria m= mr
= zrn i=r
(c) z= m = = i==r in=rr= z= m s= = mr = zrn i=r
(d) z= +rr=ar i== = nr, z= rn=rr m =r=r = ioa m= mr
= =a ia mr, im in icr +rar mr, +rr=ar +rar mr a =r = n a
a=rr +r-ar sirrm =r r


2. m +rr r i=m cr mr, io=mr s rz =uu =rc= = , i=i=i=ra
inr rrar =

=rr= J F M A M J J A S O N D
sr =a
si=rma=
ar=r
u
C
31 31 31 31 30 30 29 28 29 29 30 31
sr =a
a=
-r=r
u
C
21 21 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 20
rrrr
mm
51 85 188 158 139 121 134 168 185 221 198 86


i= z= +rr r i=m cr = rmiam n ino=r =r , ar =nr i=rm
= +rrnr = = im =

(a) sr= rrar rr vr m n crr n =r r
(b) n ar sr rr n =r r
(c) vrrar rr n =r r
(d) srrmicn =rr nrrr n =r r


3. +rr=a = o inm zro= m s-r= m i= oc oc oc oc r r m=mr= r r m=mr= r r m=mr= r r m=mr= m s=rnr
r ri=r ircr r ri=r ircr r ri=r ircr r ri=r ircr mr +rr nr m s-a= inm= =rr orar = ?

1. +rr=a m si=rmr r vr rm cr r = r i=r ircr r i=r ircr r i=r ircr r i=r ircr riam = =
sar = !

2. r ri=r ircr r ri=r ircr r ri=r ircr r ri=r ircr m nror = i=iz s r n= ara = =r ar =
io== = =+r sr=rr sr =rzm s== =r ar = (

s na m=rr = = mr =r.= ==r = .=

(a) m n= 1
(b) m n= 2
(c) 1 sr = 2 =r r
(d) ar 1 sr = =r 2


4. s= m sr= mr mro mr = = inr =r r= c m s= ==rm=
= c= a= sn = ==r i=r or ar sr= = =r orar = =a
r= c =r (
= z= mr=r = im

(a) sr= = =a =cr mr nr =r ar = on im mro = =a
= = =r o mr nr =r ar =

(b) sr= = = = c= a= im= orar = onim mro = c= a= r
mr =rnia a m= = ar =

(c) sr= = rr =r ar = , onim mro = rr =r =r ar

(d) sr= m nora mrn im =r=r = onim mro = a mrn im
=r=r =


5. +rr=a m = =+r = , i=i=i=ra = inr= mrio

1. n mr mr =rrc rm=r

2. crr r=rr n mr mr c

3. n m vrr=rrsr r=r r nr mr srr

s na = = im= . im mr , +rr=a = in-ar ==rn r rra
m= m i= scr m==.m==r m = = =rr or =mar = ?

(a) m n= ( sr = .

(b) m n= . sr = s

(c) m n= s

(d) (, . sr = s


6. ==mr= m i=i=i=ra mrr = inr= mrio

1. m= ==r = mcr ar m=r

2. ==mr=r mr na rr

3. s=rr mr ==rra m=r

sri=r m = =r m = =+r = , s na mrr = = mr =r.= =romr rrr
s= =r m o mr +rr =rr.=r or =mar.a = .= (

(a) m n= ( sr = .

(b) m n= .

(c) m n= ( sr = s

(d) (, . sr = s

7. nr = = rrm mrn =r r n=rzz (CO) m s-i=rm =rr =
=r = = r m vr=r= = sr n=ro sr ia = m=r =r nr=r
sn==rr s- =r =mar = ( = sn==rr im= mr=r s- =r ar
=

(a) s an = = =r z CO, vr=r= = = = CO
2
= =r ai=a
=r orar =
(b) s an = = =r z CO mr, sr n=ro mr a =r = ,
=r=r ==r in m ia m=r si=rm n =r ar =
(c) s an = = =r z CO, =r=r ==r in mr =r=rim = =r
mr rc m= = ar =
(d ) s a n= = =r z CO, =i=arm m vn= m = = iam =
+rrn zr=ar =

s. na =r = sr = sr= +rinr = n inm ar m r= = +rr=a
mr = +rrina = = nr =r=r =

(. sia n mi=m r or iimr r ra =rr = s=-=r =r = (
.. +rr=a s = =rr sr = inmr= = inrr= =r=rir mr in r =r
m= =mar(
s. s m inmi=a = rr +rr=a = , == =r, = rrr =r nr=
s sor ==rria m= ==r = (

s na = = mr =r.= m=r ==r = .=

(a) m n= ( sr = .
(b) m n= .
(c) m n= ( sr = s
(d ) m n= (, . sr = s

e. +rr=a m = in=rr m = =+r = , i=i=i=ra m=rr = inr= mrio
(. = = si=rmr=
.. = = m=r
s. =r= mr ria m i= rm a=n
+rr=a ==mr= r=r sr= +r im =rrc r =r=riom ==rar
mr u= = , +rr=a m = in=rr m s na sn =rr = = mr =r.=
= =r ar = .=r a =

(a) m n= (
(b) m n= s
(c) m n= ( sr = s
(d ) m n= (, . sr = s

(u. =r m s=r=ar m = =+r = , i=i=i=ra m=rr = = mr =r m
==r =

(a) =r m s=r=ar mr si=rmri=ar = m==r =r= m= = == m
=r==r mr icr=r m= mr = , s r= s =r==r mr =r ,
or im=r rr= = = ina =r
(b) =r m s=r=a = =r==r mr icr=r m= =mar = or
i=in=, im sr=ri=rm mia m =
(c) - m =r m s=r=a = m n= = nr=a s=rnr = nrin =r
rim si=rmr=r =r i na =r =ma = , mr z s ina
=r
(d ) s na = = mr z =r +rr m=r ==r =r =

((. i=i=i=ra = = mr =r m m=r sn=ria mr s na nr
m=ar =

(a) = = ==r = = rsr mr a =r = = = r =r = srm srz
i=rnc =
(b) = s=r n==rr m in=rr a=rr nr=ainm cr r = srz =aa
= =r =
(c) = =r= a=rr = nrsr m =r=r mr=a =a= = srz =aa
i=rnc =
(d ) = = = r=ria == = m iia == sni=r = srz
i=rnc =



. . . .

i=i=i=ra i== = mr ia sr = r i= r m s-a=
=rio ( srm s-a= i= i== = mr s an =a = =r sr=rri=a
=r ri=(

==mr=r +rr=a mr s=r n==rr m -rz r in=r =rr+rr= = ( n= s-
rc s=i-=rr sr = +rr= in=arsr mr ini = r = ( =na ar m
nr= = +rr=a s sri=r m i=z = == sc = s== =rr
ia mr = ( n= or (eu m =rm = m s- a irr = r =rr sr =
(ecu m =rm m =r = ==rar=rr = r =rr, n=r sro inn mr
r =rr =n= nz r s=r n==rr (urina ==ar m sr=rr= =) m = =
s+r=r = ( ==r=r s=rn==rr inn mr =n= a or = = ni= a =r nr=r
s=r n==rrsr = sr z = ( sn = = r inn r s=r n==rr = m
s rr i=r=rz r n r = , io=m r= sr= nr i=m or sr = a or
= na nr=r =r cn = sr = = r r or imr = nr = ( oi ==r=r
= r inn m r =n= si=rm a or = =n i=r a =r nr=r s=r n==rrsr
m == = = vrri== =r r = i= +rr == =rn inmr= = mr m
(m = z n== c z z n=) mr irc = =n= i= .u = rr = = ( oi
= r sr = n =r == sr = r or imr m=r=rar mr o =r ==r = ,
i= +rr n= =r=riom in=r =rr+rr=r a=rr inmr= m in=r =rr+rr= sr =
inz nrsr = o= ==r = ( z= mr= ==mr=r +rr=a = =r +rr=a
= (

1. +rr=ar s=r n==rr mr m nz r in=r =rr+rr= nr =rr orar =

(a) n= =rcr=ar mr i= =a= =r m nrno = = r r or imr
= nrsr = m s rr i=r=rz r =
(b) irr o s-r= mr in =ar m nr =rnr =
(c) = i= =rninmr= nr=r m =n= nz r s=r n==rr =
(d) =rr=riom in=r =rr+rr=r m =r=r =r s=mr n rim s=i-=rr =


2. +rr=a mr inn r s=r n==rr = m s rr i=r=rz r nr m=r or
==r =

(a) inr sr = r or imr = +rr=a m r mr sr=rr= inn m
=nr -a= = = =
(b) +rr=a m r= =rn nrim ior sr= = r r or imr = nrsr
m inrr= +r zr= =
(c) +rr=a inn mr r =n= a or = = ni= a =r nr=r
s=r n==rrsr a=rr r or im +r zr=r = = m =
(d) +rr=a m r= =rn or sr = n rim r ir a = +rrar mr
inrr= +r zr= =

3. = =rm mr =r +rr=a = nr ar- =

(a) m +rr=a = io=m r= sr= nr im or = onim m = ==r
= or = =ar i=cr= =

(b) m +rr=a = o=r = n i= = s=r= = ar n=r rm s+rrn
sr = inar nr=r +rr=a +rr = (

(c) m iarr= =ri=mar nr=r +rr=a = ar n=r n= +rr=a +rr
= or =r=riom ar = = =imr =r =

(d) m =r +rr=a = io== inirrc s=i-=rr m =r=r =r inrr=
in=ar =


4. i=i=i=ra m=r sr = irmrrr = +rr inr= mrio s=m nr= or
= s=mr s-a= =rio :

m=r : ircrr ==nar = r = = ( m = r ==mr= mr ===ia m
inr =r= ==mr= ircrr = = =rr= =r m= =mar (

irmrr I : ircrr = rrrr = =rr=r mr =r m i= z= =r= = r =
=r r ri=(
irmrr II : =r= ircrr = = =rr= =r =rr r=a = (

i=i=i=ra = = mr =r m ==r =

(a) m n= irmrr I =r m=r = im=ar = (

(b) m n= irmrr II =r m=r = im=ar = (

(c) irmrr I sr = irmrr II =r r =r m=r = im=a = (

(d) ar irmrr I sr = =r irmrr II m=r = im=a = (


5. r ina P, Q, R, S, T m ina = n c = = ( P sr = T m
nr = Q = ( z= = mr nr = = = ar =r m i=
i=i=i=ra m=rr = = im== =r r = r.= r rrr ra
=r r.=r r

1. P, Q m nr sr = S m =ri= =r = = = (

2. R sia= =ri= =r = = = (

m c mr r m= ==r s-a= i :

(a) m n= (
(b) m n= .
(c) r ar (, r .
(d) ( sr = . =r r =r




6. .,
s
s,
c
c,
(.
(., = = =n= =r cr mr = ?

(a) .
(b)
s
s
(c)
c
c
(d)
(.
(.




7. i=i=i=ra rz rcr = ar =ar = im m = r mzr
(Cloths) = (u%, im=r (Rent) = .u%, +rr o (Food) = su%
sr = r rr cm= ==r (Miscellaneous) = on=r ==r = a=rr
mzr = (%, im=r = .%, +rr o = s% sr = r rr
cm= ==r = =n=r ==r = =r m=ar = (












=n= =n= =n= =n=
r rr r
on=r on=r on=r on=r
mz mz mz mz im=rr im=rr im=rr im=rr =rrr =rrr =rrr =rrr cm= == cm= == cm= == cm= ==


i=i=i=ra m=rr = inr= mrio :

1. on=r ==r = im=r = si=rm +rr o = n=r = or
=n=r ==r = im=r = si=rm +rr o = = (
2. on=r ==r = mzr = si=rm im=r = imr r n=r
= or im=r = si=rm +rr o = imr r = (

i=i=i=ra m=rr = = mr =r m ==r =

(a) m n= (
(b) m n= .
(c) ( sr = . =r r =r
(d) ar ( sr = =r .



e. srm =r= m =r =r==r srr = io== mr z n = nr=r= =r
sr orn =rr =a a m= = s===r = sr = z= no= =
s sr= m =rr mr =r m= = a r mr =rnr m= =
s===r = ( sr =r==r = mr= nrz m= m nr= = s
sri=rmri=r m mr ini=rm sr= mr ora = ........

(a) mr ini=rr m s =r= =r =
(b) n mi=m ==arn or mr z aor= m=, s= =r mr === m= mr
== m=
(c) s =n m =a= = s= =r mr m = =r r=r ==rar
m= im a mr ini=r = mr z ==zr ar =r m=
(d) m = mr ini=rm =rr mr o=s =r= r m= = , nr im sr s=
=r mr srnmar mr ==za =

(u. sr = =a=r = m rr ra = s i= m =r=r r m= ==
=r ( srm sr m=r n= a r= =r in=r c mr z srnro
= r ( sr.....

(a) s== z sr = s i= mr m= m= mz =
(b) srnro mr a= = sr =r n crm= =n m = n= a s=r
=r , z=m i= = sr m=
(c) srnro m=r = srz z=mr ar =rr r = m=
(d ) === m i= i==rr r = m=
***